Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha

2026-05-08T04:19:16Z

Rucsy: started a details

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha
| party_logo =
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[Legislative Assembly of Jharkhand|Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|1|81|{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}}}
| name = Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha
| colorcode = {{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}
| founder = Jairam Kumar Mahato
| leader = [[Jairam Kumar Mahato]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jairam Kumar Mahato |url=https://jlkmparty.org/Member/JairamMahto |website=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}</ref> Motilal Mahato<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motilal Mahto |url=https://jlkmparty.org/Member/MotilalMahto |website=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}</ref>
| president = Jairam Kumar Mahato
| loksabha_leader =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2024||}}
| headquarters = Indrapuri Colony, Badhraibera, Sec-12, Bokaro, Jharkhand
| youth =
| students =
| eci =
| alliance =
| ideology = [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]
| position =
| regional =
| publication =
| symbol = [[File:Scissors - Indian Election Symbol.png|150px]]
| website = {{URL|https://jlkmparty.org/}}
| women =
| country = India
| abbreviation = JLKM
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}}} Light Green
| flag =
| Political position =
| logo_upright = 0.6
}}

'''Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha''' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] ''Jharkhand Democratic Revolutionary Front; abbr.'' '''JLKM''') is a [[political party]] based in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]] founded by [[Jairam Kumar Mahato]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-22 |title='JBKSS to fight from 6 seats' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jbkss-to-fight-from-6-seats/articleshow/107039923.cms |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The party emerged from the Bhasha-Khatiyan Movement, which aimed to advocate for the rights of the Jharkhandi people.

Initially operating under the banner of the Jharkhandi Bhasha Khatiyan Sangharsh Samiti (JBKSS) from 2023, JLKM was officially registered as a political party with the [[Election Commission of India]] in August 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Regional outfit gets party status |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/regional-outfit-gets-party-status-in-jharkhand/articleshow/112388115.cms |access-date=2024-10-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2024 |title=चुनाव आयोग में जयराम का झारखंड क्रांतिकारी मोर्चा निबंधित |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/dhanbad/story-jharkhand-loktantrik-krantikari-morcha-gets-registered-as-a-political-party-201723063441946.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> Scissor is its election symbol.

==History==
=== Formation ===
[[Jairam Kumar Mahato]], a student leader turned Language activist formed a new political party and named it Jharkhandi Bhasha Khatian Sangharsh Samiti (JBKSS) on 18 June 2023. Later on, the name of the party was changed to Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha (JLKM) while its registration with [[Election Commission of India]]. The formation of the party took place at [[Baliapur]], [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Student leader Jairam Mahto forms new party |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/student-leader-jairam-mahto-forms-new-party.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202172444/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/student-leader-jairam-mahto-forms-new-party.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== 2024 elections ===
In [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], the party contested on 68 seats. The party emerged victorious in 1 seat and claimed runner-up spot in 3 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=India Today |date=2024-11-25 |title=How Jairam Mahto's JKLM emerged as game-changer in Jharkhand Assembly polls|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/how-jairam-mahtos-jklm-emerged-as-game-changer-in-jharkhand-assembly-polls-2639448-2024-11-25 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref> The party's founding president [[Jairam Kumar Mahato]] won from [[Dumri Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2024-11-23 |title=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha's Jairam Mahato wins Dumri seat, loses Bermo |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1076019/jharkhand-loktantrik-krantikari-morchas-jairam-mahato-wins-dumri-seat-loses-bermo |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> In at least 16 constituencies, JLKM secured the 3rd position. The party garnered fourth-highest vote share after [[BJP]], [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] marking a remarkable debut in the Jharkhand's Political Landscape.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-24 |title=JLKM makes a strong debut in election fight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jlkms-remarkable-entry-into-jharkhand-politics-a-game-changer-in-the-elections/articleshow/115632937.cms |access-date=2024-11-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-25 |title=JLKM makes mark in debut electoral battle, bags 10.31 lakh votes in 72 seats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jlkms-remarkable-electoral-debut-1031-lakh-votes-secured-in-72-seats/articleshow/115637416.cms |access-date=2024-11-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== List of presidents ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}; color:black" | S.no
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}; color: black" | Presidents
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}; color: black" | Portrait
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}; color: black" colspan=3 |Term
|-
!1.
|[[Jairam Kumar Mahato]]
|[[File:Jairam Mahato 1.jpg|100px]]
|{{dts|18 June 2023}}
|Incumbent
|{{Age in years and days|18 June 2023|duration=yes}}
|-
|}

==Electoral history==
===Legislative Assembly election===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}};| Year
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}| Seats contested
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}| Seats won
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}| Change in Seats
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}| Voteshare (%)
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}| +/- (%)
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}| Popular vote
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}| Outcome
|-
! colspan=8|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|68
|{{Composition bar|1|81|{{Party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}}}
|{{Increase}} New
|6.31%
|{{Increase}} New
|1,031,307
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
! colspan=8|[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|0|294|{{Party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}}}
|{{Steady}} New
|
|{{Steady}} New
|
|{{No2|Lost}}
|-
|}

== List of MLAs ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}; color:black" | S.No
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}; color: black" | MLAs
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}; color: black" |Portrait
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}} | Constituency
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}; color: black" colspan=3 |Term in Office
|-
!1.
|[[Jairam Kumar Mahato]]
|[[File:Jairam Mahato 1.jpg|100px]]
|[[Dumri Assembly constituency|Dumri]]
|{{dts|28 November 2024}}
|Incumbent
|{{Age in years and days|28 November 2024|duration=yes}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/jharkhand-witnesses-rise-of-new-political-outfit-in-state/article68263263.ece Jharkhand witnesses rise of new political outfit in State]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ind-wanted-in-old-case-gives-cops-slip-after-filing-papers/articleshow/109795372.cms Ind wanted in old case gives cops slip after filing papers]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jbkss-to-fight-from-6-seats/articleshow/107039923.cms ‘JBKSS to fight from 6 seats’]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jlkm-announces-candidate-list-for-25-assembly-seats-in-jharkhand/articleshow/113920290.cms JLKM to fight from 25 seats, names first six candidates]
* [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/student-leader-jairam-mahto-forms-new-party.html Student leader Jairam Mahto forms new party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202172444/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/student-leader-jairam-mahto-forms-new-party.html |date=2 December 2024 }}

[[Category:Political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2024]]

{{India-party-stub}}

Mannadipet Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T07:24:29Z

Rucsy: made some info v1.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Puducherry legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mannadipet
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 1
| map_image = Mannadipet-assembly-constituency-1.png
| mla = [[A. Namassivayam]]
| party = {{party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP}}
| alliance = {{party index link|National Democratic Alliance|NDA}}
| union_territory = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| district = [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| established = 1964
| reservation = None
}}
'''Mannadipet''' is a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the [[States and territories of India|Union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in [[India]].<ref name=sched>{{cite web|title=Schedule XXII Puducherry Table A - Assembly Constituencies|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/puducherry_Delimitation.pdf|accessdate=31 January 2013}}</ref> This constituency covers a part of the area under [[Mannadipet Commune Panchayat]].<ref name=sched/> Mannadipet Assembly constituency is a part of [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=sched/>

In the [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]], Mannadipet seat was won by [[A. Namassivayam]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], who beat A. Krishan of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] by a margin of 2750 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/Statewiseu071.htm |title=Statewise Results |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516110459/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/Statewiseu071.htm |archive-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || Manickavasaga Reddiar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || S. M. Subbarayan || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || rowspan=5 | D. Ramachandran || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || N. Rajaram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || K. Rajasegaran || {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|-
| [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]] || D. Ramachandran || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]] || P. Arulmurugan || {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
| [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]] || rowspan=2 | [[T. P. R. Selvame]] || {{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]] || rowspan=2|[[A. Namassivayam]]<ref name=election2021/> || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2021|2021]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|51.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|27.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|49.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2006|2006]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|42.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}|51.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1985|1985]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1969|1969]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1964|1964]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.40}}
}}

=== Assembly Election 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Namassivayam]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= 15,918 |percentage= 53.96|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[T. P. R. Selvame]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes= 9,808 |percentage=33.25 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= P. Venkatesan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= K. Bharathidasan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 6,110 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31113|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13417-puducherry-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Namassivayam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,939 |percentage=51.82% |change=51.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Krishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,189 |percentage=42.28% |change=15.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chitra |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=485 |percentage=1.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=433 |percentage=1.50% |change=0.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Gopalakrishnan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=238 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veerappan |party=Independent politician |votes=182 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,750 |percentage=9.54% |change=8.02% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,830 |percentage=89.10% |change= -0.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,357 |change =5.37% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=All India N.R. Congress |swing= 23.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. P. R. Selvame]] |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=7,679 |percentage=27.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Krishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,260 |percentage=26.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahadevi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,676 |percentage=20.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. P. K. Arul Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,913 |percentage=17.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Candane Naarayanassaamy |party=Independent politician |votes=784 |percentage=2.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=316 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Venkatesan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=260 |percentage=0.94% |change=-29.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Karthikeyan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=220 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhasivam @ Saravanan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=211 |percentage=0.76% |change=0.14% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=419 |percentage=1.52% |change=-17.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,586 |percentage=89.83% |change= -0.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,709 |change =10.15% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India N.R. Congress |loser=All India N.R. Congress |swing= -21.72% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. P. R. Selvame]] |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=12,412 |percentage=49.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. P. K. Arul Murugan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,696 |percentage=30.73% |change=-11.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Rajaram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,082 |percentage=16.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Gunashakaran |party=Independent politician |votes=329 |percentage=1.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Latchumanan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=156 |percentage=0.62% |change=-0.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pa. Vadivelan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=152 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Muruganandham |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,716 |percentage=18.83% |change=9.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,045 |percentage=89.84% |change= -0.17% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,878 |change =29.89% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India N.R. Congress |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 7.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2006 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925222225/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=25 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Arulmurugan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=8,193 |percentage=42.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Rajaram |party=Independent politician |votes=6,386 |percentage=33.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Venkateswaran @ Baskaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,611 |percentage=18.69% |change=-36.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Muthu |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=386 |percentage=2.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Latchumanan |party=Independent politician |votes=372 |percentage=1.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Thasaraman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=131 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,807 |percentage=9.35% |change=-19.73% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,317 |percentage=90.01% |change= 10.92% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,462 |change =4.98% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2001 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2001 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927050359/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ramachandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,939 |percentage=55.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Rajaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,237 |percentage=26.21% |change=-17.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Srinivasan |party=Puducherry Makkal Congress |votes=2,689 |percentage=16.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Neelakandan |party=Independent politician |votes=303 |percentage=1.87% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,702 |percentage=29.08% |change=21.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,168 |percentage=79.09% |change= 1.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,444 |change =3.68% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |swing= 2.96% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1996 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135105/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Rajasegaran |party=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |votes=8,113 |percentage=51.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Rajaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,866 |percentage=43.69% |change=-8.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Govindarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=335 |percentage=2.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Murugaiyan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=175 |percentage=1.11% |change=0.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=131 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,247 |percentage=7.94% |change=1.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,714 |percentage=82.77% |change= 4.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,718 |change =1.26% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1991 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135604/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Rajaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,771 |percentage=52.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ramachandran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,874 |percentage=46.29% |change=-4.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Murugaiyan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=146 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=897 |percentage=6.04% |change=-4.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,851 |percentage=77.87% |change= -1.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,473 |change =0.73% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1990 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130547/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ramachandran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,802 |percentage=51.00% |change=-5.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Somasundaram |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,210 |percentage=40.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Krishnasamy Alias Sooram |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,201 |percentage=7.85% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,592 |percentage=10.41% |change=-2.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,299 |percentage=79.70% |change= -6.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,331 |change =45.82% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140417/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ramachandran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,383 |percentage=56.48% |change=-4.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Krishnasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,918 |percentage=43.52% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,465 |percentage=12.96% |change=-9.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,301 |percentage=86.26% |change= -2.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,257 |change =24.00% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1980 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041541/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ramachandran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,598 |percentage=61.09% |change=54.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Manickavachakan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,566 |percentage=38.91% |change=-5.61% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,032 |percentage=22.17% |change=2.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,164 |percentage=89.22% |change= 3.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,691 |change =6.01% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1977 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043330/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ramachandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,824 |percentage=44.53% |change=-1.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Rajaram Reddiar |party=Janata Party |votes=2,096 |percentage=24.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Rajaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,074 |percentage=24.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Selvarasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=594 |percentage=6.92% |change=-18.80% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,728 |percentage=20.12% |change=2.41% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,588 |percentage=85.84% |change= -6.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,085 |change =18.56% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.47% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1974 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917133352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ramachandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,467 |percentage=46.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kannappan |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=2,132 |percentage=28.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Rajaram |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,938 |percentage=25.71% |change=-25.28% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,335 |percentage=17.71% |change=0.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,537 |percentage=91.88% |change= 3.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,506 |change =6.69% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.99% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1969 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1969 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140530/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. M. Subbarayan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,499 |percentage=50.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Kannappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,315 |percentage=33.74% |change=-17.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Virappan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,000 |percentage=14.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Shanmuga Cavoundar |party=Independent politician |votes=48 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,184 |percentage=17.25% |change=-13.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,862 |percentage=88.02% |change= 3.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,973 |change =0.77% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1964 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannadipet<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1964 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515062755/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=15 May 2019 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manickavasaga Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,369 |percentage=51.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Venugopal |party=Indian People's Front |votes=1,347 |percentage=20.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Subbarayan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,049 |percentage=16.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Palani |party=Independent politician |votes=534 |percentage=8.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=256 |percentage=3.91% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,022 |percentage=30.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,555 |percentage=84.37% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,912 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}
{{coord|11.985|79.623|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pondicherry]]

Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception

2026-05-02T14:34:28Z

Rucsy:

{{short description|Catholic saint (1910–1946)}}
{{Redirect|St. Alphonsa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix=Saint
|name=Alphonsa Muttathupadathu
|honorific_suffix=[[Third Order of Saint Francis|FCC]]
|image=St Alphonsa 3.jpg
|caption =Painting of Saint Alphonsa
|birth_date={{Birth date|1910|08|19|df=yes}}
|death_date={{Death date and age|1946|07|28|1910|08|19|df=yes}}
|feast_day=28 July
|beatified_date= 8 February 1986
|canonized_date=12 October 2008
|canonized_place= [[Vatican City]]
|canonized_by=[[Pope Benedict XVI]]
|major_shrine= St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Church, [[Bharananganam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
|attributes=
|patronage= 
|issues=
|suppressed_date=
|venerated_in=[[Catholic Church]]
|prayer=
|prayer_attrib=
}}
'''Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception''' (19 August 1910 – 28 July 1946), born as '''Anna Muttathupadathu''', was an Indian Catholic nun and educator. She is the first woman of Indian origin to be canonized as a saint by the [[Catholic Church]], and the first canonized saint of the [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]].

