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List of Indian Bengali films of 1986

2026-05-08T10:12:14Z

Rudra2020: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1980s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Tu Juliet Jatt Di

2026-05-07T05:46:57Z

Rudra2020:

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Long plot|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama]]
| creator = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ravi Dubey]]
* [[Sargun Mehta]]
}}
| screenplay = Vera Raina
| based_on =
| writer = (Dialogue) Rahul Patel
| story = Shivangi Singh Anubhav Proothi
| director = Ankur Bhatia Mohsin Khan Kushal Zaveri Amit D. Malik
| creative_director = Meetu Singh
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Jasmeet Kaur
* Syed Raza Ahmed
* [[Sangita Ghosh]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = Tu Juliet Jatt Di
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 172
| executive_producer = Sunny Sukhdev Prasad
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ravi Dubey]]
* [[Sargun Mehta]]
}}
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 21-30 minutes
| company = [[Dreamiyata Entertainment]]
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|11|17|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Tu Juliet Jatt Di''''' (transl. You’re the Jatt’s Juliet) is an Indian Hindi-language television drama series that premiered on 17 November 2025 on [[Colors TV]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=11 November 2025 |title=Colors unveils ‘Tu Juliet Jatt Di’ show
|url=https://www.indianbroadcastingworld.com/colors-unveils-tu-juliet-jatt-di/|access-date=11 November 2025|work=Indian Broadcasting World|language=en}}</ref> and streams digitally on [[JioHotstar]]. Produced by Ravi Dubey<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=7 October 2025 |title=Sargun Mehta and Ravie Dubey’s Tu Juliet Jatt Di is a college romance, but with a twist!
|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2025/10/sargun-mehta-and-ravie-dubeys-tu-juliet-jatt-di-is-a-college-romance-but-with-a-twist/|access-date=11 November 2025|work=UrbanAsia|language=en}}</ref> and Sargun Mehta, the college drama series stars Jasmeet Kaur, Syed Raza Ahmed, and [[Sangita Ghosh]] in pivotal roles.

== Plot ==

Nineteen-year-old Heer Sandhu is sharp, ambitious, and determined to carve out a future on her own terms. Growing up with an alcoholic and physically abusive father, she dreams of studying at Chandigarh Prime University, securing a stable career, and rescuing her mother and sister from the life they are trapped in. In stark contrast stands twenty-one-year-old Nawab Brar, a wealthy and spoiled heir who has lived a life untouched by consequences. Pampered and carefree, Nawab aspires to become a cricketer, chasing passion without ever having faced real hardship.

Their contrasting worlds collide when Heer and Nawab hatch a fake dating scheme to help him escape a forced arranged marriage. What begins as a calculated plan to outsmart their families spirals out of control, and in a twist of fate, the charade traps them in a marriage neither of them wanted.

Determined to keep their impulsive marriage a secret, Heer and Nawab agree to live as strangers at Chandigarh Prime University. But proximity breeds tension. As Heer and Nawab navigate campus life, unspoken emotions surface—jealousy, possessiveness, wounded pride, and lingering resentment.

What began as a forced alliance slowly turns into a complicated emotional battleground, where ambition, ego, and unexpected feelings threaten to expose the truth they are trying so hard to hide.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Jasmeet Kaur as Heer Nawab Brar (nee Sandhu) a.k.a. Juliet, Thelawati: Ajit and Neelu's elder daughter and Nawab's Wife (2025–present)
* Syed Raza Ahmed as Nawab Dilip Brar: Gulaab and Dilip's youngest son and Heer's Husband (2025–present)
* [[Sangita Ghosh]] as Gulaab Dilip Brar: Dilip's wife (2025–present)

=== Recurring ===
* Digvijay Purohit as Dilip Brar: Gulaab's husband (2025–present)
* Pardeep Singh Toor / Ramandeep Singh Sur as Sunny Dilip Brar: Gulaab and Dilip's eldest son (2025) /(2025–present)
* Chetna Singh as Anmol Sunny Brar: Sunny's wife (2025–present)
* Anmol Gupta as Jimmy Dilip Brar: Gulaab and Dilip's second son (2025–present)
* [[Aanchal Khurana]] as Richa Jimmy Brar: Jimmy's wife (2025–2026)
* Madan Tyagi as Ajit Sandhu: Surjit's brother (2025–present)
* [[Shefali Rana]] as Neelu Ajit Sandhu: Ajit's wife (2025–present)
* Ridhima Rampal as Preeti Ajit Sandhu: Ajit and Neelu's younger daughter (2025–present)
* Raman Dhagga as Surjit Sandhu: Ajit's brother (2025–present)
* Gunabi Mann as Lovely Sujit Sandhu: Surjit's wife (2025–present)
* Cheshta Ahuja as Pammi Sujit Sandhu: Lovely and Surjit's daughter (2025–present)
* Armaan Gumber as Tony Sujit Sandhu: Lovely and Surjit's son (2025–present)
* Balwinder Kaur as Bebe: Surjit and Ajit's mother (2025–present)
* Abhishek Sharma as Buzzo: Nawab's best friend and Koel's Boyfriend. (2025–present)
* Alisha Parveen Khan as Tina: Nawab's childhood friend who's in love with him later one sided ex-girlfriend. (2025–present)
* Ayush Sharma as Arjun Bedi: CPU cricket team's current captain and Heer's one sided lover. (2025–present)
* Robin Thakur as Hardy: Nawab's friend (2025–present)
* Ankit Sharma as Jassa (Snake): Nawab's CPU friend (2025–present)
* Gaurav Koudanya as Maddy: Nawab's CPU friend (2025–present)
* Inderpreet Sahni as Koel Bhatia: Heer's friend and Buzzo's Girlfriend. (2025–present)
* Saloni Kumar as Saloni: Tina's henchwoman/minion (2025–present)
* Anniee as Anniee: Tina's henchwoman/minion (2025–present)
* Vikas Neb as Professor Kailash (2025–present)
* Inder Jeet as Coach's son from college and Nawab's enemy (2025)
* Ganesh Kapoor as Nawab College Coach: (2025–present)
* Sarabjeet Singh Myan as Doctor (2025)
* Bhumika Sharma as Simran: Heer's cousin and Nawab's new friend (2026-present)

== Production ==
=== Release ===
The series was originally set to release on 27 October 2025,<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=12 October 2025 |title=Love, lies & lecture halls
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/love-lies-lecture-halls/|access-date=17 November 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref> however it was postponed to 17 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Deep|first=Johar|date=28 October 2025 |title=Colors confirms November launch date for ‘Tu Juliet Jatt Di’
|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/colors-confirms-november-launch-date-for-tu-juliet-jatt-di/|access-date=17 November 2025|work=BizAsia|language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Jasmeet Kaur was confirmed to play female lead, Heer.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=27 November 2025 |title=Tu Juliet Jatt Di's Jasmeet Kaur on bagging her first lead: 'Playing Heer has been an emotional ride for me'
|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/jasmeet-kaur-bags-her-first-lead-with-tu-juliet-jatt-di-heer-is-like-me-23605127|access-date=28 November 2025|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Sangita Ghosh]] to join the series as Gulaab.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sehgal|first=Chirag|date=27 November 2025 |title=Sangita Ghosh Joins Tu Juliet Jatt Di As Gulaab, Says The Role ‘Fits Naturally’
|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/sangita-ghosh-joins-tu-juliet-jatt-di-as-gulaab-says-the-role-fits-naturally-aa-ws-l-9735044.html|access-date=28 November 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt39295846|Tu Juliet Jatt Di}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Kandahar Expedition (1833–1834)

2026-05-05T01:29:04Z

Rudra2020: Made basic post w/ refs!

{{Short description|Shah Shujah's expedition to Kandahar}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Kandahar Expedition (1833–1834)
| width =
| partof = Durrani insurgency
| image = File:Kandahar 1857.png
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| caption = Sketch of Kandahar in 1857
| date = January 1833 – 1 July 1834
| place = [[Kandahar]]
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| result = {{ublist|[[Emirate of Afghanistan|Barakzai Afghan]] victory{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=205}}}}
* [[Shuja Shah Durrani]] forced to retreat
* Beginning of the [[Standoff at the Khyber Pass (1834–1835)]]
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = '''[[Barakzai dynasty|Barakzais]]''' [[Principality of Kandahar]] [[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1823–1839).svg|12px]] [[Principality of Kabul]] (1833–1834) [[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1823–1839).svg|12px]] [[Emirate of Kabul]] (1834)
| combatant2 = '''[[Durrani dynasty|Durranis]]''' {{flagicon image|Flag of the Durrani Kingdom.svg}} [[Durrani Empire]] (in exile) {{tree list}}
* {{flag|British Empire}}
** {{flag|East India Company}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=205}}
{{tree list/end}}
'''Supported by:''' {{flag|Sikh Empire}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781789140101 |pages=205 |language=English}}</ref>
| commander1 = [[Pur Dil Khan]] [[Kohan Dil Khan]] [[Rahim Dil Khan]] [[Mehr Dil Khan]] [[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1823–1839).svg|12px]] [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] [[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1823–1839).svg|12px]] [[Mohammad Afzal Khan]]
| commander2 = [[File:Seal of Shah Shuja Ul Mulk of the Durrani empire and dynasty.svg|14px]] [[Shuja Shah Durrani]]{{WIA}} {{flagicon|East India Company}} William Campbell{{POW}}{{sfn|McChesney|Khorrami|2012|p=201}}{{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=73}}
| strength1 = Numerically inferior 20,000 men from [[Dost Mohammad Khan|Dost Mohammad]] (only 3,000 engaged by Dost Mohammad){{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=72}}
| strength2 = 30,000 (Initial)<ref>{{cite book | last=Dalrymple | first=W. | title=The Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan | publisher=Bloomsbury | series=Borzoi book | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-4088-1830-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ud4_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA478 | access-date=15 June 2020 | page=90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=McChesney|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QkzAQAAQBAJ|title=The History of Afghanistan (6 vol. set): Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj al-tawārīkh|last2=Khorrami|first2=Mohammad Mehdi|date=19 December 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-23498-7|language=en}}</ref> 80,000 men (during siege of Kandahar){{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=73}}
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Heavy losses{{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=73}}{{sfn|McChesney|Khorrami|2012|p=202}} Up to 16,000 killed<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AAHna6aqtX4C |title=Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan |date=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7815-0 |language=en|page=240}}</ref>
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Conflicts in Afghanistan (1900-1950)}}
}}

Beginning in January 1833, [[Shah Shujah Durrani]], the [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|deposed Afghan emperor]], led an expedition to re-claim [[Durrani Empire|his throne]]. Raising a force while in exile in the [[Sikh Empire]], he marched through [[Sindh]] to Kandahar, besieging it from 10 May 1834 until 1 July 1834.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dodwell |first=Dodwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFuFzwEACAAJ |title=The Cambridge History Of India; Volume V |date=2022-10-27 |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |isbn=978-1-01-927310-4 |language=en|page=543}}</ref> Shah Shujah would be defeated by the Barakzai rulers of [[Principality of Qandahar|Kandahar]] and [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Kabul]].

==Background==
Following the death of [[Timur Shah Durrani]], the [[Durrani Empire]] was plunged into a succession crisis with Timur Shah's 24 sons. Prominent sons of these would be [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]], [[Zaman Shah Durrani]], and [[Shah Shujah Durrani]]. [[Zaman Shah Durrani]] would take the throne after the death of Timur Shah in a [[succession crisis]], where [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] was confined to ruling the [[Herat (1793-1863)|Realm of Herat]], while Shah Shujah would work for Zaman Shah ordinated at [[Peshawar]]. Mahmud Shah would be forced to flee to [[Persia]] after [[Zaman Shah Durrani|Zaman Shah]] would invade [[Herat]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Drahm |first1=Abdel |title=Afghanistan A History From 1260 To The Present |journal=AAF |date=2020 |page=159 |url=https://archive.org/details/Book_1094 |access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> Mahmud Shah would return on multiple attempts to seize the throne from his brother, finally succeeding in 1801. [[Shah Shujah Durrani]] would attempt to thwart Mahmud Shah's attempts, but was repelled and was forced to flee.{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=163}}

[[Shah Shujah Durrani|Shah Shujah]] would return with rebel leaders, Sher Muhammad Khan to topple Mahmud Shah and would succeed, placing himself on the throne in 1803, making [[Mahmud Shah Durrani|Mahmud Shah's]] reign last just under 2 years.{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=166}}

[[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] returned in 1809, plotting to usurp the throne once again, Mahmud centralized his forces with Fateh Khan and his son, [[Kamran Shah Durrani|Kamran]] at [[Kandahar]] before marching to [[Kabul]]. [[Shuja Shah Durrani]], seeing this had scrambled his forces at [[Jalalabad]] and met [[Mahmud Shah Durrani|Mahmud Shah's]] army at the old [[Kabul-Jalalabad Road]] near Nimla.{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=174}} Shah Shujah had previously attempted a campaign in [[Kashmir]], and his forces were repelled, hence he was unable to bring together a proper army to try and repel [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] and his allies, being defeated in the [[Battle of Nimla (1809)|Battle of Nimla]].{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=174}}

Shah Shujah thus lost the crown and fled to exile in the [[Sikh Empire]], where he began plans to reclaim Afghanistan under his own rule.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=48-72}}

==Siege of Kandahar==
Seeking to launch another attempt to reclaim his rule in Afghanistan, Shah Shujah marched his men through the [[Bolan Pass]] in April, which coincided with [[Ranjit Singh]] moving from [[Lahore]] to [[Battle of Peshawar (1834)|attack]] [[Peshawar]] and dislodge [[Sultan Mohammad Khan|Barakzai rule there]].{{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=72}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=205}} In May 1834, Shah Shujah reached Kandahar and besieged the city, but had trouble effectively storming it due to lack of siege equipment and poor quality of troops. Despite this, Shah Shujah had a great numerical superiority over his Barakzai enemies, with some estimations that his army had reached a size of over 80,000 men.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=73}} Despite this, Shah Shujah feared the arrival of [[Dost Mohammad Khan|Dost Mohammad]] to aid his half-brothers in Kandahar, but still believed he was miles from reaching Kandahar.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=73}}

On 29 June, the Shah Shujah ordered his men to scale the walls of Kandahar with ladders, however they were defeated, with many being killed and wounded from the failed assault.{{sfn|McChesney|Khorrami|2012|p=202}} Short skirmishes followed after this until Dost Mohammad Khan had arrived, who now began clashing with Shah Shujah's force. When Dost Mohammad arrived, skirmishes and clashes broke out even further, and at one point, Shah Shujah chose to fight in the day instead of night, wishing to give his soldiers time to rest after being fatigued.{{sfn|McChesney|Khorrami|2012|p=203-204}} Thus, Shah Shujah began battle again and overcame Dost Mohammad's force, who was slowly being pushed back, as Shah Shujah's forces reached the walls of Kandahar. However, following this, much of the Barakzai troops who had drawn up on the flanks began engaging Shah Shujah's armies, with over 3,000 men under Dost Mohammad Khan and Sardar Mir Afzal Khan. Sardar Mir Afzal Khan himself attacked Shah Shujah.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=73}}{{sfn|McChesney|Khorrami|2012|p=203-204}} Shah Shujah was wounded during the battle,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali Ahmad Jalali |url=http://archive.org/details/oceanof-pdf.com-a-military-history-of-afghanistan-ali-ahmad-jalali |title=Afghanistan: A Military History from the Ancient Empires to the Great Game |date=2021-12-15}}</ref> fearing to be captured, fled. When his forces saw him fleeing, they abandoned and fled the battlefield. As the rout commenced, an English general, William Campbell, was wounded and also captured by the Barakzai forces.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=74}}

==Aftermath==
With this, Shah Shujah was forced to withdraw, and leave behind all his baggage. Amongst the baggage captured, Dost Mohammad found out of British aid in the expedition of Shah Shujah.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=74}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=205}} This would not be the last attempt of Shah Shujah to seize the throne of Afghanistan, as in 1839, he, alongside British forces would contend with [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] for rule over Kabul in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=225}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1833-1834 expedition of Shah Shujah Durrani}}
[[Category:Battles involving Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1834 in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1830s conflicts]]
[[Category:Kandahar]]
[[Category:Kandahar Province]]
[[Category:Wars involving Afghanistan]]

Vivienne Goonewardene

2026-05-02T21:07:16Z

Rudra2020: page...

{{Short description|Sri Lankan anti-colonial activist and politician (1916–1996)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable|Hon.]]
| party = [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]]
| term_start5 = 1956
| term_end5 = 1960
| majority5 = 58.09%
| predecessor5 = [[Cyril E. S. Perera]]
| successor5 = V. A. Sugathadasa
| birth_name = Violet Vivienne Goonetilleke
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1916|09|18}}
| birth_place = [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1996|03|10|1916|09|18}}
| death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| citizenship =
| other_party = [[Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma]]
| constituency_MP5 = [[Colombo North Electoral District]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Leslie Goonewardene]] |30 January 1939}}
| partner =
| relations = [[Philip Gunawardena]], [[Robert Gunawardena]]
| children = {{Dotlist|Kumundu|Ajit Surendra|Premilla}}
| alma_mater = [[Musaeus College]] [[University College, Colombo]]
| occupation = {{Dotlist|Independence activist|politician|statesman|philanthropist}}
| footnotes =
| blank1 = Ethnicity
| parliament5 = Ceylonese
| successor4 = [[M. H. Mohamed]]
| name = Vivienne Goonewardene
| term_end2 = 1977
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Vivienne_Goonewardene.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Goonewardene in 1961
| office1 = [[Secretary]] of [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Sri Lanka)|Home Affairs]]
| term_start1 = 1964
| term_end1 = 1965
| order2 =
| office2 = [[Minister of Health (Sri Lanka)|Junior Minister of Health]]
| term_start2 = 1970
| constituency_MP3 = [[Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Electoral District|Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia]]
| predecessor4 = W. Danister de Silva
| parliament3 = Ceylonese
| term_start3 = 1970
| term_end3 = 1977
| majority3 = 51.63%
| predecessor3 = [[S. de Silva Jayasinghe]]
| successor3 = [[S. de Silva Jayasinghe]]
| constituency_MP4 = [[Borella Electoral District]]
| parliament4 = Ceylonese
| term_start4 = 1964
| term_end4 = 1965
| majority4 = 47.96%
}}
'''Violet Vivienne Goonewardene'''{{#tag:ref|Her surname is transliterated as both Goonewardene and Goonewardena often appearing with multiple spellings in the same source, as in ''Tomorrow Is Ours'' by Ervin.{{sfn|Ervin|2006|pp=95, 102, 128, 189}}|group="Notes"}} ({{langx|si|වයලට් විවියන් ගුණවර්ධන}}, {{langx|ta|வயலட் விவியென் கூனவர்தன}}; 18 September 1916{{spnd}}3 October 1996), commonly known as "'''Vivi'''", was a Sri Lankan [[Anti-imperialism|anti-colonial]] activist and prominent politician, serving as one of the world's first female ministers. A key figure in both the [[Indian independence movement]] and the [[Sri Lankan independence movement]], Goonewardene was a prominent member on the non-aligned stage, where she fought against perceived injustices and was critical of the Middle East diplomacy sponsored by the United States. Goonewardene was the first and, to date, only female [[National Heroes of Sri Lanka|National Hero of Sri Lanka]]. By her death, she was one of the Left's most vibrant personalities, and the foremost female figure in the Sri Lankan leftist movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An indelible mark of left politics |url=http://www.silumina.lk/2020/10/31/තරංග/වමේ-දේශපාලනයේ-නොමැකෙන-ලකුණ |access-date=2021-06-12 |website=Silumina|date=30 October 2020 }}</ref>

Born into an affluent family to a pro-monarchy conservative, while at [[secondary school]], Goonewardene became involved in the anti-imperialist [[Suriya-Mal Movement]], fighting against perceived injustices. She volunteered during the [[1934-35 malaria outbreak in Ceylon|1934 Malaria Epidemic]], at which time she witnessed rampant malnutrition of the poor. Despite being disallowed by her father from pursuing higher education, her maternal uncles, [[Philip Gunawardena|Philip]] and [[Robert Gunawardena]], helped her attend university, where she was often involved in activism. It was here that she met her husband, [[Leslie Goonewardene]], who had founded in 1935 Sri Lanka's first political party, the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]].

During her political career, she was instrumental in the rise of the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]]. With the beginning of the [[Second World War]], Goonewardene evaded arrest by fleeing to India under a false name. There, she immersed herself in the [[Quit India Movement]], culminating in India's independence from Britain in 1947. Upon her return to Sri Lanka, she played a large role in Sri Lanka's independence from Britain in 1948. From the 1940s to 1960s, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party was Sri Lanka's main opposition party and in the 1960s, the party led the [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] coalition; through their election landslide bringing in the [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike|first female Prime Minister]]. Goonewardene served as a prominent member of Parliament, and as President of the All Ceylon Local Government Worker's Union from 1949 until her death. Through this, Goonewardene attempted to reform the former British colony of Ceylon into a socialist republic by [[Nationalization|nationalising]] organisations in the banking, education, industry, media, and trade sectors.

== Early life and political beginnings ==
[[File:Family_of_Vivienne_Goonewardene.png|alt=|left|thumb|upright=1.25|The Goonetilleke family, including Vivienne, at her aunt's wedding – 1924/5.]]
Goonewardene was born in [[Colombo]] on 18 September 1916 as Violet Vivienne Goonetilleke.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Carlo Fonseka|date=29 September 1996 |title=LSSP'S Red Rose|newspaper=Politics Daily}}</ref> She was the eldest of five children born to Dr. Don Allenson Goonetilleke, a [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|pro-monarchy]] [[Conservatism|conservative]] who believed in the continuous [[British Ceylon|British rule]] of [[Ceylon]], and his wife Emily Angeline Gunawardena.<ref name="Gunawardena 2005 167">{{harvnb|Gunawardena|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC&pg=PA167 167]}}.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Hathurusinghe|first=Sanuj|date=23 June 2019 |title=Forces to Reckon With Women of the Leftist Movement in Sri Lanka|work=[[Ceylon Today]] |url=https://archive.ceylontoday.lk/features-more/3022}}</ref> As a [[physician]], her father was often transferred to various parts of Ceylon.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOQvAQAAMAAJ&q=physician+postings+ceylon |title=Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of London|date=1955|publisher=The College.}}</ref>{{sfn|Wright|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eUF_rS8FEoIC&pg=PA766 766]}} She was named Vivienne after the French nurse who had helped to deliver her.{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IWRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Emily+Angeline+Gunawardena+French+nurse 1]}} Goonewardene spent her early youth in [[Tissamaharama]], a remote village in which her father was stationed.{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IWRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Emily+Angeline+Gunawardena+French+nurse 3]}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Duraisingam|first=Thambimuttu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TztuAAAAMAAJ&q=vivienne+goonewardene+Tissamaharama |title=Politics and Life in Our Times: Selected Articles Published for Over a Century |date=2000 |publisher=Thambimuttu Duraisingam}}</ref>

Goonewardene's maternal grandfather, Don Jakolis Rupasinghe Gunawardena, was a wealthy landowner having served as the village [[Village head|headman]] under colonial governance.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Erwin |first=C.W.|date=16–31 March 2009 |title=The Ceylonese who stirred Madras Labour|work=[[Madras Musings]] |location=Madras |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2023/the-ceylonese-who-stirred-madras-labour.html}}</ref> He was known as "Boralugoda Ralahamy" by locals; this came from him being the headman, or ralahamy, of the village of Boralugoda.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Samaranayake|first=Ajith|date=9 October 2005 |title=A revolutionary at large in New York and London|work=[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)]] |url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2005/10/09/fea23.html}}</ref> He was a leader in the [[Buddhist revival in Sri Lanka|Buddhist revival]] of the early 20th Century and was one of those incarcerated by the [[Governor-General of Ceylon|Governor General]], [[Robert Chalmers, 1st Baron Chalmers|Robert Chalmers]], under the pretext of involvement in the [[1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots|Sinhala-Muslim riots of 1915]].{{sfn|Muthiah|Thiruchandran|Wanasinghe|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XaHaAAAAMAAJ&q=Boralugoda+Ralahamy 36]}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Souza |first=Armand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-I7aAAAAMAAJ&q=Boralugoda+Ralahamy |title=Hundred Days in Ceylon: Under Martial Law in 1915|date=2006|publisher=Young Socialist Publications|isbn=978-955-95284-7-0|pages=Whole Book}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Perera |first=K.K.S|date=27 March 2020 |title=Philip Gunawardena: The Lion's Roar|work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)]] |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2020/03/27/features/215248/philip-gunawardena-lion%E2%80%99s-roar}}</ref> Ralahamy was sentenced to death, in part as an attempt by Chalmers to eliminate regional nationalistic leaders and to suppress a possible [[Sri Lankan independence movement|independence movement]] from springing out of the disturbances.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Perera |first=K.K.S|date=26 March 2019 |title=47th Death Anniversary of Philip Gunawardena - March 26 The Fiery Marxist who Valued Local Culture|work=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]] |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/47th-Death-Anniversary-of-Philip-Gunawardena---March-26-The-Fiery-Marxist-who-Valued--Local-Culture/172-164507}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gunawardena |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cm5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Boralugoda+Ralahamy+death+sentence |title=The State Council Years, 1936-1942: Speeches Made in the Legislature Compiled Under the Auspices of the Philip Gunawardena Commemoration Society|date=2006|publisher=Godage International Publishers|isbn=978-955-20-9707-2|location=Sri Lanka|pages=15}}</ref><ref name=":14"/> This sentence was later [[Reprieve (death sentence)|reprieved]] by the Governor General following a public outcry, yet led to Ralahamy's strengthened disapproval of [[British Empire|British rule]]; one which was projected onto Vivienne.<ref name=":14" /> Goonewardene's maternal grandmother, Gunasekara Hamine of [[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Siyane Korale]], also came from immense wealth and the [[landed gentry]].{{sfn|Muthiah|Thiruchandran|Wanasinghe|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XaHaAAAAMAAJ&q=Boralugoda+Ralahamy 36]}} Hamine was a large influence on Vivienne in her youth; despite her status, due to the lack of [[Medical Professionals|medical professionals]], Hamine would personally assist in the birth of every child at a building she had funded.{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IWRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Emily+Angeline+Gunawardena+French+nurse 3]}}{{sfn|Muthiah|Thiruchandran|Wanasinghe|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XaHaAAAAMAAJ&q=Gunasekara+Hamine]}}

== Education and early activism ==
To enable Vivienne access to a sound education, her parents agreed to send her to [[boarding school]].<ref name="Gunaratne">{{Cite news|last=Gunaratne|first=Bandula|date=12 May 2019 |title=Parliament out of bounds to Vivienne|work=[[Ceylon Today]] |url=https://archive.ceylontoday.lk/features-more/2685}}</ref> Goonewardene was educated at [[Musaeus College]], a private girls' school in [[Colombo]] along with her younger sister Tulin Kulasinghe.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 August 2016 |title=Tradition, modernity and elite formation.|work=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times]] |url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/sunday-times-sri-lanka/20160807/282200830305192}}</ref> There, she was elected [[Head girl and head boy|head girl]] in 1933.<ref name="Gunawardena 2005 167"/> Despite her position in the school, Vivienne was noted for her acts of defiance of authority.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Wijesekera |first=Chitra|date=7 November 1996 |title=Vivienne Goonawardena - the end of an era|work=Daily News}}</ref> It was while studying at [[Musaeus College]] that her interest in politics developed.<ref name=":0" />

=== Suriya-Mal Movement and 1934 Malaria epidemic ===

While serving as head girl, she became deeply involved in the [[Suriya-Mal Movement]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Liyanage|first=Pulsara|date=6 October 1996 |title=Vivie: The firebrand.|work=The Sunday Observer}}</ref> This movement was a protest against the proceeds of [[Remembrance poppy|poppy]] sales on [[Armistice Day]] (11 November) being used for the benefit of the [[British Army|British ex-servicemen]] to the detriment of [[Ceylon Army|Ceylonese ex-servicemen]]. One of the latter, Mr. Aelian Perera, had started a rival sale of [[Thespesia populnea|Suriya flowers]] on the same day.{{sfn|Muthiah|Wanasinghe|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FVCOAAAAMAAJ&q=Mr.+Aelian+Perera+suriya+mal 17]}} The proceeds of each sale were devoted to help needy Ceylonese ex-servicemen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lerski |first=George Jan |title=Origins Of Trotskyism In Ceylon |journal=Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon|at=Chapter I |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/srilanka/ch01.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jayawardena |first=Kumari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DNpAwAAQBAJ |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_DNpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT294 252] |title=The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia During British Rule|date=23 April 2014 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-65714-6}}</ref> While the selling of the Suriya flower had begun in 1931, by 1933 the selling of it instead of the [[poppy]] on 11 November was launched on the initiative of the South Colombo Youth League.{{sfn|Muthiah|Wanasinghe|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FVCOAAAAMAAJ&q=Mr.+Aelian+Perera+suriya+mal 17]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lerski|first1=Jerzy Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ut9mAAAAMAAJ&q=suriya+mal+south+colombo+youth+league |title=Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon: A Documentary History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1942 |last2=Lerski |first2=George Jan|date=1968|publisher=Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace|pages=16 |oclc=591903103}}</ref> The movement had the slogan of "against slavery and poverty and for freedom and prosperity".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wijeratne |first=Ayesha|date=14 October 2007 |title=Women in governance|work=[[The Nation (Sri Lanka)]] |url=https://www.nation.lk/2007/10/14/eyefea7.htm}}</ref>

On [[Remembrance Day]] 1934, Goonewardene sold the Suriya flower in her school to students and teachers.<ref name=":1" /> She noted that it was a complete success with the students, but only a half-success with the older generation.<ref name=":1" /> It was from this [[Nationalism|mass-nationalist]] campaign that the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] (LSSP) was later founded.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cheran|first=R. |title=Pathways of Dissent: Tamil Nationalism in Sri Lanka|date=15 October 2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9RjDwAAQBAJ&q=Lanka+Sama+Samaja+Party+founded+from+suriya+mal&pg=PT263 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5280-187-9}}</ref> Vivienne did go further, leading fellow students to place their boxes of instruments atop the blackboards and at 11.00 a.m. to topple these, with the subsequent noise masking that of the ceremonial [[gun salute]].<ref name=":0" />

The Suriya-Mal Movement volunteered extensively during the 1934 disasters. A [[drought]] caused a shortage of rice, estimated at 3 million [[bushel]]s;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jennings|first=Ivor|date=1951 |title=The Economy of Ceylon |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnk7AAAAMAAJ&q=In+1934,+a+drought+caused+a+shortage+of+rice,+estimated+at+3+million+bushels. |pages=61}}</ref> floods, from October onwards; and a [[malaria]] epidemic, affecting 1,000,000 people with at least 125,000 deaths, which continued through 1935, heavily effected the poor.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Army Medical Library (U.S.) |title=Index-catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, United States Army (Army Medical Library): Authors and Subjects|date=1948|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjsiAQAAMAAJ&q=malaria+epidemic+in+1934%E2%80%9335&pg=RA1-PA156 |pages=155–156}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jones |first=Margaret|date=1 April 2000 |title=The Ceylon Malaria Epidemic of 1934–35: A Case Study in Colonial Medicine|journal=Social History of Medicine|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=87–110 |url=https://academic.oup.com/shm/article/13/1/87/1628530|doi=10.1093/shm/13.1.87 |issn=0951-631X |pmid=11624427|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Goonetilleke's residence was converted into a hospital for the sick.{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IWRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Dr.+Goonetilleke+malaria+epidemic xiv]}} The volunteers, including Vivienne, observed that there was widespread malnutrition among the poor, which was aggravated by the shortage of rice, and which reduced resistance to the disease.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kohn|first=George C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&q=ceylon+malaria+malnutrition+among+the+poor&pg=PA377 |title=Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present|date=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2923-5|pages=377}}</ref>{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IWRuAAAAMAAJ&q=disease 9]}}

=== Later education ===
Goonewardene's father, as a [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditionalist]], opposed the [[Further education|continued education]] of Vivienne and believed that she should be married off to another man of wealth.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fernando|first=Amaradasa|date=12 October 1996 |title=Vivienne Goonewardene – A fighter of 'storm and passion'|work=Daily News}}</ref> As she was at boarding school and her father was often travelling, her Uncle [[Robert Gunawardena|Robert]] and Aunt [[Caroline Anthonypillai|Caroline]] were given the authority to remove Vivienne from school.{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|p=[http://opac.lib.seu.ac.lk/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=25020&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=33314 10]}} Robert helped her, against her father's wishes, leave school to attend classes for the [[Matriculation|Cambridge Matriculation Examination]], which she passed at age 16.<ref name=":3" /> While still residing at Musaeus College, Gunawardene was secretly tutored by her teacher, Marjorie Davidson, to sit for the [[University of Cambridge|University's]] [[Scholarship Examination]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wijesekera|first=Chitra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20GOAAAAMAAJ&q=Women+in+Our+Legislature+By+Chitra+Wijesekera |title=Women in Our Legislature|date=1995|publisher=Sarvodaya Vishva Lekha|isbn=978-955-95797-0-0 |pages=107}}</ref> Here, she won an exhibition at the scholarship examination as well as a scholarship to study [[English studies|English Honours]] at [[University College, Colombo]].{{sfn|Muthiah|Thiruchandran|Wanasinghe|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XaHaAAAAMAAJ&q=Vivienne+Goonewardene+English+Honours+at+University+College,+Colombo]}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forces to Reckon With Women of the Leftist Movement in Sri Lanka |url=https://archive.ceylontoday.lk/features-more/3022|access-date=30 August 2020 |website=CeylonToday}}</ref> Upon discovering her university acceptance, Goonetilleke refused to let Vivienne study there.<ref name="Gunawardena 2005 167"/> Despite this, her uncles and father's friends persuaded him to allow her to study – she later completed her studies, through his efforts to hinder her.{{sfn|de Mel|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h0f_D1qiXQgC&pg=PA54 54]|ps=, "Background: Vivienne Goonewardena encountered patriarchy early in life within her own home, when her conservative father denied her permission to enter university on her scholarship."}}

At University College, Goonewardene boarded at the women's hostel on Queen's road. As her father did not allow Goonewardene to join the drama society, she turned to the university's debating club.{{sfn|Muthiah|Thiruchandran|Wanasinghe|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XaHaAAAAMAAJ&q=Vivienne+Goonewardene+drama+society 75]}} Here, she faced much discrimination for her gender from the opposition in a largely male-based activity, but proceeded. Her debate partner, Horace Perera, recalled an incident in which this was displayed:{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|pp=11–12}}

{{Blockquote|text=Vivi was quite small made and rather slim. de Haan began with the words "I hope ladies and gentlemen that you will not be misled by the childish arguments of Mr. Horace Perera and his little supporter in rompers." Following Vivienne's complaint to the chair, de Haan responded "I am very sorry Sir. I hope ladies and gentlemen you will not be misled by the charming lady without rompers." It took Shirley (the chair) several minutes to regain control of the house.|author= |title=|source=}}

=== Entry into the Lanka Sama Samaja Party ===
The [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] (LSSP) was founded on 18 December 1935 as the first political party in the nation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abeynayake|first=Stanley E.|date=14 August 2012 |title=Dr N M Perera's 33rd death anniversary : Doughty fighter and man of principles|newspaper=Daily News |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2012/08/14/fea04.asp}}; {{Cite book|last=Perera|first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmJuAAAAMAAJ&q=18+December+1935+lssp |title=Revolutionary trails, Edmund Samarakkody: a political profile|date=2006|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-80-9}}; {{Cite book|last=Peebles|first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50igCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka|date=22 October 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-5585-2}}</ref> It was created with the broad aims of independence from British rule and socialism by a group of young people who had gathered together for that purpose.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Busky|first=Donald F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5Bxd7sq9KcC&pg=PA64 |title=Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97733-7|pages=64–65}}</ref> The group at the commencement numbered six, composed principally of students who had principally returned from [[International education|education abroad]], influenced deeply by the ideas of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Lenin]].{{sfn|Amarasinghe|2000|p=179}}

Included in its founders were Vivienne's uncles, Philip and Robert.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ervin|first=Charles W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IPSAAAAIAAJ&q=philip+and+robert+gunawardena+lssp |title=Philip Gunawardena: The Making of a Revolutionary|date=2001|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-34-2|pages=29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Guruge|first=Ananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUTf-jaS2xAC&q=philip+and+robert+gunawardena+lssp&pg=PA239 |title=PEACE AT LAST IN PARADISE|date=28 October 2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4634-1838-0|pages=239|author-link=Ananda W. P. Guruge}}</ref> Being so close to the founding members of the party, Goonewardene began attending meetings. She attended these meetings with her Aunt Caroline and Uncle Robert.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=13 October 1996 |title=Leslie and Vivi|work=The Sunday Observer}}</ref> Vivienne also joined the [[Anti-fascism|anti-Fascist]] demonstrations against [[Francisco Franco|Spain's Franco]] organised by the Party in Colombo.<ref name=":4" /> It was partly her rebellious nature that led Vivienne to pay the membership fee of 25 cents and join the LSSP.<ref name=":4" />

Her stint in politics and education ended abruptly when her father received an anonymous letter stating that Vivienne had visited a political rally in the presence of other men.{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|pp=17, 20}} Having only completed the first year's examination, Goonewardene was brought home having despite the pleas of her teachers.{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|pp=17, 20}}<ref name="Gunaratne"/> Unable to attend classes and lectures, her Uncle Robert helped her pursue an external degree at the [[University of London]], which she took as a [[The arts|General Degree in Arts]].<ref name=":3"/>{{sfn|Muthiah|Thiruchandran|Wanasinghe|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XaHaAAAAMAAJ&q=vivienne+goonewardene+uncles+helped+her+to+get+an+external+degree 55]}} She continued to secretly attend [[Demonstration (political)|political rallies]] in the company of her Aunt Caroline.{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|pp=17, 20}}

== Raising a family ==

Vivienne met [[Leslie Goonewardene]] at a protest on the [[Spanish Civil War|Spanish Civil war]] in March 1937.<ref name=":4" /> Goonewardene was a founder of the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] in 1935, and served as its [[Secretary General]] and leader.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pacific Affairs|date=1967|publisher=University of British Columbia|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rSjjAAAAMAAJ&q=leslie+goonewardene+secretary+general 253]}}</ref> He was born on 31 October 1909 in [[Panadura]], south-western [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]], to the wealthy [[Methodism|Methodist]] Goonewardene family, which was active in [[Ceylonese Mudaliyars|local colonial-era politics]].{{sfn|Wright|1999|p={{page needed|date=February 2021}}}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 April 2016 |title=Celebrating a selfless life|work=[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)]] |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2016/04/03/spe-tho-01.asp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pustakālaya|first=Sri Lanka Jātika Rājya Sabhāva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkkFAAAAMAAJ&q=leslie+goonewardene+31+October+1909 |title=Members of the Legislatures of Ceylon, 1931-1972|date=1972 |publisher=National State Assembly Library|pages=55}}</ref> The Goonewardene family were major [[Ownership|proprietors]] of [[coconut]] property.{{sfn|Wright|1999|pp=677–678}}<ref name="Methodist">''The Methodist Recorder'', December 1943 {{full citation needed|date=February 2021}}</ref> Goonewardene's mother died when he was a toddler. She was from the well-known Fernando family of 'Whitehall' Katana, one of the wealthiest families in [[Ceylon]], privately owning very significant amounts of land.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Lawnet.gov.lk |url=https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/007-NLR-NLR-V-52-HUNTER-Government-Agent-W.P.-Appellant-and-SRI-CHANDRASEKERA-Respondent.pdf|journal=Sri Lanka Legal Archives}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=News Features |url=https://www.nation.lk/2008/12/21/newsfe1.htm|access-date=6 July 2020 |website=www.nation.lk}}</ref>

Leslie was educated at [[S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia]], later being sent to a [[Rydal School|Welsh Publish school]] and studying at the [[London School of Economics]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jayawardena |first=Kumari |url=http://archive.org/details/338872337OriginOfTheLeftMovementInSriLankaKumariJayawardana |title=Origin Of The Left Movement In Sri Lanka |date=1973|page=7}}</ref><ref name="Gunawardena 2005 167"/> At LSE, he became well acquainted with Vivienne's uncles, Robert and Philip, with whom he founded the LSSP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jayawardena|first=V. Kumari|date=1974 |title=Origins of the Left Movement in Sri Lanka |journal=Social Scientist |volume=2|issue=6/7|pages=11 |doi=10.2307/3516475|jstor=3516475|issn=0970-0293}}</ref> Leslie was considered the [[Ideology|ideologue]] of the party, especially in the 1935-36 period.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pacific Affairs |date=1967|publisher=University of British Columbia|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rSjjAAAAMAAJ&q=leslie+goonewardene+theoretician+LSSP 258]}}</ref> He was later described by [[Hector Abhayavardhana]] as "the custodian of the consciousness of the LSSP".{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|pp=17, 20}}

Following their meetings, Leslie would often drop in to the Goonetilleke's home in [[Diddeniya]].<ref name=":4" /> As a friend of Philip, he was always welcome and was well liked by the Goonetilleke family. Dr. [[Don (honorific)|Don]] Allenson especially admired him, not just because he came of a family of immense wealth, but due to his lack of arrogance.<ref name=":4" /> Often he would instruct his sons to "be like Leslie".{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|pp=17, 20}} The 1930s were a period of rapid expansion for the LSSP, who had fielded candidates and achieved great success in the [[2nd State Council of Ceylon|Second State Elections]].{{sfn|Muthiah|Wanasinghe|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FVCOAAAAMAAJ&q=LSSP+great+success+in+the+Second+State+Elections 18]|ps=, "Encouraged by the success at the polls the LSSP almost immediately got down to trade union activities."}}{{sfn|de Silva|Wriggins|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6orPBJCSPhIC&pg=PA153 153]}} They held a rally on 1 April 1937 at [[Galle Face Green]], attracting as many as 35,000 people.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lerski|first1=Jerzy Jan |last2=Lerski|first2=George Jan|date=1968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjQ0AAAAIAAJ&q=lssp+1st+of+April+1937+at+Galle+Face+Green,+attracting+as+many+as+35,000+people. |title=Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon: A Documentary History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1942 |publisher=Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace|pages=121}}</ref> Following the success in the [[Bracegirdle affair]], Vivienne was invited to a dinner at which Leslie declared his love for her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament out of bounds to Vivienne |url=https://archive.ceylontoday.lk/features-more/2685|access-date=30 August 2020|website=CeylonToday}}</ref>

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}}The two intended to wed, but Vivienne's father was against the relationship because Goonewardene was a [[Christianity in Sri Lanka|Christian]], from the minority [[Karava]] [[Sri Lankan caste system|caste]] and a revolutionary under surveillance.<ref>{{harvc|last=Jayawardena|first=Kumari |year=2006 |in1=Muthiah |in2=Thiruchandran|in3=Wanasinghe|pp=55, 64|c=Vivienne Goonewardene – 'La Pasionaria' of Sri Lanka}}</ref> She was kept a virtual prisoner at home, and Goonewardene was forced to file a [[habeas corpus]] writ, a [[Legal remedy|recourse in law]] through which a person can report an [[Arbitrary arrest and detention|unlawful detention or imprisonment]] to a [[court]], to get her released.<ref name="Memories">{{cite news |last=Kurukularatne|first=Buddhika|date=7 May 2006 |title=Men and Memories: 'Vivi' — the 'rebel' is made |newspaper=The Island |url=https://island.lk/2006/05/07/features3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013172403/https://island.lk/2006/05/07/features3.html|access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=2018-10-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> While she was kept a prisoner, she was still able to secretly write letters to Leslie with the help of a local bookseller.{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IWRuAAAAMAAJ&q=book 26]}} During the legal battle, they were notably represented by their attorney, the future [[President of Sri Lanka|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Prime Minister]] [[President of Sri Lanka|of Sri Lanka]] [[J. R. Jayewardene]].<ref name="Memories"/> The couple were married on 30 June 1939, at the Hotel Nippon in [[Slave Island]].<ref name="Gunawardena2">{{harvnb|Gunawardena|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC&pg=PA166 166]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC&pg=PA167 167]}}.</ref>

== Indian Independence ==
{{Main|Indian independence movement}}
With the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]], the Lanka Sama Samaja Party experienced an upsurge in support, characterising the Second World War as "an imperialist war".<ref name="Wriggins 2015">{{Cite book |last=Wriggins |first=William Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCfWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 |title=Ceylon: Dilemmas of a New Nation|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7690-7 |page=126}}</ref>{{sfn|Gunawardena|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC&pg=PA281 281]}} This support led to the party's re-establishment underground, a necessary move due to its vocal [[Anti-war movement|anti-war]] stance, opposing the British [[war effort]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=David S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4uyAAAAIAAJ&q=lanka+sama+samaja+party+banned+wwii |title=Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific: A Reference Guide|last2=Sagar|first2=Darren J.|date=1992|publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-09811-4|pages=275}}</ref> Members of the party, including two [[State Council of Ceylon|State Council]] members, as well as others in its leadership—including [[N.M. Perera]], Philip Gunawardena and [[Colvin R. de Silva]]—were arrested and jailed, but Vivienne evaded arrest while her husband, Leslie, went underground.<ref name="TI050102">{{cite news |last=Fernando |first=Amaradasa|date=5 January 2002 |title=Edmund Samarakkody kept faith to the last|newspaper=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]] |url=http://www.island.lk/2002/01/05/featur02.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224020410/https://island.lk/2002/01/05/featur02.html|archive-date=2019-12-24}}</ref>

=== The Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma ===
{{Main|Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma}}
[[File:Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma.jpg|thumb|The BLPI.]]
By the later part of 1940, Vivienne was heavily pregnant with her first child.<ref name="Gunawardena 2005 167"/> At this time, Leslie was in hiding following the LSSP's [[proscription]].<ref name="Gunawardena 2005 167"/> Leslie fled to India to continue their activism with less scrutiny.<ref name="Gunawardena 2005 167"/>{{sfn|Alexander|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_eUtQjseKaIC&pg=PA517 517]}} Though Philip Gunawardena, N.M. Perera, [[Edmund Samarakkody]], and Colvin R. de Silva were detained in Ceylon, Leslie was in India, his properties in Ceylon seized.<ref name="Wriggins 2015"/><ref name="TI050102"/> He settled in [[Calcutta]] and established networks with the local Trotskyist organisations, including that of the [[Uttar Pradesh]] Trotskyist group, as well as groups in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] and [[Madras]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Towards a History of the Fourth International: Education for Socialists Bulletins Towards a History of the Fourth International|date=1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1MMAAAAYAAJ&q=goonewardene+colvin+de+silva+escape+to+india|publisher=National Education Department, Socialist Workers Party}}</ref> Through discussion, the Indian and Ceylonese Trotskyists led by Leslie established a preliminary committee for the formation of the [[Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India|Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma]] (BLPI for short).<ref>{{Cite book|date=1942 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUw5AQAAIAAJ&q=Committee+for+the+Formation+of+the+Bolshevik+-+Leninist+Party+of+India |title=The Revolution in India |publisher=T. Tait Memorial Committee}}</ref>

The discussions for this took place through underground meetings in [[Kandy]] in December 1940 and March 1941 and set the stage for a sole Trotskyist party for India.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9kuAQAAIAAJ&q=Bolshevik+-+Leninist+Party+of+India+kandy |journal=[[South Asia Bulletin]]|title=Volumes 7–8|date=1987|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Grant|first1=E.|last2=Scott|first2=A.|date=1941 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5c61AAAAIAAJ&q=Committee+for+the+Formation+of+the+Bolshevik+-+Leninist+Party+of+India |title=The Road to India's Freedom: The Permanent Revolution in India and the Task of the British Working-class |publisher=Workers' International League, Fourth International}}</ref> An underground conference was held on 20 April 1941, attended by 42 delegates.{{sfn|Jasentuliyana|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HKTTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT2071]}} At this conference, the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] conceived a new [[constitution]] and [[manifesto]], both of which were accepted by the delegates.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sworakowski|first=Witold S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlQYAAAAIAAJ&q=LSSP+conference+20+April+1941 |title=World Communism; a Handbook, 1918-1965|date=1973 |publisher=Hoover Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8179-1081-5}}</ref> The meetings in 1940 and 1941 were also attended by the other detained LSSP leaders, who had been aided by their imprisoner; the imprisoner later helped them escape their prison on 7 April 1942.{{sfn|Roberts|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xgjH0GjmTeIC&pg=PA5 5]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee|first=Sadhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC80AAAAIAAJ&q=lssp+7th+April+1942 |title=Ceylon: Island that Changed|date=1971|publisher=People's Publishing House}}</ref> The BLPI was formed in May 1942 and was approved by the [[Fourth International]].{{sfn|Amarasinghe|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&q=BLPI+was+formed+in+May+1942+and+was+approved+by+the+Fourth+International 69]}} Through this, the now-public BLPI, fronted by Goonewardene, [[S. C. C. Anthony Pillai|S.C.C. Anthonipillai]], [[Robert Gunawardena]], [[William de Silva]], and [[V. Karalasingham]], focused on continuing strike waves that had begun in May 1941. These continued through 1942 and 1944.{{sfn|Ervin|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GqTaAAAAMAAJ&q=BLPI+strike+wave+in+May+1941+and+strikes+in+1942+and+1944]}}

Initially, during World War II, the Goonewardene-led [[Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma|BLPI]] remained relatively small—a large contrast to the high expectations of a subcontinent-wide political revolutionary party. Whilst the BLPI's full name, the ''Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma'', suggests that it also represented [[Burma]], there was arguably no party representation there.{{sfn|Amarasinghe|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&q=BLPI+not+in+burma 85]}} The BLPI, however, found later success, launching ''Spark'', its party publication issued in the party's base of [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9dAAAAMAAJ&q=BLPI+Spark |title=Cahiers Léon Trotsky|date=1998|publisher=Institut Léon Trotsky|language=fr}}</ref> Due to political suppression, the publication was moved to [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] and its name was changed to ''New Spark''.{{sfn|Abhayavardhana|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BWNuAAAAMAAJ&q=BLPI+Spark]}} They published Trotsky's open letter to the Indian workers and other pieces. While Vivienne was busy raising a child, Leslie was a key contributor to the party publications, writing under the [[pseudonym]], K. Tilak.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9dAAAAMAAJ&q=BLPI+Spark+k+tilak |title=Cahiers Léon Trotsky|date=1998|publisher=Institut Léon Trotsky|language=fr}}</ref> During the remainder of World War II, the BLPI was able to influence the trade union and student movements in several cities. Significant membership was recorded among [[Tramway (industrial)|tramway]] workers, as well as workers of the [[Buckingham and Carnatic Mills]].{{sfn|Richardson|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IFOOAAAAMAAJ&q=BLPI+Buckingham+and+Carnatic+Mills]}}{{sfn|Ervin|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GqTaAAAAMAAJ&q=BLPI+Buckingham+and+Carnatic+Mills%7C]}}

=== Quit India Movement and party split ===
{{Main|Quit India Movement}}

In December 1941, by which point, Vivienne's eldest child, Kumundini was just over a year old, Vivienne moved permanently to India.{{sfn|Ervin|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GqTaAAAAMAAJ&q=december+1941+Vivienne+goonewardene+India]}} Her travel had not yet been restricted as she wasn't, at this time, on the colonial authorities' [[wanted list]].<ref name="Gunawardena 2005 167"/> On her way to India, she disguised herself as Mrs. Alan Mendis, and was accompanied by Alan Mendis.{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|p=37}} From [[Trincomalee]], Vivienne, her daughter and helpers travelled to [[Madurai|Madhurai]] by boat, where they were met by [[S. C. C. Anthony Pillai]] and taken to safe shelter.{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|p=37}}

In India, Vivienne immersed herself in the [[Quit India Movement]], a movement with the demand to end the [[British Raj|British Rule of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1942 Quit India Movement – Making Britain |url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193852/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement |archive-date=23 June 2018|url-status=dead |website=www.open.ac.uk |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref> She remained uncaptured throughout the war years both in Ceylon and India.<ref name="Gunawardena2"/> In 1943, Vivienne also sheltered [[Jeanne Hoban]] from the authorities when she was threatened with deportation for organising plantation workers unions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jayawardena |first=Kumari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjdpAwAAQBAJ |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vjdpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA287 287] |title=The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia During British Rule|date=23 April 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-65707-8}}</ref> Following the Quit India Movement, hope was rife among the [[South Asia|South-Asian]] socialist leaders. Leslie Goonewardene, under the pseudonym K. Tilak, wrote that the "young Bolshevik-Leninist Party ... now faces its first real chance for expansion ... The situation is changing and without doubt, of all of the parties and political groups in India, the BLPI is the one which is going to gain the most in this change."{{sfn|Alexander|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_eUtQjseKaIC&pg=PA519 519]}}

Albeit the help, with an infant to care for Goonewardene's political involvement was significantly lessened.<ref name=":0" /> While in India, she and Leslie took on the identity of a [[Goanese]] family. Mr. and Mrs. Pinto.{{sfn|Ervin|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GqTaAAAAMAAJ&q=vivienne+goonewardene+pinto]}} Vivienne also taught herself [[Hindi]].{{sfn|Liyanage|1998|p=39}}

==== Initial party split. ====
During the war there was a split in the movement. N. M. Perera and Philip Gunawardena opposed a merger into the BLPI and formed the 'Workers' Opposition'.{{sfn|Richardson|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IFOOAAAAMAAJ&q=Philip+Gunawardena+opposed+a+merger+into+the+BLPI]}} After the war, they reconstructed LSSP as an independent party.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Baring|first=Maurice |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/655235 |title=C |date=1924|publisher=Doubleday, Page|oclc=655235}}</ref> Members of the other section, formed out of the exiled BLPI nucleus, effectively maintained a separate party, the [[Bolshevik Samasamaja Party]] (BSP).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fukui|first1=Haruhiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pV0lAAAAMAAJ&q=Bolshevik+Samasamaja+Party+founded |title=Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific|last2=Hughes|first2=Colin A.|date=1985|publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-21350-2}}</ref> The latter group functioned as the Ceylon section of BLPI and was led by Colvin R de Silva, Leslie Goonawardene and Edmund Samarakkoddy.{{sfn|Ervin|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GqTaAAAAMAAJ&q=Colvin+R+de+Silva,+Leslie+Goonawardene+and+Edmund+Samarakkoddy]}}

The relation between the two groups was often antagonistic. The BSP accused the LSSP of 'organisational [[Menshevism]]'.{{sfn|Amarasinghe|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&q=LSSP+Menshevism 71]}} The LSSP accused the BSP of being introvert doctrinaires. LSSP wanted to build a mass-based party, whereas the BSP concentrated on building a cadre-based ([[revolutionary]]) party.{{sfn|Biyanwila|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T7kuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 38]}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Siriwardena|first=Regi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6huOAAAAMAAJ&q=bolshevik+samasamaja+cadre-based |title=Working Underground: The LSSP in Wartime: a Memoir of Happenings and Personalities|publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies |date=1999 |isbn=978-955-580-044-0}}</ref> On 25 October 1945 fist-fights broke out at between the two groups at a meeting of the BSP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edmund Samarakkody, 1912-1992 |website=whatnextjournal.org.uk |url=http://www.whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/History/Edmund.html|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>

== Return to Sri Lanka ==
When Goonewardene returned to Sri Lanka following the end of the [[Second World War]], the LSSP was split, with two separate groups under the LSSP name.{{sfn|Biyanwila|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T7kuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 38]}} One was led by [[N. M. Perera]] and [[Philip Gunawardena]] and the other by [[Leslie Goonewardene|Leslie]] and [[Colvin R. de Silva]].{{sfn|Abhayavardhana|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BWNuAAAAMAAJ&q=lssp+blpi+split]}} Vivienne identified with the latter of the two factions. The LSSP and the BSP were both at the helm of the strike waves that occurred in the post-war period.<ref name=":8">{{harvnb|Liyanage|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IWRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bolshevik+samasamaja+strike+waves 49]}}.</ref> In 1946 there was a brief reconciliation between the two factions.{{sfn|Richardson|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IFOOAAAAMAAJ&q=bolshevik+sama+samaja+lanka+sama+samaja+reconciliation]}} At the general election of 1947 the LSSP emerged as the main opposition party, with 10 seats.<ref name="Election 1947">{{Cite web|date=4 February 2016 |title=Results of Parliamentary General Election - 1947 |url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1947%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204082107/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1947%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|archive-date=4 February 2016|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref> The BSP obtained 5 seats.<ref name="Election 1947" /> They also had the support of the [[Ceylon Workers' Congress|Ceylon Indian Congress]] (CIC - which later became the [[Ceylon Workers' Congress]]) of [[K. Natesa Iyer|Natesa Iyer]], which had 6 members in Parliament and of various independent members.{{sfn|Kanapathipillai|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QI7HNNa48WMC&pg=PA40 40]}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vanniasingham |first=Somasundaram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHziAAAAMAAJ&q=Natesa+Iyer+1947+election |title=Sri Lanka: The Conflict Within|date=1989|publisher=Sangam Books|isbn=978-0-86132-206-0}}</ref> However, [[SWRD Bandaranaike]] and his [[Sinhala Maha Sabha]] backed the newly formed [[United National Party]] (UNP), which was thus able to form a government under [[DS Senanayake]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rambukwella|first=Harshana|date=2 July 2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaZjDwAAQBAJ&q=Sinhala+Maha+Sabha+backed+the+newly+formed+United+National+Party&pg=PA77 |title=The Politics and Poetics of Authenticity: A Cultural Genealogy of Sinhala Nationalism |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-78735-130-1}}</ref>

Goonewardene's return led to her founding and becoming one of the major backers of the world's first socialist women's organisation, United Women's Front or ‘Eksath Kantha Peramuna’.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Wickramasinghe |first=Maithree |date=9 April 2007 |title=Making Meaning of Meaning-Making: A Case Study of Feminist Research Methodology in Sri Lanka |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10007500/1/535726.pdf |type=PhD |publisher=University College London}}</ref>{{sfn|de Mel|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h0f_D1qiXQgC&pg=PA29 29]}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Focus on women in politics|work=Daily News|type=Book review|url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2006/03/31/fea10.asp |access-date=31 August 2020}}</ref> The party did, however, collapse shortly after its conception alongside the Soviet-backed [[Communist Party]] withdrawing support of it as part of its non-co-operation policy with [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

=== Sri Lankan Independence ===
{{Main|Sri Lankan independence movement}}
[[File:SL Independence.jpg|thumb|The Ceylonese Independence Ceremony, 1948.]]
Following the end of the war, the LSSP's proscription ended, and Leslie was able to return to Ceylon to work further on the independence movement.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jayaratne|first=Osmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLorAAAAYAAJ&q=ww2+leslie+goonewardene+return |title=Memoirs of Osmund Jayaratne|date=2004|publisher=Godage International Publishers|isbn=978-955-20-7584-1}}</ref> The [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] led [[Sri Lankan independence movement]] succeeded when, on 4 February 1948, Ceylon was granted independence as the Dominion of Ceylon.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ellis|first=Royston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htAmdNr75P0C&pg=PA7 |title=Sri Lanka|date=2011|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-346-7}}</ref> [[Dominion]] status within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] was retained for the next 24 years until 22 May 1972, when it became a [[republic]] and was renamed the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Alexander|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_eUtQjseKaIC&pg=PA170 170]}} The armed forces continued to be commanded by British Officers and the [[Royal Navy]] and the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] continued to have bases on the island (at [[Trincomalee]] and [[Katunayake]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Removing "remnants of colonialism" |url=http://www.ft.lk/ft-lite/Removing-%22remnants-of-colonialism%22/6-672509|access-date=7 July 2020 |date=9 February 2019|website=Daily FT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The RAF and RCyAF - A parting of the ways |url=http://airforce.lk/pages.php?pages=the_raf_and_rcyaf |publisher=Sri Lanka Air Force}}</ref> The Government was heavily pro-British and anti-[[Soviet Union|Soviet]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=United States Department of State Public Services Division |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0c5iAsJdbcwC&q=Dudley+Senanayake+pro+british&pg=PA25 |title=The Subcontinent of South Asia: Afghanistan, Ceylon, India, Nepal [and] Pakistan: Background|date=1959|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref> The new government proceeded to [[Disfranchisement|disenfranchise]] plantation workers of [[Hill Country Tamils|Indian Tamils]] descent, using the [[Ceylon Citizenship Act]] of 1948 and the Parliamentary Elections Amendment Act of 1949.{{sfn|Kanapathipillai|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QI7HNNa48WMC&pg=PA41 41]}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chowdhory|first=Nasreen |title=Refugees, Citizenship and Belonging in South Asia: Contested Terrains|date=13 June 2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DP5fDwAAQBAJ&q=Ceylon+Citizenship+Act+of+1948+disenfranchisement&pg=PA51|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-13-0197-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Vamadevan|first=M.|date=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23k8AAAAMAAJ&q=Ceylon+Citizenship+Act+of+1948+disenfranchisement |title=Sri Lankan Repatriates in Tamil Nadu: Rehabilitation and Integration |publisher=Zen Publishers}}</ref> These measures were intended primarily to undermine the Left electorally.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weiss|first=Gordon |title=The Cage: The Fight for Sri Lanka and the Last Days of the Tamil Tigers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26uhDwAAQBAJ&q=Ceylon+Citizenship+Act+of+1948+undermine+left&pg=PT451 |date=4 September 2012 |publisher=Bellevue Literary Press|isbn=978-1-934137-57-4 }}</ref>

== Electoral politics ==
In December 1949, Vivienne stood for the [[Bolshevik Samasamaja Party]] to represent the [[Havelock Town]] [[Electoral ward|ward]] of the Colombo Municipal Council.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pārlimēntuva|first=Ceylon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dToeAAAAIAAJ&q=Vivienne+goonewardene+havelock+town+1949 |title=Ceylon Sessional Papers|date=1953|publisher=Government Press}}</ref> Despite the significant numerical advantage that the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party|LSSP]] found themselves, Vivienne set out to canvass with her second child, Suren.<ref name=":8" /> This numerical advantage was visible by the number of candidates each party fielded.{{sfn|Richardson|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIRxpjfd-EC&pg=PA625 625]}} While the LSSP fielded 28, the BSP fielded only 10.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IwcAAAAMAAJ |title=Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973|date=1974|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780333136652|pages=170}}</ref> While campaigning, her father had become very ill. With the aided presence of his young grandson, Vivienne was able to break down the barriers with her father.<ref name=":8" /> Regardless of this, he remained adamant that she be [[disinherit]]ed.<ref name=":8" /> Her father died on the night of the election, his final query had been "has Vivi won", to which a relative had replied "yes".<ref name=":8" />

=== Colombo Municipal Council ===
{{Quote box
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| quote = Mrs. Vivienne Goonewardene moved that the Medical Officers of the Minicipal Council should be requested to hold regular inspection of children of pre-school age in shanty town housing schemes at least once in three months in view of the very high child mortality in the city.
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}}Goonewardene remained a member of the [[Colombo Municipal Council]] from 1950 until July 1954 and again from 30 January 1960 until December 1969.<ref name="Gunawardena 2005 167"/> While a [[councillor]], she was known dedicated her time to the betterment of the lives of the poor.{{sfn|Muthiah|Thiruchandran|Wanasinghe|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XaHaAAAAMAAJ&q=vivienne+goonewardene+Colombo+Municipal+Council]}} Goonewardene orchestrated the improvement of [[sanitation]], the provision of lighting and the widening of paths in [[shanty town]]s.<ref name=":8" /> She was instrumental in the organisation of sewing classes for single mothers.<ref name=":8" /> While a councillor, she fought for the rights of the dead – notably in terms of [[Morgue|burial facilities]], as well as taking issue with the high levels of [[child mortality]] in shanty towns.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Sri Lanka Pārlimēntuva Niyōjita Mantrī Maṇḍalaya |title=Parliamentary Debates|date=1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vgdAAAAIAAJ&q=vivienne+goonewardene+child+mortality}}</ref>
While a Municipal Councillor, she gave a lift to [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]] every day.<ref name=":8" /> He became [[President of Sri Lanka]] in 1989, coming from a slum area and joining the rival [[United National Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=MAN IN THE NEWS: Ranasinghe Premadasa; Sri Lankan At the Top |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1988/12/21/374988.html|access-date=31 August 2020}}</ref>

==== President of the All Ceylon Local Government Worker's Union ====
Vivienne also had offices outside of the Colombo Municipal Council, allowing her to serve not just her own [[constituency]].<ref name=":8" /> She was also appointed President of the All Ceylon Local Government Worker's Union.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Ranjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNG1AAAAIAAJ&q=vivienne+goonewardene+President+of+the+All+Ceylon+Local+Government+Workers+Union |title=World Meet on Bangla Desh: Report of the International Conference on Bangla Desh, Held in New Delhi from September 18 to 20, 1971|last2=Radhakrishna|first2=K. S.|date=1972|publisher=International Committee of Friends of Bangla Desh [by] Impex India}}</ref> While under [[N. M. Perera|N.M. Perera]], the union was able to secure the permanency of employment to the workers, as well as the right to [[pension]] and [[retirement]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite AV media|last=Roberts|first=Michael|date=1 September 2014 |title=Roberts, Michael. Oral History Project. Tape 32. Goonewardene, Vivienne. 30 May 1967 |url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/84823}}</ref> Under Vivienne, the Union won [[Pension|widows and orphans pension]].<ref name=":9" /> While the LSSP were the main opposition party, a bill was introduced by the Party that increased the monthly pay of [[Government employee|State Workers]] by [[Sri Lankan rupee|Rs]]. 7.5, however [[Municipal council|Municipal council workers]] were excluded by this.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite AV media|last=Roberts|first=Michael|date=1 September 2014 |title=Roberts, Michael. Oral History Project. Tape 33. Goonewardene, Vivienne. 30 May 1967 |url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/84824}}</ref> Vivienne brought this up with the [[Minister of Finance (Sri Lanka)|Minister of Finance]], [[J. R. Jayewardene]], who proceeded to include Municipal Workers in the bill.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> In 1964, while the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] leftist coalition was in power, Goonewardene demanded parity of status for state employees and CMC workers.<ref name=":8" /> Goonewardene remained President of the All Ceylon Local Government Worker's Union until her death.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wickramage|first=Florence|date=6 October 1996 |title=Vivienne – woman of the revolution|work=The Sunday Observer}}</ref>

=== Reunification ===
The split between the LSSP and the BSP had weakened the movement, and in particular the BSP which was clearly the smaller of the two parties.{{sfn|Amarasinghe|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&q=split+of+LSSP+and+BSP 81]}} A process of reunification was initiated, and in 1950 the BSP merged into the LSSP.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Silva|first=Colvin R. De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlEdAQAAMAAJ&q=split+of+LSSP+and+BSP |title=Their Politics and Ours|date=1954|publisher=Lanka Samasamaja}}</ref> Through the reunification, the LSSP became the Ceylonese section of the [[Fourth International]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUTvAAAAMAAJ&q=LSSP+became+fourth+international+1950 |title=Intercontinental Press Combined with Inprecor|date=1977|publisher=Intercontinental Press}}</ref> However, Philip Gunawardena opposed the reconciliation with the BSP.{{sfn|Alexander|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_eUtQjseKaIC&pg=PA186 186]}} Thus he left LSSP and formed a new party, [[Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] (VLSSP).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scalapino|first=Robert A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hKCAAAAIAAJ&q=Viplavakari+Lanka+Sama+Samaja+Party+foundation |title=The Communist Revolution in Asia: Tactics, Goals, and Achievements|date=1965|publisher=Prentice-Hall|isbn=9780131530492 }}</ref><ref name="Kearney 1983 17–33">{{Cite journal |last=Kearney|first=Robert N.|date=1983 |title=The Political Party System in Sri Lanka |journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=98|issue=1|pages=17–33|doi=10.2307/2150202|jstor=2150202 |issn=0032-3195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Fall of the Leftist Movement|url=https://archive.ceylontoday.lk/features-more/2878|access-date=8 July 2020|website=CeylonToday|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128084403/https://archive.ceylontoday.lk/features-more/2878|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At the 1952 general election, the electoral performance was harmed by the relative prosperity due to the price of natural rubber being driven up by the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nyrop|first=Richard F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvMXAAAAIAAJ&q=1952+ceylon+general+election+rubber&pg=PA60 |title=Area Handbook for Ceylon|date=1971|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref> During this election, Vivienne contested the Kelaniya seat for the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party|LSSP]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=1952 Ceylon Election |url=https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1952.pdf|journal=Ceylon Government}}</ref> Vivienne's Buddhist background gave her an advantage while contesting the seat, however the seat was contested by the SLFP's Wimala Wijewardene, who received the support of the Kelaniya temple's Buddhist monks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pinto |first=Leonard|date=14 July 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifVMCgAAQBAJ&q=1952+election+Kelaniya&pg=PT356 |title=Being a Christian in Sri Lanka: Historical, Political, Social, and Religious Considerations |publisher=Balboa Press|isbn=978-1-4525-2862-5}}</ref> While campaigning, Vivienne's third child, Premilla, was born, further limiting the extent to which she could canvass.<ref name=":8" /> The seat was won by [[J. R. Jayewardene]], following that year's political trend towards the UNP.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Donald Eugene |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dknWCgAAQBAJ&q=1952+election+Kelaniya&pg=PA491 |title=South Asian Politics and Religion|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7908-3}}</ref> Also, the disenfranchisement of the Indian Tamil estate workers by the UNP government deprived the LSSP of one of its main bases.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wijeyeratne|first=Roshan de Silva|date=15 August 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVttAAAAQBAJ&q=disenfranchisement+of+the+Indian+Tamil&pg=PA114 |title=Nation, Constitutionalism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-03835-9}}</ref> Moreover, it damaged the electoral fortunes of its ally, the [[Ceylon Workers' Congress|CIC]], which went unrepresented.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Subrata K.|date=6 February 2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ao5CAQAAIAAJ&q=Ceylon+indian+congress+unrepresented+1952 |title=Politics of Modern South Asia |publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-45628-9}}</ref>

=== Hartal and after ===
{{Main|1953 Ceylonese Hartal}}

In 1953, the LSSP took the lead in organising the [[Hartal 1953|Hartal]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 February 2013 |title=The Debasement Of Politics After The 1953 Hartal |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/the-debasement-of-politics-after-the-1953-hartal/|access-date=8 July 2020|website=Colombo Telegraph}}</ref> The immediate cause for the Hartal was a hike in the price of [[rice]] from 25 cent to 70 cent per measure by the UNP government.{{sfn|Wickramasinghe|2015|p={{page needed|date=February 2021}}}} At the time, [[J.R. Jayawardena]] was the finance minister of the country.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Biziouras|first=Nikolaos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEUsAwAAQBAJ&q=1953+hartal+Jayawardene+finance+minister&pg=PA98 |title=The Political Economy of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka: Economic Liberalization, Mobilizational Resources, and Ethnic Collective Action |date=26 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-80553-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2013 |title=60 years since the Great Hartal |url=https://www.himalmag.com/60-years-since-the-great-hartal-2/ |access-date=8 July 2020|website=Himal Southasian}}</ref> Maintaining the price of rice at 25 cent had been an electoral promise given by UNP in the 1952 elections, and when the new rates were introduced to the public, uproar ensued.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Isenberg|first1=Joan P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65gegDaEsToC&q=1953+hartal+election+promise&pg=PA499 |title=Major Trends and Issues in Early Childhood Education: Challenges, Controversies, and Insights|last2=Jalongo|first2=Mary Renck |publisher=Teachers College Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8077-4350-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=((The Socialist Equality Party (Sri Lanka) )) |date=4 February 2008 |title=Sri Lankan independence: 60 years of communalism, social decay and war |website=wsws.org |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2008/02/sril-f04.html |access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref> This anger was furthered by the suspension of the meals given to schoolchildren and hikes in rail ticket fares and postal fees.<ref name="De Silva: Hartal!">{{Cite web |title=De Silva: Hartal! |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol2/no1/hartal.html|access-date=8 July 2020 |website=marxists.org}}</ref>

Prior to 1953, the concept of a 'Hartal', of General strike, was relatively unknown in Ceylon.<ref name="De Silva: Hartal!" /> Through their exile, the LSSP leaders had witnessed the immense impact of the hartals during the [[Quit India Movement]], ensuring that this knowledge was brought with them.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nossiter|first=Thomas Johnson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC&q=1953+hartal+quit+india&pg=PA200 |title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation|date=1 January 1982|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04667-2}}</ref> The [[Communist Party of Sri Lanka|Communist Party]] and [[Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party|VLSSP]] supported the Hartal and the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party|SLFP]] and CIC expressed sympathy for the demand of the Hartal, but did not actively support the call for strike.{{sfn|Wickramasinghe|2015|p={{page needed|date=February 2021}}}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fernando |first=Warnakulasuriya Thomas Aquinas Leslie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hFVAAAAYAAJ&q=1953+hartal+Communist+Party+and+VLSSP |title=Being close to them: among some eminent personalities|date=2006|publisher=Godage International Publishers|isbn=9789552092947}}</ref>{{sfn|de Mel|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h0f_D1qiXQgC&pg=PA15 15]}} The [[Ceylon Mercantile Union]] supported the demands of the strike, but in not take part in it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dumont|first=René |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6y4AAAAIAAJ&q=Ceylon+mercantile+union+1953+hartal |title=Paysanneries aux abois: Ceylan, Tunisie, Sénégal |date=1972 |publisher=Éditions du Seuil|language=fr}}</ref> Rather it encouraged their members to go to work wearing black armbands as a means to protest.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Muthiah|first1=Wesley S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iHtAAAAMAAJ&q=1953+hartal+black+armband |title=We Were Making History: The Hartal of 1953|last2=Wanasinghe|first2=Sydney|date=2002|publisher=Young Socialist|isbn=978-955-9150-03-9}}</ref>

The Hartal took the country to a complete standstill.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2018 |title=The day Trotskyists shut down a country: 65th anniversary of the Sri Lankan Hartal |url=https://socialistaction.org/2018/08/12/the-day-trotskyists-shut-down-a-country-65th-anniversary-of-the-sri-lankan-hartal/|access-date=8 July 2020|website=Socialist Action}}</ref> Afraid of a revolution in the making, the government cabinet sought refuge on {{HMS|Newfoundland|59|6}}, a [[Royal Navy]] warship offshore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNKNOWN |date=14 Aug 1953 |page=5 |work=The Guardian |url=http://newspapers.com/image/259449190/?terms=hartal+ceylon|access-date=8 July 2020 |url-access=subscription |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name="WHILE GOD SLEPT">{{Cite book|last=Perera|first=Mario |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zxZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT108 |title=WHILE GOD SLEPT: "Forces of darkness as Angels of Light Sri Lanka: 1971-2009"|publisher=Wordit CDE|isbn=978-93-87649-75-0}}</ref> The mass upsurge that accompanied the action of the strikers caused [[Dudley Senanayake]] to resign from the premiership.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mehta |first=Raj K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyRZKMxTPXsC&q=Dudley+Senanayake+resignation+hartal&pg=PA39 |title=Lost Victory: The Rise & Fall of LTTE Supremo, V. Prabhakaran|date=2010|publisher=Pentagon Press|isbn=978-81-8274-443-1}}</ref>{{sfn|de Silva|Wriggins|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6orPBJCSPhIC&pg=PA295 295]}} The Hartal emoboldended the LSSP to start to consider that the party might be able to seize state power.<ref name="WHILE GOD SLEPT"/> During the Hartal, Vivienne insisted that a black flag, the sign of the Hartal, be hoisted upon the roof of the Colombo Town Hall.<ref name=":8" />
In 1956 the LSSP went into a no-contest pact with the ''[[Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (1956)|Mahajana Eksath Peramuna]]'' (People's United Front) of [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike|SWRD Bandaranaike]], which he had formed with Philip Gunawardena and the VLSSP.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Themis|first=M.S.|date=11 June 2016 |title=60 years after 1956 official language issue |work=The Island |url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=146770|access-date=8 July 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708125052/http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=146770 |archive-date=2020-07-08}}</ref>{{sfn|Wickramasinghe|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5hMoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT218]}} The MEP won a landslide in the polls held that year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Namasivayam|first=S. |title=The General Election in Ceylon in 1956|date=1 January 1955 |url=https://academic.oup.com/pa/article/IX/3/307/1499547 |journal=Parliamentary Affairs|volume=IX|issue=3|pages=307–310|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a052901 |issn=0031-2290|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The LSSP once again became the main opposition party, and N. M. Perera became the Leader of Opposition.<ref>{{Cite book|author=United States Department of State Public Services Division|date=1957 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pB1SAQAAMAAJ&q=N.+M.+Perera+became+the+Leader+of+Opposition+1956&pg=PA7 |title=Ceylon, 1957: Background}}</ref> Through this, the LSSP supported the reforms initiated by the new government, but strongly opposed the 'Sinhala Only' policy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Riaz|first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8GJAgAAQBAJ&q=LSSP+oppose+sinhala+only&pg=PA156 |title=Religion and Politics in South Asia |date=26 February 2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-99985-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAMAQAAMAAJ&q=LSSP+oppose+sinhala+only |title=South Asia Bulletin|date=1986|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles}}</ref>{{sfn|Alexander|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_eUtQjseKaIC&pg=PA171 171]}} Vivienne was elected as a [[Member of Parliament]] in the Colombo North Electoral District between 1956 and 1960, where she won 58.09% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maṇḍalaya|first=Sri Lanka Pārlimēntuva Niyōjita Mantrī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tv4dAAAAIAAJ&q=vivienne+goonewardene+Colombo+North |title=Parliamentary Debates |date=1959}}</ref> In July 1959, both LSSP and the Communist Party withdrew their support for the government, as inner-party feuds within the SLFP had resulted in a temporary victory for the right-wing and expulsions of leftist ministers like Philip Gunawardena.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Palmer|first=Norman Dunbar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbcJAAAAIAAJ&q=LSSP+and+the+Communist+Party+withdraw+support+1959 |title=Elections and Political Development: The South Asian Experience |date=1975|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-0341-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ4xAQAAIAAJ&q=July+1959,+both+LSSP+and+the+Communist+Party |title=The Commonwealth Yearbook|date=1990 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|isbn=9780115802393}}</ref>

In March 1960, the LSSP contested the general elections on the slogan 'forward to a Sama Samaja Government'.{{sfn|Abhayavardhana|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BWNuAAAAMAAJ&q=March+1960+LSSP+sogan]}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9bAAAAMAAJ&q=March+1960+LSSP+sogan |title=Intercontinental Press|date=1975|publisher=Intercontinental Press}}</ref> The votes won by the LSSP, the Communists and the [[Mahajana Eksath Peramuna]] (a new party, not the 1956 front) of Philip Gunawardena, were sufficient to have made them the biggest bloc in Parliament. However, due to their contesting separately, the LSSP and the MEP won just 10 seats each, the CP a mere 3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=28. Ceylon/Sri Lanka (1948-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/ceylonsri-lanka-1948-present/|access-date=8 July 2020|website=uca.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=United States Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cr8z7N0lpRsC&q=March+1960+election+ceylon&pg=PP3 |title=Ceylon|date=1968|publisher=Department of Defense, Armed Forces Information Service}}</ref> Elections were held again in July and the LSSP had a no-contest pact with the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] (SLFP) of [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], which was thus able to form a government.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 July 1960 |title=1960: Ceylon chooses world's first woman PM |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_2784000/2784527.stm|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref> Despite their success in the election, the Fourth International was highly critical of the electoral tactics of LSSP, and the LSSP chose not to attend the [[International Committee of the Fourth International|World Congress of International]] the following year.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frank|first=Pierre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlWqAAAAIAAJ&q=Fourth+International+critical+of+lssp+1960 |title=The Fourth International: The Long March of the Trotskyists|date=1979|publisher=Ink Links|isbn=978-0-906133-08-8}}</ref>

In 1962, officers of the Army and Police attempted a [[coup d'état]] aimed at overthrowing the government and bringing the UNP to power.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Horowitz|first=Donald L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbP_AwAAQBAJ&q=1962+coup+ceylon&pg=PA21 |title=Coup Theories and Officers' Motives: Sri Lanka in Comparative Perspective|date=14 July 2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-5412-7}}</ref> This plot was foiled, and the SLFP lurched leftwards in terms of policy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Warnapala|first=W. A. Wiswa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5uNAAAAMAAJ&q=1962+coup+SLFP+leftwards |title=Sri Lanka Freedom Party: A Political Profile|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Godage International Publishers|isbn=978-955-20-8853-7}}</ref> The local branches of [[petroleum]] companies were nationalised, leading to a boycott of the country by the oil multi-nationals; the boycott was broken with help from the Kansas Oil Producers Co-operative and the [[Romania]]n Government.<ref>{{Cite book|author=United States Congress House Foreign Affairs Committee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPJFxL1tLl0C&q=1962+ceylon+petroleum+nationalisation&pg=PA21 |title=Expropriation of American-owned Property by Foreign Governments in the Twentieth Century, Report Prepared by the Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress, for the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Committee Print ... 88-1 ... July 19, 1963|date=1963}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nayyar|first=Deepak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Y-wCwAAQBAJ&q=1962+ceylon+petroleum+nationalisation+Romanian+Government.&pg=PA193 |title=Economic Relations between Socialist Countries and the Third World|date=17 June 1977|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-03293-8}}</ref>

A parallel process was one of increasing self-confidence and unity amongst the Ceylonese left-wing. In the parliament they were in the opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=28. Ceylon/Sri Lanka (1948-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/ceylonsri-lanka-1948-present/|access-date=8 July 2020|website=uca.edu}}</ref> On [[May Day]] 1963 the three main left parties (LSSP, CP and MEP) held a massive joint rally.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kearney|first=Robert N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJbpDwAAQBAJ&q=ceylon+may+day+1963+joint+rally&pg=PA155 |title=Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon|date=8 January 2021|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-33174-7}}</ref> That was followed by the launching of [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] on 12 August, the tenth anniversary of the 1953 Hartal.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctE4AAAAIAAJ&q=ceylon+United+Front+launched+august+12 |title=World Marxist Review|date=1963}}</ref> The front launched agitations on issues like bring down the prices of essential commodities, leading it to represent an immediate threat to the governance of SLFP. The SLFP began to offer the left parties ministerial posts and worked intensively to break the unity of ULF.<ref name="LSSP-hartal2">{{cite web |title=Hartal! |url=http://www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/backiss/Vol2/No1/Hartal.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109041300/http://www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/backiss/Vol2/No1/Hartal.html|archive-date=9 January 2008|publisher=revolutionary-history.co.uk}}</ref>

In 1964, Vivienne was elected as MP for the Borella Electoral District. During the electoral race, she ran against Mrs. Kamala de Silva, the widow of [[W. D. de Silva]]. After her victory as part of the United Left Front, Vivienne was quoted as having said "Only the ULF and the UNP" by the Ceylon Daily News, 20 January 1964. In her concession speech, Kamala wrote about Vivienne:
{{Blockquote|text="She played a role of a friend in need, in the hour of my despair and gradually matured into my most formidable opponent."|author= |title=Observer, 21st January 1964.|source=}}

== Growth of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party ==
From the late 1940s to 1960s, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party served as the [[Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)|opposition Party in Sri Lanka]], whilst being recognised as the Sri Lankan wing of the [[Fourth International]], an organisation {{External media|headerimage=|caption=|topic=1967 interview to Michael Roberts|audio1={{cite speech |title =Interview with Michael Roberts (Tape 1) Speakers: Vivienne Goonewardene |url =https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/84823}}|audio2={{cite speech |title =Interview with Michael Roberts (Tape 2) Speakers: Vivienne Goonewardene |url =https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/84824}} |title=Interview with Michael Roberts – archived at the [[University of Adelaide]]}}characterised by [[Trotskyism]] and [[Anti-Stalinist left|Anti-Stalinism]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barker|first=Rodney S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zAvAAAAYAAJ&q=lssp+opposition |title=Studies in Opposition|date=1971|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780333124826 }}</ref> Through this, the party, led by Goonewardene, attempted to reform the former British Colony of Ceylon into a socialist republic by [[Nationalization|nationalising]] organisations in the banking, education, industry, media, and trade sectors.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bose|first1=Sumantra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGNuAAAAMAAJ&q=lssp+opposition+1950s |title=States, Nations, Sovereignty: Sri Lanka, India and the Tamil Eelam Movement|last2=Bose|first2=Professor of International and Comparative Politics Sumantra|date=6 September 1994|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-8039-9170-5}}</ref> In 1959, despite being one of the largest landowners in [[Sri Lanka]] through inheritance, Vivienne and Leslie fought for the re-introduction of inheritance tax to the country, despite the opposition of wealthy established parliamentarians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Trotskyism - Ceylon/Sri Lanka: The Rise of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/alex/works/in_trot/cey1_1.htm|access-date=12 July 2020|website=www.marxists.org}}</ref> Their party also introduced a limit on the number of houses one could own.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Peiris|first=G. H.|date=1978 |title=Land Reform and Agrarian Change in Sri Lanka |journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=12|issue=4|pages=611–628|doi=10.1017/S0026749X0000634X|jstor=312371|s2cid=144022457 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref> This led to them giving away multiple properties to the renters, while [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] transferred properties to other relatives.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Dugger|first=Celia W.|date=11 October 2000 |title=Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka Dies at 84; First Woman Premier|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/11/world/sirimavo-bandaranaike-of-sri-lanka-dies-at-84-first-woman-premier.html|access-date=31 August 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
With its increased popularity, the LSSP was looking to grow. In 1964, the party held a conference in which the majority of delegates nominated the classification of the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] (SLFP), a [[petty bourgeois]] party, leaving the prospects of a coalition with it.{{sfn|Wickramasinghe|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-xQ8qk9mgYC&pg=PA227 227]}} A group led by [[Edmund Samarakkody]] and [[Bala Tampoe]], split from Goonewardene's party to form the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Revolutionary)|Revolutionary Lanka Sama Samaja Party]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qes8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP17 |title=Electoral Politics in an Emergent State: The Ceylon General Election of May 1970|date=1975|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-1-001-32712-9}}</ref> Later in 1964, the LSSP, with the exception of Leslie and Colvin de Silva, led a coalition with [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], allowing her to become the first female [[prime minister]] in modern world history.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTB5zSyBnDkC&pg=PA84 |title=The Historical & International Foundations of the Socialist Equality Party|date=2008 |publisher=Mehring Books|isbn=978-1-893638-07-5}}</ref> This principal change led to the LSSP being expelled from the Fourth International, with the Revolutionary Lanka Sama Samaja Party taking its place.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grant |first=Ted |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LAPaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT241 |title=History of British Trotskyism|date=2002|publisher=Wellred Books}}</ref> Following the election, Leslie alongside Colvin R. de Silva declined to accept cabinet office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online edition of Sunday Observer - Business |url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/24/fea05.html|access-date=30 May 2020|website=archives.sundayobserver.lk}}</ref> Vivienne, however, believed she could have the most impact as [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Sri Lanka)|Secretary of Home Affairs]], so took up the role.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 June 1964 |title=Ceylon Trotskyites Given 2 More Government Posts|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/23/archives/ceylon-trotskyites-given-2-more-government-posts.html|access-date=31 August 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The coalition government fell in 1965 due to the desertion of several members.{{sfn|Jasentuliyana|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HKTTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT208]}} However, the number of votes won by the LSSP increased at the [[1965 Ceylonese parliamentary election|general election held that year]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nubin|first=Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iudi2JJLaUAC&pg=PA127 |title=Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background|date=2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-573-4}}</ref> After the election, supporters of the party were subjected to a period of co-ordinated victimisation by the new seven-party coalition led by the UNP.{{sfn|Richardson|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIRxpjfd-EC&pg=PA273 273]}} In 1968, Goonewardene orchestrated the LSSP joining the SLFP and the [[Communist Party of Sri Lanka]] (CPSL) in a [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]].{{sfn|Wickramasinghe|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1sCHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 243]}} That year's joint May Day rally was said to be the biggest ever to take place in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kearney|first1=Robert N. |title=Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon |author2=University of California (System) Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies|author3=University of California (Berkeley) |date=1971|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01713-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2XNzShV1r4C&pg=PA66}}</ref>

=== Sirimavo Bandaranaike ===
For her role in politics, Goonewardene was viewed as the leading Leftist woman politician in Sri Lanka.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|last=Wickramage|first=Florence|date=6 October 1996 |title=Foremost woman of the Left|work=The Sunday Observer}}</ref> She became good friends with [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], the world's first female Head of State, and proceeded to attend multiple delegations with her. Vivienne and Sirimavo attended the World Conference on International Women's Year in Mexico City in 1975, where the [[United States Department of State]] noted Vivienne for her "Top place on a National level" and was said to be "depended upon to have something provocative to say in Mexico City".{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== Foreign relations ==
Goonewardene was a prominent member on the non-aligned stage. As part of political delegations, she met with and knew well [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[V. K. Krishna Menon]], [[Josip Broz Tito]], and was friends with [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. While in North Korea, [[Kim Il-sung]] has insisted on meeting her, leading to her missing of her connecting flight to the USSR. Goonewardene remained a staunch supporter of the Palestinians in the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] and was critical of the Middle East diplomacy sponsored by the United States. She headed the Committee for Solidarity with Palestine, as well as the Arab-Ceylon Solidarity Group.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 October 1996 |title=Condolence message on death of Vivienne|work=Daily News}}</ref>

== Later politics and government (1970-1977) ==

By 1970, Leslie and Vivienne believed that they could implement his views best through the SLFP coalition and joined the SLFP-led [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] [[Second Sirimavo Bandaranaike cabinet|government]]. That year, the United Front, made up of the LSSP, was elected to power in landslide.{{sfn|Roberts|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xgjH0GjmTeIC&pg=PA3 3]}} The LSSP had 18 MPs in the House of Representatives.{{sfn|Jasentuliyana|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HKTTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT208]}} Goonewardene became [[Ministry of Health Sri Lanka|Junior Minister of Health]].<ref name=":0" /> By July, she had worked to convene a Constitutional Assembly to replace the British-drafted constitution with one drafted by the Ceylonese.{{sfn|Phadnis|1971|p=268}} Policies requiring that permanent secretaries in the government ministries have expertise in their division were introduced. For example, those serving in the [[Housing authority|Ministry of Housing]] had to be trained engineers, and those serving in the [[Ministry of Health (Sri Lanka)|Ministry of Health]], medical practitioners. All government employees were allowed to join Workers Councils and at the local level, People's Committees were established to allow input from the population at large on government administration; this was brought from the LSSP management structure.{{sfn|Phadnis|1971|p=269}} The changes were intended to remove elements of [[British Empire|British colonisation]] and foreign influence from the country's institutions.{{sfn|Saha|1999|p=125}}

== Continued activism (1977-1994) ==
After Goonewardene had left the main political ring, she remained an active part of the Sri Lankan feminist movement and politics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A new sense of militancy|newspaper=Daily News}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2021|reason=At least publication date.}}</ref> She often led demonstrations on [[International Women's Day]].<ref>{{Cite news|newspaper=International Women's Day |title= Chin Up, Vivie|author=Pulsara Liyanage }}</ref> This later led to a landmark Supreme Court ruling on [[police brutality]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. V. Vivekananthan |title=Independence of the Judiciary |url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20120801/282943857397742 |publisher=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]] |access-date=3 April 2023 |language=en |date=1 Aug 2012 |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> As well as this, she also chaired multiple unions and was remained a leader of the Committee for Solidarity with Palestine.<ref name=":8" />

== Death and legacy ==
Vivienne died on 3 October in [[Colombo]] in 1996 following a heart attack few months before her 80th birthday celebrations which saw guests ranging from multiple past and present Sri Lankan presidents and Prime ministers, alongside an envoy from Cuba.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 October 1996 |title=Vivienne dies|newspaper=Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Premil|date=4 October 1996 |title=Vivienne passes away|newspaper=The Island}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Roberts|first=Karel|date=4 October 1996 |title=Vivienne is dead|newspaper=The Island}}</ref> She was mourned by all on the Left and there was a week of mourning announced.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 October 1996 |title=Vivienne: A Week of Mourning|newspaper=The Island}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUxDAAAAYAAJ&q=vivienne+Goonewardene+LSSP+meetings |title=India Today|date=1983|page=89 |publisher=Thomson Living Media India Limited}}</ref> The funeral of Goonewardene took place at [[Borella|Borella Kanatte]], and there was a kilometre long funeral procession via [[motorcade]], attended by tens of thousands of onlookers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 October 1996 |title=Farewell to a revolutionary|page=4|newspaper=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 October 1996 |title=Vivi laid to rest|newspaper=Daily News}}</ref> It had been proposed that her remains be displayed in [[Independence Memorial Hall|Independence Square]], however this idea was not possible, as Vivienne had wished for her remains to be cremated within 36 hours of her death. The remains were displayed at the [[Colombo Town Hall]], and respects were paid to Vivienne Goonewardene by President [[Chandrika Kumaratunga]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 October 1996 |title=Vivienne's last journey today|newspaper=The Island - Sunday Edition}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Vivienne Goonewardene fought for the rights and welfare of all|author=[[Chandrika Kumaratunga|President Chandrika Kumaratunga]]}}

<ref>{{Cite news|author=President Chandrika Kumaratunga|date=5 October 1996 |title=Vivienne Goonewardene fought for rights and welfare of all - President|newspaper=Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Vanitha|date=11 October 1996 |title="Diriya Vivi" - a voice that's stilled|newspaper=Daily News}}</ref>

Vivienne was designated as the first female [[National Heroes of Sri Lanka|National Hero of Sri Lanka]] after her death and was featured on multiple postal stamps; she, and the other National Heroes are celebrated each year on the national holiday of [[Independence Day (Sri Lanka)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stamps of Sri Lanka, 11 base month {{!}} StampData |url=http://stampdata.com/stamps.php?format=list&fissuer=713&fbasemonth=11|access-date=31 August 2020|website=stampdata.com}}</ref> She remains the only female National Hero. She is cited, to this day, as one of the greatest Sri-Lankan women of all time for her contributions to [[feminism]], and the [[Sri Lankan independence movement]].<ref name=":13" />

=== Hundredth anniversary celebrations ===
Vivienne was widely celebrated in 2016 on the Hundredth Anniversary of her birth. The celebrations were attended by the President, [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]].

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Notes}}

== See also ==
*[[List of political families in Sri Lanka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
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*{{cite book |last=Ervin |first=Charles Wesley |title=Tomorrow Is Ours: The Trotskyist Movement in India and Ceylon, 1935-48 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/297230724/Charles-Wesley-Ervin-Tomorrow-is-Ours-The-Trotskyist-Movement-in-India-and-Ceylon-1935-48-Colombo-Social-Scientists-Association-2006 |date=2006 |publisher=Social Scientists' Association |location=Colombo |isbn=978-955-9102-83-0 }}
*{{cite magazine |last1=Fathers |first1=Michael |title=Obituary: Sirimavo Bandaranaike, the world's first woman prime minister |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time Asia]] |date=12 October 2000 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/features/news/2000/10/12/obituary.sri_lankan.html |access-date=3 November 2018 |location=Hong Kong |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717183647/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/features/news/2000/10/12/obituary.sri_lankan.html |archive-date=17 July 2012 |issn=0040-781X}}
*{{Cite book|last=Gunawardena|first=Charles A.|year=2005 |title=Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-932705-48-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC}}
*{{Cite book|last=Jasentuliyana|first=Nandasiri|date=29 July 2016 |title=Same Sky, Different Nights |publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-5246-0041-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKTTDAAAQBAJ}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kanapathipillai|first=Valli|year=2009 |title=Citizenship and Statelessness in Sri Lanka: The Case of the Tamil Estate Workers |publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-807-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI7HNNa48WMC}}
*{{Cite book|last=Liyanage|first=Pulsara |title=Vivi: A Biography of Vivienne Goonewardena|date=1998|publisher=Women's Education and Research Centre|isbn=978-955-9261-07-0|location=Colombo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWRuAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{Cite book|editor-last1=Muthiah|editor-first1=Wesley S. |editor-last2=Thiruchandran|editor-first2=Selvy |editor-last3=Wanasinghe |editor-first3=Sydney |year=2006 |title=Socialist Women of Sri Lanka |publisher=Young Socialist Publications |location=Colombo |isbn=9789559150060 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaHaAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Muthiah|first1=Wesley S.|last2=Wanasinghe|first2=Sydney |title=Britain, World War 2 & the Sama Samajists: A Study of the Documents Contained in the Secret Files Maintained by the Public Record Office, London |publisher=Young Socialist Publication|year=1996|isbn=978-955-95284-4-9|location=Colombo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVCOAAAAMAAJ&q=Mr.+Aelian+Perera+suriya+mal}}
*{{cite magazine |last1=Phadnis |first1=Urmila |title=The UF Government in Ceylon: Challenges and Responses |magazine=[[The World Today (magazine)|The World Today]] |date=June 1971 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=267–276 |jstor=40394514}}
*{{cite news |last1=Rajakaruna |first1=Lucien |title=Civil war threatens Sri Lanka |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25093818/the_ottawa_citizen/ |access-date=4 November 2018 |agency=[[The Observer|The London Observer News Service]] |newspaper=[[Ottawa Citizen]] |date=20 December 1972 |location=Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |page=7 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}
*{{Cite book|last=Richardson|first=Al|title=Blows Against the Empire: Trotskyism in Ceylon: The Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1964|date=1997|publisher=Porcupine Press|isbn=978-1-899438-26-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFOOAAAAMAAJ}}
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*{{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Michael|year=1994|title=Exploring Confrontation: Sri Lanka--politics, Culture and History|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-3-7186-5692-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgjH0GjmTeIC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ross |first1=Russell R. |last2=Savada |first2=Andrea Matles |title=Sri Lanka: A country study |url=https://archive.org/details/srilankacountrys00ross/page/49 |edition=2nd |series=Area Handbook Series |year=1990|publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress|location=Washington, D. C. |oclc=1044318527}}
*{{cite book |last1=Saha |first1=Santosh C. |editor1-last=Commire |editor1-first=Anne |editor2-last=Klezmer |editor2-first=Deborah |title=Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia, Vol. 2: BA-Brec |date=1999 |publisher=Yorkin Publications |location=Waterford, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-7876-4061-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/womeninworldhist02comm/page/122 122]–126 |chapter=Bandaranaike, Sirimavo (1916-2000) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/womeninworldhist02comm/page/122 |url=https://archive.org/details/womeninworldhist02comm |url-access=registration }}
*{{Cite book|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Nira|year=2006 |title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Indentities |publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3016-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-xQ8qk9mgYC}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Nira|year=2014 |title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-025755-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hMoBgAAQBAJ}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Nira|year=2015 |title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-022579-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sCHCwAAQBAJ}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wright|first=Arnold|year=1999|orig-year=1907 |title=Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1335-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUF_rS8FEoIC}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite web|last=Kurukularatne |first=Buddhika |title=Vivienne - The making of a rebel |date=23 April 2006 |work=SundayIsland|quote=Leslie and Vivienne were married on the 30th of January 1939 at Hotel Nippon, Slave Island. |url=http://www.island.lk/2006/04/23/features9.html |access-date=13 October 2018}}
*{{Cite news|newspaper= Daily News |title=Memories of Vivienne |author=Prince Cassinader|date=28 November 1996}}
*{{cite news |author= |title=Ceylon Socialists work on promises |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25079481/the_anniston_star/ |access-date=3 November 2018 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[The Anniston Star]] |date=25 December 1970 |location=Anniston, Alabama |page=42 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}
*{{cite news |author= |title=Ceylon: It could be a republic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25083090/the_sydney_morning_herald/ |access-date=3 November 2018 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=13 July 1971 |location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |page=16 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}
*{{cite news |author= |title=Ceylon Becomes Sri Lanka Republic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25851901/tampa_bay_times/ |access-date=30 November 2018 |agency=[[United Press International]] |work=[[The Tampa Bay Times]] |date=23 May 1972 |location=St. Petersburg, Florida |page=3 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040919192221/http://www.lawnet.lk/report/1984-1/Gun%20319.htm Supreme Court]

{{LSSP}}
{{Members of 3rd Parliament of Ceylon}}
{{Members of 4th Parliament of Ceylon}}
{{Members of 7th Parliament of Ceylon}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goonewardene, Vivienne}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Lanka Sama Samaja Party politicians]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan feminists]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan independence activists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Musaeus College]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan socialists]]
[[Category:Women legislators in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Quit India Movement]]

Kuchor Aguni

2026-05-01T21:03:40Z

Rudra2020: put up basic info initial version

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kuchor Aguni
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Kuchor Aguni (India)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.8824|N|73.7047|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 42.90
| population_total = 5494
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=18 November 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Kuchor Aguni''' is a small village located in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil of [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], India.

People residing in this village rely on agriculture, consists both irrigated and non-irrigated farming.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census conducted by the [[Government of India]], the population of this village was 5494, out of which 2855 were males and, 2639 were females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Kuchor Aguni village as per 2011-Census, conducted by Government of India. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69589-kuchor-aguni-rajasthan.html |access-date= 18 November 2024}}</ref>
The literacy rate was 51.09%.

Inhabitants of this village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Kuchor Aguni village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Kuchor Aguni Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the most spoken language here.
[[Hindi Language|Hindi]], and [[English Language|English]] are officially used languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Kuchor Aguni village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=98|value2=1|value3=1|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=black|caption=Languages of Kuchor Aguni village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

The village's Pin Code (Postal Index Number Code) is 334202.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kuchor Aguni Pin Code |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/bikaner/kuchor-aguni-pincode-334202.html#:~:text=Kuchor%20Aguni%20Pin%20Code%20is,Zip%20Code%20or%20Postal%20Code. |work=ABP Live |access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Road transport facilities in this village are good, although there are no railway transportation facilities.{{citation needed|date= November 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Jasrasar]]
*[[Kuchor Athuni]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

1930 Indian general election

2026-04-30T13:21:02Z

Rudra2020: expand details for accuracy per standard format

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox election
| country = British India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1926 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1926
| next_election = 1934 Indian general election
| next_year = 1934
| election_date = 1930
| seats_for_election = 104 seats contested
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hari Singh Gour.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=05|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Hari Singh Gour]]
| party1 = Nationalist Party (India)
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = 40
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=SirAbdurRahim.jpg|bSize=80|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Abdur Rahim]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Independent
| alliance2 =
| seats2 = 30
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| majority_seats = 53
}}{{Politics of India}}

General elections were held in [[British Raj|British India]] in September 1930.<ref name=TT>"General Election in India Public Apathy", ''The Times'', 26 July 1930, p12, Issue 45575</ref> They were boycotted by the [[Indian National Congress]] and marked by public apathy.<ref name=TT/> The newly elected [[Central Legislative Assembly]] met for the first time on 14 January 1931.<ref>"New Session in Delhi Friendly House, Communities And Presidency", ''The Times'', 15 January 1931, p12, Issue 45721</ref>

==Results==
===Central Legislative Assembly===
{{Election results
|party1=[[Nationalist Party (India)|Nationalist Party]]|seats1=40
|party2=Independent groupings|seats2=30
|party3=Minor parties, unattached independents, unknown|seats3=25
|party4=Europeans|seats4=9
|source=Schwartzberg Atlas<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=110 Schwartzberg Atlas]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
}}

==Members of Central Legislative Assembly==
<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Annual Register|year=1934|publisher=Annual Register Office|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eZAZAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reed|first=Stanley|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|year=1934|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RKcSAAAAIAAJ}}</ref>

===Officials===
*'''Government of India:''' [[P. J. Grigg]], [[Nripendra Nath Sircar|Sir Nripendra Nath Sircar]], [[J. W. Bhore]], [[Harry Graham Haig]], [[Frank Noyce|Sir Frank Noyce]], [[P Raghavendra Rau]], [[Lancelot Graham]], [[Girija Shankar Bajpai]], G. R. F. Tottenham, H. A. F. Metcalfe, S. P. Varma, K. Sanjiva Row, T. Rayan, A. G. Clow, C. W. Gwynne, J. C. Nixon, [[Tin Tut]], [[N. R. Pillai]], J. W. L. Megaw, S. N. Roy, T. Sloan, A. F. R. Lumby, A. J. Raisman, E. W. Perry, W. L. Scott
*'''Berar:''' S. G. Jog
*'''Nominated from Provinces:''' S. G. Grantham (Bihar), Shams-ul-Ulama Kamaluddin Ahmad, Aboo Abdullah Md. Zakaullah Khan, Mian Abdul Aziz, P. P. Sinha, D. J. N. Lee

===Nominated Non-Officials===
* '''Special Interests:''' [[N. M. Joshi]] (Labour Interests), [[M. C. Rajah]] (Depressed Classes), [[Henry Gidney]] (Anglo-Indian), Dr. Francis Xavier DeSouza (Indian Christians), R. T. H. Mackenzie (Associated Chambers of Commerce)
* '''Provinces:''' Satya Charan Mukherjee (Bengal), R. D. Dalal (Bombay), [[R. Srinivasa Sarma]] (Bihar & Orissa), Sardar Sir Jawahar Singh (Punjab), Captain Rao Bahadur Lal Chand (Punjab), Captain Sher Mohammad Khan (Punjab), Malik Allah Baksh Khan Tiwana (Punjab), Major Nawab Ahmad Nawaz Khan (NWFP), Maulvi Rafiuddin Ahmed (United Provinces), L. C. Bass

===Elected Non-Officials===
* '''Ajmer-Merwara:''' [[Harbilas Sarda]]
*'''Assam:''' [[Abdul Matin Chaudhury]] (Muslim)
*'''Bengal:''' Charu Chandra Biswas (Calcutta Urban General), Naba Kumar Singh Dudhoria (Calcutta Suburbs Urban General), Amar Nath Dutt (Burdwan General), Satyendranath Sen (Presidency General), [[K. C. Neogy]] (Dacca General), S. C. Mitra (Chittagong & Rajshahi General), [[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Sir Abdur Rahim]] (Calcutta & Suburbs Muslim), [[Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy]] (Burdwan & Presidency Muslim), [[A. H. Ghuznavi]] (Dacca cum Mymensingh Muslim), Haji Choudhury Mohamed Ismail Khan (Bakergunj cum Faridpur Muslim), Anwarul Azim (Chittagong Muslim), [[Kabiruddin Ahmed]] (Rajshahi Muslim), D. K. Lahiri Chaudhury (Landholders), Satish Chandra Sen (Bengal National Chamber of Commerce), Darcy Lindsay (European), E. Studd (European), G. Morgan (European)
*'''Bihar & Orissa:''' Babu Gaya Prasad Singh (Muzaffarpur cum Champaran General), Sitakanta Mahapatra (Orissa General), Bhabananda Das (Orissa General), Babu Badri Lal Rastogi (Patna cum Shahabad General), Gupteshwar Prasad Singh (Gaya cum Monghyr General), Pandit Ram Krishna Jha (Darbhanga cum Saran General), Sukhraj Roy (Bhagalpur, Purnea & Santhal Pargana General), Thakur Mohendra Nath Shah Deo (Chota Nagpur General), M. Maswood Ahmad (Patna & Chota Nagpur cum Orissa Muslim), Moulvi Badl-us-Zaman (Bhagalpur Muslim), Moulvi Muhammad Shafee Daoodi (Tirhut Muslim), Bhupat Singh (Landhol
*'''Bombay:''' Naoroji Dumasia (Bombay City General), [[Sir Cowasji Jehangir, 2nd Baronet|Sir Cowasji Jehangir]] (Bombay City General), B. L. Patil (Bombay Southern General), [[Bhaskarrao Jadhav]] (Bombay General), [[Narayanrao Gunjal]] (Bombay Central General), N. N. Anklesaria (Bombay Northern General), Lalchand Navalrai (Sind General), Rahimtoola Chinoy (Bombay City General), [[Fazal I Rahimtoola]] (Bombay Central Muslim), [[Abdullah Haroon]] (Sind Muslim), Nawab Naharsing Iswar Singh (Sind Landholders), [[Purshotamdas Thakurdas]] (Indian Merchants' Chamber of Bombay), Sardar G. N. Majumdar (Gujarat & Deccan Sardars & Inamdars Landholders), [[Homi Mody]] (Bombay Millowners' Association), D. N. O'Sullivan (European), Sir Leslie Sewell Hudson (European)
*'''Burma:''' U Kyaw Myint, U Ba Maung, E. S. Millar (European), W. J. C. Richards (European)
*'''Central Provinces:''' S. R. Pandit (Nagpur General), [[Hari Singh Gour]] (Hindi Divisions General), Seth Liladhar Choudhury (Hindi Divisions General), H. M. Wilayatullah, Goswami M. R. Puri
*'''Delhi:''' Bhagat Chandi Mal Gola
*'''Madras:''' [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]] (Madras City General), B. Sitarama Raju (Ganjam cum Vizagapatam General), T. N. Ramakrishna Reddi (Madras ceded districts & Chittoor General), [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]] (Salem & Coimbatore cum North Arcot General), Mothay Narasimha Rao (Godavari cum Kistna General), Ponaka Govindu Reddy Garu (Guntur cum Nellore General), [[T. Rangachari]] (South Arcot cum Chingleput General), G. Krishnamachariar (Tanjore cum Trichinopoly General), B. Rajaram Pandian (Madura and Ramnad cum Tinnevelly General), Mahomed Muazzam Sahib Bahadur (North Madras Muslim), Moulvi Sayyid Murtuza Saheb Bahadur (South Madras Muslim), [[Kottal Uppi Saheb Bahadur]] (Nilgiris & West Coast Muslim), F. E. James (European), Raja Sir Vasudeva Rajah of Kollengode (Landholders), Vidya Sagar Pandya (Madras Indian Commerce), K. P. Thamban (Landholders)
*'''Punjab:''' [[Bhai Parmanand]] (Ambala General), Jagannath Agarwal (Jullundur General), B. R. Puri (West Punjab General), Nawab Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan (East Punjab Muslim), Shaikh Sadiq Khan (East Central Punjab), Mian Mohammad Shah Nawaz (West Central Punjab), Major Nawab Malik Talib Mehdi Khan (North Punjab Muslim), Makhdum Sayad Rajan Baksh Shah (South West Punjab Muslim), Shaikh Fazal-i-Haq Piracha (North West Punjab Muslim), Sardar Harbans Singh Brar (East Punjab Sikh), Sardar Sant Singh (West Punjab Sikh), Sardar Sohan Singh (Landholders)
*'''United Provinces:''' Lala Rameshwar Prasad Bagla (UP Cities General), A. Das (Benares and Gorakpur General), L. Brij Kishore (Lucknow General), Sardar Nihal Singh (Fyzabad General), Haji Wajihuddin (UP Cities Muslim), Kunwar Hajee Ismail Alikhan (Meerut Muslim), J. R. Scott (European), Lala Hari Raj Swarup (Landholders), [[C. S. Ranga Iyer]], Chaudhri Isra, [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]], Sir Mohammad Yakub, [[Ziauddin Ahmad]], Mohamed Azhar Ali, Kunwar Raghubir Singh (Landholders)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangladeshi elections}}
{{Indian elections}}
{{Pakistani elections}}

[[Category:1930 elections in India]]
[[Category:September 1930 in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in British India]]

Rao Bhati

2026-04-27T14:47:52Z

Rudra2020: Added new bio

{{Short description|Indian monarch and ancestor of the Bhati Rajputs}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rao Bhati
| image = Bhatner durg.jpg
| caption = The [[Bhatner fort|Bhatner Fort]], in [[Bathinda]], supposedly built by Rao Bhati's son, Bhupat, in memory of his father.
| succession = Monarch of [[Bathinda]]
| reign = {{circa|3rd century}}
| coronation =
| successor = Bhupat
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| issue = Bhupat
| full name =
| father =
| mother =
| signature =
| religion = Hindu
| dynasty = Ancestor of the [[Bhati|Bhati dynasty]]
}}

'''Rao Bhati''' (also '''Rao Bhatti''' or '''Raja Bhatti''') was the [[progenitor]] ([[apical ancestor]]) ancestor of the [[Bhati|Bhati clan]] of [[Bhati|Rajputs]]. Said to have been a Hindu [[raja]] (monarch) who ruled during the 3rd-century, Bhati's descendants claim descent from the [[Hindu mythology|Hindu mythological]] [[Puru and Yadu Dynasties|Yaduvanshi]] lineage of the [[Lunar dynasty]].

== Biography ==
Bhati and his descendants claim direct descent from [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yadu]], the [[Legend|legendary]] king of the [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Puru and Yadu Dynasties|Yaduvanshi]] lineage,{{Sfn|Lethbridge|1900|p=112}} a branch of the [[Lunar dynasty]] in [[Hindu mythology]], through the mythological figure [[Pradyumna]].{{Sfn|Lethbridge|1900|p=112}} They reportedly originated in [[Mathura]].{{Sfn|Lethbridge|1900|p=112}}{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006|p=325}} According to the seventeenth-century ''[[Nainsi ri Khyat]]'', the Bhatis after losing Mathura moved to [[Bhatner]] in the [[Lakhi Jungle (jungle)|Lakhi Jungle]], and from there to other locations in [[western India|western]] and [[northwestern India]] including [[Punjab]].

[[Raja Sálbán]], a legendary monarch of [[Sialkot]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|page=73}}</ref> is also sometimes claimed to be Rao Bhati's grandfather and held to be the first of the Yaduvanshi [[Rajput|Rajputs]] to settle in Punjab.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=113–120}}{{Sfn|Vadivelu|1915|p=205}}

According to genealogical accounts, Bhati was born in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]], in what is now [[Sialkot]], during the 3rd century.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=113–120}}{{Sfn|Lethbridge|1900|p=112}}{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=113–120}} Bhati was a monarch and the leader of a Yaduvanshi Yadu [[Rajput clans|Rajput clan]], which was named after Yadu, the legendary king in [[Hinduism]].{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006|p=325}} During his rule in the 3rd century, Bhati conquered and annexed territories from 14 princes in Punjab, including the area of what is now modern-day [[Lahore]].{{Sfn|Singh Yadav|1992|pp=68–71}}{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006|p=325}} He is also credited with establishing the modern city of [[Bathinda]], Punjab, after he captured the area in the 3rd century.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=113–120}}{{Sfn|''Punjab District Gazetteers''|1992|p=37}}

== Legacy ==
During Bhati's rule, and in recognition of his achievements, the [[patronymic]] of his clan, which had previously been named Yadu after the same mythological king in Hinduism, was changed to Bhati.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=113–120}}{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006|p=325}}{{Sfn|Todd|2008|p=1169}} The [[Bhati|Bhati Rajput]] clan was then named after him.{{Sfn|Todd|2008|p=1169}}{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006|p=325}} Many of Bhati's descendants achieved notability. His descendant in the 12th century, [[Jaisal Singh]], became the founder and [[Rawal (title)|Rawal]] of the [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer]].{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006|p=325}} Through his 17th-century descendant, Phul Sidhu, who was also a direct descendant of Jaisal Singh, he is the direct ancestor of the [[Phulkian dynasty]] royal families of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Nabha State|Nabha]], [[Jind State|Jind]], and [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], and their descendants.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=113–120}}{{Sfn|Singha|2000|p=165}}{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006|pp=232–242}}{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006|p=325}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |year=1900 |location=London |page=112 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url=http://archive.org/details/BabaAlaSingh |title=Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2005 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |pages=113–120}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.05831 |title=The ruling chiefs, nobles and zamindars of India |publisher=G. C. Loganadham Bros |year=1915 |location=Madras |pages=205}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDW2AAAAIAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series: Rajputana |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |year=1908 |volume=23 |location=Calcutta |pages=208–209 |language=en |ref={{SfnRef|''Imperial Gazetteer of India''|1908}} |access-date=18 July 2024 |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718213545/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India/JDW2AAAAIAAJ?hl=en |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh Yadav |first=J.N. |url=http://archive.org/details/yadavas-through-the-ages-2 |title=Yadavas Through The Ages |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |year=1992 |volume=II |location=Delhi |pages=68–71}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |location=New Delhi |page=165 |language=en |access-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210538/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_Sikhism_over_1000_En/gqIbJz7vMn0C?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Todd |first=James |title=Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, v. 2 of 3 or the Central and Western Rajput States of India |date= 2008|publisher=Project Gutenberg |isbn=978-8174365798 |pages=1169 |language=English}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi |language=en |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210317/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt21AAAAIAAJ |title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Bathinda |date=1992 |publisher=Revenue Department, Punjab |edition= |location=Chandigarh |page=37 |language=en |ref={{SfnRef|''Punjab District Gazetteers''|1992}} |access-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717215211/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt21AAAAIAAJ |archive-date=17 July 2024 |url-status=live}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhati, Rao}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:3rd-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Legendary Indian people]]
[[Category:Asian people whose existence is disputed]]

Kalyanpur–Pramodenagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:20:45Z

Rudra2020: put up initial data w/ infobox

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalyanpur-Pramodenagar
| mla = [[Pinaki Das Chowdhury]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Khowai district|Khowai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| established = 2003
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:44773}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Kalyanpur–Pramodenagar Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 27
}}

'''Kalyanpur-Pramodenagar''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India - Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map - Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is in [[Khowai district]] and a part of [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Tripura Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/kalyanpur-pramodenagar.html Sitting and Previous MLAs from Kalyanpur-Pramodenagar Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/TRP2013_Reports.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF TRIPURA]</ref><ref>[http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/ne/6133-list-of-assembly-constituency-of-tripura.html List of assembly constituency of Tripura]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Manindra Chandra Das || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Pinaki Das Chowdhury]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalyanpur–Pramodenagar<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pinaki Das Chowdhury]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,903 |percentage=43.59% |change={{decrease}}8.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manihar Debbarma |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=11,290 |percentage=27.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manindra Chandra Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,981 |percentage=26.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagendra Chandra Shil |party=Independent politician |votes=529 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=372 |percentage=0.91% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,613 |percentage=16.10% |change= {{increase}}8.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,075 |percentage=91.79% |change= {{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,773 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalyanpur–Pramodenagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pinaki Das Chowdhury]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,293 |percentage=52.01% |change={{increase}}50.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manindra Chandra Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,152 |percentage=43.96% |change={{decrease}}9.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bikram Kishore Sinha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=347 |percentage=0.89% |change={{decrease}}42.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uttam Kumar Das |party=Amra Bangali |votes=345 |percentage=0.88% |change={{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=327 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,141 |percentage=8.05% |change= {{decrease}}2.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,018 |percentage=91.68% |change= {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,195 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalyanpur–Pramodenagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manindra Chandra Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,755 |percentage=53.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kajal Chandra Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,975 |percentage=43.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biplab Roy |party=Amra Bangali |votes=609 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khokan Chandra Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=395 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,780 |percentage=10.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,734 |percentage=93.87% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,172 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Khowai district]]
* [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.93|91.62|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalyanpur-Pramodenagar Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Khowai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

2025 in Kerala

2026-04-19T16:28:49Z

Rudra2020: started some data first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''2025''' in '''Kerala'''.

==Incumbents==
===State government===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Photo
!Post
!Name
|-
|[[File:Rajendra Arlekar.jpg|99x99px]]
|[[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]]
|[[Rajendra Arlekar|Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar]]
|-
|[[File:Pinarayi Vijayan 1.jpg|center|frameless|80x80px]]
|[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister Of Kerala]]
|[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|-
|
|[[Kerala High Court|Chief Justice of Kerala High Court]]
|[[Soumen Sen]]
|}

== Events ==
=== January ===

* 3 January - [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI Special Court]] [[Kochi]] awards [[Life imprisonment]] to [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] workers involved in [[Periya, Kasaragod|Periya twin murder]] of [[Indian National Congress|Youth Congress]] workers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Isac |first=Manju Elsa |date=2025-01-03 |title=Periya Double Murder Case: Special CBI Court Hands Down Life Imprisonment To 10 Murder Convicts, 5-Yrs Imprisonment To Four Others |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/kerala-special-cbi-court-periya-murder-case-sentence-life-imprisonment-279902 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Periya twin murder case: Double lifer for 10; CPM ex-MLA & 3 others get 5-year jail |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/01/03/periya-double-murder-case-cbi-court-sentence.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Periya twin murder case: Double lifer for 10; CPM ex-MLA & 3 others get 5-year jail |language=en}}</ref>
* 8 January - Controversial business man Boby Chemmannur arrested by [[Kerala Police]] following [[Sexual harassment]] complaint of [[Honey Rose]].<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2025-01-14 |title=Kerala High Court allows bail plea of Boby Chemmanur in sexual harassment case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-hc-allows-bail-plea-of-boby-chemmanur-in-sexual-harassment-case/article69098321.ece |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 10 January - A self proclaimed saint named ''Gopan Swamy'' undergone [[premature burial]] in [[Neyyattinkara]]. Controversy erupted after his family who claimed that he has attained [[Samadhi]] resisted [[exhumation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neyyattinkara Gopan Swami samadhi: Body exhumed, shifted for autopsy |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/01/16/neyyattinkara-samadhi-police-exhume-gopan-swami-body-today-live.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Neyyattinkara Gopan Swami samadhi: Body exhumed, shifted for autopsy |language=en}}</ref>
* 15 January - A [[Death of Mihir Ahammed|15-year-old boy]] from [[Thrippunithura]], [[Ernakulam]] died by suicide after enduring severe bullying and abuse related to his skin color <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-01 |title=Student's suicide: Child rights panel initiates action, police set up SIT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/students-suicide-child-rights-panel-initiates-action-police-set-up-sit/articleshow/117801885.cms |access-date=2025-08-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mihir Ahmed Suicide: മിഹിറിന്റെ മരണം ഞെട്ടിക്കുന്നു; സമഗ്രാന്വേഷണത്തിന് നിർദേശം നൽകി വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ വകുപ്പ് മന്ത്രി |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/keralam/story/student-mihir-ahmed-suicide-after-alleged-bullying-keralas-education-minister-orders-investigation-mhm-1163906-2025-01-31 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=India Today Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2025-01-30 |title=Kerala: 15-year-old bullied over skin color, forced to lick toilet, dies by suicide; school accused of cover-up, mother vows to fight for justice |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/kerala-15-year-old-bullied-over-skin-color-forced-to-lick-toilet-dies-by-suicide-school-accused-of-cover-up-mother-vows-to-fight-for-justice/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 16 January - A youth attacked and massacred his three neighbours in [[Chendamangalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2025-01-18 |title=Chendamangalam triple murder: Probe reveals accused was fully conscious of gruesome act |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Jan/18/chendamangalam-triple-murder-probe-reveals-accused-was-fully-conscious-of-gruesome-act |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 20 January - The Additional District Sessions Court in [[Neyyattinkara]] has sentenced his girlfriend Greeshma to death in the 2022 Sharon Raj murder case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KG |first=Shibimol |date=2025-01-20 |title=Sharon Raj murder case: Kerala court sentences girlfriend Greeshma to death |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/kerala-court-sentences-girlfriend-greeshma-to-death-in-2022-sharon-raj-murder-case-2667208-2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 27 January - Kerala man (Chenthamara) kills first victim’s (2019 Sajitha murder case) [[Nenmara double murder case|Meenakshi Lakshmi (76) and her son Sudhakaran (58)]], in [[Nenmara]] Palakkad district.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-01-27 |title=Murder accused out on parole hacks neighbour and his mother to death in Kerala's Palakkad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/murder-accused-out-on-parole-hacks-neighbour-and-his-mother-to-death-in-keralas-palakkad/article69145886.ece |access-date=2025-08-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== February ===
* 10 February - [[Accredited Social Health Activist|ASHA workers]] strike begins in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-31 |title=50 days, hunger strike, heads shaved: Why Kerala's ASHA workers are protesting |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/kera-asha-workers-women-protest-shave-head-cut-hair-indefinite-fast-hunger-strike-demands-2701803-2025-03-31 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 11 February - A junior student of Kottayam Nursing College was brutally attacked by senior students and subjected to ragging.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=Video of Kerala 'ragging' horror emerges; police say trying to find more victims, looking into 'connivance' of authorities |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-ragging-video-emerges-government-nursing-college-9834308/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=After Ragging Horror, Kerala Says Will Take Strict Action Against Students |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-ragging-horror-senior-students-to-be-expelled-from-medical-college-7709317 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513213827/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-ragging-horror-senior-students-to-be-expelled-from-medical-college-7709317 |archive-date=2025-05-13 |access-date=2025-08-29 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
* 13 February - Three people were killed in an [[Human-elephant conflict in Kerala|elephant attack]] during the annual festival at the Manakulangara temple in Kuruvangad near [[Koyilandy]]
* 15 February - First in Kerala, a [[Nun|Catholic nun]] is appointed as medical officer in government hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Catholic nun becomes medical officer in Kerala, scripts history |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/first-catholic-nun-becomes-medical-officer-in-kerala-scripts-history-3407757 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* 21–22 February – [[Invest Kerala Global Summit]], Grand Hyatt, Kochi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cabinet-nod-for-invest-kerala-global-summit-2025/article69001025.ece |title= Cabinet nod for Invest Kerala Global Summit 2025 |date=18 December 2024|access-date=28 December 2024 |website= [[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
* 24 February – An elderly couple died in a [[Human-elephant conflict in Kerala|wild elephant attack]] in Kannur <ref>{{Cite web |last=KG |first=Shibimol |date=2025-02-24 |title=Elephant tramples couple to death in state-owned farm in Kerala's Kannur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/elephant-tramples-tribal-couple-aralam-farm-kannur-kerala-2684479-2025-02-24 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 25 February - a native of [[Venjarammoodu]] kills 5, including 13-year-old brother <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavithran |first= Lekshmy |date=2025-02-24 |title=Kerala horror: 23-year-old kills six, including girlfriend and brother; surrenders to police |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/kerala-horror-23-year-old-kills-six-including-girlfriend-and-brother-surrenders-to-police-1.500045264 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref>
* 28 February - A 15-year-old class 10th student Muhammed Shahabaz, in Kozhikode district died after suffering serious head injuries in a brutal attack by his classmates following an argument during a farewell party.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2025-03-01 |title=Kerala Class 10 student dies after brutal assault at farewell party |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/kerala-class-10-student-dies-after-brutal-assault-at-farewell-party-1.500049992 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2025-03-02 |title=Shocking chats of students involved in clash surface |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Mar/02/shocking-chats-of-students-involved-in-clash-surface |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== March ===

* 25 March - [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] passed ''Kerala State Private Universities (Establishment and Regulation) Bill, 2025'' that allows establishment of private universities in state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bose |first=Abhish K. |date=2025-03-17 |title=Kerala Private Universities Bill 2025: CPM’s shift on education privatization with social regulations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/kerala-minister-bindu-defends-left-front-govt-permitting-private-universities/article69339849.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=All about Kerala State Private Universities Bill and the Left’s changing stance on pvt education |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/kerala-private-universities-bill-9905202/ |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 27 March - Foundation stone laid for establishing model township for survivors of [[2024 Wayanad landslides]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-11 |title=Wayanad landslides: Foundation stone for rehabilitation township to be laid on March 27 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-landslides-foundation-stone-for-rehabilitation-township-to-be-laid-on-march-27/article69316384.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== April ===
* 21 April – The State Government declares a three-day state mourning period over the [[death and funeral of Pope Francis|death]] of [[Pope Francis]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala Government declares three day state mourning as a mark of respect for Pope Francis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-declares-three-day-state-mourning-as-a-mark-of-respect-for-pope-francis/article69477072.ece |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* 23 April - A [[dalit]] woman faced custodial harassment by [[Kerala Police]] in [[Peroorkada]] over [[False accusation]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-18 |title=Kerala Police initiates inquiry into alleged custodial harassment of Dalit woman at Peroorkada police station |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-police-initiates-inquiry-into-alleged-custodial-harassment-of-dalit-woman-at-peroorkada-police-station/article69591050.ece |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 26 April - Water Resources Minister [[Roshy Augustine]] represented Kerala at [[Death and funeral of Pope Francis|Pope Francis's funeral]] on April 26, 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-04-25 |title=Kerala representative pays State's last respects to Pope at Vatican |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-representative-pays-respects-to-pope-at-vatican/article69492194.ece |access-date=2025-04-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== May ===
* 2 May - Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] officially commissioned the [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram|Vizhinjam International Seaport]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
* 19 May - [[2025 National highway 66 Collapse at Kooriyad, Malappuram|NH-66 collapse]] collapse in Kooriyad, Malappuram.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-21 |title=Expert panel examines collapsed NH-66 at Kooriyad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/expert-panel-examines-collapsed-nh-66-at-kooriyad/article69602786.ece |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 25 May - A [[Liberia]]n registered [[Cargo ship|ship]] [[Mediterranean Shipping Company|MSC Elsa 3]] having [[hazard]]ous cargo sinks off the coast of [[Kochi]] triggering concerns of [[Marine pollution]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-25 |title=MoD confirms sinking of Liberian ship off Kochi coast with 640 containers, including 13 with hazardous cargo |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mod-confirms-sinking-of-liberian-ship-off-kochi-coast-with-640-containers-including-13-with-hazardous-cargo/article69616940.ece |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== June ===

* 5 June - [[Government of Kerala]] gives administrative sanction for establishing State Institute of Organ and Tissue Transplantation in Chevayur, [[Kozhikode district]] for Rs. 643.8 crores.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-05 |title=Govt. nod for ₹643.88-crore organ transplant institute in Kozhikode |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/govt-nod-for-64388-crore-organ-transplant-institute-in-kozhikode/article69661711.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 9 June -
** A [[Singapore]]an [[Cargo ship]] ''MV Wan Hai 503'' catches fire 44 nautical miles off the coast of [[Kannur]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jayanth |first=A. S. |date=2025-06-12 |title=Ship on fire casts a pall of gloom over Kerala coast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ship-on-fire-casts-a-pall-of-gloom-over-kerala-coast/article69686670.ece |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
** World's [[List of largest container ships|largest container ship]] [[Mediterranean Shipping Company|MSC Irina]] docks at [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-09 |title=World's largest container ship MSC IRINA docks at Vizhinjam Seaport |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/world-largest-container-ship-msc-irina-docks-at-vizhinjam-seaport-2737802-2025-06-09 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 11 June -
** [[University of Calicut]] includes [[Vedan (rapper)|Vedan's]] song into the [[Bachelor of Arts|BA (Malayalam)]] syllabus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-11 |title=Vedan's song included in Calicut University syllabus |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vedans-song-included-in-calicut-university-syllabus/article69682936.ece |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
** The employees of [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Diya Krishna]] who raised [[False accusation]] found embezzling 69 lakhs from her firm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-11 |title=Kerala police confirm Rs 69 lakh fraud at Diya Krishna's store; staff on the run |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Jun/11/kerala-police-confirm-rs-69-lakh-fraud-at-diya-krishnas-store-staff-on-the-run |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 14 June - An [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II]] belonging to [[Royal Air Force]] makes emergency landing in [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]] and gets stranded.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title=UK's F-35 jet, stuck in Kerala since June 14, may fly back home next week: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uk-f-35-fighter-jet-stuck-kerala-since-june-14-may-fly-home-next-week-report-2753952-2025-07-10 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 17 June - A forty year old women committed suicide in [[Pinarayi]] following [[Moral police|Moral policing]] by [[Social Democratic Party of India]] workers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-20 |title=Couldn't bear the shame: Kerala woman ends life after moral policing ordeal; SDPI members seized devices, assaulted friend, showed private chats to families |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/woman-ends-life-after-moral-policing-3-sdpi-members-held/articleshow/121958580.cms |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 23 June - [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] wins in the by poll to [[Nilambur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-23 |title=Assembly bypoll results highlights: Congress wins Nilambur; AAP wins a seat each in Gujarat, Punjab; Trinamool bags Bengal's Kaliganj; BJP retains Kadi in Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assembly-bypoll-results-nilambur-ludhiana-kaliganj-visavadar-kadi-live-updates-june-23-2025/article69726381.ece |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 25 June - Controversy erupts following [[Governor of Kerala]] [[Rajendra Arlekar]] using [[Bharat Mata]] symbols and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] motifs in official functions. One such incident in [[University of Kerala]] leads to suspension of Registrar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After 'Bharat Mata' image row, Kerala University VC suspends Registrar for disrespecting Governor; Syndicate alleges foul play |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/07/02/kerala-university-registrar-suspended-for-discord-in-governor-event.html |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=After 'Bharat Mata' image row, Kerala University VC suspends Registrar for disrespecting Governor; Syndicate alleges foul play |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-03 |title=Kerala slams Vice Chancellor for suspending registrar over Bharat Mata portrait row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/kerala-university-registrar-suspended-over-bharat-mata-portrait-controversy-state-government-sfi-slam-vice-chancellor-and-governor-2750272-2025-07-03 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=Pinarayi Vijayan calls 'Bharat Mata' image unconstitutional, writes to Governor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/cm-pinarayi-vijayan-writes-to-governor-arlekar-over-unconstitutional-rss-linked-bharat-mata-image-at-raj-bhavan-2748341-2025-06-30 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 27 June -
** Controversy surrounding [[Central Board of Film Certification]] objection to the title of the movie [[JSK: Janaki V v/s State of Kerala]] reaches [[Kerala High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-29 |title=Kerala HC questions CBFC's objection to 'Janaki' name in Suresh Gopi film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-hc-questions-cbfcs-objection-to-janaki-name-in-suresh-gopi-film |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
** Dr. Haris Chirakkal, [[Urology]] department head from [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]] alleges that critical surgeries are getting postponed due to lack of equipment and apathy from the part of [[Veena George]] in [[Social media]].<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2025-06-29 |title=Doctor's FB post on delayed surgeries at Thiruvananthapuram MCH sparks row |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Jun/29/doctors-fb-post-on-delayed-surgeries-at-thiruvananthapuram-mch-sparks-row |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=A doctor's Facebook post creates political storm in Kerala: 'State's health sector on ventilator' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/a-doctors-facebook-post-creates-political-storm-in-kerala-states-health-sector-on-ventilator-10096707/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (EK Sunnis)|Samastha]] objects [[Government of Kerala|Government]] decision to introduce [[Zumba]] in schools as part of antidrug campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-27 |title=Zumba in Kerala's schools draws fire from Muslim groups; government stands firm on anti-drug push |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/zumba-in-schools-draws-fire-from-muslim-groups-government-stands-firm-on-anti-drug-push/article69745321.ece |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== July ===

* 3 July - Building collapse in [[Government Medical College, Kottayam]] claims life of a bystander.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Woman killed in medical college building collapse in Kerala's Kottayam, ministers face wrath over 'delaying' her rescue |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/woman-killed-medical-college-building-collapse-kerala-kottayam-10104162/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 9 July - [[Kerala High Court]] cancels the [[Kerala Engineering Architecture Medical|KEAM]] rank list citing illegality in new standardization method.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Onmanorama Explains {{!}} KEAM 2025 results: What's wrong with the new formula and what happens next? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/07/10/keam-results-new-formula-kerala-syllabus-vs-cbse-standardization-explained.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Onmanorama Explains {{!}} KEAM 2025 results: What’s wrong with the new formula and what happens next? |language=en}}</ref>
* 11 July - Muslim groups protest against [[Government of Kerala]] decision to extend school hours cit<nowiki/>ing that it will affect [[Madrasa]] classes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-14 |title=Kerala announces longer class hours, working Saturdays for high schools |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/kerala-extends-school-hours-adds-saturdays-in-revised-2025-26-calendar-2755503-2025-07-14 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-11 |title=Kerala Muslim body to protest state's move to extend school hours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/samastha-body-protest-kerala-govt-school-hour-extension-decision-says-muslim-students-madrassa-education-will-be-affected-2754166-2025-07-11 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 15 July - [[Yemen]] postpones [[capital punishment]] of [[Nimisha Priya]] following pursuit of [[Islamic clergy|Islamic cleric]] [[Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar|Kanthapuram Aboobacker Musliyar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-15 |title=Nimisha Priya: Yemen postpones execution of Kerala nurse on death row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8j1vnw20pjo |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-05 |title=Nimisha Priya: The Indian nurse from Kerala on death row in Yemen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67544059 |access-date=2025-07-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* 17 July - A thirteen year boy dies after being [[Electrocution|Electrocuted]] from a 400kv electricity supply line of [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] that passed dangerously close to a school building in [[Thevalakkara]], [[Kollam district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=13-year-old electrocuted while retrieving sandal from school rooftop in Kollam's Thevalakkara |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/07/17/kollam-student-school-negligence-electrocution-death.html |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=13-year-old electrocuted while retrieving sandal from school rooftop in Kollam's Thevalakkara |language=en}}</ref>
* 21 July - Former [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] and communist leader [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] passes away (aged 101)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-05 |title=V.S. Achuthanandan, former Kerala CM and icon of communist movement, passes away|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vs-2-vs-achuthanandan-former-kerala-cm-and-icon-of-communist-movement-passes-away/article69744002.ece9 |access-date=2025-07-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* 25 July - Govindachami, a convicted rapist in [[Soumya murder case]] [[Prison escape|escape prison]] from [[Kannur Central Prison]] and gets caught from a well in city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala jail news: Rape and Murder Convict Escapes Kannur Central Jail; Police Launch Search |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/murder-convict-escapes-keralas-kannur-jail-despite-secured-electric-fencing-3647915 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* 26 July - [[Detention of Malayali Nuns in Chhattisgarh|Two Nuns]] from state arrested in [[Durg Junction railway station]] on charges of [[Forced conversion]] and [[Human trafficking]] following complaint by [[Bajrang Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rajendran |first1=Dhanya|first2=Haritha|last2=John |date=2025-07-28 |title=Kerala nuns arrested in Chhattisgarh after Bajrang Dal protest; Church alleges false charges |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-nuns-arrested-in-chhattisgarh-after-bajrang-dal-protest-church-alleges-false-charges |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* 30 July - [[Vedan (rapper)]] arrested by Kerala Police on charges of rape and sexual abuse.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-31 |title=Rapper Vedan booked for rape after complaint of sexual abuse on promise of marriage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rapper-vedan-booked-for-rape-after-complaint-of-sexual-abuse-on-promise-of-marriage/article69876777.ece |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== August ===

* 3 August [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] makes controversial remarks against state funding for film directors from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] during Kerala Film Policy Conclave.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-08-03 |title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan courts controversy at Kerala Film Policy Conclave, Minister counters him |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/adoor-gopalakrishnan-courts-controversy-at-kerala-film-policy-conclave-minister-counters-him/article69890702.ece |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 6 August - [[Kerala High Court]] suspends [[Toll road|Toll]] collection at Paliyekkara Toll in [[National Highway 544 (India)|National Highway 544]] in [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-22 |title=Paliyekkara toll plaza collection suspension further extended by Kerala High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-high-court-further-extends-suspension-of-toll-collection-at-nhais-paliyekkara-plaza/article70079757.ece |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 10 August - [[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|CEO (Kerala)]] Rathan U Kelkar IAS issues notice to [[V. S. Sunil Kumar]] sign a Declaration/Oath under Rule 20(3)(b) of the Registration of Electoral Rules, 1960 in response to voter list fraud allegations raised by him in [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thrissur voter fraud allegation: EC asks Sunilkumar to sign oath, condemns remarks against former Collector |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/08/10/kerala-ceo-condemns-cpi-leader.html |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Thrissur voter fraud allegation: EC asks Sunilkumar to sign oath, condemns remarks against former Collector |language=en}}</ref>
* 12 August - Allegations of [[Electoral fraud]] in form of addition of ghost voters into electoral rolls in [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=KG |first=Shibimol |date=2025-08-12 |title=Woman alleges 9 fake votes registered on address in BJP's lone Kerala seat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/kerala-thrissur-congress-bjp-suresh-gopi-vd-satheesan-vs-sunil-kumar-cpm-ldf-2769927-2025-08-12 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Karunakaran |first1=Binu|first2=Haritha |last2=Manav |date=2025-08-13 |title=Ghost voters in high-rises: Behind electoral fraud allegations in Thrissur |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/ghost-voters-in-high-rises-behind-electoral-fraud-allegations-in-thrissur |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=R. K. |date=2025-08-14 |title=Thrissur Voter List: BJP's Suresh Gopi Faces Heat Over Irregularities |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/thrissur-voter-rolls-controversy-suresh-gopi-kerala-bjp/article69932208.ece |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-16 |title=Alleged voter fraud in Thrissur: BLOs reveal pressure to add non-residents to voter lists |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/alleged-voter-fraud-in-thrissur-blos-reveal-pressure-to-add-non-residents-to-voter-lists-t9rvqm9h |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* 21 August -
** [[Rahul Mamkootathil]] resigns from [[Indian Youth Congress]] following allegations of [[profanity]], misconduct and inappropriate behavior from him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-21 |title=Who is Rahul Mamkootathil? Kerala Congress MLA accused of misconduct by actor, writer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-rahul-mamkootathil-kerala-congress-mla-accused-of-misconduct-by-actor-writer-101755769500495.html |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Kerala]] becomes the first fully [[Digital literacy|Digital literate]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-08-21 |title=Kerala declared first fully digitally literate State in the country |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-declared-first-fully-digitally-literate-state-in-the-country/article69960592.ece |access-date=2025-08-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 22 August - B. Gopalakrishnan [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s state vice president claims that they have relocated voters from other state to the electoral rolls in [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency|Thrissur]] for ensuring victory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala BJP Row: Leader Claims Voters Shifted to Thrissur for Poll Win |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/kerala-bjp-leader-says-voters-moved-to-thrissur-to-ensure-win-sparks-controversy-3693330 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* 27 August - [[Dr. Biju|Dr. Biju Damodaran]]'s movie ''Papa Buka'' becomes [[Papua New Guinea]]'s first ever [[Academy Awards|Oscar Academy Award]] entry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayali director Dr Biju's film 'Papa Buka' becomes Papua New Guinea's first-ever Oscar entry |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/08/27/papa-buka-oscar-entry-papua-new-guinea-oscars-history.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Malayali director Dr Biju’s film 'Papa Buka' becomes Papua New Guinea’s first-ever Oscar entry |language=en}}</ref>
* 31 August - [[Kozhikode–Wayanad Tunnel Road]] project inaugurated by [[Chief Minister of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayanad Tunnel Project Inaugurated by Kerala CM Amid Ecological Concerns |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/cm-vijayan-inaugurates-wayanad-tunnel-road-work-amid-ecological-concerns-3705645 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== September ===

* 10 September - Special Commissioner to [[Sabarimala Temple]] reports to [[Kerala High Court]] on irregularities of management of gold cladding around [[Garbhagriha]] which was donated by [[Vijay Mallya]] in 1998.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Sigamany |first1=Vidya|first2=Jisha|last2=Surya |date=2025-10-07 |title=Explained: The controversy over missing gold at Sabarimala temple |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/explained-the-controversy-over-missing-gold-at-sabarimala-temple |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* 20 September - Global Ayyappa Sangamam held at [[Pamba River|Pamba]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-18 |title=What to know about Global Ayyappa Sangamam being organised by Kerala's LDF govt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/global-ayyappa-sangamam-kerala-ldf-govt-10257738/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 22 September - [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] groups conducts Sabarimala Samrakshana Sangamam at [[Pandalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2025-09-22 |title=Kerala Hindu groups organise 'True Devotees Sangamam' after govt's Ayyappa event |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-hindu-groups-organise-true-devotees-sangamam-after-govts-ayyappa-event |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* 23 September -
** [[Mohanlal]] conferred with [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]].<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mohanlal gets standing ovation as he receives Dadasaheb Phalke Award from President Droupadi Murmu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mohanlal-dadasaheb-phalke-award-president-droupadi-murmu-national-film-awards-ceremony-standing-ovation/article70084838.ece |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
** [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|Customs (Preventive)]] conducted raid titled ''Operation Numkhor'' on [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Amith Chakalakkal]] seizing vehicles allegedly smuggled to [[India]] through [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mohanlal gets standing ovation as he receives Dadasaheb Phalke Award from President Droupadi Murmu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mohanlal-dadasaheb-phalke-award-president-droupadi-murmu-national-film-awards-ceremony-standing-ovation/article70084838.ece |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2025-09-24 |title=Operation Numkhor: Coimbatore-based gang was under customs lens for over five months |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Sep/24/kerala-customs-bust-coimbatore-gang-smuggling-luxury-cars-via-bhutan-in-operation-numkhor |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== October ===

* 6 October - [[Kerala High Court]] orders detailed probe on missing gold from [[Sabarimala Temple|Sabarimala]].<ref name=":0" />
* 8 October - [[Enforcement Directorate]] raids [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] etc. in connection with luxury car smuggling case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-09 |title=A day after Dulquer challenged Customs in Court, ED raids him, his father Mammootty, and Prithviraj Sukumaran |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dulquer-challenged-customs-court-ed-father-mammootty-prithviraj-sukumaran-10294457/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 9 October - Nearly 50 shops burned and damaged due to fire accident at [[Taliparamba]].<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2025-10-09 |title=Over 50 shops gutted in massive fire at Taliparamba in Kannur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/massive-fire-engulfs-shops-at-taliparamba/article70144080.ece |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 11 October - Reports emerge that an [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]] probe on Vivek Kiran, son of [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] was frozen in February 2023 due to alleged deal between [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mystery deepens over ED probe into CM's son Vivek Kiran |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/10/12/ed-probe-against-kerala-cm-son-frozen.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Mystery deepens over ED probe into CM’s son Vivek Kiran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-13 |title=Lavalin company paid money to Chief Minister's son to study in UK; details of ED summons revealed |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ed-issued-summons-to-kerala-cm-son-vivek-kiran-lavalin-case-aeoagxry |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2025-10-13 |title=Lavalin company paid for Kerala CM's son to study in UK? |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/lavalin-company-paid-for-kerala-cms-son-to-study-in-uk-1503498710.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 14 October- [[Kerala High Court]] directed police protection for a CBSE school after a group stormed St. Rita’s Public School in Palluruthy, demanding that a student be allowed to wear the hijab, prompting the school to close for two days to prevent unrest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-14 |title=Hijab row in Kerala school, High Court grants police protection |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hijab-row-kerala-school-hc-police-protection-10304975/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 22 October -
** [[President of India]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] visits [[Sabarimala Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2025-10-22 |title=Droupadi Murmu makes history as first woman President to pray at Sabarimala |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/droupadi-murmu-first-woman-president-visit-sabarimala-prayer-lord-ayyappa-2806776-2025-10-22 |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Government Medical College, Kottayam]] becomes second government hospital after [[AIIMS, Delhi]] to do a [[Lung transplantation]] and it becomes the only government hospital in country to do three major organ transplant simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |title=Aneesh's legacy lives on; Kottayam Medical College to make history with Kerala's first lung transplant in a government hospital |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1633397&u=aneeshs-legacy-lives-on-kottayam-medical-college-to-make-history-with-kerala%E2%80%99s-first-lung-transplant-in-a-government-hospital |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>
*24 October - [[Government of Kerala]] enters into MoU with [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] for implementing [[Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India]] by agreeing to [[National Education Policy 2020]] after opposing it for three years. [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] a constituent of [[Second Vijayan ministry|Pinarayi Vijayan ministry]] opposes the move.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iftikhar |first=Fareeha |date=2025-10-25 |title='Milestone' pact after 3 years of resistance—the debate over PM-SHRI & what's behind Kerala's U-turn |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/milestone-pact-after-3-years-of-resistance-the-debate-over-pm-shri-whats-behind-keralas-u-turn/2770489/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roshni |first=R. K. |date=2025-10-25 |title=Explained: Kerala's shift on PM SHRI and National Education Policy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/explained-keralas-shift-on-pm-shri-and-national-education-policy-2020-controversy/article70201103.ece |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2025-10-23 |title=Kerala government signs up for PM SHRI funds amidst CPI opposition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-signs-up-for-pm-shri-funds-amidst-cpi-opposition/article70195254.ece |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2025-10-24 |title=State cannot oppose NEP forever: Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-cannot-oppose-nep-forever-minister/article70199121.ece |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*25 October - The football match planned between [[Argentina]] and [[Australia]] at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)]] on 17th Nov along with [[Lionel Messi]]'s visit to [[Kerala]] announced cancelled bringing end to three month long anticipation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Manisha V. C. |date=2025-10-25 |title=Messi, Argentina’s Kerala visit postponed as FIFA approval stuck, sponsors eye March 2026 window |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Oct/25/messi-argentinas-kerala-visit-postponed-as-fifa-approval-stuck-sponsors-eye-march-2026-window |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*28 October -
**[[Second Vijayan ministry|Kerala Government]] puts implementation of [[PM SHRI Scheme]] on hold and sets up a seven member cabinet committee to examine the scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencies |first=Online Desk |date=2025-10-29 |title=Kerala government freezes PM SHRI scheme after pressure from ally, to constitute Cabinet sub-committee |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Oct/29/kerala-government-freezes-pm-shri-scheme-after-pressure-from-ally-to-constitute-cabinet-sub-committee |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
**[[Government of Kerala]] announces that welfare pension will be hiked to Rs. 2000 from 1600.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-29 |title=Kerala raises welfare pension to Rs 2,000 per month |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kerala-raises-welfare-pension-to-rs-2000-per-month/articleshow/124900553.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
**[[Thrissur Zoological Park Puthur]] soft launched by [[Pinarayi Vijayan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varrier |first=Gopika |date=2025-10-27 |title=Thrissur Zoological Park: Close encounters of the ‘wild’ kind |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Oct/27/thrissur-zoological-park-close-encounters-of-the-wild-kind |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
**Kerala IT Vision 2031 roadmap document released by [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] announcing that state aims to generate 5 lakh high value job, Rs. 20,000 crore investments and Rs. 4.5 lakh crore economic output from [[Information technology]] by 2031.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-28 |title=Kerala’s IT and Electronics department targets $50 billion economic output, 5 lakh jobs by 2031 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/keralas-it-and-electronics-department-targets-50-billion-economic-output-5-lakh-jobs-by-2031/article70212205.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*30 October - [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] announces that [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] is rolling out an [[Artificial intelligence]] based scheduling system named Integrated Command and Control Center and six other projects.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-13 |title=‘Canal City’ project to be launched in Kozhikode next year |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/canal-city-project-to-be-launched-in-kozhikode-next-year/article69571825.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-31 |title=KSRTC will become the country’s first fully digitalised transport corporation, says K B Ganesh Kumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2025/Oct/31/ksrtc-will-become-the-countrys-first-fully-digitalised-transport-corporation-says-k-b-ganesh-kumar |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== November ===

* 1 November - [[Kerala]] announces that it has eradicated [[Extreme poverty]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-03 |title=A Kerala story: On eradication of extreme poverty |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-kerala-story-on-eradication-of-extreme-poverty/article70236347.ece |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 4 November - [[Kerala]] begins controversial [[Special Intensive Revision]] of [[Electoral roll|electoral rolls]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-04 |title=Enumeration phase of Special Intensive Revision kicks off in Kerala, over 2.07 lakh forms distributed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/enumeration-phase-of-special-intensive-revision-kicks-off-in-kerala-over-207-lakh-forms-distributed/article70241159.ece |access-date=2025-11-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 8 November - [[Narendra Modi]] flags of [[Vande Bharat Express]] between [[Bengaluru]] and [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-08 |title=This Vande Bharat is first semi high-speed train connecting Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/this-vande-bharat-is-first-semi-high-speed-train-connecting-kerala-tamil-nadu-and-karnataka-101762581870773.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* 13 November - Collapse of under construction pillar in [[Aroor–Thuravoor Elevated Highway]] kills a driver passing by.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-13 |title=Driver killed as girder collapses on pick-up van during elevated highway work in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/driver-killed-as-girder-collapses-on-pick-up-van-during-elevated-highway-work-in-kerala/article70274245.ece |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 14 November - A teacher affiliated with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] convicted in 2020 [[Palathayi]] [[POCSO]] case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-15 |title=Palathayi child rape case: BJP leader K Padmarajan gets life term till death |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Nov/15/palathayi-child-rape-case-bjp-leader-k-padmarajan-gets-life-term-till-death |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-13 |title=Verdict in Palathayi sexual abuse case on November 14 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/verdict-in-palathayi-sexual-abuse-case-on-november-14/article70276194.ece |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 19 November -
** State Election Commission restores [[Indian National Congress|INC]] leader's name that was illegally removed from [[Electoral roll]] following [[Kerala High Court]] intervention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=Kerala SEC restores Vaishna Suresh’s name in voter list, clearing way for her to contest Muttada ward |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/kerala-sec-restores-vaishna-sureshs-name-in-voter-list-clearing-way-for-her-to-contest-muttada-ward-1503514707.html |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] imposed on a mother (who converted to Islam) from Pathanamthitta who along with her partner based in Vembayam persuaded her 16 year old son to join [[Islamic State]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=KG |first=Shibimol |date=2025-11-19 |title=Kerala mother, partner charged under UAPA for encouraging 16-year-old to join ISIS |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kerala-mother-and-live-in-partner-charged-under-uapa-for-encouraging-16-year-old-to-join-isis-2822749-2025-11-19 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Kerala High Court]] dismiss [[UDF (Kerala)|UDF's]] [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]] mayoral candidate [[V. M. Vinu]]'s plea to include his name in [[Electoral roll|electoral rolls]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=Kerala HC dismisses Mayoral candidate and filmmaker V M Vinu's appeal to include his name in voters' list |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Nov/19/kerala-hc-dismisses-mayoral-candidate-and-filmmaker-v-m-vinus-appeal-to-include-his-name-in-voters-list |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 20 November - Special Investigation Team arrests A Padmakumar, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]] leader and former [[Travancore Devaswom Board|TDB]] president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-21 |title=SIT arrests ex-TDB chief Padmakumar in Sabarimala gold theft case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Nov/21/sit-arrests-ex-tdb-chief-padmakumar-in-sabarimala-gold-theft-case-4 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 21 November - [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]] conducted raids on [[P. V. Anvar]] in connection with [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002|PMLA Act]] offences on [[Kerala Financial Corporation]] loan fraud.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-22 |title=ED raids P V Anvar’s residences in Rs 22.3-crore KFC loan fraud case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Nov/22/ed-raids-p-v-anvars-residences-in-rs-223-crore-kfc-loan-fraud-case |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 27 November - [[Kerala Police]] charges case of rape and coercion for medical termination of pregnancy cases against [[Rahul Mamkootathil|Rahul Mamkootathil MLA]] followed by [[Look out circular]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rahul Mamkootathil moves for anticipatory bail after police book him on charges of rape and coerced termination of pregnancy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rahul-mamkootathil-moves-for-anticipatory-bail-after-police-book-him-on-charges-of-rape-and-coerced-termination-of-pregnancy/article70335921.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2025-11-28|access-date=2025-11-29|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN}}</ref>
* 28 November - [[Kerala Fire and Rescue Services]] rescued five people who got stuck 120 ft above mid air in a sky dining facility at [[Munnar]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tourists trapped in sky-dining restaurant in Idukki rescued|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/five-tourists-trapped-120-ft-up-in-sky-dining-restaurant-near-munnar-in-kerala-rescue-efforts-on/article70334373.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2025-11-28|access-date=2025-11-29|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== December ===

* 5 December - A stretch of [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] under construction collapses near [[Mylakkadu]] trapping vehicles including school bus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-07 |title=Watch: Newly built NH 66 embankment collapses in Kerala; school bus, other vehicles trapped |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/highway-embankment-collapses-near-kollam-in-kerala-safety-concerns-up/articleshow/125795322.cms |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 8 December - [[Dileep]] acquitted by [[Sessions Court]] in rape and abduction of [[Bhavana (actress)|actress]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Dileep: Kerala actor cleared in 2017 rape and abduction case of leading actress |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxgp9d29k5o |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* 13 December - [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] registers its biggest victory in [[2025 Kerala local elections|Kerala local elections]] in last two decades by leading in [[Gram panchayat]], [[Panchayat samiti|Block Panchayats]], [[Zilla Panchayat|District Panchayat]] and [[Urban Local Bodies]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-13 |title=Kerala local body polls 2025 results highlights: UDF clinches decisive win; PM Modi thanks voters as NDA scripts history in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-local-body-polls-2025-results-live-updates/article70391419.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 2 December - The [[Special Intensive Revision]] exercise in [[Kerala]] reveals ASD (absent shifted deceased) percentages in [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] strongholds rising speculations about [[Electoral fraud]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala SIR bombshell: BJP’s 2024 strongholds top ASD list, reviving Rahul Gandhi’s vote chori charge|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-voter-roll-controversy-fraud-allegations-bjp-sir-w2eewruq|website=@mathrubhumi|date=2025-12-23|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref>
* 23 December - Two airlines including Kerala based [[Al Hind Air]] receives NOC from [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agencies |date=2025-12-24 |title=After IndiGo crisis, Aviation Ministry gives nod to two new Indian airlines |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-indigo-crisis-aviation-ministry-gives-nod-to-two-new-indian-airlines/article70433508.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 31 December - [[Church of South India]] priest from Trivandrum arrested in [[Nagpur]] on charges of [[Religious conversion]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-31 |title=Arrest of Keralite priest in Nagpur sparks protests, political backlash in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/arrest-of-keralite-priest-in-nagpur-sparks-protests-political-backlash-in-kerala/article70456486.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Other major events/ dates unknown ===

* State reports 69 cases of [[Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis]] and 19 deaths due to it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Everett |first=Mariamne |title=Alarm in India's Kerala as cases of 'brain-eating' amoeba rise |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/18/alarm-in-indias-kerala-as-cases-of-brain-eating-amoeba-rise |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-18 |title=Brain-eating amoeba cases in Kerala: How an Indian state is battling a rare disease |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c79ven0xxyqo |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* DPR for establishing a biological park and tiger safari in Perambra Estate in [[Kozhikode district]] completed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-23 |title=Kozhikode biological park to be completed in two phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kozhikode-biological-park-to-be-completed-in-two-phases/article69610749.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Deaths==
===January - May ===
*January 1 – [[K. S. Manilal]], botanist<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2025 |title=Renowned Botanist K S Manilal dies at 86 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/renowned-botanist-k-s-manilal-dies-at-86/articleshow/116861889.cms |access-date=11 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*January 9 - [[P. Jayachandran]], Indian [[playback singer]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/singer-p-jayachandran-passes-away/article69081691.ece |title=Singer P. Jayachandran passes away |date=10 January 2025 |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
*January 26 - [[Shafi (director)]], Indian film director<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2025 |title=Malayalam film director Shafi passes away at 56 |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/malayalam-film-director-shafi-passes-away-at-56 |access-date=11 May 2025 |work=[[Khaleej Times]]}}</ref>
*April 26 - [[M. G. S. Narayanan]], historian<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2025 |first=Shaju |last=Philip |title=MGS Narayanan, ex-ICHR chairman who offered a new perspective on Kerala's history, no more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mgs-narayanan-ex-ichr-chairman-kerala-history-no-more-9967111/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

===June - August ===
*June 6 - [[Thennala Balakrishna Pillai]], politician (b.1930).
*July 16 - [[C. V. Padmarajan]], politician (b.1931)
*July 21 - [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] Indian politician, former Chief Minister of Kerala and communist leader (aged 101)
*August 1 - [[Kalabhavan Navas]], Indian actor, comedian and mimic. (b. 1974)
*December 20 - [[Sreenivasan]], Indian actor, director, screenplay writer.

==See also==

* [[2025 in India]]
* [[Vaikom Satyagraha]]
* [[History of Kerala]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/?year=2025&country=35 Online calendar]

[[Category:Years in Kerala| ]]
[[Category:2025 in Kerala]]
[[Category:2025 in India]]

Archana Sardana

2026-04-18T09:04:56Z

Rudra2020: started basic page needs work

{{short description|Female skydiver, scuba diver, mountaineer and India's first BASE jumper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
'''Archana Sardana''' is India's first female [[BASE jumper]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://beijing20.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2015/1/woa-india-archana-sardana|title=WOA India Archana Sardana|newspaper=UN Women: The Beijing Platform for Action Turns 20|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/27704/woman-adventurer-archana-sardana/|title=Meet India’s First Woman Civilian BASE Jumper as well as First Woman Master Scuba Diver Trainer|date=20 July 2015|work=The Better India|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> She is a certified [[skydive]]r and was the first person to skydive with the [[Flag of India|Indian flag]] in the United States of America.<ref name="This person is no longer a PADI member">{{cite web|url=https://apps.padi.com/scuba-diving/pro-chek|title=PADI Pro Chek|website=PADI.com|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Pushing-the-Limits-Archana-Sard|title=Watch "Pushing the Limits {{!}} Archana Sardana {{!}} TEDxIIMKozhikode" Video at TEDxTalks|website=TEDxTalks|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> Sardana has done 335 skydives and 45 BASE jumps across the globe. She is also the first Indian to BASE Jump off of the [[KL Tower]], Malaysia with the Indian Flag.<ref name="auto1" />

Sardana was born in [[Jammu]] and did her schooling in [[Srinagar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Archana-Sardana-the-adrenaline-junkie/articleshow/12652393.cms|title=Archana Sardana, the adrenaline junkie|date=14 April 2012|work=The Times of India|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> She graduated with a diploma in interior design. Her interest in adventure sport came when she married Commander Rajiv Sardana (an electrical officer of the [[Indian Navy]]).<ref name=":0" /> After discovering her love for adventure sports, Sardana completed 'Adventure and Advanced Mountaineering' courses from the [[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]], Darjeeling and Nehru Institute of Mountaineering.<ref name="auto1" /> She has a ‘C’ licence in skydiving from the United States Parachute Association having completed 335 skydives.<ref name="auto1" /> She is founder of the ‘Archana Sardana Scuba Diving Academy’.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="This person is no longer a PADI member" />

Padma Shri awardees [[Rachel Thomas (skydiver)|Rachel Thomas]], [[Shital Mahajan]], the country's first female base jumper Archana Sardana,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archana Sardana is a sky diver and BASE jumper|url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/archana-sardana-adventure-sport|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Red Bull|language=en}}</ref> Gujarat's First woman skydiver Shweta Parmar<ref>{{Cite web|title=28-year-old Shweta Parmar is now India's fourth licensed civilian woman skydiver|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/28-year-old-shweta-parmar-is-now-indias-fourth-licensed-civilian-woman-skydiver/gujarats-first/slideshow/84823428.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-31|website=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729030628/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/28-year-old-shweta-parmar-is-now-indias-fourth-licensed-civilian-woman-skydiver/gujarats-first/slideshow/84823428.cms |archive-date=29 July 2021 }}</ref> are the only four licensed woman [[:Category:Indian skydivers|skydivers in the country]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardana, Archna}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian skydivers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Indian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar Higher Secondary School

2026-04-17T07:07:21Z

Rudra2020: new...

{{multiple issues|{{overly detailed|date=February 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar Higher Secondary School
| logo = Srmhss.JPG
| logo_size = 300px
| type = State secondary
| motto = Strive and Thrive
| location = [[Ambattur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| district = Chennai (North)
| educational_authority = Chief Educational Officer, Chennai; District Educational Officer, Chennai (North)
| coordinates = {{coord|13.1168|80.1493|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| founder = AMM Foundation
| school_code = 33010907103 [UDISE code]
| headmaster = Vijayakumar. S<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar Higher Secondary School |url=https://srmschool.org/AboutUs.html |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=srmschool.org}}</ref>
| system = [[Tamil Nadu State Board]]
| grades = Sixth to twelfth
| gender = Co-education
| established = 1958
}}

'''Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar Higher Secondary School''' is a [[State school|government-aided]] higher [[secondary school]] in [[Ambattur]]. This school was established to preserve the memory of [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar|Sir Arcot Ramaswami Mudaliar]], who was closely associated with the birth and growth of [[Tube Investments of India Limited|Tube Investments of India]] as its founder, chairman and later as the first president of the company. Hence the first school of the AMM Charities Trust started in 1958 was named after him. The initial infrastructure of the school was created at a cost of Rs. 60 lakhs on a 13-acre plot in Ambattur. The school was later upgraded into a co-educational higher secondary school in 1978. Today the school has a strength of about 1,879 pupils (as of June 2023) including 87 qualified teachers and other staff members. If offers education through [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and English mediums.

== History ==

=== Initial seeds ===
The primary school, started by Natesa Iyer, Deivasigamani Mudaliar and Muthukrishna Iyer in [[Venkatapuram, Chennai|Venkatapuram]], [[Ambattur]] may be regarded as the nucleus of the present school.

== Chief minister's visit ==
The construction of the permanent buildings for the high school was entrusted to M/s.Coromondal Engineering Company - pioneers in building construction - and this was completed by [[K. Kamaraj]], [[C Subramaniam]] and [[Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar]] June 1960 in a record time.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://ammfoundation.org/Schools/SRMSchool/AboutUs.html#History|title=Sir Ramaswamy Mudaliar School - About Us|website=ammfoundation.org}}</ref>

The management took a progressive step by introducing English medium in one section of each standard. Bifurcated courses of study with secretarial and engineering sections were also introduced in order to give equal importance to [[vocational education]] and training.

The school was named a Higher Secondary school on 12 July 1978.

The school now has a big, renovated auditorium where 3000 students can gather at a time.

== Golden Jubilee Celebration ==
The school celebrated its golden jubilee in October 2008; the chief guest for the occasion was [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Students-must-teach-underprivileged-children-during-vacation-Kalam/article15314424.ece|title=Students must teach underprivileged children during vacation: Kalam|date=1 October 2008|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref>

==Library and laboratories==
The school has a large library with a collection of nearly 12,000 books with open access system to students. The school has separate laboratories for physics, chemistry, botany and zoology. It has a junior laboratory too, for high school and middle school students. The school has a computer lab, a junior computer lab and a multimedia library with Internet facility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ammfoundation.org/Schools/SRMSchool/Facilities.html#Labs|title=Sir Ramaswamy Mudaliar School - Facilities|website=ammfoundation.org}}</ref>

== Governing authority ==
The school comes under the control of Chennai (North) Chief Educational Officer and as far as Revenue department is concerned, Ambattur falls under the Chennai district;<ref>{{Cite web |author=Yogesh Kabirdoss|date=Jun 28, 2018 |title=Chennai district likely to expand to 426sqkm mid-July {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-district-likely-to-expand-to-426sqkm-mid-july/articleshow/64770471.cms |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> the sanctioning of leave in times of disaster, heavy rain or cyclone etc. comes under the authority of the Chennai district collector.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-04 |title=பள்ளி விடுமுறை.. திருவள்ளூர் கலெக்டரின் ட்வீட்டால் குழம்பிய மக்கள்.. எங்க ஊருக்கு யாருங்க லீவு விடுவா பொதுமக்கள் கேள்வி |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/tiruvallur/tiruvallur-collector-alby-john-school-holiday-announcement-in-twitter-830588.html |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=News18 Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

==Playground==
The school has a 5-acre playground with a 200-metre track, courts for basketball, ball badminton, volleyball, tennikoit, throwball and khokho.