Born in Kudamalur, [[Kerala]], Alphonsa joined the [[Third Order of Saint Francis|Franciscan Clarist Congregation]] at a young age. She served as a teacher and faced numerous health challenges throughout her life. Despite her physical sufferings, she was known for her spiritual devotion and cheerful demeanor. Alphonsa's life was marked by simplicity and a deep commitment to her faith. She taught at St. Mary's High School in [[Bharananganam]] but her tenure was often interrupted by illness. {{Nasrani People}}

After her death in 1946, many people began to attribute miracles to her intercession. The process for her canonization began in 1955, and she was beatified by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1986 during his visit to India. In the 1990s, a commemorative postal stamp was issued in her honor, marking her as the first woman from Kerala to be featured on an Indian stamp. Alphonsa was canonized on 12 October 2008 by [[Pope Benedict XVI]], making her the first canonized saint from India.

St. Alphonsa is particularly venerated in Kerala, where her tomb at Bharananganam has become a pilgrimage site. Her feast day is observed annually on 28 July in the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church. {{Christianity in India sidebar}}

== Early life ==
Alphonsa, born as Anna Muttathupadathu on 19 August 1910, was a member of a [[Saint Thomas Christians|Malankara Nasrani]] family.<ref name="bangalore">{{cite web |url=http://stalphonsachurch.in/stalphonsa.php |title=St Alphonsa – Our Patroness |website=stalphonsachurch.in |access-date=2017-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801002134/http://stalphonsachurch.in/stalphonsa.php |archive-date=1 August 2013 }}</ref> She was born in Kudamalur, a village in the [[princely state]] of [[Travancore]], which later became part of [[Kerala]]. She was the daughter of Joseph Muttathupadathil and Mary Puthukari.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Swaim|first=Colleen|title=Ablaze: Stories of Daring Teen Saints|publisher=Liguori|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7648-2029-8|location=Missouri|pages=84}}</ref> [[Baptism|Baptized]] on 27 August 1910, she was commonly known as Alphonsamma in her local community.

Nicknamed Annakutty ("little Anna") by her parents, Alphonsa's early life was marked by personal challenges, including the early loss of her mother. Following her mother's death, she was raised by her maternal aunt. Hagiographies recount her childhood as being difficult, characterized by the strict discipline of her aunt and foster mother, as well as teasing from her schoolmates.<ref name="Corinne G Dempsey 1999 pp. 150-176">{{cite journal |jstor=3176391 |author=Corinne G. Dempsey |title=Lessons in Miracles from Kerala, South India: Stories of Three "Christian" Saints |journal=History of Religions |volume=39 |issue=2 |year=1999 |pages=150–176|doi=10.1086/463585 |s2cid=162186304 }}</ref> Her education was overseen by her great-uncle, Joseph Muttathupadathu.<ref name="sqpn1" />

In 1916, Alphonsa began her education in [[Arpookara]] and received her [[First Communion]] on 27 November 1917. After completing the initial cycle of schooling in 1920, she was transferred to [[Muttuchira]], where she lived with her aunt Anna Murickan, as her mother had requested before her death. Raised in the prominent Murickan family, Alphonsa was exposed to stories of saints, prayers, and Christian songs by her grandmother.

During her adolescence, Alphonsa received several marriage proposals from well-known families. However, she felt a strong calling to religious life and desired to become a "[[bride of Christ]]," dedicating herself to serving others.<ref name=":0" /> This conviction was reportedly reinforced by a vision of [[Thérèse of Lisieux]], a figure whom Alphonsa admired and considered a role model, and who she believed foretold her future sainthood.

In 1923, Alphonsa's feet were severely burned when she placed her feet into a pit of burning chaff. This injury was [[Self-inflicted wound|self-inflicted]] to prevent her foster mother from [[Arranged marriage|arranging a marriage]] for her, thereby allowing her to pursue her religious calling. The accident left her partially disabled for the remainder of her life.<ref name="Corinne G Dempsey 1999 pp. 150-176" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=FaithND - St. Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception |url=https://faith.nd.edu/s/1210/faith/interior.aspx?sid=1210&gid=609&pgid=46477&cid=89093&ecid=89093&crid=0&calpgid=61&calcid=53508 |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=FaithND |publisher=[[University of Notre Dame]]}}</ref>

== Vocation ==
[[File:St Alphonsa 6.jpg|thumb|''Image of Saint Alphonsa.'']]

=== Sister Alphonsa ===
Anna joined the [[Third Order of Saint Francis|Franciscan Clarist Congregation]], a religious congregation of the Third Order of St. Francis, where she completed her education.<ref name="vatican">{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1986/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19860208_stadio-kattayam_en.html |title=Beatification of Father Kuriakose Elias Chavara and Sister Alfonsa Muttathupandathu |publisher=Vatican |access-date=2009-10-08}}</ref>

She arrived at the Clarist convent in Bharananganam, Kottayam district, on [[Pentecost]] Sunday in 1927.<ref name=bangalore /> On August 2, 1928, she received the [[postulant]]'s veil and took the name Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception, in honor of [[Alphonsus Liguori]], whose feast day fell on that date.<ref name="syro-malabar">{{cite web |url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/saints.php?saintname=saintalphonsa&page=history |title=Saint Alphonsa:: History |website=www.syromalabarchurch.in |access-date=2017-12-08 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112114708/http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/saints.php?saintname=saintalphonsa&page=history |url-status=dead }}</ref> In May 1929, Alphonsa began teaching at Malayalam High School in [[Vazhappally]]. After the death of her foster mother in 1930, she resumed her studies in [[Changanassery|Changanacherry]] while working as a temporary teacher in [[Vavakkad|Vakakkad]]. On May 19, 1930, Alphonsa entered the novitiate at [[Bharananganam]]. After completing her novitiate on August 11, 1931, she took her first vows and became a fully professed member of the Catholic Church. Alphonsa sought to model her work as a nun after Thérèse of Lisieux.

=== Health decline ===

Between 1930 and 1935, Alphonsa experienced significant health issues. She took her permanent religious vows on August 12, 1936. Two days later, she returned to Bharananganam from Changanacherry. She briefly taught at St. Alphonsa Girl's High School, but her poor health often prevented her from fulfilling her duties. Throughout her years as a member of the Clarist congregation, Alphonsa dealt with severe illness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Publishing |first1=Outlook |title=Outlook |date=2008 |publisher=Outlook Publishing |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TDEEAAAAMBAJ/page/n12 18]–20 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TDEEAAAAMBAJ |quote=Gonsalo Garcia canonization. |language=en}}</ref><ref name="syro-malabar" />

In December 1936, it was claimed that she recovered from her ailments due to the intercession of [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]], though she continued to experience health issues. On June 14, 1939, she suffered a severe bout of [[pneumonia]], which further weakened her. On October 18, 1940, an intruder entered her room at night, causing her to experience shock and temporary [[amnesia]], which worsened her condition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title=Who is Saint Alphonsa? |url=https://blessedsacramentsp.org/formation-blog/who-is-saint-alphonsa |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Church of the Blessed Sacrament |language=en-US}}</ref>

Her health continued to decline over the following months, and she received the sacrament of [[Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church|Anointing of the sick]] on September 29, 1941. The next day, it is reported that she regained her memory, although her health remained fragile. Despite some improvement over the next few years, she developed [[gastroenteritis]] and liver issues in July 1945, leading to violent convulsions and vomiting. During the final year of her life, she became acquainted with [[Sebastian Valloppilly|Sebastian Valopilly]], who later became a bishop in Kerala. Valopilly frequently administered communion to her and became known for his efforts to support marginalized communities in the region.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Death ==
Sr. Alphonsa died on July 28, 1946, at the age of 35, following a series of health complications. She was buried at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Bharananganam within the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai|Diocese of Palai]].<ref name=kct>[https://keralacatholictimes.com/st-alphonsa/ "St. Alphonsa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725134007/https://keralacatholictimes.com/st-alphonsa/ |date=25 July 2020 }}. ''Kerala Catholic Times''. Retrieved on 25 July 2020.</ref> Her funeral was attended by a large number of people. Rev. Fr. Romulus CMI delivered the funeral oration, in which he compared her life of quiet devotion to that of St. Thérèse of Lisieux. He expressed hope rather than sorrow, suggesting that Alphonsa was now an intercessor in heaven, and speculated that her grave might become a site of pilgrimage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Alphonsa: An Inspiring Modern Saint to be Looked Up To – StMU History Media |url=https://stmuhistorymedia.org/saint-alphonsa-an-inspiring-modern-saint-to-be-looked-up-to/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710011100/https://stmuhistorymedia.org/saint-alphonsa-an-inspiring-modern-saint-to-be-looked-up-to/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2020 |access-date=2020-12-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zacharia |first=Paul |date=2022-05-21 |title=The Death and Funeral of Sister Alphonsa by Paul Zacharia |url=https://www.thebeacon.in/2022/05/22/the-death-and-funeral-of-sister-alphonsa-by-paul-zacharia/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=The Beacon Webzine |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Veneration ==
Claims of her miraculous intervention began almost immediately upon her death and often involved the children of the convent school where she used to teach. On 2 December 1953, Cardinal [[Eugène Tisserant]] inaugurated the diocesan process for her beatification and Alphonsa was declared a [[Servant of God]].

In 1985, [[Pope John Paul II]] formally approved a miracle attributed to her intercession and on 9 July she became "Venerable Sister Alphonsa".<ref name=la>[http://www.syromalabarla.org/about_stalphonsa.asp "St. Alphonsa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416155926/http://www.syromalabarla.org/about_stalphonsa.asp |date=16 April 2015 }}. St. Alphonsa Syro Malabar Catholic Church, Los Angeles, California.</ref>

=== Beatification ===
Alphonsa was beatified along with [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]] at Kottayam, on 8 February 1986 by Pope John Paul II during his apostolic pilgrimage to India.

During his speech at [[Nehru Stadium, Kottayam|Nehru Stadium]], the Pope said:
<blockquote> From early in her life, Sister Alphonsa experienced great suffering. With the passing of the years, the heavenly Father gave her an ever fuller share in the Passion of his beloved Son. We recall how she experienced not only physical pain of great intensity, but also the spiritual suffering of being misunderstood and misjudged by others. But she constantly accepted all her sufferings with serenity and trust in God. ... She wrote to her spiritual director: "Dear Father, as my good Lord Jesus loves me so very much, I sincerely desire to remain on this sick bed and suffer not only this, but anything else besides, even to the end of the world. I feel now that God has intended my life to be an oblation, a sacrifice of suffering" (20 November 1944). She came to love suffering because she loved the suffering Christ. She learned to love the Cross through her love of the crucified Lord.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alphonsa.com/Content-13/BEATIFICATION.html |title=Beatification speech of Pope John Paul II |publisher=Alphonsa site |access-date=2009-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112121424/http://www.alphonsa.com/Content-13/BEATIFICATION.html |archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Miracles ===
Hundreds of miraculous cures are claimed from her intervention, many of which involve straightening of clubbed feet, possibly because she has lived with deformed feet herself. Two of these cases were submitted to the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]] as proof of her miraculous intervention. The continuing cures are chronicled in the magazine ''PassionFlower''.<ref name="sqpn1">{{cite web |url=http://saints.sqpn.com/sainta1g.htm |title=Patron Saints Index |publisher=SQPN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015051819/http://saints.sqpn.com/sainta1g.htm |archive-date=15 October 2008 }}</ref>

Bishop Sebastian reported: <blockquote> About ten years ago, when I was in a small village in Wayanad outside Manatavady, I saw a boy walking with some difficulty, using a stick. As he approached me I noted that both of his feet were turned upside down. I had a stack of holy cards in my pocket with Alphonsa's picture on them, so I pulled one of them out and gave it to the boy. When I told the boy that he should pray to this woman for the cure of his feet, the boy – he was quite smart for a ten-year-old boy – replied: "But I'm a Muslim, and, besides, I was born this way." I replied that God is very powerful, so let's pray. A few months later, a boy and a gentleman appeared at the house here. I didn't recognize them at first but soon learned that it was the Muslim boy with his father, here to tell me that his feet had been cured through their prayers to Sister Alphonsa. They showed me the calluses on the tops of his feet, and you could see the marks which had been made from the years of his walking with his feet turned under. Before they left, the three of us had our pictures taken.<ref name="Corinne G Dempsey 1999 pp. 150-176" /></blockquote>

The boy had reportedly taken Alphonsa's picture card and asked Alphonsa to help fix his feet. Several days afterwards one of his feet supposedly turned around. He and the other members of his family then prayed for the cure of the second foot, which also supposedly turned around later.