==Management==
* [[M. A.Algappan|M.A.Algappan]], Managing Trustee—AMM Foundation

===Managing Committee===
* A.A. Alagammai, Chairperson
* H. Narayanan, Senior Associate Vice President & Chief Executive—AMM Foundation
* S. Sundar, Correspondent & Secretary
* R. Kamakshi, Advisor - Schools
* S. Vijayakumar, Headmaster<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar Higher Secondary School |url=https://srmschool.org/AboutUs.html |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=srmschool.org}}</ref>
===2021-2022===
The school is one of the top schools in the government-aided schools category, as is evidenced by this year's Tenth Standard performance; some statistics:
* Highest Mark— 458 (English Medium)
* Pass percentage—91%

==Achievements in sport==
An old student of the school, R. Mohan Kumar will be representing the Indian athletics 4 × 400 m relay team in the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]]. He is the fifth member of the relay team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Mohan-Kumar-upbeat-about-going-to-Rio/article14489486.ece|title=Mohan Kumar upbeat about going to Rio|first=K.|last=Keerthivasan|date=15 July 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Co-curricular and extra curricular activities==
The school has many clubs and other programs for the co-curricular and the extra-curricular activities of the children. Foremost among them are the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]], [[National Service Scheme|NSS]], Film club, Nature club, Little Drops.

===Film Club===
The school has a new club called the SRM Film Club (குறும்பட மன்றம்) inaugurated by the AMMF Managing Trustee. Short films carrying important values are shown to the club members after which they discuss and interact freely; this may lead to the imbibing of certain values in the young minds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ammfoundation.org/Schools/SRMSchool/PG_FilmClub.html|title=Sir Ramaswamy Mudaliar School - Photo Gallery|website=ammfoundation.org}}</ref>

==Education Minister's Visit==
The incumbent Minister for School Education [[Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi]] visited the school on the reopening day of the academic year (12-Jun-2023) and inspected the various functions of the school.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MuthuKumar |date=2023-06-12 |title=அம்பத்தூர் பகுதியில் ஆண்கள் மேல்நிலைப்பள்ளி கொண்டு வர நடவடிக்கை: அமைச்சர் அன்பில் மகேஷ் பேட்டி |url=https://www.dinakaran.com/ambattur_boys_higher_secondary_school_action_minister_anbil_mahesh/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Dinakaran |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Education in Tiruvallur district]]

Balkrishna Prabhu

2026-04-14T11:08:05Z

Rudra2020: started the page first draft

{{short description|Indian politician and agriculturist (born 1942)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balkrishna Prabhu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Balkrishna Ashok Prabhu
| birth_place = [[Valpoi]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| children = 1
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|6|13|df=y}}
| education = {{plainlist|
* ''Segundo Gravo''
* [[Secondary School Certificate]]
* Diploma in [[business correspondence]]}}
| majority1 = 5,436 (54.91%)
| nickname = Ashok Jairam
| office2 = [[Councillor]] of Valpoi Municipality
| term_start2 = 15 October 1989
| term_end2 = unknown
| office1 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| spouse = Suchita Prabhu
| occupation = Politician
| profession = [[Agriculturist]]
| constituency1 = [[Valpoi Assembly constituency|Valpoi]]
| term_start1 = 1989
| term_end1 = 1994
| predecessor1 = ''constituency established''
| successor1 = [[Narahari Haldankar]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1999–present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1989–1994)
| committees = {{plainlist|
* Library
* Petitions
* Public Accounts}}
}}

'''Balkrishna Ashok Prabhu''' (born 13 June 1942), also known as '''Ashok Jairam''', is an Indian politician and [[agriculturist]] from [[Goa]]. He is a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Valpoi Assembly constituency]] from 1989 to 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=125 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMGJAAAAMAAJ&dq=Balkrishna+Prabhu+goa&pg=PA54 |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, [year] to the Legislative Assembly of [name of State].: Goa, 1999 |date=1999 |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQKLAAAAMAAJ&q=Balkrishna+Prabhu+goa |title=Report on the General Elections to the Legislative Assemblies of Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, and Sikkim Held in 1994: Statistical |date=1995 |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OmYjPWu_ZsC&q=balkrishna+prabhu+valpoi |title=Nave Parva |date=1989 |publisher=Māhitī a va Paryaṭana Sañcālanālaya, Governmentā, Damaṇa āṇi Dīva Sarakāra |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xheLAAAAMAAJ&q=balkrishna+prabhu+valpoi |title=List of Members of Electoral College for Presidential Election, 1992 |date=1992 |publisher=The Commission |language=en}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Balkrishna Ashok Prabhu was born at [[Valpoi]] in [[Sattari]] ({{langx|gom|taluka}}) ({{langx|en|[[sub-district]]}}). He completed his primary studies in ({{langx|pt|Segundo Gravo}}) and further completed his schooling with a [[Secondary School Certificate]]. He also has a diploma in [[business correspondence]]. He is married to Suchita Prabhu, the couple has a son, Vishvesh Prabhu,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishvesh Prabhu(Maharashtrawadi Gomantak):Constituency- VALPOI(NORTH GOA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=38 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> a businessperson who had unsuccessfully contested the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Valpoi Assembly constituency]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Biodata of Shri Balkrishna Ashok Prabhu |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/uploads/members/125_promember_BalkrishnaPrabhu89.pdf |access-date=3 Nov 2022}}</ref>

Prabhu is a [[polyglot]], he speaks English, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and Portuguese. Some of his hobbies include sports such as football, cricket, kabaddi and badminton, [[classical music]] and [[social service]]. He is a member of the Bajrang Club and [[Kabaddi]] Welfare Board. Some of his [[special interests]] are organizing blood donation camps, medical and eye check ups, family planning camps and tournaments.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Prabhu contested in the [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Valpoi Assembly constituency]] on the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) ticket, he emerged victorious by defeating [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] candidate, Baburao Harijirao Desai with a margin of 1,130 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valpoi (Goa) Election Results 2017, Winner, Runner-up and MLA Candidates |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/valpoi.html |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> He was also elected [[unopposed]] as the [[Councillor]] of the [[Valpoi]] [[Municipality]] on 15 October 1989. He has also arranged [[seminars]] for his party workers.<ref name=":0" />

Prabhu then unsuccessfully contested the [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] from the same constituency on the INC ticket, he lost to [[Narahari Haldankar]], a member of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] with a margin of 958 votes.<ref name=":0" /> Prabhu last unsuccessfully contested the [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] from the same constituency as an [[Independent candidate]], he lost to INC candidate, [[Venkatesh Desai]] with a margin of 2,219 votes.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Valpoi Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/valpoi-goa-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* [[Councillor]] of the Valpoi Municipality (1989)
* Member of the State Transport Authority
* Member of the Library Committee (1990)
* Member of the Petitions Committee on (1991–92)
* Chairman of Public Accounts Committee (1991–92)<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhu, Balkrishna}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]

Padmanabhan Subramanian Poti

2026-04-11T12:46:53Z

Rudra2020: Added a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = '''Hon'ble Justice'''
| image = Padmanabhan Subramanian Poti.jpg
| name = P. Subramanian Poti
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| office = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Gujarat High Court]]
| term_start = 28 September 1983
| term_end = 1 February 1985
| nominator =
| appointer =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = [[Chief Justice]] of [[High Court of Kerala|Kerala High Court]]
| term_start2 = June 1983
| term_end2 = August 1983 {{small|acting: January 1981 - June 1983}}
| nominator2 =
| appointer2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start3 = 1969
| term_end3 = 1981
| nominator3 =
| appointer3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| nominator4 =
| appointer4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| birth_date = 2 February 1923
| birth_place = [[Trivandrum]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[University College Trivandrum]] [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Law College Thiruvananthapuram]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| death_date = December 1998 (aged 75)
| death_place = [[Kochi]], [[India]]
| spouse =
}}

'''Padmanabhan Subramanian Poti''' (2 February 1923 – February 1998) was a former Chief Justice of the [[Kerala]] and [[Gujarat]] High Courts in [[India]].
After retiring he assisted the [[Indian People's Tribunal on Environment and Human Rights]] (IPT).{{sfn|JPAM 1995}}

==Career==

Poti was born on 2 February 1923 at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]. He studied at the [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|University College, Thiruvananthapuram]], graduating with a degree in Science.
He then attended the [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]] where he earned a B.L. degree.
In September 1945 he became an Advocate in what was then the High Court of Travancore.{{sfn|High Court of Gujarat}}

Poti started his career as a junior to U.P. Kakkillya, [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] of the State and later Chief Justice.
Between 1957 and 1960 he worked part-time for the [[Government of Kerala]] as a Law Officer in Taxes.
From 1966 to 1970 he served on the Kerala Law Academy as a member of the executive committee.
From 1967 to 1969 he was a member of the [[University of Kerala]] faculty of law, and as Advocate General of Kerala
was chairman of the [[Bar Council of Kerala]].
In 1969 P.S. Poti was appointed a judge in the [[Kerala High Court]].
In January 1981 he became Acting Chief Justice and in June 1983 was confirmed as permanent Chief Justice of the High Court of Kerala.
In August 1983 he was transferred to Gujarat High Court as Chief Justice.{{sfn|High Court of Gujarat}}

==Major rulings==

P.S. Poti made several significant judgments in favor of the rights of poor people fighting for justice.{{sfn|JPAM Update February 1999}}
In January 1985 P.S. Poti gave judgement on an application for government benefits by the families of mill workers who had died while the mills where they worked were closed.
The government was arguing that the workers had in effect been dismissed, and were refusing to pay. P.S. Poti said "Merely enacting laws would not be an adequate protection or extension of a necessary benefit. Such laws have to be implemented with a sense of commitment". He found the government liable to pay, liable for all costs and directed the government to pay interest at 12% on the unpaid monies.{{sfn|Bhatt|Poti|1985}}

P.S. Poti pointed out in 1985 that although the original Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination, an amendment in 1951 empowers the state to make reservation in favor of any disadvantaged group. The question of the legality of reservations for tribal people, scheduled castes, women and other groups is therefore not an issue, assuming the groups are considered disadvantaged.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=49}}
In 1985 P.S. Poti heard a petition from the tribal people of nineteen villages in Gujarat whose land was being flooded by the [[Sardar Sarovar]] project.
The government claimed it had the right to arbitrarily evict the people.
Poti would not rule on the legal issue. He said the matter should be settled out of court and the villagers should receive full compensation.{{sfn|Ahuja|1997|p=518}}

==Post-retirement==

After retirement P.S. Poti served on the [[Indian People's Tribunal|Indian People's Tribunal on Environmental and Human Rights]] (IPT), which investigated the Chintapalli Arson Case where police had destroyed tribal hamlets in [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]].
The tribunal released a report on 18 October 1988 which indicted the policemen responsible for the crime and the Andhra Pradesh government for their forest and tribal policies.{{sfn|Menon|Nag|1988}}
In 1989, he was elected president of the All India Lawyers Union (AILU).

In 1990, the national government led by the [[Janata Dal]] appointed P.S. Poti and P.A. Rosha, a retired officer of the [[Indian Police Service]], to a committee to investigate the events of the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] in Delhi. [[Sajjan Kumar]] had been accused of being involved in inciting the violence.
The Poti-Rosha Committee examined more than 1000 affidavits and 30 cases were recommended for prosecution.
The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] tried to arrest Kumar, but he secured anticipatory bail.
Both members of the panel resigned in October 1990.{{sfn|The probe series 2005}}

In 1994, the IPT investigated the [[Rajaji National Park]], where the authorities wanted to remove the [[Gujjar]]s who had traditionally lived in the forest. The tribunal met forest officials, scientists, NGO staff and the Gujjars.
P.S. Poti prepared the IPT report, which recommended that the Gujjars be allowed to stay but assisted if they decided to leave. This would require a change to the laws, which specified that no humans could live in a national park.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=10}}
Justice Poti interviewed the many stakeholders, showed the complexity of the issues, and showed that moving the residents out of the forest would not guarantee its survival.{{sfn|Saberwal|2003|pp=219-220}}
His report on the Rajaji National Park provided a model for similar investigations of other protected areas in India.{{sfn|JPAM Update February 1999}}

Padmanabhan Subramanian Poti died in Kochi, Kerala in February 1998 of a heart attack.{{sfn|JPAM Update February 1999}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
;Sources
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvWzfNlLRqoC&pg=PA518
|title=People, Law And Justice: Casebook On Public Interest Litigation, Volume 2
|last=Ahuja
|publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1997 |isbn=8125011897}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://natrss.gov.in/pdf/gujarat/gujarat_J3.pdf
|title=D.S. Vasavada, Textile Labour Association, Ahmedabad V. Regional Provident Fund Commissioner, Gujarat State, Ahmedabad.
|date=1985-01-29
|first1=I C
|last1=Bhatt
|first2=P Subramanian
|last2=Poti
|publisher=National academy for Training and Research in Social Security
|access-date=2012-04-22
|archive-date=4 March 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064252/http://natrss.gov.in/pdf/gujarat/gujarat_J3.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|High Court of Gujarat}} |url=http://gujarathighcourt.nic.in/formerchjustice.asp?formercjsid=10
|publisher=High Court of Gujarat
|title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Padmanabhan Subramanian Poti
|access-date=2012-04-22}}
*{{cite web
|ref = {{harvid|JPAM 1995}}
|url = http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/paupdates/jpammay1995.htm
|title = JPAM UPDATE
|date = 4 May 1995
|access-date = 2012-04-22
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20040509062128/http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/paupdates/jpammay1995.htm
|archive-date = 2004-05-09
|url-status = dead
}}
*{{cite web
|ref = {{harvid|JPAM Update February 1999}}
|url = http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/paupdates/jpamfebruary1999.htm
|title = Obituary
|work = JPAM Update
|date = February 1999
|access-date = 2012-04-22
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20040916190556/http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/paupdates/jpamfebruary1999.htm
|archive-date = 2004-09-16
|url-status = dead
}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Bl8s5JCM4UC&pg=PA10
|title=Inventing Global Ecology: Tracking the Biodiversity Ideal in India, 1947-1997
|first=Michael L. |last=Lewis
|publisher=Ohio University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0821415417}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/HumanRights/02%20STATE%20AND%20ARMY%20-%20POLICE%20REPRESSION/A-%20Andhra%20pradesh/16.pdf
|title=Report of Indian People's Human Rights Tribunal of the Chintapalli Arson Case
|first1=T.C. |last1=Menon |first2=Jyotirmoyee |last2=Nag
|date=18 October 1988 }}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RZoRIA3XA0C&pg=PA219
|title=Battles Over Nature: Science and the Politics of Conservation
|first=Vasant K. |last=Saberwal
|publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2003 |isbn=8178240483}}
*{{Cite journal | last1 = Sharma | first = Kumud | title = Power and representation: reservation for women in India | journal = [[Asian Journal of Women's Studies]] | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–87 | publisher = [[Ewha Womans University Press]] | date = March 2000 | doi = 10.1080/12259276.2000.11665870 | s2cid = 147584970 | url = http://home.ewha.ac.kr/~acws/eng/ | access-date = 23 June 2015 | archive-date = 18 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160118221223/http://home.ewha.ac.kr/~acws/eng/ | url-status = dead | url-access = subscription }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150623121808/http://www.corecentre.co.in/Database/Docs/DocFiles/reserve.pdf Pdf.]
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|The probe series 2005}} |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2218/stories/20050909004902400.htm
|journal=Frontline
|volume=22 |issue=18 |date= 27 August – 9 September 2005
|title=The probe series
|access-date=2012-04-22}}
{{refend}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poti, Padmanabhan Subramanian}}
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Indian states]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Gujarat High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

Murder of Jaswinder Kaur Sidhu

2026-04-07T11:24:16Z

Rudra2020: new stub

{{Short description|Canadian murder victim}}
{{About|Sikh-Canadian murdered in an honour killing|British-Indian Bhangra singer|Jassi Sidhu}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jaswinder Kaur Sidhu
| image = Jassi Sidhu.jpg
| caption = Sidhu with her husband
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1975|8|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Maple Ridge, British Columbia|Maple Ridge]], British Columbia, Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|2000|6|8|1975|8|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ludhiana]], Punjab, India
| death_cause = [[Murder]] by [[slashing (crime)|slashing]]
| known_for = [[Honor Killing]] victim
}}
'''Jaswinder Kaur''' "'''Jassi'''" '''Sidhu''' (August 4, 1975 – June 8, 2000) was an Indo-Canadian [[beautician]] who was murdered in an [[honour killing]] near the villages of Kaunke and Khosa area of [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India]], after travelling from [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]. She was kidnapped, tortured, and killed on orders of her mother, Malkiat Kaur Sidhu, and uncle, Surjit Singh Badesha, as punishment for her clandestine wedding.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |author=Brown |first=DeNeen L. |author2=Lakshmi |first2=Rama |date=October 5, 2003 |title=Mom gave long-distance order for honor killing, police say |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/articles/2003/10/05/mom_gave_long_distance_order_for_honor_killing_police_say/ |accessdate=February 1, 2012 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>

==Background==
Jaswinder "Jassi" Kaur was born and raised in [[Maple Ridge, British Columbia]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2020-06-09 |title=20 years after Jassi Sidhu was murdered, court case continues |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/jassi-sidhu-20-anniversary-1.5603812 |access-date=5 February 2021 |work=CBC News}}</ref> Her wealthy family was headed by her uncle, Surjit Singh Badesha, in the [[Fraser Valley]], after migrating from [[Punjab, India]]. She graduated from [[Pitt Meadows Secondary School]] in 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Doherty |first=Ronan |date=2020-06-11 |title=Honouring Jassi - 20 years later |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/maple-ridge-pitt-meadows-news-honouring/167515096/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=Maple Ridge, Pitt Meadows News |pages=A1}}</ref>

On a visit to the city of [[Jagraon]] in the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state of [[India]] in December 1994,<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Jassi met and fell in love with Sukhwinder Singh Sidhu (nicknamed "Mithoo"), a rickshaw driver.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/when-jassi-met-mithu-and-love-met-honour/story-SJTNaYvsAmieRqkEJwnDPJ.html Murderous honour, undying love: The tale of Jassi and Mithu from Canada to Punjab, Hindustan Times, Sep 17, 2017]</ref><ref>[https://in.news.yahoo.com/canadian-sc-stays-extraditions-jassi-case-punjab-police-141604379.html Canadian SC stays extraditions in Jassi case, Punjab Police awaits details, IANS India, 21 September 2017]</ref> They kept in contact over the next four years. In 1999, Jassi made another trip to India with her family, the purpose of which was [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranging a marriage]] for her. Sukhwinder claimed that he used to bring sleeping pills, and Jassi's sympathetic aunt would mix them with the food at dinnertime and make sure everybody was fast asleep.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} Sukhwinder would jump over the wall and enter into the house after 11 p.m. and meet Jassi in her room.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Jassi and Sukhwinder married secretly on March 15, 1999 in a [[gurdwara]]. She did not reveal her marriage to her family, although she continued to write to Sukhwinder and send him money.

A year later, her family discovered the marriage through relatives in India. They strongly disapproved of this marriage because the husband was from Jassi's mother's village and belonged to the same Sidhu clan. Traditionally, marriages among people of the same clan are strictly forbidden in Punjabi culture.<ref>[http://archive.boston.com/news/world/articles/2003/10/05/mom_gave_long_distance_order_for_honor_killing_police_say/ Mom gave long-distance order for honor killing, police say, By DeNeen L. Brown and Rama Lakshmi, Washington Post, October 5, 2003]</ref>

They attempted to persuade her to get a divorce by first offering to buy her a car and material possessions, and then by beating her.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> After those attempts failed, her family pressured her into signing documentation, falsely telling her that it was legal paperwork which would help Sukhwinder come to Canada. Instead, the document contained criminal accusations against Sukhwinder. When Jassi discovered this, she contacted Indian officials, stating that the accusations were false and she was coerced into signing them.

After this, her family forcefully took her back to Canada, where she was held under confinement in the family home.

==Kidnapping and murder==
Jassi escaped from family confinement with the help of the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]], who escorted her from the residence. She obtained money from a friend to buy a plane ticket, and flew to India on May 12, 2000, to reunite with Sukhwinder. On June 8, Jassi and Sukhwinder were kidnapped by hitmen hired by her uncle. Sukhwinder was violently beaten, while Jassi was taken to an abandoned farmhouse, where she was subsequently murdered. On June 9, 2000, her body was found dumped in an irrigation canal {{convert|45|km|mi}} from Kaonke Khosa. Her throat had been slit.<ref>{{cite news|title="Forbidden Love" Triggers Outrage |url=http://www.southasianpost.com/article/%E2%80%9Cforbidden-love%E2%80%9D-triggers-outrage |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912080435/http://www.southasianpost.com/article/%E2%80%9Cforbidden-love%E2%80%9D-triggers-outrage |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 12, 2012 |accessdate=February 1, 2012 |newspaper=South Asian Post |date=January 25, 2008 }}</ref> An investigation by the Indian Police showed that the killers were in contact with her mother and uncle by phone, and it was determined that the order to kill Jassi was given by her mother.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Her mother and uncle were arrested on January 6, 2012.

==Investigation and aftermath==
The local hitmen involved in the killing were arrested, tried and convicted, the result of an aggressive investigation by Inspector Swaran Singh. Attempts were made to [[Extradition|extradite]] Malkiat Kaur Sidhu and Surjit Singh Badesha from [[Canada]] to India to stand trial, but the process was stalled owing to British Columbian court proceedings and Canadian extradition laws.<ref>{{cite news|title=India waits as RCMP probe plods on |url=http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=d80baed6-d391-47c6-85e6-a8cc03fbfbdf&k=69360%20India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031154755/http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=d80baed6-d391-47c6-85e6-a8cc03fbfbdf&k=69360%20India |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |accessdate=February 1, 2012 |newspaper=Vancouver Province |date=March 7, 2007 }}</ref> When pressed for information at the time, the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]], [[Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development|Canadian Foreign Affairs]] and the [[Department of Justice (Canada)|Department of Justice]] stated that the file remained active and extradition was still being considered.

Sukhwinder was accused of rape in August 2004 and incarcerated in the Ludhiana Central Jail for four years, until he was acquitted. The woman who made the false accusation was found to have connections to Jassi Sidhu's family. Harbinder Sewak, the publisher of the ''[[South Asian Post]]'' newspaper in Vancouver, BC, intervened on behalf of Sukhwinder, hiring a legal team for him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-04-29 |title=Falsely accused freed from prison |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-province-falsely-accused-freed-from/167514166/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Province |pages=7}}</ref> The newspaper was recognised for its crusading journalism through a [[Jack Webster Award]] for Best Community Reporting in 2008 for this action.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2008 Jack Webster Awards Winners|url=http://www.jackwebster.com/awards/winners.php?year=2008|publisher=The Jack Webster Foundation|accessdate=February 1, 2012|archive-date=March 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326193643/http://www.jackwebster.com/awards/winners.php?year=2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> After his acquittal, Sukhwinder was elected panch of Kaunke Khosa. The rape charge, and additional charges of drug smuggling, against Sukhwinder were later recommended for cancellation by Justice Mehtab Singh Gill.<ref name="tbi_2025">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Jupinderjit |title=25 years after Canadian citizen Jassi’s murder, justice remains elusive |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/25-years-after-canadian-citizen-jassis-murder-justice-remains-elusive/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=The Tribune India |date=8 June 2025}}</ref> However, he faces additional drug charges and has spend 3 years in jail before securing bail.<ref name="tbi_2025" />

After a decade-long investigation, Jassi's mother and uncle were arrested by the RCMP on January 6, 2012 – almost twelve years after Jassi's murder.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lazaruk|first=Susan|title=Mother, uncle arrested for Jassi Sidhu slaying|url=https://theprovince.com/news/Charges+laid+historic+Jassi+Sidhu+homicide/5959874/story.html|accessdate=February 1, 2012|newspaper=The Province|date=January 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214080443/http://www.theprovince.com/news/Charges+laid+historic+Jassi+Sidhu+homicide/5959874/story.html|archive-date=February 14, 2012}}</ref>

Darshan Singh Sidhu, one of the men who was earlier convicted of Jassi's murder but later acquitted in India after an appeal, was given permanent residency in Canada in 2008, having lied about his criminal status on his immigration application. He was later declared inadmissible in Canada after his criminal past was revealed.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/jassi-sidhu-darshan-singh-immigration-1.4584594 Man convicted in Jassi Sidhu's 'honour killing' obtained permanent residency in Canada, Jason Proctor · CBC News · Posted: Mar 20, 2018]</ref>

===Extradition of Badesha and Sidhu===
On May 9, 2014, following court proceedings in the [[Supreme Court of British Columbia]], Justice Gregory Finch ordered Surjit Badesha and Malkit Sidhu to be turned over to Indian police to face trial. This motion effectively ended the debate regarding their extradition, which had been stalled by the pair arguing that enough evidence was not present to extradite. Finch justified his decision by showing evidence that India had presented against Badesha, including 266 telephone calls between Badesha and the four men convicted of killing Jassi. Justice Finch also reminded those present at the trial that "it is the Canadian court's role to determine whether a jury ''could'' convict based on the evidence, not whether they ''should'' convict."<ref name=globeandmail2014>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/mother-uncle-of-bc-murder-victim-to-be-extradited-to-india/article18583109/|title=Pair who disapproved of B.C. woman's marriage to face trial in India for her murder|first=Dene|last=Moore|date=May 9, 2014|work=The Globe and Mail|location=Vancouver}}</ref>

On 24 January 2019, they were both extradited and arrived in Delhi, India to face the charges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-pair-accused-of-masterminding-killing-19-years-ago-extradited-to-india-1.4990750|title=B.C. pair accused of masterminding killing 19 years ago extradited to India |last1=Ghoussoub |first1=Michelle |date=January 24, 2019 |website=CBC News |language=en|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>

As of June 2025, the trial of Badesha and Sidhu is ongoing, with both defendants free on [[bail]] granted during the [[COVID-19]] pandemic.<ref name="tbi_2025" />

==Coverage==
The story of Jassi and Sukhwinder is the subject of ''[[Murder Unveiled]]'', a made-for-TV movie. A petition website, 'Justice for Jassi,' archiving her story and dedicated to obtaining justice for her has been signed by thousands of people worldwide. A book by the same name, ''Justice for Jassi'', written by ''Province'', from Deputy Editor Fabian Dawson, The Tribune Special Correspondent Jupinderjit Singh <ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.in/Justice-Jassi-Jupinderjit-Singh-ebook/dp/B0066BJ91I | title=Justice for Jassi eBook : Singh, Jupinderjit, Dawson, Fabian, Singh Sewak, Harbinder: Amazon.in: Kindle Store | date=10 November 2011 | publisher=New Market Multimedia }}</ref> and ''South Asian Post'' publisher Harbinder Sewak, was released at the end of 2011, just before her mother and uncle were charged. This murder case was also featured in [[CBC Television]]'s "Jassi Sidhu murder : Escape from Justice (2012)" on ''[[The Fifth Estate (TV)|The Fifth Estate]]''. It was covered by an NBC A Dateline Special "Forbidden Love" August 27, 2002.<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/video/dateline/14577394, Dateline, Forbidden love, August 27, 2002]</ref>

Present at the final court proceedings of Badesha and Sidhu was Jim Longridge, the former principal of the high school Jassi Sidhu had attended in [[Pitt Meadows]]. Remembering Sidhu as a quiet, friendly and studious girl, Longridge was horrified to learn of her murder and had been persistently writing to various Canadian politicians and police over the years, demanding action on her murder overseas.<ref name=globeandmail2014 /> It was also featured on the [[Global Television Network]]'s news magazine ''Crime Beat''.

''[[Dear Jassi]]'', a film about the incident by [[Tarsem Singh]], premiered and won in the [[Platform Prize]] program at the [[2023 Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>Charles Bramesco, [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/sep/10/dear-jassi-review-hollywood-maximalist-makes-first-indian-movie "Dear Jassi review – Hollywood maximalist makes first Indian movie"]. ''[[The Guardian]]'', September 11, 2023.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of kidnappings]]
*[[South Asian Canadians in British Columbia]]
*[[Murder of Surjit Athwal|Surjit Athwal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://imdb.com/title/tt0758922/ ''Murder Unveiled''] The movie based on her life.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830035307/http://www.southasianpost.com/portal2/c1ee8c441c4e2701011c4eb8836f0138.do.html "Crusade to Free Innocent Man"] Efforts to free Jassi's husband Mithu from jail
*Jassi's contract killers seek freedom "Jassi's killers seek freedom" Article in ''Asian Pacific Post''
*[http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/episodes/2011-2012/escape-from-justice ''Escape From Justice''] CBC documentary originally aired January 6, 2012

{{Honor killing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sidhu, Jaswinder Kaur}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:2000 murders in India]]
[[Category:Allegations of honor killing]]
[[Category:Beauticians]]
[[Category:Canadian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:Female murder victims]]
[[Category:Filicides]]
[[Category:Formerly missing Canadian people]]
[[Category:Honor killing victims]]
[[Category:Honour killing in India]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Canada]]
[[Category:Jack Webster award recipients]]
[[Category:Kidnapped Canadian people]]
[[Category:People from Maple Ridge, British Columbia]]
[[Category:People murdered in Punjab, India]]

List of medical colleges in India

2026-03-29T05:57:17Z

Rudra2020: expanded content

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
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{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=October 2023}}
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{{TOC right}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

India's medical schools are usually called [[Medical college in India|medical colleges]]. Medical school quality is controlled by the central regulatory authority, the [[National Medical Commission]], which inspects the institutes from time to time and recognizes institutes for specific courses. Most of the medical schools were set up by the central and state governments in the 1950s and 60s. However, in the 1980s, several private medical institutes were founded in several states, particularly in [[Karnataka]]. [[Andhra Pradesh]] allowed the founding of several private institutions in the new millennium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/05/31/stories/2004053100340200.htm |title=The Hindu : The ticket to MBBS |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040626081615/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/05/31/stories/2004053100340200.htm |archive-date=26 June 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Medical education in a private institute can be expensive if not subsidized by the government.

The basic medical qualification obtained in Indian medical schools is MBBS. The MBBS course is four-and-a-half years, followed by one year of Compulsory Rotating Residential Internship (CRRI). The MBBS course is followed by MS, a post-graduation course in surgical specialties, or MD, a post-graduation course in medical specialities or DNB in any medical or surgical specialities, which are usually of three years duration, or diploma postgraduate courses of two years duration. Super or sub-specialties can be pursued and only a MS or MD holder is eligible. A qualification in a super- or sub-specialty is called DM or MCh.

As of 2024, entry to medical education is based on the rank obtained in [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET (UG)]]. Some institutes like the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]], [[Christian Medical College Vellore|Christian Medical College]], [[Kasturba Medical College]], [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research]], [[Armed Forces Medical College]], [[St. John's Medical College]] and [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] used to conduct separate entrance tests at the national level before NEET.

Indian states with the most medical colleges include [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. States with the fewest include [[Goa]] and all the [[Northeast India|North Eastern states]].

{{As of|2025|2|27}}, there are 605 medical colleges and 64 stand alone postgraduate institutes in India whose qualifications are recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]]. Following is a complete list of medical colleges in India.

[[File:AIIMS BBSR.jpg|thumb|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIIMS Bhubaneswar second choice of students for MBBS after AIIMS New Delhi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/aiims-bhubaneswar-second-choice-of-students-for-mbbs-after-aiims-new-delhi/articleshow/79174874.cms|access-date=2021-05-14|website=The Times of India|date=11 November 2020 }}</ref>]]
[[File:IGMC SHIMLA.jpg|thumb|[[Indira Gandhi Medical College]], [[Shimla]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=आईजीएमसी की मेडिसिन ओपीडी एक माह के लिए बंद|url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/himachal-news-igmc-shimla-medicine-opd-closed-for-one-month|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>]]

==State-wise number of medical colleges==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of state-wise number of medical colleges
|-
!State / UT
!Number of medical colleges
!Number of stand alone PG institutes
!{{Reference heading}}
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|1
|0
|
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|38
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/andhra-pradesh-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|1
|0
|
|-
|[[Assam]]
|15
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/assam-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|23
|0
|
|-
|[[Chandigarh]]
|1
|1
|
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|10
|0
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattishgarh MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/chhattishgarh-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|1
|0
|
|-
|[[Delhi]]
|10
|11
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/delhi-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Goa]]
|1
|0
|
|-
|[[Gujarat]]
|40
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/gujarat-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|13
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/haryana-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|7
|0
|
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|12
|0
|
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|7
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/jharkhand-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|61
|9
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/karnataka-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|33
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/kerala-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ladakh]]
|0
|0
|
|-
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|0
|0
|
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|27
|0
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/madhya-pradesh-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|55
|11
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/maharashtra-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Manipur]]
|4
|0
|
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]
|3
|0
|
|-
|[[Mizoram]]
|1
|0
|
|-
|[[Nagaland]]
|1
|0
|
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|15
|1
|
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|9
|0
|
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|10
|2
|
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|35
|0
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/rajasthan-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sikkim]]
|1
|1
|
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|64
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/tamil-nadu-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|32
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/telangana-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tripura]]
|3
|0
|
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|85
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/uttar-pradesh-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|6
|0
|
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|40
|8
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal MBBS Colleges} V4Edu Solution |url=https://www.v4edusolution.com/west-bengal-mbbs-colleges|access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.v4edusolution.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''606'''
|'''64'''
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Annual intake (seats) as of August 2022
!Annual intake
!Government
!Private
!Total
|-
![[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]
|48,028
|44,765
|92,793
|-
!Others
|28,920
|17,915
|46,835
|-
!Total
|76,948
|62,680
|1,39,628
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Small|Source: NMC's website}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=College and Course Search {{!}} NMC |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/college-and-course-search/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==Andaman and Nicobar Islands==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Port Blair]]
| 2015
| [[Pondicherry University]]
| [[Government of India]]
|}

==Andhra Pradesh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
| [[A. C. Subba Reddy Government Medical College]]
| [[Nellore]]
| 2014
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Mangalagiri]]
| 2018
| Autonomous
| [[Government of India]]
|-
| Alluri Sitaram Raju Academy of Medical Sciences
| [[Eluru]]
| 2000
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[Andhra Medical College]]
| [[Visakhapatnam]]
| 1923
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| Anna Gowri Medical College and Hospital
| [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]]
| 2024
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
| [[Chittoor]]
| 2016
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| Dr. P. S. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation
| [[China Avutapalli]]
| 2002
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| Dr. YSR Government Medical College
| [[Pulivendula]]
| 2024
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| Fathima Institute of Medical Sciences
| [[Kadapa]]
| 2010
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| Gayathri Vidya Parishad Institute of Health Care and Medical Technology
| [[Visakhapatnam]]
| 2016
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
| [[Visakhapatnam]]
| 2015
| [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management]]
| Private
|-
| Government Medical College
| [[Adoni]]
| 2024
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Government Medical College, Anantapur|Government Medical College]]
| [[Anantapuramu]]
| 2001
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Eluru]]
|2023
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Kadapa|Government Medical College]]
|[[Kadapa]]
|2006
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Machilipatnam]]
|2023
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Madanapalle]]
|2024
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Markapuram]]
|2021
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Nandyal]]
|2023
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Ongole|Government Medical College]]
|[[Ongole]]
|2008
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Paderu]]
|2024
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Rajahmundry]]
|2023
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Srikakulam|Government Medical College]]
|[[Srikakulam]]
|2008
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Vizianagaram]]
|2023
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| Great Eastern Medical School and Hospital
| [[Srikakulam]]
| 2010
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| GSL Medical College
| [[Rajahmundry]]
| 2002
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[Guntur Medical College]]
| [[Guntur]]
| 1946
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Katuri Medical College]]
| [[Guntur]]
| 2002
| [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
|Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation
|[[Amalapuram]]
|2005
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Kurnool Medical College]]
|[[Kurnool]]
|1957
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Maharajah Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Vizianagaram]]
|2002
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Narayana Medical College
|[[Nellore]]
|2000
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Nimra Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Vijayawada]]
|2016
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[NRI Academy of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Mangalagiri]]
|2012
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|NRI Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Vishakhapatnam]]
|2012
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[P.E.S. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]]
|[[Kuppam]]
|2001
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Rangaraya Medical College]]
|[[Kakinada]]
|1958
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|RVS Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Chittoor]]
|2016
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Santhiram Medical College
|[[Nandyal]]
|2005
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Siddhartha Medical College]]
|[[Vijayawada]]
|1980
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Sri Balaji Medical College and Hospital
|[[Renigunta]]
|2022
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences
|[[Puttaparthi]]
|1991
|Autonomous
|Private
|-
|[[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Tirupati]]
|1993
|Autonomous
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Sri Venkateswara Medical College]]
|[[Tirupati]]
|1960
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[SVIMS - Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women]]
|[[Tirupati]]
|2014
|[[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Viswabharathi Medical College
|[[Kurnool]]
|2014
|[[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|}

==Arunachal Pradesh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
| [[Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences]]
| [[Naharlagun]]
| 2018
| [[Rajiv Gandhi University]]
| [[Government of Arunachal Pradesh]]
|}

==Assam==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
| [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Guwahati]]
| 2020
| Autonomous
| [[Government of India]]
|-
| [[Assam Medical College]]
| [[Dibrugarh]]
| 1900
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|-
| [[Dhubri Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Dhubri]]
| 2022
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|-
| [[Diphu Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Diphu]]
| 2020
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|-
| [[ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Beltola|ESIC Medical College & Hospital]]
| [[Guwahati]]
| 2025
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of India]]
|-
| [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Barpeta]]
| 2012
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|-
| [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Guwahati]]
| 1960
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|-
| [[Jorhat Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Jorhat]]
| 2010
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|-
| [[Kokrajhar Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Kokrajhar]]
| 2023
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|-
| [[Lakhimpur Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[North Lakhimpur]]
| 2021
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|-
| [[Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health]]
| [[Tezpur]]
| 1876
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of India]]
|-
| [[Nagaon Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Nagaon]]
| 2023
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|-
| [[Nalbari Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Nalbari]]
| 2023
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|-
| [[Pragjyotishpur Medical College & Hospital]]
| [[Guwahati]]
| 2025
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|-
| [[Silchar Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Silchar]]
| 1968
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|-
| [[Tezpur Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Tezpur]]
| 2014
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|-
| [[Tinsukia Medical College & Hospital]]
| [[Tinsukia]]
| 2024
| [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Assam]]
|}

==Bihar==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
| [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Patna]]
| 2012
| Autonomous
| [[Government of India]]
|-
| [[Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]]
| 1969
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| [[Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences|Bhagwan Mahavir Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Pawapuri]]
| 2013
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Darbhanga]]
| 1925
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| [[ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Patna|ESIC Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Patna]]
| 2021
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of India]]
|-
| [[Government Medical College, Bettiah|Government Medical College]]
| [[Bettiah]]
| 2008
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| Government Medical College and Hospital
| [[Chhapra]]
| 2025
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| [[Government Medical College and Hospital, Purnea|Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Purnea]]
| 2023
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| Himalaya Medical College and Hospital
| [[Patna]]
| 2024
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Patna]]
| 1983
| Autonomous
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
|[[Jannayak Karpoori Thakur Medical College and Hospital, Madhepura|Jannayak Karpoori Thakur Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Madhepura]]
|2020
|[[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Bhagalpur]]
| 1970
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| [[Katihar Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Katihar]]
| 1987
| [[Al-Karim University]]
| Private
|-
| [[Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Saharsa]]
| 2012
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[Madhubani Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]]
| 2018
|[[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
| Mata Gujri Memorial Medical College
| [[Kishanganj]]
| 2003
| [[Mata Gujri University]]
| Private
|-
| [[Nalanda Medical College Hospital]]
| [[Patna]]
| 1970
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| Narayan Medical College and Hospital
| [[Sasaram]]
| 2008
| [[Gopal Narayan Singh University]]
| Private
|-
| [[Netaji Subhas Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Patna]]
| 2020
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[Patna Medical College]]
| [[Patna]]
| 1874
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| [[Radha Devi Jageshwari Memorial Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| 2021
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[Shri Ram Janki Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Samastipur]]
| 2023
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| Shyamlal Chandrashekhar Medical College
| [[Khagaria]]
| 2023
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| 1970
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Bihar]]

|}

==Chandigarh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
| [[Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh|Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
| 1991
| [[Panjab University]]
| [[Government of India]], [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] and [[Government of Haryana]]
|-
|[[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]]
|[[Chandigarh]]
|1962
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|}

==Chhattisgarh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
| Abhishek I Mishra Memorial Medical College and Research
| [[Bhilai]]
| 2024
| [[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
| Private
|-
| [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Raipur]]
| 2012
| Autonomous
| [[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Rajnandgaon|Atal Bihari Vajpayee Memorial Government Medical College]]
|[[Rajnandgaon]]
|2014
|[[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|[[CCM Medical College, Durg|Chandulal Chandrakar Memorial Government Medical College]]
|[[Durg]]
|2013
|[[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
|2001
|[[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|[[Late Baliram Kashyap Memorial Government Medical College]]
|[[Jagdalpur]]
|2006
|[[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Raigarh|Late Shri Lakhiram Agrawal Government Medical College]]
|[[Raigarh]]
|2013
|[[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Kanker|Late Smt. Indira Gandhi Memorial Government Medical College]]
|[[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]]
|2021
|[[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|[[Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College]]
|[[Raipur]]
|1963
|[[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|[[Raipur Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Raipur]]
|2016
|[[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
|Private
|-
|[[Rajmata Smt. Devendra Kumari Singhdeo Government Medical College, Ambikapur|Rajmata Smt. Devendra Kumari Singhdeo Government Medical College]]
|[[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]]
|2016
|[[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|Shri Balaji Institute of Medical Science
|[[Raipur]]
|2021
|[[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
|Private
|-
|Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
|[[Nava Raipur]]
|2024
|[[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
|Private
|-
|[[Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Bhilai]]
|2016
|[[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
|Private
|}

==Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[Shri Vinoba Bhave Institute of Medical Sciences|NAMO Medical Education & Research Institute]]
|[[Silvassa]]
|2019
|[[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]
|[[Government of India]]
|}

==Delhi==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|Ansari Nagar East
|1956
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Army College of Medical Sciences]]
|Delhi Cantonment
|2008
|[[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
|[[Army Welfare Education Society]]
|-
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. RML Hospital]]
|Connaught Place
|2008
|[[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital]]
|Rohini
|2016
|[[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
|[[Government of Delhi|Government of NCT of Delhi]]
|-
|ESIC Hospital and PGIMSR
|Basaidarapur
|2010
|[[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|G. B. Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research
|Jawaharlal Nehru Marg
|1964
|[[University of Delhi]]
|[[Government of Delhi|Government of NCT of Delhi]]
|-
|Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
|Hamdard Nagar
|2012
|[[Jamia Hamdard]]
|Private
|-
|[[Lady Hardinge Medical College]]
|Connaught Place
|1916
|[[University of Delhi]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Maulana Azad Medical College]]
|Balmiki Basti
|1956
|[[University of Delhi]]
|[[Government of Delhi|Government of NCT of Delhi]]
|-
|[[National Institute of Health and Family Welfare]]
|Munirka
|1977
|[[University of Delhi]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[North Delhi Municipal Corporation Medical College]]
|Civil Lines
|2013
|[[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
|[[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
|-
|[[University College of Medical Sciences]]
|Dilshad Garden
|1971
|[[University of Delhi]]
|[[Government of Delhi|Government of NCT of Delhi]]
|-
|[[Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute]]
|Vijay Nagar Marg
|1953
|[[University of Delhi]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Vardhman Mahavir Medical College]]
|Ansari Nagar West
|2001
|[[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
|[[Government of India]]
|}

==Goa==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[Goa Medical College]]
|[[Bambolim]]
|1842
|[[Goa University]]
|[[Government of Goa]]
|}

==Gujarat==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Rajkot]]
|2020
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|Ananya College of Medicine and Research
|[[Kalol, Gandhinagar|Kalol]]
|2023
|[[Gujarat University]]
|Private
|-
|Bhagyoday Medical College
|[[Kadi, India|Kadi]]
|2024
|[[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]]
|Private
|-
|[[B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad|B. J. Medical College]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|1871
|[[Gujarat University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[Banas Medical College and Research Institute, Palanpur|Banas Medical College and Research Institute]]
|[[Palanpur]]
|2018
|[[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]]
|Private
|-
|[[C.U. Shah Medical College, Surendranagar|C. U. Shah Medical College]]
|[[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
|2000
|[[Saurashtra University]]
|Private
|-
|Dr. Kiran C. Patel Medical College and Research Institute
|[[Bharuch]]
|2020
|[[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Dr. M.K. Shah Medical College and Research Centre, Ahmedabad|Dr. M. K. Shah Medical College and Research Centre]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|2017
|[[Gujarat University]]
|Private
|-
|Dr. N. D. Desai Faculty of Medical Science and Research
|[[Nadiad]]
|2019
|Dharamsinh Desai University
|Private
|-
|GCS Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|2011
|[[Gujarat University]]
|Private
|-
|[[GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Sola|GMERS Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|2011
|[[Gujarat University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Dharpur-Patan|GMERS Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Patan, Gujarat|Dharpur–Patan]]
|2012
|[[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Gandhinagar|GMERS Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Gandhinagar]]
|2012
|[[Gujarat University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Himmatnagar|GMERS Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Himatnagar|Himmatnagar]]
|2015
|[[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Junagadh|GMERS Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Junagadh]]
|2015
|[[Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|GMERS Medical College and Hospital
|[[Morbi]]
|2022
|[[Saurashtra University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|GMERS Medical College and Hospital
|[[Panchmahal]]
|2022
|[[Shri Govind Guru University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|GMERS Medical College and Hospital
|[[Porbandar]]
|2022
|[[Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|GMERS Medical College and Hospital
|[[Rajpipla]]
|2022
|[[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Gotri|GMERS Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|2011
|[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Vadnagar|GMERS Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Vadnagar]]
|2017
|[[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Valsad|GMERS Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Valsad]]
|2012
|[[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Bhavnagar|Government Medical College]]
|[[Bhavnagar]]
|1995
|[[Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Surat|Government Medical College]]
|[[Surat]]
|1964
|[[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Bhuj]]
|2009
|[[Krantiguru Shyamji Krishna Verma Kachchh University]]
|Private
|-
|Kiran Medical College
|[[Surat]]
|2023
|[[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]
|Private
|-
|Matushri Prabhaben Khodabhai Boghara Medical College and Research Centre
|[[Atkot]]
|2024
|[[Saurashtra University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Medical College Baroda]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|1949
|[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[M. P. Shah Medical College]]
|[[Jamnagar]]
|1949
|[[Saurashtra University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[Narendra Modi Medical College]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|2009
|[[Gujarat University]]
|[[Amdavad Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Nootan Medical College and Research Centre, Visnagar|Nootan Medical College and Research Centre]]
|[[Visnagar]]
|2019
|[[Sankalchand Patel University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College]]
|[[Rajkot]]
|1995
|[[Saurashtra University]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[Parul Institute of Medical Science and Research]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|2016
|[[Parul University]]
|Private
|-
|Pramukh Swami Medical College
|[[Karamsad]]
|1987
|[[Bhaikaka University]]
|Private
|-
|SAL Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|2023
|[[Gujarat University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Shantabaa Medical College, Amreli|Shantabaa Medical College]]
|[[Amreli]]
|2019
|[[Saurashtra University]]
|Private
|-
|Smt. B. K. Shah Medical Institute and Research Centre
|[[Vadodara]]
|2002
|[[Sumandeep Vidyapeeth]]
|Private
|-
|[[Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|1963
|[[Gujarat University]]
|[[Amdavad Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research]]
|[[Surat]]
|1999
|[[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]
|[[Surat Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Swaminarayan Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
|[[Kalol, Gandhinagar|Kalol]]
|2023
|Swaminarayan University
|Private
|-
|Zydus Medical College and Hospital
|[[Dahod]]
|2018
|[[Shri Govind Guru University]]
|Private
|}

==Haryana==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|Adesh Medical College and Hospital
|[[Kurukshetra]]
|2017
|[[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Al-Falah School of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
|[[Faridabad]]
|2019
|[[Al-Falah University]]
|Private
|-
|Amrita School of Medicine
|[[Faridabad]]
|2023
|[[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]]
|Private
|-
|[[Bhagat Phool Singh Government Medical College for Women]]
|[[Sonipat]]
|2012
|[[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Haryana]]
|-
|[[ESIC Medical College, Faridabad|ESIC Medical College]]
|[[Faridabad]]
|2015
|[[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
|[[Gurgaon]]
|2010
|[[Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College]]
|[[Karnal]]
|2017
|[[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Haryana]]
|-
|[[Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha|Maharaja Agrasen Medical College]]
|[[Agroha (town)|Agroha]]
|1988
|[[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]]
|[[Ambala]]
|2003
|[[Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana|Maharishi Markandeshwar University]]
|Private
|-
|N. C. Medical College and Hospital
|[[Panipat]]
|2016
|[[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Rohtak]]
|1960
|[[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Haryana]]
|-
|Pt. Neki Ram Sharma Government Medical College Hospital
|[[Bhiwani]]
|2024
|[[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Haryana]]
|-
|[[Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical College]]
|[[Nuh district|Nuh]]
|2012
|[[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Haryana]]
|-
|[[Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Medical College, Faridabad|Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Medical College]]
|[[Faridabad]]
|2022
|[[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Haryana]]
|-
|World College of Medical Sciences and Research
|[[Jhajjar]]
|2016
|[[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|}

==Himachal Pradesh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
|2020
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Dr. Radhakrishnan Government Medical College]]
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|2018
|[[Atal Medical and Research University]]
|[[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College]]
|[[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]]
|1996
|[[Atal Medical and Research University]]
|[[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar Government Medical College]]
|[[Nahan]]
|2016
|[[Atal Medical and Research University]]
|[[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Indira Gandhi Medical College]]
|[[Shimla]]
|1966
|[[Atal Medical and Research University]]
|[[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital
|[[Solan]]
|2013
|[[Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Solan|Maharishi Marakandeshwar University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Government Medical College and Hospital, Chamba|Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Government Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]]
|2017
|[[Atal Medical and Research University]]
|[[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Government Medical College]]
|[[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]
|2009
|[[Atal Medical and Research University]]
|[[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]
|}

==Jammu & Kashmir==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences
|[[Jammu]]
|1995
|[[University of Jammu]]
|Private
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Vijaypur|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Vijay Pur, Jammu and Kashmir|Vijaypur]]
|2020
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Anantnag|Government Medical College]]
|[[Anantnag]]
|2019
|[[University of Kashmir]]
|[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Baramulla|Government Medical College]]
|[[Baramulla]]
|2019
|[[University of Kashmir]]
|[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Doda|Government Medical College]]
|[[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]]
|2020
|[[University of Kashmir]]
|[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Handwara|Government Medical College]]
|[[Handwara]]
|2023
|[[University of Kashmir]]
|[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Jammu|Government Medical College]]
|[[Jammu]]
|1972
|[[University of Jammu]]
|[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Kathua|Government Medical College]]
|[[Kathua]]
|2019
|[[University of Jammu]]
|[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Rajouri|Government Medical College]]
|[[Rajouri]]
|2019
|[[University of Jammu]]
|[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Srinagar|Government Medical College]]
|[[Srinagar]]
|1959
|[[University of Kashmir]]
|[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Udhampur|Government Medical College]]
|[[Udhampur]]
|2023
|[[University of Jammu]]
|[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|[[Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Srinagar]]
|1982
|Autonomous
|[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Institute of Medical Excellence
|[[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]]
|2025
|[[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]]
|Private
|}

==Jharkhand==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Deoghar]]
|2019
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Central Institute of Psychiatry]]
|[[Ranchi]]
|1918
|[[Ranchi University]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Laxmi Chandravansi Medical College and Hospital, Palamu|Laxmi Chandravansi Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Palamu district|Palamu]]
|2021
|[[Ramchandra Chandravansi University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur|Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College]]
|[[Jamshedpur]]
|1961
|[[Kolhan University]]
|[[Government of Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[Manipal-Tata Medical College, Jamshedpur|Manipal-Tata Medical College]]
|[[Jamshedpur]]
|2020
|[[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]
|Private
|-
|[[Medini Rai Medical College and Hospital, Palamu|Medini Rai Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Palamu district|Palamu]]
|2019
|[[Nilamber-Pitamber University]]
|[[Government of Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[Phulo Jhano Medical College and Hospital, Dumka|Phulo Jhano Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Dumka]]
|2019
|[[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]]
|[[Government of Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Ranchi]]
|1960
|[[Ranchi University]]
|[[Government of Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College, Dhanbad|Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College]]
|[[Dhanbad]]
|1969
|[[Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University]]
|[[Government of Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College]]
|[[Hazaribagh]]
|2019
|[[Vinoba Bhave University]]
|[[Government of Jharkhand]]
|}

==Karnataka==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Science
|[[Mandya]]
|1986
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[A J Institute of Medical Science]]
|[[Mangaluru]]
|2002
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Akash Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
|[[Devanahalli]]
|2016
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Al-Ameen Medical College
|[[Bijapur|Vijayapura]]
|1984
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Ballari Medical College and Research Centre]]
|[[Ballari]]
|1961
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|Basaveswara Medical College and Hospital
|[[Chitradurga]]
|1999
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Belagavi Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Belagavi]]
|2005
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Bengaluru Medical College and Research Institute]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|1955
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Bengaluru]]
|2012
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|BGS Medical College and Hospital
|[[Bengaluru]]
|2024
|Adichunchanagiri University
|Private
|-
|Bharat Ratna Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital
|[[Bengaluru]]
|1980
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Bidar]]
|2007
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|Chamrajanagar Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Chamrajanagar]]
|2016
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|Chikkamagaluru Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Chikkamagaluru]]
|2022
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|Chitradurga Medical College and Research Institute
|[[Chitradurga]]
|2023
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Dharwad Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]]
|[[Dharwad]]
|1845
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|Dr. Chandramma Dayananda Sagar Institute of Medical Education and Research
|[[Hubballi]]
|2020
|[[Dayananda Sagar University]]
|Private
|-
|East Point College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
|[[Bengaluru]]
|2017
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[ESIC Medical College, Bangalore|ESIC Medical College]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|2012
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[ESIC Medical College, Gulbarga|ESIC Medical College]]
|[[Kalaburagi]]
|2013
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Father Muller Medical College]]
|[[Mangaluru]]
|1991
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Gadag Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Gadag]]
|2013
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|G. R. Medical College Hospital and Research Centre
|[[Mangaluru]]
|2021
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Kalaburagi]]
|2013
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
|2006
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|Haveri Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Haveri]]
|2022
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru|Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|1991
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum|Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College]]
|[[Belagavi]]
|1963
|[[KLE University]]
|Private
|-
|J. G. M. M. Medical College
|[[Hubballi]]
|2021
|[[KLE University]]
|Private
|-
|J. J. M. Medical College
|[[Davangere]]
|1965
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|J. S. S. Medical College
|[[Mysuru]]
|1984
|J. S. S. Academy of Higher Education and Research
|Private
|-
|Kanachur Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Mangaluru]]
|2016
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Karnataka Medical College and Research Institute]]
|[[Hubballi]]
|1957
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|Karwar Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Karwar]]
|2016
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Kasturba Medical College]]
|[[Mangaluru]]
|1955
|[[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]
|Private
|-
|[[Kasturba Medical College]]
|[[Manipal]]
|1953
|[[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]
|Private
|-
|[[Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|1980
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Khaja Banda Nawaz Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Kalaburagi]]
|2018
|[[Khaja Bandanawaz University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|1973
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Kodagu Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Madikeri]]
|2016
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Koppal Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Koppal]]
|2013
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|[[K. S. Hegde Medical Academy]]
|[[Mangaluru]]
|1999
|[[NITTE|NITTE University]]
|Private
|-
|K. V. G. Medical College and Hospital
|[[Sullia]]
|1999
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College]]
|[[Kalaburagi]]
|1963
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Mandya]]
|2005
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|M. V. J. Medical College and Research Hospital
|[[Bengaluru]]
|1997
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Mysore Medical College & Research Institute]]
|[[Mysuru]]
|1924
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|Nandi Medical College and Research Institute
|[[Chikkaballapur]]
|2021
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|[[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|1847
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Navodaya Medical College]]
|[[Raichur]]
|2001
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|PES University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
|[[Bengaluru]]
|2024
|[[PES University]]
|Private
|-
|Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Raichur]]
|2007
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|1992
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[M. S. Ramaiah Medical College|Ramaiah Medical College]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|1979
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Sambharam Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
|[[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
|2016
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
|[[Bengaluru]]
|2011
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Shivamogga Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Shivamogga]]
|2005
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Medical Sciences and Hospital
|[[Dharwad]]
|2003
|Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University
|Private
|-
|Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical College and Research Institution
|[[Bengaluru]]
|2019
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Shri B. M. Patil Medical College]]
|[[Vijayapura]]
|1980
|BLDE (Deemed to be University)
|Private
|-
|Shridevi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Hospital
|[[Tumakuru]]
|2013
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Siddaganga Medical College and Research Institute
|[[Tumakuru]]
|2022
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre
|[[Bagalkot]]
|2002
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Sri Chanmundeshwari Medical College Hospital and Research Centre
|[[Channapatna]]
|2023
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College]]
|[[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
|1986
|[[Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research]]
|Private
|-
|Sri Madhusudan Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
|[[Chikkaballapur]]
|2023
|[[Sri Sathya Sai University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre]]
|[[Mangaluru]]
|2011
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Sri Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
|[[Bengaluru]]
|2019
|[[Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education]]
|Private
|-
|[[Sri Siddhartha Medical College]]
|[[Tumakuru]]
|1988
|[[Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education]]
|Private
|-
|S. R. Patil Medical College and Hospital
|[[Bagalkot]]
|2024
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[S. S. Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Davangere]]
|2006
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[St John's Medical College, Bangalore|St John's Medical College]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|1963
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Shivamogga]]
|2012
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|The Oxford Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre
|[[Bengaluru]]
|2012
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|2000
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Yadgiri Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Yadgiri]]
|2022
|[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|Yenepoya Medical College
|[[Mangaluru]]
|1999
|[[Yenepoya University]]
|Private
|}

==Kerala==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|Al-Azhar Medical College and Super Speciality Hospital
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|2014
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Thrissur]]
|2002
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Kochi]]
|2000
|[[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]]
|Private
|-
|[[Azeezia Medical College|Azeezia Institute of Medical Science]]
|[[Kollam]]
|2008
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Believers Church Medical College Hospital]]
|[[Thiruvalla]]
|2016
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Dr. Moopen's Medical College
|[[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
|2013
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|2001
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Ernakulam|Government Medical College]]
|[[Ernakulam]]
|1999
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Idukki|Government Medical College]]
|[[Idukki]]
|2014
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Kannur|Government Medical College]]
|[[Kannur]]
|1993
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Kollam|Government Medical College]]
|[[Kollam]]
|2013
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Konni|Government Medical College]]
|[[Konni, Kerala|Konni]]
|2022
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Kottayam|Government Medical College]]
|[[Kottayam]]
|1962
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Kozhikode|Government Medical College]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|1957
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Manjeri|Government Medical College]]
|[[Manjeri]]
|2013
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Palakkad|Government Medical College]]
|[[Palakkad]]
|2014
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Medical College]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|1951
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Thrissur|Government Medical College]]
|[[Thrissur]]
|1981
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Government T D Medical College, Alappuzha|Government T D Medical College]]
|[[Alappuzha]]
|1963
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute]]
|[[Thrissur]]
|2002
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Kannur Medical College, Anjarakandy|Kannur Medical College]]
|[[Kannur]]
|2006
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Karuna Medical College
|[[Palakkad]]
|2006
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|KMCT Medical College
|[[Kozhikode]]
|2008
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Malabar Medical College, Kozhikode|Malabar Medical College]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|2010
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College, Kolenchery|Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College]]
|[[Kolenchery]]
|2001
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|MES Medical College
|[[Malappuram]]
|2004
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Mount Zion Medical College
|[[Adoor]]
|2014
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Muslim Educational Society Medical College
|[[Perinthalmanna]]
|2002
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|PK Das Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Palakkad]]
|2014
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Pushpagiri Medical College|Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre]]
|[[Thiruvalla]]
|2002
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram|Regional Cancer Centre]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|1981
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of India]] and [[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum|Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|1976
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|Sree Gokulam Medical College Trust and Research Foundation
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|2005
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Ernakulam]]
|2009
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[SUT Academy of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|2006
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Travancore Medical College Hospital
|[[Kollam]]
|2009
|[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|}

==Madhya Pradesh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Bhopal]]
|2012
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|Amaltas Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Dewas]]
|2016
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Medical College]]
|[[Vidisha]]
|2018
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Shahdol|Birsa Munda Government Medical College]]
|[[Shahdol]]
|2019
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Bundelkhand Medical College]]
|[[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
|2009
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Chhindwara|Chhindwara Institute of Medical College Sciences]]
|[[Chhindwara]]
|2019
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|Chirayu Medical College and Hospital
|[[Bhopal]]
|2011
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Ratlam|Dr. Laxmi Narayan Pandey Government Medical College]]
|[[Ratlam]]
|2018
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|ESIC Medical College and Hospital
|[[Indore]]
|2025
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Gajra Raja Medical College]]
|[[Gwalior]]
|1946
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]] and [[Jiwaji University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal|Gandhi Medical College]]
|[[Bhopal]]
|1955
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Datia|Government Medical College]]
|[[Datia]]
|2018
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Satna]]
|2023
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Seoni]]
|2024
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|Index Medical College, Hospital and Research Center
|[[Indore]]
|2007
|[[Malwanchal University]]
|Private
|-
|L. N. Medical College and Research Center
|[[Bhopal]]
|2009
|LNCT University
|Private
|-
|LNCT Medical College and Sewakunj Hospital
|[[Indore]]
|2021
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore|Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College]]
|[[Indore]]
|1948
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|Mahaveer Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
|[[Bhopal]]
|2020
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Khandwa|Nandkumar Singh Chauhan Government Medical College]]
|[[Khandwa]]
|2018
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College]]
|[[Jabalpur]]
|1955
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|People's College of Medical Sciences and Research Center
|[[Bhopal]]
|2005
|[[People's University (Bhopal)|People's University]]
|Private
|-
|Ram Krishna Medical College Hospital and Research Centre
|[[Bhopal]]
|2023
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|Private
|-
|RKDF Medical College Hospital and Research Center
|[[Bhopal]]
|2014
|[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Ruxmaniben Deepchand Gardi Medical College]]
|[[Ujjain]]
|2001
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Shivpuri|Shrimant Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Medical College]]
|[[Shivpuri]]
|2019
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Shyam Shah Medical College]]
|[[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
|1963
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Indore]]
|2003
|Sri Aurobindo University
|Private
|-
|Sukh Sagar Medical College and Hospital
|[[Jabalpur]]
|2021
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|Private
|-
|Sunderlal Patwa Government Medical College
|[[Mandsaur]]
|2024
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|Virendra Kumar Sakhlecha Government Medical College
|[[Neemuch]]
|2024
|[[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
|[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|}

==Maharashtra==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[ACPM Medical College]]
|[[Dhule]]
|1990
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Nagpur]]
|2018
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Armed Forces Medical College]]
|[[Pune]]
|1962
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Ashwini Rural Medical College|Ashwini Rural Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre]]
|[[Solapur]]
|2012
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Sangli]]
|2005
|[[Bharati Vidyapeeth]]
|Private
|-
|[[Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College]]
|[[Pune]]
|1989
|[[Bharati Vidyapeeth]]
|Private
|-
|Bharatratna Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical College
|[[Pune]]
|2022
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[B. J. Medical College|B. J. Government Medical College]]
|[[Pune]]
|1964
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[B.K.L. Walawalkar Rural Medical College|B. K. L. Walawalkar Rural Medical College]]
|[[Ratnagiri]]
|2015
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Datta Meghe Medical College
|[[Nagpur]]
|2020
|Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
|Private
|-
|Dr. Balasaheb Vikhe Patil Rural Medical College
|[[Loni, Ahmednagar|Loni]]
|1984
|[[Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Dr. D Y Patil Medical College, Kolhapur|Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College]]
|[[Kolhapur]]
|1989
|D. Y. Patil Education Society
|Private
|-
|[[Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre|Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre]]
|[[Pune]]
|1995
|Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth
|Private
|-
|Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Medicine
|[[Navi Mumbai]]
|1989
|[[Dr. D. Y. Patil University]]
|Private
|-
|Dr. N. Y. Tasgaonkar Institute of Medical Science
|[[Karjat]]
|2021
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Memorial Medical College]]
|[[Amravati]]
|1984
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Dr. Rajendra Gode Medical College
|[[Amravati]]
|2023
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Dr. Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College]]
|[[Nanded]]
|1988
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College and Hospital, Jalgaon|Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Jalgaon]]
|2008
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Dr. V. M. Government Medical College]]
|[[Solapur]]
|1963
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Dr. Vasantrao Pawar Medical College Hospital and Research Center]]
|[[Nashik]]
|1990
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundations Medical College and Hospital
|[[Ahmednagar]]
|2003
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Akola|Government Medical College]]
|[[Akola]]
|2002
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Aurangabad|Government Medical College]]
|[[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]]
|1956
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Gondia|Government Medical College]]
|[[Gondia]]
|2016
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Jalgaon|Government Medical College]]
|[[Jalgaon]]
|2018
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Miraj|Government Medical College]]
|[[Miraj]]
|1962
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Nagpur|Government Medical College]]
|[[Nagpur]]
|1947
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College and Hospital, Nandurbar|Government Medical College]]
|[[Nandurbar]]
|2020
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Satara (city)|Satara]]
|2021
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Sindhudurg|Government Medical College]]
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
|2021
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Government Medical College and Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|1845
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Hinduhridaysamrat Balasaheb Thackeray Medical College and Dr. R. N. Cooper Municipal General Hospital|H. B. T. Medical College and Dr. R. N. Cooper Municipal General Hospital]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|2015
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Indian Institute of Medical Science and Research]]
|[[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|2013
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur|Indira Gandhi Government Medical College]]
|[[Nagpur]]
|1968
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
|[[Wardha]]
|1990
|Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
|Private
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Chandrapur|Karmavir Dadasaheb Kannamwar Government Medical College]]
|[[Chandrapur]]
|2015
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[K. J. Somaiya Medical College & Research Centre|K. J. Somaiya Medical College and Research Centre]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|1991
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Karad]]
|1984
|[[Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences|Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth]]
|Private
|-
|[[Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|1964
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Maharashtra Institute of Medical Education and Research
|[[Pune]]
|1995
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Maharashtra Institute of Medical Science and Research, Latur|Maharashtra Institute of Medical Science and Research]]
|[[Latur]]
|1989
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Sevagram]]
|1969
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of India]] and [[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[MGM Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad|MGM Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]]
|1989
|[[MGM Institute of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|MGM Medical College and Hospital
|[[Navi Mumbai]]
|1989
|[[MGM Institute of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[N.K.P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences|N. K. P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre]]
|[[Nagpur]]
|1990
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Post Graduate Institute and Yashwantrao Chavan Memorial Hospital
|[[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
|2013
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Prakash Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Sangli]]
|2016
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Government Medical College & General Hospital, Baramati|Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Government Medical College and General Hospital]]
|[[Baramati]]
|2019
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[R. C. S. M Government Medical College and C. P. R. Hospital]]
|[[Kolhapur]]
|2000
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Rajiv Gandhi Medical College|Rajiv Gandhi Medical College and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Hospital]]
|[[Thane]]
|1992
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Thane Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Seth G.S. Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|1926
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Shri Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College, Dhule|Shri Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College]]
|[[Dhule]]
|1988
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College]]
|[[Yavatmal]]
|1989
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|SMBT Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
|[[Nashik]]
|2014
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital
|[[Pune]]
|2007
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|SSPM Medical College and Lifetime Hospital
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
|2017
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Medical College]]
|[[Ambajogai]]
|1974
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|Symbiosis Medical College for Women
|[[Pune]]
|2020
|[[Symbiosis International University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Terna Medical College]]
|[[Navi Mumbai]]
|1991
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai|Topiwala National Medical College and B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|1921
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Vedantaa Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Palghar district|Palghar]]
|2017
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Latur|Vilasrao Desmukh Government Medical College]]
|[[Latur]]
|2000
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|}

==Manipur==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|Churachandpur Medical College
|[[Churachandpur]]
|2022
|[[Manipur University]]
|[[Government of Manipur]]
|-
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
|1989
|[[Manipur University]]
|[[Government of Manipur]]
|-
|[[Regional Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
|1972
|[[Manipur University]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Shija Academy of Health Sciences]]
|[[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
|2021
|[[Manipur University]]
|Private
|}

==Meghalaya==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences]]
|[[Shillong]]
|2008
|[[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|P. A. Sangma International Medical College and Hospital
|[[Ri-Bhoi district|Ri-Bhoi]]
|2024
|[[University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya|University of Science and Technology]]
|Private
|-
|Shillong Medical College
|[[Shillong]]
|2025
|[[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]]
|[[Government of Meghalaya]]
|}

==Mizoram==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[Zoram Medical College]]
|Falkawn
|2018
|[[Mizoram University]]
|[[Government of Mizoram]]
|}

==Nagaland==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[Nagaland Institute of Medical Science and Research]]
|[[Kohima]]
| 2022
| [[Nagaland University]]
| [[Government of Nagaland]]
|}

==Odisha==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
| [[Acharya Harihar Post Graduate Institute of Cancer]]
| [[Cuttack]]
| 1981
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Odisha]]
|-
| [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
|2012
| Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Bhima Bhoi Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Balangir]]
|2018
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
| [[Dharanidhar Medical College and Hospital, Keonjhar|Dharanidhar Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Keonjhar]]
|2022
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
|DRIEMS Institute of Health Sciences and Hospital
|[[Tangi, Odisha|Tangi]]
|2023
|[[DRIEMS University]]
|Private
|-
| [[Fakir Mohan Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Balasore]]
| 2017
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
| Government Medical College and Hospital
| [[Phulbani]]
| 2025
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
| [[Government Medical College and Hospital, Sundargarh|Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Sundargarh]]
|2022
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
| [[Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar|Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
|2005
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
| [[Hi-Tech Medical College, Rourkela|Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Rourkela]]
|2012
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|2007
|[[Siksha 'O' Anusandhan]]
|Private
|-
|[[Ispat Post Graduate Institute and Super Specialty Hospital]]
|[[Rourkela]]
|2021
|[[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|2007
|[[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]]
|Private
|-
|[[Jajati Keshri Medical College and Hospital, Jajpur|Maharaja Jajati Keshri Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Jajpur]]
|2024
|[[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
| [[MKCG Medical College and Hospital|Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]]
|1962
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
| [[Pabitra Mohan Pradhan Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Talcher]]
| 2021
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Odisha]]
|-
| [[Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Baripada]]
|2017
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
|[[PGIMER and Capital Hospital, Bhubaneswar|PGIMER and Capital Hospital]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|1954
|[[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
| [[Saheed Laxman Nayak Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Koraput]]
|2017
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
| [[Government Medical College and Hospital, Bhawanipatna|Saheed Rendo Majhi Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Bhawanipatna]]
|2023
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
|[[Shri Jagannath Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Puri]]
|2021
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
|[[Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Cuttack]]
|1944
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
|[[Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]]
|[[Burla, India|Burla]]
|1959
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Odisha]]
|}

==Puducherry==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[Aarupadai Veedu Medical College]]
|[[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
|1999
|[[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation]]
|Private
|-
|Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute
|[[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
|2010
|[[Pondicherry University]]
|[[Government of Puducherry]]
|-
|[[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research]]
|[[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
|1823
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute|Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute]]
|[[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
|2002
|Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth
|Private
|-
|[[Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
|2000
|[[Pondicherry University]]
|Private
|-
|Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
|2006
|[[Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research]]
|Private
|-
|Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital
|[[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
|2006
|[[Pondicherry University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre]]
|[[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
|2007
|[[Pondicherry University]]
|Private
|-
|Vinayaka Missions Medical College
|[[Karaikal district|Karaikal]]
|1997
|[[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation]]
|Private
|}

==Punjab==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences & Research|Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]]
|[[Bathinda]]
|2006
|[[Adesh University]]
|Private
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Bathinda]]
|2019
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Christian Medical College, Ludhiana|Christian Medical College]]
|[[Ludhiana]]
|1894
|[[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Dayanand Medical College & Hospital|Dayanand Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Ludhiana]]
|1963
|[[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Mohali]]
|2021
|[[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]
|-
|Gian Sagar Medical College and Hospital
|[[Patiala]]
|2020
|[[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Amritsar|Government Medical College]]
|[[Amritsar]]
|1864
|[[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Patiala|Government Medical College]]
|[[Patiala]]
|1953
|[[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]
|-
|[[Guru Gobind Singh Medical College]]
|[[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]]
|1973
|[[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]
|-
|[[Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Jalandhar]]
|1999
|[[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
|[[Amritsar]]
|1997
|[[Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences, Sri Amritsar|Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|}

==Rajasthan==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Jodhpur]]
|2012
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|American International Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Udaipur]]
|2016
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Ananta Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
|[[Rajsamand]]
|2016
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College]]
|[[Jodhpur]]
|1965
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|Dr. S. S. Tantia Medical College Hospital and Research Centre
|[[Sri Ganganagar]]
|2021
|[[Tantia University]]
|Private
|-
|[[ESIC Medical College, Alwar|ESIC Medical College]]
|[[Alwar]]
|2021
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Geetanjali Medical College]]
|[[Udaipur]]
|2008
|Geetanjali University
|Private
|-
|[[Barmer Medical College|Government Medical College]]
|[[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]]
|2019
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Dungarpur Medical College|Government Medical College]]
|[[Dungarpur]]
|2018
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Hanumangarh]]
|2023
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Kota|Government Medical College]]
|[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
|1992
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Pali|Government Medical College]]
|[[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]
|2018
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Sawai Madhopur]]
|2024
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Sri Ganganagar Medical College|Government Medical College]]
|[[Sri Ganganagar]]
|2022
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|Jaipur National University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
|[[Jaipur]]
|2016
|[[Jaipur National University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Ajmer|Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College]]
|[[Ajmer]]
|1965
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar|Jhalawar Medical College]]
|[[Jhalawar]]
|2008
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|JIET Medical College and Hospital
|[[Jodhpur]]
|2024
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital
|[[Jaipur]]
|2001
|[[Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences & Technology]]
|Private
|-
|National Institute of Medical Science and Research
|[[Jaipur]]
|2004
|[[NIMS University]]
|Private
|-
|Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Udaipur]]
|2015
|[[Sai Tirupati University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Pacific Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur|Pacific Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Udaipur]]
|2014
|Pacific Medical University
|Private
|-
|[[Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Medical College, Churu|Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Medical College]]
|[[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]]
|2018
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Rabindranath Tagore Medical College]]
|[[Udaipur]]
|1961
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Rajmata Vijaya Raje Scindia Medical College, Bhilwara|Rajmata Vijaya Raje Scindia Medical College]]
|[[Bhilwara]]
|2018
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[RUHS College of Medical Sciences, Jaipur|RUHS College of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|2014
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner|Sardar Patel Medical College]]
|[[Bikaner]]
|1959
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Sawai Man Singh Medical College]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|1947
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|Sudha Medical College and Hospital
|[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
|2024
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Bharatpur Medical College|Shree Jagannath Pahadia Medical College]]
|[[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]
|2018
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Sikar Medical College|Shri Kalyan Government Medical College]]
|[[Sikar]]
|2020
|[[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|}

==Sikkim==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Gangtok]]
|2000
|[[Sikkim Manipal University]]
|Private
|}

==Tamil Nadu==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|ACS Medical College and Hospital
|[[Chennai]]
|2007
|Dr. M. G. R. Educational and Research Institute
|Private
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Madurai]]
|2021
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|Annapoorna Medical College and Hospital
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|2011
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Bhaarath Medical College and Hospital
|[[Chennai]]
|2020
|[[Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research]]
|Private
|-
|[[Chengalpattu Medical College]]
|[[Chengalpattu]]
|1965
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute
|[[Kelambakkam]]
|2005
|[[Chettinad Academy of Research and Education]]
|Private
|-
|[[Christian Medical College]]
|[[Vellore]]
|1900
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Coimbatore Medical College]]
|[[Coimbatore]]
|1966
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital
|[[Perambalur]]
|2011
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR
|[[Chennai]]
|2011
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|Government Ariyalur Medical College and Hospital
|[[Ariyalur]]
|2009
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Government Cuddalore Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Cuddalore]]
|1985
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Government Dharmapuri Medical College]]
|[[Dharmapuri]]
|2008
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Government Dindigul Medical College and Hospital
|[[Dindigul]]
|2021
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Government Erode Medical College]]
|[[Erode]]
|1992
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Government Kallakurichi Medical College and Hospital
|[[Kallakurichi]]
|2009
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Government Karur Medical College
|[[Karur]]
|2019
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Kilpauk Medical College|Government Kilpauk Medical College]]
|[[Chetput (Chennai)|Chetput]]
|1960
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Government Krishnagiri Medical College and Hospital
|[[Krishnagiri]]
|2008
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Government Medical College and ESIC Hospital
|[[Coimbatore]]
|2016
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Government Medical College and Hospital
|[[Triplicane]]
|2015
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College]]
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|1986
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Government Nagapattinam Medical College and Hospital
|[[Nagapattinam]]
|2008
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Government Namakkal Medical College and Hospital
|[[Namakkal]]
|2008
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Government Pudukkottai Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Pudukkottai]]
|2017
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Government Ramanathapuram Medical College and Hospital
|[[Ramanathapuram]]
|2008
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Government Sivagangai Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Sivagangai]]
|2012
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Government Thiruvarur Medical College and Hospital
|[[Thiruvarur]]
|2010
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Government Tiruppur Medical College and Hospital
|[[Tiruppur]]
|2008
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Government Tiruvallur Medical College and Hospital
|[[Tiruvallur]]
|2009
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Government Tiruvannamalai Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Tiruvannamalai]]
|2012
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Government Vellore Medical College]]
|[[Vellore]]
|2005
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Government Villupuram Medical College]]
|[[Villupuram]]
|2010
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Government Virudhunagar Medical College and Hospital
|[[Virudhunagar]]
|2008
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[K.A.P. Viswanatham Government Medical College]]
|[[Trichy, Tamil Nadu|Trichy]]
|1997
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Kanyakumari Government Medical College]]
|[[Kanyakumari]]
|2001
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
|[[Chengalpattu]]
|2009
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Karpagam Faculty of Medical Sciences and Research
|[[Coimbatore]]
|2012
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|KMCH Institute of Health Sciences and Research
|[[Coimbatore]]
|2019
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Madha Medical College and Hospital
|[[Chennai]]
|2011
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Madras Medical College]]
|[[Chennai]]
|1835
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Madurai Medical College]]
|[[Madurai]]
|1954
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute
|[[Kanchipuram]]
|2003
|[[Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research]]
|Private
|-
|Melmaruvathur Adiparasakthi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
|[[Kanchipuram]]
|2008
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Panimalar Medical College Hospital and Research Institute
|[[Chennai]]
|2020
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research]]
|[[Coimbatore]]
|1985
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Saveetha Medical College
|[[Thandalam, Chennai|Thandalam]]
|2005
|[[Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Shri Sathya Sai Medical College
|[[Nellikuppam]]
|2008
|Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth
|Private
|-
|Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital
|[[Chennai]]
|2004
|[[Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research]]
|Private
|-
|Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Kanyakumari]]
|2006
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Sri Muthukumaran Medical College
|[[Chennai]]
|2009
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute]]
|[[Chennai]]
|1985
|[[Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research]]
|Private
|-
|[[SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre]]
|[[Chennai]]
|1985
|[[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]]
|Private
|-
|[[Stanley Medical College]]
|[[Chennai]]
|1938
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Tagore Medical College and Hospital
|[[Chennai]]
|2010
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Thanjavur Medical College]]
|[[Thanjavur]]
|1958
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Theni Medical College]]
|[[Theni]]
|2004
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[The Nilgiris Government Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Ooty]]
|2008
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Thoothukudi Medical College]]
|[[Thoothukudi]]
|2001
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Tirunelveli Medical College]]
|[[Tirunelveli]]
|1965
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre
|[[Tiruchirapalli]]
|2008
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute
|[[Madurai]]
|2012
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Vels Medical College and Hospital
|[[Tiruvallur]]
|2021
|[[Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies]]
|Private
|-
|Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Medical College & Hospital
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|1995
|[[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation]]
|Private
|}

==Telangana==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Bibinagar]]
|2019
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|Arundathi Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Malkajgiri]]
|2023
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Ayaan Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|2018
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Bhaskar Medical College and General Hospital
|[[Moinabad, Ranga Reddy district|Moinabad]]
|2005
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Chalmeda Ananda Rao Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Karimnagar]]
|2003
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Deccan College of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1984
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|Dr. VRK Women's Medical College
|[[Hyderabad]]
|2010
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|ESIC Medical College
|[[Hyderabad]]
|2016
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|Father Colombo Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Warangal]]
|2023
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
| [[Gandhi Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Secunderabad]]
| 1954
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]]
|2023
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
|2021
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Jagtial]]
|2022
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
| Government Medical College
| [[Jangaon]]
| 2023
| [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Jayashankar Bhupalpally]]
|2023
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Karimnagar|Government Medical College]]
|[[Karimnagar]]
|2023
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Mahabubabad]]
|2022
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Mahbubnagar|Government Medical College]]
|[[Mahbubnagar]]
|2016
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Maheshwaram]]
|2024
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Mancherial]]
|2022
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
| Government Medical College
| [[Medak]]
| 2023
| [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Nalgonda]]
|2019
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
| Government Medical College
| [[Nirmal]]
| 2023
| [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Telangana]]
|-
| [[Government Medical College, Nizamabad|Government Medical College]]
| [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
| 2013
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
|2023
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Ramagundam]]
|2022
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Sangareddy|Government Medical College]]
|[[Sangareddy]]
|2022
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
| [[Government Medical College, Siddipet|Government Medical College]]
| [[Siddipet]]
| 2018
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Suryapet]]
|2019
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Quthbullapur]]
|2024
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
| Government Medical College
| [[Vikarabad]]
| 2023
| [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Telangana]]
|-
| Government Medical College
| [[Wanaparthy]]
| 2022
| [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Government Medical College
|[[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]
|2024
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|-
| [[Kakatiya Medical College]]
| [[Warangal]]
| 1959
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|[[Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Narketpally]]
|1999
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Maheshwara Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|2016
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
| [[Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| 2012
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| Malla Reddy Medical College For Women
| [[Hyderabad]]
| 2013
| [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| Mamata Academy of Medical Sciences
| [[Bachupally]]
| 2019
| [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[Mamata Medical College]]
| [[Khammam]]
| 1998
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Medchal]]
| 2002
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
|Neelima Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Malkajgiri]]
|2023
|[[Anurag University]]
|Private
|-
| [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| 1961
| Autonomous
| [[Government of Telangana]]
|-
| [[Osmania Medical College]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| 1846
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Telangana]]
|-
|Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Karimnagar]]
|2001
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Adilabad|Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Adilabad]]
| 2008
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of Telangana]]
|-
| [[Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| 2003
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
|SVS Medical College
|[[Mahabubnagar]]
|1999
|[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|}

==Tripura==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[Agartala Government Medical College]]
|[[Agartala]]
|2005
|[[Tripura University]]
|[[Government of Tripura]]
|-
|[[Tripura Medical College & Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Teaching Hospital]]
|[[Agartala]]
|2006
|[[Tripura University]]
|Private ([[Public-private partnership|PPP Model]])
|-
|[[Tripura Santiniketan Medical College]]
|[[Agartala]]
|2024
|[[Tripura University]]
|Private
|}

==Uttar Pradesh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|Ajay Sangaal Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
|[[Shamli]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|2019
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
|2019
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Amar Shaheed Jodha Singh Attaiya Thakur Dariyao Singh Medical College, Fatehpur|Amar Shaheed Jodha Singh Attaiya Thakur Dariyao Singh Medical College]]
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
|2021
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Autonomous State Medical College
|[[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Autonomous State Medical College
|[[Auraiya]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Autonomous State Medical College, Firozabad|Autonomous State Medical College]]
|[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
|2019
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Autonomous State Medical College
|[[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Autonomous State Medical College, Hardoi|Autonomous State Medical College]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|2021
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Autonomous State Medical College
|[[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Autonomous State Medical College
|[[Kushinagar]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Autonomous State Medical College
|[[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Autonomous State Medical College
|[[Pilibhit]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Pt. Ram Prasad Bismil Autonomous State Medical College, Shahjahanpur|Autonomous State Medical College and Allied Pt. Ram Prasad Bismil Hospital]]
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|2019
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Autonomous State Medical College
|[[Sonbhadra]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Autonomous State Medical College
|[[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Baba Kinaram Autonomous State Medical College
|[[Chandauli]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Baba Raghav Das Medical College]]
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|1972
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Career Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|2011
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar Government Medical College, Kannauj|Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar Government Medical College]]
|[[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
|2012
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Dr KNS Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences|Dr. KNS Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|2012
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|2006
|Autonomous
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Dr. Sone Lal Patel Autonomous State Medical College, Pratapgarh|Dr. Sone Lal Patel Autonomous State Medical College]]
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|2021
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Era's Lucknow Medical College]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|1997
|[[Era University]]
|Private
|-
|F. H. Medical College and Hospital
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|2014
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College]]
|[[Kanpur]]
|1955
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|GCRG Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Lucknow]]
|2008
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Glocal Medical College Super Speciality Hospital and Research Centre
|[[Saharanpur]]
|2016
|[[Glocal University]]
|Private
|-
|Government Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Greater Noida]]
|2019
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College and Super Facility Hospital, Azamgarh|Government Medical College and Super Facility Hospital]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|2013
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College Badaun, UP|Government Medical College]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|2019
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[G. S. Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Hapur district|Hapur]]
|2017
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Heritage Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
|2015
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki|Hind Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|2009
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Hind Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|2015
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University|Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
|1960
|[[Banaras Hindu University]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|2013
|[[Integral University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh|Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|1962
|[[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|Kalyan Singh Government Medical College
|[[Bulandshahr]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Kanti Devi Medical College Hospital and Research Centre
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|2015
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[King George's Medical University]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|1905
|Autonomous
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[KMC Medical College & Hospital]]
|[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private ([[Public–private partnership|PPP Model]])
|-
|[[Krishna Mohan Medical College and Hospital, Mathura|Krishna Mohan Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|2016
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|1966
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Maa Vindhyavasini Autonomous State Medical College]]
|[[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]
|2021
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Madhav Prasad Tripathi Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]]
|2021
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Mahamaya Rajkiya Allopathic Medical College]]
|[[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
|2011
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Maharaja Suhel Dev Autonomous State Medical College, Bahraich|Maharaja Suhel Dev Autonomous State Medical College]]
|[[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
|2019
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|1968
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Maharshi Devraha Baba Medical College, Deoria|Maharshi Devraha Baba Medical College]]
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|2021
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Maharshi Vashishtha Autonomous State Medical College, Basti|Maharshi Vashishtha Autonomous State Medical College]]
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
|2019
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Maharshi Vishwamitra Autonomous State Medical College]]
|[[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
|2021
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Mahatma Vidur Government Medical College Bijnor|Mahatma Vidur Autonomous State Medical College]]
|[[Bijnor]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Major S.D. Singh Medical College & Hospital]]
|[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
|2011
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Jalaun|Manyavar Kanshi Ram Ji Government Allopathic Medical College]]
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|2013
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Motilal Nehru Medical College]]
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|1961
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Muzaffarnagar Medical College]]
|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|2006
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Naraina Medical College and Research Centre
|[[Kanpur]]
|2021
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[National Capital Region Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|2018
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Subharti Medical College]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|1996
|[[Swami Vivekanand Subharti University]]
|Private
|-
|Noida International Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Noida]]
|2020
|Noida International University
|Private
|-
|Prasad Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|2016
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Rajarshi Dashrath Autonomous State Medical College, Ayodhya|Rajarshi Dasarath Autonomous State Medical College]]
|[[Ayodhya]]
|2019
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Rajshree Medical Research Institute
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|2014
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Rama Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre (Hapur)|Rama Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre]]
|[[Hapur district|Hapur]]
|2011
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Rama Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre
|[[Kanpur]]
|2008
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Rani Durgavati Medical College, Banda|Rani Durgavati Medical College]]
|[[Banda district, India|Banda]]
|2016
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|2006
|[[Bareilly International University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|1983
|Autonomous
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Santosh Medical College]]
|[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
|1996
|Santosh University
|Private
|-
|[[Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Hapur district|Hapur]]
|2008
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Saraswati Medical College]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|2016
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Sarojini Naidu Medical College]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|1854
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|School of Medical Sciences and Research
|[[Greater Noida]]
|2009
|[[Sharda University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|2015
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Shri Gorakshnath Medical College Hospital and Research Centre
|[[Gorakhpur]]
|2024
|[[Mahayogi Gorakhnath University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|2005
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|Shri Siddhi Vinayak Medical College
|[[Sambhal]]
|2024
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|SKS Hospital Medical College and Research Centre
|[[Mathura]]
|2023
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|T. S. Misra Medical College and Hospital
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|2016
|[[Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre]]
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|2008
|[[Teerthanker Mahaveer University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Uma Nath Singh Autonomous State Medical College]]
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|2021
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|United Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|2020
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Etawah district|Etawah]]
|2006
|Autonomous
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Varun Arjun Medical College]]
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|2016
|Varun Arjun University
|Private
|-
|[[Veerangana Avanti Bai Lodhi Autonomous State Medical College, Etah|Veerangana Avanti Bai Lodhi Autonomous State Medical College]]
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|2021
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
|[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Venkateshwara Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Gajraula]]
|2016
|[[Shri Venkateshwara University]]
|Private
|}

==Uttarakhand==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Rishikesh]]
|2012
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
|Gautam Buddha Chikitsa Mahavidyalaya
|[[Dehradun]]
|2022
|[[Ras Bihari Bose Subharti University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Government Doon Medical College]]
|[[Dehradun]]
|2016
|[[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University]]
|[[Government of Uttarakhand]]
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Haldwani|Government Medical College]]
|[[Haldwani]]
|2001
|[[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University]]
|[[Government of Uttarakhand]]
|-
|Graphic Era Institute of Medical Sciences
|[[Dehradun]]
|2024
|[[Graphic Era University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun|Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Dehradun]]
|1995
|[[Swami Rama Himalayan University]]
|Private
|-
|[[Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health Sciences|Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences]]
|[[Dehradun]]
|2006
|[[Shri Guru Ram Rai University]]
|Private
|-
|Soban Singh Jeena Government Institute of Medical Science and Research
|[[Almora]]
|2021
|[[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University]]
|[[Government of Uttarakhand]]
|-
|[[Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research]]
|[[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]]
|2008
|[[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University]]
|[[Government of Uttarakhand]]
|}

==West Bengal==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
!Name
!Location
!Established
!University
!Funding/ownership
|-
| [[All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1932
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of India]]
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|2019
|Autonomous
|[[Government of India]]
|-
| [[Bankura Sammilani Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Bankura]]
| 1956
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Barasat Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Barasat]]
| 2022
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Burdwan Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Purba Bardhaman]]
| 1969
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Calcutta National Medical College]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1948
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1914
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1950
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of India]]
|-
| [[College of Medicine and JNM Hospital]]
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| 2009
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital]]
| [[Kamarhati]]
| 2010
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Deben Mahata Government Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Purulia]]
|2020
|[[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Diamond Harbour Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Diamond Harbour]]
| 2019
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences|Dr. B. C. Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 2010
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| East West Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
| [[Burdwan]]
| 2024
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
| [[ESIC Medical College, Kolkata|ESIC Medical College]]
| [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]]
| 2013
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Gouri Devi Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital]]
|[[Durgapur]]
|2016
|[[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
| [[ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]]
| [[Haldia]]
| 2011
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
|[[Institute of Child Health, Kolkata|Institute of Child Health]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|1953
|[[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
| [[IPGMER and SSKM Hospital]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1957
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[IQ City Medical College]]
| [[Durgapur]]
| 2013
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital]]
| [[Budge Budge]]
| 2016
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital
| [[Sodepur]]
| 2025
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| Jakir Hossain Medical College and Research Institute
| [[Jangipur, Murshidabad|Jangipur]]
| 2024
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[Jalpaiguri Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Jalpaiguri]]
| 2022
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Jhargram Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Jhargram]]
| 2021
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[JIS School of Medical Science & Research]]
| [[Santragachi]]
| 2023
| [[JIS University]]
| Private
|-
| JMN Medical College and Hospital
| [[Chakdaha]]
| 2023
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[KPC Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 2006
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| Private ([[Public–private partnership|PPP Model]])
|-
|Krishnanagar Institute of Medical Science
|[[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]
|2024
|[[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
|-
|[[Maharaja Jitendra Narayan Medical College and Hospital]]
|[[Cooch Behar]]
|2018
|[[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Malda Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]]
| 2011
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1835
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Midnapore Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Midnapore]]
| 2004
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Murshidabad Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Berhampore]]
| 2012
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1873
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[North Bengal Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Siliguri]]
| 1968
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| PKG Medical College and Hospital
| [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]
| 2024
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[Prafulla Chandra Sen Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Arambagh]]
| 2022
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Raiganj Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Raiganj]]
| 2018
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Rampurhat Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Rampurhat]]
| 2018
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| Raniganj Institute of Medical Sciences
| [[Raniganj]]
| 2025
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1886
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Santiniketan Medical College]]
| [[Bolpur]]
| 2021
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| Private ([[Public–private partnership|PPP Model]])
|-
| [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Uluberia]]
| 2022
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Shri Ramkrishna Institute of Medical Sciences and Sanaka Hospital]]
| [[Durgapur]]
| 2019
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|-
| [[Tamralipto Government Medical College and Hospital]]
| [[Tamluk]]
| 2022
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Kolkata|Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1963
| [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
|}

==See also==
*[[List of deemed universities]]
*[[List of hospitals in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/college-and-course-search/ National Medical Commission - College and Course search tool]

{{Asia topic|List of medical schools in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medical Colleges In India}}
[[Category:Lists of medical colleges in India| ]]

Free content

2026-03-26T23:27:10Z

Rudra2020: minor edit

{{Short description|Free licensed works in any field}}
{{For|understanding how free content works on Bharatpedia|Bharatpedia:Free content|selfref=yes}}
{{redirect|Free use|the fetish|Free use fetish}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
[[File:Discussing Creative Commons licensing in Khmer.jpg|thumb|267x267px|The logo on the computer screen is a Creative Commons license, while the paper explains (in [[Khmer language|Khmer]]) that the image is open content.]]'''Free content''', '''libre content''', '''libre information''', or '''free information''' is any kind of [[creative work]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=About CC Licenses |url=https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/cclicenses/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Creative Commons |language=en-US}}</ref> such as a [[work of art]], a book,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-07 |title=What Is the Public Domain? |url=https://www.copyrightlaws.com/what-is-the-public-domain/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Copyrightlaws.com: Copyright courses and education in plain English |language=en-US}}</ref> a [[Free software|software program]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Opensource.com |title=What is open source? {{!}} Opensource.com |url=https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-source |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=opensource.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is open source? |url=https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/open-source/what-is-open-source |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=www.redhat.com |language=en}}</ref> or any other creative [[Media (communication)|content]] for which there are very minimal [[copyright]] and other legal limitations on usage, modification and distribution. These are works or expressions which can be freely studied, applied, copied and modified by anyone for any purpose.<ref>{{cite web |author=Möller |first1=Erik |author-link1=Erik Möller |last2=Hill |first2=Benjamin Mako |author-link2=Benjamin Mako Hill |last3=Klein |first3=S. J. |last4=Rindahl |first4=Finn |display-authors=1 |date=2008 |title=Definition of Free Cultural Works |url=http://freedomdefined.org/Definition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818135549/http://freedomdefined.org/Definition |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=2015-04-20 |publisher=freedomdefined.org |version=1.1}}</ref> Often this includes commercial purposes, as explicitly required by some definitions of free content<ref>{{Cite web |title=Licenses/NC - Definition of Free Cultural Works |url=https://freedomdefined.org/Licenses/NC |access-date=19 March 2026 |website=freedomdefined.org}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and implied by others{{Citation needed|reason=e.g. Open Source Initiative's "fields of endeavour"; the rest of this article (and my freedomdefined citation) suggests this is also the case outside of software, and such citations would be great|date=March 2026}}. Free content encompasses all works in the [[public domain]] and also those copyrighted works whose [[license]]s honor and uphold the definition of free cultural work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Library of Congress Free to Use and Reuse {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/free-to-use/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>

In most countries, the [[Berne Convention]] grants copyright holders control over their creations by default.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Authorship Collaborative - Berne Convention |url=https://case.edu/affil/sce/authorship-spring2004/berne.html |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=case.edu}}</ref> Therefore, copyrighted content must be explicitly declared free by the authors, which is usually accomplished by referencing or including licensing statements from within the work.<ref name="Ho">{{Cite web |last=Ho |first=Adrian |title=Library Guides: Open Access: Author Rights and Open Licensing |url=https://guides.lib.uchicago.edu/openaccess/authorrights |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=guides.lib.uchicago.edu |language=en}}</ref> The right to reuse such a work is granted by the authors in a license known as a [[free license]], a free distribution license, or an open license, depending on the rights assigned.<ref name="Ho" /> These freedoms given to users in the reuse of works (that is, the right to freely use, study, modify or distribute these works, possibly also for commercial purposes) are often associated with obligations (to cite the original author, to maintain the original license of the reused content) or restrictions (excluding commercial use, banning certain media) chosen by the author.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is a Free License (or Open License)? |url=https://help.songtrust.com/knowledge/what-is-a-free-license-or-open-license |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=help.songtrust.com |language=en}}</ref> There are a number of standardized licenses offering varied options that allow authors to choose the type of reuse of their work that they wish to authorize or forbid.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duke-Mosier |first=Phoebe |title=Guides: Copyright and Intellectual Property Toolkit: Creative Commons, Copyleft, and Other Licenses |url=https://pitt.libguides.com/copyright/licenses |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=pitt.libguides.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Definition ==
There are a number of different definitions of free content in regular use. Legally, however, free content is very similar to ''open content''. An analogy is a use of the rival terms free software and open-source, which describe ideological differences rather than legal ones.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html |title=Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software |last=Stallman |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Stallman |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]] |access-date=5 August 2016 |archive-date=4 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804231811/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Guibault |first1=Lucie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RW1P5XOp_NoC |title=Open Content Licensing: From Theory to Practice |last2=Angelopoulos |first2=Christina |date=2011 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8964-307-0 |page=111 |language=en}}</ref> The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://twobits.net/pub/Kelty-TwoBits.pdf |title=The Cultural Significance of Free Software – Two Bits |first=Christopher M. |last=Kelty |publisher=[[Duke University]] Press |location=Durham and London |year=2008 |page=99 |quote=Prior to 1998, Free Software referred either to the Free Software Foundation (and the watchful, micromanaging eye of Stallman) or to one of thousands of different commercial, avocational, or university-research projects, processes, licenses, and ideologies that had a variety of names: sourceware, freeware, shareware, open software, public domain software, and so on |access-date=5 August 2016 |archive-date=27 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827175442/http://twobits.net/pub/Kelty-TwoBits.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/open-source.html |title=Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source" |publisher=Catb.org |access-date=2012-10-25 |archive-date=2 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102094841/http://www.catb.org/~esr/open-source.html |url-status=live }}</ref> For instance, the [[Open Knowledge Foundation]]'s ''[[The Open Definition|Open Definition]]'' describes "open" as synonymous with the definition of ''free'' in the "Definition of Free Cultural Works" (as also in the [[The Open Source Definition|Open Source Definition]] and [[The Free Software Definition|Free Software Definition]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Free Software Foundation |author-link=Free Software Foundation |date=19 March 2026 |title=What is Free Software? |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2026 |website=GNU Operating System}}</ref> For such free/open content both movements recommend the same three [[Creative Commons license]]s, the CC BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0.<ref>[http://opendefinition.org/licenses/ licenses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301222106/http://opendefinition.org/licenses/ |date=1 March 2016 }} on opendefinition.com</ref><ref>[https://blog.creativecommons.org/2013/12/27/creative-commons-4-0-by-and-by-sa-licenses-approved-conformant-with-the-open-definition/ Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102501/https://blog.creativecommons.org/2013/12/27/creative-commons-4-0-by-and-by-sa-licenses-approved-conformant-with-the-open-definition/ |date=4 March 2016 }} by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (December 27th, 2013)</ref><ref>[https://blog.creativecommons.org/2014/10/07/open-definition-2-0-released/ Open Definition 2.0 released] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624194336/https://blog.creativecommons.org/2014/10/07/open-definition-2-0-released/ |date=24 June 2016 }} by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (October 7th, 2014)</ref><ref name="Costs and business models in scientific research publishing" />

==Legal background==
===Copyright===
{{Main|Copyright}}

[[File:Copyright.svg|thumb|100px|alt=©|class=skin-invert-image|Copyright symbol]]
Copyright is a legal concept, which gives the author or creator of a work legal control over the [[copying|duplication]] and public performance of their work.<ref name="www.copyright.gov">{{Cite web |title=What is Copyright? {{!}} U.S. Copyright Office |url=https://www.copyright.gov/what-is-copyright/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.copyright.gov}}</ref> In many jurisdictions, this is limited by a time period after which the works then enter the [[public domain]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kopel |first=Matthew |title=LibGuides: Copyright Services: Copyright Term and the Public Domain |url=https://guides.library.cornell.edu/copyright/publicdomain |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=guides.library.cornell.edu |language=en}}</ref> Copyright laws are a balance between the rights of creators of intellectual and artistic works and the rights of others to build upon those works.<ref name="www.copyright.gov" /> During the time period of copyright the author's work may only be copied, modified, or publicly performed with the consent of the author, unless the use is a [[fair use]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copyright Terms & Definitions |url=https://copyrightsociety.org/copyright-terms-definitions/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=The Copyright Society |language=en-US}}</ref> Traditional copyright control limits the use of the work of the author to those who either pay royalties to the author for usage of the author's content or limit their use to fair use. Secondly, it limits the use of content whose author cannot be found.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.copyright.gov/orphan/ |title=The Importance of Orphan Works Legislation |access-date=13 June 2011 |archive-date=5 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105223004/http://www.copyright.gov/orphan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Finally, it creates a perceived barrier between authors by limiting derivative works, such as [[Mashup (music)|mashup]]s and collaborative content.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Fair use and copyright protection: a price theory explanation |journal=International Review of Law and Economics|author=Ben Depoorter|author2= Francesco Parisi|doi=10.1016/S0144-8188(01)00071-0 |year=2002 |volume=21|issue=4|page=453|citeseerx = 10.1.1.196.423 | issn = 0144-8188 }}</ref> Although open content has been described as a counterbalance to [[copyright]], open content licenses rely on a copyright holder's power to license their work, as [[copyleft]] which also utilizes copyright for such a purpose.<ref>{{cite web |last=Liang |first=Lawrence |date=2007 |title=Free/Open Source Software Open Content |url=http://www.apdip.net/publications/fosseprimers/foss-opencontent-nocover.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322210600/http://www.apdip.net/publications/fosseprimers/foss-opencontent-nocover.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=23 June 2012 |work=Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme: e-Primers on Free/Open Source Software |publisher=United Nations Development Programme – Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme}}</ref>

=== Public domain ===
{{Main|Public domain}}

[[File:PD-icon.svg|thumb|100px|Public domain symbol]]

The public domain is a range of creative works whose [[copyright]] has expired or was never established, as well as ideas and facts{{NoteTag|The copyright status of uncreative aggregates of basic data may differ by region—for the US see ''[[Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service]]''; for [[Australia]], see ''[[Telstra v Desktop Marketing Systems]]''.}} which are ineligible for copyright. A public domain work is a work whose author has either relinquished to the public or no longer can claim control over, the distribution and usage of the work. As such, any person may manipulate, distribute, or otherwise use the work, without legal ramifications. A work in the public domain or released under a [[Permissive software license|permissive license]] may be referred to as "copycenter".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/C/copycenter.html |title = Copycenter |last = Raymond |first = Eric S. |author-link = Eric S. Raymond |publisher = The [[Jargon File]] |access-date = August 9, 2008 |archive-date = 16 September 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100916212018/http://catb.org/jargon/html/C/copycenter.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

===Copyleft===
{{main|Copyleft}}

[[File:Copyleft.svg|thumb|100px|alt={{not a typo|🄯}}, a backwards letter "c" in a circle|class=skin-invert-image|Copyleft symbol]]

''Copyleft'' is a play on the word ''copyright'' and describes the practice of using copyright law to remove restrictions on distributing copies and modified versions of a work.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Open source and copyleft. Authorship reconsidered?|author=Dusollier, S|journal=Columbia Journal of Law and the Arts|year=2003|volume=26|issue=296}}</ref> The aim of copyleft is to use the legal framework of copyright to enable non-author parties to be able to reuse and, in many licensing schemes, modify content that is created by an author. Unlike works in the public domain, the author still maintains copyright over the material, however, the author has granted a non-exclusive license to any person to distribute, and often modify, the work. Copyleft licenses require that any [[derivative work]]s be distributed under the same terms and that the original copyright notices be maintained. A symbol commonly associated with copyleft is a reversal of the [[copyright symbol]], facing the other way; the opening of the C points left rather than right. Unlike the copyright symbol, the copyleft symbol does not have a codified meaning.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hall |first=G. Brent |year=2008 |publisher=Springer |title=Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZNuu8XODQMC&q=copyleft+symbol+legal+meaning&pg=PA29 |isbn=978-3-540-74830-4 |access-date=March 22, 2009 |bibcode=2008osas.book.....H |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321011206/https://books.google.com/books?id=JZNuu8XODQMC&q=copyleft+symbol+legal+meaning&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Usage==
Projects that provide free content exist in several areas of interest, such as software, academic literature, general literature, music, images, video, and [[engineering]]. Technology has reduced the cost of publication and reduced the entry barrier sufficiently to allow for the production of widely disseminated materials by individuals or small groups. Projects to provide free literature and multimedia content have become increasingly prominent owing to the ease of dissemination of materials that are associated with the development of computer technology. Such dissemination may have been too costly prior to these technological developments.

===Media===
[[File:Cc.logo.circle.svg|thumb|100px|class=skin-invert-image|alt=Circled "cc"|Creative Commons logo]]

In media, which includes textual, audio, and visual content, free licensing schemes such as some of the licenses made by [[Creative Commons]] have allowed for the dissemination of works under a clear set of legal permissions.<ref name="Open Newswire-2021">{{cite web |title=What do all the licences mean? Decoding Creative Commons |url=https://www.opennewswire.org/2021/12/01/what-do-all-the-licences-mean-decoding-creative-commons/ |website=Open Newswire |access-date=13 November 2025 |date=1 December 2021}}</ref> Not all Creative Commons licenses are entirely free; their permissions may range from very liberal general redistribution and modification of the work to a more restrictive redistribution-only licensing. Since February 2008, Creative Commons licenses which are entirely free carry a badge indicating that they are "approved for free cultural works".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8051 |title=Approved for Free Cultural Works |access-date=March 22, 2009 |last=Linksvayer |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Linksvayer |date=February 20, 2008 |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117080649/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8051 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Digital library|Repositories]] exist which exclusively feature free material and provide content such as photographs, [[clip art]], music,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://irate.sourceforge.net/ |title=iRate Radio |access-date=March 22, 2009 |publisher=[[SourceForge.net]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228222010/http://irate.sourceforge.net/ |archive-date=February 28, 2009 }}</ref> literature<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gutenberg:No_Cost_or_Freedom%3F |title=Gutenberg:No Cost or Freedom? |access-date=March 22, 2009 |date=April 23, 2007 |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]] |archive-date=19 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119110413/http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gutenberg:No_Cost_or_Freedom |url-status=dead }}</ref> and news articles.<ref name="Open Newswire-2021"/> While extensive reuse of free content from one website in another website is legal, it is usually not sensible because of the [[duplicate content]] problem. [[Bharatpedia]] is amongst the most well-known databases of user-uploaded free content on the web. While the vast majority of content on Bharatpedia is free content, some copyrighted material is hosted under [[Bharatpedia:Non-free content criteria|fair-use criteria]].

===Software===
{{main|Free and open-source software}}

[[File:Open Source Initiative.svg|thumb|right|100px|OSI logo]]

[[Free and open-source software]], which is often referred to as [[open source software]] and [[free software]], is a maturing technology with companies using them to provide services and technology to both end-users and technical consumers. The ease of dissemination increases modularity, which allows for smaller groups to contribute to projects as well as simplifying collaboration. Some claim that open source development models offer similar peer-recognition and collaborative benefit incentive as in more classical fields such as scientific research, with the social structures that result leading to decreased production costs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.valt.helsinki.fi/staff/herkia/kava/Seminnarit/MI_mustonen.pdf |title=Copyleft – the economics of Linux and other open-source software |access-date=March 22, 2009 |version=Discussion Paper No. 493 |last=Mustonen |first=Mikko |publisher=Department of Economics, [[University of Helsinki]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324205456/http://www.valt.helsinki.fi/staff/herkia/kava/Seminnarit/MI_mustonen.pdf |archive-date=March 24, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:FSF-Logo part.svg|thumb|left|100px|[[Free Software Foundation]] logo]]

Given sufficient interest in a software component, by using [[peer-to-peer]] distribution methods, distribution costs may be reduced, easing the burden of infrastructure maintenance on developers. As distribution is simultaneously provided by consumers, these software distribution models are scalable; that is, the method is feasible regardless of the number of consumers. In some cases, free software vendors may use peer-to-peer technology as a method of dissemination.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/28/33/44/PDF/RR-6519.pdf |title=The Practice of Free and Open Source Software Processes |access-date=March 22, 2009 |volume=6519 |issue=April 2008 |date=May 29, 2008 |version=inria-00274193, version 2 |author1=Pawlak, Michel |author2=Bryce, Ciarán |author3=Laurière, Stéphane |journal=Rapport de Recherche |issn=0249-6399 |archive-date=27 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427051621/http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/28/33/44/PDF/RR-6519.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Project hosting and code distribution is not a problem for most free projects as [[Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities|a number of providers]] offer these services free of charge.

===Engineering and technology===
{{Main|Open-source hardware|Open-design movement}}

[[File:Open Source Hardware Association logo.svg|thumb|122x122px|Logo of the [[Open Source Hardware Association]]]]
Free content principles have been translated into fields such as engineering, where designs and engineering knowledge can be readily shared and duplicated, in order to reduce overheads associated with project development. [[Open-design movement|Open design]] principles can be applied in engineering and technological applications, with projects in [[mobile telephony]], small-scale manufacture,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestandard.com/news/2008/03/04/reprap-open-source-3d-printer-masses |title=RepRap: An open-source 3D printer for the masses |access-date=March 22, 2009 |last=Hendry |first=Andrew |date=March 4, 2008 |work=[[Computerworld]] Australia |publisher=[[The Industry Standard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516174041/http://www.thestandard.com/news/2008/03/04/reprap-open-source-3d-printer-masses |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the automotive industry,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heise.de/tr/Das-offenste-aller-Autos--/artikel/68663/ |title=The most open of all cars |access-date=March 22, 2009 |last=Honsig |first=Markus |date=January 25, 2006 |work=[[Technology Review]] |publisher=[[Heinz Heise]] |language=de |archive-date=6 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406094013/http://www.heise.de/tr/Das-offenste-aller-Autos--/artikel/68663 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/drive/australian-drive-for-green-commuter-cars-20100613-y64q.html|title=Australian drive for green commuter cars|date=14 June 2010|work=The Sydney Morning Herald |location=Sydney |access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref> and even agricultural areas. Technologies such as distributed manufacturing can allow [[computer-aided manufacturing]] and [[computer-aided design]] techniques to be able to develop small-scale production of components for the development of new, or repair of existing, devices. Rapid fabrication technologies underpin these developments, which allow end-users of technology to be able to construct devices from pre-existing blueprints, using software and manufacturing hardware to convert information into physical objects.

=== Academia ===
{{Main|Open access}}

In academic work, the majority of works are not free, although the percentage of works that are open access is growing. [[Open access]] refers to online [[research]] outputs that are free of all restrictions to access and free of many restrictions on use (e.g. certain copyright and license restrictions).<ref>Suber, Peter. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm "Open Access Overview"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519103647/http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm |date=19 May 2007 }}. Earlham.edu. Retrieved on 2011-12-03</ref> Authors may see open access publishing as a way of expanding the audience that is able to access their work to allow for greater impact, or support it for ideological reasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Open access self-archiving: An author study |url=http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10999/1/jisc2.pdf |author1=Alma Swan |author2=Sheridan Brown |date=May 2005 |publisher=Key Perspectives Limited |access-date=26 July 2010 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208075752/http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10999/1/jisc2.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue37/andrew/ |title=Trends in Self-Posting of Research Material Online by Academic Staff |access-date=March 22, 2009 |last=Andrew |first=Theo |date=October 30, 2003 |journal=Ariadne |issue=37 |issn=1361-3200 |archive-date=20 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120085435/http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue37/andrew/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Open access publishers such as [[PLOS]] and [[BioMed Central]] provide capacity for review and publishing of free works; such publications are currently more common in science than humanities. Various funding institutions and governing research bodies have [[Open-access mandate|mandated]] that academics must produce their works to be open-access, in order to qualify for funding, such as the US [[National Institutes of Health]], [[Research Councils UK]] (effective 2016) and the [[European Union]] (effective 2020).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not-od-05-022.html |title=Policy on Enhancing Public Access to Archived Publications Resulting from NIH-Funded Research |access-date=July 12, 2009 |archive-date=24 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124172916/http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-05-022.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/documents/documents/rcukopenaccesspolicy-pdf/|title=Open access - RCUK Policy and revised guidance |access-date=13 July 2016|archive-date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321210136/http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/documents/documents/rcukopenaccesspolicy-pdf/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-9526-2016-INIT/en/pdf |title=Outcome of Proceedings, 9526/16 RECH 208 TELECOM 100, The transition towards an Open Science System |access-date=13 July 2016 |archive-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705030914/http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-9526-2016-INIT/en/pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Open Access logo PLoS white.svg|thumb|right|150x150px|Open access symbol, originally designed by {{Abbr|PLOS|Public Library of Science}}]]
At an institutional level, some universities, such as the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], have adopted open access publishing by default by introducing their own mandates.<ref>{{cite web |title=MIT faculty open access to their scholarly articles |date=20 March 2009 |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/open-access-0320.html |publisher=MIT |access-date=22 November 2010 |archive-date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130034227/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/open-access-0320.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some mandates may permit delayed publication and may charge researchers for open access publishing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mic.sgmjournals.org/misc/self_archiving.dtl |title=Policy of the Society for General Microbiology towards author self-archiving on PubMed Central and institutional and other repositories |access-date=April 10, 2009 |archive-date=26 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526165338/http://mic.sgmjournals.org/misc/self_archiving.dtl |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/authorresources/onlineopen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427021045/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/authorresources/onlineopen.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 27, 2011 |title=OnlineOpen |access-date=April 10, 2009}}</ref> For teaching purposes, some universities, including {{Abbr|MIT|Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}, provide freely available course content, such as lecture notes, video resources and tutorials. This content is distributed via Internet to the general public. Publication of such resources may be either by a formal institution-wide program,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/about/about/index.htm|title=About OpenCourseWare|access-date=April 10, 2009 |archive-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422191254/http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/about/about/index.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> or informally, by individual academics or departments.

[[Open Content License|Open content]] publication has been seen as a method of reducing costs associated with information retrieval in research, as universities typically pay to subscribe for access to content that is published through traditional means.<ref name="Costs and business models in scientific research publishing">{{cite web |title=Costs and business models in scientific research publishing: A report commissioned by the Wellcome Trust |url=http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/stellent/groups/corporatesite/@policy_communications/documents/web_document/wtd003184.pdf |access-date=May 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219145134/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/stellent/groups/corporatesite/@policy_communications/documents/web_document/wtd003184.pdf |archive-date=February 19, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ams.org/membership/journal-survey.html|title=AMS Journal price survey |access-date=May 23, 2009 |archive-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328142756/http://www.ams.org/membership/journal-survey.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Subscriptions for non-free content journals may be expensive for universities to purchase, though the articles are written and peer-reviewed by academics themselves at no cost to the publisher. This has led to disputes between publishers and some universities over subscription costs, such as the one that occurred between the [[Nature Publishing Group#Access and pricing|University of California and the Nature Publishing Group]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Response from the University of California to the Public statement from Nature Publishing Group regarding subscription renewals at the California Digital Library |date=June 10, 2010 |url=http://osc.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/UC_Response_to_Nature_Publishing_Group.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626082706/http://osc.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/UC_Response_to_Nature_Publishing_Group.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1013152.ece |title=Boycott 'greedy' journal publishers, say scientists |location=London |work=The Times |first=Nigel |last=Hawkes |date=November 10, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429061407/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1013152.ece |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 13, 2015}}</ref>

=== Education ===
[[File:Global Open Educational Resources Logo.svg|thumb|100px|[[UNESCO|Unesco's]] Open Educational Resources logo]]{{Main|Open educational resources|Open textbook}}

Free and open content has been used to develop alternative routes towards higher education. Open content is a free way of obtaining higher education that is "focused on collective knowledge and the sharing and reuse of learning and scholarly content."<ref>{{cite web |last=NMC |year=2012 |title=One Year or Less: Open Content |url=http://wp.nmc.org/horizon2010/chapters/open-content/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316120303/http://wp.nmc.org/horizon2010/chapters/open-content/ |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=18 April 2012 |work=2010 Horizon Report |df=dmy-all}}</ref> There are multiple projects and organizations that promote learning through open content, including [[OpenCourseWare]] and [[Khan Academy]]. Some universities, like [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[Yale University|Yale]], and [[Tufts University|Tufts]] are making their courses freely available on the internet.<ref>{{cite web |last=Admin |year=2012 |title=Open.edu: Top 50 University Open Courseware Collections |url=http://onlineuniversityrankings2010.com/2010/open-edu-top-50-university-open-courseware-collections/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008175404/http://onlineuniversityrankings2010.com/2010/open-edu-top-50-university-open-courseware-collections/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=18 April 2012 |work=DIY Learning}}</ref>

There are also a number of organizations promoting the creation of openly licensed textbooks such as the [[University of Minnesota system|University of Minnesota's]] Open Textbook Library, [[OpenStax CNX|Connexions]], [[OpenStax|OpenStax College]], the Saylor Academy, Open Textbook Challenge, and [[Wikibooks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aaup.org/academe/issues/99-3/open-textbook-publishing |title=Open Textbook Publishing |first=Joe |last=Moxley |date=2013 |publisher=American Association of University Professors |access-date=16 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Legislation ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
Any country has its own law and legal system, sustained by its legislation, which consists of documents. In a [[Rule of law|democratic country]], laws are published as open content, in principle free content; but in general, there are no explicit licenses attributed for the text of each law, so the license must be assumed as an ''[[implied license]]''. Only a few countries have explicit licenses in their law-documents, as the UK's [[Open Government Licence]] (a {{Abbr|CC BY|Creative Commons' license requiring attribution}} compatible license). In the other countries, the ''implied license'' comes from its proper rules (general laws and rules about copyright in government works). The automatic protection provided by the [[Berne Convention]] does not apply to the texts of laws: Article 2.4 excludes the official texts from the automatic protection. It is also possible to "inherit" the license from context. The set of country's law-documents is made available through national repositories. Examples of law-document open repositories: [[LexML Brasil|LexML Brazil]], [[Legislation.gov.uk]], and [[EUR-Lex#N-Lex|N-Lex]]. In general, a law-document is offered in more than one (open) official version, but the main one is that published by a [[government gazette]]. So, law-documents can eventually inherit license expressed by the repository or by the gazette that contains it.

== History ==
{{Update|part=section|date=July 2024|reason=The Open Content Project was replaced by Creative Commons over 10 years ago}}

=== Origins and Open Content Project ===
The [[concept]] of applying free software licenses to content was introduced by Michael Stutz, who in 1997 wrote the paper "Applying Copyleft to Non-Software Information" for the [[GNU Project]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stutz |first1=Michael |title=Applying Copyleft To Non-Software Information |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/nonsoftware-copyleft.en.html |website=www.gnu.org |publisher=Free Software Foundation |access-date=20 March 2024 |date=1997}}</ref> The term "open content" was coined by [[David A. Wiley]] in 1998 and evangelized via the [[Open Content Project]], describing works licensed under the [[Open Content License]] (a non-free share-alike license, see 'Free content' below) and other works licensed under similar terms.<ref name="Wiley-1998">{{cite web |last=Wiley |first=David |year=1998 |title=Open Content |url=http://www.opencontent.org/home.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990128224600/http://www.opencontent.org/home.shtml |archive-date=28 January 1999 |access-date=17 April 2012 |work=OpenContent.org}}</ref>

The website of the [[Open Content Project]] once defined open content as 'freely available for modification, use and redistribution under a license similar to those used by the open-source / free software community'.<ref name="Wiley-1998" /> However, such a definition would exclude the Open Content License because that license forbids charging for content; a right required by free and open-source software licenses.{{citation needed|reason=The FOSS licences require a right to charge a fee for creating or delivering a copy, not a right to charge for the content itself|date=March 2015}}

=== 5Rs definition ===
[[File:Open content norm.svg|thumb|Open Content Project logo, 1998]]
It has since come to describe a broader class of content without conventional copyright restrictions. The [[openness]] of content can be assessed under the '5Rs Framework' based on the extent to which it can be retained, reused, revised, remixed and redistributed by members of the public without violating copyright law.<ref name="Wiley">{{cite web| last = Wiley| first = David| title = Open Content| work = OpenContent.org| access-date = 18 November 2011| url = http://opencontent.org/definition/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120623015056/http://opencontent.org/definition/| archive-date = 23 June 2012| url-status = live}}</ref> Unlike free content and content under [[open-source license]]s, there is no clear threshold that a work must reach to qualify as 'open content'.

The 5Rs are put forward on the Open Content Project website as a framework for assessing the extent to which content is open:

<blockquote>
# Retain – the right to make, own, and control copies of the content (e.g., download, duplicate, store, and manage)
# Reuse – the right to use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g., in a class, in a study group, on a website, in a video)
# Revise – the right to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself (e.g., translate the content into another language)
# Remix – the right to combine the original or revised content with other open content to create something new (e.g., incorporate the content into a mashup)
# Redistribute – the right to share copies of the original content, your revisions, or your remixes with others (e.g., give a copy of the content to a friend)<ref name="Wiley" /></blockquote>

This broader definition distinguishes open content from open-source software, since the latter must be available for commercial use by the public. However, it is similar to several definitions for open educational resources, which include resources under noncommercial and verbatim licenses.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Atkins |first=Daniel E. |author2=John Seely Brown |author3=Allen L. Hammond |date=February 2007 |title=A Review of the Open Educational Resources (OER) Movement: Achievements, Challenges, and New Opportunities |url=http://www.hewlett.org/uploads/files/Hewlett_OER_report.pdf |location=Menlo Park, CA |publisher=The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation |page=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309133727/http://www.hewlett.org/uploads/files/Hewlett_OER_report.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2012 |access-date=3 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last=Geser |first=Guntram |date=January 2007 |title=Open Educational Practices and Resources. OLCOS Roadmap 2012 |url=http://www.olcos.org/english/roadmap/download/index.htm |publisher=[[Salzburg Research]], EduMedia Group |page=20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604074719/http://www.olcos.org/english/roadmap/download/index.htm |archive-date=4 June 2010 |access-date=6 November 2010 |place=Salzburg, Austria |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Successor projects ===
In 2003, David Wiley announced that the Open Content Project had been succeeded by Creative Commons and their licenses; Wiley joined as "Director of Educational Licenses".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030802222546/http://opencontent.org/ OpenContent is officially closed. And that's just fine.] on opencontent.org (30 June 2003, archived)</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Creative Commons Welcomes David Wiley as Educational Use License Project Lead |url=https://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/3733 |website=creativecommons.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030806102812/http://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/3733 |archive-date=6 August 2003 |date=23 June 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2005, the Open Icecat project was launched, in which product information for e-commerce applications was created and published under the Open Content License. It was embraced by the tech sector, which was already quite [[open source]] minded.

In 2006, a Creative Commons' successor project, the ''Definition of Free Cultural Works'', was introduced for free content.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=Definition&action=history |title=Revision history of "Definition" – Definition of Free Cultural Works |publisher=Freedomdefined.org |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102181729/http://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=Definition&action=history |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was put forth by [[Erik Möller]], [[Richard Stallman]], [[Lawrence Lessig]], [[Benjamin Mako Hill]], Angela Beesley, and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freedomdefined.org/History |title=History – Definition of Free Cultural Works |publisher=Freedomdefined.org |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030190858/http://freedomdefined.org/History |archive-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Definition of Free Cultural Works'' is used by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy |title=Resolution:Licensing policy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113195859/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy |archive-date=13 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, the Attribution and Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons licenses were marked as "Approved for Free Cultural Works".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8051 |title=Approved for Free Cultural Works |publisher=Creative Commons |date=24 July 2009 |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625015200/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8051 |archive-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Open Knowledge Foundation ====
[[File:OK LOGO COLOUR RGB.svg|thumb|left|200px|Open Knowledge Foundation logo]]
Another successor project is the [[Open Knowledge Foundation]], founded by [[Rufus Pollock]] in [[Cambridge]], in 2004<ref>{{cite web|url = http://blog.okfn.org/2004/05/24/open-knowledge-foundation-launched/|title = Open Knowledge Foundation launched|work = Open Knowledge Foundation Weblog|date = 24 May 2004|access-date = 25 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111001095231/http://blog.okfn.org/2004/05/24/open-knowledge-foundation-launched/|archive-date = 1 October 2011|url-status = live}}</ref> as a global non-profit network to promote and share open content and data.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.timdavies.org.uk/2014/04/12/data-information-knowledge-and-power-exploring-open-knowledges-new-core-purpose/|title = Data, information, knowledge and power – exploring Open Knowledge's new core purpose|first = Tim|last = Davies|date = 12 April 2014|work = Tim's Blog|access-date = 25 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170629081942/http://www.timdavies.org.uk/2014/04/12/data-information-knowledge-and-power-exploring-open-knowledges-new-core-purpose/|archive-date = 29 June 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2007 the {{Abbr|OKF|Open Knowledge Foundation}} gave an ''Open Knowledge Definition'' for "content such as music, films, books; data be it scientific, historical, geographic or otherwise; government and other administrative information".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070818100846/http://www.opendefinition.org/1.0 version 1.0] on opendefinition.org (archived 2007)</ref> In October 2014 with version 2.0 ''Open Works'' and ''Open Licenses'' were defined and "open" is described as synonymous to the definitions of open/free in the Open Source Definition, the Free Software Definition, and the Definition of Free Cultural Works.<ref>[http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/ Open Definition 2.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127074917/http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/ |date=27 January 2017 }} on opendefinition.org</ref>

A distinct difference is the focus given to the public domain, [[open access]], and readable [[open format]]s. OKF recommends six conformant licenses: three of OKN's (Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and Licence, Open Data Commons Attribution License, Open Data Commons [[Open Database License]]) and the {{Abbr|CC BY|Creative Commons attribution license}}, {{Abbr|CC BY-SA|Creative Commons attribution share-alike license}}, and {{Abbr|CC0|Creative Commons public domain dedication}} Creative Commons licenses.<ref>[http://opendefinition.org/licenses/ licenses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301222106/http://opendefinition.org/licenses/ |date=1 March 2016 }} on opendefintion.com</ref><ref>[https://blog.creativecommons.org/2013/12/27/creative-commons-4-0-by-and-by-sa-licenses-approved-conformant-with-the-open-definition/ Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102501/https://blog.creativecommons.org/2013/12/27/creative-commons-4-0-by-and-by-sa-licenses-approved-conformant-with-the-open-definition/ |date=4 March 2016 }} by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (27 December 2013)</ref><ref>[https://blog.creativecommons.org/2014/10/07/open-definition-2-0-released/ Open Definition 2.0 released] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095927/https://blog.creativecommons.org/2014/10/07/open-definition-2-0-released/ |date=4 March 2016 }} by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.rog (7 October 2014)</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software
}}
* [[Comparison of free and open-source software licenses]]
* [[Creative Commons license]] and [[List of free-content licenses]]
* [[Digital rights]]
* [[Open source]]
* [[Free education]]
* [[Free software movement]]
* [[Freedom of information]]
* [[Information wants to be free]]
* [[Open publishing]]
* [[Open-source hardware]]
* [[Project Gutenberg]] ''[Knowledge for free – The Emergence of Open Educational Resources]''. 2007, {{ISBN|92-64-03174-X}}.

== Explanatory notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author1=D. Atkins |author2=J. S. Brown |author3=A. L. Hammond |title= A Review of the Open Educational Resources (OER) Movement: Achievements, Challenges, and New Opportunities. |publisher=Report to The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation |date =February 2007|url=http://cohesion.rice.edu/Conferences/Hewlett/emplibrary/A%20Review%20of%20the%20Open%20Educational%20Resources%20(OER)%20Movement_BlogLink.pdf }}
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): ''[http://oberon.sourceoecd.org/vl=1280635/cl=16/nw=1/rpsv/ij/oecdthemes/99980029/v2007n3/s1/p1l Giving Know]'' ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707125154/http://oberon.sourceoecd.org/vl=1280635/cl=16/nw=1/rpsv/ij/oecdthemes/99980029/v2007n3/s1/p1l |date=7 July 2017 }})

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Intellectual property activism}}
{{Open navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Free Content}}
[[Category:Digital art]]
[[Category:Free content| ]]
[[Category:Free culture movement|Content]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software|Content]]
[[Category:Open content|*]]

Raj

2026-03-25T11:18:49Z

Rudra2020: new

{{Wiktionary}}
'''Raj''' or '''RAJ''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

== Indian history ==
{{see also|Indian Raj (disambiguation)}}
* [[British Raj]], the British rule in India from 1858 to 1947 (the territory sometimes being informally called the Indian Empire)
* [[Company Raj]], the British East India Company rule in the Indian subcontinent
* [[Licence Raj]] or Permit Raj, the Indian system of elaborate licences and permits, regulations and accompanying red tape
* [[Mafia Raj]] (also Goonda Raj or Jungle Raj), where public property and funds are controlled by a criminalised nexus of politicians and business interests

== Places ==
* [[Ráj]], a village in the Czech Republic
* [[Raj, Masovian Voivodeship]], Poland
* [[Raj, Pomeranian Voivodeship]], Poland
* [[Raj, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship]], Poland
* [[Brazii]] ({{langx|hu|Raj|link=no}}), Arad County, Romania
* [[Rajasthan]], a state of India

== People ==
* [[Raj (name)]], including a list of people and fictional characters with the name
** [[Thotakura Somaraju]] or Raj ({{circa|1954}}–2003), one-half of the Indian musical duo Raj–Koti

== Other uses ==
* [[Raj Comics]], Indian comic book publisher
* [[Raj TV]], a Tamil channel in Chennai, India
* [[Raj Engineering College]], Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
* [[Rajasthani language]]
* [[Rajkot Airport]], Gujarat, India
* [[Rajpipla railway station]], Narmada district, Gujarat, India
* [[Russian State University of Justice]], formerly known as the Russian Academy of Justice (RAJ)
* ''Raj'', a program by Polish composer [[Przemysław Gintrowski]]

==See also==
* {{intitle|Raj}}
*[[Raja (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation|geo}}

M. Rashiduzzaman Millat

2026-03-24T14:39:32Z

Rudra2020: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Rashiduzzaman Millat
| native_name = এম. রশিদুজ্জামান মিল্লাত
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = 2026-03-24 M Rashiduzzaman Millat, Dhaka (cropped).jpg
| caption = Millat in 2026
| office = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism|Minister of State for Civil Aviation and Tourism]]
| term_start = 17 February 2026
| primeminister = [[Tarique Rahman]]
| predecessor = [[Md. Mahbub Ali]]

| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency1 = [[Jamalpur-1]]
| term_start1=17 February 2026
| predecessor1 = [[Nur Mohammad (Jamalpur politician)|Nur Mohammad]]
| constituency2 = [[Jamalpur-1]]
| term_start2 = 28 October 2001
| term_end2 = 27 October 2006
| predecessor2 = [[Abul Kalam Azad (politician, born 1939)|Abul Kalam Azad]]
| successor2 = Abul Kalam Azad

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|01|14|df=y}}
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| spouse = Mabia Suraiya
| children = Sayed Bin Jaman Sourav
}}

'''M. Rashiduzzaman Millat''' (born 14 January 1961)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gov.bd/members/list-of-members?view=current&searchBy=constituency&page=1&search=Jamalpur-1|title=Member details|publisher=Bangladesh Parliament|accessdate=2026-02-25}}</ref> is a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician and the incumbent [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Jamalpur-1]] constituency ([[Dewanganj Upazila|Dewanganj]]–[[Baksiganj Upazila|Baksiganj]]). He is the incumbent [[Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism|state minister of civil aviation and tourism]] since February 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gazette notification on allocation of portfolios to ministers, state ministers |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/government/nlsgfo6hl9 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=18 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Millat was first elected to [[Jatiya Sangsad]] representing [[Jamalpur-1]] as a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] candidate in October 2001.<ref name="votemonitor">{{cite web |url=http://votemonitor.net:80/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=141 |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |author= |date= |website=Vote Monitor Networks |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229002759/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=141 |archive-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In October 2007, the [[Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)|Anti-Corruption Commission]] (ACC) submitted charges against Millat, his wife Mabia Suraiya and son Sayed Bin Jaman Sourav in connection with a case filed for concealing Tk 4,82,05,695 from their wealth information.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-BNP lawmaker Millat, his wife, son charged|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-6534 |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> In November, a special court sentenced Millat to six years imprisonment for not paying Tk 4.51 crore tax during the tax years 1988–89 to 2005–06.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former BNP MP Millat jailed for 6 years |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/former-bnp-mp-millat-jailed-for-6-years |access-date=20 October 2019 |work=bdnews24.com |date=28 November 2007}}</ref> [[Bangladesh Supreme Court]] barred him from contesting the [[2018 Bangladeshi general election]] due to his conviction.<ref>{{cite news |title=SC scraps nomination of BNP's Jamalpur 1 candidate |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/2018/12/18/sc-scraps-nomination-of-bnp-s-jamalpur-1-candidate |access-date=20 October 2019 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=18 December 2018}}</ref>

Millat won the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election]] contesting at the [[Jamalpur-1]] constituency securing 173,656 votes while his nearest opponent [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] candidate Nazmul Haque Saeedi got 97,820 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BNP wins all 5 seats in Jamalpur |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/566087 |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=The Daily Observer}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Millat, M. Rashiduzzaman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:People from Jamalpur District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mymensingh Division]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:State ministers of tourism and civil aviation of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Term limit

2026-03-24T13:28:29Z

Rudra2020: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Legal restriction limiting the number of terms an officeholder may serve}}{{Distinguish|term of office}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
A '''term limit''' is a [[nomination rules|nomination rule]] which restricts the number of [[Term of office|terms]] a [[Incumbent|person]] may run for and serve in a particular [[elected office]]. When term limits are found in [[Presidential system|presidential]] and [[Semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential system]]s they act as a method to eliminate the potential for "[[president for life]]", check the concentration of power in the executive, and curb [[authoritarianism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gedan |first=Benjamin N. |last2=French |first2=Elias |date=2025 |title=The Threat to Latin American Term Limits |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/970352 |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=104–115 |issn=1086-3214}}</ref> Term limits may be a lifetime limit on the number of terms an officeholder may serve, or a limit on the number of consecutive terms.

According to a 2020 analysis, nearly one in four incumbents who face term limits seek to circumvent the term limits through various strategies, including constitutional amendments, working with the judiciary to reinterpret the term limits, let a placeholder govern for the incumbent, and cancelling or delaying elections.<ref name="evasion">{{Cite web |last=Versteeg |first=Mila |date=2020 |title=THE LAW AND POLITICS OF PRESIDENTIAL TERM LIMIT EVASION |url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/the-law-and-politics-of-presidential-term-limit-evasion/ |website=Columbia Law Review |language=en}}</ref><ref name="bigman">{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=The new age of the African Big Man |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/10/09/the-new-age-of-the-african-big-man |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Incumbents that seek to circumvent term limits frequently use repression of the opposition, electoral manipulation and foreign support to enable their circumvention.<ref name="bigman" /> According to a 2025 research project, attempts to circumvent term limits had become increasingly prevalent in African states over time, with few such attempts prior to 2000 and many such attempts post-2000.<ref name="bigman" />

==History==
===Europe===
{{See also|Term limits in France|Term limits in Russia}}
Term limits appear to originate in Europe.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|pp=22–23}} They date back to [[Ancient Greece]] and the [[Roman Republic]], as well as the [[Republic of Venice]].<ref name="O'Keefe">{{cite encyclopedia |last=O'Keefe |first= Eric |author-link=Eric O'Keefe (political activist) | editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher= [[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n308 |isbn= 978-1-4129-6580-4 |oclc=750831024| lccn = 2008009151 |pages= 504–06 |quote=... Political scientist Mark Petracca has outlined the importance of rotation in the ancient Republics of Athens, Rome, Venice, and Florence. The Renaissance city-state of Venice [also] required rotation....|chapter= Term Limits |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In ancient [[Athenian democracy]], many officeholders were limited to a single term. [[Boule (ancient Greece)|Council members]] were allowed a maximum of two terms. The position of [[Strategos]] could be held for an indefinite number of terms.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=18}} In the Roman Republic, a law was passed imposing a limit of a single term on the office of [[Roman censor|censor]]. The annual [[Roman magistrate|magistrates]], including the [[tribune of the plebs]], the [[aedile]], the [[quaestor]], the [[praetor]], and the [[Roman consul|consul]], were forbidden reelection until a number of years had passed.<ref>[[Robert Struble Jr.]], ''Treatise on Twelve Lights'', chapter six, part II, [http://www.tell-usa.org/totl/06-Rotation%20&%20other%20reforms.htm#Part_2 "Rotation in History."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411104723/http://www.tell-usa.org/totl/06-Rotation%20%26%20other%20reforms.htm |date=11 April 2016 }}</ref> The office of [[Roman dictator|dictator]] was nearly unrestricted with the exception that it was limited to a single six-month term. Successive Roman leaders weakened this restriction until [[Julius Caesar]] became a perpetual dictator and ended the republic.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|pp=20-21}}

Term limits returned in medieval Europe through the [[Novgorod Republic]], the [[Pskov Republic]], the [[Republic of Genoa]], and the [[Republic of Florence]].{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=22}} Similar to the [[Italian city-states]], Novgorod had a [[mixed government]], in which executive power was shared between the elected prince and the elected ''[[posadnik]]'' (mayor), whose authority increased over time.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=22}} In the mid-14th century, the office of ''posadnik'' consisted of six executives elected for life; from among them, a chairman was elected for a one-year term and later a six-month term from the early 15th century.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=22}} Another Russian [[oligarchic]] republic, Pskov, elected ''posadniki'' until it was annexed by [[Grand Principality of Moscow|Moscow]] in 1510.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=22}} In Genoa, the [[doge of Genoa|doge]] was elected for a single two-year term from 1528 to 1798.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=22}} In Florence, power was vested in the executive council and members were elected for two-month terms.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=22}}

The first modern constitutional term limit was established in the [[French First Republic]] by the [[Constitution of the Year III|Constitution of 1795]], which established five-year terms to the [[French Directory]] and banned consecutive terms. [[Napoleon]] ended the practice of term limits in 1799 in much the same way as Julius Caesar had.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=23}} The [[French Constitution of 1848]] reestablished term limits, but this was abolished by Napoleon's nephew, [[Napoleon III]].{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|pp=29-30}}

Many [[post-Soviet republics]] established [[presidential system]]s with five-year term limits after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=34}} The [[president of Russia]] is allowed a maximum of two consecutive terms, but the [[2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia|2020 constitutional amendments]] reset incumbent president [[Vladimir Putin]]'s term count, allowing him to stand for two additional terms.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2020 |title=Putin orders constitution changes allowing him to rule until 2036 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/3/putin-orders-constitution-changes-allowing-him-to-rule-until-2036 |access-date=31 August 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The [[president of Belarus]] was limited to two terms, but the limit was abolished in 2004 under [[Alexander Lukashenko]].<ref>{{cite news |date=18 October 2004 |title=Controversial Belarus vote scraps term limits |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6276009 |access-date=31 August 2023 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

The [[president of the European Commission]] has no term limit.<ref name="TEU">{{cite wikisource |title=Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union |wslink=Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union |year=2009|at=Article 17(3)}}</ref>

=== United States ===
{{Main|Term limits in the United States}}
A predecessor of modern term limits in the Americas dates back to the 1682 Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties and the colonial [[Frame of Government of Pennsylvania|frame of government]] of the same year, authored by [[William Penn]] and providing for triennial rotation of the [[Pennsylvania Provincial Council|Provincial Council]], the upper house of the [[Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly|colonial legislature]].<ref>Francis N. Thorpe, ed., ''The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and other Organic Laws''..., 7 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909) 5:3048, 3055–56, 3065.</ref> [[President of the United States|Presidents of the United States]] typically honored an informal tradition of only serving two terms in office, but this limit was not enshrined into law until the [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|22nd Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] was ratified in 1951 after [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] had been elected to an unprecedented third and fourth terms.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Buckley |first1=F.H. |last2=Metzger |first2=Gillian |title=Twenty-Second Amendment |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/interpretation/amendment-xxii/interps/149 |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=Constitution Center}}</ref>

=== Latin America ===
{{See also|Term limits in Nicaragua|Sexenio (Mexico)}}
As the countries of [[Latin America]] modeled presidential republics after the government of the United States in the 19th century, they established term limits for their presidents based on the two-term precedent of the United States. However, the implementation of legislative term limits in Latin America, while intended to foster elite renewal, occurs in a region already characterized by exceptionally high rates of legislative turnover (around 70% on average between 1985 and 2023), significantly higher than in Europe and other democratic regions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kouba |first=Karel |last2=Weiss |first2=Michael |date=2025-03-07 |title=Legislative Turnover in Latin America: Introducing a New Dataset and Analyzing Its Temporal Dynamics |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-politics-and-society/article/legislative-turnover-in-latin-america-introducing-a-new-dataset-and-analyzing-its-temporal-dynamics/1B49BF322BD05C816D98CF1B5476039D |journal=Latin American Politics and Society |language=en |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1017/lap.2024.56 |issn=1531-426X|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> In response to presidents overstaying their term, some of these term limits were eventually replaced by a limit of one term without reelection.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|pp=25-27}}

In Mexico, [[Porfirio Díaz]] evaded term limits, running for eight terms before being forced into exile in 1911. A new constitution in 1917 established a one-term limit. After [[Álvaro Obregón]] violated this law and ran for a second term, he was assassinated.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|pp=28-29}} Currently, members of the [[Congress of Mexico]] cannot be reelected consecutively under article 50 and 59 of the [[Constitution of Mexico]], and the [[President of Mexico]] is limited to a single six-year term, called the [[Sexenio (Mexico)|sexenio]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

The [[President of Argentina]] was limited to one six-year term, until 1994 when the [[Constitution of Argentina]] was amended, changing the term limit to a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

In 1997, the [[Constitution of Brazil]] was amended, loosening the term limit for the [[President of Brazil]] from one five-year term to two four-year terms.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

In 2004, the term limit for the [[President of Colombia]] was increased from one term to two terms before reverting to one term in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forero |first=Javier |date=2021-03-25 |title=¿Cuántas veces se puede reelegir un Presidente en Colombia? |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/gobierno/cuantas-veces-se-puede-reelegir-un-presidente-en-colombia-576108 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=El Tiempo |language=spanish}}</ref>

The [[2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum]] abolished term limits in Venezuela.<ref name="BBC 16/2">{{cite news |date=16 February 2009 |title=Venezuelan leader wins key reform |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7891856.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221223059/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7891856.stm |archive-date=21 February 2009 |access-date=16 February 2009 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

A 2024 study found that Costa Rica's new mayoral term limits modestly increased competition but had little impact on turnout.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kouba |first=Karel |date=2024-07-01 |title=Understanding the effect of term limits on voter turnout: Evidence from a quasi-experiment in Costa Rica based on a registered report |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20531680241266899 |journal=Research & Politics |language=EN |volume=11 |issue=3 |article-number=20531680241266899 |doi=10.1177/20531680241266899 |issn=2053-1680|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2025, the [[Legislative Assembly of El Salvador]] approved a constitutional reform that extended terms of the [[President of El Salvador]] to six years, as well as abolishing term limits; the change will go into effect following the [[2027 Salvadoran presidential election|2027 presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=El Salvador scraps term limits, paving way for Bukele to seek re-election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czd04q87zryo |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Asia ===
{{See also|Term limits in the Philippines|Term limits in South Korea}}
Following the [[1911 Revolution]], [[Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet]] [[Yuan Shikai]] became the second [[President of the Republic of China]]. He was initially subject to a maximum of two five-year terms, but the term was then lengthened to ten years and the term limit was removed.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

In 1948, the [[Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion]] abolished the term limit for the President of the Republic of China and established [[Chiang Kai-shek]] as the country's military leader. The term limit was restored after the provisions were repealed in 1991.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The [[President of South Korea]] was initially permitted to serve a maximum of two four-year terms when the office was created in 1948, but the term limit was removed in 1954 so that [[Syngman Rhee]] could run for a third term. After Rhee was elected to a fourth term, the [[First Republic of Korea]] was overthrown. The two-term limit was restored, but it was expanded to three terms in 1969 and abolished again in 1972. A one seven-year term limit was established in 1981, which was reduced to five years in 1988.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Under the original [[Constitution of Indonesia]], there were no presidential or vice-presidential term limits, but since the first amendment in 1999 holders of both offices are limited to two terms each.

The Philippines established term limits following independence from the United States, but they were abolished by [[Ferdinand Marcos]] in the 1970s.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=31}} Term limits were restored in the 1987 [[Constitution of the Philippines|constitution]], after Marcos was deposed in the [[People Power Revolution]]. The President is limited to one six-year term.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guiang |first=Jules |date=2021-04-03 |title=[OPINION] Term limits and the rise of the Duterte dynasty |url=https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/opinion-term-limits-rise-duterte-dynasty/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=RAPPLER |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=de Guzman |first=Chad |date=2024-02-28 |title=Philippines' Marcos Floats 2025 Vote on Constitutional Reform: What to Know |url=https://time.com/6835896/philippines-marcos-constitution-amend-charter-change-plan-controversy/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |magazine=TIME |language=en |quote=Currently, Presidents in the Philippines are limited to one, six-year term.}}</ref>

Between 1982 and 2018, the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|Constitution of China]] stipulated that the [[President of China|president]], [[Vice President of China|vice president]], [[Premier of China|premier]] and [[Vice Premier of China|vice premiers]] could not serve more than two consecutive terms, though there was no term limit for the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]], who usually represented the [[paramount leader]] of China. In March 2018, the [[National People's Congress]] passed a [[2018 amendment to the Constitution of China|constitutional amendment]] which abolished the term limits for the president and vice president, as well as enhancing the central role of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP), allowing CCP General Secretary [[Xi Jinping]] to continue as paramount leader and president indefinitely.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shi |first1=Jiangtao |last2=Huang |first2=Kristin |date=26 February 2018 |title=End to term limits at top 'may be start of global backlash for China' |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2134791/end-term-limits-top-may-be-start-global-backlash-china |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227155138/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2134791/end-term-limits-top-may-be-start-global-backlash-china |archive-date=27 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=4 March 2018 |title=Xi Jinping's power play: from president to China's new dictator? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/04/xi-jinping-from-president-to-china-new-dictator |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304005848/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/04/xi-jinping-from-president-to-china-new-dictator |archive-date=4 March 2018 |access-date=4 March 2018 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

The [[President of Tajikistan]] was initially limited to one five-year term under the 1994 [[Constitution of Tajikistan]]. This was increased to one seven-year term in 1999 and to two seven-year terms in 2003. The term limit was reset for President [[Emomali Rahmon]] in 2006, and the term limit was abolished in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |author=Konstantin Parshin |date=23 April 2013 |title=Tajikistan: Can Rahmon Keep Running? |website=Eurasianet |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/66869 |access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leonard |first=Peter |date=23 May 2016 |title=Tajikistan vote allows president to rule indefinitely |url=https://apnews.com/article/36378064b5a64d059d6b7c87478e3ed9 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] was limited to one five-year term until the limit was abolished in 2011.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The [[King of Malaysia]] is subjected to a single five-year non-consecutive term, which rotates among the [[Monarchies of Malaysia|monarchs of Malaysia]]. This rule makes [[Malaysia]] among two [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchies]] in the world that is subjected to a term limit, the other being [[Andorra]] (with the [[President of France]] serving as one of its [[Co-princes of Andorra|co-princes]]).{{fact|date=May 2025}} In February 2026, the [[Constitution (Amendment) Bill 2026]] was tabled to the Parliament of Malaysia, seeking to limit the [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]]'s term in office to an aggregate total of 10 years.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2026 |title=Malaysia tables constitutional amendment to limit prime minister tenure to 10 years |website=[[The Malay Mail]] |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2026/02/23/malaysia-tables-constitutional-amendment-to-limit-prime-minister-tenure-to-10-years/210111 |access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref> It however failed to secure two-third majority support at the [[Dewan Rakyat|lower house]] by merely two votes when it was put up for vote in March 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Latiff |first=Rozanna |date=2 March 2026 |editor-last=Khalip |editor-first=Andrei |title=Malaysia's parliament fails to pass bill limiting PM's tenure to two terms |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysias-parliament-fails-pass-bill-limiting-pms-tenure-two-terms-2026-03-02/ |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Amendment to cap Malaysia PM’s term at 10 years fails by 2 votes in Parliament |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysian-parliament-falls-short-of-two-thirds-majority-to-cap-pms-term-at-10-years |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=The Straits Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Zahiid |first=Syed Jaymal |date=2 March 2026 |title=Two votes short: Move to limit PM tenure fails in Parliament amid high absenteeism |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2026/03/02/two-votes-short-move-to-limit-pm-tenure-fails-in-parliament-amid-high-absenteeism/211055 |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=Malay Mail}}</ref>

=== Sub-Saharan Africa ===
Liberia briefly limited its presidents to an eight-year term between 1944 and 1951.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=30}} As the countries of sub-Saharan Africa were [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonised]] in the mid-20th century, most of the new governments established presidential systems, but term limits were rarely established. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Rwanda, and Togo were the only countries to establish them, but they were abolished soon afterward.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=30}} After the [[revolutions of 1989]] and ensuing wave of democratization in Eastern Europe, many African states moved to remove [[One-party state|one-party regimes]] and establish term limits.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=32}}

In Sub-Saharan Africa, only 14 countries have experienced a [[peaceful transition of power]] from one president to another after the expiration of term limits. Some countries have either scrapped the requirement or do not have it in their laws.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-24 |title=Term Limit Evasions and Coups: Two Sides of the Same Coin |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/term-limit-evasions-coups-africa-same-coin/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies |language=en-US}}</ref>

Term limits for the [[President of Gabon]] were abolished under [[Omar Bongo]] in 2003, allowing him to continue as president indefinitely. Bongo [[Death and state funeral of Omar Bongo|died in office]] in June 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-06-08 |title=TIMELINE: Gabon and Omar Bongo |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE55744Y20090608 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009194525/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE55744Y20090608 |archive-date=2023-10-09 |access-date=2025-11-04 |language=en-US |agency=Reuters}}</ref> A two-term limit was reintroduced in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=Gabon approves new constitution in referendum |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpwrjyrxpdjo |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The [[President of Uganda]] was limited to two five-year terms in 1995. President [[Yoweri Museveni]] had previously served two terms, but these were not counted toward the new two-term limit. The term limit was abolished in 2005, allowing Museveni to continue as president.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

In Kenya, the [[2010 constitution]] limits the president to a maximum of two five-year terms just like county governors. [[Daniel arap Moi]] was the first Kenyan president to be barred from running for re-election in [[2002 Kenyan general election|2002]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marc Lacey |date=13 October 2002 |title=Kenya's Leader to Step Down but Not Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/13/world/kenya-s-leader-to-step-down-but-not-out.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204053348/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/13/world/kenya-s-leader-to-step-down-but-not-out.html |archive-date=4 February 2020 |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=New York Times}}</ref> His successor [[Mwai Kibaki]] was president for ten years, in a tenure that was characterized by major political reforms leading to the 2010 constitution. [[Uhuru Kenyatta]] was the first president under the new law, a position he served for two terms of 5 years each until was succeeded by his deputy [[William Ruto]] in September 2022. A member of President Ruto's [[United Democratic Alliance (Kenya)|United Democratic Alliance]] party revealed plans to scrap the term limits on 7 November 2022 but the leadership dismissed him saying that was his personal opinion which he was entitled to.

The [[Constitution of Nigeria|1999 constitution of Nigeria]] limits the President at the federal level, and Governors at the state level to serving two four-year terms. This has been strictly followed since the end of military rule in 1999.

The [[Constitution of Niger|2010 constitution of Niger]] limited the President to two five-year terms. [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] was the only president to step down after being term limited.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-02 |title=Niger inaugurates president in 1st democratic power transfer |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-8ac9e1c7a2c62bfe8395d966b8199888 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Middle East and North Africa ===
Term limits were one of the major demands of protesters during the [[Arab Spring]].{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=1}}

The [[2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum]] included amendments to expand the presidential term from four to six years and allow President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] to stand for a third term over the constitutional limit of two terms.<ref name="BBC2">{{cite web |date=16 April 2019 |title=Egypt constitutional changes could mean Sisi rule until 2030 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-47947035 |access-date=17 April 2019 |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

==Mechanism==
{{See also|List of political term limits}}
Term limits are an element of [[constitutionalism]] that serves to limit the negative effects of democracy.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=3}}

Term limits may take the form of consecutive term limits or lifetime term limits. With consecutive term limits, an officeholder can only serve a certain number of terms before they have to stop running for that office. After a set period of time, the clock resets on the limit, and the officeholder may run for election to their original office and serve up to the limit again. With lifetime limits, an officeholder may never again run for election to that office when they have served up to the limit. Lifetime limits are much more restrictive than consecutive limits.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=17}}

Countries that operate a [[parliamentary system]] of government are less likely to employ term limits on their leaders. This is because such leaders rarely have a set "term" at all: rather, they serve as long as they have the [[Motion of confidence|confidence]] of the [[parliament]], a period which could potentially last for life. Many parliaments can be [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolved]] for [[snap election]]s which means some parliaments can last for mere months while others can continue until their expiration dates. Nevertheless, such countries may impose term limits on the holders of other offices—in republics, for example, a ceremonial presidency may have a term limit, especially if the office holds [[reserve power]]s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Due in part to a lack of legal term limits in African countries, [[Mo Ibrahim]] created the [[Ibrahim Prize]] with an associated cash prize to incentivize African leaders to promote human rights and democratic transfer of power.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=2}}

== Violation of term limits ==
{{See also|Continuismo}}
Many presidents have tried to overstay their respective term limits by various methods.<ref name="evasion" /><ref>[https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1212&context=public_law_and_legal_theory On the Evasion of Executive Term Limits 2010], University of Chicago Law School. Chicago Unbound</ref> According to one analysis, nearly one in four incumbents who faced term limits sought to circumvent the term limits.<ref name="evasion" /> The most common way in which they attempt this is through constitutional amendments (in particular, when the incumbent's party controls the legislature). Other strategies include getting the judiciary to re-interpret term limit provisions; letting a placeholder succeed the incumbent while the incumbent still governs in practice; write a new constitution; or delay/cancel elections.<ref name="evasion" />

Between 1960 and 2010, more than one quarter of term-limited presidents successfully extended or violated their term limits to stay in power, and the enforcement of term limits is recognized as one of the great challenges in democratic development. Term limits typically receive greater domestic and international recognition than other mechanisms of democracy, and attempts to violate term limits are typically met with strong resistance by a country's population and on the world stage.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|pp=1-4}} The violation of term limits is strongly correlated with [[democratic backsliding]] and the erosion of human rights.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|pp=38-39}}

Whether a president seeks to subvert term limits may be affected by how much wealth can be gained from the office, opportunities for acquiring wealth after leaving office, what constraints are in place to enforce term limits, how much control leader has over other branches of government or a political party, precedent in the region, and the likelihood of facing criminal prosecution upon leaving office.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|pp=6-8, 81}} Presidents are more likely to be successful in violating term limits if they control the other branches of government, whether through their political parties or through insufficient [[Checks and Balances|checks and balances]].{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|p=85}} Though violation of term limits is more common in less democratic countries, political opposition, foreign governments, and the citizenry can still enforce term limits in nondemocratic countries.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|pp=76-79}}

A president may attempt to circumvent term limits indirectly by extending their rule without an additional term. This may be done by extending the length of the term or postponing elections. In some cases, a president may circumvent term limits by officially stepping down from office but maintaining ''de facto'' control of the government.{{Sfn|Baturo|2014|pp=47-48}}

== See also ==
* [[Gerontocracy]]
* [[List of political term limits]]
* [[Reelection]]
* [[Term of office]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last=Baturo |first=Alexander |title=Democracy, Dictatorship, and Term Limits |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2014 |location=United States |language=en}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-221.html Real Term Limits: Now More Than Ever], an article by [[Doug Bandow]] in favor of term limits
* {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090501220606/http://www.ncsl.org/programs/legismgt/ABOUT/termlimit.htm |title=Legislative Term Limits: An Overview |date=2009-05-01}}, term limits information from the [[National Conference of State Legislatures]]
{{Term limits}}
{{Suffrage}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Electoral restrictions]]
[[Category:Term of office]]
[[Category:Term limits|*]]

2013 Indian Open

2026-03-22T18:15:32Z

Rudra2020: started basic stub added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox individual snooker tournament
|tournament_name=[[Indian Open (snooker)|Indian Open]]
|logo=[[File:2013 Indian Open logo.png|250px]]
|dates={{Start and end dates|2013|10|14|2013|10|18|df=y}}
|venue=[[Le Meridien Hotel (New Delhi)|Le Meridien Hotel]]
|location=[[New Delhi]]
|country=India
|organisation=[[World Snooker]]
|format=[[List of snooker ranking tournaments|Ranking event]]
|Total prize fund=[[Pound sterling|£]]300,000
|winners_share=£50,000
|highest_break={{flagathlete|[[Ding Junhui]]|CHN}} (142)
|winner={{flagathlete|[[Ding Junhui]]|CHN}}
|runner_up={{flagathlete|[[Aditya Mehta]]|IND}}
|score=5–0
|previous=First
|next=[[2015 Indian Open|2015]]
}}

The '''2013 [[Indian Open (snooker)|Indian Open]]''' was a professional [[Snooker world rankings|ranking]] [[snooker]] tournament held between 14 and 18 October 2013, at the [[Le Meridien Hotel (New Delhi)|Le Meridien Hotel]] in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. It was the first ranking event held in India,<ref>{{cite web|title=New Ranking Event in India |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/IndianOpenArticle/0,,13165~3325343,00.html |work=worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |date=23 July 2013 |accessdate=1 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017123325/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/IndianOpenArticle/0%2C%2C13165~3325343%2C00.html |archivedate=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the fourth ranking event of the [[Snooker season 2013/2014|2013/2014 season]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?template=2&season=2013|title=Tournament Calendar 2013/2014|publisher=Snooker.org|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref>

[[Ding Junhui]] won his eighth ranking title by defeating [[Aditya Mehta]] 5–0 in the final.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sarangi |first=Y.B. |title=Ding ends Mehta's fine run, emerges champion |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ding-ends-mehtas-fine-run-emerges-champion/article5248218.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=19 October 2013 |date=19 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021152414/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ding-ends-mehtas-fine-run-emerges-champion/article5248218.ece |archivedate=21 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ding became the first player to win two consecutive ranking titles in the same season since [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] in [[Snooker season 2002/2003|2002/2003]], who won the [[2003 European Open (snooker)|2003 European Open]] and the [[2003 Irish Masters]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brilliant Ding Is Star of India |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~3501351,00.html |work=worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=18 October 2013 |date=18 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019083326/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~3501351%2C00.html |archivedate=19 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the tournament Mehta became the first Indian player to reach the final of a ranking event.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aditya Mehta suffers crushing defeat in Indian Open final |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-/1184334/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |accessdate=18 October 2013 |date=18 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131018234933/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-/1184334/ |archivedate=18 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Prize fund==
The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:<ref>{{cite web|title=Prize Money Breakdowns 2013/14 |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~3194469,00.html |work=worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |date=1 May 2013 |accessdate=19 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012082213/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~3194469%2C00.html |archivedate=12 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
* Winner: [[Pound sterling|£]]50,000
* Runner-up: £25,000
* Semi-final: £13,500
* Quarter-final: £9,000
* Last 16: £6,000
* Last 32: £3,000
* Last 64: £2,000
{{Col-break|width=50%}}

* Televised highest break: £2,000
* Total: £300,000
{{Col-end}}

==Wildcard round==
These matches were played in [[New Delhi]] on 14 October 2013.<ref name="WPBSA draw">{{cite web |url=http://3a43ed9bbf8e4c3a0092-e5ae3e47d460213726cd286f2f322a12.r38.cf3.rackcdn.com/2948fdc6-d3d3-4e06-b5fe-5836488fb1c6.pdf |title=Indian Open 2013 Draw & Results |publisher=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]]|accessdate=19 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019215056/http://3a43ed9bbf8e4c3a0092-e5ae3e47d460213726cd286f2f322a12.r38.cf3.rackcdn.com/2948fdc6-d3d3-4e06-b5fe-5836488fb1c6.pdf |archivedate=19 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="WPBSA format">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/54/be/0,,13165~179796,00.pdf |title=Indian Open 2013 Format |work=worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]]|accessdate=30 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017120156/http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/54/be/0,,13165~179796,00.pdf |archivedate=17 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC results">{{cite news|title=Indian Open 2013: Scores, results & schedule|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/24458039|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|access-date=15 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129215232/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/24458039|archive-date=29 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Snooker.org MD">{{cite web|title=Indian Open (2013)|url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=266|publisher=Snooker.org|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref> The Indian wildcard players were selected through a qualifying tournament.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Qualifying Events for Indian Open 2013|url=http://cuesportsindia.com/myweb/tournament13/IndianOpenQLF.htm|publisher=Cue Sports India|accessdate=7 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019191342/http://cuesportsindia.com/myweb/tournament13/IndianOpenQLF.htm|archivedate=19 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Manan, Lilly make the cut|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/355329/manan-lilly-make-cut.html|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|accessdate=7 September 2013|date=5 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019110410/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/355329/manan-lilly-make-cut.html|archivedate=19 October 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! Match !! !! Score !!
|-
| align="center" | WC1 || '''{{flagathlete|[[Rod Lawler]]|ENG}}''' || align="center" | '''4'''–1 || {{flagathlete|[[Kamal Chawla]]|IND}}
|-
| align="center" | WC2 || '''{{flagathlete|[[Jeff Cundy]]|ENG}}''' || align="center" | '''4'''–0 || {{flagathlete|[[Sundeep Gulati]]|IND}}
|-
| align="center" | WC3 || '''{{flagathlete|[[Anthony McGill]]|SCO}}''' || align="center" | '''4'''–3 || {{flagathlete|[[Shivam Arora]]|IND}}
|-
| align="center" | WC4 || '''{{flagathlete|[[Robbie Williams (snooker player)|Robbie Williams]]|ENG}}''' || align="center" | '''4'''–1 || {{flagathlete|[[Manan Chandra]]|IND}}
|-
| align="center" | WC5 || '''{{flagathlete|[[Paul Davison]]|ENG}}''' || align="center" | '''4'''–1 || {{flagathlete|[[Faisal Khan (snooker player)|Faisal Khan]]|IND}}
|-
| align="center" | WC6 || {{flagathlete|[[Liam Highfield]]|ENG}} || align="center" | w/d–'''w/o''' || '''{{flagathlete|[[Dharminder Lilly]]|IND}}'''
|}

==Main draw==
<ref name="WPBSA draw"/><ref name="WPBSA format"/><ref name="BBC results"/><ref name="Snooker.org MD"/>