=== Canonization ===

On Sunday, 12 October 2008, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] announced her [[canonisation|canonization]] at a ceremony at [[Saint Peter's Square]].<ref>[https://www.ncronline.org/news/indian-catholics-cheer-their-new-saint Indian Catholics cheer their new saint]</ref><ref>[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jO7Y6-1CXFDrks9t5IhaaVIQ5a6w Indian Catholics cheer their first woman saint] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012211000/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jO7Y6-1CXFDrks9t5IhaaVIQ5a6w |date=12 October 2008 }}</ref> Indians from across the world, especially people from Kerala, gathered at the ceremony in Rome. Among them was a 10-year-old Kerala boy Jinil Joseph whose clubfoot – a birth defect – was, in the judgment of Vatican officials, miraculously healed after prayers to Alphonsa in 1999.<ref name=la />

The final ceremony for the canonization began with the holy relics of Alphonsa being presented to the Pope by Sister Celia, Mother General of the [[Franciscan Clarist Congregation]], the congregation to which Alphonsa belonged. Celia was accompanied by Vice Postulator Francis Vadakkel and former Kerala minister K. M. Mani, all holding lit candles. Speaking in English, the Pope declared Alphonsa a saint, after reading excerpts from the Bible. The Pope himself read out the biography of Alphonsa after the ceremony.

In the homily, Pope Benedict XVI recalled Alphonsa's life as one of "extreme physical and spiritual suffering".

<blockquote> This exceptional woman ... was convinced that her cross was the very means of reaching the heavenly banquet prepared for her by the Father, By accepting the invitation to the wedding feast, and by adorning herself with the garment of God's grace through prayer and penance, she conformed her life to Christ's and now delights in the "rich fare and choice wines" of the heavenly kingdom. </blockquote>

"(Her) heroic virtues of patience, fortitude and perseverance in the midst of deep suffering remind us that [[God]] always provides the strength we need to overcome every trial," the pope stated before the ceremony ended.<ref name="vatican" />

The canonization was greeted with the bursting of firecrackers and the toll of church bells. St Mary's Forane church at Kudmaloor, her home parish, also celebrated a special Mass.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/13/stories/2008101356541300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014203658/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/13/stories/2008101356541300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2008 |title=Catholic Church celebrates Alphonsa's canonisation |access-date=2009-10-08 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 October 2008}}</ref> The grave at [[St. Mary's Forane Church, Bharananganam]] where the Franciscan Clarist Sister was buried had a chapel built there, which houses her mortal remains.

== Legacy ==

=== Shrine ===
[[File:Saint Alphonsa Tomb.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of Saint Alphonsa]]Her tomb at St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, [[Bharananganam]], has become a pilgrimage site as miracles have been reported by some of the faithful. St. Alphonsa church Parathi, Mayam in Thiruvananthapuram district holds the distinction of being the first church in Kerala to be dedicated to St. Alphonsa. Consecrated in 1988 by Bishop Joseph Powathil, the shrine attracts numerous devotees who brave challenging circumstances, including crossing the Neyyar river, to seek the saint's intercession

[https://thamarasserydiocese.com/parish/Valiyakolly St. Alphonsa Church Valiyakolly] is known as the "Bharanaganam of North Kerala" (unofficial). This church is under the diocese of Thamarassery. Valiyakolly church is the first church named after Alphonsa in the diocese. And hence this church is one of the main pilgrimage centers of Saint Alphonsa in North Kerala. Novena on the name of Saint Alphonsa is being conducted here on every Friday evening.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news |date=26 February 2008 |title=Sister Alphonsa's canonisation date to be decided on March 1 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200802261751.htm |access-date=2009-10-08 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

=== Feast ===
Thousands of people converge on the small town of Bharananganam when they celebrate the feast of Saint Alphonsa from 19 to 28 July each year; her tomb has been designated as a pilgrimage site with numerous miracles being reported by pious devotees.<ref name="hindu1" />

=== Institutions named after Saint Alphonsa ===
The first institution named after Saint Alphonsa is Sister Alphonsa's UP School, Chennamattom near [[Ayarkunnam]] in [[Kottayam]], which was established in 1948, just 2 years after her death. Other prominent institutions like [[Alphonsa College]], [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], est 1964, were named after her. However, the number of institutions grew significantly after she was beatified in 1986 by [[Pope John Paul the Second]] and after her [[canonization]] in October 2008 by [[Pope Benedict XVI]]. Now there are churches named after her in many parts of the world, including St Alphonsa [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro Malabar]] Catholic Cathedral, [[Mississauga]] and St Alphonsa [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro Malabar]] Forane Church, [[Edmonton]] in [[Canada]].

=== Documentary TV series ===

In 2008, Sibi Yogiaveedan directed a documentary series about Alphonsa, titled ''Vishudha Alphonsama: The Passion Flower'', for [[Shalom (TV channel)|Shalom TV]]. The series features interviews with Alphonsa's childhood friends and relatives, offering insights into her life. Alphonsa's character was portrayed by actress [[Nikhila Vimal]]. The documentary was produced in [[Malayalam]], with [[English language|English]] subtitles provided.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vs|first=Jiyesh|date=Feb 1, 2013|title=St. Alphonsa Full Video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YsqCriOiO4&ab_channel=jiyeshvs|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

In 2009, the Reserve Bank of India issued a 5-rupee commemorative coin to mark the birth centenary of Alphonsa.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08qn1timKLI |title=5 Rupees Commemorative Coin of Saint Alphonsa Birth Centenary |date=2017-03-15 |last=Coins & Currencies |access-date=2024-09-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>[[File:Tomb of Saint Alphonsa.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Saint Alphonsa, St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Church, Bharananganam, Kerala, India]]

==Image Gallery==
<gallery>
File:St.Alphonsa Shrine Church & Pilgrime Center 04.jpg
File:St.Alphonsa Shrine Church & Pilgrime Center 03.jpg
File:St.Alphonsa Shrine Church & Pilgrime Center 02.jpg
File:St.Alphonsa Shrine Church & Pilgrime Center 01.jpg

</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Euphrasia Eluvathingal]]
* [[Catholic Church in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218131840/http://www.alphonsa.net/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100811215443/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/devasahayam.html#alphonsa St. Alphonsa Anna Muttathupadam of the Immaculate Conception, F. C. C.]
* [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1986/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19860208_stadio-kattayam_en.html Pope John Paul II On Blessed Alphonsa of India]
* [https://www.livingfaith.in/faith/st-alphonsa-muttathupadathu-2 Saint Alphonsa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110819095442/http://www.stalphonsa.com/maxims.php 100 Maxims of the saint]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YsqCriOiO4&ab_channel=jiyeshvs St. Alphonsa documentary on YouTube]
{{catholic saints}}
{{Catholic saints - virgins}}
{{Christianity in Kerala|state=collapsed}}
{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alphonsa, Saint}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Christian mystics]]
[[Category:20th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian nuns]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Christian female saints of the Late Modern era]]
[[Category:Christianity in Kerala]]
[[Category:Franciscan mystics]]
[[Category:Franciscan saints]]
[[Category:Indian Eastern Catholic nuns]]
[[Category:Indian Christian mystics]]
[[Category:Indian Christian saints]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Changanassery]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholics]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar saints]]
[[Category:Third Order Regular Franciscans]]
[[Category:Women from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women Christian mystics]]
[[Category:Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Venerated Catholics from Kerala]]

Mahendra Nath Kondla

2026-04-22T06:40:39Z

Rucsy: made a post v1.

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahendra Nath Kondla
| image = File:Mahendra Nath Kondla.jpg
| caption = Mahendra Nath in a movie shooting location in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| years_active = 2024–present
| spouse =
| homepage =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[film producer|Producer]]}}
}}

'''Mahendra Nath Kondla''' is an [[Indian film]] [[Film producer|producer]] in [[Telugu cinema]]. He ventured into [[film production]] under his production company called Maha Movies and has produced films such as [[Sabari (2024 film)|''Sabari'']]<ref>{{Cite web |last=TeamIH |date=2024-04-20 |title=Varalaxmi Sarathkumar Starrer Sabari Producer Mahendra Nath Kondla Shared Insights About The Film |url=https://industryhit.com/t/varalaxmi-sarathkumar-starrer-sabari-producer-mahendra-nath-kondla-shared-insights-about-the-film/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=IndustryHit.Com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2023-02-12 |title=Mahendra Nath Kondla debuts with Sabari starring Varalaxmi Sarath Kumar |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/producer-mahendra-nath-kondla-shares-insights-on-sabari-873947 |access-date=2024-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TeamIH |date=2024-04-27 |title=Mellifluous 'Anaganaga Oka Kathala' from Varalaxmi Sarathkumar's 'Sabari' launched by Oscar winner Chandrabose |url=https://industryhit.com/t/mellifluous-anaganaga-oka-kathala-from-varalaxmi-sarathkumars-sabari-launched-by-oscar-winner-chandrabose/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=IndustryHit.Com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-21 |title=Mahendranath Kondla: Sabari is an edge-of-the-seat thriller - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mahendranath-kondla-sabari-is-an-edge-of-the-seat-thriller-telugu-news-353772 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> and ''[[Viraaji]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=2024-06-15 |title=Mahendra Nath Kondla's Second venture, Viraaji, starring Varun Sandesh |url=https://sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/producer-mahendra-nath-kondla-talk-about-viraaji-movie-2129640 |access-date=2024-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |title=Producer Mahendra Nath shares insights on Varun Sandesh's 'Viraaji' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/producer-mahendra-nath-shares-insights-on-varun-sandeshs-viraaji-894699 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/viraaji-will-impress-the-audience-as-a-good-movie-producer-mahendra-nath-kondla-1812198|title=Viraaji will impress the audience as a good movie: Producer Mahendra Nath Kondla|date=25 July 2024|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As producer===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Actors !! Notes
|-
|2024 || ''[[Sabari (2024 film)|Sabari]]'' || [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]], [[Mime Gopi]] ||Best Story Film award at the Dasari Film Awards 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title=Dasari Film Awards 2025: Varalaxmi Sarathkumar's Sabari bags Best Story Film award |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/dasari-film-awards-2025-varalaxmi-sarathkumars-sabari-bags-best-story-film-award-1876857 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-05-02 |title=‘Sabari’ shines at Dasari Film Awards 2025, wins Best Story Film |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sabari-shines-at-dasari-film-awards-2025-wins-best-story-film-967771 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024 || ''[[Viraaji]]'' || [[Varun Sandesh]] ||
|-
|2025
|{{Pending film|Chowdary Gari Abbayi tho Naidu Gari Ammayi}}
|Amardeep Chowdary, Supreeta Naidu
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=Title Glimpse Released for Chowdary Gari Abbayi Tho Naidu Gari Ammayi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/theatre/title-glimpse-released-for-chowdary-gari-abbayi-tho-naidu-gari-ammayi-1883103 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-06-03 |title=‘Chowdary Gari Abbayi Tho Naidu Gari Ammayi’ title glimpse launched |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/chowdary-gari-abbayi-tho-naidu-gari-ammayi-title-glimpse-launched-976704 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=Title Glimpse Released for ‘Chowdary Gari Abbayi Tho Naidu Gari Ammayi’ {{!}} Telangana Tribune |url=https://www.telanganatribune.com/title-glimpse-released-for-chowdary-gari-abbayi-tho-naidu-gari-ammayi/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=nm14328746|name=Mahendra Nath Kondla}}
* {{Twitter|id=MahendraProducr}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kondla, Mahendra Nath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Maestro (2021 film)

2026-04-20T09:24:56Z

Rucsy:

{{Short description|Film by Merlapaka Gandhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maestro
| image = Maestro 2021 poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Merlapaka Gandhi]]
| screenplay = Merlapaka Gandhi
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Andhadhun]]'' (2018) by [[Sriram Raghavan]]}}
| producer = {{Ubl|Sudhakar Reddy|Nikitha Reddy}}
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Tamannaah]]|[[Nithiin]]|[[Nabha Natesh]]|[[Jisshu Sengupta]]}}
| cinematography = [[J. Yuvaraj]]
| editing = M. S. Rajashekhar Reddy (S. R. Shekhar)
| music = [[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
| studio = Sreshth Movies
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|09|17}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Maestro''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[black comedy]] [[Crime film#Crime thriller|crime thriller film]] directed by [[Merlapaka Gandhi]]. The film stars [[Nithiin]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Nabha Natesh]] and [[Jisshu Sengupta]]. A remake of the 2018 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Andhadhun]]'', it follows a blind piano player who unwittingly becomes embroiled in the murder of a former actor.

[[Principal photography]] began in December 2020 and ended in June 2021, with filming taking place in [[Hyderabad]], [[Goa]] and [[Dubai]]. Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the film skipped a theatrical release and had a [[Direct-to-video#Digital releases|direct-to-streaming]] release via [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 17 September 2021.

== Plot ==
In [[Goa]], Arun is a pianist who fakes his blindness to hone his focus on music and ignore his surroundings. He meets Sophie to buy her piano but offers to play it in her father's restaurant. Overtime, Arun and Sophie grow close and begin a relationship. Mohan, a retired actor and construction business owner, has recently married a younger woman, Simran, and has a grown-up daughter, Pavitra from a previous marriage. One day, Mohan is impressed with Arun's performance at the restaurant and hires him for a private concert in occasion of his wedding anniversary. Mohan lies to Simran that he will not return from [[Bangalore]] until that evening, intending to surprise her.