===Top half===
{{32TeamBracket
| RD1=Last 64 Best of 7 frames
| RD2=Last 32 Best of 7 frames
| RD3=Last 16 Best of 7 frames
| RD4=Quarter-finals Best of 7 frames
| RD5=Semi-finals Best of 7 frames

| RD1-seed01=
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Neil Robertson]]'''
| RD1-score01='''4'''
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|THA}} [[Noppon Saengkham]]
| RD1-score02=1
| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Rod Lawler]]'''
| RD1-score03='''w/o'''
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ali Carter]]
| RD1-score04=w/d
| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|WAL}} [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]]
| RD1-score05=2
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Dechawat Poomjaeng]]'''
| RD1-score06='''4'''
| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Liang Wenbo]]'''
| RD1-score07='''4'''
| RD1-seed08=
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|IRL}} [[David Morris (snooker player)|David Morris]]
| RD1-score08=2
| RD1-seed09=
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Ding Junhui]]'''
| RD1-score09='''4'''
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Barry Pinches]]
| RD1-score10=3
| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Mark Joyce]]'''
| RD1-score11='''4'''
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sean O'Sullivan (snooker player)|Sean O'Sullivan]]
| RD1-score12=0
| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jeff Cundy]]
| RD1-score13=3
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Li Yan (snooker player)|Li Yan]]'''
| RD1-score14='''4'''
| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Joel Walker (snooker player)|Joel Walker]]
| RD1-score15=0
| RD1-seed16=
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[John Higgins]]'''
| RD1-score16='''4'''
| RD1-seed17=
| RD1-team17={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Barry Hawkins]]
| RD1-score17=1
| RD1-seed18=
| RD1-team18={{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Anthony McGill]]'''
| RD1-score18='''4'''
| RD1-seed19=
| RD1-team19={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Alex Davies (snooker player)|Alex Davies]]
| RD1-score19=1
| RD1-seed20=
| RD1-team20={{flagicon|IRL}} '''[[Fergal O'Brien]]'''
| RD1-score20='''4'''
| RD1-seed21=
| RD1-team21={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]]'''
| RD1-score21='''w/o'''
| RD1-seed22=
| RD1-team22={{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]]
| RD1-score22=w/d
| RD1-seed23=
| RD1-team23={{flagicon|NIR}} [[Gerard Greene]]
| RD1-score23=0
| RD1-seed24=
| RD1-team24={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ricky Walden]]'''
| RD1-score24='''4'''
| RD1-seed25=
| RD1-team25={{nowrap|{{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Ratchayothin Yotharuck]]'''}}
| RD1-score25='''4'''
| RD1-seed26=
| RD1-team26={{flagicon|THA}} [[James Wattana]]
| RD1-score26=3
| RD1-seed27=
| RD1-team27={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Mike Dunn (snooker player)|Mike Dunn]]'''
| RD1-score27='''4'''
| RD1-seed28=
| RD1-team28={{flagicon|IRL}} [[Ken Doherty]]
| RD1-score28=2
| RD1-seed29=
| RD1-team29={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Andrew Higginson (snooker player)|Andrew Higginson]]'''
| RD1-score29='''4'''
| RD1-seed30=
| RD1-team30={{flagicon|SCO}} [[Jamie Burnett]]
| RD1-score30=2
| RD1-seed31=
| RD1-team31={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Kyren Wilson]]
| RD1-score31=w/d
| RD1-seed32=
| RD1-team32={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Robbie Williams (snooker player)|Robbie Williams]]'''
| RD1-score32='''w/o'''

| RD2-seed01=
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Neil Robertson]]'''
| RD2-score01='''4'''
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rod Lawler]]
| RD2-score02=2
| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechawat Poomjaeng]]
| RD2-score03=2
| RD2-seed04=
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Liang Wenbo]]'''
| RD2-score04='''4'''
| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Ding Junhui]]'''
| RD2-score05='''4'''
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mark Joyce]]
| RD2-score06=3
| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yan (snooker player)|Li Yan]]
| RD2-score07=0
| RD2-seed08=
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[John Higgins]]'''
| RD2-score08='''4'''
| RD2-seed09=
| RD2-team09={{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Anthony McGill]]'''
| RD2-score09='''4'''
| RD2-seed10=
| RD2-team10={{flagicon|IRL}} [[Fergal O'Brien]]
| RD2-score10=1
| RD2-seed11=
| RD2-team11={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]]'''
| RD2-score11='''4'''
| RD2-seed12=
| RD2-team12={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ricky Walden]]
| RD2-score12=2
| RD2-seed13=
| RD2-team13={{nowrap|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchayothin Yotharuck]]}}
| RD2-score13=0
| RD2-seed14=
| RD2-team14={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Mike Dunn (snooker player)|Mike Dunn]]'''
| RD2-score14='''4'''
| RD2-seed15=
| RD2-team15={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andrew Higginson (snooker player)|Andrew Higginson]]
| RD2-score15=1
| RD2-seed16=
| RD2-team16={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Robbie Williams (snooker player)|Robbie Williams]]'''
| RD2-score16='''4'''

| RD3-seed01=
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Neil Robertson]]'''
| RD3-score01='''4'''
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Wenbo]]
| RD3-score02=2
| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Ding Junhui]]'''
| RD3-score03='''4'''
| RD3-seed04=
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|SCO}} [[John Higgins]]
| RD3-score04=2
| RD3-seed05=
| RD3-team05={{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Anthony McGill]]'''
| RD3-score05='''4'''
| RD3-seed06=
| RD3-team06={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]]
| RD3-score06=2
| RD3-seed07=
| RD3-team07={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mike Dunn (snooker player)|Mike Dunn]]
| RD3-score07=0
| RD3-seed08=
| RD3-team08={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Robbie Williams (snooker player)|Robbie Williams]]'''
| RD3-score08='''4'''

| RD4-seed01=
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Neil Robertson]]
| RD4-score01=2
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Ding Junhui]]'''
| RD4-score02='''4'''
| RD4-seed03=
| RD4-team03={{flagicon|SCO}} [[Anthony McGill]]
| RD4-score03=0
| RD4-seed04=
| RD4-team04={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Robbie Williams (snooker player)|Robbie Williams]]'''
| RD4-score04='''4'''

| RD5-seed01=
| RD5-team01={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Ding Junhui]]'''
| RD5-score01='''4'''
| RD5-seed02=
| RD5-team02={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Robbie Williams (snooker player)|Robbie Williams]]
| RD5-score02=1
}}

===Bottom half===
{{32TeamBracket
| RD1=Last 64 Best of 7 frames
| RD2=Last 32 Best of 7 frames
| RD3=Last 16 Best of 7 frames
| RD4=Quarter-finals Best of 7 frames
| RD5=Semi-finals Best of 7 frames

| RD1-seed01=
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Zhang Anda]]'''
| RD1-score01='''4'''
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|SCO}} [[Alan McManus]]
| RD1-score02=1
| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Anthony Hamilton (snooker player)|Anthony Hamilton]]
| RD1-score03=w/d
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Michael White (snooker player)|Michael White]]'''
| RD1-score04='''w/o'''
| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|WAL}} [[Dominic Dale]]
| RD1-score05=0
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Gary Wilson (snooker player)|Gary Wilson]]'''
| RD1-score06='''4'''
| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|MLT}} [[Tony Drago]]
| RD1-score07=w/d
| RD1-seed08=
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|HKG}} '''[[Marco Fu]]'''
| RD1-score08='''w/o'''
| RD1-seed09=
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Mark Davis (snooker player)|Mark Davis]]'''
| RD1-score09='''4'''
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Elliot Slessor]]
| RD1-score10=2
| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jamie Cope]]
| RD1-score11=1
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Michael Holt (snooker player)|Michael Holt]]'''
| RD1-score12='''4'''
| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Tom Ford (snooker player)|Tom Ford]]'''
| RD1-score13='''4'''
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|WAL}} [[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]]
| RD1-score14=3
| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Paul Davison]]
| RD1-score15=1
| RD1-seed16=
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Maguire]]'''
| RD1-score16='''4'''
| RD1-seed17=
| RD1-team17={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Stuart Bingham]]'''
| RD1-score17='''4'''
| RD1-seed18=
| RD1-team18={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Chuang (snooker player)|Liu Chuang]]
| RD1-score18=1
| RD1-seed19=
| RD1-team19={{nowrap|{{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Thanawat Thirapongpaiboon]]'''}}
| RD1-score19='''4'''
| RD1-seed20=
| RD1-team20={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lyu Haotian]]
| RD1-score20=1
| RD1-seed21=
| RD1-team21={{flagicon|SCO}} [[Marcus Campbell]]
| RD1-score21=1
| RD1-seed22=
| RD1-team22={{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Pankaj Arjan Advani|Pankaj Advani]]'''
| RD1-score22='''4'''
| RD1-seed23=
| RD1-team23={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Nigel Bond]]
| RD1-score23=1
| RD1-seed24=
| RD1-team24={{flagicon|NIR}} '''[[Mark Allen (snooker player)|Mark Allen]]'''
| RD1-score24='''4'''
| RD1-seed25=
| RD1-team25={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Zhe]]
| RD1-score25=3
| RD1-seed26=
| RD1-team26={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Hammad Miah]]'''
| RD1-score26='''4'''
| RD1-seed27=
| RD1-team27={{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Aditya Mehta]]'''
| RD1-score27='''4'''
| RD1-seed28=
| RD1-team28={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Ebdon]]
| RD1-score28=3
| RD1-seed29=
| RD1-team29={{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]]'''
| RD1-score29='''w/o'''
| RD1-seed30=
| RD1-team30={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yu Delu]]
| RD1-score30=w/d
| RD1-seed31=
| RD1-team31={{flagicon|IND}} [[Dharminder Lilly]]
| RD1-score31=0
| RD1-seed32=
| RD1-team32={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Mark Selby]]'''
| RD1-score32='''4'''

| RD2-seed01=
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Anda]]
| RD2-score01=3
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Michael White (snooker player)|Michael White]]'''
| RD2-score02='''4'''
| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Gary Wilson (snooker player)|Gary Wilson]]'''
| RD2-score03='''4'''
| RD2-seed04=
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Marco Fu]]
| RD2-score04=3
| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Mark Davis (snooker player)|Mark Davis]]'''
| RD2-score05='''4'''
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Holt (snooker player)|Michael Holt]]
| RD2-score06=1
| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tom Ford (snooker player)|Tom Ford]]
| RD2-score07=3
| RD2-seed08=
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Maguire]]'''
| RD2-score08='''4'''
| RD2-seed09=
| RD2-team09={{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Stuart Bingham]]'''
| RD2-score09='''4'''
| RD2-seed10=
| RD2-team10={{nowrap|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thanawat Thirapongpaiboon]]}}
| RD2-score10=2
| RD2-seed11=
| RD2-team11={{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Pankaj Arjan Advani|Pankaj Advani]]'''
| RD2-score11='''4'''
| RD2-seed12=
| RD2-team12={{flagicon|NIR}} [[Mark Allen (snooker player)|Mark Allen]]
| RD2-score12=2
| RD2-seed13=
| RD2-team13={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Hammad Miah]]
| RD2-score13=1
| RD2-seed14=
| RD2-team14={{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Aditya Mehta]]'''
| RD2-score14='''4'''
| RD2-seed15=
| RD2-team15={{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]]'''
| RD2-score15='''4'''
| RD2-seed16=
| RD2-team16={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mark Selby]]
| RD2-score16=1

| RD3-seed01=
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Michael White (snooker player)|Michael White]]'''
| RD3-score01='''4'''
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gary Wilson (snooker player)|Gary Wilson]]
| RD3-score02=3
| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mark Davis (snooker player)|Mark Davis]]
| RD3-score03=2
| RD3-seed04=
| RD3-team04={{nowrap|{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Maguire]]'''}}
| RD3-score04='''4'''
| RD3-seed05=
| RD3-team05={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Stuart Bingham]]
| RD3-score05=3
| RD3-seed06=
| RD3-team06={{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Pankaj Arjan Advani|Pankaj Advani]]'''
| RD3-score06='''4'''
| RD3-seed07=
| RD3-team07={{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Aditya Mehta]]'''
| RD3-score07='''4'''
| RD3-seed08=
| RD3-team08={{flagicon|WAL}} [[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]]
| RD3-score08=2

| RD4-seed01=
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|WAL}} [[Michael White (snooker player)|Michael White]]
| RD4-score01=3
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02={{nowrap|{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Maguire]]'''}}
| RD4-score02='''4'''
| RD4-seed03=
| RD4-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[Pankaj Arjan Advani|Pankaj Advani]]
| RD4-score03=3
| RD4-seed04=
| RD4-team04={{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Aditya Mehta]]'''
| RD4-score04='''4'''

| RD5-seed01=
| RD5-team01={{nowrap|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Maguire]]}}
| RD5-score01=3
| RD5-seed02=
| RD5-team02={{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Aditya Mehta]]'''
| RD5-score02='''4'''
}}

==Final==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#ffd700" | '''Final:''' Best of 9 frames. Referee: [[Brendan Moore (snooker referee)|Brendan Moore]]. [[Le Meridien Hotel (New Delhi)|Le Meridien Hotel]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]], 18 October 2013.<ref name="Snooker.org MD" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Final – Match 69 – Ding Junhui v Aditya Mehta |url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Matches/Result/13538?matchId=186814 |work=worldsnookerdata.com |publisher=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=18 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019134421/http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Matches/Result/13538?matchId=186814 |archivedate=19 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| width="230" align="right" | '''[[Ding Junhui]]''' {{CHN}}
| width="100" align="center" | '''5'''–0
| width="230" | [[Aditya Mehta]] {{IND}}
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="font-size: 100%" | '''76'''–36 (52), '''87'''–0 (81), {{nowrap|'''107'''–0 (107)}}, {{nowrap|'''93'''–1 (93)}}, {{nowrap|'''116'''–1 (100)}}
|-
| align="right" | '''107'''
| align="center" | Highest break
| 30
|-
| align="right" | '''2'''
| align="center" | Century breaks
| 0
|-
| align="right" | '''5'''
| align="center" | 50+ breaks
| 0
|}

==Qualifying==
These matches were held on 11 and 12 August 2013 at the [[The Dome Leisure Centre|Doncaster Dome]] in [[Doncaster]], [[England]]. All matches were best of 7 frames.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/e4/bd/0,,13165~179684,00.pdf |title=Indian Open 2013 Qualifiers Draw & Format |work=worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]]|accessdate=1 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926072235/http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/e4/bd/0,,13165~179684,00.pdf |archivedate=26 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Open 2013 qualifiers results |url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/RoundList/Tournament/13539 |work=worldsnookerdata.com |publisher=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=12 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814215458/http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/RoundList/Tournament/13539 |archivedate=14 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=267|title=Indian Open Qualifiers (2013)|publisher=Snooker.org|accessdate=1 August 2013}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| width="100%" cellspacing="1"
|-
!width=45%|
!width=10%|
!width=45%|
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Neil Robertson]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–3 || {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Robin Hull]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Adam Duffy]] || align="center"| 0–'''4''' || {{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Noppon Saengkham]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Rod Lawler]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Jak Jones]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ali Carter]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gareth Green]]
|-
| {{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Christopher Keogan]]
|-
| {{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Dechawat Poomjaeng]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–1 || {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Rhys Clark (snooker player)|Rhys Clark]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Liang Wenbo]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scott Donaldson]]
|-
| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Matthew Stevens]] || align="center"| 0–'''4''' || {{flagicon|IRL}} '''[[David Morris (snooker player)|David Morris]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Ding Junhui]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–1 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sanderson Lam]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Barry Pinches]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–1 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chris Wakelin]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Mark Joyce]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–3 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Allan Taylor (snooker player)|Allan Taylor]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Martin Gould]] || align="center"| 3–'''4''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Sean O'Sullivan (snooker player)|Sean O'Sullivan]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mark King (snooker player)|Mark King]] || align="center"| 0–'''4''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Jeff Cundy]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Lines]] || align="center"| 2–'''4''' || {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Li Yan (snooker player)|Li Yan]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tian Pengfei]] || align="center"| 2–'''4''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Joel Walker (snooker player)|Joel Walker]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[John Higgins]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–2 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sam Baird]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Barry Hawkins]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–2 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jamie O'Neill (snooker player)|Jamie O'Neill]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Anthony McGill]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–1 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[James Cahill (snooker player)|James Cahill]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Dave Harold]] || align="center"| 2–'''4''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Alex Davies (snooker player)|Alex Davies]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|IRL}} '''[[Fergal O'Brien]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Vinnie Calabrese]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–1 || {{flagicon|THA}} [[Passakorn Suwannawat]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Zak Surety]]
|-
| {{flagicon|NIR}} '''[[Gerard Greene]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–3 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mitchell Travis]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Ricky Walden]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–1 || {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Alex Borg]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Graeme Dott]] || align="center"| 2–'''4''' || {{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Ratchayothin Yotharuck]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|THA}} '''[[James Wattana]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–1 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ryan Clark (snooker player)|Ryan Clark]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Mike Dunn (snooker player)|Mike Dunn]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|THA}} [[Thepchaiya Un-Nooh]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IRL}} '''[[Ken Doherty]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–2 || {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Luca Brecel]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Andrew Higginson (snooker player)|Andrew Higginson]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Ross Muir]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Jamie Burnett]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–2 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chris Norbury]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rory McLeod (snooker player)|Rory McLeod]] || align="center"| 0–'''4''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Kyren Wilson]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Shaun Murphy]] || align="center"| 3–'''4''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Robbie Williams (snooker player)|Robbie Williams]]'''
|}
{{col-2}}
{| width="100%" cellspacing="1"
|-
!width=45%|
!width=10%|
!width=45%|
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Judd Trump]] || align="center"| 3–'''4''' || {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Zhang Anda]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Alan McManus]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–1 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sydney Wilson]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Anthony Hamilton (snooker player)|Anthony Hamilton]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–2 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Wasley]]
|-
| {{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Michael White (snooker player)|Michael White]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Ahmed Saif]]
|-
| {{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Dominic Dale]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–2 || {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Alexander Ursenbacher]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jimmy White]] || align="center"| 1–'''4''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Gary Wilson (snooker player)|Gary Wilson]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Alfred Burden|Alfie Burden]] || align="center"| 3–'''4''' || {{flagicon|MLT}} '''[[Tony Drago]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|HKG}} '''[[Marco Fu]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Michael Leslie (snooker player)|Michael Leslie]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Mark Davis (snooker player)|Mark Davis]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lee Page]]
|-
| {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Kurt Maflin]] || align="center"| 2–'''4''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Elliot Slessor]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Jamie Cope]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–3 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Martin O'Donnell (snooker player)|Martin O'Donnell]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Michael Holt (snooker player)|Michael Holt]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–2 || {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Fraser Patrick]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Tom Ford (snooker player)|Tom Ford]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Craig Steadman]]
|-
| {{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–1 || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Patrick Einsle]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cao Yupeng]] || align="center"| 1–'''4''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Paul Davison]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Stephen Maguire]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–1 || {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Andrew Pagett]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Stuart Bingham]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–1 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ian Burns (snooker player)|Ian Burns]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Liu Chuang (snooker player)|Liu Chuang]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Mohamed Khairy]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve Davis]] || align="center"| 1–'''4''' || {{nowrap|{{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Thanawat Thirapongpaiboon]]'''}}
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Woollaston]] || align="center"| 3–'''4''' || {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Lyu Haotian]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Marcus Campbell]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–3 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Shane Castle]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Matthew Selt]] || align="center"| 0–'''4''' || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Pankaj Arjan Advani|Pankaj Advani]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Nigel Bond]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–3 || {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Hang (snooker player)|Li Hang]]
|-
| {{flagicon|NIR}} '''[[Mark Allen (snooker player)|Mark Allen]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–1 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Astley (snooker player)|John Astley]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Robert Milkins]] || align="center"| 2–'''4''' || {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Chen Zhe]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jimmy Robertson (snooker player)|Jimmy Robertson]] || align="center"| 3–'''4''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Hammad Miah]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xiao Guodong]] || align="center"| 2–'''4''' || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Aditya Mehta]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Peter Ebdon]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–1 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ashley Carty]]
|-
| {{flagicon|WAL}} '''[[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–0 || {{flagicon|NIR}} [[Joe Swail]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Yu Delu]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–2 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Stuart Carrington]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jack Lisowski]] || align="center"| 2–'''4''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Liam Highfield]]'''
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Mark Selby]]''' || align="center"| '''4'''–3 || {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Daniel Wells (snooker player)|Daniel Wells]]
|}
{{col-end}}

==Century breaks==

===Televised stage centuries===
<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Open: century breaks |url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/CenturyBreakList/Tournament/13538 |work=worldsnookerdata.com |publisher=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=18 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021032312/http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/CenturyBreakList/Tournament/13538 |archivedate=21 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{colbegin}}
* 142, 109, 107, 106, 100 {{ndash}} [[Ding Junhui]]
* 138, 123, 103 {{ndash}} [[Anthony McGill]]
* 137 {{ndash}} [[Marco Fu]]
* 135, 125, 120 {{ndash}} [[Gary Wilson (snooker player)|Gary Wilson]]
* 134 {{ndash}} [[Pankaj Arjan Advani|Pankaj Advani]]
* 133, 125 {{ndash}} [[Michael White (snooker player)|Michael White]]
* 133 {{ndash}} [[Zhang Anda]]
* 132, 127, 122 {{ndash}} [[Aditya Mehta]]
* 131, 101 {{ndash}} [[Ratchayothin Yotharuck]]
* 119, 119, 117 {{ndash}} [[Stuart Bingham]]
* 114 {{ndash}} [[Mark Joyce]]
* 108 {{ndash}} [[Rod Lawler]]
* 104, 103, 103, 103, 100 {{ndash}} [[Neil Robertson]]
* 103, 100 {{ndash}} [[Robbie Williams (snooker player)|Robbie Williams]]
* 102 {{ndash}} [[Ken Doherty]]
* 102 {{ndash}} [[Ricky Walden]]
* 101 {{ndash}} [[Liu Chuang (snooker player)|Liu Chuang]]
* 100 {{ndash}} [[Liang Wenbo]]
* 100 {{ndash}} [[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]]
{{colend}}

===Qualifying stage centuries===
<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Open qualifiers: century breaks |url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/CenturyBreakList/Tournament/13539 |work=worldsnookerdata.com |publisher=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=12 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814222059/http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/CenturyBreakList/Tournament/13539 |archivedate=14 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{colbegin}}
* 136 {{ndash}} [[Andrew Higginson (snooker player)|Andrew Higginson]]
* 134 {{ndash}} [[Marco Fu]]
* 129 {{ndash}} [[Martin O'Donnell (snooker player)|Martin O'Donnell]]
* 126 {{ndash}} [[Elliot Slessor]]
* 125 {{ndash}} [[Chen Zhe]]
* 121 {{ndash}} [[Fergal O'Brien]]
* 114 {{ndash}} [[Mark Davis (snooker player)|Mark Davis]]
* 111 {{ndash}} [[Jamie O'Neill (snooker player)|Jamie O'Neill]]
* 109, 101 {{ndash}} [[Zhang Anda]]
* 105 {{ndash}} [[Peter Ebdon]]
* 105 {{ndash}} [[Xiao Guodong]]
* 105 {{ndash}} [[Liam Highfield]]
* 104 {{ndash}} [[Aditya Mehta]]
* 103 {{ndash}} [[Graeme Dott]]
* 103 {{ndash}} [[Paul Davison]]
* 102 {{ndash}} [[Fraser Patrick]]
* 101 {{ndash}} [[David Gilbert (snooker player)|David Gilbert]]
* 101 {{ndash}} [[Kyren Wilson]]
* 100 {{ndash}} [[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]]
* 100 {{ndash}} [[Kurt Maflin]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10151612877557062.1073741852.10215162061&type=3 2013 Indian Open – Pictures mainly by Tai Chengzhe] at [[Facebook]]

{{Snooker season 2013/2014}}

[[Category:Indian Open (snooker)|2013]]
[[Category:2013 in snooker|Indian Open]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian sport|Open]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in New Delhi]]
[[Category:October 2013 sports events in India|Indian Open]]

Gobindpur block

2026-03-20T15:40:24Z

Rudra2020: Details.

{{Other uses|Gobindpur (disambiguation){{!}}Gobindpur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gobindpur
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Meditating nature.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rural landscape around Gobindpur
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6473|N|86.0696|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 458.56
| population_total = 136600
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Santali language|Santali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 831002
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06597
| registration_plate = JH 22
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 63.19%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Seraikella (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seraikella]]
| website = {{URL|seraikela.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gobindpur block''' (also called Gobindpur Rajnagar) is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Seraikela Sadar subdivision]] of [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
The British conquered [[Kolhan division|Kolhan]] in 1837 and consequently formed a new district [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]] with headquarters at [[Chaibasa]]. In 1854, Singhbhum “became a non-regulation district under the jurisdiction of the Lt. Governor of Bengal”. The Rajas of Porhat/ Singhbhum, Seraikela and Kharswan held sway over their kingdoms under British protection. The native states of [[Seraikela State|Seraikela]] and [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]] acceded to the Indian Union in 1948. Subsequently, Singhbhum district was divided into three subdivisions – Sadar, Dhalbhum and Seraikela. In 1956, along with the [[States Reorganisation Commission|reorganisation of the states]], three police stations of [[Manbhum|Manbhum district]], namely [[Patamda#Civic administration|Patamda]], [[Ichagarh#Civic administration|Ichagarh]] and [[Chandil#Civic administration|Chandil]] were transferred to Singhbhum district. While Patamda was added to [[Dhalbhum subdivision]], Ichagarh and Chandil to [[Seraikela Sadar subdivision]]. Seraikela Kharsawan district was carved out of [[West Singhbhum district]] in 2001. The district has two subdivisions – [[Seraikela Sadar subdivision|Seraikela]] and [[Chandil subdivision|Chandil]]. The headquarters of the district is at [[Seraikela]] town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 5-7: History – British Period |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 23 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.128750/2015.128750.Bihar-District-Gazetteers-Singhbhum_text.pdf | title = Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum |first= P.C. |last=Roy Chaudhury |work= Pages 386-391: General Administration| publisher = Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1958| access-date = 23 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan| title= District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan| work= Brief Summary of the District| publisher= Jharkhand Police| access-date= 23 November 2021| archive-date= 26 November 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan| url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Maoist activities==
According to a [[Press Information Bureau|PIB]] release in 2018, Seraikela Kharsawan was not included in the list of the thirty districts most affected by [[Left wing extremism]] in the country. The list includes thirteen districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181336 | title = Maoist and Naxal activities in the country| work = 1 August 2018| publisher = Press Information Bureau, Government of India| access-date = 23 November 2021}}</ref>

Jharkhand Police has mentioned “Nimdih, Chandil, Chowka, Ichagarh, Tiruldih, Kharsawan and Kuchai” police station areas of Seraikela Kharsawan district as [[Naxalite]] affected.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile Seraikela Kharsawan | work = Security Scenario | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 23 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Hemant Soren]], Chief Minister of Jharkhand, has claimed, in September 2021, that as a result of the effective action against [[Far-left politics|left wing extremism]], the “presence of hardcore Maoists has been limited to mainly four regions, namely Parasnath Pahar, Budha Pahar, Tri-junction of Seraikela-Khunti-Chaibasa district in Kolhan division and some of the areas along the Bihar border”.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/sep/26/presence-of-maoists-limited-to-only-four-regions-in-jharkhand-claims-cm-hemant-soren-2364060.html | title= Presence of Maoists limited to only four regions in Jharkhand, claims CM Hemant Soren | publisher = The New Indian Express, 26 September 2021 | access-date = 23 November 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
Gobindpur is located at {{coord|22.6473|N|86.0696|E|display=inline}}.

The old and undivided Singhbhum district, of which the present Seraikela Kharsawan district was a part, has been described as “part of the southern fringe of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chotanagpur plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract. There are hills alternating with valleys, steep mountains, deep forests on the mountain slopes, and, in the river basins, some stretches of comparatively level or undulating country.”<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.128750/2015.128750.Bihar-District-Gazetteers-Singhbhum_text.pdf | title = Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum |work= P.C. Roy Chaudhury | publisher = Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1958| access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

It has an elevation range of {{convert|178-209|m}}. [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]] are important rivers in the district.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://seraikela.nic.in/district-at-a-glance/ | title = Seraikela Kharsawan | work = District at a Glance - Geography| publisher = District administration | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>[[Chandil Dam]] has been built across the Subarnarekha, after Karkari River joins it.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://seraikela.nic.in/tourist-place/chandil-dam/ | title = Seraikela Kharsawan | work = Tourist Places – Chandil Dam| publisher = District administration | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

Gobindpur CD block is bounded by [[Adityapur block|Adityapur]] CD block on the north, Potka CD block in East Singhbhum district on the east, Tiring, Jamda, Kurumi and Raruan CD blocks in Mayurbhanj district, in Odisha, and Tantnagar and Chaibasa CD blocks in West Singhum district on the south, and [[Seraikela block|Seraikela]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/saraikela.html | title = CD block/ Tehsil map of Saraikela Kharsawan | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/paschimi-singhbhum.html | title = CD block/ Tehsil map of Paschimi Singhbhum | publisher = Maps of India| access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/purbi-singhbhum.html | title = CD block/ Tehsil map of Purbi Singhbhum | publisher = Maps of India| access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/orissa/tehsil/mayurbhanj.html | title = CD block/ Tehsil map of Mayurbhanj| publisher = Maps of India| access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

Gobindpur CD block has an area of 458.56 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2024_PART_B_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location Code: 0260, Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 21 November 2021}}</ref>[[Rajnagar, Seraikela Kharsawan#Civic administration|Rajnagar]] police station serves Gobindpur CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 21 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref> The headquarters of Gobindpur CD block is located at [[Rajnagar, Seraikela Kharsawan|Rajnagar]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Seraikela Kharsawan district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 21 November 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Gobindpur CD block had a total population of 136,600, all of which were rural. There were 67,810 (50%) males and 68,790 (50%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 20,077. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 2,918 (2.14%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 71,976 (52.69%).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Gobindpur CD block was 73,633 (63.19% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 43,750 (75.94% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 29,883 (50.73% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 25.21%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Seraikela Kharsawan district was 68.85%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Seraikela Kharsawan district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages in Gobindpur CD block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value1= 30.65 |color1= darkturquoise
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 27.44 |color2 = orchid
|label3 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value3= 17.50 |color3= saddlebrown
|label4 = [[Ho language|Ho]] |value4 = 16.41 |color4 = deepskyblue
|label5 = [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] |value5 = 3.20 |color5 = indianred
|label6 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value6 = 2.57 |color6 = teal
|label7 = Others |value7 = 2.23 |color7 = grey
}}
According to the ''Population by Mother Tongue 2011'' data, in the Gobindpur subdistrict, [[Santali language|Santali]] was the mother-tongue of 46,253 persons forming 33.86% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (37,489/ 27.44%), [[Odiya language|Odiya]] (23,904/ 17.50), [[Ho language|Ho]] (22,412/ 16.41), [[Mundari language|Mundari]] (3,506/ 2.57%), [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] (1,012/ 0.74), [[Hindi]] (791 / 0.54%), [[Urdu]] (585/ 0.43%), [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], (582/ 0.43%), and persons with other languages as mother-tongue (66/ 0.05%).<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Note: An attempt has been made to include all language groups each with at least 500 persons as their mother-tongue and only those groups with less than 500 persons as their mother-tongue are included in the “other languages” category. Comparatively smaller language groups with 200+ persons as their mother-tongue are mentioned in the text. Many languages have sub-groups. Those who are interested can see the reference for more details.

[[Hindi]] is the [[official language]] in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=19 November 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Gobindpur CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|51.10}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|48.07}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|0.49}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.34}}
}}

According to the ''Population by Religious Communities 2011'' data, in the Gobindpur subdistrict, ‘Other religious communities’ numbered 69,818 and formed 51.12% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Hindus]] (65,662/ 48.07%), [[Muslims]] (676/ 0.49%), [[Christians]] (193/ 0.14%), and persons who did not state their religion (251/ 0.18%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In Seraikela Kharsawan district, [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 255,626 and formed 24.00% of the total population. The larger groups within the scheduled tribes, with percentage of the ST population, were [[Santal people|Santals]] 50.80%, [[Ho people|Ho]] 34.87%, [[Munda people|Mundas, Patars]] 17.60% and [[Kurukh people|Oraons, Bhangar Oraons]] 4.12%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Seraikella-Kharswan, Series 21, Part XII A, 2011 Census | work = Page 30: Note on Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 November 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Overview===
In Seraikela Kharsawan district, 70-80% of the population were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref> In 2011–12, the proportion of BPL population in Seraikela Kharsawan district came down to 33.6%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.livemint.com/Specials/bqVly6xj4usB3DiTibS3DK/Spatial-poverty-in-Jharkhand.html| title = Spatial poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Mint | accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref> According to a study in 2013 (modified in 2019), "the incidence of poverty in Jharkhand is estimated at 46%, but 60% of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are still below poverty line.”<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/#:~:text=The%20incidence%20of%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20is%20estimated,are%20main%20causes%20for%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20state. | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India: An Empirical Study based on Panel Data| publisher = MPRA| accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Gobindpur CD block'''
|value1 = 45.49
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 36.29
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 1.46
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 16.77
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Gobindpur CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 27,246 and formed 45.49%, agricultural labourers numbered 21,735 and formed 36.29%, household industry workers numbered 872 and formed 1.46% and other workers numbered 10,044 and formed 16.77%. Total workers numbered 59,897 and formed 43.85% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 76,703 and formed 56.15% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Tables 30 and 33, pages 50-51, 54 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 November 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 246 inhabited villages in Gobindpur CD block. In 2011, 226 villages had power supply. 24 villages had tap water, 238 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 220 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 6 villages had post offices, 21 villages had sub post offices, 10 villages had telephone (land line), 146 villages had mobile phone coverage. 246 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 28 villages had bus service (public/ private), 9 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 25 villages had taxi/ vans, 80 villages had tractors. 7 villages had bank branches, 3 villages had agricultural credit societies, 47 villages had availability of newspapers, 57 villages had [[public distribution system|ration shops]], 8 villages had weekly [[Haat bazaar|haat]], 116 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 558-561, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 November 2021}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Seraikela Kharsawan district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is ”designed to redress regional imbalances in development”. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 25 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Gobindpur CD block had 6 villages with pre-primary schools, 219 villages with primary schools, 104 villages with middle schools, 9 villages with secondary schools, 4 villages with senior secondary schools, 27 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 558-559, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 November 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Gobindpur CD block had 3 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 18 villages with primary health subcentres, 77 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 7 villages with allopathic hospitals, 3 villages with dispensary, 2 villages with veterinary hospitals, 1 village with family welfare centre, 16 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Seraikela Kharsawan district}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Seraikela Kharsawan district]]

Ettumanoor

2026-03-16T11:59:55Z

Rudra2020: reworked formatting for clarity for consistency

{{multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Original research|date=October 2020}}
{{Cleanup|reason= organization, etc.|date=October 2020}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ettumanoor
| native_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]<ref>https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf |date=17 April 2018 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>
| image_skyline = File:Ettumanoor Temple North Gate Entrance.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = North entrance to the temple
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.67|N|76.57|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Ettumanur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Ettumanoor]</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 27.8
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 4
| population_total = 51,129
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ettumanoorcds.com/ettumanoor-muncipality |title=Ettumanoor municipality - At a glance}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686631
| registration_plate = KL-05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kottayam]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = Nearly 100%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Kottayam
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ettumanoor''' ({{IPA|ml|eːt̪uːmaːnuːr|}}) is a [[List of urban local bodies in Kerala|municipality]] in the [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf |date=17 April 2018 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> It is located approximately {{convert|10|km|1|abbr=on}} north of the district headquarters at [[Kottayam]] and about {{convert|163|km|1|abbr=on}} north of the state capital, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Indian census]], Ettumanoor has a population of 51,129 and a population density of {{convert|1839|/sqkm|abbr=on}}.

== Etymology ==
{{Unreferenced-section|date=October 2020}}

The name ''Ettumanoor'' is traditionally explained through several local and mythological interpretations. One interpretation traces the name to the [[Malayalam]] words ''maan'' (deer) and ''ooru'' (place), meaning "place of deer". Another version suggests that the name is derived from ''Ettu Mana Ooru'', meaning "the land of eight manas", referring to eight Namboothiri Brahmin households (''Ashta Grihas'') who are traditionally regarded as the original ''ooralans'' (trustees) of the Ettumanoor Mahadeva Temple.

It is also believed that Lord [[Shiva]] appeared at this place (''ooru'') in eight (''ettu'') different forms, which contributed to the name Ettumanoor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ETTUMANOOR MAHADEVA TEMPLE |url=https://ettumanoormahadevatemple.com/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=ettumanoormahadevatemple.com}}</ref>

According to local tradition, Ettumanoor is considered a historically significant site, with myths stating that the [[Pandava|Pandavas]] and the sage [[Vyasa]] were associated with the establishment of the Ettumanoor Mahadeva Temple.

== Transportation ==
{{Unreferenced-section|date=October 2020}}

[[File:Ettumanoor Junction.JPG|thumb|Ettumanoor main junction]]

Ettumanoor has two bus stands: a [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) station master's office with an adjoining bus station, and a privately operated bus stand. Deluxe, express, and inter-state buses halt at the town. Direct bus services are available to several destinations, including [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], [[Mangaluru|Mangalore]], [[Theni]], [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cumbum]], [[Velankanni]], [[Palani]], [[Madurai]], [[Thoothukudi|Tuticorin]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], and [[Coimbatore]].

The two bus stands are located close to each other, with a large market situated between them, contributing to Ettumanoor's role as a local commercial centre. Two state highways intersect within the town, and two additional highways originate from it, making Ettumanoor an important transit point for commuters in the region.

== Economy ==
{{Unreferenced-section|date=October 2020}}

Ettumanoor hosts an industrial estate under the Government of Kerala, along with a production centre under the Government of India, which together form the town's principal industrial facilities. The industrial estate is noted as the only such facility in Kerala functioning under the Ministry of Labour, Government of India. The main products manufactured in the area include rolling shutters, bakery items, rubber products, and wood-based products.

Since the 1950s, Ettumanoor has also been recognised as a major centre for the trade of building materials in the [[Central Division (Travancore)|Central Travancore]] region.

== Education ==
{{Unreferenced-section|date=October 2020}}

[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], established on 2 October 1983, is located at Athirampuzha, approximately {{convert|6.7|km|1|abbr=on}} south-west of Ettumanoor. Government-run educational institutions in the town include an Industrial Training Institute (ITI), a Government Boys' Higher Secondary School, a Government Girls' Model High School, a Teachers' Training School, and a Lower Primary School.

Privately managed institutions include SFS Public School and Junior College, Shree Vidyadhiraja Higher Secondary School, and Ebenezer International Residential School. The Town U.P.S. School is a privately aided institution established in 1918. Higher education institutions in and around Ettumanoor include [[Mangalam College of Engineering]] and Ettumanoorappan College, Ettumanoor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Principal’s Message |url=https://ettumanoorappancollege.edu.in/ |publisher=Ettumanoorappan College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524233222/https://ettumanoorappancollege.edu.in/ |archive-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

There are more than a dozen colleges and professional institutions within the Ettumanoor Assembly constituency. Ettumanoor also serves as the headquarters of the Kerala Chuvar Chithra Kala Kendram, under the Government of Kerala.

== Hospitals ==
{{Unreferenced-section|date=October 2020}}

[[Government Medical College, Kottayam]] is located approximately {{convert|6|km|1|abbr=on}} from Ettumanoor town. Direct public and private bus services operate between Ettumanoor and the medical college. A Kerala Government–run general hospital is also located in Ettumanoor, near the former panchayat office, providing general treatment services.

Private healthcare facilities in and around Ettumanoor include Caritas Hospital and Matha Hospital, both situated within a {{convert|3|km|1|abbr=on}} radius of the central junction towards Kottayam. Mitera Hospital, which specialises in maternal and child healthcare, is located at [[Thellakom]].

== Politics ==

Ettumanoor Assembly constituency forms part of the [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |title=Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2009 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=19 October 2008}}</ref>

The major political parties active in Ettumanoor include the [[Indian National Congress]], the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], the [[Communist Party of India]], the [[Kerala Congress]], and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. As of the most recent municipal administration, the Ettumanoor Municipality is governed by the Indian National Congress.

== Mahadeva Temple ==
{{Refimprove section|date=February 2025}}

{{main|Ettumanoor Mahadevar Temple}} [[File:Ettumanoor temple.jpg|thumb|Ettumanoor Mahadevar Temple]]

The ancient [[Ettumanoor Mahadevar Temple]] is one of the most prominent landmarks of Ettumanoor and has contributed significantly to the town's cultural and religious identity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ettumanoor Mahadeva Temple - Info, Timings, Photos, History |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/hindu-temple/ettumanoor-mahadeva-temple/ |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination |language=en-US}}</ref> According to local tradition, the [[Pandava|Pandavas]] and the sage [[Vyasa]] are believed to have worshipped at this temple. One interpretation associates the name of the place with the word manoor, meaning "the abode of deer".

The present temple structure, including the gopuram and the surrounding fortifications, was reconstructed in 717 ME (1542 AD). The temple features [[Kerala mural painting|Dravidian-style mural paintings]] on the walls inside and outside the main entrance. Among these, the [[fresco]] depicting Pradosha Nritham (the dance of [[Shiva]]) is regarded as one of the finest examples of [[Mural|wall painting]] in [[India]]. The temple has a golden flagstaff topped with a sculpted bull, adorned with small bells and metal leaves shaped like those of a banyan tree. The roofs are covered with copper sheets and are crowned with 14 ornamental finials. In addition to the main deity, shrines dedicated to Bhagavati, Sastha, Ganapathy, and Yakshi are present. Tradition also holds that the philosopher [[Adi Shankara|Shankaracharya]] composed the Saundarya Lahari while staying at the temple.

=== Festivals ===
{{Unreferenced-section|date=October 2020}}

[[File:Ezharaponnana ezhunnallathu.jpg|thumb|Ezhara Ponnana festival]]

The Ettumanoor Mahadevar Temple is known for its annual arattu festival, celebrated on a large scale on the day of [[Thiruvathira]] during February–March. Large numbers of devotees visit the temple, particularly on the eighth and tenth days of the festival, when the Ezhara Ponnana—seven-and-a-half golden elephants weighing approximately {{convert|13|kg|1|abbr=on}}—are ceremonially displayed. These golden elephants were donated to the temple by a Maharaja of [[Travancore]]. The temple, administered by the Travancore Devaswom Board, possesses several valuable ritual and ceremonial objects.

The [[tulabhara|Thulabharam]] ritual is also an important practice at the temple, in which devotees are weighed against offerings such as fruits or other items, symbolising gratitude for perceived blessings received. As a result of its religious significance, Ettumanoor is recognised as an important Hindu pilgrimage centre.

According to temple tradition, the deity Ettumanoorappan is believed to have originated from [[Kattupakkam|Kattampakkam]], a village in the Kottayam district. Local legends further associate the temple town with visits by sages, including Vyasa, reflecting its long-standing religious importance.

== Ettumanoor railway station ==
{{Unreferenced-section|date=October 2020}}

Ettumanoor railway station played an important role as a logistical hub for the supply of steel during the construction of the [[Idukki Dam|Idukki dams]]. Several express trains, including the [[Venad Express]] and the [[Parasuram Express]], have scheduled halts at the station. During major festivals at the Ettumanoor Mahadevar Temple, additional express services, such as the [[Vanchinad Express]], are provided with special stops at Ettumanoor railway station.

== Radio Mangalam 91.2 FM ==
{{Unreferenced-section|date=October 2020}}

[[File:Radio_Mangalam.png|thumb|Radio Mangalam logo]]

Radio Mangalam 91.2 FM is a community radio station managed by [[Mangalam College of Engineering]]. It has been operational since 2016 and broadcasts programmes primarily aimed at the local community.

The station airs three live programmes daily. Mangalam Wishes, broadcast from 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m., features greetings and messages from listeners. Mangalam Vani, aired between 1:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m., focuses on discussions, interviews, and topics of local and community interest. The evening programme, Crazy Time, broadcast from 7:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m., provides entertainment-oriented content. These programmes reflect the station's emphasis on community participation and locally relevant broadcasting.

== Notable people ==
{{alumni|residents|date=October 2020}}
* [[Karoor Neelakanta Pillai]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/Karoor/Html/Karoorgraphy.htm |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804164803/https://keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/Karoor/Html/Karoorgraphy.htm |archive-date=4 August 2016 |language=ml}}</ref>
* [[S. P. Pillai]]
* [[Victor George]]
* [[V. D. Rajappan]]
* [[George Kurian (politician)|George Kurian]]
* [[Dennis Joseph]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Ettumanoor Temple Front Arch.JPG|Temple entrance
File:Ettumanoor Temple Deity Outside.JPG|Ucha Pooja or noon prayer
File:Ettumanoor Temple Bhandaram of TDB.JPG|Temple Bhandaram (Donation box)
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.browsekerala.com/kottayam/panchhomepage.asp Details] about services
* [http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/ettumanoorfestival.htm About Ettumanoor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610032214/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/ettumanoorfestival.htm |date=10 June 2011 }} from Kerala Public Relations department

{{Central Travancore}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Kottayam]]

Minority government

2026-03-12T19:43:11Z

Rudra2020: refined lead per sources per standard format

{{Short description|Type of parliamentary system government}}
{{About|cabinets appointed without majority support in the legislature|states ruled by an influential minority|dominant minorities}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{party politics}}
A '''minority government''', '''minority cabinet''', '''minority administration,''' or a '''minority parliament''' is a [[government]] and [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] formed in a [[parliamentary system]] when a political party or [[Coalition government|coalition]] of parties does not have a majority of overall seats in the [[legislature]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Minority Government |url=https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/minority-government/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK parliament |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> It is sworn into office, with or without the formal support of other parties, enabling a government to be formed. Under such a government, legislation can only be passed with the support or consent of enough other members of the legislature to provide a majority, encouraging multi-partisanship. In [[Bicameralism|bicameral legislature]]s, the term relates to the situation in the chamber whose confidence is considered most crucial to the continuance in office of the government (generally, the [[lower house]]).{{Clarify|reason=no idea what this last sentence means. consider re-wording|date=March 2026}}

A minority government tends to be less stable than a [[majority government]] because, if they can unite, opposing parliamentary members have sufficient numbers to vote against legislation, or even bring down the government with a [[Motion of no confidence|vote of no confidence]]. If, however, a minority government can negotiate a [[confidence and supply]] agreement with parties sufficient to maintain a majority, it can be as stable as a majority government.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krauss |first1=Svenja |last2=Thürk |first2=Maria |date=2022-06-07 |title=Stability of minority governments and the role of support agreements |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402382.2021.1890455 |journal=West European Politics |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=767–792 |doi=10.1080/01402382.2021.1890455 |s2cid=233664045 |issn=0140-2382}}</ref>

== Coalitions and alliances ==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}

To deal with situations in parliamentary systems where no clear majority to form a government exists, two or more parties may establish a formal coalition government, commanding a clear majority of the parliamentary members. A party might also enter into less formal alliances or agreements with other parties or individual members to allow the minority government to stay in office.

A common situation is a governance with "jumping majorities", where the cabinet stays as long as it can negotiate support from a majority in the parliament, even though that majority may be differently formed from issue to issue or bill to bill. On occasion, the legislature may permit a minority cabinet to continue in office despite having been defeated on a given vote, and a minority government might even bring on a [[confidence vote]] and threaten to resign should the legislature vote against it.

An alternative arrangement is a looser alliance of parties, exemplified by Sweden. There the long-governing Social Democrats have ruled with more or less formal support from other parties – in the mid-20th century from Agrarians, after 1968 from Communists, and more recently from Greens and ex-Communists – and have thus been able to retain executive power and (in practice) legislative initiative. This is also common in Canada, where nine [[elections in Canada|elections]] from 1921 to 2005 effectively produced [[minority governments in Canada|minority federal governments]]. The parties can rarely cooperate enough to establish a formal coalition but operate under a loose agreement instead.

Occasionally, a [[confidence and supply]] agreement may be formed. This is a more formal pact that still falls short of creating a coalition government. In the Canadian province of [[Ontario]], the [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal Party]] formed a minority government from [[1985 Ontario general election|1985]] to 1987 on the basis of a formal accord with the [[Ontario New Democratic Party|New Democratic Party]] (NDP): the NDP agreed to support the Liberals for two years on all [[motion of no confidence|confidence motion]]s and budgetary legislation, in exchange for the passage of certain legislative measures proposed by the NDP. This was not a formal coalition, because the NDP remained an opposition party and was not given seats in the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]]. In this case, the Liberals did not even have a plurality of seats: the [[Ontario Progressive Conservative Party|Progressive Conservatives]] were the largest single party with 52 seats, whereas the Liberals had 48 and the NDP had 25.

New Zealand's [[48th New Zealand Parliament|48th Parliament]] operated with both a coalition and a looser agreement: the government was a coalition between the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]] and the [[New Zealand Progressive Party|Progressives]], while [[United Future New Zealand|United Future]] and [[New Zealand First]] had an agreement to support the government on confidence matters, while the [[New Zealand Green Party|Green Party]] was able to negotiate a cooperation agreement.

=== Simple plurality system ===
In most [[Westminster system]] nations, each constituency elects one member of parliament by simple plurality voting. This system heavily biases the vote towards increasing the number of seats of the top two parties and reducing the seats of smaller parties, a principle known in political science as [[Duverger's law]], and thus minority governments are relatively uncommon. Advocates of this system see this as one of its advantages. A party with less than 40% of the popular vote can often win an outright majority of the seats. (For instance, in the [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005 UK General Election]], the governing Labour party won by a majority of 66 seats in the House of Commons with only 35.2% of the popular vote.) If support for some parties is regionally concentrated, however, then Duverger's law applies separately to each region, and so no party can be sufficiently dominant in each region to receive a majority of the seats. This was the situation in Canada in the [[2004 Canadian federal election|2004]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clarkson |first=Stephen |url=http://archive.org/details/canadiangenerale0000unse |title=The Canadian general election of 2004 |publisher=Dundurn Group |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-55002-516-3 |editor-last=Dornan |editor-first=Chris |publication-place=Toronto, Ontario |chapter=Disaster and Recovery: Paul Martin as Political Lazarus |editor-last2=Pammett |editor-first2=Jon}}</ref> [[2006 Canadian federal election|2006]], [[2008 Canadian federal election|2008]], [[2019 Canadian federal election|2019]], and [[2021 Canadian federal election|2021]] federal elections, with no party obtaining a majority due in part to the dominance of the [[Bloc Québécois]] in the province of [[Quebec]].

In Westminster systems, in minority situations, the incumbent government usually has the first opportunity to attempt to win the confidence of the House. This is so even if the incumbents have fewer seats – the incumbent prime minister still holds their commission for the duration of the writ period and immediately following an election. If they cannot form a government that commands the confidence of the House then it is expected that they will resign that commission voluntarily – it is not considered acceptable for the Sovereign (or his representative) to revoke said commission unless the prime minister was acting in serious breach of constitutional protocol. Nevertheless, usually, an incumbent government that loses its plurality in the House simply resigns, especially if the main opposition party is only a few seats short of having a majority or if it feels it has no chance of winning the support of enough members of smaller parties to win an initial confidence vote.

Nevertheless, the now-common practice of the party with the most seats forming the government has led to a widespread misconception among voters that a convention exists whereby the party with the most seats always gets to form the government. In fact, the most compelling reason for this practice is that the party with the most seats can survive confidence votes so long as smaller party (or parties) simply [[abstention|abstain]] from confidence votes, whereas a governing party without a plurality in the House needs at least one other party to vote with it at all times (assuming the largest party will always vote no confidence, but that is almost certain to occur when they are denied the opportunity to govern). This means that in most situations, the party with the most seats has the best chance and the least complicated route to winning a confidence vote, regardless of its place on the political spectrum.

At the Canadian federal level, in the four most recent of the five occasions a governing party lost the plurality without another winning a majority (1957, 1963, 1979, and 2006), the incumbent governments resigned rather than attempt to stay in power.

Whatever party forms the government must either form a coalition with one or more other parties, or they must win support from at least one other party (either a [[confidence and supply]] deal or case-by-case agreements on individual confidence questions) if the government is to survive. Because of the ever-present risk of a no-confidence motion, minority governments are frequently short-lived or fall before their term is expired. The leader of a minority government may also call an election in hopes of winning a stronger mandate from the electorate. In Canada, for instance, federal minority governments last an average of 18 months.

=== Australia ===
The unprecedentedly close [[2010 Australian federal election]] produced a federal minority government in Australia for the first time since [[1940 Australian federal election|1940]]. The [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] and [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] both won 72 seats, 4 short of a majority. Labor won the [[Two-party-preferred|two-party preferred]] vote by 0.24%. Six crossbenchers, consisting of four independents, one [[Australian Greens|Greens]] MP, and one [[National Party of Australia (WA)|WA Nationals]] MP, held the balance of power. Ultimately, four crossbenchers gave [[confidence and supply]] to Labor, allowing them to form an extremely narrow minority government. This government stood until the [[2013 Australian federal election|2013 election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/1011/HungParliaments|title = Hung parliaments and minority governments}}</ref>

After the [[2016 Australian federal election|2016 federal election]], the [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] formed a majority government of just one seat. They lost their majority after the [[2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spills|2018 leadership spill]] which deposed Prime Minister [[Malcolm Turnbull]], as [[National Party of Australia|National Party]] MP [[Kevin Hogan (politician)|Kevin Hogan]] moved to the crossbench. The government lost another seat after the [[2018 Wentworth by-election]], which was won by independent [[Kerryn Phelps]]. They lost another seat after MP [[Julia Banks]] resigned from the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]], reducing the government to 73 seats. However, they retained confidence from all three MPs, enabling them to remain in government.

Due to the much greater power of the [[Australian Senate]], where no party usually holds a majority, than is typical in Westminster systems, Australian governments must typically negotiate with opposition parties to pass legislation, even when they enjoy sizeable majorities in the lower house. The Australian Senate may in principle withhold supply, bringing down the government; however, doing so would likely [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|produce a constitutional crisis]]. Nonetheless, the necessity of getting Senate support imposes many of the difficulties of minority government on most Australian governments.

=== Belgium ===
[[Belgium]] is not unfamiliar with minority governments. Moreover, this type of government is not explicitly provided for in the Constitution, even though the Constitution does not prevent its existence. More often than not, minority governments emerge following elections when the government that was in power loses its majority and has to become a [[caretaker government]] pending the formation of a new government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rigaux|first=Lucien|date=2019|title=Les gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique. Leur formation et l'étendue de leur pouvoir au regard de leur légitimité démocratique|journal=Revue belge de droit constitutionnel|volume=4|pages=353–355}}</ref>

==== Legal grounds ====
In Belgium, it is the King who appoints the government.<ref>Art. 96 of the Constitution</ref> However, as Belgium is a democratic state, constitutional custom requires that this appointment must be approved by the [[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Chamber of Representatives]], the democratically elected body.<ref>J. Velaers, « Honderd jaar vertrouwensstemmingen in de regering (1919–2018): een gewoonte die de crisis over het Marrakesh-pact overleeft », ''T.B.P.,'' 2020/1, pp. 4–29.</ref> This consent is given by a vote of confidence. There is, however, a small constitutional trick, since the majority required to obtain confidence is not calculated on the basis of all the members of parliament, but on the basis of the votes cast. As the specialist on minority governments in Belgium, Lucien Rigaux, points out, this means that the majority is calculated on the basis of the members present and does not require more than 76 votes (the majority of the 150 seats in the Chamber). Moreover, confidence is obtained if there are more votes in favour than against. For example, out of 100 votes cast, a minority government can be invested with 40 affirmative votes, 20 negative votes and 40 abstentions. The abstention of parties that, for various reasons, do not wish to enter the government thus makes it possible to form an emergency government with full powers and democratic legitimacy.<ref name="belgiumhistory">{{Cite web|last=Rigaux|first=Lucien|date=8 April 2020|title=« Historique des gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique de 1830 à aujourd'hui : une solution de crise|url=https://droit-public.ulb.ac.be/carnet-de-crise-9-historique-des-gouvernements-minoritaires-en-belgique-de-1830-a-aujourdhui-une-solution-de-crise1/|access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref>

==== History ====
Never in the federated entities has a minority government been formed spontaneously. On the other hand, at the central and then federal state level, there have been five attempts to form a minority government. Three of these attempts were transformed.<ref name="belgiumhistory"/> As Lucien Rigaux points out in an issue devoted to the history of minority governments in Belgium: "The first two attempts were failures. In 1925, the [[Liberal Party (Belgium)|Liberals]] experienced an electoral debacle. They preferred to stay away from a government majority. The [[Catholic Party (Belgium)|Catholic Party]] and the [[Belgian Labour Party|Belgian Workers' Party]] each won approximately 40 percent of the seats so they could not govern alone. However, within the Catholic Party, there remains serious reluctance to collaborate with the Socialists. It must be said that strong tensions between the two camps, particularly over the Flemishisation of the [[Ghent University]] and the management of external affairs, had led to the fall of the homogeneous Catholic government. After 38 days of [[caretaker government]] – which was relatively long for the time – the King appointed a Catholic cabinet. The latter was finally nipped in the bud by Parliament since the latter decided not to grant its confidence because the proposed Catholic coalition did not respect "Flemish national law", that it "was not qualified to resolve the difficulties of the parliamentary situation" and that it did not make it possible to fight the bourgeoisie".<ref>E. Gerard, Nouvelle histoire de la Belgique. La démocratie rêvée, bridée, bafouée, Bruxelles, Le Cri, 2010, <abbr>p.</abbr> 93</ref>

In 1946, the government of national unity, which followed [[World War II]], had already served its purpose. The Liberals felt that their new electoral defeat invited them to undergo an opposition cure. Socialists and Catholics clashed during the election campaign over the royal question of the return of King [[Leopold III of Belgium|Leopold III]] to Belgium, which made the political climate particularly tense. The Socialists reject the invitation of the Catholic informer to form a government because the former want to associate the Communists, who have obtained a better result than the [[Liberal Party (Belgium)|Liberal Party]], with the government, while the [[Catholic Party (Belgium)|Catholic Party]] categorically refuses to do so. After a month of political crisis, a cabinet composed solely of socialists is appointed by the King. In the parliamentary gallery, the then Prime Minister, [[Paul-Henri Spaak]], declared: "if you think you can quickly give the country a government other than the one before you, stronger, based on a stable majority, do not hesitate, overthrow us. But if you don't have that assurance, if you foresee, after a negative vote, a long period of hesitation, conciliations, abortive attempts, then think carefully about what you are going to do".<ref>Déclaration de gouvernement, ''Ann. parl.'', Ch. repr., séance du 19 mars 1946, p. 23.</ref> He nevertheless succumbs a few days later, since with as many votes in his favour as against him, he does not enjoy the confidence of Parliament. The defeat must have been all the more difficult to swallow as two Socialist MEPs had left before the vote in order not to miss their train to [[Liège]].<ref name="belgiumhistory"/>

On the other hand, the last three attempts were successful.

Firstly in 1958 a minority government received, for the first time, the support of Parliament. The [[Christian Social Party (Belgium, defunct)|Social Christian Party]] obtained a remarkable score that had nothing to envy to its results of the 19th century with 104 seats out of 212. However, the government's formation patinated notably on the school question which pitted Catholics and lay people against each other and which related to the financing of Catholic and public schools. Both the socialists and the liberals have the impression that they are playing a fool's game where the lowest bidder will have the chance to claim a few positions in a government that will carry out the entire Christian program. The Christian Social Party then tries to capitalize on its 104 seats to gain confidence. Contrary to all expectations, the abstention of one [[People's Union (Belgium)|Volksunie]] member and two Liberals was enough to gain the confidence of Parliament. The [[Gaston Eyskens|Eyskens]] II minority government thus received the support of a relative majority of the members present, 106 in favour and 104 against. A few months later, the minority government became a majority government when the Liberal Party joined the government team after an agreement was reached on the school issue.<ref name="belgiumhistory"/>

Then, in 1974, the political context was that of the state reforms initiated in 1970. Community autonomy was achieved, but the implementation of regionalisation was at a standstill, in particular because the Brussels dossier was repeatedly put on ice. Fifteen days after the elections of 10 March 1974, [[Leo Tindemans|Léo Tindemans]] (CVP) was appointed formator. He is entering into negotiations with the Liberals and the [[Parti Socialiste (Belgium)|Socialists]] to form a government that can benefit from a broad parliamentary base. While the liberals seem to be acquiescing, the negotiations with the socialists reveal divergences, mainly on the implementation of regionalisation, on the question of state interference in economic affairs and on the method of "community to community" negotiation involving so-called community parties rather than political families.<ref>X. Mabille, « Le gouvernement Tindemans (1974–1977) : évolution de sa composition et de son assise parlementaire », ''CH du CRISP'', 1977, n° 754, p. 11</ref> The socialists, who had campaigned strongly on the left, decided in the Namur Congress to withdraw from the negotiations and denounced the formation of a "coalition of the rights". Not giving up on forming a large majority, the social-Christian and liberal political families negotiated with the community parties. A partial agreement is reached in Steenokkerzeel. For the [[Walloon Rally]] as long as there is no agreement on everything, there is no agreement on anything. Nevertheless, it decides to grant its benevolent abstentions to the Christian Liberal coalition so that a government can be formed quickly. With 100 votes in favour, 63 against and, above all, 47 abstentions, the minority Tindemans I government won the confidence of the House and the Senate five days later. The [[Walloon Rally]] also joined the coalition, which became a majority a few months later.<ref name="belgiumhistory"/>

Finally, the last successful attempt was made in 2020 to fight the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] crisis. While the negotiations have been stalled since the last elections on 26 May 2019, the coronavirus crisis has brought down the cards. A sort of national union to which the [[New Flemish Alliance|N-VA]] does not, however, adhere, the [[Vlaams Belang]] and the PTB decided to give its confidence to the [[Wilmès II Government|Wilmès II government]] in order to give it full powers and, above all, democratic legitimacy to deal with the health crisis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rigaux|first=Lucien|date=7 April 2020|title=Le gouvernement minoritaire Wilmès II. Les étapes de la formation d'un gouvernement minoritaire d'un nouveau genre|url=https://droit-public.ulb.ac.be/carnet-de-crise-8-le-gouvernement-minoritaire-wilmes-ii-les-etapes-de-la-formation-dun-gouvernement-minoritaire-dun-nouveau-genre1/|website=Centre de droit public de l'ULB}}</ref>

==== Advantages and disadvantages ====
As with day-to-day business, the minority government provides a flexible institutional response in times of crisis that allows the state to continue to function and to be able to carry out its essential tasks. However, unlike a majority government, the action of a minority government is not locked to current affairs, day-to-day business or urgent decisions. It benefits from the fullness of its competences since it is constituted on the basis of a democratic decision which grants it de facto a certain democratic legitimacy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rigaux|first=Lucien|date=2019|title=Les gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique. Leur formation et l'étendue de leur pouvoir au regard de leur légitimité démocratique|journal=Revue belge de droit constitutionnel|volume=4|pages=341}}</ref>

The main disadvantage of minority government by the elected assembly is that it can be instituted without a majority of the members of Parliament having voted in favour of it, but that, on the other hand, a majority of the members of the assembly is required to dismiss it (76 minimum).<ref>{{cite web|last=Rigaux|first=Lucien|date=9 April 2020|title=L'enjeu démocratique des gouvernements minoritaires|url=https://droit-public.ulb.ac.be/carnet-de-crise-10-lenjeu-democratique-des-gouvernements-minoritaires/|publisher=Centre de droit public de l'ULB}}</ref>

===Czech Republic===
There were several cases of minority governments in the history of the Czech Republic.

First case was [[Second Cabinet of Václav Klaus]] (1996–1998) which consisted of [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|ODS]], [[KDU-ČSL]] and [[Civic Democratic Alliance|ODA]]. Deputies of [[Social Democracy (Czech Republic)|ČSSD]] agreed to not appear in parliament during the vote of confidence and the government was thus voted in with confidence. Towards the end of 1997, cabinet resigned in connection with accusations of funding irregularities in the ODS.<ref>{{cite web |title=25 let od pádu Klausovy vlády. Příběh o "zradě" zcela zastínil podstatu celé krize, soudí politolog Just |url=https://eurozpravy.cz/rozhovor/rozhovor-25-let-od-padu-klausovy-vlady-pribeh-o-zrade-zcela-zastinil-podstatu-cele-krize-soudi-politolog-just.drcfpvh9 |website=EuroZprávy.cz |access-date=15 April 2025 |language=cs}}</ref>

Second case is the [[Cabinet of Miloš Zeman]] (1998–2002) that governed from 1998 to 2002. It was established by the so-called [[Opposition agreement|Opposition Agreement]]. It was a minority government of the [[Social Democracy (Czech Republic)|Czech Social Democratic Party]] (ČSSD) supported by the [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|Civic Democratic Party]] (ODS).

[[First Cabinet of Mirek Topolánek]] (2006–2007) was minority government of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and non-partisans. On 3 October 2006 the cabinet did not pass through Confidence and supply in Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic by 96 to 99.<ref>{{cite web |title=Topolánkova menšinová vláda nezískala důvěru Poslanecké sněmovny |url=https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/topolankova-mensinova-vlada-neziskala-duveru-poslanecke-snemovny_200610040743_mmatusu |website=iROZHLAS |access-date=15 April 2025 |language=cs |date=4 October 2006}}</ref>

[[First Cabinet of Andrej Babiš]] (2017–2018) consisted of [[ANO (political party)|ANO 2011]]. On 16 January 2018 the cabinet failed a confidence vote in the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic, by 78 to 117.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opozice po neúspěchu vlády ve Sněmovně kritizuje Babiše |url=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/zpravy/opozice-po-neuspechu-vlady-ve-snemovne-kritizuje-babise-videoprenos/1572968 |website=ČeskéNoviny.cz |access-date=15 April 2025 |language=cs}}</ref> It was replaced by [[Second Cabinet of Andrej Babiš]] (2018-2021) which was minority coalition government consisting of ANO 2011 and [[Social Democracy (Czech Republic)|Czech Social Democratic Party]] (ČSSD) which was supported by [[Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia]] (KSČM).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kolář |first1=Petr |title=ČSSD v referendu schválila vládu s ANO. Babiš však ještě nemá vyhráno |url=https://zpravy.idnes.cz/referendum-cssd-vlada-ano-andrej-babis-vysledek-frq-/domaci.aspx?c=A180614_205409_domaci_evam |newspaper=[[Mladá fronta Dnes]] |access-date=15 April 2025 |date=15 June 2018|publisher=[[Mafra (company)|Mafra]]}}</ref>

===Canada===
{{Main|Minority governments in Canada}}

{{Further|Federal minority governments in Canada}}
Minority governments can occur in the federal [[Parliament of Canada]], and the legislatures of most [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces and territories]] except the [[Northwest Territories]] and [[Nunavut]], which have non-partisan legislatures and operate as a [[Consensus government in Canada|consensus government]].<ref name=canenmg>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/minority-government|title=Minority Governments in Canada|website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|date=22 October 2019|access-date=10 January 2022|last1=Azzi|first1=Stephen|first2=D.|last2=Kwavnick|publisher=Historica Canada}}</ref>

During the history of federal Canadian politics, there have been fifteen minority governments, in fourteen separate minority parliaments.{{notetag|There were two minority governments during the life of 15th Canadian Parliament}} Federal minority governments typically last less than two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-votes-2019-minority-government-coalition-1.5323836|title=What happens when no one wins a majority?|work=CBC News|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date=17 October 2019|access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref> Exceptions to this include the [[26th Canadian Parliament|26th]], [[27th Canadian Parliament|27th]], [[39th Canadian Parliament|39th]] and [[40th Canadian Parliament|40th]] Canadian parliaments, which all lasted for longer than two years. The [[14th Canadian Parliament]] functioned as a minority government for half of its duration, owing to [[crossing the floor|floor-crossings]] and by-elections. The [[15th Canadian Parliament]] was the only federal minority parliament that saw two different minority governments form. The most recent minority parliament elected at the federal level is the [[44th Canadian Parliament]], whose composition was determined in September 2021.

Minority governments also occur in all provincial legislatures, as well as the Yukon Legislative Assembly. However, minority governments do not occur as frequently in these legislatures as they do at the federal level. [[Ontario]] has seen six minority legislatures in its political history, the most among the 10 provinces and the territory of Yukon. [[Alberta]] is the only province that has never had a minority government in its provincial legislature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5076539/joe-mcfarland-albertans-minority-government/|title=Can Albertans say 'minority government'?|work=Global News|last=McFarland|first=Joe|date=20 March 2019|access-date=22 October 2019|publisher=Corus Entertainment Inc.}}</ref>

While minority governments may occur in Canadian politics, the formation of a formal coalitions is rare, with past minority governments relying on cooperation and [[confidence and supply]] arrangements to govern instead.<ref name=canenmg/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8206088/federal-election-minority-government-what-happens-now/|title=A minority government? A coalition? Here's a look at some federal election outcomes|first=Andrew|last=Russell|date=20 September 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|website=globalnews.ca|publisher=Corus Entertainment}}</ref> Historically, several coalition governments have formed in the 1840s and 1850s, in the [[Parliament of the Province of Canada]]. The formation of the [[Great Coalition]] in 1864 eventually led to [[Canadian Confederation]] in 1867. Since [[Canadian Confederation]], only one wartime [[Unionist Party (Canada)|coalition between the Conservatives and Liberals]] has formed in federal Canadian politics in 1917. Coalition governments have occurred more frequently in provincial legislatures, with several provincial coalition governments having been formed in the 20th and 21st century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/coalition-government|title=Coalition Government|website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|date=22 October 2019|access-date=10 January 2022|publisher=Historica Canada|last=English|first=John R.}}</ref>

===Denmark===
[[Denmark]] has a rich tradition of minority governments. Despite the country's [[electoral system]] of [[proportional representation]], which almost always results in the winning party coming nowhere near a majority, single-party minority governments are still a regular occurrence in Danish politics.

Since 1982 even most of multi-party coalition governments in Denmark are minority ones; thus, the government of the day is still required to make deals with non-governing parties. More often small far-left or far-right parties provide confidence support of centre-left or centre-right coalition governments led by Social Democrats or Venstre. For many years, Danish politics has been divided into "Red" and "Blue" blocs, whose parliamentarians are typically expected to support [[Social Democrats (Denmark)|Social Democratic]] and [[Venstre (Denmark)|Venstre]] cabinets, respectively.

The [[Frederiksen I Cabinet|Frederiksen Cabinet]] elected in the [[2019 Danish general election]] was a single-party minority government of the [[Social Democrats (Denmark)|Social Democrats]] (who received about 25% of the vote in the previous election) supported by three other parties;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Frederiksen |first1=Mette |last2=Østergaard |first2=Morten |last3=Dyhr |first3=Pia Olsen |last4=Skipper |first4=Pernille |title=Retfærdig retning for Danmark |url=https://ufm.dk/ministeriet/regeringsgrundlag-vision-og-strategier/regeringen-mette-frederiksens-forstaelsespapir/retfaerdig-retning-for-danmark_2019-06-25_endelig.pdf |access-date=14 November 2019 |language=da |date=25 June 2019}}</ref> the previous cabinet, [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen III Cabinet|Lars Løkke Rasmussen III]], was a three-party minority coalition led by [[Venstre (Denmark)|Venstre]] and supported by the [[Danish People's Party]]. An earlier cabinet of Rasmussen's, [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen II Cabinet|Lars Løkke Rasmussen II]], was a single-party [[Venstre (Denmark)|Venstre]] minority government, a particularly notable feat, as [[Venstre (Denmark)|Venstre]] only received about 20% of the vote in the [[2015 Danish general election|election]], finishing third.

===Estonia===
[[Estonia]] has had several minority governments. A minority cabinet can occur:

# when the governing coalition loses support due to a coalition member leaving the governing coalition (Vähi II and Ansip II cabinets);
# when the Prime Minister asks the ministers of a coalition party to be relieved of their duties (Kaja Kallas cabinet);
# when MPs leave party factions (Ratas cabinet);
# when a minority government is appointed with additional parliamentary support (Tõnisson IV, Vähi Interim, Siimann and Siim Kallas cabinets); or
# when the government is voted into office with a plurality and some MPs abstain from voting (Birk, Tõnisson II, Piip and Akel cabinets).

Additional support is possible also because MPs leaving a party faction are not allowed to officially join another faction until the next elections. A government can be a minority government either throughout its term or just a part of its term, usually the latter. A list of minority cabinets:
{{col div}}
* [[Ado Birk|A. Birk cabinet]] ([[Estonian Constituent Assembly|1920]])
* [[Jaan Tõnisson|J. Tõnisson II cabinet]] ([[Estonian Constituent Assembly|1920]])
* [[Ants Piip|A. Piip cabinet]] ([[Estonian Constituent Assembly|1920–1921]])
* [[Friedrich Karl Akel|F. K. Akel cabinet]] ([[1923 Estonian parliamentary election|1924]])
* [[Jaan Tõnisson|J. Tõnisson IV cabinet]] ([[1932 Estonian parliamentary election|1933]])
* [[Tiit Vähi|T. Vähi Interim cabinet]] ([[1990 Estonian Supreme Soviet election|1992]])
* [[Tiit Vähi|T. Vähi II cabinet]] ([[1995 Estonian parliamentary election|1996–1997]])
* [[Mart Siimann|M. Siimann cabinet]] ([[1995 Estonian parliamentary election|1997–1999]])
* [[Siim Kallas|S. Kallas cabinet]] ([[1999 Estonian parliamentary election|2002–2003]])
* [[Andrus Ansip's second cabinet|A. Ansip II cabinet]] ([[2007 Estonian parliamentary election|2009–2011]])
* [[Jüri Ratas' cabinet|J. Ratas cabinet]] ([[2015 Estonian parliamentary election|2018–2019]])
* [[Kaja Kallas' first cabinet|K. Kallas I cabinet]] ([[2019 Estonian parliamentary election|2022]])
{{col div end}}

=== France ===
Since the joint establishment of the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] and of the [[two-round system]] for parliamentary elections in 1958, France has known only a few minority governments: indeed, the majoritarian electoral system usually produces seizable parliamentary majorities on which governments can rely, but there are some exceptions. Since 1958, only 3 out of 16 legislative elections resulted in a [[hung parliament]]: the [[1988 French legislative elections|1988]], [[2022 French legislative elections|2022]] and [[2024 French legislative elections|2024]] elections. In both instances, minority governments were formed following the elections, with no formal coalition or confidence-and-supply agreement being put in place to guarantee stability.

In fact, the [[Constitution of France|French Constitution]] provides a large number of institutional tools to ensure political stability at the detriment of parliamentary sovereignty, constitutional tools that become critical when the [[executive power]] has to govern in minority:

* Article 44: allows the government to reject proposed amendments that have not been discussed in committee prior to the general discussion (44 paragraph 2); allows the government to ask for a parliamentary chamber to vote on the entirety or a part of a bill while overturning all amendments that have not been proposed or sponsored by the ministers (44 paragraph 3);
* Articles 47 and 47-1: if Parliament has not voted on the Government Budget (47) or the Social Security Budget (47-1) within the constitutional time limit (70 days for the Government Budget, 50 days for the Social Security Budget), then the government can implement its budget by decrees;
* [[article 49 of the French Constitution|Article 49]]: allows the government the possibility to avoid a vote of confidence on its program or general policy declaration in the [[French National Assembly|lower house]] (49 paragraph 1); requires the absolute majority of the [[lower house]]'s entire membership to pass a motion of no confidence (49 paragraph 2); allows the government to "commit its responsibility" on a bill per parliamentary session (apart from Government and Social Security budgets on which this special power can be used without numerical limit), the bill is considered passed without a vote unless a no-confidence motion is adopted by the lower house, thus effectively treating the bill as an issue of a vote of confidence (49 paragraph 3/49.3)

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+The minority governments in the history of [[France]]'s Fifth Republic
! rowspan="2" |Period
! rowspan="2" |Government head
! rowspan="2" |Parties
! colspan="5" |Seats
|-
! colspan="2" |Government
!Support
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
|1988-1991
|[[Michel Rocard]]
|[[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
|'''275'''
|47.7%
|41
|316/577
|'''54.8%'''
|-
|1991-1992
|[[Édith Cresson]]
|[[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
|'''275'''
|47.7%
|0
|275/577
|47.7%
|-
|1992-1993
|[[Pierre Bérégovoy]]
|[[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
|'''275'''
|47.7%
|0
|275/577
|47.7%
|-
|2022–2024
|[[Élisabeth Borne]]
|[[Renaissance (French political party)|RE]] – [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]] – [[Horizons (political party)|HOR]] ([[Ensemble Citoyens|Ensemble !]])
|'''251'''
|43.5%
|0{{notetag|Despite surviving several [[motions of no confidence]] mainly thanks to centre-right to right-wing [[The Republicans (France)|Republicans]]' abstention, no confidence-and-supply agreement is in place and the Republicans have formally declared themselves an opposition group in the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]].}}
|251/577
|43.5%
|-
|2024
|[[Gabriel Attal]]
|[[Renaissance (French political party)|RE]] – [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]] – [[Horizons (political party)|HOR]] ([[Ensemble Citoyens|Ensemble !]])
|'''250'''
|43.3%
|0
|250/577
|43.3%
|-
|2024
|[[Michel Barnier]]
|[[Renaissance (French political party)|RE]] – [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]] – [[Horizons (political party)|HOR]] ([[Ensemble Citoyens|Ensemble !]]) – [[The Republicans (France)|LR]] – [[Union of Democrats and Independents|UDI]] – [[Radical Party (France)|PR]]
|'''212'''
|36.9%
|0
|212/577
|36.9%
|-
|2024–2025
|[[François Bayrou]]
|[[Renaissance (French political party)|RE]] – [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]] – [[Horizons (political party)|HOR]] ([[Ensemble Citoyens|Ensemble !]]) – [[The Republicans (France)|LR]] – [[Union of Democrats and Independents|UDI]] – [[Radical Party (France)|PR]]
|'''212'''
|36.9%
|0
|166/577
|36.9%
|-
|2025–present
|[[Sébastien Lecornu]]
|[[Renaissance (French political party)|RE]] – [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]] – [[Horizons (political party)|HOR]] ([[Ensemble Citoyens|Ensemble !]])
|'''166'''
|28.8%
|49
|215/577
|37.2%
|}
The previous [[Borne government]] was a three-party minority coalition government as result of the [[2022 French legislative election|June 2022 parliamentary elections]] that saw President [[Emmanuel Macron|Macron]]'s coalition lose its parliamentary majority in the National Assembly, going from a 115-seat majority to a hung parliament in which the centrist presidential coalition was the largest bloc but 38 short of an overall majority. The Borne cabinet survived to 31ss motions of no confidence and Prime Minister Borne triggered constitutional article 49.3 23 times, mostly to pass the 2023 Government and Social Security Budgets but also to pass its pension system reform in March 2023. Nonetheless, the government lost several parliamentary votes, an oddity under the Fifth Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Après une vingtaine de 49.3 et le rejet d'une 31e motion de censure, le budget 2024 est adopté |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/parlement/apres-une-vingtaine-de-49-3-et-le-rejet-d-une-31e-motion-de-censure-le-budget-2024-est-adopte_AN-202312210655.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=BFMTV |date=21 December 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>

===Germany===
Minority government is unusual in Germany, though it was more common historically during the [[German Empire]] and the [[Weimar Republic]]. In the Federal Republic (since 1949), the [[constructive vote of no confidence]] theoretically grants minority governments a high degree of longevity, but they are rare in practice. No minority government has ever been invested on the federal level, though brief periods of minority government have existed when a government has lost its majority mid-term. Minority governments have also existed at the state level, sometimes for substantial periods. The viability of minority government varies between states, as some require an [[absolute majority]] vote by parliament for a government to be invested, while others require only a simple majority or plurality.<ref name="Minder">{{cite web|url=https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/543588/2b10c2f8f1f3385a974ec4d7cb3bbc38/wd-1-026-17-pdf-data.pdf|title=State of Play: Minority Governments in the Federal Republic of Germany since 1949|date=12 December 2017|publisher=[[Bundestag]]|language=de}}</ref>

Between 1949 and December 2017, there were 31 periods of minority government in Germany, including four at the federal and 27 at the state level. All four federal instances were the result of an incumbent government losing its majority: the [[fourth Adenauer cabinet]] after the withdrawal of the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]]; the [[second Erhard cabinet]], also after the withdrawal of the FDP; the [[first Brandt cabinet]] after parliamentary defections; and the [[third Schmidt cabinet]] after the dismissal of the FDP. Of these, only the second Erhard and third Schmidt cabinets are considered "true" minority governments, as the fourth Adenauer cabinet was quickly dissolved and replaced by the [[fifth Adenauer cabinet]], and the first Brandt cabinet retained a technical majority due to the Bundestag delegation from Berlin. Erhard and Schmidt's minority governments were short-lived, lasting less than a month, and both ended with the Chancellor leaving office.<ref name="Minder"/>

Between 1949 and December 2017, nine different states had at least one period of minority government, with some having as many as four. Compared to the federal level, state-level minority governments usually survived much longer, lasting an average of 333 days. The longest was the two [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]-led minority governments of Reinhold Höppner in [[Saxony-Anhalt]], which served two complete terms (1,452 and 1,406 days, respectively) between 1994 and 2002. These governments, enabled by the abstention of the [[Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)|PDS]] during confidence votes, were dubbed the "[[Magdeburg]]er model". However, most minority governments still resulted from the loss of a majority – on 13 occasions due to the withdrawal of a coalition partner, on 12 occasions due to defeat in an election, and on four occasions due to parliamentary defections. Only seven minority governments were formed on a "tolerance" basis similar to the Magdeburger model. Furthermore, only two minority governments lasted more than a single term: the aforementioned Höppner governments in Saxony-Anhalt, and from 1982 to 1983 and 1983–85 in [[Hesse]], when the [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]] tolerated two consecutive SPD minority governments (this arrangement ended in 1985 when the SPD and Greens entered into coalition.)<ref name="Minder"/>

Other examples of a minority government on a state level include the first government of [[Klaus Wowereit]] in [[Berlin]], comprising a minority coalition of the SPD and Greens supported by the PDS, which was invested after a corruption scandal led to the collapse of the previous CDU government; it served on an interim basis from June 2001 until the [[2001 Berlin state election|October state election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merkur.de/politik/minderheitsregierung-so-ganz-ohne-erfahrung-ist-deutschland-nicht-zr-9378701.html|title=Minority government: Germany is not completely without experience|date=20 November 2017|publisher=[[Münchner Merkur]]|language=de}}</ref> The first government of [[Hannelore Kraft]] in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], comprising a coalition of the SPD and Greens tolerated by [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]], was formed after the [[2010 North Rhine-Westphalia state election|2010 state election]] and served until the [[2012 North Rhine-Westphalia state election|2012 election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2010-07/wahl-kraft-ministerpraesidentin|title=North Rhine-Westphalia: Kraft is the new Minister-President in NRW|date=14 July 2010|newspaper=[[Die Zeit]]|language=de}}</ref> The second government of [[Bodo Ramelow]] in [[Thuringia]], a coalition of The Left, SPD, and Greens, was invested with the tolerance of the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] to resolve the [[2020 Thuringian government crisis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/germanys-thuringia-gets-left-wing-state-premier-in-re-run-vote/|title=Germany's Thuringia gets left-wing state premier in rerun vote|date=4 March 2020|publisher=[[Politico]]}}</ref>

===Ireland===
The [[Politics in the Republic of Ireland|Irish parliamentary system]] broadly works on a simple majority system, where the [[Taoiseach]] is elected by the [[Dáil]] when they achieve 50% + 1 of the votes in favour of their nomination. The Taoiseach then appoints the [[government of Ireland|members of the government]] with the approval of the Dáil. Since the 1980s, the popularity of other parties has increased such that coalition governments are now typical and expected, with one of the two major parties being the senior partner, and with one or more junior partners ensuring that the coalition retains a majority in the Dáil.

A minority government is formed when a party (or a coalition) secures agreement from one or more other parties or [[Independent politician (Ireland)|independent TDs]] who are not members of the government to support their nomination for Taoiseach and achieve majority support. Support for bills and other items requiring a Dáil majority vote is then negotiated on a bill-by-bill basis.

If no agreement can be reached to nominate an individual to lead a government, the outgoing Taoiseach (continuing to act in a [[Caretaker government|caretaker]] capacity) can seek dissolution of the Dáil and call a new general election. However, this circumstance has not occurred to date.