The next day when Arun visits Mohan's apartment, Simran says he is not home but Arun asks her to confirm with him. Seeing their neighbour Mrs. D'Souza watching them and trusting that Arun is blind, Simran invites him in and pretends as if she has called Mohan. As Arun plays the piano for a stressed Simran, he glimpses a corpse lying on the floor. Arun realizes that the body is Mohan's and discovers Bobby, Simran's paramour, hiding in the washroom. Arun feigns ignorance while Simran and Bobby clean the crime scene and stuff Mohan's corpse into a suitcase, which a disguised Bobby takes away. It is revealed in a flashback that Mohan discovered Simran and Bobby's extra-marital affair when he arrived home, which led to his death. Arun leaves when Simran uses voice recordings to pretend that Mohan has come and is leaving to deal with a property issue along with {{INRConvert|1|c}}.

Shortly after, Arun attempts to report the murder at a police station, only to learn Bobby is an inspector stationed there. He becomes conflicted over what to do, concerning Sophie. Mohan is found in a car, seemingly murdered for the money he was carrying with him. A man is arrested for the crime after he finds Mohan's watch. Arun plays at Mohan's condolence ceremony, where Mrs. D'Souza tells [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Srinivas Naik that she had seen someone (Bobby) visiting Simran even before Mohan and Arun. After Srinivas notifies Bobby, he informs Simran and she later pushes Mrs. D'Souza off the balcony. Arun witnesses this as he comes to teach piano to Pavitra, but is forced to continue playing blind. Police conclude that Mrs. D'Souza slipped off the balcony as the floor was wet.

Arun plans to reveal the truth to Sophie. Unknown to him, his neighbour's son films Arun's actions to prove he is not blind. Simran unexpectedly visits to give Arun offerings of the prayer she conducted for Mohan, testing his condition. After he intentionally drops a cup of poisoned coffee, Simran threatens Arun with a fake gun, forcing him to drop his charade. Arun promises not to reveal her murders to anyone. Simran explains that she truly loved Mohan but her meeting Bobby and their subsequent affair changed her life. She claims if Mohan had not paid a surprise visit, she would have been happy with him, as his death was an accident. Arun passes out from the spiked offerings. When Sophie arrives, the boy shows her the video. She goes to confront Arun and finds him unconscious and half-dressed with Simran, who lies that they are lovers. Feeling betrayed, Sophie storms off, breaking up with Arun. After Arun wakes up, he finds that the poison blinded him for real to ensure his silence. Before leaving, Simran deletes the boy's video.

Arun tries to explain himself to Sophie, but she refuses to listen. He initially resigns himself to leaving Goa until he runs into Pavitra and Simran at the train station. Pavitra is suspicious of her father's death. Simran privately warns Arun that she was driven to her crimes due to circumstances but will kill her stepdaughter if needed. Concerned for Pavitra's life, Arun gets off the train and meets with an accident. An [[Auto rickshaw|auto]] driver, Murali, and his elder sister, whom Arun previously purchased a lottery ticket from, admit him to Dr. Swamy. They plan to sell Arun's organs but he describes his last meeting with Murali and his sister, proving that he once had eyesight. Arun concocts a plan with them to earn 1 crore and take down Simran. Bobby orders Simran to murder Pavitra and cover it up as her committing suicide out of depression. However, Arun intervenes and leaves with Simran, who tries to take him to Bobby but gets abducted.

Arun, Murali and his sister pretend Simran committed suicide and call Bobby's wife, Lakshmi, exposing his affair to her and blackmailing them for 1 crore. Lakshmi confronts Bobby, who convinces her not to hurt him and agrees to end the issue. Murali and his sister betray Arun to keep the money for themselves and tie up him along with Simran. However, Bobby shoots Murali and boards the elevator to find his sister. Murali calls his sister, who switches the elevator off. Bobby tries to shoot open the doors but the bullet ricochets and kills him. Murali's sister takes him to the hospital but finds that the money Bobby bought is [[Counterfeit money|counterfeit]]. Meanwhile, Simran proposes a truce with Arun to escape but silently frees herself and attacks him. Swamy arrives and after a scuffle, renders Simran unconscious using [[chloroform]]. As they drive to Goa airport, Swamy reveals that Simran has a rare blood type so he plans to sell her organs and also suggests that her [[cornea]] can restore Arun's eyesight.

Two years later, Sophie comes across Arun performing in Dubai and he tells her what happened. Swamy stopped the car to check on Simran but she stabbed him to death and took over the vehicle. Arun asked "Swamy" to hand over Simran to the police instead, before Simran revealed herself. Arun then got a phone call from Pavitra, who found Mohan's missing money in Simran's possessions, proof that her stepmother murdered her father, and is bringing it to the police. He tried to reason with Simran to turn herself in, but she dropped Arun off and tried to run him over. Simran then lost control of the car when a hare shot by a farmer nearby hit the windshield, killing her. In the present, Sophie reconciles with Arun and believes that he should have taken Simran's cornea. As Arun leaves, he uses his walking stick to knock a can in his path into a trash bin, hinting that he did take Simran's cornea. At a charity gala with Mohan in the past, Simran had pledged her organs to be donated after her death.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Nithiin]] as Arun, a pianist
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Simran, wife of Mohan
* [[Nabha Natesh]] as Sophie, Arun's girlfriend
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as [[Inspector|CI]] N. Ravindar / Bobby
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Mohan, former film actor
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Krishna Satyannarayana
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Raj Gopal, Arun's father
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Vasanthi, Arun's mother
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Raghunath, Simran's father
* [[Janaki Sabesh]] as Rajyalakshmi, Simran's mother
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Dr. Swamy
* Racha Ravi as Murali, an auto driver
* [[Mangli]] as sister of Murali
* [[Sreemukhi]] as Lakshmi / Lucky, wife of N. Ravindar
* [[Ananya Nagalla]] as Pavithra, daughter of Mohan
* Lahari Shari as a TV Reporter
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Musical instrument shop owner
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] P. Srinivas Naik
* Master Nikhil as Tinku
}}

== Production ==
In September 2019, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that Nithiin's father Sudhakar Reddy acquired the rights for the Telugu remake of ''[[Andhadhun]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2019 |title=Nithiin's father Sudhakar Reddy bags the Telugu remake rights of Andhadhun |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nithiins-father-sudhakar-reddy-bags-the-telugu-remake-rights-of-andhadhun/articleshow/71044420.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928044055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nithiins-father-sudhakar-reddy-bags-the-telugu-remake-rights-of-andhadhun/articleshow/71044420.cms |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=1 April 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In February 2020, Nithiin confirmed that he will be featuring in the same. Directed by [[Merlapaka Gandhi]], the film was formally launched with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony in that month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2020 |title=Andhadhun Telugu remake launched: Nithiin teams up with Merlapaka Gandhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/andhadhun-telugu-remake-launched-nithiin-teams-up-with-merlapaka-gandhi/articleshow/74279644.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224234003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/andhadhun-telugu-remake-launched-nithiin-teams-up-with-merlapaka-gandhi/articleshow/74279644.cms |archive-date=24 February 2020 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The music is composed by Mahati Swara Sagar while [[J. Yuvaraj]] is signed as the director of photography. In March 2021, the film's title was unveiled as ''Maestro''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Rishita Roy |date=30 March 2021 |title=Andhadhun Telugu remake Maestro poster out on Nithiin's birthday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/andhadhun-telugu-remake-maestro-poster-out-on-nithiin-s-birthday-1784919-2021-03-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416140117/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/andhadhun-telugu-remake-maestro-poster-out-on-nithiin-s-birthday-1784919-2021-03-30 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2021 |title=Nithiin celebrates birthday with wife, makers share his first look from Andhadhun's Telugu remake Maestro |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/andhadhun-telugu-remake-titled-maestro-makers-reveal-nithiin-first-look-on-his-birthday-7250917/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330071031/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/andhadhun-telugu-remake-titled-maestro-makers-reveal-nithiin-first-look-on-his-birthday-7250917/ |archive-date=30 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2021 |title=First-look poster of Nithiin and Tamannaah Bhatia's 'Maestro' revealed |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-look-poster-nithiin-and-tamannaah-bhatias-maestro-revealed-146186 |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330062512/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-look-poster-nithiin-and-tamannaah-bhatias-maestro-revealed-146186 |archive-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>

In September 2020, [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] and [[Nabha Natesh]] were cast in the roles played by [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Radhika Apte]] respectively in the original.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2020 |title=Tamannaah to reprise Tabu's role in 'Andhadhun' Telugu remake |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamannaah-reprise-tabus-role-andhadhun-telugu-remake-133430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020031444/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamannaah-reprise-tabus-role-andhadhun-telugu-remake-133430 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Tamannaah sought not to emulate Tabu, but give the character her own interpretation, and avoided re-watching ''Andhadhun''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramasubramanian |first=Uma |date=29 May 2021 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia on Telugu remake of 'Andhadhun': Decided not to watch original again |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/writer-merlapaka-gandhi-talks-about-the-challenges-faced-while-developing-its-script-23175721 |url-status=live |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530103148/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/writer-merlapaka-gandhi-talks-about-the-challenges-faced-while-developing-its-script-23175721 |archive-date=30 May 2021}}</ref> Nabha noted that her character "will be tweaked" to suit the [[Telugu people|Telugu]] nativity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |date=2 November 2020 |title=Nabha Natesh's role in Andhadhun remake to have a South-Indian twist? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nabha-nateshs-role-in-andhadhun-remake-to-have-a-south-indian-twist/articleshow/78984817.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113093616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nabha-nateshs-role-in-andhadhun-remake-to-have-a-south-indian-twist/articleshow/78984817.cms |archive-date=13 November 2020 |access-date=1 April 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Principal photography was originally scheduled to begin in November 2020,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2020 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia 'honoured' to reprise Tabu's role in Telugu remake of 'Andhadhun' |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/sep/25/tamannaah-bhatia-honoured-to-reprise-tabus-role-in-telugu-remake-of-andhadhun-2201736.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125163803/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/sep/25/tamannaah-bhatia-honoured-to-reprise-tabus-role-in-telugu-remake-of-andhadhun-2201736.html |archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> but ultimately began in [[Dubai]] in December.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=7 December 2020 |title=Shooting of Andhadhun Telugu remake begins in Dubai, see pics from sets |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/shooting-of-andhadhun-telugu-remake-begins-in-dubai-see-pics-from-sets/story-PF2b6ZM3lPbpqI9oYrCg1H.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327195335/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/shooting-of-andhadhun-telugu-remake-begins-in-dubai-see-pics-from-sets/story-PF2b6ZM3lPbpqI9oYrCg1H.html |archive-date=27 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Filming took place in [[Hyderabad]] in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2021 |title=Telugu remake of Andhadhun titled Maestro |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/30/telugu-remake-of-andhadhun-titled-maestro-23671.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032302/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/30/telugu-remake-of-andhadhun-titled-maestro-23671.html |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]], filming was paused for two months i.e., April and May.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chari |first=Venkata |date=14 June 2021 |title=Nithiin: 'మాస్ట్రో' షూటింగ్‌ ప్రారంభం |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/hero-nithiins-maestro-movie-shooting-starts-66551 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616102958/https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/hero-nithiins-maestro-movie-shooting-starts-66551 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=[[HMTV]] |language=te}}</ref> The final schedule resumed on 14 June 2021 in [[Errum Manzil]], Hyderabad,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2021 |title=Nithiin and Tamannaah Bhatia kick-start shooting for Maestro in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nithiin-and-tamannaah-bhatia-kick-start-shooting-for-maestro-in-hyderabad/articleshow/83506892.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616102910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nithiin-and-tamannaah-bhatia-kick-start-shooting-for-maestro-in-hyderabad/articleshow/83506892.cms |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Behara |first=S |date=14 June 2021 |title=Nithin begins the final schedule of Andhadhun's Telugu remake, 'Maestro' |work=[[Indulge Express]] |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/jun/14/nithin-begins-the-final-schedule-of-andhadhuns-telugu-remake-maestro-34206.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616102913/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/jun/14/nithin-begins-the-final-schedule-of-andhadhuns-telugu-remake-maestro-34206.html |archive-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> and ended on 20 June.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=20 June 2021 |title=Nithiin and Tamannaah's Maestro shooting wrapped up in Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nithiin-and-tamannaah-s-maestro-shooting-wrapped-up-in-hyderabad-1817224-2021-06-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620133132/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/nithiin-and-tamannaah-s-maestro-shooting-wrapped-up-in-hyderabad-1817224-2021-06-20 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maestro
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
| released =
| recorded = 2021
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Mahati Swara Sagar
| prev_title = [[Ishq (2021 film)|Ishq]]
| prev_year = 2021
| year = 2021
| next_title = [[Kinnerasani (film)|Kinnerasani]]
| next_year = 2022
| chronology =
| misc =
}}