The last Dáil with a single-party simple majority government was the [[21st Dáil]] elected at the [[1977 Irish general election|1977 general election]]. Fifteen of the 32 governments in Irish history were minority governments, most of which were formed by [[Fianna Fáil]].
{{col div}}
* [[1922 Irish general election|1922]]
* [[1923 Irish general election|1923]]
* [[June 1927 Irish general election|June 1927]]
* [[September 1927 Irish general election|September 1927]]
* [[1932 Irish general election|1932]] (Fianna Fáil)
* [[1933 Irish general election|1933]] (Fianna Fáil)
* [[1937 Irish general election|1937]] (Fianna Fáil)
* [[1943 Irish general election|1943]] (Fianna Fáil)
* [[1951 Irish general election|1951]] (Fianna Fáil)
* [[1961 Irish general election|1961]] (Fianna Fáil)
* [[1981 Irish general election|1981]] ([[Fine Gael]]–[[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]])
* [[February 1982 Irish general election|February 1982]] (Fianna Fáil)
* [[1987 Irish general election|1987]] (Fianna Fáil)
* [[1997 Irish general election|1997]] (Fianna Fáil–[[Progressive Democrats]])
* [[2016 Irish general election|2016]] (Fine Gael)
{{col div end}}

===Netherlands===
Coalitions in the Netherlands are formed with the support from parliamentary parties, elected by proportional representation. Although very rare, minority governments can be formed during the [[Cabinet of the Netherlands#Formation|formation]] period of a [[Cabinet of the Netherlands|Dutch cabinet]], if an election result makes a majority coalition impossible. More often, a minority government is formed when one of the cabinet's coalition partners withdraws its support, or when all ministers of a given parliamentary party resign. In these cases, the [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Prime Minister]] offers the full cabinet's resignation to the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Dutch Monarch]].

At this point, the Monarch may choose to dissolve Parliament and hold a general election. The cabinet continues to serve as [[Demissionary cabinet|demissionary]]. A demissionary cabinet is not a minority government but a form of [[caretaker government]], enjoying only limited powers until the new Parliament assembles.

If the Monarch does not dissolve Parliament, the remaining cabinet continues as a minority cabinet, in full possession of its powers. It can finish any legislation already before underpreparation, if Parliament passes it by majority vote; this necessitates the support of parties outside the government. Theoretically, early general elections need not be held, but they are often necessary in practice, since the [[coalition agreement]] no longer has parliamentary support.

A third option is available to the Monarch: the [[Dutch cabinet formation|formation of a new cabinet]] of different Parliamentary parties (which may include the defecting coalition partner). Elections are then held as scheduled at the end of the parliamentary term, since the Monarch does not dissolve parliament if an ''[[informateur]]'' has been able to negotiate a new coalition agreement.

The Netherlands had a minority government in 2010–2012: the [[First Rutte cabinet]]. This government was supported in parliament by the [[Party for Freedom|Party For Freedom]], which all together provided the government a majority.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-29 |title=Dutch parties agree to form coalition government |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/dutch-parties-agree-to-form-coalition-government/ |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref>

===Norway===
As of January 20, 2020 Norway has a minority government. In the beginning of 2019, the Christian Democratic party [[KrF]] joined [[Erna Solberg]]'s cabinet, that had been ruling with a minority since 2013, to form a majority. On January 20, 2020, the Progress party, [[Progress Party (Norway)|FrP]], announced that they would withdraw from their role in government, and become an opposition party, despite continuing their support of Erna Solberg as Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/norwegian-government-loses-key-coalition-partner-after-is-linked-womans-repatriation-11579532626|title = Norwegian Government Loses Key Coalition Partner After Islamic State-Linked Repatriation|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|date = 20 January 2020}}</ref>

Norway has had multiple minority governments throughout history, including cabinets led by [[John Lyng]], [[Kjell Magne Bondevik]], and [[Jens Stoltenberg]].

===Singapore===
In the [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] elections held on [[1955 Singaporean general election|2nd April 1955]], the [[Labour Front|LF]] emerged as the single largest party with 10 seats of the 25 seats. [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]] formed [[Chief ministership of David Marshall|a minority government]] with the support of [[UMNO]] and [[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]. Marshall's successor [[Lim Yew Hock]] led this minority government till its electoral defeat in 1959.

In the elections held on [[1959 Singaporean general election|30th May 1959]], the [[People's Action Party|PAP]] led by [[Lee Kuan Yew]] won in a landslide. They secured 43 of the 51 available seats and trounced the incumbent [[Singapore People's Alliance|SPA]] government of Lim Yew Hock. However, this majority was short-lived. In July 1960, then [[Ministry of National Development (Singapore)|Minister for National Development]] [[Ong Eng Guan]] resigned as Minister and from the ruling PAP, along with two other members. This brought PAP's strength to 40. In July 1961, 14 left-wing members of the PAP were expelled for failing to vote for the PAP in a motion of confidence brought by Prime Minister [[Lee Kuan Yew]]. This led to PAP's tally in the Assembly to fall to 26 - a one-seat majority. This one-seat majority was lost in July 1962 with one defection to the newly formed [[Barisan Sosialis]]. On 16 August 1962, the PAP regained this one-seat majority with a defection from [[Ong Eng Guan]]'s new created [[United People's Party (Singapore)|UPP]]. This did not last long and five days later, PAP lost its majority when then [[Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)|Minister for Labour]] [[Ahmad Ibrahim (Singaporean politician)|Ahmad Ibrahim]] died suddenly. From then until the [[1963 Singaporean general election|1963 election]], the PAP governed in the minority with 25 of the 51 seats.

With the PAP winning the 1963 elections with more than a two-thirds majority, and subsequently dominating parliament with the resultant by-elections and general elections, 1963 would mark the last time Singapore witnessed a minority government.

===Slovakia===
[[Dzurinda's Second Cabinet]] (2002-2006) was a majority government of [[Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party|SDKÚ]], [[Christian Democratic Movement|KDH]], [[Alliance of the New Citizen|ANO]] and [[Hungarian Alliance (Slovak political party)|SMK]]. ANO left the cabinet in 2005 while KDH left in 2006. As a result the cabinet continued as a minority cabinet for several months.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dzurinda mesiace fungoval v menšinovej vláde. Hegerovi ponúka návod na prežitie |url=https://spravy.pravda.sk/domace/clanok/639508-dzurindov-navod-ako-fungovat-v-mensinovej-vlade/ |website=Pravda.sk |access-date=15 April 2025 |language=sk-SK |date=6 September 2022}}</ref>

[[Cabinet of Eduard Heger]] (2021-2023) composed of [[Slovakia (political party)|Ordinary People and Independent Personalities]] (OĽaNO), [[We Are Family (Slovakia)|We Are Family]], [[Freedom and Solidarity]] (SaS), and [[For the People (Slovakia)|For the People]] lost its majority in September 2022 when SaS left the government. The cabinet lost a no-confidence vote on 15 December 2022 and ruled until it was succeeded by a caretaker government composed of non-party experts led by Ľudovít Ódor on 15 May 2023.

===Sweden===
Sweden has had several minority governments, most of the time led by the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party]], with the support of the [[Left Party (Sweden)|Socialist Left Party]] until 2006. The [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] [[Alliance (Sweden)|Alliance]], then led by the [[Moderate Party]], formed a minority coalition government from 2010 to 2014. The recent minority coalition government is led by the [[Moderate Party (Sweden)|Moderate Party]], which is supported by [[Sweden Democrats]].

===Turkey===
A list of minority governments in Turkey:
* [[28th government of Turkey]] (25 December 1963 – 20 February 1965)
* [[38th government of Turkey]] (17 November 1974 – 31 March 1975)
* [[40th government of Turkey]] (21 June 1977 – 21 July 1977)
* [[43rd government of Turkey]] (12 November 1979 – 11 September 1980)
* [[51st government of Turkey]] (5 October 1995 – 30 October 1995)
* [[53rd government of Turkey]] (6 March 1996 – 28 June 1996)
* [[56th government of Turkey]] (11 January 1999 – 28 May 1999)

=== United Kingdom ===
There have been many occasions since 1900 when a single party has not commanded a parliamentary majority, although the 2010–2015 [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]/[[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] [[coalition government]] was the first formal coalition of its type in Britain since the [[National Government (United Kingdom)|National Government]] between 1931 and 1945. [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Westminster]] and the British media tend to perceive minority governments as unstable and ineffective, as they causes problems such as governments lacking the strength to pass legislation, vulnerability to a [[motion of no confidence]] and the necessity for a [[coalition government]] which would result in policy compromises and a diluted political agenda. Coalition governments could also be viewed as unstable possibly due to examples of minority governments (Callaghan and Major) occurring as the result of governments in decline.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hazell |first1=Robert |last2=Paun |first2=Akash |last3=Chalmers |first3=Mark |last4=Yong |first4=Ben |last5=Haddon |first5=Catherine |date=7 December 2009 |title=Making Minority Government Work : Hung Parliaments and the challenges for Westminster and Whitehall |url=http://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/pdfs/making-minority-gov-work.pdf}}</ref> Examples of minority governments include:

==== Harold Wilson (1974–1979) ====
The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], led by [[Harold Wilson]], formed a minority government for seven months after the [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|General Election of February 1974]]. That situation lasted until the prime minister called another election in [[October 1974 United Kingdom general election|October that year]], following which the Labour Government obtained a small majority of three.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/background/pastelec/ge74oct.shtml | title =BBC Politics 97 | work=BBC News}}</ref> The following administration also became a minority government after the collapse of the [[Lib-Lab pact]] in 1978, and the then [[British Prime Minister]] [[James Callaghan]]'s Government fell in March 1979 as the result of a [[1979 vote of no confidence in the government of James Callaghan|vote of no confidence]] which was carried by a single vote.

==== John Major (1996–1997) ====
A minority Government held power in the UK between December 1996 and [[1997 United Kingdom general election|the general election in May 1997]]. The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], led by [[John Major]], had won the [[1992 United Kingdom general election|1992 General Election]] with an absolute majority of 21 seats over all other parties. That majority was progressively whittled away through defections and by-elections defeat, the most notable of the latter including those in [[1993 Newbury by-election|Newbury]], [[1996 South East Staffordshire by-election|South East Staffordshire]] and [[1997 Wirral South by-election|Wirral South]], resulting in the eventual loss of the Major government's majority in Parliament. However, the Conservatives maintained support from [[Northern Ireland]]'s [[Ulster Unionist Party]] and [[Democratic Unionist Party]].

==== David Cameron (2010–2015) ====
In the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 General Election]], the Conservatives won the most seats and votes, but only a minority of seats in parliament. There was some discussion after the election of the possibility of creating a Conservative minority government and, because the then Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] had the first opportunity to form a government, there were also talks about creating some sort of alliance between the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] and the other smaller parties. However Brown waived his right, acknowledging that because the Conservative Party had won the largest number of seats in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], it should have the first opportunity to form a government. Further discussions then led to the [[Cameron-Clegg coalition|establishment of a formal coalition]] between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats, which enabled the formation of a [[majority government]], because it was thought that would ensure more stability.

==== Theresa May (2017–2019) ====
In 2016, Theresa May took over from [[David Cameron]] as Prime Minister, after he resigned as a result of the [[Brexit]] referendum, when the UK voted to leave the EU. May decided to call a [[snap election]] in 2017 to strengthen her hand in the Brexit negotiations. In the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 General Election]], the Conservatives won the most seats and votes but lost their majority in the House of Commons, which instead weakened their hand in the Brexit negotiations. The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], led by [[Theresa May]], formed a minority government, with 317 seats, on 9 June 2017. On 10 June, the [[10 Downing Street|Prime Minister's Office]] announced a deal with the [[Democratic Unionist Party]] which would see the DUP support the Conservative government on a [[confidence and supply]] arrangement.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Malnick|first1=Edward|title=DUP to support minority government after 'confidence and supply' deal reached|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/10/dup-support-minority-government-confidence-supply-deal-reached/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/10/dup-support-minority-government-confidence-supply-deal-reached/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=The Telegraph|access-date=21 June 2017|date=10 June 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> However, the DUP later announced that no such deal had been reached.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Savage|first1=Michael|last2=McDonald|first2=Henry|title=Theresa May's plan to govern with DUP support thrown into confusion|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/10/theresa-may-dup-deal-snag-tory-rebellion|website=The Guardian|access-date=21 June 2017|date=11 June 2017}}</ref> This remained the case until 26 June 2017, when [[Conservative–DUP agreement|a deal]] was agreed and announced between the two parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/26/tories-and-the-dup-reach-deal-to-prop-up-minority-government|title=Theresa May faces backlash from Scotland and Wales over £1bn Tory-DUP deal|first1=Anushka|last1=Asthana|first2=Henry|last2=McDonald|first3=Severin|last3=Carrell|date=26 June 2017|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

==== Boris Johnson (2019) ====
After Theresa May resigned in May 2019, Boris Johnson became the new party leader and Prime Minister. For much of the [[First Johnson ministry|Johnson Ministry]] up until the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]]; the government was a minority government. The suspension of the whip of 21 Conservative MPs on 24 July 2019 resulted in the government being 43 seats short of a working{{clarify|date=October 2024}} majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/what-boris-johnsons-majority-how-19430922|title= What is Boris Johnson's majority? How purge of Tory MPs has changed Parliament|first1=Dan|last1=Bloom|date=4 September 2019|website=Daily Mirror}}</ref> The government lost several Parliamentary votes in the autumn of 2019 before a general election was called. Johnson gained the Conservatives' biggest majority since [[Margaret Thatcher]] was Prime Minister in 1987 after the [[2019 United Kingdom general election]], ending this run of minority governments.

====Scotland====
=====2007=====
{{further|First Salmond government}}
After the [[2007 Scottish Parliament election|2007 general election]], the [[Scottish National Party]] led by [[Alex Salmond]] formed a minority government in the [[Scottish Parliament]].

The SNP had won 47 seats out of 129 in the election, some way short of an [[absolute majority]] of seats in the [[Scottish Parliament]], but more than any other single party gained. The SNP were unable to negotiate a majority [[coalition government]] with any other party, but as no other combination of parties were able to agree on a deal, the SNP chose to form a one-party minority government. They often negotiated with [[confidence and supply]] support from the [[Scottish Green Party]] and the [[Scottish Conservative Party]] to pass certain legislation.

=====2016=====
{{further|Second Sturgeon government}}
After the [[2016 Scottish Parliament election|2016 general election]], The SNP won 63 out of 129 seats in the [[Scottish Parliament]], losing their governing majority they won in [[2011 Scottish Parliament election|2011]], but they went on to form a [[Second Sturgeon government|one-party minority government]], led by [[Nicola Sturgeon]]. Throughout the parliamentary term, they informally co-operated with the [[Scottish Green Party]].

=====2021-2024=====
{{further|Third Sturgeon government}}
Following the [[2021 Scottish Parliament election|2021 general election]], the [[Scottish National Party]] fell one seat short of an [[absolute majority|overall majority]]. They went on to form [[Third Sturgeon government|another minority government]], led by [[Nicola Sturgeon]]. The SNP then formed a [[coalition government]] with the [[Scottish Greens]] in August 2021, lifting Sturgeon's third government out of minority status.

{{further|Second Yousaf government}}

On 25 April 2024, First Minister [[Humza Yousaf]] suspended the [[Bute House Agreement|power sharing agreement]] with the Scottish Greens [[2024 Scottish government crisis|resulting in an SNP minority government]].

{{further|Swinney government}}

[[John Swinney]] won the [[2024 Scottish National Party leadership election|Scottish National Party leadership election]] and formed a minority government.

====Wales====
After the [[2007 Welsh Assembly election|2007 Assembly election]], the [[Welsh Labour Party]] led by [[Rhodri Morgan]] initially formed a minority government in the [[Senedd|National Assembly of Wales]]. This was because they gained 26 seats in the election, which was short of an [[absolute majority]] of seats in the Assembly. Whilst Labour were initially unable to form a coalition with the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], a 'Rainbow Coalition' of the [[Conservative Party (UK)]], Liberal Democrats and [[Plaid Cymru]] failed to come to fruition. However, on 6 July 2007, Welsh Labour Party members voted for a coalition with Plaid, which was followed by a similar result from Plaid Cymru members the next day. As a result, the Welsh Assembly was controlled by the Labour-Plaid alliance with Rhodri Morgan as First Minister (up until his retirement in 2009 and subsequent replacement by [[Carwyn Jones]] as First Minister) and Plaid Leader [[Ieuan Wyn Jones]] as his deputy. After the 2011 Welsh General Election, Welsh Labour won 30 seats and entered into a new government, one seat short of an overall majority. In 2016 Welsh Labour returned with 29 seats out of 30 and formed a government with the one remaining Liberal Democrat AM, again one seat short of an overall majority. A [[Second Drakeford government|minority government]] was also formed following the [[2021 Senedd election]], when Welsh Labour returned 30 seats, half of the legislature's available 60, but one short of a working majority (31), yet no coalition government was formed, with Labour relying on [[bipartisanship]] (minimally 1 extra vote from a non-Labour seat) for the passing of any legislation.

== List of current minority governments ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Countries with a minority government as of {{TODAY}}
! rowspan="2" |Country
! rowspan="2" |Head of government
! rowspan="2" |Legislature/lower chamber
! rowspan="2" |Parties
! colspan="5" |Seats
|-
! colspan="2" |Government
!Support {{notetag|Support by another party short of a coalition, for example in a [[confidence and supply]] arrangement.}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]]
|[[Mark Carney]]
|[[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]]
|[[Liberal Party of Canada|LPC]]
|'''171'''
|49.9%
|0
|171/343
|49.9%
|-
|{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatia]]
|[[Andrej Plenković]]
|[[Croatian Parliament]]
|[[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]] – [[Homeland Movement (Croatia)|DP]]
|'''66'''
|44.0%
|12
|78/150
|'''52.0%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|[[Mette Frederiksen]]
|[[Folketing]]
|[[Social Democrats (Denmark)|A]] – [[Venstre (Denmark)|V]] – [[Moderates (Denmark)|M]]
|'''86'''
|48.0%
|4
|90/179
|'''50.3%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|[[Sébastien Lecornu]]
|[[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]
|[[Renaissance (French political party)|RE]] – [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]] – [[Horizons (political party)|HOR]] ([[Ensemble Citoyens|Ensemble !]])
|'''166'''
|28.8%
|118
|279/577
|48.4%
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
|[[Narendra Modi]]
|[[Lok Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] – [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] – [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] & others ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
|'''240'''
|44.20%
|53
|293/543
|'''53.96%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]]
|[[Masoud Pezeshkian]]
|[[Islamic Consultative Assembly]]
|[[Iranian reformists|Reformists]]
|'''43'''
|14.8%
|119
|162/290
|55.8%
|-
|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israel]]
|[[Benjamin Netanyahu]]
|[[Knesset]]
|[[Likud]] – [[Religious Zionist Party|RZP]] – [[Otzma Yehudit|OY]] – [[New Hope (Israel)|NH]]
|'''49'''
|40.8%
|19{{efn|Classification may vary: [[Shas]] is seen as part of the coalition while not having ministers. [[United Torah Judaism|UTJ]] and [[Noam (political party)|Noam]] effectively support the government from outside.}}
|68/120
|'''56.7%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
|[[Rob Jetten]]
|[[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
|[[Democrats 66|D66]] – [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]] – [[Christian Democratic Appeal|CDA]]
|'''66'''
|44.0%
|0
|66/150
|'''44.0%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]]
|[[Jonas Gahr Støre]]
|[[Storting]]
|[[Labour Party (Norway)|A/Ap]]
|'''48'''
|28.4%
|35
|88/169
|'''52.1%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Portugal]]
|[[Luís Montenegro]]
|[[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]]
|[[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|PPD/PSD]] – [[CDS – People's Party|CDS-PP]] ([[Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)|AD]])
|'''91'''
|39.6%
|0
|91/230
|39.6%
|-
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]
|[[Pedro Sánchez]]
|[[Congress of Deputies]]
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] – [[Sumar (electoral platform)|Sumar]]
|'''147'''
|42.0%
|32
|179/350
|'''51.1%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]
|[[Ulf Kristersson]]
|[[Riksdag]]
|[[Moderate Party (Sweden)|M]] – [[Christian Democrats (Sweden)|KD]] – [[Liberals (Sweden)|L]]
|'''103'''
|29.5%
|73
|176/349
|'''50.4%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taiwan]]
|[[Cho Jung-tai]]
|[[Legislative Yuan]]
|[[Democratic Progressive Party|DPP]]
|'''51'''
|45.1%
|0
|51/113
|45.1%
|-
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand]]
|[[Anutin Charnvirakul]]
|[[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives]]
|[[Bhumjaithai Party|BJT]] – [[United Thai Nation Party|UTN]]{{efn|''18 Group and Akanat's Group''}} – [[Kla Tham Party|KT]] – [[Palang Pracharath Party|PPRP]] – [[Pheu Thai Party|PT]]{{efn|''Sakda's Group''}} – [[Thai Sang Thai Party|TST]] – [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]]{{efn|''Sanphet's Group''}} – [[New Democracy Party (Thailand)|NDP.]] – [[Thai Liberal Party|TL]] – [[Thai Progress Party|TPG]]
|'''170'''
|29.8%
|142
|312/495
|'''57.7%'''
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Sub-national entities with a minority government as of {{TODAY}}
! rowspan="2" |Country
! rowspan="2" |Head of government
! rowspan="2" |Legislature
! rowspan="2" |Parties
! colspan="5" |Seats
|-
! colspan="2" |Government
!Support {{notetag|Support by another party short of a coalition, for example in a [[confidence and supply]] arrangement.}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{flag|Asturias}}
|[[Adrián Barbón]]
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias|General Junta]]
|[[Asturian Socialist Federation|FSA-PSOE]]
|'''19'''
|42.2%
|4
|23/45
|'''51.1%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|POR}} {{flag|Azores}}
|[[José Manuel Bolieiro]]
|[[Legislative Assembly of the Azores]]
|[[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|PPD/PSD]] – [[CDS – People's Party|CDS–PP]] – [[People's Monarchist Party (Portugal)|PPM]]
|'''26'''
|45.6%
|3
|29/57
|'''50.9%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{flag|Balearic Islands}}
|[[Marga Prohens]]
|[[Parliament of the Balearic Islands]]
|[[People's Party of the Balearic Islands|PP]]
|'''25'''
|42.3%
|9
|34/59
|'''57.6%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|GER}} {{flag|Brandenburg}}
|[[Dietmar Woidke]]
|[[Landtag of Brandenburg]]
|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
|'''34'''
|38.6%
|0
|34/88
|38.6%
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{flag|Catalonia}}
|[[Salvador Illa]]
|[[Parliament of Catalonia]]
|[[Socialists' Party of Catalonia|PSC]]
|'''42'''
|31.1%
|26
|68/135
|'''50.4%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{flag|Murcia}}
|[[Fernando López Miras]]
|[[Regional Assembly of Murcia|Assembly of Murcia]]
|[[People's Party of the Region of Murcia|PP]]
|'''21'''
|46.6%
|9
|30/45
|'''66.6%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{flag|Navarre}}
|[[María Chivite]]
|[[Parliament of Navarre]]
|[[Socialist Party of Navarre|PSN]] – [[Geroa Bai|GBai]] – [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
|'''21'''
|42.0%
|9
|30/50
|'''60.0%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|GER}} {{flag|Saxony}}
|[[Michael Kretschmer]]
|[[Landtag of Saxony]]
|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] – [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
|'''51'''
|42.5%
|0
|51/120
|42.5%
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} {{flag|New South Wales}}
|[[Chris Minns]]
|[[New South Wales Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Australian Labor Party (New South Wales Branch)|Labor]]
|'''45'''
|48.4%
|3
|48/93
|'''51.6%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Scotland}}
|[[John Swinney]]
|[[Scottish Parliament]]
|[[Scottish National Party|SNP]]
|'''64'''
|49.6%
|0
|64/129
|49.6%
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} {{flag|Tasmania}}
|[[Jeremy Rockliff]]
|[[Tasmanian House of Assembly]]
|[[Tasmanian Liberal Party|Liberal]]
|'''14'''
|40.0%
|4
|15/35
|'''41.8%'''
|-
|{{flagicon|GER}} {{flag|Thuringia}}
|[[Mario Voigt]]
|[[Landtag of Thuringia]]
|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] – [[Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance|BSW]] – [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
|'''44'''
|50.0%
|0
|44/88
|50.0%
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Wales}}
|[[Eluned Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Ely|Eluned Morgan]]
|[[Senedd]]
|[[Welsh Labour|Labour]]
|'''29'''
|48.3%
|0
|29/60
|48.3%
|}

==See also==
*[[Coalition government]]
*[[Hung parliament]]
*[[Majority government]]

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/federal_politics/topics/3668/ CBC Digital Archives – Minority Report: Governing by Minority in Canada]

{{Coalition Spectrum navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Minority Government}}
[[Category:Minority governments| ]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]

Kutch State

2026-03-12T13:29:07Z

Rudra2020:

{{short description|State of the Republic of India, 1947-1956}}
{{For|the pre-independence princely state|Cutch State}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| conventional_long_name = Kutch State
| common_name = Kutch State
| nation = India
| status_text = Former [[States and union territories of India|State of India]]
| demonym = [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]]
| year_start = 1948
| event_start = Integration into [[Dominion of India]] as a state
| year_end = 1956
| event_end = Merger into [[Bombay State]]
| p1 = Cutch State
| flag_p1 = Kachchhflag.png
| p2 =
| s1 = Bombay State
| flag_p2 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| flag_s1 = Emblem of Bombay State.png
| image_flag =
| image_map = Kutch in India (1951).svg
| image_map_caption = Kutch State, 1951
| footnotes = [http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/471346/ Legal Case of 1954 : Kutch State]
| date_start = 1 June
| date_end = 1 November
}}
'''Kutch State''' was a [[States and territories of India|state]] within India from 1948 to 1956. Its capital was [[Bhuj]].

The state's territory now forms a [[Kutch district|Kachchh district]] within the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].

==History==

Kutch State was formed out of the territory of the former [[princely state]] of [[Cutch State|Cutch]], whose ruler ([[Vijayaraji|Maharao Sri Vijayaraji]]) had [[Instrument of Accession|acceded]] to the [[Dominion of India]] with effect from 15 August 1947.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=20yC9Lp4JtIC&dq=acceded+to+india%2C+kutch&pg=PA78 International Law Reports vol. 50, 1950]</ref>

The administration of Kutch after accession, however, remained in the hands of its former ruler until his death on 26 February 1948, when it then passed to his son, [[Madansinhji|Maharao Shri Meghraji]]. On 1 June 1948 the administration was transferred to the [[Government of India]], working through a [[Chief Commissioner]]

Initially Kutch functioned as a province. Upon the [[Constitution of India]] coming into force on 26 January 1950, Kutch became a "Class C" state, i.e. its administration was under the direct control of India's central government.

On 1 November 1956, [[Bombay State]] was re-organised under the [[States Reorganisation Act]], absorbing various territories including Kutch State, which ceased to exist. It became Kutch district in Bombay State. On 1 May 1960, Bombay State was bifurcated on linguistic lines forming [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] states and Kutch district became a part of Gujarat.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

== See also ==
* [[Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency]]
* [[Political integration of India]]
* [[Cutch State]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{States of India on 26 January 1950}}
{{Coord|23.915|N|70.367|E|display=title}}

[[Category:History of Gujarat (1947–present)]]
[[Category:History of Kutch]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1948]]
[[Category:Political integration of India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Former states and territories of India]]

Battle of Vijayawada

2026-03-11T21:28:09Z

Rudra2020: small enhanced citations also and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Battle in India in 1068}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Vijayawada
|partof=[[Chalukya–Chola wars]]
|image=
|caption=
|date=1068
|place=[[Vijayawada]]
|result=
* Chola victory
* Coronation of [[Vijayaditya VII]] as [[Eastern Chalukya]] ruler
|combatant1=[[Western Chalukyas]]
|combatant2=[[Chola Empire]]
|commander1=[[Vikramaditya VI]], Jananatha, Rajamayan
|commander2 = [[Virarajendra Chola]]
|strength1=Unknown
|strength2 = Unknown
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
}}
The '''Battle of Vijayawada''' was fought in 1068 between the [[Chola army]] under [[Virarajendra Chola]] and the [[Western Chalukya]] army commanded by [[Vikramaditya VI]] near the present-day city of [[Vijayawada]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. The war resulted in the recovery of [[Vengi]] Andhra by the Cholas and coronation of Vijayaditya VII as [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya]] ruler by Virarajendra Chola.

== Causes ==

In 1066, during the reign of the [[Western Chalukya]] king [[Someshvara I]], [[Vikramaditya VI]] had invaded the Chola Empire penetrating as far as the capital [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] and threatening the city before being repulsed.<ref name="brilliant">Sen, 1999, p. 384</ref><ref name="puppet">Someshvara I supported the cause of Shaktivarman II, son of Vijayaditya II while the Cholas preferred Rajendra, son of the previous king Rajaraja Narendra (Kamath, 2001, p. 103)</ref><ref name="puppet1">Sastri, 1955, p. 169</ref> The Chola Emperor [[Virarajendra Chola]] reacted by leading a huge force into the Western Chalukya kingdom. Virarajendra proposed a showdown at [[Kudal-Sangamam]] at the junction of the Krishna and the Tungabhadra, but when Someshvara I {{Clarify span|failed to turn up|date=November 2025}}, Virarajendra ravaged the country and defeated the [[Nolamba]], [[Kadava]] and [[Vaidumba]] feudatories of Someshvara I and besieged the city of [[Vengi]] which the Cholas had earlier lost to the Western Chalukyas.<ref name="sastrip268">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 268</ref>

== Events ==

The Western Chalukya garrison led by Jananatha and Rajamayan fought a decisive battle with the Cholas but facing the prospect of imminent defeat, fled into the jungles of the north with the Chola army in hot pursuit.<ref name="sastrip270">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 270</ref> Virarajendra pursued the fleeing Western Chalukya forces beyond the [[Godavari River]].<ref name="sastrip270" /> After conquering [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] and [[History of Kalahandi#Chakrakota Mandala|Sakkarakkottam]], Virarajendra crowned [[Vijayaditya VII]] as the king of Vengi and returned home.<ref name="sastrip270" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/CholasI |title=Cholas I}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | first= K. A. Nilakanta| last=Sastri| author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | orig-year= 1935| year= 2000| title= The Cōlas| publisher= [[University of Madras]] | location= Madras|ref=Sastri}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Chola Empire|Vijayawada]]
[[Category:1068 in Asia]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Western Chalukya Empire]]
[[Category:Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1068|Vijayawada]]

Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)

2026-03-10T13:42:32Z

Rudra2020: quick improved content after review and fixed typos for consistency

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Vijayalakshmi (South Indian actress).jpg
| caption = Vijayalakshmi in 2021
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Madras]] (now Chennai), [[Tamil Nadu]], India<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|author=V Lakshmi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Im-a-pure-Tamilian-Vijayalakshmi/articleshow/6883718.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614052715/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-08/news-interviews/28252374_1_vijayalakshmi-karnataka-kollywood |url-status=live |archive-date=14 June 2012 |title=I'm a pure Tamilian: Vijayalakshmi |date=8 November 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref>
| other_names = Vijayalaxmi, Viji
| yearsactive = 1997–present
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Vijayalakshmi''' is an Indian actress who has predominantly appeared in [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and also appeared in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. In 1997, she won [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] for her performance in her debut film ''[[Nagamandala]]''.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/45thFilmfareSouthBestActresses|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170205073121/https://archive.org/details/45thFilmfareSouthBestActresses|url-status=dead|title=45th Filmfare South Best Actresses : Santosh : Free Download & Stream…|date=5 February 2017|archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
Vijayalakshmi was born in [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) and completed her studies in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="timesofindia" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Manjula |title=I Will Be Dead In Few Hours: Tamil Actress Vijayalakshmi's Suicide Video |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/i-will-be-dead-in-few-hours-tamil-actress-vijayalakshmis-suicide-video-637602 |access-date=12 September 2023 |work=Hasn India |date=5 August 2020}}</ref> She has a sister named Usha who was married to Jayaprada's brother.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rupakuamr |first=Shobana |date=26 February 2019 |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/friends-actress-vijayalakshmi-hospitalized-seeks-help-from-film-industry/ |title='Friends' Actress Vijayalakshmi Hospitalized; Seeks Help From Film Industry |website=Silverscreen India |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
===Film===
Vijayalakshmi acted in nearly 40 films in her career. She has acted in nearly 25 Kannada films. During her stint as an actress, she was recognised for her beauty and performance. She debuted in director [[T. S. Nagabharana]]'s film ''[[Nagamandala]]'', based on a folk tale, opposite [[Prakash Raj]].

She made her debut in Tamil with the film ''[[Poonthottam]].'' She is best known in Tamil for her role in the film ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' along with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Suriya]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-01-21/page/28/mode/2up |title=''Kalki'' interview |date=21 January 2001 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |access-date=23 April 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> The film was a hit and after that, she acted in many films including ''[[Kalakalappu (2001 film)|Kalakalappu]]'', ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]],'' ''[[Military (2003 film)|Military]]'' and ''[[Soori (2003 film)|Soori]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manimegalai |first=A |date=12 July 2019 |title=வீடுகூட இல்லாமல் கஷ்டப்படுகிறேன்! கடனை அடைக்க வேண்டும்! தமிழ் நடிகர்களிடம் உதவி கேட்கும் நடிகை விஜயலட்சுமி! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/actress-vijaya-lakshmi-release-the-video-puis56 |work=Asianet News |access-date=22 July 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> She returned to the Tamil film industry again with the comedy film ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'', which became one of 2010s successes.<ref>{{cite news|author=V Lakshmi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vijayalakshmis-back-in-action/iplarticleshow/6835245.cms |title=Vijayalakshmi's back in action |work=The Times of India |date=30 October 2010 |access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref>

In Telugu, she was recognised in the film [[Hanuman Junction (film)|''Hanuman Junction'']]. She has also acted in one Malayalam film, ''[[Devadoothan]],'' with [[Mohanlal]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=ആരും സഹായത്തിനില്ല, നരക ജീവിതം: സഹായം അഭ്യർഥിച്ച് 'ദേവദൂതൻ' നടി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2019/08/09/actress-vijayalakshmi-appeals-to-rajinikanth-to-save-life-devadoothan-friends-actress.html |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=9 August 2019 |access-date=23 July 2023 |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=21 years of 'Devadoothan': Reasons why this Mohanlal starrer film is an underrated masterpiece |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/21-years-of-devadoothan-reasons-why-this-mohanlal-starrer-film-is-an-underrated-masterpiece/photostory/88543701.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=28 December 2021 |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>

===Television===
She has also acted in some Tamil television serials. She also was an anchor of the game show ''Bangarada Bete'', produced by Radaan Media Works.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==Personal life==
Vijayalakshmi resided in Chennai for a few years. In 2006, it was reported that Vijayalakshmi attempted suicide by overdosing on sleeping pills after being harassed by an assistant director who wanted to marry her.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} The decision came at the end of a difficult year for her in which her father also had died, but she survived and recovered thereafter.<ref name="cinesouth">[http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/16112006-1.shtml] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131023443/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/16112006-1.shtml|date=31 January 2010}}</ref> In November 2006, she announced her engagement to actor Srujan Lokesh, with the wedding pencilled in for March 2007<ref name="cinesouth" /> but the engagement was broken off due to incompatibility.<ref name="timesofindia" />

Vijayalakshmi filed a complaint in February 2020 accusing [[Seeman]] of cheating her after being in a relationship with her and claimed that he had not married her despite making promises.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Vijayalakshmi attempts suicide, admitted to hospital|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/07/27/vijayalakshmi-attempts-suicide-admitted-to-hospital.html|access-date=28 September 2021|website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 July 2020|title=Actor Vijayalakshmi attempts suicide, recovering at a Chennai hospital|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-vijayalakshmi-attempts-suicide-recovering-chennai-hospital-seeman-hari-nadar-ntk-129488|access-date=28 September 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> After being allegedly harassed by Seeman and his supporters, she attempted suicide again in July 2020 by overdosing on blood pressure tablets and was admitted to hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Vijayalakshmi attempts suicide, recovering at a Chennai hospital|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-vijayalakshmi-attempts-suicide-recovering-chennai-hospital-seeman-hari-nadar-ntk-129488 |access-date=2 August 2020 |work=The News Minute |date=27 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Vijayalakshmi admitted to a hospital after attempting suicide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actress-vijayalakshmi-admitted-to-a-hospital-after-attempting-suicide/articleshow/77183273.cms |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=27 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/actor-vijayalakshmi-hospitalised-after-suicide-attempt-6525128/ |title=Actor Vijayalakshmi hospitalised after suicide attempt |work=Indian Express |date=27 July 2020 |access-date=2 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=South Indian actor Vijayalakshmi explains why she tried to commit suicide |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/india-news/south-indian-actor-vijayalakshmi-explains-why-she-tried-to-commit-suicidevideo/video-r2T7JMrM7temlF32TaylxL.html |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijayalakshmi from hospital: I'm so sick of Seeman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijayalakshmi-from-hospital-im-so-sick-of-seeman/articleshow/77203881.cms |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=27 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2022 |title=Frame charges against those who usurped temple property, HC directs trial court |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/hc-directs-trial-court-to-frame-charges-against-people-for-transferring-temple-property-at-lesser-value/article38345876.ece |access-date=15 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
!Ref
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1997 || ''[[Nagamandala]]'' ||Rani || [[Kannada]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]]
|<ref name="archive.org2">{{cite web |date=5 February 2017 |title=45th Filmfare South Best Actresses : Santosh : Free Download & Stream… |url=https://archive.org/details/45thFilmfareSouthBestActresses |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170205073121/https://archive.org/details/45thFilmfareSouthBestActresses |archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ranganna]]''
|Roopa
|Kannada
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jodi Hakki (film)|Jodi Hakki]]'' ||Roopa || Kannada ||
|
|-
|''Vimochane'' || || Kannada||
|
|-
|rowspan="6"| 1998 ||''[[Bhoomi Thayiya Chochchala Maga]]'' || Swapna || Kannada ||
|
|-
| ''[[Maathina Malla]]'' || || Kannada ||
|
|-
| ''Number One'' || Chandralekha || Kannada ||
|
|-
| ''[[Swasthik]]'' || Pinkey|| Kannada ||
|
|-
| ''[[Poonthottam]]'' || Sumathi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|
|-
| ''[[Punjabi House]]'' || || Malayalam || Uncredited
|
|-
|rowspan="6"| 1999 || ''[[Pratibhatane]]'' || Sudha || Kannada ||
|<ref>{{cite web |title=City/Entertainment - Deccan Herald |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A0538EBC9CFB77E565256940004D0E18?OpenDocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214152015/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A0538EBC9CFB77E565256940004D0E18?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 February 2008 |access-date=11 August 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Habba]]'' || Seetha || Kannada ||
|
|-
| ''[[Surya Vamsha]]'' || Parimala || Kannada ||
|
|-
| ''[[Arunodaya (film)|Arunodaya]]'' || Shanthi || Kannada ||
|
|-
| ''Dalavayee'' || || Kannada ||
|
|-
|''Neti Gandhi'' || ||Telugu||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2000 || ''Naxalite'' || || Kannada ||
|
|-
| ''Mahatma'' || || Kannada ||
|
|-
| ''Durgada Huli'' || || Kannada ||Cameo
|
|-
| ''[[Devadoothan]]'' || Sneha || Malayalam ||
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mohanlal's Devadoothan to re-release soon; actor shares new poster |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mohanlals-devadoothan-to-re-release-soon-actor-shares-new-poster/article68354564.ece |work=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X |date=1 July 2024 |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2001 ||''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' || Amudha || Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kalakalappu (2001 film)|Kalakalappu]]'' || Divya || Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' || Devi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002 || ''Daddy No.1'' || || Kannada ||
|
|-
|''Prudhvi Narayana'' || || Telugu||
|
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2003 || ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]'' || Divya || Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Military (2003 film)|Military]]'' || Seetha || Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Yes Madam (2003 film)|Yes Madam]]'' || Gayathri || Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Soori (2003 film)|Soori]]'' || Devi || Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''Jogula'' || Shakunthala || Kannada ||
|
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Kanakambari (film)|Kanakambari]]'' || Nirmala Devi || Kannada ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Navashakthi Vaibhava]]'' || Goddess Banashankari
| Kannada ||
|
|-
| ''[[Vaazhthugal]]'' || Vennila || Tamil ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' ||Nandhini || Tamil ||
|
|-
|''[[Thillalangadi]]'' || Swapna || Tamil ||
|
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Thambikottai]]'' || Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Katha Solla Porom]]'' || Anitha's mother || Tamil ||
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Meesaya Murukku]]'' || Adhi's mother || Tamil ||
|
|-
| 2018 || ''Fighter'' ||
||Kannada||
|
|}

===Television===
;Serials
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Channel
|-
| 2004–2005 || ''Kanavugal Aayiram''|| Yamuna ||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]|| [[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2005–2006||''Suryavamsam''||Manasa||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]||[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2007–2008||''Vasantham''||Akila||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2010–2011||''Aradhana''|| ||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]||[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2011–2013||''[[Chellamay]]''||Gayathri||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||rowspan=3|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2011–2012||[[Mundhanai Mudichu (TV series)|''Mundhanai Mudichu'']]||Nandhini
|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2013||[[Muthaaram (TV series)|''Muthaaram'']]||ACP Ranjini
|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2017||[[Nandini (TV series)|''Nandini'']]||Devi||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] & [[Kannada]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Udaya TV]]
|-
|2024 || ''[[Inspector Rishi]]'' || Tribal Shaman || [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|}

;Shows
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Channel
|-
|2008||''Bangarada Bete''||Host||[[Kannada]]||[[Udaya TV]]
|-
|2010||''Jackpot''||Contestant||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2010–2011||''Vaazhvai Maatralam Vaanga''||Host
|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|}
{{commons category|Vijayalakshmi}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0897212}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayalakshmi}}
[[Category:Indian people of Sri Lankan descent]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:People of Sri Lankan Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

Ministry of Railways (India)

2026-03-06T14:29:54Z

Rudra2020:

{{Short description|Government ministry of India}}
{{Redirect|Railway Board|the former British board|British Railways Board}}
{{For|the minister responsible|Minister of Railways (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Ministry of Railways
| seal = Government of India logo.svg
| seal_width = 100px
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India
| native_name =
| native_name_a =
| native_name_r =
| type = [[Ministry (government department)|Ministry]]
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| logo_width = 250px
| logo_caption = Ministry of Railways
| image = Rail Bhavan in New Delhi 05.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = [[Rail Bhavan]] in New Delhi, the seat of the Ministry of Railways
| formed = {{Start date|1905|03||df=y}}
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[Rail Bhavan]] 1, Raisina Road, [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| motto =
| employees = 1,212,882 (2022)<ref name="IRYB">{{cite report|url=https://iritm.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1680252282408-PDF%20Year%20Book%202021-22-English.pdf|title=Indian Railways Year Book 2021–22|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| budget = {{INRConvert|299059|c}} (2025–26)
| minister1_name = [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/modi-cabinet-30-ashwini-vaishnaw-gets-railways-ib-ministry-432744-2024-06-10|title=Modi Cabinet 3.0: Ashwini Vaishnaw retains Railways and IT, gets I&B Ministry|date=10 June 2024|access-date=11 June 2024|newspaper=Business Today}}</ref>
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| deputyminister1_name = [[V. Somanna]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of State]]
| deputyminister2_name = [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
| deputyminister2_pfo = [[Minister of State]]
| chief1_name = Satish Kumar,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=Satish Kumar named new Chairman and CEO of Railway Board |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/satish-kumar-named-new-chairman-and-ceo-of-railway-board/article68574352.ece |access-date=2024-08-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>[[Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers|IRSME]]
| chief1_position = [[Chairperson of the Railway Board|Chairman & CEO, Railway Board]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = 
| public_protector =
| deputy =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| parent_agency_type = 
| child1_agency = [[Indian Railways]]
| child2_agency = [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|DFCCIL]]
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|www.indianrailways.gov.in}}
| agency_id =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| embed =
}}

The '''Ministry of Railways''' is a ministry in the [[Government of India]], responsible for the [[rail transport in India|country's rail transport]]. The [[Indian Railways]] is the rail network operated and administered by the Railway Board constituted by the ministry. The ministry along with the Railway Board is housed inside [[Rail Bhawan]] in [[New Delhi]]. It is headed by the [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]. With more than 1.2 million employees, it is one of the world's [[List of companies by employees|largest]] employers.

== History ==
The first [[railway track]] was operational in [[Chennai|Madras]] in 1837 and the first passenger train ran in [[Bombay]] in 1853.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/indias-1st-train-when-sahib-sindh-sultan-blew-steam/articleshow/19717248.cms?from=mdr|title=When India's first train blew steam|date=25 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="FR">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|title=Chennai: The track record|date=16 April 2018|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref> But the earlier railways were operated by private companies with the earliest being the [[Madras Railway]] established in 1845 and the [[Great Indian Peninsular Railway]] incorporated in 1849.<ref name="Hist">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|title=Understanding Indian Railway Heritage|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|page=6|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In October 1901, the Secretary of State for India in Council appointed Thomas Robertson as a special commissioner for Indian Railways to prepare a report on the administration of Indian Railways.<ref name="IR">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/irfc1/chapter%20-%201%20(R).pdf|title=IRFC|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In his report in 1903, Thomas recommended setting up of a three-member Railway Board headed by a chief commissioner.<ref name="IR"/> In March 1905, the railway branch of the [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] was transferred to the newly established railway board under the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry|department of commerce and industry]] by the Indian Railway Board Act.<ref>{{cite act|url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1905-4.pdf|title=The Indian Railway Board Act, 1905|legislature=Parliament of India|year=1905}}</ref> In 1908, the set up was re-organized on the recommendations of the Railway Finance Committee (1908) by constituting the railway board headed by a president as a separate department.<ref name="IR"/> Pursuant to the [[William Mitchell Acworth|Acworth]] committee's recommendations in 1921, the railway board was expanded to four members with the addition of a financial commissioner in 1924 apart from the chief commissioner, one commissioners responsible for ways and works, projects and stores and the other responsible for general administration, staff and traffic.<ref name="IR"/>

In 1929, an additional member was added to the board and was assigned the responsibility for staff, so that the member in charge of traffic could focus solely on transport and commercial matters.<ref name="IRFCA">{{cite web|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html|title=History of Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|work=IRFCA}}</ref> In 1944, all the railway companies were taken over by the Government.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm|title=Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The ministry of railways was part of the Ministry of Transport after the independence in 1947 and [[John Mathai]] served as its first minister from 1947 till 1948.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/initial_compositions_of_council_of_ministers/english/1_Upload_2027.pdf|title=Council of Ministers, 1947|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=15 August 1947|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123204431/https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/initial_compositions_of_council_of_ministers/english/1_Upload_2027.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RB2"/> On 22 September 1948, [[N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar]] was appointed as the minister of the newly renamed Ministry of Railways and Transport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmml.nic.in/downloadIndividual/855|title=N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=15 August 1947|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922161937/http://pmml.nic.in/downloadIndividual/855|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 April 1957, [[Jagjivan Ram]] became the first to head the standalone Minister of Railways.<ref name="MR"/>

In December 1950, the Central Advisory Committee for Railways approved the plan for re-organising Indian Railways into six [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|regional zones]] and re-constituting the railway board to four members with the senior-most functional member appointed the chairman of the board with no absolute over riding power.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369298618-general%20overview.pdf|title=Overview of Indian Railways|publisher=National Academy of Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="IRFCA1">{{cite web|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html|title=History of Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|work=IRFCA}}</ref> In October 1954, the chairman of the board was made responsible for decisions on technical and policy matters, with the status of a principal secretary to the [[Government of India]] with an additional member added.<ref name="IRFCA1"/>

The board was expanded with an additional member responsible for electrical engineering in 1972 and a further member responsible for health in 1976.<ref name="IRFCA2">{{cite web|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html|title=History of Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|work=IRFCA}}</ref>

The Ministry of Railways was merged with the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Ministry of Shipping and Transport]] and the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Department of Civil Aviation]] on 25 September 1985 to form the [[Ministry of Surface Transport (India)|Ministry of Transport]] and [[Bansi Lal]], who served as the Railways Minister prior to the merger became the first holder of the new office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/councilofministers/english/1_Upload_2288.pdf|title=Council of Ministers, 1985|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=25 September 1985|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707092659/https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/councilofministers/english/1_Upload_2288.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> However, on 22 October 1986, the Ministry of Railways was again separated into an independent ministry and has been the same since then.<ref name="MR"/><ref name="JJ">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-railways-ministers-of-india-1497879511-1|title=List of Railway Ministers of India|date=26 November 2021 |publisher=[[Jagran Josh]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526175339/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-railways-ministers-of-india-1497879511-1|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2004, the board is expanded by the introduction of two new members responsible for signalling & telecom and for stores respectively.<ref name="IRFCA3">{{cite web|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-history6.html|title=History of Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|work=IRFCA}}</ref> In December 2019, the [[Cabinet of India|Union Cabinet]] decided to reduce the size of the board from eight to five.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cabinet-approves-restructuring-of-railway-board-11577181494500.html|title=Cabinet approves restructuring of Railway Board|date=24 December 2019|work=Livemint|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Railway Budget ===
{{Main|Railway budget of India}}
The first [[Railway budget of India|railway budget]] was presented in 1924.<ref name="Hist"/> Since then, Railway budget was presented as a standalone budget every year before the [[Union budget of India|union budget]] by the Railway Minister till 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=After 92 years, Rail Budget is history|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-92-years-rail-budget-is-history-116092100575_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|date=22 September 2016|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325025440/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-92-years-rail-budget-is-history-116092100575_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The last [[Railway Budget]] was presented on 25 February 2016 and on 21 September 2016, Government of India approved merger of the rail and general budgets from 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Railway-budget-to-be-merged-with-General-budget-from-2017/article14570182.ece1|title=Railway budget to be merged with General budget from 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 August 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=13 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613070953/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Railway-budget-to-be-merged-with-General-budget-from-2017/article14570182.ece1|url-status=live}}</ref> The railway budget was estimated to be {{INRConvert|264600|c}} for the financial year 2023–24.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Budget_2023-24/Statement%20of%20Railway%20Receipts%20and%20Expenditure%20Budget%202023-24.pdf|title=Railway Receipts and Expenditure|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140420/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Budget_2023-24/Statement%20of%20Railway%20Receipts%20and%20Expenditure%20Budget%202023-24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Organisation ==
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em"
|+ Administrative officials
|-
!Title
!Name
|-
|[[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
|[[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
|-
|[[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of State, Railways]]
|[[V. Somanna]], [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|-
|[[Chairman Railway Board (India)|Chairman and CEO of Railway Board]]
|Satish Kumar
|}
The ministry has a [[Minister of Railways (India)|union minister]] and one or more [[Minister of State|ministers of state]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/pdf/2022/Org_Str_22.pdf|title=Organization Chart|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The railway board reports to the union ministry with the directorates of [[Railway electric traction|traction]], [[Railway engineering|engineering]], [[traffic]], [[rolling stock]], [[Railway signalling|signalling]], [[materials]], [[human resources|personnel]], [[Railway Protection Force]] (RPF), [[finance]], [[health]] and [[safety]] reporting to the board.<ref name="ZR">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Org_Chart_1.pdf|title=Organization Chart|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> [[Indian Railways]] is a statutory body that reports to [[Parliament of India|parliament]] and is under the [[ownership]] of ministry of railways.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roy|first=Debasish|title=Why isn't the Railways a PSU?|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/why-isnt-the-railways-a-psu/articleshow/7584262.cms?from=mdr|date=27 February 2019|access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref> Indian Railways is further divided into 18 administrative zones (17 operational), headed by general managers who report to the board along with the heads of other institutions and undertakings owned by the Indian Railways.<ref name="ZR"/> The railway board consists of a [[Chairman Railway Board (India)|chairman]], four members responsible for operations & business development, traction & rolling stock, infrastructure and finance respectively.<ref name="RB">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,365|title=Railway Board|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Also part of the board are four director generals responsible for human resources, health, RPF and safety respectively.<ref name="RB"/>

===Statutory Bodies/Public Sector Undertakings===
*[[Rail India Technical and Economic Service]]
*[[Rail Land Development Authority]]
*[[IRCON International]]
*IRCON Renewable Power Limited
*[[Rail Vikas Nigam Limited]]
*[[Indian Railways Finance Corporation]]
*SIDCUL CONCOR Infra Company Ltd., a JV of SIDCUL and CONCOR
*Krishnapatnam Railway Company Limited, a JV of RVNL, Sagarmala Development Company, NMDC, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, etc.
*[[Centre for Railway Information Systems]]

===Society===
*Indian Railway Welfare Organisation

== Railway Budget ==
{{Main|Railway budget of India}}
The first [[Railway budget of India|railway budget]] was presented in 1924.<ref name="Hist"/> Since then, Railway budget was presented as a standalone budget every year before the [[Union budget of India|union budget]] till 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=After 92 years, Rail Budget is history|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-92-years-rail-budget-is-history-116092100575_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|date=22 September 2016|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref> The last [[Railway Budget]] was presented on 25 February 2016 and on 21 September 2016, Government of India approved merger of the rail and general budgets from 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Railway-budget-to-be-merged-with-General-budget-from-2017/article14570182.ece1|title=Railway budget to be merged with General budget from 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 August 2016|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The railway budget is estimated to be {{INRConvert|264600|c}} for the financial year 2023–24.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Budget_2023-24/Statement%20of%20Railway%20Receipts%20and%20Expenditure%20Budget%202023-24.pdf|title=Railway Receipts and Expenditure|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Railway ministers ==
{{Infobox official post
| post = {{small|[[India]]}} Minister of Railways
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|hi|Rail Mantrī}}
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| image = Ashwini Vaishnaw Minister of IT.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbent = [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
| incumbentsince = {{start date|2021|7|7|df=y}}
| type =
| status =
| department = Ministry of Railways
| style =
| member_of = [[Union Cabinet of India]]
| reports_to = [[President of India]] [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Parliament of India]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| appointer_qualified = on the recommendation of the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation = {{start date|1947|df=y}}
| first = [[John Matthai]] {{small|(as Minister of Transport)}}
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy = [[#Ministers of State|Minister of State for Railways]]
| salary =
| abbreviation =
| website =
}}
The '''Minister of Railways''' ([[Hindi]]: {{transliteration|hi|'''Rail Mantrī'''}}) is the head of the ministry and a member of the [[Union Council of Ministers (India)|union council of ministers]] of India. The position of the Minister of Railways is usually held by a minister of cabinet rank and is often assisted by one or two junior Ministers of State.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/pdf/2022/Org_Str_22.pdf|title=Organization Chart|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212154019/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/pdf/2022/Org_Str_22.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[John Mathai]] was the first Minister of Railways.<ref name="RB2">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/budget/news/budget-2024-how-india-s-railway-budget-has-changed-over-the-years-123122000872_1.html|title=Budget 2024: How India's Railway Budget has changed over the years|date=20 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518205105/https://www.business-standard.com/budget/news/budget-2024-how-india-s-railway-budget-has-changed-over-the-years-123122000872_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] who served as the Minister of Railways and Transport from 1952 until 1956 became the second [[Prime Minister of India]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-lal-bahadur-shastri/|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=17 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617080922/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-lal-bahadur-shastri/|url-status=live}}</ref> Four prime ministers, namely [[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] (twice) and [[Manmohan Singh]] (twice) have briefly held the portfolio of the Minister of Railways during their premiership.<ref name="MR">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/secretary_branches/OM/2021/List_MR.pdf|title=List of Ministers of Railways|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402054829/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/secretary_branches/OM/2021/List_MR.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mohsina Kidwai]] was the first female to hold the charge of the ministry (as Minister of Surface Transport) while [[Mamata Banerjee]] is the first female to have served as the Minister of Railways.<ref name="MR"/> [[Madhavrao Scindia]] and [[Ram Naik]] are the only people to have served as Ministers of State for Railways with an Independent charge. [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]] is the only cabinet minister to die in office after being assassinated in a bomb blast in 1975,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/top-five/family-wants-union-ministers-assassination-to-be-reinvestigated|title=Family wants Union Minister's assassination to be reinvestigated|date=31 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=The Sunday Guardian|archive-date=12 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112191419/https://sundayguardianlive.com/top-five/family-wants-union-ministers-assassination-to-be-reinvestigated|url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Suresh Angadi]] is the only minister of state to die in office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/india-mos-railways-suresh-angadi-dies-of-covid-19|title=India Mos Railways Suresh Angadi dies of Covid-19|date=23 September 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Guwahati Plus|archive-date=22 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922162001/https://guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/india-mos-railways-suresh-angadi-dies-of-covid-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

The current Minister of Railways is [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who has been in office since 7 July 2021 while [[V. Somanna]] and [[Ravneet Singh]] are the ministers of state for railways.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Portfolios_of_the_Union_Council_of_Ministers_10_june_2024.pdf|title=Portfolios of the Union Council of Ministers|date=10 June 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611043852/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Portfolios_of_the_Union_Council_of_Ministers_10_june_2024.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cabinet Ministers ===
*'''Key:''' {{note label|†|†|†}} Assassinated or died in office
*'''Note:''' MoS, I/C {{ndash}} Minister of State (Independent Charge)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Indian Railway Ministers<ref name="MR"/><ref name="JJ"/><ref name="List">{{cite report|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/railway-ministers.html|title=IRFCA link of railways ministers|work=IRFCA|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042850/http://www.irfca.org/docs/railway-ministers.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Full List of Railway Ministers of India|url=https://notespress.com/list-of-railway-minister-of-india/|work=Notes Press|date=25 August 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101200419/https://notespress.com/list-of-railway-minister-of-india/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Full List of Railway Ministers of India|url=https://notespress.com/list-of-railway-minister-of-india/|work=Notes Press|date=25 August 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/railway-ministers.html|title=IRFCA link of railways ministers|work=IRFCA|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:19em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Prime Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
! colspan="9" |Minister of Transport
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:John Mathai.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[John Mathai]]''' {{small|(1886{{ndash}}1959)}}
|{{small|15 August}} 1947
|{{small|22 September}} 1948
!{{ayd|1947|8|15|1948|9|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]'''
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Minister of Transport and Railways
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Gopalaswamy Ayyangar.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar]]''' {{small|(1882{{ndash}}1953) MP for [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] (Interim)}}
|{{small|22 September}} 1948
|{{small|13 May}} 1952
!{{ayd|1948|9|22|1952|5|13}}
|rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]'''
|rowspan="3"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Lal Bahadur Shastri (from stamp).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1966) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
|{{small|13 May}} 1952
|{{small|7 December}} 1956
!{{ayd|1952|5|13|1956|12|7}}
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jagjivan Ram 1991 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Jagjivan Ram]]''' {{small|(1908{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency#1952-1957|Shahabad South]]}}
|{{small|7 December}} 1956
|{{small|17 April}} 1957
!{{ayd|1956|12|7|1957|4|17}}
|-
! colspan="9" |Minister of Railways
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jagjivan Ram 1991 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Jagjivan Ram]]''' {{small|(1908{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]]}}
|{{small|17 April}} 1957
|{{small|10 April}} 1962
!{{ayd|1957|4|17|1962|4|10}}
|rowspan="9"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]'''
|rowspan="3"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Swaran Singh Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Swaran Singh]]''' {{small|(1907{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jullundur]]}}
|{{small|10 April}} 1962
|{{small|1 September}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|4|10|1963|9|1}}
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]'''
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:H. C. Dasappa official portrait.gif|70px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[H. C. Dasappa]]''' {{small|(1894{{ndash}}1964) MP for Bangalore}}
|{{small|1 September}} 1963
|{{small|27 May}} 1964
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1963|9|1|1964|6|9}}
|-
|{{small|27 May}} 1964
|{{small|9 June}} 1964
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]'''
|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (acting)
|-
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="3"| [[File:Miss India Indrani Rehman, S.K. Patil, and two of the sponsors of the contest (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="3"| '''[[S. K. Patil]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}1981) MP for [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]}}
|{{small|9 June}} 1964
|{{small|11 January}} 1966
!rowspan="3"| {{ayd|1964|6|9|1967|3|13}}
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]'''
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
|{{small|11 January}} 1966
|{{small|24 January}} 1966
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]'''
|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (acting)
|-
|{{small|24 January}} 1966
|{{small|13 March}} 1967
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]'''
|rowspan="9"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:C M Poonacha.gif|70px]]
|'''[[C. M. Poonacha]]''' {{small|(1910{{ndash}}1990) MP for [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Mangalore]]}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1967
|{{small|14 February}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|3|13|1969|2|14}}
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ram Subhag Singh.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ram Subhag Singh]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}1980) MP for [[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]]}}
|{{small|14 February}} 1969
|{{small|4 November}} 1969
!{{ayd|1969|2|14|1969|11|4}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|[[File:P. Govinda Menon official portrait.gif|70px]]
|'''[[Panampilly Govinda Menon]]''' {{small|(1906{{ndash}}1970) MP for [[Mukundapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Mukundapuram]]}}
|{{small|4 November}} 1969
|{{small|18 February}} 1970
!{{ayd|1969|11|4|1970|2|18}}
|rowspan="6"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|[[File:Gulzarilal Nanda 1.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}1998) MP for [[Kurukshetra Lok Sabha constituency|Kurukshetra]]}}
|{{small|18 February}} 1970
|{{small|18 March}} 1971
!{{ayd|1970|2|18|1971|3|18}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Kengal Hanumanthaiah.gif|70px]]
|'''[[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]]''' {{small|(1908{{ndash}}1980) MP for [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore City]]}}
|{{small|18 March}} 1971
|{{small|22 July}} 1972
!{{ayd|1971|3|18|1972|7|22}}
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"| '''[[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|[[File:T. A. Pai photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[T. A. Pai]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}1981) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Karnataka]]}}
|{{small|22 July}} 1972
|{{small|5 February}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|7|22|1973|2|5}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|[[File:Lalit_Narayan_Mishra_1976_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Lalit Narayan Mishra]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}1975) MP for [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]}}
|{{small|5 February}} 1973
|{{small|3 January}} 1975{{ref label|†|†|†}}
!{{ayd|1973|2|5|1975|1|3}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|[[File:Kamalapati Tripathi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Kamalapati Tripathi]]''' {{small|(1905{{ndash}}1990) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
|{{small|10 February}} 1975
|{{small|23 March}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|2|10|1977|3|23}}
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Madhu Dandavate Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Madhu Dandavate]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2005) MP for [[Rajapur Lok Sabha constituency|Rajapur]]}}
|{{small|26 March}} 1977
|{{small|28 July}} 1979
!{{ayd|1977|3|26|1979|7|28}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|bgcolor="#1F75FE"| '''[[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]'''
|[[Morarji Desai]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}; color:white"|
|[[File:T. A. Pai photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[T. A. Pai]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}1981) MP for [[Udupi Lok Sabha constituency|Udipi]]}}
|{{small|28 July}} 1979
|{{small|14 January}} 1980
!{{ayd|1979|7|28|1980|1|14}}
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|bgcolor="#6495ED"| '''[[Charan Singh ministry|Charan Singh]]'''
|[[Charan Singh]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:Kamalapati Tripathi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Kamalapati Tripathi]]''' {{small|(1905{{ndash}}1990) MP for [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]]}}
|{{small|14 January}} 1980
|{{small|12 November}} 1980
!{{ayd|1980|1|14|1980|11|12}}
|rowspan="6"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]'''
|rowspan="4"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:Kedar Pandey.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Kedar Pandey]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}1982) MP for [[Bettiah Lok Sabha constituency|Bettiah]]}}
|{{small|12 November}} 1980
|{{small|15 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|11|12|1982|1|15}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:Prakash Chandra Sethi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]}}
|{{small|15 January}} 1982
|{{small|2 September}} 1982
!{{ayd|1982|1|15|1982|9|2}}
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Indian Minister Ghani Khan.jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2006) MP for [[Malda Lok Sabha constituency|Malda]]}}
|{{small|2 September}} 1982
|{{small|31 October}} 1984
!{{ayd|1982|9|2|1984|10|31}}
|-
|{{small|4 November}} 1984
|{{small|31 December}} 1984
!{{ayd|1984|11|4|1984|12|31}}
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Bansi_Lal_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Bansi Lal]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2006) MP for [[Bhiwani Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwani]]}}
|{{small|31 December}} 1984
|{{small|25 September}} 1985
!{{ayd|1984|12|31|1985|9|25}}
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]'''
|-
! colspan="9" |Minister of Transport
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Bansi_Lal_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Bansi Lal]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2006) MP for [[Bhiwani Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwani]]}}
|{{small|25 September}} 1985
|{{small|4 June}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|9|25|1986|6|4}}
|rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]'''
|rowspan="3"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:RajivGandhi.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}1991) MP for [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]}} (Prime Minister)
|{{small|4 June}} 1986
|{{small|24 June}} 1986
!{{ayd|1986|6|4|1986|6|24}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:Mohsina Kidwai (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Mohsina Kidwai]]''' {{small|(born 1932) MP for [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]}}
|{{small|24 June}} 1986
|{{small|22 October}} 1986
!{{ayd|1986|6|24|1986|10|22}}
|-
! colspan="9" |Minister of Railways
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:Madhavrao Scindia 2005 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Madhavrao Scindia]]''' {{small|(1945{{ndash}}2001) MP for [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]}} (MoS, I/C)
|{{small|22 October}} 1986
|{{small|2 December}} 1989
!{{ayd|1986|10|22|1989|12|2}}
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]'''
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white"|
|[[File:George Fernandes (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[George Fernandes]]''' {{small|(1930{{ndash}}2019) MP for [[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarpur]]}}
|{{small|6 December}} 1989
|{{small|10 November}} 1990
!{{ayd|1989|12|6|1990|11|10}}
|[[Janata Dal]]
|style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[V. P. Singh ministry|V. P. Singh]]'''
|[[V. P. Singh]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
|[[File:Janeshwar Mishra Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Janeshwar Mishra]]''' {{small|(1933{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Prayagraj Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]}}
|{{small|21 November}} 1990
|{{small|21 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|11|21|1991|6|21}}
|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
|style="background:#74C365"| '''[[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]'''
|[[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:Veteran Leader Ck jaffer Sharief on a Hartal (cropped).JPG|70px]]
|'''[[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]''' {{small|(1933{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]}}
|{{small|21 June}} 1991
|{{small|17 August}} 1995
!{{ayd|1991|6|21|1995|8|17}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| [[Rao ministry|'''Rao''']]
|rowspan="2"| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]}} (Prime Minister)
|{{small|18 August}} 1995
|{{small|16 May}} 1996
!{{ayd|1995|8|18|1996|5|16}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
|{{small|16 May}} 1996
|{{small|1 June}} 1996
!{{ayd|1996|5|16|1996|6|1}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]'''
|Self
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Ram Vilas Paswan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]''' {{small|(1946{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]}}
|{{small|1 June}} 1996
|{{small|21 April}} 1997
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1996|6|1|1998|3|19}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Janata Dal]]
|style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]'''
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|-
|{{small|21 April}} 1997
|{{small|19 March}} 1998
|style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]'''
|[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samata Party}}"|
|[[File:Nitish Kumar in February 2007.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Nitish Kumar]]''' {{small|(born 1951) MP for [[Barh Lok Sabha constituency|Barh]]}}
|{{small|19 March}} 1998
|{{small|5 August}} 1999
!{{ayd|1998|3|19|1999|8|5}}
|[[Samata Party]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]'''
|rowspan="5"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Governor Ram Naik.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ram Naik]]''' {{small|(born 1934) MP for [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]}} (MoS, I/C)
|{{small|6 August}} 1999
|{{small|13 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|5|5|1999|10|13}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ms. Mamata Banerjee, in Kolkata on July 17, 2018 (cropped) (cropped).JPG|70px]]
|'''[[Mamata Banerjee]]''' {{small|(born 1955) MP for [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta South]]}}
|{{small|13 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 March}} 2001
!{{ayd|1999|10|13|2001|3|16}}
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|rowspan="3" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
|{{small|16 March}} 2001
|{{small|20 March}} 2001
!{{ayd|1996|5|16|1996|6|1}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}; color:white"|
|[[File:Nitish Kumar in February 2007.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Nitish Kumar]]''' {{small|(born 1951) MP for [[Barh Lok Sabha constituency|Barh]]}}
|{{small|20 March}} 2001
|{{small|22 May}} 2004
!{{ayd|2001|3|20|2004|5|22}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}; color:white"|
|[[File:Lalu Prasad Yadav addressing the EEC - 2006 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Chapra Lok Sabha constituency|Chapra]]}}
|{{small|23 May}} 2004
|{{small|22 May}} 2009
!{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan I''']]
|rowspan="10"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ms. Mamata Banerjee, in Kolkata on July 17, 2018 (cropped) (cropped).JPG|70px]]
|'''[[Mamata Banerjee]]''' {{small|(born 1955) MP for [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]}}
|{{small|23 May}} 2009
|{{small|19 May}} 2011
!{{ayd|2009|5|23|2011|5|19}}
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|rowspan="9" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan II''']]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Manmohan Singh in 2009.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Manmohan Singh]]''' {{small|(1932{{ndash}}2024) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Assam]]}} (Prime Minister)
|{{small|19 May}} 2011
|{{small|12 July}} 2011
!{{ayd|2011|5|19|2011|7|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[File:Dinesh trivedi.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Dinesh Trivedi]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MP for [[Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpore]]}}
|{{small|12 July}} 2011
|{{small|19 March}} 2012
!{{ayd|2011|7|12|2012|3|19}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[File:Mukul Roy.png|70px]]
|'''[[Mukul Roy]]''' {{small|(1954–2026) Rajya Sabha MP for [[West Bengal]]}}
|{{small|20 March}} 2012
|{{small|22 September}} 2012
!{{ayd|2012|3|20|2012|9|22}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:C P Joshi UNDP 2010.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[C. P. Joshi]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MP for [[Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhilwara]]}}
|{{small|22 September}} 2012
|{{small|28 October}} 2012
!{{ayd|2012|9|22|2012|10|28}}
|rowspan="5"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Railways, Shri Pawan Kumar Bansal inaugurating the New Block of Civil Hospital at Manimajra, in Chandigarh on April 07, 2013.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]}}
|{{small|28 October}} 2012
|{{small|11 May}} 2013
!{{ayd|2012|10|28|2013|5|11}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:C P Joshi UNDP 2010.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[C. P. Joshi]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MP for [[Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhilwara]]}}
|{{small|11 May}} 2013
|{{small|15 June}} 2013
!{{ayd|2013|5|11|2013|6|15}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Manmohan Singh in 2009.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Manmohan Singh]]''' {{small|(1932{{ndash}}2024) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Assam]]}} (Prime Minister)
|{{small|15 June}} 2013
|{{small|17 June}} 2013
!{{ayd|2013|6|15|2013|6|17}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Mallikarjun Kharge.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]''' {{small|(born 1942) MP for [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency|Gulbarga]]}}
|{{small|17 June}} 2013
|{{small|26 May}} 2014
!{{ayd|2013|6|17|2014|5|26}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:D.V. Sadananda Gowda.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Sadananda Gowda|D. V. Sadananda Gowda]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]}}
|{{small|27 May}} 2014
|{{small|9 November}} 2014
!{{ayd|2014|5|27|2014|11|9}}
|rowspan="6"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]'''
|rowspan="6"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Suresh Prabhu (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Suresh Prabhu]]''' {{small|(born 1953) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Haryana]], till 2016 Rajya Sabha MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]], from 2016}}
|{{small|9 November}} 2014
|{{small|3 September}} 2017
!{{ayd|2014|11|9|2017|9|3}}
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Piyush Goyal crop.jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Piyush Goyal]]''' {{small|(born 1964) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}
|{{small|3 September}} 2017
|{{small|30 May}} 2019
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|2017|9|3|2021|7|7}}
|-
|{{small|31 May}} 2019
|{{small|7 July}} 2021
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]'''
|-
|rowspan="2"bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan=2|[[File:Ashwini Vaishnaw cropped.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan=2|'''[[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]''' {{small|(born 1970) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Odisha]]}}
| 7 July 2021
| 9 June 2024
| rowspan=2|'''{{ayd|2021|7|7}}'''
|-
| 10 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
| style="background:#FFA551;|[[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

===Ministers of State===
*'''Key:''' {{note label|†|†|†}} Assassinated or died in office

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Ministers of State<ref name="MR"/><ref name="List"/>
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:17em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Prime Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
! colspan="9" |Minister of State for Transport and Railways
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[K. Santhanam]]''' {{small|(1895{{ndash}}1980) MP for [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] (Constituent Assembly)}}
|{{small|1 October}} 1948
|{{small|29 May}} 1952
!{{ayd|1948|10|1|1952|5|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]'''
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Minister of State for Railways
|-
|rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="5"| [[File:Ram Subhag Singh.jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="5"| '''[[Ram Subhag Singh]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}1980) MP for [[Bikramganj Lok Sabha constituency|Bikramganj]]}}
|{{small|13 May}} 1964
|{{small|27 May}} 1964
!rowspan="5"| {{ayd|1964|5|13|1967|3|13}}
|rowspan="6"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]'''
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
|{{small|27 May}} 1964
|{{small|9 June}} 1964
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]'''
|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (acting)
|-
|{{small|9 June}} 1964
|{{small|11 January}} 1966
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]'''
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
|{{small|11 January}} 1966
|{{small|24 January}} 1966
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]'''
|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (acting)
|-
|{{small|24 January}} 1966
|{{small|13 March}} 1967
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Parimal Ghosh]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}1985) MP for [[Ghatal Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatal]]}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1967
|{{small|17 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|3|13|1969|10|17}}
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|[[File:Mohammad Shafi Qureshi, Governor of Madhya Pradesh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]]''' {{small|(1928{{ndash}}2016) MP for [[Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag]]}}
|{{small|10 October}} 1974
|{{small|23 March}} 1977
!{{ayd|1974|10|10|1977|3|23}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"| '''[[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|[[File:Surendra Pal Singh portrait.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Surendra Pal Singh (politician)|Surendra Pal Singh]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}2009) MP for [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]]}}
|{{small|23 December}} 1976
|{{small|24 March}} 1977
!{{ayd|1976|12|23|1977|3|24}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Sheo Narain]]''' {{small|(1913{{ndash}}1987) MP for [[Basti Lok Sabha constituency|Basti]]}}
|{{small|14 August}} 1977
|{{small|28 July}} 1979
!{{ayd|1977|8|14|1979|7|28}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|bgcolor="#1F75FE"| '''[[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]'''
|[[Morarji Desai]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:Veteran Leader Ck jaffer Sharief on a Hartal (cropped).JPG|70px]]
|'''[[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]''' {{small|(1933{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]}}
|{{small|14 January}} 1980
|{{small|31 October}} 1984
!{{ayd|1980|1|14|1984|10|31}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]'''
|[[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:Madhavrao Scindia 2005 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Madhavrao Scindia]]''' {{small|(1945{{ndash}}2001) MP for [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]}}
|{{small|31 December}} 1984
|{{small|25 September}} 1985
!{{ayd|1984|12|31|1985|9|25}}
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]'''
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Minister of State for Transport {{ndash}} Department of Railways
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:Madhavrao Scindia 2005 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Madhavrao Scindia]]''' {{small|(1945{{ndash}}2001) MP for [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]}}
|{{small|25 September}} 1985
|{{small|22 October}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|9|25|1986|10|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]'''
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Minister of State for Railways
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
|
|'''[[Bhakta Charan Das]]''' {{small|(born 1958) MP for [[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]}}
|{{small|21 November}} 1990
|{{small|21 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|11|21|1991|6|21}}
|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
|style="background:#74C365"| '''[[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]'''
|[[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
|'''[[Mallikarjun Goud]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2002) MP for [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]}}
|{{small|21 June}} 1991
|{{small|18 January}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|6|21|1993|1|18}}
|rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| [[Rao ministry|'''Rao''']]
|rowspan="4"| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:Kahnu Charan Lenka (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Kahnu Charan Lenka]]''' {{small|(born 1939) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Odisha]]}}
|{{small|18 January}} 1993
|{{small|2 April}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|1|18|1994|4|2}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
|'''[[Mallikarjun Goud]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2002) MP for [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]}}
|{{small|21 August}} 1995
|{{small|19 September}} 1995
!{{ayd|1995|8|21|1995|9|19}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:Suresh Kalmadi 2009.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Suresh Kalmadi]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}2026) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}
|{{small|15 September}} 1995
|{{small|16 May}} 1996
!{{ayd|1995|9|15|1996|5|16}}
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Shri Satpal Maharaj.jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Satpal Maharaj]]''' {{small|(born 1951) MP for [[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]}}
|{{small|6 July}} 1996
|{{small|21 April}} 1997
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1996|7|6|1997|6|9}}
|rowspan="2"| [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]]
|style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]'''
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|-
|{{small|21 April}} 1997
|{{small|9 June}} 1997
|style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]'''
|[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Governor Ram Naik.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ram Naik]]''' {{small|(born 1934) MP for [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]}}
|{{small|19 March}} 1998
|{{small|6 August}} 1999
!{{ayd|1998|3|19|1999|8|6}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]'''
|rowspan="8"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samata Party}}"|
|[[File:Dig Vijaysingh.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]''' {{small|(1955{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]}}
|{{small|13 October}} 1999
|{{small|22 July}} 2001
!{{ayd|1999|10|13|2001|7|22}}
|[[Samata Party]]
|rowspan="7" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Bangaru Laxman]]''' {{small|(1939{{ndash}}2014) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Gujarat]]}}
|{{small|22 November}} 1999
|{{small|31 August}} 2000
!{{ayd|1999|11|22|2000|8|31}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:O Rajagopal.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[O. Rajagopal]]''' {{small|(born 1929) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Madhya Pradesh]]}}
|{{small|31 August}} 2000
|{{small|1 July}} 2002
!{{ayd|2000|8|31|2002|7|1}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samata Party}}"|
|[[File:Dig Vijaysingh.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]''' {{small|(1955{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]}}
|{{small|1 August}} 2001
|{{small|1 July}} 2002
!{{ayd|2001|8|1|2002|7|1}}
|[[Samata Party]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[File:A. K. Moorthy (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[A. K. Moorthy]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency|Chengalpattu]]}}
|{{small|1 July}} 2002
|{{small|15 January}} 2004
!{{ayd|2002|7|1|2004|1|15}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:The ILO Deputy Director General (Policy) International Labour Organization, Ms. Deborah Greenfield meeting the Minister of State for Labour and Employment (Independent Charge), Shri Bandaru Dattatreya, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Bandaru Dattatreya]]''' {{small|(born 1947) MP for [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]}}
|{{small|1 July}} 2002
|{{small|8 September}} 2003
!{{ayd|2002|7|1|2003|9|8}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]]''' {{small|(born 1963) MP for [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bijapur]]}}
|{{small|8 September}} 2003
|{{small|22 May}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|9|8|2004|5|22}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Naranbhai Rathwa releasing a Gujarati version of PIB Booklet on Achievements of UPA Government - 4 years at a press (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Naranbhai Rathwa]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]}}
|{{small|23 May}} 2004
|{{small|22 May}} 2009
!{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan I''']]
|rowspan="8"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[File:R. Velu addressing addressing at the Closing Ceremony of the 56th Senior National Kabaddi Championship (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[R. Velu]]''' {{small|(born 1940) MP for [[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]}}
|{{small|23 May}} 2004
|{{small|29 March}} 2009
!{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|3|29}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white"|
|[[File:The portrait of the Minister of State for Railways, Shri E. Ahammed.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[E. Ahamed]]''' {{small|(1938{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Malappuram]]}}
|{{small|28 May}} 2009
|{{small|19 January}} 2011
!{{ayd|2009|5|28|2011|1|19}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|rowspan="6" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan II''']]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The portrait of the Minister of State for Railways, Shri K.H. Muniyappa.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[K. H. Muniyappa]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]}}
|{{small|28 May}} 2009
|{{small|28 October}} 2012
!{{ayd|2009|5|28|2012|10|28}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Bharatsinh Solanki assuming office as MoS, Railways in January 2011 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Bharatsinh Solanki]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]}}
|{{small|19 January}} 2011
|{{small|28 October}} 2012
!{{ayd|2011|1|19|2012|10|28}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[File:Mukul Roy.png|70px]]
|'''[[Mukul Roy]]''' {{small|(1954–2026) Rajya Sabha MP for [[West Bengal]]}}
|{{small|19 May}} 2011
|{{small|12 July}} 2011
!{{ayd|2011|5|19|2011|7|12}}
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Kotla Jaya Surya Prakash Reddy taking charge as the Minister of State for Railways, in New Delhi on October 29, 2012.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1951) MP for [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]}}
|rowspan="2"| {{small|28 October}} 2012
|rowspan="2"| {{small|26 May}} 2014
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|2012|10|28|2014|5|26}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:The Minister of State for Railways, Shri Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury addressing at the presentation of the National Awards for Outstanding Service in Railways, in Mumbai on April 16, 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]''' {{small|(born 1956) MP for [[Baharampur Lok Sabha constituency|Baharampur]]}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Manoj Sinha.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Manoj Sinha]]''' {{small|(born 1959) MP for [[Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghazipur]]}}
|{{small|27 May}} 2014
|{{small|30 May}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|5|27|2019|5|30}}
|rowspan="7"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]'''
|rowspan="7"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Rajen Gohain assuming office as Minister of State, Railways (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Rajen Gohain]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MP for [[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]}}
|{{small|5 July}} 2016
|{{small|30 May}} 2019
!{{ayd|2016|7|5|2019|5|30}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Suresh Angadi assuming office in May 2019.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Suresh Angadi]]''' {{small|(1955{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum]]}}
|{{small|31 May}} 2019
|{{small|23 September}} 2020{{ref label|†|†|†}}
!{{ayd|2019|5|31|2020|9|23}}
|rowspan="3" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:The Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Shri Raosaheb Dadarao Danve calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on March 05, 2015 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Raosaheb Danve]]''' {{small|(born 1955) MP for [[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna]]}}
|rowspan="2"| {{small|7 July}} 2021
|rowspan="2"| {{small|9 June}} 2024
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|2021|7|7|2024|6|9}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Darshana Jardosh with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Darshana Jardosh]]''' {{small|(born 1961) MP for [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:V. Somanna in 2024.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[V. Somanna]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MP for [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]}}
|rowspan="2"| {{small|10 June}} 2024
|rowspan="2"| ''Incumbent''
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|2024|6|10}}
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Ravneet Singh Bittu2.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]''' {{small|(born 1975) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]]}}
|-
|}

===Deputy Ministers===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"| No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:17em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Prime Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Deputy Minister for Transport and Railways
|-
!1
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:B. V. Keskar portrait.gif|70px]]
|'''[[B. V. Keskar]]''' {{small|(1903{{ndash}}1984) MP for [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] (Constituent Assembly)}}
|{{small|10 March}} 1952
|{{small|13 May}} 1952
!{{ayd|1952|3|10|1952|5|13}}
|rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]'''
|rowspan="3"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
!2
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:O. V. Alagesan Lok Sabha image.gif|70px]]
|'''[[O. V. Alagesan]]''' {{small|(1911{{ndash}}1992) MP for [[Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency|Chengalpattu]]}}
|{{small|12 August}} 1952
|{{small|16 April}} 1957
!{{ayd|1952|8|12|1957|4|16}}
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]'''
|-
!3
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shah Nawaz Khan.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]]''' {{small|(1914{{ndash}}1993) MP for [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]}}
|{{small|20 September}} 1956
|{{small|17 April}} 1957
!{{ayd|1956|9|20|1957|4|17}}
|-
!colspan="10"| Deputy Minister for Railways
|-
!(3)
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shah Nawaz Khan.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]]''' {{small|(1914{{ndash}}1993) MP for [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]}}
|{{small|17 April}} 1957
|rowspan="2"| {{small|10 April}} 1962
!{{ayd|1957|4|17|1962|4|10}}
|rowspan="11"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]'''
|rowspan="4"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
!4
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. V. Ramaswamy]]''' {{small|MP for [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]}}
|{{small|2 April}} 1958
!{{ayd|1958|4|2|1962|4|10}}
|-
!(3)
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shah Nawaz Khan.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]]''' {{small|(1914{{ndash}}1993) MP for [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]}}
|rowspan="2"| {{small|16 April}} 1962
|rowspan="2"| {{small|27 May}} 1964
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1962|4|16|1964|5|27}}
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]'''
|-
!(4)
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. V. Ramaswamy]]''' {{small|MP for [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]}}
|-
!(3)
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shah Nawaz Khan.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]]''' {{small|(1914{{ndash}}1993) MP for [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]}}
|rowspan="2"| {{small|27 May}} 1964
|rowspan="2"| {{small|9 June}} 1964
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1964|5|27|1964|6|9}}
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (acting)
|-
!(4)
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. V. Ramaswamy]]''' {{small|MP for [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]}}
|-
!rowspan="3"| 5
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="3"|
|rowspan="3"| '''Sham Nath''' {{small|MP for [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]}}
|{{small|15 June}} 1964
|{{small|11 January}} 1966
!rowspan="3"| {{ayd|1964|6|15|1967|3|13}}
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]'''
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
|{{small|11 January}} 1966
|{{small|24 January}} 1966
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]'''
|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (acting)
|-
|{{small|24 January}} 1966
|{{small|13 March}} 1967
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]'''
|rowspan="6"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
!6
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Governor S. C. Jamir with CM Naveen Patnaik and President Kovind (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[S. C. Jamir]]''' {{small|(born 1931) MP for [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1967
|{{small|14 November}} 1967
!{{ayd|1967|3|13|1967|11|14}}
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]'''
|-
!7
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Rohanlal Chaturvedi]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}?) MP for [[Etah Lok Sabha constituency|Etah]]}}
|{{small|14 November}} 1967
|{{small|18 March}} 1971
!{{ayd|1967|11|14|1971|3|18}}
|-
!8
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|[[File:Mohammad Yunus Saleem, Governor of Bihar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Mohammad Yunus Saleem]]''' {{small|(1912{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]}}
|{{small|27 June}} 1970
|{{small|18 March}} 1971
!{{ayd|1970|6|27|1971|3|18}}
|rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|-
!9
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|[[File:Mohammad Shafi Qureshi, Governor of Madhya Pradesh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]]''' {{small|(1928{{ndash}}2016) [[Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag]]}}
|{{small|2 May}} 1971
|{{small|10 October}} 1974
!{{ayd|1971|5|2|1974|10|10}}
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"| '''[[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]'''
|-
!10
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|[[File:Buta Singh (headshot).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Buta Singh]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2021) MP for [[Ropar Lok Sabha constituency|Ropar]]}}
|{{small|10 October}} 1974
|{{small|23 December}} 1976
!{{ayd|1974|10|10|1976|12|23}}
|-
!colspan="10"| Deputy Minister for Railways
|-
!11
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|[[File:Mahabir Prasad addressing the third meeting of the National Khadi and Village Industries Board (NKVIB), in New Delhi on July 16, 2008.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Mahaveer Prasad]]''' {{small|(1939{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bansgaon]]}}
|{{small|14 February}} 1988
|{{small|4 July}} 1989
!{{ayd|1988|2|14|1989|7|4}}
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"| '''[[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]'''
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
!12
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
|
|'''[[Ajay Singh (diplomat)|Ajay Singh]]''' {{small|(1950{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Agra Lok Sabha constituency|Agra]]}}
|{{small|23 April}} 1990
|{{small|10 November}} 1990
!{{ayd|1990|4|23|1990|11|10}}
|[[Janata Dal]]
|style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]'''
|[[V. P. Singh]]
|-
!colspan="10"| {{nobold|''Position not in use since 10 November 1990''}}
|-
|}

== Criticism and controversies ==
On 14 February 2008, [[Westinghouse Air Brake Company|Westinghouse Air Brake]], admitted to a US federal court of violating [[Foreign Corrupt Practices Act]] (FCPA) regulations by making improper payments from its subsidiary Pioneer Friction based in [[Kolkata]], to government officials of the [[Indian railway board]] to obtain and retain business with the Railway Board and curb taxes.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2008/February/08_crm_116.html|title=Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies Corporation Agrees to Pay $300,000 Penalty to Resolve Foreign Bribery Violations in India|publisher= Department of Justice, Government of United States|date=14 February 2008|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

On 3 May 2013, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] arrested then minister of railways [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]'s nephew, Vijay Singla for accepting an alleged bribe of {{INRConvert|9|m}} from a middleman for the appointment of a particular person to the railway board.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/railway-minister-pawan-bansals-nephew-arrested-by-cbi-for-allegedly-accepting-bribe-521096|title=Railway Minister Pawan Bansal's nephew arrested by CBI for allegedly accepting bribe|work=[[NDTV]]|date=3 May 2013|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The railway board clarified that no rules had been broken during the appointment and suspended Mahesh, the person concerned.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-mahesh-kumar-suspended-what-about-pawan-kumar-bansal-4254759-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509043249/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-mahesh-kumar-suspended-what-about-pawan-kumar-bansal-4254759-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2013|title=Mahesh suspended, nephew arrested; What about Pawan Kumar Bansal?|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|date=4 May 2013|access-date=5 May 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Ministers of Railways of India}}
* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in Official website of the Ministry of Railways]

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Railway Ministers of India}}
{{Heads of the Ministries of the Government of India}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
[[Category:Government ministries of India|Railways]]
[[Category:Ministries of transport|India, Railways]]
[[Category:1905 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Railways ministries|India]]

Paalam (1990 film)

2026-03-03T05:00:03Z

Rudra2020: Added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paalam
| image = Paalam (1990).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Karvannan]]
| writer = Karvannan C. N. A. Parimalam (dialogues)
| producer = M. V. Jayaprakash
| starring = {{ubl|[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]|[[M. N. Nambiar]]|[[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]]|[[Vasudevan Baskaran]]}}
| cinematography = P. S. Dharan
| editing = Nagesh Rao
| music = N. S. T. Rajesh
| studio = S. S. Screens
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|03|10}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Paalam''''' ({{translation|Bridge}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agesthialingom |first=S. |title=A Generative Grammar of Tamil: A Fragment of Tamil Syntax |publisher=[[Annamalai University]] |year=1967 |volume= |pages=183 |oclc=163640}}</ref> is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[vigilante film]] directed by [[Karvannan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-13 |title=முரளி பட இயக்குநர் காலமானார்! |trans-title=Murali's film director passed away! |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/27338/cinema/Kollywood/Murali-movie-Director-Karvannan-dead.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030141630/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/27338/cinema/Kollywood/Murali-movie-Director-Karvannan-dead.htm |archive-date=30 October 2016 |access-date=2016-10-29 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film stars [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] and newcomer [[Vasudevan Baskaran]], with [[Senthil]], Anuja, [[Suryakanth]], Balambika, Kannan, Ramesh and Gowri in supporting roles. It was released on 10 March 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பாலம் / Paalam (1990) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/paalam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201050202/https://screen4screen.com/movies/paalam |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==

In the past, Jeeva was a college student studying in the city. His family lived in his native village, he has a brother Muthu, a sister-in-law Vadivukkarasi and a blind sister Selvi. Muthu and the villagers were tired of getting a small amount for their manual labour, so they went on strike. The wealthy landlord Arivumathi reluctantly accepted for their claim, he felt that the villagers didn't respect him anymore. So Arivumathi sent henchmen to kill Muthu, in the meantime, Arivumathi raped his wife Vadivukkarasi and he kidnapped the blind Selvi. His henchmen set fires on the thatched houses of the poor villagers. Using his power, Arivumathi made Muthu and Vadivukkarasi arrested by the police and were sent to jail. Jeeva later came to save his sister Selvi.