[[Mahati Swara Sagar]] is the composer of the score and soundtrack. The first single "Baby O Baby" was released on 16 July 2021 by Aditya Music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2021 |title=Nithiin and Nabha Natesh's lyrical song Baby O Baby from Maestro is out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nithiin-and-nabha-natesh-s-lyrical-song-baby-o-baby-from-maestro-is-out-1829072-2021-07-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716134632/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nithiin-and-nabha-natesh-s-lyrical-song-baby-o-baby-from-maestro-is-out-1829072-2021-07-16 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The second single "Vennello Aadapilla" was released on 6 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2021 |title=Maestro's Vennello Aadapilla song out. Nithiin and Nabha Natesh's chemistry is unmissable |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/maestro-s-vennello-aadapilla-song-out-nithiin-and-nabha-natesh-s-chemistry-is-unmissable-1838072-2021-08-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910155747/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/maestro-s-vennello-aadapilla-song-out-nithiin-and-nabha-natesh-s-chemistry-is-unmissable-1838072-2021-08-07 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The third single "La La La" was released on 6 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=6 September 2021 |title=Lyrical Video Of 'La La La La' From Nithiin's Maestro Movie Is Out |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/lyrical-video-of-la-la-la-la-from-nithiins-maestro-movie-is-out-705260 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913063558/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/lyrical-video-of-la-la-la-la-from-nithiins-maestro-movie-is-out-705260 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> The last single "Shuru Karo" was released on 12 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2021 |title=Nithiin releases 'Maestro' promotional song 'Shuru Karo' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/sep/12/nithiin-releases-maestro-promotional-song-shuru-karo-2357758.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913063608/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/sep/12/nithiin-releases-maestro-promotional-song-shuru-karo-2357758.html |archive-date=13 September 2021 |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
| title1 = Baby O Baby
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| lyrics1 = Sreejo
| length1 = 4:17
| title2 = Vennello Aadapilla
| extra2 = [[Sweekar Agasthi]]
| lyrics2 = Sreejo, [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
| length2 = 3:31
| title3 = La La La
| extra3 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| lyrics3 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| length3 = 2:40
| title4 = Shuru Karo
| extra4 = [[L. V. Revanth]]
| lyrics4 = Shreemani
| length4 = 3:51
}}

== Release ==
In February 2021, the film's release date was announced as 11 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Gabbeta Ranjith |date=19 February 2021 |title=Telugu remake of Andhadhun gets a release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/telugu-remake-of-andhadhun-gets-a-release-date-7196013/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219161758/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/telugu-remake-of-andhadhun-gets-a-release-date-7196013/ |archive-date=19 February 2021 |access-date=1 April 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In August 2021, it was announced officially that the film would be skipping theatres due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]; instead it would have a [[Direct-to-video#Digital releases|direct-to-streaming]] release on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=20 August 2021 |title=Nithiin, Tamannaah's Maestro trailer to release on Aug 23. Film to premiere on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nithiin-tamannaah-s-maestro-trailer-to-release-on-aug-23-film-to-premiere-on-disney-hotstar-1843314-2021-08-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820111007/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nithiin-tamannaah-s-maestro-trailer-to-release-on-aug-23-film-to-premiere-on-disney-hotstar-1843314-2021-08-20 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The film was released on 17 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2021 |title=Nithiin, Tamannaah starrer Maestro to stream on OTT, release date announced |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nithiin-tamannaah-starrer-maestro-stream-ott-release-date-announced-154518 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828140152/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nithiin-tamannaah-starrer-maestro-stream-ott-release-date-announced-154518 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> In the United States, the film was released on Hotstar's corporate sibling [[Hulu]] as Hotstar ceased operations in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=The US Disney Bundle Makes {{sic|I|t's|nolink=y}} First Blunder With Maestro |url=https://www.binged.com/news/the-us-disney-bundle-makes-its-first-blunder-with-maestro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921021308/https://www.binged.com/news/the-us-disney-bundle-makes-its-first-blunder-with-maestro/ |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=Binged}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave ''Maestro'' a rating of 3 out of 5, calling it "a pulpy remake" and wrote that it "might not be the classic Ilairayaaja number it set out to be but it still remains as catchy as the latest peppy number. That makes it worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=17 September 2021 |title=Maestro Movie Review: A pulpy remake that doesn't veer off-course for the most part |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/maestro/movie-review/86262391.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921021212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/maestro/movie-review/86262391.cms |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'', Sankeertana Varma opined that ''Maestro'' never pretends to be anything but a tamed version of its original, giving a rating of 3 out 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2021 |title=Maestro movie review: Faithful Andhadhun remake that's decisively simplistic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/maestro-movie-review-faithful-andhadhun-remake-thats-decisively-simplistic-9970711.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921021211/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/maestro-movie-review-faithful-andhadhun-remake-thats-decisively-simplistic-9970711.html |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' critic Haricharan Pudipeddi said that "Despite not making any effort to leave a lasting impression, it still works as a good-enough entertainer. The minor tweaks to suit [[Telugu people|Telugu]] sensibilities, helps ''Maestro'' stay true to the original to a large extent but the audience is spoon-fed a lot too."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2021 |title=Maestro review: Telugu remake of Andhadhun works despite playing it safe |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/maestro-review-telugu-remake-of-andhadhun-works-despite-playing-it-safe-101631864719632.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918080113/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/maestro-review-telugu-remake-of-andhadhun-works-despite-playing-it-safe-101631864719632.html |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Reviewing the performances, Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Nithiin seems to have enjoyed being part of a story that stands out from mainstream Telugu films, and Nabha is at ease playing the girlfriend. It isn't a complicated part and she does well. It is appreciable that Tamannaah has dubbed herself, but her laboured Telugu diction doesn't cut it. Alas, she is no Tabu."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=17 September 2021 |title='Maestro' movie review: Sincere and ambitious, but is that enough? |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/maestro-movie-review-this-andhadhun-remake-is-sincere-and-ambitious-but-is-that-enough/article36511250.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918080321/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/maestro-movie-review-this-andhadhun-remake-is-sincere-and-ambitious-but-is-that-enough/article36511250.ece |archive-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> On the technical aspects, ''[[The News Minute]]''{{'s}} Balakrishna Ganeshan said that the music and Mahati Swara Sagar's background music did justice the film and Yuvraj's camera work "keeps the movie upbeat."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2021 |title=Maestro review: An engaging Telugu thriller from Nithiin and Tamannaah |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maestro-review-engaging-telugu-thriller-nithiin-and-tamannaah-155424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921021213/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maestro-review-engaging-telugu-thriller-nithiin-and-tamannaah-155424 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

A critic of ''[[Eenadu]]'' praised the performances of Nithiin and Tamannaah, first-half screenplay and the production values while pointing out second-half screenplay negative as its drawback.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maestro Review: రివ్యూ: మాస్ట్రో |url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/newsarticle/nithiin-maestro-telugu-movie-review/0203/121190725 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921021213/https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/newsarticle/nithiin-maestro-telugu-movie-review/0203/121190725 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it an "unwitty remake", adding "Director Merlapaka Gandhi has turned the pulsating white-knuckled ride into a story of a damsel in distress. Nitthin-starrer has none of the moral ambiguity or smarts of Ayushmann Khurrana-Tabu original."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2021 |title=Maestro review: Nithin starrer is an unwitty remake of Andhadhun |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maestro-movie-review-nithin-tamannaah-bhatia-film-is-an-unclever-remake-of-andhadhun-7514332/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918045631/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maestro-movie-review-nithin-tamannaah-bhatia-film-is-an-unclever-remake-of-andhadhun-7514332/ |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Mukesh Manjunath of ''Film Companion'' wrote, "The lack of humor and its blandness makes the thrills seem milder because the audience is never distracted enough with humor."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manjunath |first=Mukesh |date=17 September 2021 |title=Maestro, On Disney+ Hotstar With Nithiin And Tamannaah, Is A Remake So Faithful That It Forgets To Have Fun |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/maestro-movie-review-telugu-a-remake-so-faithful-that-it-forgets-to-have-fun-andhadhun-remake-nithiin-tamannaah/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930090905/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/maestro-movie-review-telugu-a-remake-so-faithful-that-it-forgets-to-have-fun-andhadhun-remake-nithiin-tamannaah/ |archive-date=30 September 2021 |access-date=30 September 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13130400}}
*{{official website|https://www.hotstar.com/1260068216|''Maestro''}} at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Andhadhun and its remakes}}

[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2021 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original films]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films about counterfeit money]]
[[Category:Films about pianos and pianists]]
[[Category:Films directed by Merlapaka Gandhi]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films set in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mahati Swara Sagar]]

Jija Madhavan Harisingh

2026-04-19T18:42:48Z

Rucsy: started bio

{{Short description|Indian police officer (born 1951)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jija Madhavan Harisingh (Neerja madhavan)
| image = 03tvm_jija3.jpg
| caption = Dr. Jija M. Harisingh IPS
| birth_name = Jija Madhavan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|1|8}}
| birth_place = [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]] [[English literature|English]] [[Master of Arts|M.A]] [[English literature|English]] [[Master of Arts|M.A]] [[Sociology]] [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Kerala]], Trivandrum [[Mysore University]]
| occupation = Artist, social activist, retired [[IPS officer]]
| title1 = Officer, [[Indian Police Service]] [[File:Director General of Police.png|10px]]
| term1 = 1975–2011
| parents = Sri T K Madhavan and Smt Ponnamma
| website = {{URL|jijaharisingh.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jija Madhavan Harisingh''' (born 8 January 1951)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jijaharisingh.com/story/ |title=Family Background |website=Jija Hari Singh |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326070740/http://jijaharisingh.com/story/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a retired officer of the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) and an artist. During her career, Harisingh served in a number of administrative and law-enforcement positions in the state, working across different wings of the Karnataka Police.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Officer-and-a-gentle-woman/article16851150.ece |title=Officer and a gentle woman |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 June 2010 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> She has also exhibited her artwork in India and internationally, including solo shows in Washington, Wollongong and New Delhi, and exhibitions in London, Vienna, Berlin and Jakarta.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/oct/12/bengaluru-gets-ready-for-art-attack-2046336.html |title=Bengaluru gets ready for art attack |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=12 October 2019 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>

== Indian Police Service career ==

Jija Harisingh joined the [[Indian Police Service]] in 1975 as part of the Karnataka cadre, having qualified through the civil services examination. She is reported to be the first woman IPS officer in the state of Karnataka.<ref name="BM">{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/top-ips-officer-says-her-male-colleagues-sabotaged-her-career/articleshow/21697064.cms |title=Top IPS officer says her male colleagues sabotaged her career |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |date=10 February 2011 |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>

She remained in service for 36 years and retired in 2011 as [[Director General of Police]] (DGP).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/oct/12/bengaluru-gets-ready-for-art-attack-2046336.html |title=Bengaluru gets ready for art attack |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=12 October 2019 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Dr. Jija Hari Singh started her schooling in the Holy Angels Convent in [[Trivandrum]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Officer-and-a-gentle-woman/article16851150.ece |title=Officer and a gentle woman |newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref> She also studied in several other schools including Government school in [[Sreekaryam]] and in [[Palakkad]] too. She did her graduation and post graduation in English literature from the University College. While doing her post graduation she developed the hobby of creative writing and also acquired a post graduate diploma in Journalism. Even after joining the Indian Police Service in 1975, she continued her learning and education, doing many in service training programs in India and abroad. She also gained another MA Degree in Sociology from [[Mysore University]]. She went on to work on a PhD in Development Studies on the topic of her special interest, women's empowerment, doing a socio-economic study of the women recruited into Police in the state of Karnataka, from Police Constable to DSP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jijaharisingh.com/story/ |title=Love of Education |website=Jija Hari Singh |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326070740/http://jijaharisingh.com/story/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Research study with title [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/89847 Gender status in Karnataka police a study of entry level cadres in women police] under [[University of Mysore]] by Jija Madhavan Harisingh is published in [[Shodhganga]].

== Artist of repute ==
A recipient of the Indira Priyadarshini National Award for Contribution to Arts, Jija Harisingh is an artist of repute who has held solo exhibitions in Washington, Wollongong and New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/oct/12/bengaluru-gets-ready-for-art-attack-2046336.html |title=Bengaluru gets ready for art attack |date=12 October 2019 |newspaper=The New Indian Express }}</ref> Her work has also been exhibited in London, Vienna, Berlin, Jakarta etc. Jija Madhavan Harisingh was one of the fifty Indian women artists chosen by [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR) for the international exhibitions of the Amrita Shergil Revisited project.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/Sensitising-the-bureaucracy/articleshow/619595.cms |title=Sensitising the bureaucracy |date=16 April 2004 |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

Jija is presently the President of the Institute of Directors, Bangalore Chapter and the Honorary President of The Art Mantram Foundation, a not-for-profit trust that promotes Indian art.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://korika.in/team-korika/jija-m-harisingh/?i=1 |title=Corporate Governance, Art and Life |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901131620/http://korika.in/team-korika/jija-m-harisingh?i=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Dr. Jija M. Harisingh in conversation with Vinod Narayan@Penpositive on Arts and Art Mantram.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rd3yUnFYVN4 |title=Learning about Art Mantram from Dr. Jija M. Harisingh |access-date=26 August 2023 }}</ref>

WisdomCircle and INK collaborative Interview of Jija Madhavan Harisingh, one of the honourees of 58 Over 58.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/wisdomcircle_wisdomcircle-wisgen-retiringretirement-activity-7174302493927989249-lIyR?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_ios |title=WisdomCircle's Post |access-date=16 March 2024 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://jijaharisingh.com/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harisingh, Jija Madhavan}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian anti-corruption activists]]
[[Category:Indian women police officers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]

Janak Raj (politician)

2026-04-19T17:44:05Z

Rucsy: started a post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Janak Raj
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|08|15|df=y}}
| office = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bharmour Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 8 December 2022
| predecessor =
| term_end =
| successor = {{Birth date and age|1979|08|15|df=y}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession = [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]
| parents = Ravinder Kumar (father)<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Janak Raj(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BHARMOUR (ST)(CHAMBA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Himachalpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=127 |website=myneta.info |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>
| children = 2
| spouse = Kiran
| alma_mater = Benaras Hindu University [[Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital]] Jawahar Navodya Vidyalaya Shegaon
}}

'''Janak Raj''' is an Indian politician who is the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for the [[Bharmour Assembly constituency|Bharmour]] constituency in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected at the December 2022 [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharmour Election Result 2022LIVE: BJP के DR. JANAK RAJ की हुई जीत, AAP के PARKASH CHAND रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/bharmour-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-result-news-2276752 |website=[[ABP News|ABP News Hindi]] |access-date=3 January 2023 |language=hi |date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Janak Raj |url=https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/498 |website=[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>

Raj is uncle of Thakur Singh Bharmouri whom he defeated [[Indian National Congress]] leader and former minister.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thakur |first=Naresh K |title=Neurosurgeon, U'khand ex-CS son among five first-time winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/neurosurgeon-u-khand-ex-cs-son-among-five-first-time-winners-101670530060667.html |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Raj is a [[Neurosurgery|neurosurgeon]] by profession. He served as the medical superintendent of [[Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital]], [[Shimla]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Goyal |first=Divya |title=Himachal's 'Doctor ji' BJP candidate writes prescriptions on campaign, hopes to fix 'diseased system' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/himachal-pradesh-elections-bjp-candidate-janak-raj-8252695/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=6 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education==
Born on 15 August 1979, in Bharmour, Distt. Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, Raj is the son of Reshmo Devi and Ravinder Kumar. He received his early education at Jawahar Navodya Vidyalaya in Sarol, Distt. Chamba, and later at Jawahar Navodya Vidyalaya in Shegaon, Maharashtra, under the National Integration Programme.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Raj holds degrees in MBBS, MS (General Surgery) from IGMC Shimla, and M.Ch. Neurosurgery from Benaras Hindu University.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

== Career ==
Before opting for Voluntary Retirement on 18 October 2022 from the Medical Education Department (H.P. Government), Raj held various positions, including Medical Officer (2009-2014), Assistant Professor in Neurosurgery (2014-2019), Associate Professor in Neurosurgery (2019-2021), Professor in Neurosurgery (2021-2022), and Senior Medical Superintendent at IGMC (2018-2022).

== Personal life ==
Married to Kiran, Raj is father of one son and one daughter.

== Political involvement ==
Raj ventured into politics and was elected to the State Legislative Assembly in December 2022. He has been nominated as a Member of the Public Accounts & Ethics Committees, contributing his expertise to governance.

Raj has a special interest in the health sector, education, and tribal affairs, reflecting his commitment to community welfare.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Janak}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

{{HimachalPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Cycle rickshaw

2026-04-16T12:09:25Z

Rucsy: small changes

{{Short description|Pedal-powered version of the rickshaw}}
{{Redirect|Pedicab|other uses|Pedicab (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
[[File:Bangladeshi style Rickshaw.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A Bangladeshi cycle rickshaw for display in Sweden]]
[[File:Bicitaxi en Ciudad de México.jpg|thumb|upright|Cycle rickshaw in Mexico City, with the design established since 2016]]
[[File:Inner Manila Pedicab.jpg|thumb|upright|Typical Manila pedicabs, or "trisikad"]]
[[File:Recumbent pedicab.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Recumbent style cycle taxi/pedicab in London]]
[[File:Cycle rickshaw in Moscow.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Cycle rickshaw in [[Moscow]], Russia]]
The '''cycle rickshaw''' is a small-scale means of local transport. A type of [[tricycle]] designed to carry passengers on a [[vehicle for hire|for-hire]] basis, it may also be known as '''bike taxi''', '''velotaxi''', '''pedicab''', '''bikecab''', '''cyclo''', '''beca''', '''becak''', '''trisikad''', '''sikad''', '''tricycle taxi''', '''trishaw''', or '''hatchback bike'''.

The cycle rickshaw is [[human-powered vehicle|human-powered]] by pedaling, in contrast to the classic [[Pulled rickshaw|rickshaw]], pulled by a person on foot, and distinct from the motorized [[auto rickshaw]].

==Overview==
[[File:Warna-warni Becak di Kota Solo.jpg|thumb|Pedicab or "Becak" (in Indonesian language) in [[Surakarta|Solo]], [[Central Java]], Indonesia ]]
The first cycle rickshaws were built in the 1880s and were first used widely in 1929 in Singapore. Six years later, they outnumbered pulled rickshaws there. By 1950, cycle rickshaws were found in every south and east Asian country. By the late 1980s, there were an estimated 4 million cycle rickshaws worldwide.<ref name="Edgerton p. 46">{{cite book | title=The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900 | publisher=Oxford University Press | first=David | last=Edgerton | year=2011 | pages=46 | isbn=978-0199832613}}</ref>

The vehicle is generally pedal-driven by a driver, though some are equipped with an [[electric motor]] to assist the driver.<ref name="Wired01">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/01/solar-rickshaws-delhi/|title=Solar Rickshaws Ready for Delhi |last=Keith|first=Barry|date=11 January 2010|magazine=Wired Magazine |access-date=10 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hybrid.iit.edu/projects.php?project=auto_rickshaw|title=Sustainable Transportation Solution for Auto Rickshaws|year=2009|publisher=Illinois Institute of Technology|access-date=10 March 2010|archive-date=8 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708204733/http://hybrid.iit.edu/projects.php?project=auto_rickshaw|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/11602/ |title=The Cycle Rickshaw's Electric Dreams|newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref>

The vehicle is usually a [[tricycle]], though some [[Quadracycle (human-powered vehicle)|quadracycle]] models exist, and some [[bicycle]]s with [[bicycle trailer|trailers]] are configured as cycle rickshaws.<ref name=Sobey>{{cite book | title=A Field Guide to Automotive Technology | publisher=Chicago Review Press | first=Ed | last=Sobey | year=2009 | pages=172 | isbn=978-1556528125}}</ref> Some cycle rickshaws have gas or electric motors.<ref name=Sobey /><ref name="investvine">{{cite web|url=http://investvine.com/electric-vehicles-become-popular-the-philippines/|title=Electric vehicles become popular in the Philippines|first=Todd|last=Watson|work=Inside Investor|date=31 July 2013|access-date=11 August 2013|archive-date=9 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809233513/http://investvine.com/electric-vehicles-become-popular-the-philippines/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Passenger configuration===
The configuration of driver and passenger seats varies. Generally the driver sits in front of the passengers to pedal the rickshaw. There are some designs, though, where the cyclist driver sits behind the passengers.<ref name="Edgerton p. 46" /><ref name=Sobey /> In many [[Asia]]n countries, like [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], and [[China]], the passenger seat is located behind the driver, while in [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Vietnam]] the cyclist driver sits behind the passenger. In the [[Philippines]], the passenger seats are usually located beside the driver in a side car. Similar to this, passengers sit alongside the driver in both ''trishaw,'' in [[Singapore]], and the ''sai kaa,'' in [[Burma]].<ref name="Edgerton p. 46" />

==Nomenclature==
{{See also|Rickshaw#Etymology}}
The cycle rickshaw is known by a variety of other names, including:
* velotaxi (used in Germany)<ref>{{Citation|title=Velotaxi|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Velotaxi|work=The Free Dictionary|access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>
* pussuss (used in parts of France)
* velotram (used in parts of France)
* bikecab
* cyclo (used in Vietnam and Cambodia)
* pedicab (used in the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], and [[Canada]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is A Pedicab? - Pedicabs & The National Mall|url=https://sites.google.com/site/pubp715pedicabs/introduction|access-date=8 June 2021|website=sites.google.com}}</ref>
* bike taxi (used in [[Buffalo, New York]]){{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
* bicitaxi (used in [[Mexico]])
* taxi ecologico (used in [[Mexico]])
* trishaw
* beca (used in [[Malaysia]])
* becak (used in [[Indonesia]])
* helicak (used in [[Indonesia]]) it is another version of becak but with engines, not manual pedals
* traysikad, trisikad, sikad, or padyak (used in the [[Philippines]])

==Country overview==
Not only are cycle rickshaws used in Asian countries, but they are also used in some cities in Europe and North America. They are used primarily for their novelty value, as an entertaining form of transportation for tourists and locals, but they also have environmental benefits and may be quicker than other forms of transport if traffic congestion is high. Cycle rickshaws used outside Asia often are mechanically more complex, having multiple [[gear ratio|gears]], more powerful brakes, and in some cases [[Motorized bicycle|electrical motors]] to provide additional power.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

===Africa===
====Madagascar====
In [[Madagascar]] rickshaws, including cycle rickshaws or ''cyclo-pousse'', are a common form of transportation in a number of cities. Rickshaws are known as ''pousse-pousse'', meaning ''push-push'',<ref>{{cite book | title=Madagascar, Volume 15 of Cultures of the World Cultures of the World - Group 15 | publisher=Marshall Cavendish |first1=Jay |last1=Heale |author2=Zawiah Abdul Latif | year=2008 | pages=75–76 | isbn=978-0761430360 | edition=2}}</ref> reportedly for the pulled rickshaws that required a second person to push the vehicles up hills. Cycles are more common in the hillier areas, like [[Toamasina]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNax15GoPIkC&q=pousse-pousse&pg=PT59 | title=Madagascar Travel Guide | publisher=Lonely Planet | access-date=13 April 2013 | year=2012 | edition=7 | isbn=978-1743213018 }}</ref>

===Americas===
====Canada====
In Canada there are pedicabs in operation in [[Victoria, British Columbia]],<ref>{{ cite book | title=Vancouver and Victoria. 4th ed. | author=Ulysses Travel Editorial Staff, Ulysses Travel Guides | publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc | year=2003 | isbn=2894645171 }}</ref> and [[Vancouver, British Columbia]]. They are regulated in [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], and Vancouver, British Columbia.<ref>{{ cite web | title=Pedicabs, City of Vancouver | url=https://vancouver.ca/doing-business/pedicabs.aspx | publisher=City of Vancouver | access-date=13 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite news | title=Rickshaw owners back in driver's seat: Toronto rickshaws can now charge unlimited fares after a judge said City Hall's price limits were chosen on a "whim." | url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/toronto/story.html?id=dad7518a-21d5-42d4-8030-d3bae4be6841 | publisher=National Post, CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. (posted on Canada.com) | date=9 May 2007 | access-date=13 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513005700/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/toronto/story.html?id=dad7518a-21d5-42d4-8030-d3bae4be6841 | archive-date=13 May 2013 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref>

====Mexico====
{{See also|Rickshaws in Mexico City}}
In [[Mexico]], they are called {{Lang|es|bicitaxi}} or {{Lang|es|taxi ecologico}} (literally "ecological taxi").{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

====United States====
{{See also|Rickshaws in the United States}}
[[File:JaysPedicabAspen.png|thumb|upright|Jays Valet, Luxury Transportation & Pedicab Service in the 4th of July (Independence Day) Parade in Aspen, Colorado]]

In many major cities, pedicabs can be found rolling about city centers, nightlife districts, park lands, sports stadiums, and tourist-heavy areas. Myriad uses have been discovered in the states, including car-park-to-event transport at large events nationwide. Thousands of pedicabs today operate on streets in locales including Green Bay and Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Austin, Texas; Manhattan, New York; Chicago, Illinois; San Diego and San Francisco, California; Boston, Massachusetts; Miami, Florida; Washington, D.C.; Denver, Colorado; Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; Charleston, South Carolina; New Orleans, Louisiana; Nashville, Tennessee; Phoenix, Arizona; Salt Lake City, Utah; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and dozens of other hot spots. Manhattan sports the largest collection of pedicabs operating within city limits, and the City of New York itself has mandated that approximately 850 pedicabs always sport operating permits issued by the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dca/html/licenses/131.shtml|title=New York City Department of Consumer Affairs - Pedicab Driver License|website=Nyc.gov|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709014051/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dca/html/licenses/131.shtml|archive-date=9 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Pedicabs in the United States seem to have gotten their start at the [[Century 21 Exposition|1962 World's Fair]] in [[Seattle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myballard.com/2011/11/07/ballard-remembers-the-1962-worlds-fair/|title=Ballard remembers the 1962 World's Fair|website=Myballard.com|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>

===Asia===
====Bangladesh====
[[File:Rickshaws Dhaka.jpg|thumb|upright|Cycle rickshaws in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]. The city is known as the Rickshaw Capital of the World.]]