Now, one year later, Arivumathi becomes a corrupt minister. Jeeva sends his sister Selvi to a college for the blind. Jeeva and his college friends find themselves unemployed after college. One day, they tease Arivumathi while he attends a college function and the police arrest two of Jeeva's friends. They strongly believe that the corrupt politicians are the reason behind their unemployment. Jeeva and his friends thus plan to kidnap the corrupt minister Arivumathi. Arivumathi often travels in his car the night and always takes the Paramankeni bridge. So Jeeva put dynamites under that bridge, Jeeva and his friends acquire heavy weapons.

One night, they stop the minister's car on the bridge, they drive out the driver and the minister's secretary. They keep Arivumathi as a hostage. The news reaches the police, [[Deputy superintendent|assistant commissioner of police]] Rajan Sharma with his brigade come to the spot of kidnapping. Rajan Sharma asks them to release the minister but Jeeva refuses. Jeeva first wants the police to free his brother, his sister-in-law and two of his friends who are in jail for the crime they didn't commit. Then [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent of police]] Izhavenil comes to help the police team. Izhavenil and Rajan Sharma are pressured by [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Ramaraj, their superior does not want to release the innocent captives. The police try to save the minister in many ways but fail every time. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Jeeva
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as SP Izhavenil
*[[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as ACP Rajan Sharma
*[[Vasudevan Baskaran]] as Arivumathi
*[[Senthil]]
*Anuja as an [[item number]]
*[[Suryakanth]] as Muthu
*Balambika as Selvi
*Kannan as Sridhar
*Ramesh as [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Ramaraj
*Gowri as Vadivukkarasi
*Sree Bala
*Sulakshana as Sulakshana
*Bhanu Sree
*[[S. Ramadoss]] as himself
*Iniyan Sampath as himself
*[[Cho Ramaswamy]] as himself
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by N. S. T. Rajesh, with lyrics written by [[Rajan Sarma]].{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Intha Vanam" || [[P. Susheela]] || 3:35
|-
| "Paalam Paalam" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Krishnaraj, Chorus || 4:04
|-
| "Aatchi Panna Ayyakannu" || Mano, Chorus || 3:40
|-
| "Jagadamba Jagadamba" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || 3:33
|-
| "Chinna Chinna Pengalukku" || Mano, P. Susheela || 4:07
|}

== Reception ==
P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called it a different kind of film, modern art.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி.எஸ்.எஸ். |date=1 April 1990 |title=பாலம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/apr/01-04-1990/p48.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220801035932/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/apr/01-04-1990/p48.jpg |archive-date=1 August 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=48 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1990 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1990s vigilante films]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=October 2024}}

Kalakkura Chandru

2026-03-03T04:25:52Z

Rudra2020: further expanded structure per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{No plot|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalakkura Chandru
| image = Kalakkura Chandru.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = Ravi-Raja
| writer = [[Rafi-Mecartin]]
| starring = [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] [[Radha Ravi]] [[Pandiarajan]]
| producer = B. Sampoornam
| music = Sunil Xavier
| editing = A. Joseph
| studio = Sri Ashtalakshmi Films
| released = {{film date|df=y|2007|1|3}}
| country = India
| runtime = 148 minutes
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Kalakkura Chandru''''' ({{Translation|You're on a roll, Chandru}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by the duo Ravi-Raja. The movie stars [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Radha Ravi]] and [[Pandiarajan]], It was a remake of Malayalam film ''[[One Man Show (film)|One Man Show]]'' (2001) but failed to repeat the success at the box office.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Chandru
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Ravi Verma
* [[Pandiarajan]] as Singampuli
* Bhuvana as Shweta
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Host
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Advocate
* [[Singamuthu]] as Muthu
* [[Balu Anand]] as Police inspector
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Veera Verma
* [[Alex (actor)|Alex]] as Doctor
* [[Master Haja Sheriff|Haja Sheriff]]
* [[Suruli Manohar]]
}}

== Production ==
Ravi and Raja who earlier directed low-budget devotional films like ''Subramaniaswamy'' and ''Aarumugaswamy'' announced in 2005 that their next directorial is titled as ''Adhirshtham''. The film is a remake of Malayalam film ''[[One Man Show (film)|One Man Show]]'' directed by [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]] and starred [[Jayaram]]. [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] appeared in this film thus making his comeback, he claimed that he selected this film because he wanted his comeback to be different.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=30 September 2005 |title=Fun and frolic in the garden |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/30/stories/2005093003160300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018121937/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/30/stories/2005093003160300.htm |archive-date=18 October 2008 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by Sunil Lyrics written by tamilamudhan <ref>{{cite web |date=3 January 2007 |title=Kalakkura Chandru |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kalakkura-chandru/bkTdWvif5CM_ |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[JioSaavn]] |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806131426/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kalakkura-chandru/bkTdWvif5CM_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

* "Echampai"
* "Macham Konda"
* "Nagakannil"
* "Sollava Naan Sollava"

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 3 January 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கலக்குற சந்துரு / Kalakkura Chandru (2007) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kalakkura-chandru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103043301/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kalakkura-chandru |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "For fans of Karthik it will be a let down. For neither the actor nor the film works at any level".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=23 January 2007 |title=Kalakkara Chandru |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/001Kalakkara-Chandru.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011072105/http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/001Kalakkara-Chandru.asp |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Anything well begun raises expectations. A film that starts with an interesting scene makes the viewers sit up for a fairly sumptuous fare. Thus when `Kalakkarae Chandru' opens with a scene a la the famous `Kaun Banega Crorepati' one's curiosity is aroused. But as the film progresses one realises with dismay that it is about the one and only gripping segment. It is again a case of the director unable to make use of a good theme".<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=26 January 2007 |title=Treatment goes awry -- Kalakkarae Chandru |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/01/26/stories/2007012600010200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602114833/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/01/26/stories/2007012600010200.htm |archive-date=2 June 2007 |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2007 comedy films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]

Torchlight (2018 film)

2026-03-03T03:12:55Z

Rudra2020: cleaned up article and updated info for accuracy

{{short description|Tamil-language drama thriller film directed by Abdul Majith}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = October 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Torchlight
| image = Torchlight 2018 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Majith|Abdul Majith]]
| producer = Abdul Majith
| writer = Abdul Majith
| starring = [[Sadha]] [[Riythvika]] [[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| studio = Confident Film Café
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2018|09|07}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Torchlight''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama film|drama]] [[thriller film]] produced, written and directed by [[Majith]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Torch Light Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/torch-light/movieshow/65666031.cms |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> The film stars [[Sadha]], [[Riythvika]] and [[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]] in the lead roles.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} The film is produced by the production banner Confident Film Café. The film is loosely based on 1970 Bollywood film ''[[Chetna]]'' and the plot is based on the true incidents which happened in the 1990s in the Tamil Nadu-Andhra highways.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/sep/03/torch-light-to-finally-see-the-light-of-the-day-7712.html |title=Torchlight to finally see the light of the day |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> The film was launched in February 2017 and the [[principal photography]] of the film commenced on 23 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/sadha-joins-abdul-majiths-torchlight/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030061018/https://silverscreen.in/news/sadha-joins-abdul-majiths-torchlight/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2019 |title=Sadha Joins Abdul Majith's 'Torchlight' |first=Sruthi |last=Sahasranaman |date=13 February 2017 |website=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> The film was theatrical released on 7 September 2018 and received positive reviews.<ref name=":0" /> The film was also dubbed in Telugu version as ''Srimathi 21F''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/once-popular-actress-sadha-in-vulgar-trailer-shrimati-21f/ |title=Once Popular Actress Sadha in Vulgar Trailer Shrimati 21F |last=K |first=Manaswini |date=18 October 2019 |website=mirchi9.com |language=en-US |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref>

==Plot ==
{{more plot|date=August 2021}}
The story revolves around a woman who has been forced to serve as a sex worker.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sadha]] as Nilla, Shammugam's ex-wife and sex worker
* Dinesh Kumar
* Varun Udhay
* Sivasakthi
* [[Riythvika]] as Kavitha
* Master Sujatha
* [[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]]
* [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]]
* [[C. Ranganathan]]
* A. L. Raja
* [[Saravana Sakthi]]
* Soodhu Kavvum Sivakumar
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Zamindar
* Meghana R
}}

== Production ==
The filmmakers announced the project in February 2017 and revealed that the film would be set on the [[prostitution]] and about the lives of women who miserably suffer while working in the streets. The film was set in the backdrop of the early 1980s and 1990s. Actress Sadha was roped in to play the lead role and made her comeback into [[Kollywood]] industry after 2015 film [[Eli (2015 film)|''Eli'']].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/sep/11/the-sadha-interview--i-censored-torchlight-myself-did-not-want-film-to-look-sleazy-1870212.html |title=The Sadha interview {{!}} 'I censored 'Torchlight' myself; did not want film to look sleazy' |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/remember-sadaa-from-anniyan-and-unnale-unnale-shes-back-on-the-big-screen-now/article24871864.ece |title=Sadaa back in the spotlight |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=5 September 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=30 October 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The first look poster of the film was unveiled by the director on 1 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/torchlight-first-look-watch-a-provocative-sadha-in-abdul-majith-s-new-film/story-90VlLhmyQELAtI0a5ZwJJO.html |title=Torchlight first look: Watch a provocative Sadha in Abdul Majith's new film |date=1 December 2017 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film's release was delayed due to sanctions imposed by the Indian Censor Board, resulting in approximately 87 cuts and an initial refusal to certify the film on the grounds that it contained 'vulgar content'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/sep/04/torchlight-this-film-about-prostitutes-to-finally-see-the-light-of-day-after-battle-with-censor-boa-1867096.html |title=Torchlight: This film about prostitutes to finally see the light of day after battle with censor board |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> The director flew to [[Mumbai]] and cleared the censorship issue and the film received an A certificate from the Censor Board of Film Certification and was allowed to release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sadha-s-torchlight-finally-cleared-by-cbfc-with-a-certificate-1289329-2018-07-18 |title=Sadha's Torchlight finally cleared by CBFC with A certificate |date=18 July 2018 |website=India Today |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> This is Sadha's First movie as a sex worker. She is nude in some scenes of the movie which the censor board censored it.

===Critical reception===
''[[Maalai Malar]]'' positively reviewed the film, rating it 83 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2018/09/15141143/1191489/Torch-Light-Movie-Review.vpf |title=கணவனை காப்பாற்ற விபச்சாரத்தில் ஈடுபடும் மனைவியின் வாழ்க்கை போராட்டம் - டார்ச் லைட் விமர்சனம் |date=15 September 2018 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |access-date=30 October 2019 |language=Tamil}}</ref> ''Samayam Tamil'' was less positive, rating it 5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/torchlight-2018-tamil-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/65713475.cms |title=Torch Light Review: டாா்ச் லைட் -Samayam Tamil |date=7 September 2018 |website=Tamil Samayam |language=ta |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Korba, Chhattisgarh

2026-03-03T00:12:42Z

Rudra2020: revised

{{Short description|City in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{About|the municipality in India|its namesake district|Korba district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Korba
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Shopping mall in Korba, Chhattisgarh.jpg
| photo2a = CSEB Thermal Power plant Darri, Korba Chimney and Boiler unit view outside of power plant.jpg
| photo2b = Cooling tower in CSEB west thermal power plant darri, Korba Chhattisgarh.jpg
| photo3a = BALCO, Aluminium power plant, Korba , Chhattisgarh.jpg
| photo3b = GEVRA DUMPERS.jpg
| photo4a = Deopahri.jpg
| photo4b = TP nagar road Korba, Chhattisgarh.jpg
| photo5a =
| photo5b = Raja Vikramaditya Pali Shivamandir.jpg
| photo6a = Flora of Chaiturgarh forest hills Korba , Chhattisgarh.jpg
| photo6b = (महिषासुर मर्दिनी मंदिर, चैतुरगढ़, कोरबा) Mahishasur Mardini temple Chaiturgarh Korba, Chhattisgarh.jpg
| photo7a =
| spacing = 1
| color_border = black
| color = black
| size = 250
| foot_montage = ''From top, left to right:'' Palm mall, CSEB west Chimney and Cooling tower, BALCO aluminium plant, Dumpers at Gevra coalmines, Deopahri Forest range, Transport Nagar road, Korba Urjadhani Logo, Pali Ancient shiv mandir, Chaiturgarh hills, Chaiturgarh temple, Sunset in Satrenga
}}
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.35|N|82.68|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Korba District|Korba]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Pahadi Korwas Tribes
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Korba Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Sanju Devi Rajput
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Jyotsna Mahant]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader_title3 = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = [[Lakhan Lal Dewangan]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank = 4th in state
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 316
| population_total = 365,253
| population_as_of = Urban 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of cities in India by population|126th]]
| population_demonym = Korbites
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 495677 (Korba)<ref>[https://indiapincodes.net/Chhattisgarh/Korba/ Korba]</ref>
| area_code = 7759
| registration_plate = CG-12
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 927 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|www.korba.gov.in}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Korba''' is a city and an [[industrial region|industrial area]] in [[Korba District]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]. Korba was part of [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur District]] before 25 May 1998. It was later designated as a separate district for ease of administration, but is still under Bilaspur Division.

== Climate ==
Korba has been ranked 13th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Economy==
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.globalmethane.org/Data/Coal_IN_Korba_flyer.pdf| title = Coal Mine Project Opportunity| work =Korba Coalfield |access-date = 2011-09-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/question-remains-on-cils-expansion-projects-in-chhattisgarh/775749/2 | title = Question remains on CIL's expansion projects in Chhattisgarh – Question remains on CIL's expansion projects in Chhattisgarh | date = 14 April 2011 | publisher = Financial Express, 13 April 2011|access-date = 2011-09-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.steelguru.com/sfTCPDF/getPDF/MjAxODU%3D/CILs_SECL_makes_day_record_for_coal_output_in_March.html| title =CIL's SECL makes day record for coal output in March| publisher =Steelguru, 13 April 2007| access-date =2011-09-04| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120405004604/http://www.steelguru.com/sfTCPDF/getPDF/MjAxODU=/CILs_SECL_makes_day_record_for_coal_output_in_March.html| archive-date =5 April 2012| url-status =dead}}</ref>[[Korba Super Thermal Power Plant]] of [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] is located at Jamanipali area. It receives coal from Gevra and Kusmunda mines and source of water for the power plant is [[Hasdeo River]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=297&Itemid=83&lang=en |title=NTPC Korba |access-date=25 April 2016 |archive-date=26 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110825/http://ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=297&Itemid=83&lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Korba Thermal Power Station]] is owned and operated by [[National Thermal Power Corporation]].<ref>Chhattisgarh State Power Generation Company, [http://www.cseb.gov.in/cspgcl/powerstations/Thermal%20Stations/Thermal%20Common%20Link.htm "Thermal power stations"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111164455/http://www.cseb.gov.in/cspgcl/powerstations/Thermal%20Stations/Thermal%20Common%20Link.htm |date=11 November 2013 }}, Chhattisgarh State Power Generation Company website, accessed February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cseb.gov.in/cspgcl/powerstations/Thermal%20Stations/Thermal%20Common%20Link.htm |title=Page Title |access-date=2013-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111164455/http://www.cseb.gov.in/cspgcl/powerstations/Thermal%20Stations/Thermal%20Common%20Link.htm |archive-date=11 November 2013 }}</ref> There are more small Power Plant near city like [[Hasdeo Thermal Power Station]], [[Dr Shyama Prasad Mukharjee Thermal Power Station]] and [[Lanco Amarkantak Power Plant]].

Himadri Speciality Chemical has its manufacturing facility located in Korba.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-14 |title=Himadri to invest ₹1,000 cr. in Singur |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/himadri-to-invest-1000-cr-in-singur/article23246329.ece |access-date=2023-06-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Bharat Aluminium Company]] has plant which is one of the Asia's largest aluminium production industries. In 2009, chimney under construction by Gannon Dunkerley & Company at the [[2009 Korba chimney collapse|Balco smelter]] collapsed killing 49 workers and GDCL management have been accused of negligence in the incident.<ref>http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20090924/812/tnl-balco-chimney-crash-deaths-climb-to.html{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Balco chimney mishap: Three Chinese officials arrested in Korba">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/3-Chinese-techies-held-for-Balco-mishap/H1-Article1-496274.aspx|title=Balco chimney mishap: Three Chinese officials arrested in Korba|date=2010-01-11|access-date=2010-01-26|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115082506/http://www.hindustantimes.com/3-Chinese-techies-held-for-Balco-mishap/H1-Article1-496274.aspx|archive-date=15 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Financial Times">{{cite news|author=Anderlini, Jamil|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8411aa16-ac90-11de-a754-00144feabdc0|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221204/https://www.ft.com/content/8411aa16-ac90-11de-a754-00144feabdc0|archive-date=11 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=India questions Sepco staff over chimney collapse|date=2009-09-29|access-date=2009-09-29|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref><ref name="25 die in accident at BALCO's new plant at Korba">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/25-die-in-accident-at-balco%5Cs-new-plant-at-korba/371100/|title=25 die in accident at BALCO's new plant at Korba|date=2009-09-24|access-date=2009-09-24|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

==Geography==
Korba is located at {{Coord|22.35|N|82.68|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/37/Korba.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. – Korba]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{cvt|252|m}}. {{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Korba city had a population of 365,253. Korba City is a part of the Korba District which was formed on 25 May 1998. The forest area cover of Korba is {{cvt|4187.375|km2}}. There are 17 police stations in Korba and it contains five blocks.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://korba.gov.in/about-district/demography/|title= Demography of Korba District|access-date= 2011-01-12|publisher= Government of Chhattisgarh}}</ref>

== Government and jurisdiction ==
Korba is headquarter of [[Korba district]]. Korba City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government.

[[Korba (Lok Sabha constituency)]] is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] for the city and constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|title=CandidateAC.xls file on assembly constituencies with information on district and parliamentary constituencies
|access-date=2008-11-23
|work=Chhattisgarh
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204083059/http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|archive-date= 4 December 2008
}}</ref> Rampur (ST) (assembly constituency no. 20), [[Korba, Chhattisgarh#Politics|Korba]] (assembly constituency no. 21), [[Katghora#Politics|Katghora]] (assembly constituency no. 22) and Pali-Tanakhar (ST) (assembly constituency no. 23) is part of [[Korba district]]. Currently, [[Jyotsna Charan Das Mahant]] of [[Indian National Congress]] is a [[member of parliament]] to the [[17th Lok Sabha]] and [[Lakhanlal Devangan]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] sitting [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Korba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/korba.html Korba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]</ref>

==Transport==
===Air===
The nearest airport is [[Bilaspur Airport]], located {{cvt|100|km}} southwest from Korba. Previously, the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]] was planning to expand and develop the [[Korba Airport|airstrip]] present within the city premises. However, due to restricted amount of space within the airfield and due to the city's extent, the government has proposed to build a new domestic airport at Baikunthpur, {{cvt|145|km}} north of Korba.<ref>{{cite news|title=Monthly Allowance To Unemployed Youth, Focus On Metro, Sports & Infra: CM Baghel Tabels Chhattisgarh Budget|url=https://news.abplive.com/states/chhattisgarh-budget-2023-announcement-for-health-education-agriculture-budget-highlights-cm-bhupesh-baghel-1586508|work=[[ABP News]]|date=6 March 2023|access-date=9 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>

===Rail===
The nearest railway station [[Korba railway station]], which is connected to Champa, which in turn lies on the [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]]. The stations come under the [[South East Central Railway Zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. It is also directly connected to [[Bilaspur railway station|Bilaspur]], the divisional headquarter of the railway zone.

===Bus transport===
Korba is well connected with a bus transport to various cities within and outside the state. Regular bus services are operated by the government and private operators from Korba Bus Station, the main bus station of the city, to cities like [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Champa, Chhattisgarh|Champa]], [[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]], [[Raipur]], [[Raigarh]], [[Jharsuguda]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Ranchi]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Nagpur]], among others.

===Roadways===
Korba is well connected with the state and neighbouring states with a network of national and state highways. The major highways are [[National Highway 149B (India)|National Highway 149B]] till [[Champa, Chhattisgarh|Champa]] and [[National Highway 130 (India)|National Highway 130]] via [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] till [[Raipur]].

==Education==
===College===
*[[Government Polytechnic, Korba]]
*[[Jyoti Bhushan Pratap Singh Law College, Korba]]
*[[Kamla Nehru College, Korba]]
*[[Late Bisahu Das Mahant Memorial Medical College, Korba]]

===Schools===
*[[DAV Public School, Gevra]]
*[[DAV Public School, Kusmunda]]
*[[Delhi Public School, NTPC Korba]]
*[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Korba]]
*[[Kendriya Vidyalaya, NTPC Korba]]
*[[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Kusmunda Korba]]
*[[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Gopalpur, Korba]]
*[[ Beacon Higher Secondary School, Kusmunda]]
*[[ Beacon Higher Secondary School, Korba]]
*[[Beacon Higher Secondary School, Shakti Nagar]]

==See also==
* [[Satrenga, Chhattisgarh|Satrenga]]
* [[Godhi, Korba]]
* [[List of cities in Chhattisgarh]]

* [[ Banki Mongra ]]
* [[ Rani Jharna, Chhattisgarh, Satrenga ]]
* [[ Parshakhola, Chhattisgarh, Balco ]]
* [[ Coffiee Point, Chhattisgarh, Balco ]]
* [[ Laxman Pav, Chhattisgarh, Ghanakachar ]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://korba.gov.in/}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Korba}}

{{Commons category|Korba, Chhattisgarh}}
{{Korba district}}
{{Chhattisgarh}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Korba, Chhattisgarh| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Korba district]]
[[Category:Mining communities in India]]

Sarada Charan Das

2026-03-02T18:15:30Z

Rudra2020: new...

{{Short description|Indian Businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sarada Charan Das
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Sarada_Charan_Das.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1906|5|15}}
| birth_place = [[Bagbazar]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1992|9|6|1906|5|15}}
| death_place = [[Bagbazar]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| monuments =
| other_names = Founder of K.C. Das Pvt. Ltd
| alma mater = [[Vidyasagar College]], [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = Scientist, businessman, [[Confectionery|Confectioner]], entrepreneur
| years_active = 1930–1992
| employer =
| predecessor = [[Krishna Chandra Das]] ([[K.C. Das]])
| known_for = Inventor of [[Canning|Canned]] [[Rasgulla|Rossogolla]], Amrita Kumbha [[Sandesh (confectionery)|Sondesh]], Ice-cream [[Sandesh (confectionery)|Sondesh]], [[Sandesh (confectionery)|Sondesh]] Cake, [[Diabetic]] [[Sandesh (confectionery)|Sondesh]]
| movement = [[Bengali Renaissance]]
| spouse = Annapurna Devi (1912–1996)
| partner =
| children = 6
| parents = [[Krishna Chandra Das]] ([[K.C. Das]]) and Shwetangini Devi
| awards =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|www.kcdas.co.in}}
}}

'''Sarada Charan Das''' (15 May 1906 – 6 September 1992) was an Indian [[Bengali people|Bengali]] [[polymath]], scientist, confectioner, entrepreneur and businessman. He was the youngest son and successor of [[Krishna Chandra Das]] (K.C. Das) and the grandson of the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] confectioner [[Nobin Chandra Das]] (alleged inventor of the [[Rossogolla]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=Bishwanath Ghosh |title=Longing, Belonging: An Outsider At Home In Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4obBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT177 |date=29 October 2014 |publisher=Westland |isbn=978-93-84030-60-5 |page=177 }}</ref> Born on 15 May 1906 in Bagbazaar, Kolkata, India, he established the first confectionery company in India, named K.C. Das Private Limited, in 1946.<ref name="kcdas.co.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kcdas.co.in/profile.php|title=K.C. Das|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201230246/http://www.kcdas.co.in/profile.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sarada Charan also created artwork and competed for India at the [[1956 Summer Olympics]] in weightlifting.<ref name="http://www.kcdas.co.in/sarada.php">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kcdas.co.in/sarada.php|title=K.C. Das|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=8 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608163632/http://www.kcdas.co.in/sarada.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is considered as the founding father of K.C. Das Private Limited and a major innovator and pioneer of the Bengali [[sweetmeat]] industry due to his contributions towards revamping, modernizing and scientifically standardizing the confectionery industry.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-neighbourhood/white-soft-and-dropinthemouth-gorgeous/article911729.ece White, soft and drop-in-the-mouth gorgeous]</ref>

== Birth and early life ==

Sarada Charan was born on 15 May 1906 to the noted confectioner family of the Das'es of [[Bagbazar]] as the youngest son of Krishna Chandra Das (K.C. Das), in [[Kolkata]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=charan_das |url=http://www.myheritage.com/names/charan_das |website=www.myheritage.com}}</ref>

In his early twenties, after completing a degree from [[Vidyasagar College]], Sarada Charan initially pursued a career in scientific research<ref name="blazelead.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.blazelead.com/K-C-Das-Private-Limited/aboutus/ |title=K. C. Das Private Limited |website=www.blazelead.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191738/http://www.blazelead.com/K-C-Das-Private-Limited/aboutus/ |archive-date=2015-09-23}}</ref> under physicist and [[Nobel Laureate]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Laureate - Sir C.V. Raman |url=http://www.karnataka.com/personalities/cv-raman/ |website=Karnataka.com |date=27 February 2016}}</ref> Sir [[C.V. Raman]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pagelous.com/en/pages/5357b9e6421aa998ca089820 |title=K.C.Das Private Ltd. {{!}} Pagelous |website=pagelous.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023231240/http://pagelous.com/en/pages/5357b9e6421aa998ca089820 |archive-date=2014-10-23}}</ref> at the [[Rajabazar Science College]], between 1926 and 1930.<ref name="kcdas.co.in"/><ref name="youtube.com"/> However, his father Krishna Chandra strongly opposed the idea of his son working outside their prestigious family business.<ref name="youtube.com">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/VMCbYULUB8g Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415192648/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMCbYULUB8g Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMCbYULUB8g| title = K.C.Das Rossogolla/Rosogolla/Rasogolla/Rasgulla Story | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In order to engage and induct his youngest son into the confectionery business, Krishna Chandra Das started a brand new venture at [[Jorasanko|Jorasako]] in 1930 appointing Sarada Charan at the helm of affairs. This shop was named after Krishna Chandra Das and later modified by Sarada Charan to its modern form "K.C. Das". Sarada Charan and his father came up with the canned form of [[Rossogolla]] in 1930; which was also the first [[Canning|canned]] [[Sweets|sweet]] manufactured in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=K C Das Private Limited - Exporter from Kolkata, India {{!}} About Us |url=http://www.indiamart.com/kcdas-pvt/aboutus.html |website=www.indiamart.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiamart.com/kcdas-grandson-limited/#profile|title = K.c. Das Grandson Private Limited - Manufacturer of CANNED SWEETS & INDIAN SWEETS from Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Agriculture and Industry Survey|volume=12|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMjsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Sarada+Charan+das%22|accessdate=23 October 2014|title=Agriculture & Industry Survey|year=2002}}</ref>

== Patronage ==

Sarada Charan patronised [[Jamini Roy]]'s depiction of the [[Ramayana]] in seventeen parts on canvas. Jamini Roy's ''Ramayana'' is on display at the Das residence "Rossogolla Bhavan" in Kolkata. The Das residence today harbors the largest private collection of Jamini Roy paintings with 25 of the master's originals.

== Establishment of K.C. Das Grandsons ==

In 1955, Sarada Charan had a major disagreement with his second son Debendra Nath, leading to a permanent estrangement within the family. Debendra Nath left his ancestral home and family business and went on to establish an independent entity,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcdas.com/about |title=profile - K. C. Das Grandson Pvt. Ltd. Sweets, Snacks & Canned sweets |website=www.kcdas.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531214030/http://www.kcdas.com/about |archive-date=2012-05-31}}</ref> [[K.C. Das Grandsons|K.C. Das Grandsons Pvt. Ltd]], in 1956.

== Crisis in West Bengal ==

To combat acute scarcity of milk, the [[West Bengal]] government introduced a Milk Trade Control Order in 1965. This legislation severely curtailed the supply of milk to confectioners and resulted in a major negative impact on the business of Bengali confectioners. The [[K.C. Das]] company had to scale down operations drastically and barring the Esplanade establishment which sold savouries along with sweets, all the other K.C.Das shops were shut down, along with the historical [[Nobin Chandra Das]] establishment. West Bengal's growing energy crisis and resultant shortage of electricity added to the organization's problems.<ref name="Sarada Charan">{{cite news|title=Sweet surrender, south and west – NEWER HORIZONS FOR RASOGOLLA|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050414/asp/calcutta/story_4611256.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050416002122/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050414/asp/calcutta/story_4611256.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2005|accessdate=23 October 2014|publisher=The telegraph- Calcutta|date=14 April 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A sweet journey |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-sweet-journey/article3191911.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=2 May 2006}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==

Sarada Charan died at the age of 86 on 6 September 1992. On the occasion of Sarada Charan's birth centenary in 2006 and the Platinum Jubilee of the "[[K.C. Das]]" confectionery, the company formally outlined its fourfold mission statement:<ref name="blazelead.com"/><ref>{{cite web |title=CHAMAAR TAB AUR AB |url=http://chamaar-today.blogspot.in/search?q=sarada+charan+das |website=chamaar-today.blogspot.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sarada">{{cite web|title=Sarada Charan Das|url=http://www.kcdas.co.in/sarada.php|website=kcdas.co.in|publisher=K.C. Das Private limited|accessdate=23 October 2014|archive-date=8 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608163632/http://www.kcdas.co.in/sarada.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Sarada Charan Das">{{cite web|last1=Sarada Charan|first1=Das|title=Sweet, round memories|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070701/asp/calcutta/story_7988525.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070724122308/http://telegraphindia.com/1070701/asp/calcutta/story_7988525.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 July 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref>

== Children ==

Sarada Charan and Annapurna Devi had seven children, Rabindra Nath Das (1927–2000), Debendra Nath Das (1930–2010), Narendra Nath Das (1932–1993), Dhirendra Nath Das (1934–2018), Birendranath Das (1935–present), Monika Das (1937–1940) and Manjulika Das (1939–2012).

== See also ==
*[[Nobin Chandra Das]]
*[[K.C. Das]]
*[[K.C. Das Grandsons|K.C.Das Grandson]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Sarada Charan}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Confectioners]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian confectionery]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]

Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum

2026-03-01T09:09:01Z

Rudra2020: Done.

{{Other uses|Dumaria (disambiguation){{!}}Dumaria}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dumaria
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4556|N|86.4387|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1507
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages *
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Santali language|Santali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832104
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 0657
| registration_plate = JH 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 76.52%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Potka]]
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dumaria''' (also spelled Dumariya, Dumriya) is a village in the [[Dumaria block|Dumaria]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ghatshila subdivision]] of the [[East Singhbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=420| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|22|35|0|N|86|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in East Singhbhum district in Kolhan Division''' (Locations around Jamshedpur are shown in the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration map - see [[Bagbera Colony#Geography|Bagbera Colony]] page) M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|16|42|N|86|43|29|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Baharagora | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Baharagora]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|58|N|86|33|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Dhalbhumgarh| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhalbhumgarh]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|57|24|N|86|17|43|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Boram| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Boram, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|27|20|N|86|26|19|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Dumaria | numbered4=R| mark-title4=Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum (R)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|25|N|86|32|44|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Gurbandha | numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Gurbandha]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|9|30|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Hata| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hata, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|0|N|86|35|11|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kokpara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kokpara]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|0|N|86|24|58|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Mahulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mahulia]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|54|54|N|86|23|8|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Patamda| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Patamda]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|12|47|E}} | label-pos10= right|label10= Potka| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Potka]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|47|33|N|86|11|3|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Jamshedpur| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jamshedpur]] (M) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|28|48|N|86|43|12|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Chakuliya| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Chakuliya]] (M) |label-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|33|N|86|29|28|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Burudi| numbered13=T| mark-title13=[[Burudi]] (T) |shape-color13= #74C365
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|38|47|N|86|24|16|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14= Galudih | numbered14=T| mark-title14=[[Galudih]] (T) |shape-color14= #74C365
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|16|N|86|28|27|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Ghatshila| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Ghatshila]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|36|36|N|86|8|18|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16=Haludpukur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Haludpukur]] (CT) |shape-color16= #A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|39|40|N|86|21|36|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17=Jadugora| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Jadugora]] (CT) |shape-color17= #A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|22|N|86|27|13|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Musabani| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Musabani]] (CT) |shape-color18= #A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|21|40|N|86|36|20|E}} |label19= Subarnarekha |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|20|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -55| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|12|0|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21= Dalma |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|1|0|N|86|30|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= 20| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|16|0|N|86|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Dumriya is located at {{coord|22.4556|N|86.4387|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map "forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract". The main rivers draining the district are the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Natural Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref> The area lying between Jamshedpur and Ghatshila is the main industrial mining zone. The rest of the district is primarily agricultural. In the district, as of 2011, 56.9% of the population lives in the rural areas and a high 43.1% lives in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Industrialisation, Page 22: Census findings – Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Dumaria.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 18 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The headquarters of Dumaria CD block is located at Dumaria village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 100: Map of Dumaria CD block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Dumariya had a total population of 1,507, of which 778 (52%) were males and 729 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 187. The total number of literate persons in Dumariya was 1,010 (76.52% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location code: 363999, Pages 218-219: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Dumaria block#Language and religion]])

==Education==
Model School Dumaria is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 2011. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class X.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/purbi-singhbhum/20180409704/model-school-dumaria.html | title = Model School Dumaria| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>

Project Balika High School is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 1984. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X. The school has a playground and a library with 800 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/purbi-singhbhum/20180405609/h-s-projectbalika-dumaria.html | title = HS Project Balika Dumaria| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolhan Division}}

[[Category:Villages in East Singhbhum district]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

List of foreign Premier Hockey League players

2026-02-21T20:44:24Z

Rudra2020: new a stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{one source|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
This is a list of '''foreign players''' in the '''[[Premier Hockey League]]''', which commenced play in 2005. The following players must meet the following criteria:
#Have played at least one League game. Players who were signed by Premier League clubs.

<ref>[http://www.premierhockeyleague.com/phl/newsdetails.cmd?id=7014417 PHL 1 - 2005 Season Review]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.premierhockeyleague.com/phl/newsdetails.cmd?id=7014505 PHL 2 - 2006 Season Review]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.premierhockeyleague.com/phl/newsdetails.cmd?id=7014507 PHL 3 - 2007 Season Review]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.premierhockeyleague.com/phl/phl_teams.jsp PHL 4 - 2008 Teams] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216032909/http://www.premierhockeyleague.com/phl/phl_teams.jsp |date=2008-02-16 }}</ref>

{{TOC right}}

==Argentina {{flagicon|ARG}}==
*[[Jorge Lombi]] – [[Hyderabad Sultans]] – 2006
*[[Mario Almada (field hockey)|Mario Almada]] – [[Orissa Steelers]] – 2007

==Australia {{flagicon|AUS}}==
*[[Paul Blake (field hockey)|Paul Blake]] – [[Bangalore Hi-fliers]] – 2007
*Lloyd Scott – [[Chandigarh Dynamos]] – 2007
*[[Jamie Dwyer]] – [[Maratha Warriors (PHL Club)|Maratha Warriors]] – 2007
*Albert Casas – [[Chennai Veerans]] – 2007
*[[Brent Livermore]] – [[Maratha Warriors (PHL Club)|Maratha Warriors]] – 2007

==Malaysia {{flagicon|MAS}}==
*Kuhan Shanmugunathan – [[Bangalore Hi-fliers]]- 2005, [[Chennai Veerans]] – 2007
*Azlan Bakar – Sher-e-Jalandhar- 2005

==Netherlands {{flagicon|NED}}==
*Sebastian Westerhout – [[Hyderabad Sultans]] – 2007
*Oscar ter Weeme – [[Hyderabad Sultans]] – 2008
*[[Thijs de Greeff]] – [[Bangalore Hi-fliers]] – 2007
*[[Sander van der weide|Sander Van Der Weide]] – [[Bangalore Hi-fliers]] – 2007
*Olivier Rutgers – [[Bangalore Hi-fliers]] – 2008
*Sebastian Westerhout – [[Bangalore Hi-fliers]] – 2008
*Lodewijk de Bruijn – [[Maratha Warriors (PHL Club)|Maratha Warriors]] – 2006
*Balder Bomans – [[Chandigarh Dynamos]] – 2006
*Timo Bruinsma – [[Chandigarh Dynamos]] – 2007
*Tjeerd Steller – [[Orissa Steelers]] – 2007
*Don Prins – Sher-e-Jalandhar – 2008
*Melchior Looijen – [[Maratha Warriors (PHL Club)|Maratha Warriors]] – 2008
*Huib Zwerver – [[Chandigarh Dynamos]] – 2008
*Cesco Van Der Vliet – [[Chennai Veerans]] – 2008
*Eric-Jan Iding – [[Chennai Veerans]] – 2008
*Joost van den Bogart – [[Chennai Veerans]] – 2008

==New Zealand {{flagicon|NZL}}==
*[[Bevan Hari]] – Sher-e-Jalandhar – 2006

==Pakistan {{flagicon|PAK}}==
*[[Waseem Ahmed (field hockey)|Waseem Ahmed]] – [[Hyderabad Sultans]] – 2005
*[[Sohail Abbas]] – [[Hyderabad Sultans]] – 2005
*[[Ahmed Alam]] – [[Hyderabad Sultans]] – 2005
*[[Salman Akbar]] – [[Hyderabad Sultans]] – 2006
*[[Shakeel Abbasi]] – [[Hyderabad Sultans]] – 2006–2007
*[[Dilawar Hussain (field hockey)|Dilawar Hussain]] – [[Chennai Veerans]] – 2005
*[[Kashif Jawwad]] – [[Maratha Warriors (PHL Club)|Maratha Warriors]] – 2005
*[[Mudassar Ali Khan]] – [[Bangalore Hi-fliers]] – 2005–2006
*[[Zeeshan Ashraf]] – [[Chennai Veerans]] – 2005, [[Chandigarh Dynamos]] – 2007
*Eric Raza – [[Maratha Warriors (PHL Club)|Maratha Warriors]] – 2005
*Mohammad Saqlain – [[Maratha Warriors (PHL Club)|Maratha Warriors]] – 2005–2006
*[[Muhammad Sarwar (field hockey)|Muhammad Sarwar]] – Sher-e-Jalandhar- 2005
*[[Rehan Butt]] – [[Bangalore Lions]] – 2006
*Andan Zakir – [[Maratha Warriors (PHL Club)|Maratha Warriors]] – 2006, [[Orissa Steelers]] – 2007
*Imran Warsi – [[Maratha Warriors (PHL Club)|Maratha Warriors]] – 2006–2007
*[[Shabbir Muhammad|Mohammad Shabbir]] – [[Chandigarh Dynamos]] – 2006
*Sajjad Anwar – [[Chandigarh Dynamos]] – 2007
*[[Muhammad Zubair (field hockey)|Muhammed Zubair]] – [[Maratha Warriors (PHL Club)|Maratha Warriors]] – 2007
*[[Ehsan Ullah]] – [[Maratha Warriors (PHL Club)|Maratha Warriors]] – 2007
*[[Salman Akbar]] – Sher-e-Jalandhar – 2008
*[[Dilawar Hussain (field hockey)|Dilawar Hussain]] – Sher-e-Jalandhar – 2008
*[[Ghazanfar Ali]] – [[Chandigarh Dynamos]] -2008
*[[Kamran Ahmed]] – [[Orissa Steelers]] – 2008
*[[Adnan Maqsood]] – [[Orissa Steelers]] – 2008

==South Korea {{flagicon|South Korea}}==
*Hyo Kim – [[Bangalore Hi-fliers]] – 2008
*Kang Moon Kweon – [[Maratha Warriors (PHL Club)|Maratha Warriors]] – 2008

==Spain {{flagicon|ESP}}==
*Juan Pablo Escarre – [[Chennai Veerans]] – 2005
*[[Pau Quemada]] – Sher-e-Jalandhar – 2006
*Jordi Quintana – [[Bangalore Lions]] – 2006
*[[Ramón Alegre]] – [[Hyderabad Sultans]] – 2007

==See also==
* [[Premier Hockey League]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Premier Hockey League}}

[[Category:Field hockey players in India|Prem]]
[[Category:Premier Hockey League]]
[[Category:Lists of field hockey players|Premier]]

Nanda Kishore

2026-02-20T23:56:03Z

Rudra2020: new new data

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Similar names|Nand Kishore (disambiguation){{!}}Nand Kishore}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nanda Kishore
| birth_place = [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagara]], [[Karnataka]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date|1981|03|29|df=y}}
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| parents = [[Sudheer (Kannada Actor)|Sudhir]] Malati
| relatives = [[Tharun Sudhir]] (brother)
}}

'''Nanda Kishore''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film industry]]. He is known for directing films like ''[[Victory (2013 film)|Victory]]'' (2013), ''[[Adyaksha]]'' (2014),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sharan-to-work-with-Nanda-Kishore-again/articleshow/24147845.cms | title=Sharan to work with Nanda Kishore again | work=Times of India | date=14 October 2013 | accessdate=16 April 2015 | author=Muthanna, Anjali}}</ref> ''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]'' (2015) and ''[[Pogaru]]'' (2021).

==Family==
Nanda Kishore is the son of Kannada film actor [[Sudheer (Kannada Actor)|Sudhir]],<ref name="He rose like a Phoenix">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=8 July 2019 |title=He rose like a Phoenix |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-nanda-kishore-shares-the-journey-of-his-life/article28319459.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906165100/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-nanda-kishore-shares-the-journey-of-his-life/article28319459.ece |archivedate=6 September 2025 |accessdate=6 September 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> and Malati.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Actor-Sudhirs-Sons-Recall-Sudeeps-help/2015/05/27/article2834398.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031001805/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Actor-Sudhirs-Sons-Recall-Sudeeps-help/2015/05/27/article2834398.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2015|title=Actor Sudhir's Sons Recall Sudeep's help|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=27 May 2015}}</ref> His brother, [[Tharun Sudhir]], is also a film director, in Kannada cinema.<ref name="We have each other’s back, always: Nanda Kishore and Tarun Sudhir">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=We have each other’s back, always: Nanda Kishore and Tarun Sudhir|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/14/we-have-each-others-back-always-nanda-kishore-and-tarun-sudhir-1616754.html|accessdate=6 September 2025|work=|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=15 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906163922/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/14/we-have-each-others-back-always-nanda-kishore-and-tarun-sudhir-1616754.html|archivedate=6 September 2025|language=en}}</ref>

He overcame his [[obesity]] problem by losing {{convert|76|kg|abbr=on}} of weight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=4567&ptype=News&title=NANDAKISHORE%20LOSES%2076%20KILOS%20%96%20ON%20SUDEEP%20FILM%20SCRIPT!|title=NANDAKISHORE LOSES 76 KILOS – ON SUDEEP FILM SCRIPT!|publisher=Chitra Tara|date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:green; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film
!Language!! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Victory (2013 film)|Victory]]''
| rowspan="8" |[[Kannada]]||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Adyaksha]]'' || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]'' || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Mukunda Murari]]''|| Remake of Hindi film ''[[OMG: Oh My God!]]''
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Tiger (2017 film)|Tiger]]'' ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Brihaspathi (film)|Brihaspathi]]'' || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]''
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Pogaru]]'' ||
|-
| 2022 ||''[[Raana (2022 film)|Raana]]'' ||Remake of Tamil film ''[[Thadaiyara Thaakka]]<ref name="Shreyas Manju is a complete package: Raana director Nanda Kishore2">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Shreyas Manju is a complete package: Raana director Nanda Kishore|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2022/Nov/09/shreyas-manju-is-a-complete-package-raana-director-nanda-kishore-36415.html|accessdate=6 September 2025|publisher=Cinema Express|date=9 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906165135/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2022/Nov/09/shreyas-manju-is-a-complete-package-raana-director-nanda-kishore-36415.html|archivedate=6 September 2025|language=en}}</ref>''
|-
| 2025 ||''[[Vrusshabha]]''
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Bilingual film<ref name="Nanda Kishore on directing Mohanlal in ‘Vrushabha’, and moving on from the ‘Pogaru’ controversy">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Nanda Kishore on directing Mohanlal in ‘Vrushabha’, and moving on from the ‘Pogaru’ controversy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nanda-kishore-on-directing-mohanlal-in-vrushabha-and-moving-on-from-the-pogaru-controversy/article67114828.ece|accessdate=6 September 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=25 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906164833/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nanda-kishore-on-directing-mohanlal-in-vrushabha-and-moving-on-from-the-pogaru-controversy/article67114828.ece|archivedate=6 September 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|}
;As an actor

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:green; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Victory (2013 film)|Victory]]'' ||Cameo appearance in song "Khaali Quarter Bottle"
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Adyaksha]]'' || Cameo appearance in song "Phonu Illa"
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]'' || Cameo appearance in song "Seereli Hudugeena"
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Mukunda Murari]]''|| Cameo appearance in song "Gopala Baa Baa"
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Tiger (2017 film)|Tiger]]'' || Cameo appearance in title song "Tiger"
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Brihaspathi (film)|Brihaspathi]]'' || Cameo appearance in song "Dammaru Dammaru"
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Pogaru]]'' || Cameo appearance in song title song "Pogaru"
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151114035605/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/A-success-that-didnt-come-easy/2013/11/05/article1872979.ece A success that didn't come easy]

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5907071}}

{{Nanda Kishore}}
{{Authority control}}

*https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/nanda-kishore/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021045628/https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/nanda-kishore/ |date=21 October 2022 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishore, Nanda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)

2026-02-19T16:08:53Z

Rudra2020:

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aur-pyaar-title.png
| caption =
| runtime = 22 Minutes
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = [[Director's Kut Productions]]
| creative_director = Tanya Mukherjee
| writer = Sonali Jaffer Dheeraj Sarna Vibha Singh
| director = Pradeep Gupta Romesh Kalra
| producer = Rajan Shahi
| editor = Sameer Gandhi
| starring = [[Kanchi Singh]] [[Mishkat Varma]] [[Reena Kapoor]] [[Parichay Sharma]] Mayur Mehta<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/reena-kapoor-back-with-aur-pyar-ho-gaya-after-woh-rehne-waali-mehlon-ki--11018.html|title=Reena Kapoor back with 'Aur Pyar Ho Gaya' after 'Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki'|work=India TV News|date=24 December 2013}}</ref> Rajeev Singh
| opentheme = [[Mohit Pathak]] Sailesh Suvarna
| theme_music_composer =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 241
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| country = India
| company = [[Director's Kut Productions]]
| language = Hindi
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|01|06}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2014|12|02}}
}}

'''''Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya''''' (English: ''And I Fell in Love'') (International title: ''Love Oh Love'') is an Indian television [[drama]] show,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/reena-kapoor-back-on-telly-with-zee-tv-s-aur-pyaar-ho-gaya_147036.html|title=Reena Kapoor back on telly with Zee TV's 'Aur...Pyaar Ho Gaya'|work=Zee News|date=29 November 2013}}</ref> which premiered on 6 January 2014 on [[Zee TV]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Come-fall-in-love-with--Aur-Pyaar-Ho-Gaya/articleshow/27714742.cms|title=Come fall in love with...Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya|work=The Times of India|date=4 December 2014 }}</ref> and on [[Zee World]] as ''Love Oh Love'' on 14 August 2017. It stars [[Kanchi Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/aur-pyaar-ho-gaya-is-kanchi-singhs-so-called-daredevil-stunt-really-that-scary/|title=Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya: Is Kanchi Singh's so-called daredevil stunt really that scary?|work=bollywoodlife.com|date=18 January 2014}}</ref> and [[Mishkat Varma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/mishkat-varma-of-aur-pyaar-ho-gaya-mistaken-for-ranbir-kapoor_148120.html|title=Mishkat Varma of 'Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya' mistaken for Ranbir Kapoor|work=Zee News|date=22 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/-aur-pyaar-ho-gaya-latest-update-12353.html|title=Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya: Avni, Raj mesmerising dance|work=India TV News|date=4 March 2014}}</ref> The show is a coming of age story about two young people who have different notions about love.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetv.com/news-media/press-releases/new-romance-in-the-new-year.html|title=New romance in the New Year!|author=Anonymous|date=10 January 2014|work=ZEE TV|access-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308105251/http://www.zeetv.com/news-media/press-releases/new-romance-in-the-new-year.html|archive-date=8 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was replaced by [[Satrangi Sasural]] in its timeslot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baddhan |first=Raj |date=2014-11-19 |title='Satrangi Sasural' to replace 'Aur Pyaar...' on ZEE TV |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/satrangi-sasural-to-replace-aur-pyaar-on-zee-tv/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Plot==
Avni, the daughter of [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] business family Khandelwals falls in love with her father's assistant Raj. Akshat and Arpita are also in love. In past, Vikram and Bhawana (Sangeeta) were lovers. But, the Kapoors killed the Purohits except Vikram. This was a game by Virat to avenge Sangeeta for slapping him. To keep his secret, Virat kills Abhaas, but is jailed after he is exposed by Avni and Raj. The two families live happily.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Mishkat Varma]] as Raj Purohit: Anjali and Vikram's son; Madhuri's Brother; Virat's Nephew; Arpita and Rakhi's brother Avni's husband
* [[Kanchi Singh]] as Avni Khandelwal Purohit: Sangeeta and Suket's daughter; Akshat and Abhaas's sister; Raj's wife
* [[Parichay Sharma]] as Abhaas Khandelwal: Sangeeta and Suket's younger son; Akshat and Avni's brother (Dead)

===Recurring===
* [[Reena Kapoor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Reena-Kapoor-in-Rajan-Shahis-Aur-Pyaar-Ho-Gaya/articleshow/27833370.cms|title=No forced twists in 'Aur Pyaar...': Reena Kapoor|work=The Times of India}}</ref> as Sangeeta "Bhavna" Kapoor Khandelwal: Vikram's former lover; Suket's wife; Akshat, Abhaas and Avni's mother
* Rajeev Singh as Suket Khandelwal: Sangeeta's husband; Akshat, Abhaas and Avni's father
* [[Rajeev Verma]] as Bauji : Suket and Savri's Father; Sangeeta's Father-in-law; Akshat, Abhaas and Avni's Grandfather
* [[Waseem Mushtaq]] as Akshat Khandelwal: Sangeeta and Suket's elder son; Abhaas and Avni's brother; Arpita's husband
* Niketa Agarwal as Arpita Khandelwal (née Agarwal):Akshat's wife and Raj's Rakhi sister
* Vinay Jain as Vikram Purohit: Sangeeta's former lover; Anjali's husband; Raj And Madhuri's father
* [[Rukhsar Rehman]] as Anjali Purohit: Vikram's wife; Raj and Madhuri's mother ; Virat's Sister
* [[Bharat Chawda]] as Virat Kapoor: Anjali's brother; Raj and Madhuri's Maternal Uncle (Antagonist)
* Gunjan Khare as Madhuri Arora (née Purohit): Vikram And Anjali's Daughter; Raj's Sister; Jashan's Wife
* Anup Sharma as Jashan Singh Arora: Raj's Brother-In-Law, Madhuri's Husband
* [[Ashita Dhawan]] as Savri Pratap Singh: Suket's Sister; Akshat,Abhaas and Avni's Paternal Aunt
* [[Sailesh Gulabani]] as Siddharth Pratap Singh
* [[Naveen Saini]] as Satyaraj Chauhan
* Jaanvi Sangwan as Jahnvi Agarwal
* Navi Bhangu as Samarth
* Mayur Mehta as Amit
* Neelam Gandhi as Devika
* [[Manasi Salvi]] as Manasi

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Official website|http://www.zeetv.com/shows/aur-pyaar-ho-gaya}}

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]

Ian Stephens (editor)

2026-02-07T22:53:59Z

Rudra2020: put up a article from scratch

{{Short description|British journalist (1903–1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ian Stephens
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1903
| birth_place = [[London]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1984|03|28|1903|df=y}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Editor]]
| years_active =
| known_for = Editor of the Indian newspaper ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' from 1942 to 1951
| notable_works =
}}

'''Ian Melville Stephens''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]}} (1903 – 28 March 1984)<ref name=Riddick>{{cite book|last1=Riddick|first1=John F.|title=The History of British India: A Chronology|date=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport|page=316}}</ref> was a British journalist who was the editor of the Indian newspaper ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' (then British-owned) in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], from 1942 to 1951.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McDermott|first1=Rachel Fell|title=Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal: The Fortunes of Hindu Festivals|date=2011|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|page=253}}</ref> He became known for his independent reporting during [[British Raj|British rule in India]], and in particular for his decision to publish graphic photographs, in August 1943, of the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], which claimed between 1.5 and 3 million lives. The publication of the images, along with Stephens' editorials, helped to bring the famine to an end by persuading the British government to supply adequate relief to the victims.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Amartya|author-link=Amartya Sen|title=The Idea of Justice|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|date=2011|page=341}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Schiffrin|first1=Anya|title=Global Muckraking: 100 Years of Investigative Journalism from Around the World|date=2014|publisher=The New Press|location=New York|chapter=Ian Stephens, Editorial (1943) from ''The Statesman''|pages=177–179}}</ref>

When Stephens died, [[Amartya Sen]] wrote in a letter to ''The Times'': "In the subcontinent in which Ian Stephens spent a substantial part of his life, he is remembered not only as a great editor (with amiable, if somewhat eccentric, manners), but also as someone whose hard-fought campaign possibly saved the lives of hundreds of thousands of people."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Amartya|title=Mr Ian Stephens|work=The Times|date=27 April 1984}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in London, the first son of Euphemia Elizabeth Cornwall Stephens (''née'' Glasfurd)<ref name=ship>{{cite web|title=Darcy Melville Stephens|url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/peopleView.aspx?133667|website=wrecksite.eu}}</ref> and John Alexander Melville Stephens, Stephens was brought up with his younger brother, D'Arcy Melville Stephens, in the Old Parsonage in [[Fleet, Hampshire]], where the family lived with several servants. His father had worked in the tea industry; he described his profession in 1911 as a retired "tea planter".<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of England and Wales|date=1911|url=https://www.genesreunited.co.uk/articles/world-records/full-list-of-united-kingdom-records/census-land-and-surveys/census/1911-census-for-england-and-wales?rc=1&ds_kid=39700028815724587&gad=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw7aqkBhDPARIsAKGa0oKGrY0tic_3WenaZ8IjFKu2IPImd9uA9aiK-OJpBiIGqFTcQbnDi1YaAox9EALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds}}</ref> The family on his mother's side had strong military and Indian connections: Stephens' maternal grandfather, Charles Glasfurd, had been Deputy Commissioner in the [[Central Provinces]] of [[British India]], and his mother's paternal grandfather was Major-General John Glasfurd of the [[Bengal Army]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Howard|editor1-first=Joseph Jackson|title=Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica, volume II|date=1877|publisher=Hamilton, Adams, and Co|location=London|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hCQFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA464 464]}}</ref>

After attending [[Winchester College]], Stephens won an [[Exhibition (scholarship)|exhibition]] (a type of scholarship) to [[King's College, Cambridge]], in 1921, where he graduated with [[British undergraduate degree classification#First-class honours|first-class honours]] in natural sciences and history.<ref name=obit>{{cite news|title=Mr Ian Stephens|work=The Times|date=29 March 1984}}</ref> In 1929 D'Arcy Stephens married Isobel McGowan, daughter of Sir [[Harry McGowan, 1st Baron McGowan|Harry McGowan]], the chairman of [[Imperial Chemical Industries]]; Ian was best man at the wedding.<ref>{{cite news|title=Miss L. Y. McGowan: Nobel Industries Chairman's Daughter Weds|work=The Yorkshire Post|date=13 June 1929}}</ref> D'Arcy died in November 1942 on [[HMS Ibis (U99)|HMS ''Ibis'']].<ref name=ship/>

==Career==
===Move to India===
After Cambridge, Stephens worked for the [[London Underground]] and as [[Ernest Debenham]]'s [[private secretary]]. In 1930 he joined the Bureau of Public Information in [[Delhi]], India, and from 1932 to 1937 worked as its director. After this he moved to ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' in Kolkata (then Calcutta), first as assistant editor, then in 1942 as editor, succeeding Arthur Moore.<ref name=obit/><ref name=Karma>{{cite book|last1=Karma|first1=Sukeshi|title=Bearing Witness: Partition, Independence, End of the Raj|date=2002|publisher=University of Calgary Press|location=Calgary|page=46}}</ref> According to his obituary in ''The Times'', for which he also wrote, he displayed "independent judgment and wide knowledge gained from travel", as well as a "flair for descriptive writing".<ref name=obit/>

===Famine photographs===
{{further|Bengal famine of 1943}}
[[File:Dead or dying children on a Calcutta street (the Statesman 22 August 1943).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Published by Stephens in ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' on 22 August 1943]]
When famine threatened [[Bengal]] in 1943, the British government downplayed the situation, talking of food shortages rather than famine; [[Leo Amery]], the British [[Secretary of State for India]], appeared to believe that propaganda might avert a crisis by discouraging hoarding.<ref name=Ghoshp121/> For months Stephens and ''The Statesman'' went along with this, writes [[Cormac Ó Gráda]], "toe[ing] the official line, berating local traders and producers, and praising ministerial efforts".<ref>{{cite book|last=Ó Gráda |first=Cormac |date=2015|title=Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future |publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|page=42}}</ref> Referring to the situation as "famine" was prohibited under "Emergency Rules",<ref name=Mukherjeep125/> anything "deemed damaging to the war effort" was restricted.{{sfn|Ó Gráda|2015|p=41}}

From August 1943 Stephens began a "relentless battle for eight weeks" to show his urban readers in [[Kolkata]] (then Calcutta) that the famine was real.<ref name=Ghoshp121>{{cite book|last1=Ghosh|first1=Sanjukta|editor1-last=Sarkar|editor1-first=Tanika|editor2-last=Bandyopadhyay|editor2-first=Sekhar|title=Calcutta: The Stormy Decades|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|pages=211–212|chapter=Famine, Food and the Politics of Survival in Calcutta, 1943–50}}</ref> Photographs were not obviously covered by the Emergency Rules, so Stephens sent photographers out to take images of the victims. Their publication was widely regarded as "a singular act of journalistic courage and conscientiousness," according to the historian Janam Mukherjee, "without which many more lives would have surely been lost".<ref name=Mukherjeep125/>

Some of the photographs Stephens regarded as "utterly unpublishable", but he ran several others on Sunday, 22 August 1943.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stephens|first1=Ian|title=Monsoon Morning|url=https://archive.org/details/monsoonmorning0000step|url-access=registration|date=1966|publisher=Ernest Benn|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/monsoonmorning0000step/page/182 182]}}</ref> "In some definite sense," writes Mukherjee, "the event ever since known as the 'Bengal Famine of 1943' had been born."<ref name=Mukherjeep125>{{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Janam |title=Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire|date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|page=125}}</ref> The following Sunday, 29 August, Stephens published more photographs and an editorial, "All-India Disgrace". In Calcutta alone, "[s]cores of persons collapsing from under-nourishment are daily picked up from the streets," he wrote. "[R]ecorded deaths from starvation cases in hospitals between August 16 and August 29 were 143; 155 dead bodies are known to have been removed from public thoroughfares by the authorities' new Corpse Disposal Squad during the ten days ending on August 24." Things were significantly worse in the rural areas (the [[:wiktionary:mofussil|''mofussil'']]).{{sfn|Mukherjee|2015|p=126}} According to the historian Zareer Masani, Stephens had a visiting card made with four images of the victims printed on one side. "He took the train to Delhi with three hundred of these cards and made sure that every senior government official got this token from him." When Stephens visited Calcutta again in 1975, people old enough to recognize him thanked him in the street, Masani writes: "Are you Ian Stephens, the editor? Thank you for what you did for Bengal!"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Masani|first1=Zareer|title=Indian Tales of the Raj|date=1990|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|page=45}}</ref>

===Return to England===
Stephens resigned from ''The Statesman'' in 1951 after disagreeing with the Indian government over its policy  in [[Kashmir]].<ref name=Karma/> He spent time in Kashmir and Pakistan, then returned to England and a six-year fellowship at King's College, Cambridge, which he used to write ''Horned Moon'' (1953) about his travels.<ref name=obit/>

==Selected works==
*(8 August 1943). "Plight of a Province", ''The Statesman'' (editorial).
*(29 August 1943). "All-India Disgrace", ''The Statesman'' (editorial).
*(14 October 1943). "Seen from a distance", ''The Statesman'' (editorial).
*(16 October 1943). "The death-roll", ''The Statesman'' (editorial).
*(1953). ''Horned Moon: An Account of a Journey Through Pakistan, Kashmir, And Afghanistan''. London: Chatto & Windus.
*(1963). ''Pakistan''. London: Praeger.
*(1966). ''Monsoon Morning''. London: Ernest Benn.
*(1977). ''Unmade Journey''. London: Stacey International.

==See also==
*''[[Distant Thunder (1973 film)|Distant Thunder]]'' (1973)
*''[[Churchill's Secret War]]'' (2010)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/oldsite/brrrkg/archive/papers/handlist/Handlist_S.htm "Stephens, I. M. papers"], Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge.
*{{cite news|last1=Prescott|first1=Orville|title=Books of ''The Times''|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/12/30/archives/books-of-the-times.html|work=The New York Times|date=30 December 1955}}
*{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Marguerite A.|title=India Is His Villain|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/03/04/archives/india-is-his-villain.html|work=The New York Times|date=4 March 1956}}
*{{cite news|last1=Datta-Ray|first1=Sunanda K.|title=Jab Behind the Ear—What it means not to be an embedded journalist|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1091212/jsp/opinion/story_11847829.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131158/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1091212/jsp/opinion/story_11847829.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2018|work=The Telegraph|date=12 December 2009}}

{{Bengal famine of 1943|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stephens, Ian}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English male journalists]]
[[Category:English newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:People from Fleet, Hampshire]]
[[Category:20th-century British male journalists]]

Asansol Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-27T20:12:27Z

Rudra2020: done

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Asansol {{Small|WB-40}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Asansol.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Asansol Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = File:Shatrughan Sinha.jpg
| mp = [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Pandabeswar Assembly constituency|Pandabeswar]] [[Raniganj (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]] [[Jamuria Assembly constituency|Jamuria]] [[Asansol Dakshin Assembly constituency|Asansol Dakshin]] [[Asansol Uttar Assembly constituency|Asansol Uttar]] [[Kulti Assembly constituency|Kulti]] [[Barabani Assembly constituency|Barabani]]
| electors = 17,70,281
}}

'''Asansol Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Asansol]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven assembly segments of No. 40 Asansol Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]].

==Overview==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|300 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttara, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. '''Asansol''', 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]
On the eve of 2014 elections, ''The Statesman'' described the constituency as follows: "The Asansol Lok Sabha constituency is conspicuous by its mixed population — coal mine workers, factory workers, coal mafia, scrap dealers, minority population and a large section of Hindi speaking population."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://thestatesman.net/news/53121-Supriyo-makes-it-tricky-for-TMC--Left.html?page=2 |title =Supriyo makes it tricky for TMC, Left |work = Bengal | publisher = The Statesman, 6 May 2014|access-date = 13 June 2014 }}</ref> ''The New Indian Express'' said that the constituency was dotted with coal mines and 50% of the electorate was Hindi speaking.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Red-Corridors-in-West-Bengal-a-Headache-for-EC/2014/05/07/article2209572.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714234626/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Red-Corridors-in-West-Bengal-a-Headache-for-EC/2014/05/07/article2209572.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 14 July 2014 |title = Red Corridors in West Bengal a Headache for EC| publisher = The New Indian Express, 7 May 2014 |access-date = 13 June 2014 }}</ref> ''The Statesman'' has put the proportion of non-Bengali voters in the constituency at 36%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://thestatesman.net/news/52455-cm-in-damage-control-mode.html |title = CM in damage control mode| publisher =The Statesman, 1 May 2014 |access-date = 14 June 2014 }}</ref>

The United News of India (UNI) has been candid about the second largest city and urban agglomeration in West Bengal after Kolkata that is a hub of coal mining and railway activity bordering Jharkhand. Asansol has seen, it writes, "a sustained hold over it by the CPI(M) since 1984 (1989?). Before that it was a tale of fluctuating fortune for the CPI(M) and the Congress... However, as the green surge swept Bengal to demolish the red bastion in 2011 Assembly elections... Moreover, as the Left still remained cornered in state politics, their neutralised voters are increasingly migrating to the BJP for a viable alternative."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.uniindia.com/eng/electiondisplay.php?sid=803&ngsystemtask=3325weare24olym54hrt56u6755uwere21archives| title = Close fight in Asansol| publisher = UNI, 28 April 2014| access-date = 13 June 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714124038/http://www.uniindia.com/eng/electiondisplay.php?sid=803&ngsystemtask=3325weare24olym54hrt56u6755uwere21archives| archive-date = 14 July 2014| url-status = dead}}</ref>

The modernisation and expansion programme of [[IISCO Steel Plant]], in this constituency, was completed at a cost of over 16,000 crores.<ref name=nation>{{cite web | url = https://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/pm-dedicates-nation-sail%E2%80%99s-modernised-expanded-iisco-steel-plant-burnpur | title = PM dedicates to the Nation SAIL's modernised and expanded IISCO Steel Plant at Burnpur | work = Press Release dated 10 May 2015 | publisher = SAIL | access-date = 6 March 2017 | archive-date = 22 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160322122002/http://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/pm-dedicates-nation-sail%E2%80%99s-modernised-expanded-iisco-steel-plant-burnpur | url-status = dead }}</ref> As of 2015, it was the single largest investment in West Bengal till then.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/chairman-sail-reviews-performance-isp-burnpur | title = Chairman, SAIL reviews performance of ISP, Burnpur | work = Press Release 7 March 2015 | publisher = SAIL | access-date = 30 March 2017 | archive-date = 13 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181013093334/https://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/chairman-sail-reviews-performance-isp-burnpur | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] issued in 2006 in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 40 Asansol is composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 1 June 2014 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India| url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|275
|[[Pandabeswar Assembly constituency|Pandabeswar]]
|rowspan="7" |[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|[[Narendranath Chakraborty]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|278
|[[Raniganj (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]]
|[[Tapas Banerjee]]
|-
|279
|[[Jamuria Assembly constituency|Jamuria]]
|[[Hareram Singh]]
|-
|280
|[[Asansol Dakshin Assembly constituency|Asansol Dakshin]]
|[[Agnimitra Paul]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|281
|[[Asansol Uttar Assembly constituency|Asansol Uttar]]
|[[Moloy Ghatak]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|282
|[[Kulti Assembly constituency|Kulti]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Poddar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|283
|[[Barabani Assembly constituency|Barabani]]
|[[Bidhan Upadhyay]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|}

Before delimitation, Asansol Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments:<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101006140327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf| archive-date= 6 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Kulti Assembly constituency|Kulti]] (assembly constituency no. 257), [[Barabani Assembly constituency|Barabani]] (assembly constituency no. 258), [[Hirapur Assembly constituency|Hirapur]] (assembly constituency no. 259), [[Asansol Uttar Assembly constituency|Asansol]] (assembly constituency no. 260), [[Raniganj (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]] (assembly constituency no. 261), [[Jamuria Assembly constituency|Jamuria]] (assembly constituency no. 262) and [[Ukhra Assembly constituency|Ukhra]] (SC) (assembly constituency no. 263)

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Name of M.P.!!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]|| rowspan="2" |1957-62||[[Mono Mohan Das]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name=loksabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[Atulya Ghosh]]<ref name=loksabha1957/><ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]||1962-67||[[Atulya Ghosh]]
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]||1967-71||[[Deben Sen]]||{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]] ||1971-77||rowspan=2|[[Robin Sen]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977-80
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980-84||rowspan=2|[[Ananda Gopal Mukhopadhyay]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]||1984-89
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989-91||rowspan=3|[[Haradhan Roy]] ||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=8}}<ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991-96
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996-98
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998-99||rowspan=3|[[Bikash Chowdhury]]<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999-04
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-05
|-
|2005^-2009||rowspan=2|[[Bansa Gopal Chowdhury]]<ref name="byelection2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/indian-bye-elections/bye-elections-results.html|title=2005 Bye election caused by death of sitting MP|publisher=Indian Elections|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125055827/http://www.indian-elections.com/indian%2Dbye%2Delections/bye%2Delections%2Dresults.html|archive-date=25 November 2005|url-status=dead|access-date=11 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009-14
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014-19|| rowspan="2" |[[Babul Supriyo]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha2019->{{cite web| url = https://www.ndtv.com/elections/west-bengal-lok-sabha-election-results-2019/asansol |title = Asansol Lok Sabha elections |work = West Bengal | publisher = NDTV Elections|access-date = 25 May 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]||2019-22
|-
|2022^–24||rowspan="2"|[[Shatrughan Sinha]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/shatrughan-sinha-breaks-asansol-jinx-why-it-s-a-historic-win-for-trinamool-101650106521907.html|title=Shatrughan Sinha breaks Asansol jinx: Why it's a historic win for Trinamool Congress|newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=16 April 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]||2024–''Incumbent''
|}

^By-Poll

Note: In 1951 the Asansol area was part of [[Burdwan Lok Sabha constituency]]. In 1957, it was double seat constituency.

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Asansol<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Asansol">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Asansol |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2540.htm |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327163016/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2540.htm |archive-date=27 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Asansol Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Asansol Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/asansol |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327163037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/asansol |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Shatrughan Sinha]]|votes=605,645|percentage=46.53|change={{decrease}}10.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]|votes=546,081|percentage=41.96|change={{increase}}11.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Jahanara Khan]]|votes=105,964|percentage=8.14|change={{increase}}1.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=15,510|percentage=1.19|change={{increase}}0.08}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 59,564|percentage=9.78|change={{down}}21.38}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,200,001|percentage=73.52|change={{increase}}6.78}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,00,201 |ref = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2022 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2022: [[Asansol]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Shatrughan Sinha]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=6,56,358|percentage=56.62|change={{increase}}21.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Agnimitra Paul]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=353,149|percentage=30.46|change= {{decrease}}20.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Partha Mukherjee|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=90,412|percentage=7.80|change={{increase}}0.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Prasenjit Puitandy|party=Indian National Congress|votes=15,035|percentage=1.30|change={{decrease}}0.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=12,702|percentage=1.11|change={{decrease}}0.06}}
{{Election box majority|votes=3,03,209|percentage=26.16|change=+16.36}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=11,59,764|percentage=66.74|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 17,37,819
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +13.08
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Asansol]]<ref name="loksabha2019-" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Babul Supriyo|Babul Supriyo Baral]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,33,378
|percentage = 51.16
|change = +14.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= [[Moon Moon Sen]]
|party =All India Trinamool Congress
|votes=4,35,741
|percentage=35.19
|change=+4.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gouranga Chattopadhyay
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 87,608
|percentage = 7.08
|change = -15.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Biswarup Mondal
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes=21,038
|percentage=1.7
|change=-2.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 14,447
|percentage = 1.17
|change = +0.17
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,97,637
|percentage = 15.97
|change = +9.80
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 12,38,151
|percentage = 76.62
|change = -1.11
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 16,15,865
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +4.90
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[2014 Indian general election in West Bengal|Asansol]]<ref name=loksabha2014/><ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/Form%207A%28English%29_06052014.pdf Form 7A(English) 06052014]''</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Babul Supriyo]]
|votes = 4,19,983
|percentage = 36.75
|change = +31.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dola Sen]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 3,49,503
|percentage = 30.58
|change = -9.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bansa Gopal Chowdhury]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 2,55,829
|percentage = 22.39
|change = -26.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Indrani Mishra
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 48,502
|percentage = 4.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manash Sarkar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 14,263
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jyotirmoy Maity
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 10,227
|percentage = 0.89
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kanai Banerjee
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|votes = 5,728
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sujit Kar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5,016
|percentage = 0.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Md. Reyazuddin
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|votes = 4,947
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jarasandha Sinha
|votes = 4,663
|percentage = 0.41
|change = -1.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Atul Chandra Bouri
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|votes = 4,256
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ananta Lal Gupta
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 3,115
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Md. Mustaqim
|party = Gareeb Aadmi Party
|votes = 2,450
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Buro Murmu
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|votes = 2,434
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 11,479
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 70,480
|percentage = 6.17
|change = -1.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,42,395
|percentage = 77.73
|change = +6.24
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +28.75
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[2009 Indian general election in West Bengal|Asansol]]<ref name=loksabha2009/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Bansa Gopal Chowdhury]]
|votes = 4,35,161
|percentage = 48.69
|change = -12.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Moloy Ghatak]]
|votes = 3,62,205
|percentage = 40.53
|change = +13.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suryya Ray
|votes = 49,646
|percentage = 5.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajay Singh
|votes = 14,490
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Jyotirmoy Maity
|votes = 13,190
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Goutam Das
|votes = 10,181
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Jarasandha Sinha
|votes = 8,831
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 72,956
|percentage = 8.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,93,704
|percentage = 71.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2005 Bye-election===
In the Asansol seat, the by-election was held due to the death of the sitting [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]-[[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Bikash Chowdhury]] on 1 August 2005.
The Bye election Held On 5 September 2005.[[Bansa Gopal Chowdhury]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Moloy Ghatak of [[Trinamool Congress]].
{{Election box begin | title=Indian Parliamentary bye election, 2005: Asansol constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Bansa Gopal Chowdhury]]
|votes = 4,10,740
|percentage = 61.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Moloy Ghatak]]
|votes = 1,80,799
|percentage = 27.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Provat Goswami
|votes = 52,570
|percentage = 7.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Shakti Ranjan Mondal
|votes = 12,912
|percentage = 1.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Kanchan Kumar Chakraborty
|votes = 12,719
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,29,941
|percentage = 60%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 96,650
|percentage = 47.69
|change = -6.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +21.27
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1957-2014===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Voters
!Voter turnout
!Winner
|%age
|Party
!Runners up
|%age
|Party
|-
|1957
|629,589
|39.83
|[[Mono Mohan Das]]
|29.6
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|[[Atulya Ghosh]]
|26.01
|Congress
|Ambuja Bhusan Bose
|20.02
|Independent<ref name=loksabha1962/>
|-
|1962
|188,922
|41.56
|Atulya Ghosh
|38.84
|Congress
|Ket Narayan Misra
|33.99
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<ref name=loksabha1962/>
|-
|1967
|255,556
|57.56
|[[Deben Sen]]
|40.56
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]
|J.N.Mukhopadhyay
|37.71
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1967/>
|-
|1971
|280,338
|51.64
|[[Robin Sen]]
|49.38
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|Narayan Choudhury
|36.81
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1971/>
|-
|1977
|2,87,230
|44.38
|Robin Sen
|59.07
|CPI(M)
|Syed Mohd. Jalal
|32.97
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1977/>
|-
|1980
|4,23,790
|55.52
|[[Ananda Gopal Mukherjee|Ananda Gopal Mukhopadyay]]
|49.21
|Congress
|Robin Sen
|40.55
|CPI(M)<ref name =loksabha1980/>
|-
|1984
|6,25,070
|69.94
|Ananda Gopal Mukhopadyay
|55.18
|Congress
|Bamapada Mukherjee
|40.87
|CPI(M)<ref name=loksabha1984/>
|-
|1989
|7,71,580
|69.86
|[[Haradhan Roy]]
|49.59
|CPI(M)
|Pradip Bhattacharjee
|43.99
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1989/>
|-
|1991
|7,22,290
|64.13
|Haradhan Roy
|45.13
|CPI(M)
|Deba Prosad Roy
|31.61
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1991/>
|-
|1996
|8,41,740
|69.69
|Haradhan Roy
|46.37
|CPI(M)
|Sukumar Bandopadhyay
|40.60
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1996/>
|-
|1998
|8,83,830
|71.12
|[[Bikash Chowdhury]]
|41.09
|CPI(M)
|[[Moloy Ghatak]]
|38.07
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
|-
|1999
|8,29,150
|65.52
|Bikash Chowdhury
|46.27
|CPI(M)
|Moloy Ghatak
|41.63
|Trinamool Congress<ref name=loksabha1999/>
|-
|2004
|7,26,480
|66.52
|Bikash Chowdhury
|51.00
|CPI(M)
|Moloy Ghatak
|33.85
|Trinamool Congress<ref name=loksabha2004/>
|-
|2005
|
|
|[[Bansa Gopal Chowdhury]]
|
|CPI(M)
|Moloy Ghatak
|
|Trinamool Congress<ref name=byelection2005/>
|-
|2009
|893,477
|71.49
|Bansa Gopal Chowdhury
|
|CPI(M)
|Moloy Ghatak
|
|Trinamool Congress<ref name=loksabha2009/>
|-
|2014
|11,42,395
|77.40
|[[Babul Supriyo]]
|36.76
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Dola Sen]]
|30.59
|Trinamool Congress<ref name=loksabha2014/>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|23.69|86.97|display=title}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}
{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asansol Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Ravikamatham

2026-01-23T12:51:22Z

Rudra2020: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ravikamatham
| native_name =

| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = mandal parshedh
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 531025
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP31 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Ravikamatham''' is a village and [[tehsil|mandal]] headquarters of [[Ravikamatham mandal]] in [[Anakapalli district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in Visakhapatnam district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/visakhapatnam.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=6 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319222910/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Visakhapatnam.pdf|archivedate=19 March 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Anakapalli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Anakapalli district]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Maharashtra

2025-11-22T23:25:15Z

Rudra2020: put up...