Cycle rickshaws (রিকশা ''riksha'') are the most popular modes of transport in [[Bangladesh]] and are available for hire throughout the country including the capital city [[Dhaka]], known as the "Rickshaw Capital of the World".<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/2300179.stm | work=BBC News | first=Alastair | last=Lawson | title=Dhaka's beleaguered rickshaw wallahs | date=5 October 2002}}</ref> They are either pedal or motor-powered. They were introduced here about 1938 and by the end of the 20th century there were 300,000+ cycle rickshaws in Dhaka.<ref name="Edgerton pp. 46-47">{{cite book | title=The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900 | publisher=Oxford University Press | first=David | last=Edgerton | year=2011 | pages=46–47 | isbn=978-0199832613}}</ref>

Approximately 400,000 cycle rickshaws run each day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/2300179.stm|title=Dhaka's beleaguered rickshaw wallahs|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=24 February 2009 | date=5 October 2002|first=Alastair|last=Lawson}}</ref> Cycle rickshaws in Bangladesh are also more convenient than the other public modes of transports in the country namely auto rickshaws, cabs and buses. They are mostly ''convertible'', decorated,<ref>RickshawArt.org [http://www.rickshawart.org ''Website of the social enterprise RickshawArt in Bangladesh.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422102750/http://www.rickshawart.org/ |date=22 April 2017 }} Dhaka.</ref> rickshaws with folding hoods and are the only kind of vehicles that can be driven in many neighbourhoods of the city with narrow streets and lanes. However, increasing traffic congestion and the resulting collisions have led to the banning of rickshaws on many major streets in the city. Urban employment in Bangladesh also largely depend on cycle rickshaws. Because of inflation and unemployment in the rural areas, people from villages crowd in the cities to become rickshaw drivers locally called the ''riksha-wala'' (রিকশাওয়ালা).{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

{{See also|Rickshaw art in Bangladesh}}

====Cambodia====
Cycle rickshaws are known as ''cyclo'' (pronounced see-clo) in [[Cambodia]], derived from the French {{Lang|fr|cyclo}}.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

====China====
[[File:A passenger tricycle at Xiyuan (20230526121029).jpg|thumb|upright|right|A cycle rickshaw at [[Xiyuan station (Beijing Subway)|Xiyuan]], Beijing, targeting at tourists from Summer Palace]]
[[File:Cycle rickshaw、Shenyang,自転車タクシー,中国、瀋陽 PA106988.JPG|thumb|upright|right|Cycle rickshaw in Shenyang]]

Since the 1950s, when the pulled rickshaw was phased out, mid-city and large city passengers may travel using three-wheeled pedicabs, or cycle rickshaws. The [[Chinese language|Chinese]] term for the conveyance is ''sanlunche'' (三轮车). The vehicles may be pedal- or motor-powered. In [[Shanghai]], most of the vehicles are powered by electricity.<ref name="Tiki China">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WM23qDdOGQC&pg=PT61 | title=China Travel Guide - Tiki Travel | publisher=FB Editions | pages=PT61 | isbn=9791021306523}}</ref>

Tourists are warned to beware of over-charging vendors, especially who wear an "old fashioned costume" or are located near tourist locations.<ref name="Tiki China" />

Whilst many local tourism authorities still issue licences for rickshaw drivers to carry passengers, authorities in China are tightening rules in order to alleviate cheating of tourists and to reduce traffic congestion (e.g. a typical Chinese cycle-rickshaw will travel at less than 10 {{Sfrac|km|h}} and is wide enough to fill an entire motor or bicycle lane and therefore are blamed as a major cause of traffic congestion), and have been banned in many cities already.<ref>{{cite web |title=广州这些区域禁止人力三轮车上道路行驶，6月11日起施行 |url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1766212670263278435&wfr=spider&for=pc |website=Baidu |publisher=光明网 |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref>

====India====
[[File:Cargorickshaw.jpg|thumb|upright|A cycle rickshaw carrying shoe boxes in [[Agra]]]]



The first attempt of improving the existing cycle rickshaws and then converting them to electric ones was done by the [[Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute]] in the late 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/sep252002/703.pdf|title=Electric and improved cycle rickshaw as a sustainable transport system for India|website=Iisc.ernet.in|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808223105/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/sep252002/703.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=====Service availability=====
Cycle rickshaws were used in Kolkata starting about 1930<ref name="Edgerton pp. 46-47" /> and are now common in rural and urban areas of India.<ref>{{cite book | title=Good Earth Varanasi City Guide | publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited | year=1989 | pages=189 | isbn=8187780045 }}</ref>

=====Ecocabs and similar service=====
[[File:ECB1.jpg|thumb|upright|Traction Man on [[Fazilka]] Ecocab "Nano Model"]]

[[Navdeep Asija]] started a dial-a-cycle rickshaw concept known as Ecocabs,<ref name=Ecocabs>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecocabs.org/|title=Ecocabs|website=Ecocabs.org|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Environmental friendly Ecocabs{{#tag:ref|In 2010, Ecocab service was introduced by the state governments of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] upon the orders of the Honorable Punjab and Haryana High Court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/ecocab-can-become-viable-and-ecofriendly-means-of-transport/612632/|title=Ecocab can become viable and eco-friendly means of transport|website=Expressindia.com|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015021450/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/ecocab-can-become-viable-and-ecofriendly-means-of-transport/612632/|archive-date=15 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>|group="nb"}} operate in the Punjab towns of [[Fazilka]],<ref name="IA With Ecocab" /> [[Amritsar]].<ref name="Tribune Amritsar" />{{#tag:ref|Ecocabs were introduced in Amritsar by the Punjab Heritage and Tourism Promotion Board in association with Graduates Welfare Association Fazilka (GWAF) and District Administration in [[Amritsar]]. Here in the Ecocabs<ref name="Tribune Amritsar">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101016/aplus.htm#2|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Amritsar PLUS|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>|group="nb"}} [[Central Delhi]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref name=Ecocabs /> Passengers may call to request transport service, similar to dial-up taxi cab operations.<ref name="IA With Ecocab">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/with-ecocab-fazilka-shows-the-way/611194/|title=With Ecocab, Fazilka shows the way - Indian Express|website=Indianexpress.com|date=26 April 2010|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://carbusters.org/2010/03/18/fazilka-come-without-your-car/|title=Fazilka: Come Without Your Car – Carbusters|website=carbusters.org|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> {{#tag:ref|Named "Ecocabs", it is known locally as "Pushpak Sewa". the first modified light-weight low-floor rickshaw was introduced under the name ''Nano''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100405/bathinda.htm#9|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Bathinda Edition|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>|group="nb"}}

In November 2010, Patiala GreenCABS, similar to Ecocabs, were introduced in the city by the local [[non governmental organisation]] (NGO) the Patiala Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/topic/patiala-green-cabs|title=Patiala Green Cabs: Latest News, Photos, Videos on Patiala Green Cabs|website=NDTV.com|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>

=====Financing=====
In [[West Bengal]] the [[Rotaract|Rotaract Club]] of [[Serampore]] finances cycle rickshaw purchases so that unemployed people can begin their own rickshaw business. The loans are repaid from the workers' earnings. When paid in full, the rickshaw workers own their rickshaw and other unemployed individuals are entered into the program.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Rotaract rickshaws pedal ahead | journal=The Rotarian |date=April 1990 | pages=48 | publisher=Rotary International.}}</ref>

=====Soleckshaw=====
The Soleckshaw is a battery-electric assisted cycle rickshaw. The battery is designed to be charged or exchanged at centralised solar-powered charging stations. Developed by the [[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]], it was launched in [[Delhi]] in October 2008.<ref name="Wired01" /><ref name="TOI Solar rickshaws">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Solar-rickshaws-to-power-green-city-dreams/articleshow/17347916.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209045729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-24/bhubaneswar/35333213_1_rickshaw-pullers-solar-rickshaw-soleckshaw|url-status=live|archive-date=9 December 2012|title=Solar rickshaws to power green city dreams|date=24 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 April 2013 }}</ref> However, in September 2010 it was reported that no Soleckshaws had been sold on a commercial basis, and the approximately 30 demonstration units, initially deployed in Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Delhi, Dhanbad, Durgapur, Jaipur, and Kolkata, were "not in operation due to various local administrative and management problems", and the charging stations "are not being used at this point of time as the vehicles are not in operation at those locations".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/100289/csirs-solar-rickshaw-finds-no.html|title=Solar rickshaw finds no takers|website=Deccan Herald|date=28 September 2010|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>

The [[2010 Union budget of India]] had a concessional excise duty of 4% on solar cycle rickshaws.<ref name=TEDDY>{{cite book|title=TERI Energy Data Directory & Yearbook (TEDDY) 2010|publisher=TERI Press|page=403|date=2012|isbn=978-8179933930}}</ref>

====Indonesia====
Cycle rickshaws in Indonesia are called ''becak'' (pronounced {{IPA|ms|ˈbetʃaʔ|}}). They began to be used in Jakarta around 1936.<ref name="Edgerton pp. 46-47" /> ''Becak'' were considered an icon of the capital city of Jakarta prior to its ban in the 1970s. Citing concerns of public order, the city government forbade them on the city's main streets. Scenes of the anti-''becak'' campaign appear in the 1971 Canadian film ''Wet Earth and Warm People'', a documentary by [[Michael Rubbo]].<ref>National Film Board of Canada, ''[https://www.nfb.ca/film/wet_earth_and_warm_people Wet Earth and Warm People]'', 1971</ref> Despite attempts at eradication, however, many ''becak'' still operate near [[slum]]s throughout the city. Attempts at reinforcing the ban resulted in large-scale seizures of the vehicle in the late 1990s and in 2007.<ref>{{cite news | title = 'Becak' drivers challenge authorities over right to work | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/07/06/becak039-drivers-challenge-authorities-over-right-work.html | work = [[The Jakarta Post]] | date = 6 July 2009 | access-date = 10 July 2010}}</ref> In 2018, Governor [[Anies Baswedan]] attempted to allow ''becak'' again because of a political contract with ''becak'' drivers during his campaign.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Amindoni|first1=Ayomi|title=Becak di Jakarta dan 'kontrak politik' Gubernur Anies Baswedan|url=http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-42813996|access-date=1 April 2018|work=BBC Indonesia|date=2018|language=id}}</ref>

There are two types of ''becak'' in Indonesia, with the first type having the driver sitting behind the passenger (similar to Dutch-style [[cargo bike]]s), while the other one, mainly found in Sumatra, has the driver sitting beside the passenger. ''Becak'' is still used in various parts of Indonesia, especially in smaller cities and towns.{{Cn|date=April 2026}}

====Malaysia====
[[File:National Museum KL 2008 (153).JPG|thumb|upright|''Beca'' from Parit Jawa, Muar, Johor, at the [[Muzium Negara]]]]

In [[Malaysia]], pedestrian-pulled [[Pulled rickshaw|rickshaws]] were gradually replaced by cycle rickshaws ({{Lang|ms|beca}} in [[Malay Language|Malay]], from [[Hokkien]] ''bé-chhia'' 馬車 "horse cart"). Cycle rickshaws were ubiquitous up to the 1970s in cities. Since then, rapid urbanisation has increased demand for more efficient public transport, resulting in dwindling cycle rickshaw numbers. Today, cycle rickshaws are operated mostly as a tourist attraction, with small numbers operating in [[Malacca]], [[Penang]], [[Kelantan]], and [[Terengganu]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

====Myanmar====
[[File:Cycle Rickshaw (29194653278).jpg|thumb|A cycle rickshaw in [[Yangon]]]]

In Myanmar, cycle rickshaws or trishaws ({{langx|my|ဆိုက်ကား|translit=saik kar}}, directly pronounced as in the English word 'side car') came first into wide use in 1938, when the [[1300 Revolution]], which originated from the [[Chauk|Chauk oil-field]] strike, inspired the people in [[Mandalay]] to have a consciousness of nationalism and to boycott British goods and services. The auto body technician Saya Nyo built the first trishaw in Mandalay by attaching a side-car to the side of an old bicycle.<ref>{{cite book |last= Ludu Daw Amar |author-link= Ludu Daw Amar |date= Nov 1993|title=ရတနာပုံ မန္တလေး၊ မန္တလေး၊ကျွန်မတို့ မန္တလေး |trans-title=Yadanabon Mandalay, Mandalay, Kyama do Mandalay|language=my |location= Mandalay|publisher= Ludu press & bookshop}}</ref> So two passengers are on the right of the driver.

Only two forms of transportation were then available in the city; the cab and the electric train. The latter could run only on {{convert|10|km|mi|0|abbr=off|spell=on|adj=on}} tracks. Trishaws could reach every nook and cranny, so the spirit of nationalism plus the advantage of trishaws reaching everywhere made them so popular among Mandalayans that even the train company had to stop its business.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.moi.gov.mm/npe/?q=article/16/12/2019/id-91294|title=ဓာတ်ရထားနှင့် ဆိုက်ကား |date=16 December 2019 |website= News and Periodical Enterprise |author= ဆူးငှက် |access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yangonlife.com.mm/en/article/myanmar-trishaw-01|title=Myanmar Trishaw|date=21 November 2019|website=Yangonlife|first=Crystal|last=Win|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218142835/http://yangonlife.com.mm/en/article/myanmar-trishaw-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Nepal====
In the [[Terai]] region of [[Nepal]], cycle rickshaws are still the most popular means of public transport for short-distance commuting. Most big cities in the Terai have hundreds of cycle rickshaws that carry local commuters and travellers, and are also used for carrying goods. Since the Terai region is bordered with [[India]], cycle rickshaws are also popular means for shoppers, businessmen and travellers to travel in and out of the country freely. The free border between India and Nepal enable the rickshaw owners from both countries to operate across the border without any restriction.

However, in [[Hill Region|Hilly regions]] of Nepal, cycle rickshaws are primarily used to attract tourists who can relax and travel around the popular streets and markets at reasonable fares.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/nepal/Rickshaws-in-Nepal/334 |title=Rickshaws in Nepal | globerove.com |website=www.kwintessential.co.uk |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616012730/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/nepal/Rickshaws-in-Nepal/334 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/Nepal/Transportation-Nepal-Rickshaw-BR-1.html|title=VirtualTourist.com ceased operations|website=Virtualtourist.com|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Cycle rickshaws are particularly popular among tourists to roam around the popular streets and markets of [[Thamel]], [[Kathmandu]].