{{WikiProject status|inactive|type=geo|parent=India}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
{{Shortcut|WP:MAHA|WP:INMAH}}
We are a group of [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s committed to improving organisation and standardize look and feel of articles related to the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Maharashtra]], the geographical regions, its people, art and culture. If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Maharashtra/To Do|to-do list]] there.

==[[Maharashtra]]==

'''Maharashtra''' ({{langx|mr|[[:mr:महाराष्ट्र|महाराष्ट्र]]}} ''{{IAST|mahārāṣṭra}}'', [[help:IPA|IPA]] {{audio|Maharashtra.ogg|[məharaːʂʈrə]}}) is a [[States and territories of India|state]] located on the western coast of India. It is India's [[List of states of India by area|third largest state by area]] and [[List of states of India by population|second largest by population]].

[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official state language.
In Megapolis Bruhan Mumbai, [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Urdu]], English, [[Hindi]] and other languages are also spoken. In the northwest portion of Maharashtra, [[Khandesh]], a dialect [[Ahirani]] is spoken by a minority. In south [[Konkan]], a dialect known as [[Malvani language|Malvani]] is spoken by most of the people. In the [[Desh region]], a dialect called Deshi is spoken, in the south-east [[Deccan]] region [[Deccani language]] is spoken, while in [[Vidarbha]], a dialect known as [[Varhadi]] is spoken by most of the people.
In Maharashtra we can find people of many religions. Mostly people from all over India have migrated here for business purpose. [[Mumbai]] is capital of Maharashtra which is also financial capital of India. Winter capital is [[Nagpur]].

==[[Image:Searchtool.svg|20px|Divisions]] Scope==
'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] Maharashtra''' is a collaboration to create, improve, and expand articles related to [[Maharashtra]], its history, dialects, and culture.

* The project will cover all aspects of Maharashtra-related articles from India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

==[[Image:Nuvola apps kpdf.png|20px]] Goals==

# Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Maharashtra-related article
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured Articles]] as possible related to Maharashtra.
# To standardize the Maharashtra related articles in Wikipedia.
# To improve Wikipedia coverage of Maharashtra related articles by adding, expanding and improving Maharashtra related articles.
# To serve as a central point of discussion for issues related to Maharashtra related articles.
# [[:mr:विकिपीडिया:भाषांतर_प्रकल्प/भाषांतर_आणि_इतर_विकिपीडियात_निर्यात_सुसूत्रीकरण#.मराठीतून इतर भाषात अनुवादीत करून हवे असलेले लेख यादी|Marathi Wikipedia]] to [[:Category:Articles needing translation from Marathi Wikipedia|English Wikipedia article translations]] (See:[[:Category:Articles needing translation from Marathi Wikipedia]] >> English Wikipedia to Multi lingual Wikipedia Translations
# English Wikipedia to Marathi Wikipedia Translations. (See:[[:mr:विकिपीडिया:भाषांतर प्रकल्प]])

==Participants==
===Active members===
To join WikiProject Maharashtra, edit this section and insert the [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] <code><nowiki>#{{subst:me}}</nowiki></code> with your areas of interest into the following list of members in alphabetical order. Members should also place [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Maharashtra#Member identification|member identification]] on their user page.
#{{user|Abhijeet Safai}}
#{{user|Abhilash Mhaisne}}
#{{user|Abhishek Pujari}}
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#{{User|Majun e Baqi}} 08:23:20, 20 June 2020 (UTC) 
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===Former members===
Thank you for your help! Please move your username back to the active list when you can participate again.
#{{User|Buaidh}} 19:02:29, 19 July 2019 (UTC) – WikiProject templates and categories.

===Member identification===
Members of WikiProject Maharashtra should place one of the following lines of [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] on their [[Special:MyPage|user page]] to add it to '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:WikiProject Maharashtra participants]]}}'''.
{{yytop}}
{{yycat|WikiProject Maharashtra participants}}
{{yy|Template:User WikiProject Maharashtra}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Maharashtra}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Maharashtra|invite}}
{{yyend}}
For other Maharashtra user templates, see '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:Maharashtra user templates]]}}'''.

== General Strategy & Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Maharashtra|Discussion]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Maharashtra/To Do|To Do List]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Maharashtra/Created|List Of Created Articles as per WP:MAHA]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Maharashtra/Strategy|Strategy]]

==Tasks==
{{To do}}
To insert this list into your user or user talk page, just insert <code><nowiki>{{To do|target=Wikipedia:WikiProject Maharashtra}}</nowiki></code> into your page.

There is a discussion going on [[Nagpur]]'s talk page whether it meets Good Article status or not, editoors intersted are welcome to give their opinion[[User:Majun e Baqi|Majun e Baqi]] ([[User talk:Majun e Baqi|talk]]) 09:55, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

===Article alerts===
{{Article alerts columns}}

===Others===
*[[Template:Featured articles in Marathi]] page is supposed to be an updated every month with updates to be forked from [[:mr:वर्ग:मुखपृष्ठ सदर लेख]].
*[[Template:User_interwiki_infoboard_mr]] page is supposed to be an updated every month with updates to be forked from [[:mr:|Marathi Language Wikipedia]].
* Related Portals - [[Portal:India]], [[Portal:Kerala]], [[Portal:Hyderabad]]
*These [[:mr:विशेष:विनाआंतरविकि| Marathi Language Wikipedia Articles]] need [[Wikipedia:Interwiki Links|Interwiki Links]] on English Wikipedia.

==Parentage==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
**[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/States|Indian states]]

==Descendant WikiProjects==
No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

==Similar WikiProjects==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/West Bengal|WikiProject West Bengal]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Tamil Nadu|WikiProject Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Karnataka|WikiProject Karnataka]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Kerala|WikiProject Kerala]]

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

==Structure==
Refer to:
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

==Templates==
Several categories of templates are available to work with and on pages relating to Maharashtra.

=== Userbox ===
The following templates can be added to your user page:
* <code><nowiki>{{tl|User WikiProject Maharashtra}}</nowiki></code> to show that you are a member of this project.
* <code><nowiki>{{User Maharashtra}}</nowiki></code> to indicate that you are from Maharashtra.
* <code><nowiki>{{User_interwiki_infoboard_mr}}</nowiki></code> to coordinate your efforts with the Marathi Language Wikipedia.
* <code><nowiki>{{User wikimr}}</nowiki></code> if you are a native [[Marathi]] speaker.
* <code><nowiki>{{Devfonthelp}}</nowiki></code> if you know some one in need of how to type in [[Marathi language]] i.e. [[devanagari]] fonts.
* <code><nowiki>{{Welcomeen-mr}}</nowiki></code> if you know some one Marathi whose contributions are likely to get rejected on English Wikipedia because of lack of English language skill level.
*<code><nowiki>{{HumanMarathwada}}</nowiki></code> if you are from [[Marathwada]] region of the Maharashtra.
*<code><nowiki>{{Template:Vidarbha}}</nowiki></code> if you are from [[Vidarbha]] region of Maharashtra.

=== WikiProject Maharashtra notice ===
To direct editors to WikiProject Maharashtra for guidelines to working on Maharashtra-related websites, place <code><nowiki>{{WikiProject India|maharashtra=yes}}</nowiki></code> at the top of the article's Talk page.
=== Award===

For excellent contribution this Barnstar should be given.

{{Maharashtra Barnstar}}<nowiki>{{Maharashtra Barnstar}}</nowiki>

=== Stubs ===
*For stubs about the geography of Maharashtra, use <code><nowiki>{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}</nowiki></code>. Articles will go into [[:Category:Maharashtra geography stubs]].
*For any other stubs related to Maharashtra, you can just write <code><nowiki>{{Maharashtra-stub}}</nowiki></code>. This will go into [[:Category:Maharashtra stubs]].

==Recognized articles==
The following articles which have been recognized by the wider Wikipedia community.

===[[Image:Featured article star.svg|25px]] Featured articles===
*[[Make in Maharashtra]]
*[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]]
*[[Ram Narayan]]
*[[Western Chalukya Empire]]
*[[Vithoba]]

===[[Image:Featured article star.svg|25px]] Featured lists===
*[[List of Governors of Bombay]]
*[[List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar]]

===[[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|25px]] Good articles===
*[[Solapur]]
*[[2008 attacks on North Indians in Maharashtra]]
*[[Battle of Assaye]]
*[[Deshastha Brahmin]]
*[[Freida Pinto]]
*[[History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)]]
*[[History of Mumbai]]
*[[Kareena Kapoor]]
*[[Khandoba]]
*[[Mumbai]]
*[[Marathwada Statutory Development Board]]
*[[Nassak Diamond]]
*[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
*[[Sai Baba of Shirdi]]
*[[Watson's Hotel]]

===Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|FAC]]===
*''None''

===Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Peer review|PR]]===
* ''None''
{{User:WolterBot/Cleanup listing subscription|wgcat=WikiProject Maharashtra articles}}

==Tools==
:''Main tool page: [[tools:~dispenser/view/Tools|toolserver.org]]''
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Reflinks|Reflinks]] - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Checklinks|Checklinks]] - Edit and repair external links
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Dab_solver|Dab solver]] - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Peer_reviewer|Peer reviewer]] - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines|state=collapsed}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharashtra}}

[[Category:WikiProject Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

Lata Desai

2025-10-29T03:34:06Z

Rudra2020: new post

{{Short description|Indian medical doctor (born 1941)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Lata Desai
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1941|8|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Medical doctor]]
| known_for = Dr. Lataben Anilbhai Desai
| spouse = Dr. Anil Desai
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] award in 2022
| children =
}}
'''Lata Desai''' (also known as Dr. Lataben Anilbhai Desai) (born 8 August 1941) is a [[medical doctor]] from the [[India|Indian]] State of [[Gujarat]] who is 1980 along with her husband Dr. Anil Desai and a few friends founded the [[SEWA Rural|Society for Education Welfare and Action]] - Rural (SEWA Rural), a voluntary organization devoted to health and development activities in the tribal area of South Gujarat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat: Padma Shri Dr. Lata Desai felicitated by IIPH-Gandhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/padma-shri-dr-lata-desai-felicitated-by-iiph-g/articleshow/89812579.cms |access-date=26 February 2022 |agency=TNN |publisher=Times of India |date=25 February 2022}}</ref>

==Education and career==
After completing basic medical education at B J Medical College, [[Gandhinagar]], Gujarat in the early '60s and getting married 1n 1968, Lata Desai and her husband moved to the US in 1972 for higher studies. In the US, Lata Desai specialized in [[pediatrics]] and Anil Desai in [[surgery]]. After completing their studies they started their careers in the US. However, after a few years, inspired by the lives and works of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Swami Vivekananda]], they along with a few friends returned to India and established the non-profit SEWA Rural in [[Jhagadia]], [[Bharuch]] district, Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moneylife Digital Team |title=Tribals Benefit from Scientific Approach and Spiritual Outlook |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/tribals-benefit-from-scientific-approach-and-spiritual-outlook/49079.html |website=Moneylife |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref>

The services rendered by SEWA Rural include:<ref>{{cite web |title=What we do |url=https://sewarural.org/what-we-do/ |website=SEWA Rural |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref>
*Kasturba Hospital which offers round the clock emergency services, special care for women and children and people with eye diseases, separate clinics for Tuberculosis, Diabetes, and Infertility and Sickle Cell Disease
*Sharda Mahila Vikas Society was established in 2002 working towards the development of women, youth and children in villages of tribal, areas of Jhagadia, Gujarat
*Training Centre for Community Health
*Vocational Training Centre for Women
*Adolescent Awareness Programme which is aimed at reducing anemia, improving [[menstrual hygiene management]], creating [[reproductive health awareness]]
*Community Health Project
*Comprehensive Eye Care Project
*Vivekananda Gramin Tekniki Kendra which is a vocational training center started in 1987

==Recognition: Padma Shri==

*In the year 2022, Govt of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Lata Desai for her distinguished service in the field of medicine.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of her service as a "Doctor and Social Worker providing health services to tribal communities in Gujarat for over five decades".<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

==Additional reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Shanoo Bijlani |title=The Good Doctors of Jhagadia |journal=Reader's Digest |date=September 1990 |pages=125–132 |url=https://sewarural.org/sewa/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Readers-Digest.pdf |access-date=26 February 2022}}
*{{cite web |title=SEWA Rural – Exemplary of rural health delivery system |url=https://icaonline.org/sewa-rural-good-example-of-rural-health-delivery-system/ |website=Indians for Collective Action |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226014532/https://icaonline.org/sewa-rural-good-example-of-rural-health-delivery-system/ |url-status=dead }}

==See also==
*[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sewarural.org/ SEWA Rural]
* [https://shardamahilavikas.org Sharada Mahila Vikas Society]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Gujarat]]

Ranjit Singh (runner)

2025-10-18T06:16:22Z

Rudra2020: Added new bio

{{short description|Indian athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Ranjit Singh
| image =
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| birth_place = [[British India]]
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| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[Middle distance running]]
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{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1951 Asian Games|1951 New Delhi]]|[[Athletics at the 1951 Asian Games|800 m]]}}
}}

'''Ranjit Singh''' is an Indian [[Sport of athletics|athlete]]. He won a gold medal in the [[Athletics at the 1951 Asian Games|men's 800 metres]] at the [[1951 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianathletics.in/medal-winners-of-asian-games/ | title=MEDAL WINNERS OF ASIAN GAMES | publisher=Athletics Federation of India | accessdate=18 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.athleticspodium.com/athlete/2281/ranjit-singh | title=Ranjit Singh | publisher=Athletics Podium | accessdate=18 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asian Games Champions Athletics 800 m Men}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ranjit}}
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1951 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1951 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian men middle-distance runners]]
[[Category:Indian athletics biography stubs]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]

Mandukya Upanishad

2025-10-07T13:53:04Z

Rudra2020: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Ancient Sanskrit scripture}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = Mandukya Upanisad verses 1-3, Atharvaveda, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg
| caption = ''Mandukya Upanisad'' verses 1 to 3 (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)
| name = Mandukya
| Devanagari = माण्डूक्य
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Māṇḍūkya
| type = [[Mukhya|Mukhya Upanishad]]
| Veda = [[Atharvaveda]]
| verses = 12
| commentary = [[Gaudapada]], [[Adi Shankara]], [[Madhvacharya]]
}}
{{Upanishads}}
The '''Mandukya Upanishad''' ({{langx|sa|माण्डूक्योपनिषद्}}, {{IAST3|Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad}}) is the shortest of all the [[Upanishads]], and is assigned to [[Atharvaveda]].<ref name=pauldeussenintro/> It is listed as number 6 in the [[Muktikā]] canon of 108 Upanishads.<ref name=muktika/>

It is in prose, consisting of twelve short verses, and is associated with a Rig Vedic school of scholars.<ref name=pauldeussenintro/> It discusses the syllable [[Aum]]; adds [[turiya]] to the three states of consciousness; and asserts that ''Aum'' is ''[[Brahman]]'' – which is the Whole – and that ''Brahman'' is this self (''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]]'').<ref name=pauldeussenfull>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814691}}, pages 605-637</ref><ref name=humefull>{{citation|first=Robert Ernest|last=Hume|url=https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n411/mode/2up |title=''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads''|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1921|pages=391–393}}</ref>

The Mandukya Upanishad is recommended in the Muktikā Upanishad, in a dialogue between two of the most important characters of the [[Ramayana]], Rama and Hanuman, as the one Upanishad that alone is sufficient for knowledge to gain [[moksha]], and as sixth in its list of ten principal Upanishads.<ref name=muktika>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814691}}, pages 556-557</ref> The text is also notable for inspiring [[Gaudapada#Mandukya Karika|Gaudapada's Mandukya Karika]] a classic for the [[Vedanta]] school of Hinduism.<ref name=muktika/> The Mandukya Upanishad is among the often cited texts on chronology and the philosophical relationship between Hinduism and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=284-286}}{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=97}}

==Etymology==
The root of ''Mandukya'' is sometimes considered as ''Manduka'' (Sanskrit: मण्डूक) which has several meanings. Some of its meanings include "frog", "a particular breed of horse", "the sole of horse's hoof", or, "Spiritual distress"<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche maNDUka] Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Lexicon, Germany</ref> Some writers<ref name="Sacred animals of india">{{cite book |title=Sacred animals of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3NU35nngxEC&q=meaning+of+mandukya+upanishad+frog&pg=PA144 |access-date=March 11, 2015|author= Nanditha Krishna |year=2010 |publisher= Penguin books|location=India |pages=144–145 |isbn = 9780143066194}}</ref> have suggested that "frog" is the etymological root for Mandukya Upanishad.

Another root for the Upanishad's name is ''Mānduka'' (Sanskrit: माण्डूक) which literally is "a Vedic school" or means "a teacher".<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche mANDUka] Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Lexicon, Germany</ref> [[Paul Deussen]] states the etymological roots of Mandukya Upanishad to be a "half lost school of [[Rigveda]]".<ref name=pauldeussenintro>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814691}}, pages 605-609</ref> This school may be related to the scholar named Hrasva Māṇḍūkeya, whose theory of semivowels is discussed in Aitareya Aranyaka of Rigveda.<ref>Charles W. Kreidler, Phonology: Critical Concepts, Volume 1, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415203456}}, page 9</ref>

Applying the rules of [[sandhi]], the text is also called ''Mandukyopanishad''.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|p=50}}

==Chronology and authorship==

===Chronology===
The chronology of Mandukya Upanishad, like that of other Upanishads, is uncertain and contested.<ref name=stephenphillips>Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231144858}}, Chapter 1</ref> The chronology is difficult to resolve because all opinions rest on scanty evidence, an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<ref name=stephenphillips/><ref name=olivelleintro>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195124354}}, Introduction Chapter</ref>

Several academics have dated the Mandukya Upanishad to the early centuries of the [[Common Era]]. The Japanese scholar of Vedic, Hindu and Buddhist scriptures, [[Hajime Nakamura]], dated the Mandukya Upanishad to "about the first or second centuries A.D."{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=286}} The scholar of South Asian religions, [[Richard E. King]] too dated the Mandukya Upanishad at the first two centuries of the Common Era.{{sfn|King|1995|p=52}} Indologist and Sanskrit scholar [[Patrick Olivelle]] states, "we have the two late prose Upanisads, the Prasna and the Mandukya, which cannot be much older than the beginning of the common era".{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=13}}

Mahony, (writing for the MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion) on the other hand, states that Mandukya Upanishad probably emerged in the late fifth and early fourth centuries BCE, along with [[Prashna Upanishad|Prashna]] and Maitri Upanishads.<ref>WK Mahony (1987), Upanishads, in Jones, Lindsay, MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion (2005), MacMillan, {{ISBN|978-0028659978}}, page 9483</ref> Phillips lists Mandukya Upanishad before and about the time the Shvetashvatara Upanishad, the Maitri Upanishad, as well as the first Buddhist Pali and Jaina canonical texts were composed.<ref name=stephenphillips/> [[Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade|R D Ranade]]<ref>RD Ranade, [https://archive.org/stream/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926#page/n47/mode/2up A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy], Chapter 1, pages 13-18</ref> posits a view similar to Phillips, placing Mandukya's chronological composition in the fifth, that is the last group of ancient Principal Upanishads.

===Authorship===
The text of the ''Mandukya Upanishad'' is fully incorporated in the ''[[Mandukya Karika]]'', a commentary attributed to the 6th century CE<ref>PT Raju (2009), The Philosophical Traditions of India, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-8120809833}}, page 177</ref> [[Gaudapada]], and is not known to exist independent of this commentary.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|p=50}} Isaeva states that some scholars, including Paul Deussen, presumed that Gaudapada may be its author; however, there is no historical or textual evidence for this hypothesis.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|p=50}} Scholars consider Mandukya Upanishad as a Principal Upanishad with more ancient origins.<ref name=stephenphillips/><ref name=olivelleintro/>

==Structure==
In contrast to the older Upanishads, the Mandukya Upanishad is very short, with clear and concise formulations.{{sfn|Rama|2007|p=3-4}}{{sfn|Nakamura|2004}} It has twelve short prose paragraphs.<ref name=humefull/>

==Contents==
The Mandukya Upanishad is an important Upanishad in Hinduism, particularly to its [[Advaita]] Vedanta school.{{sfn|King|1995|p=67}}<ref>K Singh (2001), Some Thoughts on Vedanta, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3, pages 100-108</ref> It succinctly presents several central doctrines, namely that "the universe is Brahman," "the Self (Atma) exists and is Brahman," and "the four states of consciousness".{{sfn|King|1995|p=67}}<ref>R. V. De Smet (1972), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397675 Early Trends in the Indian Understanding of Man], Philosophy East and West, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Jul., 1972), pages 259-268</ref><ref>Mark B. Woodhouse (1978), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27902516 Consciousness and Brahman-Atman], The Monist, Vol. 61, No. 1, Conceptions of the Self: East & West (JANUARY, 1978), pages 109-124</ref> The Mandukya Upanishad also presents several theories about the syllable Aum, and that it symbolizes self.{{sfn|King|1995|p=67}}<ref name=humefull/>

===''Aum'' in the Mandukya Upanishad===
[[Image:Aum Om navy blue circle coral.svg|thumb|right|160px|The Mandukya Upanishad is one of several Upanishads that discuss the meaning and significance of the syllable Aum (Om).]]
The Mandukya Upanishad opens by declaring, "Aum!, this syllable is this whole world". Thereafter it presents various explanations and theories on what it means and signifies.<ref name=humefull/> This discussion is built on a structure of "four fourths" or "fourfold", derived from ''A'' + ''U'' + ''M'' + "silence" (or without an element<ref>Verse 12 of Mandukya Upanishad; see Robert Hume's The Thirteen Principal Upanishad, page 393</ref>).<ref name=pauldeussenfull/><ref name=humefull/>

'''Aum as all states of time'''

In verse 1, the Upanishad states that time is threefold: the past, the present and the future, that these three are "Aum". The four fourth of time is that which transcends time, that too is "Aum" expressed.<ref name=humefull/>

'''Aum as all states of Atman'''

In verse 2, states the Upanishad, "this ''brahman'' is the Whole. ''Brahman'' is this self (''ātman''); that [''brahman''] is this self (''ātman''), consisting of four corners."{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=289}}<ref name=pauldeussenfull/>

'''Aum as all states of consciousness'''

In verses 3 to 6, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates four states of consciousness: wakeful, dream, deep sleep and the state of ''{{Transliteration|sa|ekatma}}'' (being one with Self, the oneness of Self).<ref name=humefull/> These four are ''A'' + ''U'' + ''M'' + "without an element" respectively.<ref name=humefull/>

'''Aum as all of etymological knowledge'''

In verses 9 to 12, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates fourfold etymological roots of the syllable "Aum". It states that the first element of "Aum" is ''A'', which is from ''Apti'' (obtaining, reaching) or from ''Adimatva'' (being first).<ref name=pauldeussenfull/> The second element is ''U'', which is from ''Utkarsa'' (exaltation) or from ''Ubhayatva'' (intermediateness).<ref name=humefull/> The third element is ''M'', from ''Miti'' (erecting, constructing) or from ''Mi Minati, or apīti'' (annihilation).<ref name=pauldeussenfull/> The fourth is without an element, without development, beyond the expanse of universe. In this way, states the Upanishad, the syllable Aum is the Atman (the self) indeed.<ref name=pauldeussenfull/><ref name=humefull/>

===Three states of consciousness and the fourth===
{{See also|Three bodies doctrine}}

The Mandukya Upanishad describes three states of consciousness, namely [[vaishvanara|waking (jågrat)]], dreaming (svapna), and deep sleep (suṣupti),<ref group=web>[http://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/Sleep-as-a-State-of-Consciousness-in-Advaita-Vedanta.pdf Arvind Sharma, ''Sleep as a State of Consciousness in Advaita Vedånta''. State University of New York Press]</ref><ref group=web name=Om>[http://www.advaita.org.uk/discourses/downloads/om.pdf advaita.org.uk, ''Om'' – three states and one reality (An interpretation of the Mandukya Upanishad)]</ref> and 'the fourth', beyond and underlying these three states:
# The first state is the waking state, in which we are aware of our daily world. "It is described as outward-knowing (bahish-prajnya), gross (sthula) and universal (vaishvanara)".<ref group=web name=Om /> This is the gross body.
# The second state is the dreaming mind. "It is described as inward-knowing (antah-prajnya), subtle (pravivikta) and burning (taijasa)".<ref group=web name=Om /> This is the [[subtle body]].
# The third state is the state of deep sleep. In this state the underlying ground of consciousness is undistracted, "the Lord of all (sarv'-eshvara), the knower of all (sarva-jnya), the inner controller (antar-yami), the source of all (yonih sarvasya), the origin and dissolution of created things (prabhav'-apyayau hi bhutanam)".<ref group=web name=Om /> This is the [[causal body]].
# [[Turiya]], "the fourth," is the background that underlies and transcends the three common states of consciousness.<ref group=web name=rm>[http://bhagavan-ramana.org/ramana_maharshi/books/tw/tw617.html {{cite book|author=Ramana Maharshi|title=States of Consciousness}}]</ref><ref group=web name=sc1>[http://www.yogaofsrichinmoy.com/yoga/summits_of_god-life {{cite book|author=Sri Chinmoy|title=Summits of God-Life}}]</ref> In this consciousness both absolute and relative, [[saguna brahman]] and [[Nirguna Brahman]], are transcended.{{sfn|Sarma|1996|p=137}} It is the true state of experience of the infinite (''ananta'') and non-different (''advaita/abheda''), free from the dualistic experience which results from the attempts to conceptualise ( ''vikalpa'') reality.{{sfn|King|1995|p=300 note 140}} It is the state in which [[ajativada]], non-origination, is apprehended.{{sfn|King|1995|p=300 note 140}}

According to Raju, the idea of four states of Atman as awake, dream-filled sleep, deep sleep, and the "original pure state" is "anticipated in chapters 8.7 through 8.12 of [[Chandogya Upanishad]].<ref name=ptrajuchandogya>PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0887061394}}, pages 30, 32-33; '''Quote''': "We can see that this story [in Chandogya Upanishad] is an anticipation of the Mandukya doctrine, (...)"</ref><ref>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n289/mode/2up Chandogya Upanishad - Eighth Prathapaka, Seventh through Twelfth Khanda], Oxford University Press, pages 268-273</ref>

===Theory and nature of Atman===
{{See also|Self-luminous awareness}}

The verses 3 through 7 discuss four states of Atman (Self).<ref name=pauldeussenfull/><ref name=humefull/>

Verse 3 of the Upanishad describes the first state of Self as outwardly cognitive with seven limbs,<ref>Sankara's Bhasya refers to Chandogya Upanishad's verse 5.18.2 for the list of seven</ref> nineteen mouths,<ref>Sankara's Bhasya states that these nineteen mouths of a human being are what interact with the empirical universe: five senses - seeing, hearing, touch, taste and smell; five organs of action - speech, hand, locomotion, sexual activity and excretion; five vital types of breath; the manas (mind), the buddhi (intellect, power to reason), the ahamkara (ego) and the citta (consciousness).</ref> enjoying the gross,<ref>this is everything in the perceived empirical universe</ref> a state of Self common in all of human beings.<ref name=pauldeussenfull/><ref name=humefull/>

The Mandukya Upanishad, in verse 4, asserts the second state of Self as inwardly cognitive with seven limbs, nineteen mouths, enjoying the exquisite, a state of brilliant Self.<ref name=pauldeussenfull/><ref name=humefull/>

The Upanishad's verse 5 states the third state of Self as one without desire or anticipations, where pure conscience is his only mouth, where he is in unified cognition, enjoying the delight, a state of blissful Self.<ref name=pauldeussenfull/><ref name=humefull/>

The verses 6 and 7 of the Upanishad states the fourth state of Self as one beyond all the three, beyond extrospective state, beyond introspective state, beyond cognitive state, the state of ''ekatmya pratyaya sara'' (one with the Self), tranquil, benign, ''advaita'' (without second). He then is the Self, just Atman, the one which should be discerned.<ref name=pauldeussenfull/><ref name=humefull/>

Johnston summarizes these four states of Self, respectively, as seeking the physical, seeking inner thought, seeking the causes and spiritual consciousness, and the fourth state is realizing oneness with the Self, the Eternal.<ref name=johnston/>

==Similarities and differences with Buddhist teachings==
Scholars contest whether Mandukya Upanishad was influenced by Buddhist theories along with the similarities and differences between Buddhism and Hinduism in light of the text. According to [[Hajime Nakamura]], the ''Mandukya Upanishad'' was influenced by [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]] and its concept of [[śūnyatā]].{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=284-286}} Nakamura states, "many particular Buddhist terms or uniquely Buddhist modes of expression may be found in it",{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=284}}{{refn|group=note|Nakamura:
:* "As was pointed out in detail in the section titled Interpretation, many particular Buddhist terms or uniquely Buddhist modes of expression may be found in it."{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=284}}
:* "From the fact that many Buddhist terms are found in its explanation, it is clear that this view was established under the influence of the Mahayana Buddhist concept of Void."{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=285}}
:* "Although Buddhistic influence can be seen in the Maitri-Upanishad, the particular terms and modes of expression of Mahayana Buddhism do not yet appear, whereas the influence of the Mahayana concept of Void can clearly be recognized in the Mandukya-Upanisad."{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=285}}
:* "Although Mahayana Buddhism strongly influenced this Upanisad, neither the mode of exposition of the Madhyamika school nor the characteristic terminology of the Vijnanavada school appears."{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=286}}}} such as ''adrsta'', ''avyavaharya'', ''agrahya'', ''{{Transliteration|sa|alaksana}}'', ''acintya'', ''prapancopasama''.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=215-218}} According to Randall Collins the Mandukya Upanishad "includes phrases found in the Prajnaparamitrasutras of Mahayana Buddhism."{{sfn|Collins|2009|p=963, note 17}}

According to Michael Comans, Vidushekhara also notes that the term ''prapañcopaśama'' does not appear in pre-Buddhist Brahmanic works, but in contrast to Nakamura he does not conclude that the term was taken over from Mahayana Buddhism.{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=97}} According to Comans, eventual Mahayana origins of this term are no more than a possibility, and not a certainty.{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=97}}

Comans also disagrees with Nakamura's thesis that "the fourth realm (''caturtha'') was perhaps influenced by the ''Sunyata'' of Mahayana Buddhism."{{refn|group=note|Nakamura, as cited in Comans 2000 p.98.{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=98}}}} According to Comans,
{{blockquote|It is impossible to see how the unequivocal teaching of a permanent, underlying reality, which is explicitly called the "Self", could show early Mahayana influence.{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=98}}}}

Comans further refers to Nakamura himself, who notes that later Mahayana sutras such as the ''[[Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra]]'' and the concept of [[Buddha-nature]], were influenced by Vedantic thought.{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=98}} Comans concludes that
{{blockquote|[T]here can be no suggestion that the teaching about the underlying Self as contained in the ''Mandukya'' contains shows any trace of Buddhist thought, as this teaching can be traced to the pre-Buddhist [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|''Brhadaranyaka'' Upanishad]].{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=98}}}}

Jacobs lists ''adrsta'' and other terms in more ancient, pre-Buddhist literature such as the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.<ref>GA Jacobs, [https://archive.org/stream/UpanishadVakyaKosha-AConcordanceOfThePrincipalUpanishadsAndBhagavad/UpanishadVakyaKoshaSktEng#page/n37/mode/2up A Concordance of the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita], Upanishad Vakya Kosha, Motilal Banarsidass, see pages 31-32 for ''adrsta'', page 128 for ''avyavaharya'', pages 13-14 for ''agrahya'', etc.</ref>

Isaeva states that there are differences in the teachings in the texts of Buddhism and the Mandukya Upanishad of Hinduism, because the latter asserts that ''citta'' "consciousness" is identical with the eternal and immutable atman "Self" of the Upanishads.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|p=54}} In other words, Mandukya Upanishad and Gaudapada affirm the Self exists, while Buddhist schools affirm that there is no soul or self.<ref name=humefull/><ref>KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, {{ISBN|978-8120806191}}, pages 246-249, from note 385 onwards; Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791422175}}, page 64; Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of [[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]] is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; Edward Roer (Translator), {{Google books|3uwDAAAAMAAJ|Shankara's Introduction|page=2}}, pages 2-4 Katie Javanaud (2013), [https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?], Philosophy Now</ref><ref>John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120801585}}, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".</ref>

==Reception==

===Muktika Upanishad===
''Rama'' and ''Hanuman'' of the Hindu Epic [[Ramayana]], in [[Muktikā|Muktika Upanishad]], discuss [[moksha]] (freedom, liberation, deliverance). ''Rama'', therein, recommends Mandukya as first among 108 Upanishads, as follows,<ref name=muktika/>
{{Blockquote|
<poem>
The Mandukya alone is sufficient
for the deliverance of the aspirant,
if even then, the knowledge lacks,
then read the ten Upanishads.

He attains the goal
if he reads the thirty two Upanishads,
if you just wish deliverance, while death is near,
read, then, the hundred and eight Upanishads.
</poem>
|Muktika Upanishad I.i.26-29, Translated by Paul Deussen<ref name=muktika/>}}

===Classical commentators===

====Gaudapada====
{{Further|Gaudapada#Mandukya Karika}}

The oldest known extant metrical commentary on this Upanishad was written by [[Gaudapada]], This commentary, called the ''Māndūkya-kārikā'', is the earliest known systematic exposition of [[Advaita Vedanta]].

Raju states that Gaudapada took over the Buddhist doctrines that [[Yogacara#Representation-only|ultimate reality is pure consciousness (''vijñapti-mātra'')]],{{sfn|Raju|1992|p=177}}{{refn|group=note|It is often used interchangeably with the term ''citta-mātra'', but they have different meanings. The standard translation of both terms is "consciousness-only" or "mind-only." Several modern researchers object this translation, and the accompanying label of "absolute idealism" or "idealistic monism".{{sfn|Kochumuttom|1999|p=1}} A better translation for ''vijñapti-mātra'' is ''representation-only''.{{sfn|Kochumuttom|1999|p=5}}}} and "the four-cornered negation" (चतुष्कोटि विनिर्मुक्तः).{{sfn|Raju|1992|p=177}}{{refn|group=note|1. Something is. 2. It is not. 3. It both is and is not. 4. It neither is nor is not.<ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hiartx.com/nagarjunapyrrho.htm |title=Anthony Peter Iannini (2001), ''Nāgārjuna's Emptiness and Pyrrho's Skepticism'' |access-date=2014-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011052/http://www.hiartx.com/nagarjunapyrrho.htm |archive-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Garfield|Priest|2003}}}} Raju further states that Gaudapada "weaved [both doctrines] into a philosophy of the ''Mandukaya Upanisad'', which was further developed by Shankara".{{sfn|Raju|1992|p=177-178}}{{refn|group=note|The influence of [[Mahayana Buddhism]] on other religions and philosophies was not limited to Vedanta. Kalupahana notes that the [[Visuddhimagga]] in Theravada Buddhism tradition contains "some metaphysical speculations, such as those of the Sarvastivadins, the Sautrantikas, and even the [[Yogacara|Yogacarins]]".{{sfn|Kalupahana|1994|p=206}}}} Other scholars such as Murti state, that while there is shared terminology, the doctrines of Gaudapada and Buddhism are fundamentally different.<ref name=trvmurti114/>{{refn|group=note|Gaudapada's doctrines are unlike Buddhism, states Murti. Gaudapada's influential Vedanta text consists of four chapters; Chapter One, Two and Three of which are entirely Vedantin and founded on the Upanishads, with little Buddhist flavor.<ref name=trvmurti114>TRV Murti (1955), The central philosophy of Buddhism, Routledge (2008 Reprint), {{ISBN|978-0-415-46118-4}}, pages 114-115</ref> Chapter Four uses Buddhist terminology and incorporates Buddhist doctrines, state both Murti and Richard King, but Vedanta scholars who followed Gaudapada through the 17th century never referenced nor used Chapter Four, they only quote from the first three.<ref name=trvmurti114/><ref name=iepgauda>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/gauḍapad/ Gaudapada], Devanathan Jagannathan, University of Toronto, IEP</ref>}}

====Adi Shankara====
[[Adi Shankara]], a disciple of [[Govinda Bhagavatpada]] who himself was either a direct or a distant disciple of [[Gaudapada]],{{Sfn|Comans|2000|p=2, 163}} further made commentaries on Gaudapada Mandukya karika. Mandukya Upanishad forms one of the basis of [[Advaita Vedanta]] as expounded by Adi Shankara.<ref name="Shankara">{{cite book |last=Izzo |first=David Garrett |title=The Influence of Mysticism on 20th Century British and American Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LScTBQAAQBAJ&q=shankaracharya+on+mandukya+upanishad&pg=PA18 |access-date=March 16, 2015 |publisher=McFarland|date=2009|isbn=9780786441068|page=18 }}</ref>

====Madhvacharya====
Madhvacharya, the propounder of [[Dvaita]] Vedanta, wrote commentaries on Mandukya Upanishad. He presents a [[Theology|theistic]] and emotional perspective on the scripture, attributing his insights to [[Śruti]]. His commentary emphasizes [[bhakti yoga]] and uses [[Vishnu]] and his attributes as similes to elucidate the verses of the Mandukya Upanishad.<ref name="Madhvacharya">{{cite book |last1=D. Sonde |first1=Nagesh |pages=1–5 |title=Sri Madhva Mandukya Upanishad |url=http://nageshsonde.com/images/Sri_Madhva_Mandukya_Upanishad.pdf |access-date=March 3, 2015|location=India }}</ref>

===Modern commentators===
[[Swami Rama]] has provided an interpretation of this Upanishad from the experiential standpoint in his commentary ''Enlightenment without God''.<ref>Swami Rama (9182), ''Enlightenment without God''. Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy of the USA</ref>

[[Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade]] calls the aphoristic style of Mandukya Upanishad as highly influential on the ''Sutras'' of Indian philosophies that followed it, and that the Upanishad has served as a foundational text of the major [[Vedanta]] school of Hinduism. He states,<ref name=ranadevedanta>RD Ranade, [https://archive.org/stream/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926#page/n69/mode/2up A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy], Chapter 1, pages 35-36</ref>
{{Blockquote|
We are told [in Mandukya Upanishad] how, "the syllable Om is verily all that exists. Under it is included all the past, the present and the future, as well as that which transcends time. Verily all this is Brahman. The Atman is Brahman. This Atman is four-footed. The first foot is the Vaisvanara, who enjoys gross things, in the state of wakefulness. The second foot is the Taijasa, who enjoys exquisite things in the state of dream. The third is the Prajna who enjoys bliss in the state of deep sleep. The fourth is Atman, who is alone without a second, calm, holy and tranquil". This passage has been verily the basis upon which all the later systems of [[Vedanta|Vedantic philosophy]] have come to be built.
|RD Ranade<ref name=ranadevedanta/>}}

Ranade's views on the importance of Mandukya Upanishad and Gaudapada's commentary on Vedanta school, particularly Advaita Vedanta sub-school of Hinduism, is shared by modern era scholars such as Hacker, Vetter and others.<ref>W Halbfass (1991), Tradition and Reflection - Explorations in Indian Thought, State University of New York, {{ISBN|0-791403629}}, pages 139-141, 169-182</ref>

Johnston states that Mandukya Upanishad must be read in two layers, consciousness and vehicles of consciousness, Self and nature of Self, the empirical and the eternal.<ref name=johnston>Charles Johnston, [http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Mandukya%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf The Measures of the Eternal - Mandukya Upanishad] Theosophical Quarterly, October, 1923, pages 158-162</ref> The text aphoristically condenses these layers of message, both in literal and metaphorical sense.

[[W. B. Yeats|William Butler Yeats]], the Irish poet, was inspired by the Upanishads and Mandukya Upanishad was among the texts he commented on.<ref>Enoch Brater (1975), W. B. Yeats: The Poet as Critic, ''Journal of Modern Literature,'' Vol. 4, No. 3, Special Yeats Number, pages 651-676</ref><ref>Bruce Wilson (1982), "From Mirror after Mirror: Yeats and Eastern Thought," ''Comparative Literature,'' Vol. 34, No. 1, pages 28-46</ref>

David Stoll's 1987 Piano Quartet is inspired by three Upanishads, one being Mandukya Upanishad, other two being Katha and Isha Upanishads.<ref>Guy Rickards (2002), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/946530 David Stoll Record Reviews], Tempo New Series, Cambridge University Press, No. 222, page 53 column 1</ref>

==See also==

{{div col|small=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Gaudapada]]
* [[Adi Shankara]]
* [[Advaita]]
* [[Shri Gaudapadacharya Mutt]]
* [[Govinda Bhagavatpada]]
{{div col end}}


==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==

===Published sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Collins | first =Randall | year =2009 | title =The Sociology of Philosophies | publisher =Harvard University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Comans | first =Michael | year =2000 | title =The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ.}}
* {{Citation |last1=Garfield |first1=Jay L. |last2=Priest |first2=Graham |title=Nagarjuna and the Limits of Thought |journal=Philosophy East & West |volume=53 |issue=1 |date=January 2003 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1353/pew.2003.0004 |hdl=11343/25880 |s2cid=16724176 |url=http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/NagarjunaTheLimitsOfThought.pdf}}
* {{Citation | last =Isaeva | first =N.V. | year =1993 | title =Shankara and Indian Philosophy | publisher =SUNY Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Kalupahana | first =David J. | year =1994 | title =A history of Buddhist philosophy | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited}}
* {{Citation | last =King | first =Richard | year =1995 | title =Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: The Mahāyāna Context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā | publisher =SUNY Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Kochumuttom | first =Thomas A. | year =1999 | title =A buddhist Doctrine of Experience. A New Translation and Interpretation of the Works of Vasubandhu the Yogacarin | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation | last =Mahony | first =William K. | year =1987 | chapter =Upanisads | editor-last =Jones | editor-first =Lindsay | title =MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion (2005) | publisher =MacMillan}}
* {{Citation | last =Nakamura | first =Hajime | year =2004 | title =A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy, Part 2 | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ.}}
* {{Citation | last =Olivelle | first =Patrick | year =1998 | title =The Early Upanishads | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Raju | first =P.T. | year =1992 | title =The Philosophical Traditions of India | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited}}
* {{Citation | last =Sarma | first =Chandradhar | year =1996 | title =The Advaita Tradition in Indian Philosophy | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation | last =Rama | first =Swami | year =1982 | title =Enlightenment Without God | place =Honesdale, Pennsylvania, USA| publisher =The Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy}}
* {{Citation | last =Rama | first =Swami | year =2007| title =OM the Eternal Witness: Secrets of the Mandukya Upanishad | location =India| edition =Prakash Keshaviah PHD | publisher =Himalaya Institute hospital trust | isbn =978-81-88157-43-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vXFcUYWgxsC&q=mandukya+upanishad | access-date =March 11, 2015}}
* {{Citation | last =Mishra | first =Dr. Suryamani| year =2016 | title =Ishadi Nau Upnishad - Hindi Translated | publisher =Chintan Prakashan |url=http://www.chintanprakashan.com/ishadi-nau-upnishad-hindi-rupantar | isbn = 978-93-85804-16-8 }}
{{refend}}

===Web-sources===
{{reflist|group=web}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation | last =Dvivedi | first =Manilal N. | year =2003 | title =The Mandukyopanishad: With Gaudapada's Karikas and the Bhashya of Sankara | publisher =Jain Publishing Company}}
*Eight Upanishads. Vol.2. With the commentary of Sankaracharya, Tr. By Swami Gambhirananda. Advaita Ashrama, Calcutta, 1990.
*V. Krishnamurthy. Essentials of Hinduism. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 1989
*Swami Rama. Enlightenment Without God [commentary on Mandukya Upanishad]. Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy, 1982.
*[[Sri Aurobindo]], ''The Upanishads'' [http://www.sriaurobindoashram.info/Contents.aspx?ParentCategoryName=_StaticContent/SriAurobindoAshram/-09%20E-Library/-01%20Works%20of%20Sri%20Aurobindo/-12_The%20Upanishad_Volume-12]. [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]], [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. 1972.

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|sa|माण्डुक्योपनिषद्|Mandukya Upanishad (Sanskrit)}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mandukya-upanishad-karika-bhashya The Mandukya Upanishad/Karika, Shankara’s Commentary and Anandagiri’s Tika] Translated by Swami Nikhilananda, online ebook
* [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n411/mode/2up Mandukya Upanishad] Robert Hume (Translator), Oxford University Press
* [http://www.universaltheosophy.com/legacy/movements/ancient-east/vedic-india/mandukya-upanishad/ Multiple translations (Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Dvivedi, Panoli)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/upanishads/mandukya_upanishad.php Mandukya Upanishad with Gaudapada Karika]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGKFTUuJppU Part 1 of a Vedanta class by Swami Sarvapriyananda on the Mandukya Upanishad]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0dugc4TrlE Part 2 of a Vedanta class by Swami Sarvapriyananda on the Mandukya Upanishad]
* [https://archive.org/details/MandukyaUpanihadBook Tamil translation]

;Recitation
* [http://gaana.com/#!/albums/maandookya-upanishad Mandukya Upanishad recitation by Pt. Ganesh Vidyalankar]
* [http://sfvedanta.org/class-audio/mandukya-upanisad/ Downloadable Audio of 44 Classes on Mandukya Upanishad and Gaudapada Karika] by Swami Tattwamayananda
'''Resources'''
* [http://vedantahub.org/mandukya-upanishad/ Video/Audio classes, Reference texts, Discussions and other Study material on Mandukya Upanishad at Vedanta Hub]

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Mukhya Upanishads}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]

Riga–Tali Assembly constituency

2025-10-03T10:19:47Z

Rudra2020: Added new bio

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Riga-Tali
| type= SLA
| state = Arunachal Pradesh
| established = 1978
| abolished = 1984<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|format=pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 10,259
| mla = Boa Tamo
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Riga-Tali''' or '''Raga-Tali''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Nido Techi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=2 | Boa Tamo || {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Riga-Tali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Boa Tamo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,762 |percentage=25.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mem Kabak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,686 |percentage=24.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nido Techi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,510 |percentage=21.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tagrue Tanang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,053 |percentage=15.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sorom Tatup |party=Independent politician |votes=523 |percentage=7.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yora Tanang |party=Janata Party |votes=364 |percentage=5.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=76 |percentage=1.10% |change= {{decrease}}39.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,898 |percentage=73.01% |change= {{increase}}15.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,259 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= {{decrease}}36.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Riga-Tali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Boa Tamo |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=2,983 |percentage=61.57% |change={{increase}}16.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kabak Mem |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,015 |percentage=20.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rigic Tada |party=Independent politician |votes=799 |percentage=16.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nido Techi |party=Independent politician |votes=48 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,968 |percentage=40.62% |change= {{increase}}30.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,845 |percentage=56.28% |change= {{decrease}}22.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,304 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Riga-Tali<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nido Techi |party=Janata Party |votes=3,539 |percentage=55.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Boa Tamo |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=2,896 |percentage=45.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=643 |percentage=9.99% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,435 |percentage=76.93% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,662 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Indian Sudoku Championship

2025-09-10T05:05:16Z

Rudra2020: put up the details v1

{{Short description|Annual national Sudoku contest}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
The '''Indian Sudoku Championship''' (commonly abbreviated as 'ISC') is an annual national contest held in India to crown the Indian Sudoku Champion and to select the national team for the Asian Sudoku Championship and [[World Sudoku Championship]]. It usually consists of multiple rounds of solving various classic [[sudoku]] and its variants, and the scores of players are aggregated for the final rankings. It is conducted by [[Logic Masters India]]<ref>[http://logicmastersindia.com/home/ Logic Masters India - Home]</ref> (commonly abbreviated as 'LMI'), which is the Indian affiliate of the [[World Puzzle Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = The World Puzzle Federation {{!}} WPF|url = http://www.worldpuzzle.org/|website = www.worldpuzzle.org|accessdate = 2015-11-17}}</ref>

Of the 15 national championships held so far, 9 have been won by [[Rohan Rao]], 3 by Ritesh Gupta, 2 by Rishi Puri and 1 by Prasanna Seshadri. The latest ISC<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thread - Indian Sudoku Championship 2021 - 12th December |url=https://logicmastersindia.com/forum/forums/thread-view.asp?tid=2948&start=1 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=logicmastersindia.com}}</ref> was held on 12 December 2021 and was won by 9-time champion Rohan Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thread - Indian Sudoku Championship 2021 - 12th December |url=https://logicmastersindia.com/forum/forums/thread-view.asp?pid=30135 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=logicmastersindia.com}}</ref>

The national teams have been representing India at the World Sudoku Championship since 2007.

The qualifications for ISC 2022 is being held as a series of 4 online rounds in collaboration with Sudoku Mahabharat<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudoku Mahabharat 2022 at Logic Masters India |url=https://logicmastersindia.com/SM/2022sm.asp |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=logicmastersindia.com}}</ref> on LMI, followed by an offline finals.

==History==
The Indian Sudoku Championship has been held offline and online across the years and attracts the top solvers of India. It is a platform for sudoku authors to create their own sudokus for the event, as well as for sudoku enthusiasts to participate and solve them in a national championship involving various sudoku variants.

Since 2016, several online rounds were held across the year followed by an offline finals (except for 2020 and 2021 which were online due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]]).

In 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2009, the championship was held as an online contest.

In 2012, the championship was held in collaboration with Times Sudoku Championship<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Su-doku-Championship-Indias-Fantastic-4-now-set-sights-on-Croatia/articleshow/15133593.cms|title=Su-doku Championship: India’s Fantastic 4 now set sights on Croatia - The Times of India|website=The Times of India|accessdate=2015-11-16}}</ref> (TSC), sponsored by Times of India.

In 2011, 2007 and 2008, regional rounds were held across the major Indian cities followed by an offline finals.

In 2010, the championship was held as part of Techfest, IIT-Bombay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Sudoku Championship 2010|url=http://www.cseblog.com/2010/01/indian-sudoku-championship-2010.html|access-date=2020-12-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Sudoku Championship 2010 at Logic Masters India|url=https://logicmastersindia.com/lmitests/?test=ISC2010|access-date=2020-12-14|website=logicmastersindia.com}}</ref>

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2" width="45" | Year
!rowspan="2" width="150" | Finals Location
!colspan="3" width="480" | '''Winners'''
!rowspan="2" width="360" align=center width="480" | '''Core Organizers'''
|-
!style="background:gold;" width="160" | Gold
!style="background:silver;" width="160" | Silver
!style="background:#cc9966;" width="160" | Bronze
|-
| 2021 || Online || Rohan Rao || Prasanna Seshadri || Kishore Kumar || Rakesh Rai, Akash Doulani, Priyam Bhushan, R Kumaresan
|-
| 2020 || Online || Rohan Rao || Prasanna Seshadri || Rishi Puri || Rakesh Rai, Akash Doulani, Priyam Bhushan, R Kumaresan
|-
| 2019 || Kolkata || Rohan Rao || Kishore Kumar || Prasanna Seshadri || Rakesh Rai, Akash Doulani, Ashish Kumar, Sumit Bothra
|-
| 2018 || Mumbai || Rohan Rao || Prasanna Seshadri || Pranav Kamesh || Ramesh Swarnakar, Purvi Shah
|-
| 2017 || Chennai || Rohan Rao || Kishore Kumar || Rishi Puri || Prasanna Seshadri, Rakesh Rai
|-
| 2016 || Chennai || Rohan Rao || Rakesh Rai ||Kishore Kumar ||Deb Mohanty, Prasanna Seshadri
|-
| 2015 || Online || Rishi Puri || Prasanna Seshadri || Rohan Rao || Deb Mohanty
|-
| 2014 || Online || Rishi Puri || Rohan Rao || Gaurav Korde || Deb Mohanty, Prasanna Seshadri
|-
| 2013 || Online || Prasanna Seshadri || Rohan Rao || Rishi Puri || Deb Mohanty
|-
| 2012 || Mumbai || Rohan Rao || Sumit Bothra || Gaurav Korde || Deb Mohanty, Amit Sowani
|-
| 2011 || Bengaluru || Rohan Rao || Ritesh Gupta || Sumit Bothra || Deb Mohanty, Amit Sowani
|-
| 2010 || Mumbai || Rohan Rao || Rishi Puri || Gaurav Korde || Deb Mohanty, Amit Sowani
|-
| 2009 || Online || Ritesh Gupta || Gaurav Korde || Himanshu Mittal || Deb Mohanty, Amit Sowani
|-
| 2008 || Bengaluru || Ritesh Gupta || Sumit Bothra || Himani Shah || Hendrik Hardeman, Deb Mohanty, Amit Sowani
|-
| 2007 || Mumbai || Ritesh Gupta || Sumit Bothra || Rajesh Kumar || Hendrik Hardeman
|}

== Records ==
There have been many interesting finals where top players had a close finish to determine the winner, but the best record is that of Rohan Rao, who has finished on the podium 12 times out of the 14 finals he competed in.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="150" | Name
!style="background:gold;" width="50" | Gold
!style="background:silver;" width="50" | Silver
!style="background:#cc9966;" width="50" | Bronze
!width="50" | Total
!width="50" | #Finals
|-
| Rohan Rao ||'''9'''|| 2 || 1 ||'''12'''
|'''14'''
|-
| Ritesh Gupta || 3 || 1 || 0 || 4
|7
|-
| Rishi Puri || 2 || 1 || '''3'''|| 6
|10
|-
| Prasanna Seshadri || 1 || '''4'''|| 1 || 6
|7
|-
| Sumit Bothra || 0 ||3|| 1 || 4
|7
|-
| Kishore Kumar || 0 || 2 || 2 || 4
|9
|-
| Gaurav Korde || 0 || 1 ||'''3'''|| 4
|8
|-
| Rakesh Rai || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|6
|-
| Pranav Kamesh || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|4
|-
| Himanshu Mittal || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|4
|-
| Himani Shah || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|5
|-
| Rajesh Kumar || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|13
|}

== See also ==
* [[Times Sudoku Championship (India)]]
* [[Asian Sudoku Championship]]
* [[World Sudoku Championship]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://logicmastersindia.com/forum/forums/thread-view.asp?pid=30135 Results of Indian Sudoku Championship 2021]
* [https://logicmastersindia.com/forum/forums/thread-view.asp?pid=28603 Results of Indian Sudoku Championship 2020]
* [http://logicmastersindia.com/forum/forums/thread-view.asp?pid=27171 Results of Indian Sudoku Championship 2019]
* [http://logicmastersindia.com/forum/forums/thread-view.asp?pid=25435 Results of Indian Sudoku Championship 2018]
* [http://logicmastersindia.com/2017/ISC/ Results of Indian Sudoku Championship 2017]
* [http://logicmastersindia.com/SM/2015-16sm.asp Results of Indian Sudoku Championship 2016]
* [http://logicmastersindia.com/lmitests/?test=ISC2015 Results of Indian Sudoku Championship 2015]
* [http://logicmastersindia.com/lmitests/?test=ISC2014 Results of Indian Sudoku Championship 2014]
* [http://logicmastersindia.com/lmitests/?test=ISC2013 Results of Indian Sudoku Championship 2013]
* [http://logicmastersindia.com/lmitests/?test=TSC2012 Results of Indian Sudoku Championship 2012]
* [http://logicmastersindia.com/lmitests/default.asp?test=isc2011 Results of Indian Sudoku Championship 2011]
* [http://logicmastersindia.com/lmitests/?test=ISC2010 Results of Indian Sudoku Championship 2010]
* [http://logicmastersindia.com/lmitests/?test=ISC2009 Results of Indian Sudoku Championship 2009]

[[Category:Sudoku competitions]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:National championships in India|Sudoku]]

Changampuzha Park

2025-09-03T01:40:30Z

Rudra2020: content update

{{short description|Urban park in Kochi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Changampuzha Park
| photo = Sea_Hawk_Plane_Changampuzha_Park_Edappilly.JPG
| photo_width =
| photo_caption = The Sea Hawk IN-172 fighter aircraft displayed at the park
| map = India Kochi
| map_caption = Location within Kochi
| label =
| type = [[Urban park]]
| location = [[Edapally]], [[Kochi]], [[India]]
| nearest_city =
| coords = {{Coord|10.0164771|76.2998402|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|2|acre|km2}}
| established = 1977
| manager =
| visitation_num =
| status =
| designation =
| open =
| website = [http://changampuzhapark.com Changampuzha Park]
}}
'''Changampuzha Park''' is a recreational park and a venue for various cultural activities in the city of [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Established in 1977, the park is situated at [[Edapally]], the birthplace of the great poet [[Changampuzha Krishna Pillai]], on the side of the National Highway leading to [[Aluva]]. The park is popular among children, elderly persons and others. It serves as a venue for several art and cultural programmes of importance.<ref name=cpark1>
{{cite web |
title = Kochi - Profile |
url = http://hello-cochin.com/profile.htm |
accessdate = 20 Sep 2008 |
url-status = dead|
archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080916131924/http://www.hello-cochin.com/profile.htm |
archivedate = 2008-09-16 }}
</ref> The park is maintained by [[Greater Cochin Development Authority]], and houses the Changampuzha Samskarika Kendram (Changampuzha Cultural Society).<ref name=csk>
{{cite web |
title = Changampuzha Samskarika Kendram Profile |
url = http://www.cskkerala.com/index1.html |
accessdate = 20 Sep 2008 |
url-status = dead|
archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080209123227/http://www.cskkerala.com/index1.html |
archivedate = 2008-02-09 }}</ref> The park serves as a live monument to the evergreen romantic Malayalam poet, [[Changampuzha Krishna Pillai]]<ref name=changampuzha>
{{cite web |
title = Personalities of Kochi |
url = http://www.corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=4&val=2 |
accessdate = 20 Sep 2008 |
url-status = dead|
archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081225162816/http://www.corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=4&val=2 |
archivedate = 2008-12-25 }}</ref> and houses a statue of the great poet.

==History==

The [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for the Changampuzha Memorial Art centre was laid by the then Chief Minister of Kerala, [[C. Achutha Menon]]. However, until the formation of the Changampuzha Samskarika Kendram,<ref name=cskkerala>
{{cite web |
title = CSK Kerala | url = http://www.cskkerala.com |
accessdate = 20 Sep 2008 }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
</ref> the park was often home to anti-social elements of the city. However, with the establishment of CSK, things started to change.<ref name=cpark3>
{{cite news | title = Kochi's own Hyde Park | url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/kochis-own-hyde-park/article3191664.ece | date=29 April 2006 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate = 22 July 2018 }}</ref> In 2001-2002, the Executive Committee of the Kendram decided to conduct a workshop of veterans in the fields of various channels of art worldwide and present with their participation manifold cultural programmes in the Park, extending over an uninterrupted period of three weeks. This multi dimensional exercise named "Viswa Kala Sangamam". This was an astounding success, and the organization started to conduct events on a regular basis. The significant events held over the years are documented on its web site [http://www.changampuzhapark.com].

==Details==

The Park has a platform which measures 40 feet X 40 feet, opposite to the old platform which was much smaller. This platform serves as an open-air auditorium for various performances including [[Kathakali]], traditional theatre, realistic drama etc.<ref name=cpark2>
{{cite news |
title = Changampuzha Park to get a new look | url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/22/stories/2004022205430300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040714122207/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/22/stories/2004022205430300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 14 July 2004 |
accessdate = 20 Sep 2008
| location=Chennai, India
| work = [[The Hindu]] |date=22 February 2004}}</ref> The park has a children's play area which has seesaws, slides, swing and a merry-go-round. There are two circular rooms in the park which serve as recreation rooms, of which one is used for playing chess and carroms and houses a television and radio. A real IN172 aeroplane stands proudly at one end of the park, facing the national highway. Works of art, created during sculpture camps held in the park have been installed in the park.<ref name="cpark3"/><ref name=cpark4>
{{cite web |
title = Changampuzha Samskarika Kendram - Profile of the Organization |
url = http://www.changampuzhapark.com |
accessdate = 20 Sep 2008 }}</ref>

The Changampuzha Park station of the [[Kochi Metro]] is situated right in front of the park.

[[File:ചങ്ങമ്പുഴയുടെ പ്രതിമ.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Statue of [[Changampuzha Krishna Pillai|Changampuzha]] inside the park]]

==Major Recurring Activities in the Park==

The contents in this section have been obtained from information in<ref name="cpark4"/>

'''Edappally Sangeetha Sadas''' formed on 15 November 2004 conducts classical music concerts every month, besides 9 day Navarathri festival and 8 day annual music festival. Thyagaraja Aradhana, Muthuswami Dikshithar Day, Swathi Thirunal Day and Muthaiaha Bhagavathar Day are also observed every year.

'''Edappally Kathakali Aswadaka Sadas''' founded in 2003 for promoting and popularising Kathakali conducts Kathakali every month besides its 3 Day Annual Kathakali Festival in January.

'''Edappally Senior Citizen's Forum''' is also very active with weekly meetings on every Tuesday evening (Aazhchaavattom) and birthday celebrations of its members.

'''Kavyamoola''': held on the second Sunday of every month starting at 1600 hours. During this event, budding young poets present poems composed by themselves. The fourth anniversary of Kavyamoola was celebrated in 2006. During this event, noted Kathakali artist and poet, Kalamandalam Keshavan was all praise for the young poets who regularly turn up at Kavyamoola and their works.<ref name=kavyamoola>
{{cite news |
title = Poets' corner comes alive | url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/17/stories/2006031700410200.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060905115336/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/17/stories/2006031700410200.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 September 2006 |
accessdate = 20 Sep 2008
| location=Chennai, India
| work = [[The Hindu]] |date=17 March 2006}}</ref>

'''Akshara Sloka Sadas''': This event, which is held on the fourth Sunday of every month starting at 1400 hours usually attracts at least 35 experts in who engage in [[Aksharaslokam]] recitals. On an annual basis, Akshara Sloka competitions are held for school students.

'''Malayalam Day Celebrations''': On 1 November every year (the day of the formation of the state of Kerala), a public meeting of eminent people in [[Malayalam literature]] is held followed by recital of poems and Thiruvathirakali.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Changampuzha Park}}

[[Category:Culture of Kochi]]
[[Category:Parks in India]]

Wildlife First v. Union of India

2025-08-26T21:36:27Z

Rudra2020: new...

{{Short description|Case examining the constitutional validity of the Forest Rights Act 2006.}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{orphan|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox court case
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| start date = 19 February 2019
| image = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India 2025.svg
| full name = Wildlife First & Ors v. Ministry Of Forest And Environment & Ors.
| citations = {{Abbr|WP (C)|Writ Petition (C)}} 109/2008
| judge = [[Arun Mishra]], [[Navin Sinha]], [[Indira Banerjee]]
}}

'''''Wildlife First v. Union of India.'',''' {{Abbr|WP (C)|Writ Petition (Civil)}} 109/2008''',''' is an ongoing [[Supreme Court of India]] case examining the constitutional validity of the [[Forest Rights Act|Forest Rights Act 2006]]. The case was brought by Wildlife First, Nature Conservation Society and the Tiger Research and Conservation Trust in 2008 contending that the Act had led to deforestation and encroachment in conflict with other forest and wildlife protection legislations like the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 and the Forest Conservation Act of 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutionality of the FRA |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/constitutionality-of-the-frawildlife-first-v-ministry-of-forest-and-environment-eviction-of-forest-dwellers-background/ |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> The case has attracted wide attention for its potential impact on the rights of tribal and forest-dwelling communities across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-28 |title=Supreme Court's FRA 2006 Ruling: Will India's Forest Dwellers Finally Get Justice? |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/supreme-court-forest-rights-act-case-tribal-communities-forest-dwellers/article69381592.ece |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Review |first=Socio-Legal |date=2024-09-26 |title=The Folly of Ignoring Indigenous Rights over Forest and Resources |url=https://www.sociolegalreview.com/post/the-folly-of-ignoring-indigenous-rights-over-forest-and-resources |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=SLR |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* Text of ''Wildlife First v. Union of India.,'' {{Abbr|WP (C)|Writ Petition (Civil)}} 109/2008, is available from: [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/58553838/ IndiaKanoon]
{{SCI-cases}}

[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:2019 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Indian forest law]]

Vir Singh bibliography

2025-08-22T12:23:00Z

Rudra2020: new...

{{Short description|Indian Punjabi-language writer}}{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}

This is a list of works by Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language writer [[Bhai Vir Singh]] (1872–1957). This list includes his poetry, novels, translations, plays, and non-fiction.

{{inc-lit|date=October 2021}}

==Fiction==
===Poetry===
====Epics====
* Rana Surat Singh (ਰਾਣਾ ਸੂਰਤ ਸਿੰਘ [The Prince Beautiful], 1905)<ref name=":0" />

====Collections of Poems====
* Dil Tarang (ਦਿਲ ਤਰੰਗ, [Heart Waves], 1920)<ref name=":0" />
* Tarel Tupke (ਤਰੇਲ ਤੁਪਕੇ, [Dew Drops], 1921)
* Lehran de Haar (ਲਹਿਰਾੰ ਦੇ ਹਾਰ [Garlands of Excitement],1921)<ref name=":0" />
* Matak Hulare (ਮਟਕ ਹੁਲਾਰੇ [Enticing Swaying], 1922)<ref name=":0" />
* Bijliyan De Haar (ਬਿਜਲੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਹਾਰ [Garlands of Electricity], 1927)<ref name=":0" />
* Preet Veena (ਪ੍ਰੀਤ ਵੀਣਾ [The Venna of Love], 1929)
* Kambdi Kalai (ਕੰਬਦੀ ਕਲਾਈ [The Trembling Wrist], 1933)
* Lehar Hulare (ਲਹਿਰ ਹੁਲਾਰੇ [Swaying Waves], 1946)
* Kant Maheli (ਕੰਤ ਮਹੇਲੀ [The Year of Trysting], 1950)
* Mere Saiyan Jeo! (ਮੇਰੇ ਸਾਂਈਆਂ ਜੀਓ! [O My Beloved],1953)
*Ilum te amal

===Novels===
* Sundari (ਸੁੰਦਰੀ [The Beautiful Woman],1898)
* Bijay Singh (ਬਿਜੇ ਸਿੰਘ, 1899)
* Satwant Kaur Part I (ਸਤਵੰਤ ਕੌਰ ਭਾਗ ਪਹਿਲਾ, 1900)
* Sat Aukhian Ratan (ਸੱਤ ਔਖੀਆਂ ਰਾਤਾਂ, 1919)
* Baba Naudh Singh (ਬਾਬਾ ਨੌਧ ਸਿੰਘ, 1907, 1921)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Malhotra|first1=Anshu|last2=Murphy|first2=Anne|date=2020-04-02|title=Bhai Vir Singh (1872–1957): Rethinking literary modernity in Colonial Punjab|journal=Sikh Formations|volume=16|issue=1–2|pages=1–13|doi=10.1080/17448727.2019.1674513|s2cid=219117081 |issn=1744-8727|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Satwant Kaur Part II (ਸਤਵੰਤ ਕੌਰ ਭਾਗ ਦੂਜਾ, 1927)
* Rana Bhador (ਰਾਣਾ ਭਬੋਰ)

===Translation===
* [[Bharthari (king)|Bharthari]] Hari Jeewan te Neeti Shatak (ਭਰਥੀ ਹਰੀ ਜੀਵਨ [The Prosporious Lifestyle of Bharathari], 1916)

===Plays===
* Raja Lakhdata Singh (ਰਾਜਾ ਲਖਦਾਤਾ ਸਿੰਘ, 1910)
* Nanan Parjhai (ਨਿਨਾਣ ਭਰਜਾਈ, 1951)

==Non-Fiction==
===Biographies===
* Sri Kalghidhar Chamatkar (ਸ੍ਰੀ ਕਲਗੀਧਰ ਚਮਤਕਾਰ [The Genius of the King with the Plume], 1925)
* Puratan Janamsakhi (ਪੁਰਾਤਨ ਜਨਮ ਸਾਖੀ [The Traditional Birth Account], 1926)
* Sri Guru Nanak Chamatkar (ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਚਮਤਕਾਰ [The Genius Sri Guru Nanak], 1928)
* Bhai Jhanda Jio ([ਭਾਈ ਝੰਡਾ ਜੀਓ], 1933)
* Bhai [[Bhumman Shah|Bhumia]] & Kaljug di Sakhi (ਭਾਈ ਭੂਮੀਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਕਲਿਜੁਗ ਦੀ ਸਾਖੀ, 1936)
* Sant Gatha (2 Volumes) (ਸੰਤ ਗਾਥਾ [Tales of Various Saints], 1938)
* Sri Asht Guru Chamatkar Vol.-I & II (ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅਸ਼ਟ ਗੁਰ ਚਮਤਕਾਰ ਭਾਗ - ੧ ਤੇ ੨, 1952)
* Gursikh Warhi (ਗੁਰਸਿੱਖ ਵਾੜੀ [The Efflorescence of a Sikh of the Guru], 1951)
* Gur Balam Sakhian Guru Nanak Dev Ji (ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ ਦੀਆਂ ਗੁਰ ਬਾਲਮ ਸਾਖੀਆਂ, 1955)
* Gur Balam Sakhian Guru Gobind Singh Ji (ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ ਦੀਆਂ ਗੁਰ ਬਾਲਮ ਸਾਖੀਆਂ, 1955)

===Learned Works and Interpretations===
* Sikhan di Bhagat Mala (ਸਿਖਾਂ ਦੀ ਭਗਤ ਮਾਲਾ, 1912)
* Prachin Panth Prakash (ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਪੰਥ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ [Enlightenment Guide of the Old Order], 1914)
* Ganj Namah Steek (ਗੰਜ ਨਾਮਹ ਸਟੀਕ, 1914)
* Sri [[Guru Granth Sahib|Guru Granth]] Kosh (ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਕੋਸ਼ [Sri Guru Granth Dictionary], 1927)
* Sri Gur Partap Suraj Granth (ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰਪ੍ਰਤਾਪ ਸੂਰਜ ਗਰੰਥ ਸਟਿੱਪਣ, 1927-1935)
* Devi Poojan Partal (ਦੇਵੀ ਪੂਜਨ ਪੜਤਾਲ (A Scrutiny into the Worship of Deities, 1932)
* Panj Granthi Steek (ਪੰਜ ਗ੍ਰੰਥੀ ਸਟੀਕ, 1940)
* Kabit [[Bhai Gurdas]] (ਕਬਿੱਤ ਭਾਈ ਗੁਰਦਾਸ, 1940)
* Varan Bhai Gurdas (ਵਾਰਾਂ ਭਾਈ ਗੁਰਦਾਸ [Ballads of Bhai Gurdas)
* Ban Yudh (ਬਨ ਜੁੱਧ)
* Sakhi Pothi (ਸਾਖੀ ਪੋਥੀ [The Book of Accounts], 1950)

===Posthumous===
* Gurmat Nam (ਗੁਰਮਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ [The Lord's Name in Sikhism], 1958)
* Santhya Sri [[Guru Granth Sahib]] Vol.- I (ਸੰਥਆ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਪੋਥੀ ਪਹਿਲੀ, 1958)
* Santhya Sri Guru Granth Sahib Vol.- II (ਸੰਥਆ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਪੋਥੀ ਦੂਜੀ, 1958)
* Santhya Sri Guru Granth Sahib Vol.- III (ਸੰਥਆ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਪੋਥੀ ਤੀਜੀ, 1959)
* Santhya Sri Guru Granth Sahib Vol.- IV (ਸੰਥਆ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਪੋਥੀ ਚੌਥੀ, 1960)
* Santhya Sri Guru Granth Sahib Vol.- V (ਸੰਥਆ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਪੋਥੀ ਪੰਜਵੀਂ, 1961)
* Santhya Sri Guru Granth Sahib Vol.- VI (ਸੰਥਆ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਪੋਥੀ ਛੇਵੀਂ, 1962)
* Santhya Sri Guru Granth Sahib Vol.- VII (ਸੰਥਆ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਪੋਥੀ ਸੱਤਵੀਂ, 1962)
* Sri [[Guru Gobind Singh]] Ji De Pavittar Jeevan Vichon Kujh Chamatkar (1967)
* Amar Lekh (3 Volumes) (ਅਮਰ ਲੇਖ, 1967)
* Awaz Aai (ਆਵਾਜ਼ ਆਈ [Along Came the Sound], 1971)
* Sikan Sadhran (ਸਿੱਕਾਂ ਸੱਧਰਾਂ [Wealth of Wishes], 1973)
* Sahitak Kaliyan (ਸਾਹਿਤਕ ਕਲੀਆਂ, 1973)
* Sant Bimla Singh (ਸੰਤ ਬਿਮਲਾ ਸਿੰਘ, 1974)
* Pyaar Athru (ਪਿਆਰ ਅੱਥਰੂ [Tears of Love], 1980)
* Sri Asht Guru Chamatkar Vol.-III (ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅਸ਼ਟ ਗੁਰ ਚਮਤਕਾਰ ਭਾਗ - ੩, 1981)
* Sukhmani Steek (ਸੁਖਮਨੀ ਸਟੀਕ, 1982)
* Bhai Vir Singh Di Chonvin Kavita (ਭਾਈ ਵੀਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੀ ਚੋਣਵੀਂ ਕਵਿਤਾ, 1984)
* Vir Patravli (Letters, 1990)
* Jeevan Kani (ਜੀਵਨ ਕਣੀ [The Raindrop of Life], 1993)
* Bir Darshan (ਬੀਰ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ [Glimpse of Braveness], 1993)
* [[Bhai Mardana]] (ਭਾਈ ਮਰਦਾਨਾ, 1998)
* [[Gurpurb]] Gulzar (ਗੁਰਪੁਰਬ ਗੁਲਜ਼ਾਰ, 1998)
* Pyarey de Pyara (ਪਿਆਰੇ ਦਾ ਪਿਆਰਾ [The Dearest Beloved], 1999)
-
* Aarshi Shooh (ਅਰਸ਼ੀ ਛੁਹ)
* Diwan Bhai Vir Singh (ਦੀਵਾਨ ਭਾਈ ਵੀਰ ਸਿੰਘ)
* Gurmukh Sikhya (ਗੁਰਮੁਖ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ [The Teachings of Sikhism])
* Jaap Sahib Steek (ਜਾਪੁ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਸਟੀਕ)
* Japu Ji Steek (ਜਾਪੁ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਸਟੀਕ)
* Khara Sauda (ਖ਼ਰਾ ਸੌਦਾ)
* Navin Paneeri ([[Guru Nanak|Guru Nanak Dev]]) (3 Parts)
* Navin Paneeri ([[Guru Gobind Singh]])
* Navin Paneeri ([[Guru Angad|Guru Angad Dev]])
* Pritam Ji (ਪ੍ਰੀਤਮ ਜੀ [Beloved Fellow])
* Pyar Parvane (ਪਿਆਰ ਪਰਵਾਨੇ)
* Vir Suneherre (ਵੀਰ ਸੁਨੇਹੜੇ)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vir Singh, Bai}}
[[Category:Bibliographies by writer]]
[[Category:Bibliographies of Indian writers]]

The Bollywood Brass Band

2025-06-13T13:59:52Z

Rudra2020: rework layout further and updated info as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
'''The Bollywood Brass Band''' is a [[brass band]] playing [[Bollywood]] and traditional Indian music, based in London, England.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Broughton |first=Simon |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/World_Music_Latin_and_North_America_Cari/QzX8THIgRjUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Bollywood+Brass+Band%22&pg=PA101&printsec=frontcover |title=World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific |last2=Ellingham |first2=Mark |last3=Trillo |first3=Richard |date=2000 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref>

The band was formed in 1992<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parikh |first=Anjana |date=2017-04-01 |title=Not Just For Punjabis: This Band’s Dhol Beats are Rocking London |url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/life/bollywood-brass-band-is-taking-over-london-with-renditions-of-ar-rahman-carnatic-music |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> to perform with the Shyam Brass Band from [[Jabalpur]], India,<ref name=":0" /> at the International Festival of Street Music in London. They have continued to perform and record in a wide variety of musical styles, including [[Hindi]] [[film]] hits, [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]], [[qawwali]], [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] folk songs, and wedding songs, tinged with influences from [[jazz]], other world musics, and modern [[dance music]]. They perform at weddings, world-music and street-music festivals, and cultural festivals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Denselow |first=Robin |date=2017-06-04 |title=Bollywood Brass Band with Jyotsna Srikanth review – Indian roots and romps |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jun/04/bollywood-brass-band-jyotsna-srikanth-review-songlines-encounters-festival |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The Bollywood Brass Band is made up of eleven musicians,<ref name=":0" /> playing [[saxophone]]s, [[trumpet]]s, [[trombone]]s, [[sousaphone]], and [[Snare drum|snare]] and [[bass drum]]s and also features [[Johnny Kalsi]] and members of the [[Dhol Foundation]] on [[dhol]] drums.

In 1995 the band created a parallel performing group: SamBhangra! plays both Indian and Brazilian music and consists of the horns and drums section of the Bollywood Brass band together with a [[samba]] [[bateria]] (a nine-piece percussion section), the Dhol Foundation (five Indian dhol drummers), the Four by Four Dancers (four Bhangra–Punjabi folk-style dancers), and four Brazilian samba dancers.

==Discography==
* 1999: ''[[The Bollywood Brass Band (album)|The Bollywood Brass Band]]'' (Emergency Exit Arts)
* 2002: ''Rahmania'' (Emergency Exit Arts)
* 2005: ''Movie Masala'' (Emergency Exit Arts)
* 2016: ''Carnatic Connection'', feat. violinist Jyotsna Srikanth
* 2018: ''Carnatic Suite, A Day in Bangalore'' (EP), feat. violinist Jyotsna Srikanth

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.bollywoodbrassband.co.uk/}}
* [http://www.indiacurrents.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=0678e4413ef7377f950743b1458dc4cc "East Meets West Meets East Meet…"], by Teed Rockwell for ''India Currents''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollywood Brass Band, The}}
[[Category:Bhangra (music) musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups from London]]
[[Category:Filmi]]
[[Category:British world music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1992]]
[[Category:British Asian musical groups]]

Geddam Srinivas Naidu

2025-05-28T01:53:41Z

Rudra2020: New.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
'''Geddam Srinivas Naidu''' (born 1969)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Geddam Srinivas Naidu Biography, Family, Education, Career |url=https://24newsdaily.com/geddam-srinivas-naidu-biography/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Nidadavole Assembly constituency|Nidadavolu Assembly constituency]] in [[West Godavari district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nidadavole Constituency Election Results 2019: Nidadavole Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/nidadavole |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Representing YSRCP, he lost the Nidadavolu seat in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Deekshitula |date=2024-04-19 |title=YSRCP, TDP candidates file nominations |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-tdp-candidates-file-nominations-873498 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2024-04-19 |title=Nominations Filed from 23 Assembly, Two LS Constituencies in Godavari Districts |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/nominations-filed-from-23-assembly-two-ls-constituencies-in-godavari-districts-890112 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nidadavole Constituency Election Results 2024: Nidadavole Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/nidadavole |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Naidu is from Nidadavolu and his father's name is Suryachandra Rao. He graduated from the [[National Institute of Engineering]], [[University of Mysore]]. Later, he completed his Master of Business Administration at [[Marshall University]], in the [[United States]] in 1992. He runs his own business.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-11 |title=Geddam Srinivas Naidu {{!}} MLA {{!}} Nidadavole {{!}} West Godavari |url=https://theleaderspage.com/geddam-srinivas-naidu/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Naidu started his political career with the [[Indian National Congress]] in 2009. He contested the Nidadavolu seat in the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on Congress ticket but lost to Burugupalli Sesharao of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 57,66 votes.<ref name=":0" /> Later he shifted to YSRCP, and won from Nidadavolu Assembly constituency in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]]. He polled 81,001 votes and defeated his nearest rival Burugupalli Sesharao of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 21,688 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nidadavole Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of the Nidadavole Constituency Seat in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/nidadavole-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nidadavole Assembly Election 2024: Nidadavole Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/nidadavole-constituency-result-1055 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He lost the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] to JSP candidate [[Kandula Durgesh]] who polled 102,699 votes. Naidu could only poll 69,395 votes and lost by a margin of 33,304 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srinivas Naidu Geddam, YSRCP Candidate from Nidadavole Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/srinivas-naidu-geddam-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a055e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-07-24 | date=18 April 2024 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivas Naidu, Geddam}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Marshall University alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]