====Pakistan====
The cycle and [[pulled rickshaw]] were banned in [[Pakistan]] in November 1991.<ref name="news.google.com">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19591104&id=e1pYAAAAIBAJ&pg=2852,691451|title=Lakeland Ledger - Google News Archive Search|website=News.google.com|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>

====Philippines====
{{See also|Motorized tricycle (Philippines)}}
[[File:Pedicab at Catarman, Northern Samar.JPG|thumb|upright|Passenger pedicab in [[Catarman, Northern Samar]]]]
[[File:Heavy tricycle transport.jpg|thumbnail|right|upright|''Traysikad'' used for cargo transport]]

In the Philippines, it is called a '''pedicab''', '''traysikad''', '''trisikad'''—or simply '''sikad''' or '''padyak''', from the Philippine word meaning to tramp or stamp one's feet. It is made by mounting a [[sidecar]] to a regular bicycle. They are used mainly to ferry passengers short distances along smaller, more residential streets, often to or from [[jeepney]]s or other [[public utility vehicle]]s. They are also used for transporting cargo too heavy to carry by hand and over a distance too short or roads too congested for motor transport, such as a live pig. During [[rainy seasons]], they are useful as a way to avoid walking through flood waters. Along with the [[jeepney]], the [[Motorized tricycle (Philippines)|motorcycle-powered tricycle]], and the engine-powered [[kuliglig]], the open-air pedicab provides shade when needed.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

====South Korea====
[[File:Artee Pedicab.jpg|thumb|Cycle rickhaw in Seoul, South Korea]]

The Korean term for cycle rickshaw is ''illyeokgeo'' (인력거), which can be pedal- or motor-powered, though most in South Korea are electric. While not commonly used as a primary mode of transportation, cycle rickshaws can still be found in certain areas like [[Bukchon Hanok Village]] in [[Seoul]], where they operate mainly for tourism purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2025/01/398_150678.html|title=Startups taking steps toward creative tourism|date=28 January 2014|website=The Korea Times}}</ref>

====Thailand====
[[File:Rickshaw Thailand.JPG|thumb|upright|Rickshaw, Thailand]]

In [[Thailand]], any three-wheeler is called {{Transliteration|th|samlor}} ({{langx|th|สามล้อ|lit=three wheels}}), whether motorised or not, including pedicabs, motorcycles with attached vending carts or [[sidecar]]s, etc. The driver is also called ''{{Transliteration|th|samlor}}''.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

====Vietnam====
[[File:Xich lô Saigon55.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A lady in a traditional [[Áo dài]] on an originally-designed xích lô, 1939]]
[[File:Xich lô 1976.jpg|thumb|upright|right|From 1976, cyclos of [[Ho Chi Minh City]] and other provinces are re-designed a higher carriage for both goods and passengers transport.]]
[[File:Xe Lôi.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Xe Lôi of the [[Mekong Delta]]]]

Cycle rickshaws are known as ''{{lang|vi|xích lô}}'' (pronounced sick-low, from the French ''{{lang|fr|cyclo}}'') in Vietnam. Cyclo was an invention of a French named P. Coupeaid, which was introduced in [[Cambodia]] and [[Saigon]] in 1939. From 2008 to 03/2012, due to the traffic obstruction, cyclos were totally forbidden in [[Ho Chi Minh City]] and other provinces, except cyclo tours organised by tourist agencies.<ref>Xích lô Sài Thành https://thanhnien.vn>Thời sự>Phóng sự/Điều Tra</ref> Another similar vehicle, a pedicab called ''xe lôi'' of the [[Mekong Delta]], are now rarely found in some provinces such as [[Sóc Trăng]], [[Vĩnh Long]], and [[Châu Đốc]]. They are on their way to disappear.<ref>Xe lôi ở Miền Nam Việt Nam - Hình ảnh Việt Nam xưa và nay. https://hinhanhvietnam.com>xe-loi-o-mien-nam-viet-nam</ref>

''[[Cyclo (film)|Cyclo]]'', a 1995 film about a cyclo driver, won the [[Golden Lion]] at the [[52nd Venice International Film Festival]].<ref name="Blum-Reid2003">{{cite book|last=Blum-Reid|first=Sylvie|title=East-West Encounters: Franco-Asian Cinema and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMrQFxR3jcYC&pg=PA166|year=2003|publisher=Wallflower Press|isbn=978-1-903364-67-3|page=166}}</ref>

Beyond their practical utility, [https://asialuyou.com/reminiscing-about-the-iconic-cyclos-on-the-streets-of-saigon/ cyclos held cultural significance in Saigon]. They appeared in literature, art, and cinema, becoming emblematic of the city's identity. From romantic rendezvous to everyday commutes, cyclos featured prominently in the daily lives of Saigonese residents.

Despite the challenges, efforts are underway to preserve the legacy of cyclo in Saigon. Some organizations are restoring vintage models, while others are promoting eco-friendly alternatives to traditional cyclos. These initiatives aim to celebrate the cultural heritage of these iconic vehicles and ensure their continued presence in the city.

===Europe===
Cycle rickshaws, also called pedicabs, are used in most large continental European cities.<ref name=MainStreet />

====Denmark====
[[File:Widok z opery.jpg|thumb|upright|Rickshaw in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 2014]]

[[Copenhagen]] and [[Odense]] have pedicab service.<ref name=MainStreet /><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QjqJqi7A8C&pg=PT56 | title=Denmark Travel Adventures | publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc | first=Elizabet | last=Olesen | year=2011 | pages=PT56 | isbn=978-1588437075}}</ref>

====Finland====
Cycle rickshaws are available for rent at [[Kaivopuisto]] in [[Helsinki]]. The rental company brought the vehicles from the city of [[Lappeenranta]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://riksavuokraus.fi/index.html|title=Riksan vuokrausta Helsingissä|website=Riksavuokraus.fi|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021102648/http://riksavuokraus.fi/index.html|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====France====
Most French cities have one or more pedicabs, locally known as PussPuss or VeloTaxi. Most common in [[Paris]], [[Nantes]], [[Lyon]], [[Montpellier]] and [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]], these cities operate one or more units. France have pedicab vendors.<ref name=MainStreet />

====Germany====
[[File:Rickshaw Hamburg.JPG|thumb|upright|A ''Velotaxi'' cycle rickshaw in [[Hamburg]], Germany]]

[[Lake Constance]],<ref name=MainStreet /> [[Berlin]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Dresden]], and [[Hamburg]] offer cycle rickshaw, also called pedicab, service.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

=====Velotaxi=====
In the 1990s, German-made cycle rickshaws called velotaxis were created. They are about 1/3 to 1/2 the cost of regular taxis. Velotaxis are three-wheeled vehicles with a "space-age lightweight plastic cab that is open on both sides", a space for a driver, and behind the driver, space for two passengers.<ref name="De Mente p. 95-96">{{cite book | title=The Bizarre and the Wondrous from the Land of the Rising Sun! | publisher=Cultural-Insight Books | author=Boye De Mente | year=2010 | isbn=978-1456424756 | editor=Demetra De Ment | pages=95–96 }}</ref> They have been made in [[Berlin]], Germany, by Ludger Matuszewski, the founder of "Velotaxi GmbH" company. Velotaxis are often used for group functions like weddings. Under German traffic laws, transporting people on bicycles was forbidden.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

=====Electric-assist pedicabs=====
Berlin's Senate, police, and taxi associations finally agreed that the "cult-flitzer" could be integrated into the city's traffic flow. Germany's highest court later ruled that transporting people on bikes was legal. It is a modern and newly designed pedicab (CityCruiser) with a 500-watt electric assist motor. Although these electric-assist pedicabs were engineered in Germany they are manufactured in the [[Czech Republic]] and some clones are now also produced in China. The Chinese clone can be purchased for about 3,000 [[United States dollar|US dollars]]; the German original is around 6,000 US dollars (the newest version, 9000+ [[euro|€]]). The batteries last about 4 hours with a full charge. As with a few recumbent and semi-recumbent designs, some drivers may suffer with knee and joint pain due to the weight of the vehicle (145 kg).{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

====Hungary====
Pedicab service is available in [[Budapest]].<ref name=MainStreet />

====Ireland====
[[File:Cycle rickshaw on O'Connell Street, Dublin.JPG|thumb|Cycle rickshaw in Dublin]]

Pedicabs operate in [[Cork (city)|Cork]] and [[Dublin]], Ireland.<ref name=MainStreet>{{cite web | url=http://www.pedicab.com/pedicab-operators.html | title=Main Street Pedicab Operators | publisher=Main Street Pedicabs | access-date=13 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405040443/http://www.pedicab.com/pedicab-operators.html | archive-date=5 April 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In 1994, a wine-club owner named B. McDonald started Pedicabs Ireland with twelve imported pedicab rickshaws. Sponsored pedicabs on the streets of [[Dublin]] give free rides to passengers, as the revenue generated from the advertisements on these pedicabs gives a wage to the drivers. Yellow pedicabs are available in [[Galway]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}|group="nb"}}

====Italy====
Pedicab service is available in [[Florence]], [[Milan]],<ref name=MainStreet /> [[Rome]],{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} Bari.

====The Netherlands====
Pedicab service is available in [[Amsterdam]], [[The Hague]] and in the [[Caribbean]], at [[Willemstad]].<ref name=MainStreet /><ref>{{ cite web | url=https://www.amsterdam.info/transport/bike-taxi/ | title=Bike taxi | publisher=Amsterdam Tourism & Convention Board | access-date=13 April 2013 }}</ref>

Thomas Lundy of Amsterdam adapted his battery-electric assisted cycle rickshaw to become what he terms "semi-solar powered", resulting in a video report on [[Reuters]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gruber|first=Ben|date=17 October 2011|url=https://www.reuters.com/video/2011/10/17/amsterdam-rickshaw-driver-sees-the-light?videoId=223547848&videoChannel=6|title=Amsterdam rickshaw driver sees the light|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018061446/https://www.reuters.com/video/2011/10/17/amsterdam-rickshaw-driver-sees-the-light?videoId=223547848&videoChannel=6|archive-date=18 October 2011|url-status=dead|type=video|access-date=9 November 2023|website=Reuters.com}} (click on transcript to read)</ref>

====Norway====
[[File:Velotaxitonsberg.jpg|thumbnail|upright|A ''velotaxi'' operating in [[Tønsberg]], Norway]]

Pedicab service is available in [[Oslo]],<ref name=MainStreet /> [[Fredrikstad]], [[Bergen]], [[Porsgrunn]], and [[Tønsberg]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.velotaxi.no/ |title=Velotaxi.no - Velotaxi | Hjem |access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828032738/http://www.velotaxi.no/ |archive-date=28 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Poland====
[[File:Warsaw 1944 by Bałuk - 26204.jpg|thumb|upright|Cycle rickshaws in Warsaw during [[World War II]]]]

During [[World War II]], when [[Poland]] was under [[Nazi]] German occupation, the German authorities confiscated most privately owned cars and many of the [[streetcar]]s and [[bus]]es. Because of that, [[public transport]] was partially replaced by cycle rickshaws, at first improvised and with time mass-produced by bicycle factories. Cycle rickshaws became popular in [[Warsaw]] and by the start of the [[Warsaw Uprising]] were a common sight on the city's streets.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

Pedicabs still can be found in most large cities in Poland from [[Łódź]] to [[Warsaw]].

====Spain====
[[Alicante]], [[Barcelona]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Málaga]], [[San Sebastián|San Sebastian]], and [[Seville]] have pedicab service.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://suite101.net/article/la-moda-del-bicitaxi-el-transporte-de-la-gran-ciudad-a17371 |title=La moda del bicitaxi, el transporte de la gran ciudad - Suite 101 |access-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218131825/http://suite101.net/article/la-moda-del-bicitaxi-el-transporte-de-la-gran-ciudad-a17371 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
Cycle rickshaws operate in central London, including [[Soho]],<ref name="Edgerton pp. 46-47" /> [[Piccadilly]], [[Leicester Square]], and [[Covent Garden]]. [[Pedal Me]] is a pedicab company using electric cargo bikes to transport passengers and cargo across Central and Inner London. In 2024, [[Transport for London]] was given powers to regulate pedicabs, including fare control, vehicle standards and driver licensing.<ref>{{cite web |title=New rules to put the brakes on nuisance pedicabs |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-rules-to-put-the-brakes-on-nuisance-pedicabs |website=GOV.UK |access-date=29 January 2025 |language=en |date=26 March 2024}}</ref>

Rickshaws and pedicabs are found in the centre of Edinburgh where vendors are hired like taxis and provide tours.<ref>{{cite book | title=Frommer's Scotland |first1=Lesley Anne |last1=Rose |first2=Michael |last2=Macaroon |first3=Vivienne |last3=Crow | edition =12 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year=2012 | isbn=978-1119992769 }}</ref> Pedicabs and their variants are also available in [[Oxford]].<ref name=MainStreet />

==Economic, social and political aspects==

===Economics===
[[File:三轮车.JPG|thumb|upright|right|Modern cycle rickshaw in Beijing Street]]
In many Asian cities where they are widely used, cycle rickshaw driving provides essential employment for recent [[immigration|immigrants]] from rural areas, generally impoverished men. One study in [[Bangladesh]] showed that cycle rickshaw driving was connected with some increases in income for poor agricultural labourers who moved to urban areas, but that the extreme physical demands of the job meant that these benefits decreased for long-term drivers.<ref name="begum2005">Begum, Sharifa and Binayak Sen (2005). Pulling rickshaws in the city of [[Dhaka]]: a way out of poverty? ''Environment and Urbanization'' 17(2):11-25.</ref> In [[Jakarta]], most cycle rickshaw drivers in the 1980s were former [[landlessness|landless]] agricultural labourers from rural areas of [[Java (island)|Java]].<ref name="azuma2003">Azuma, Yoshifumi (2003). ''Urban peasants: beca drivers in Jakarta''. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.</ref>

In 2003, Dhaka cycle rickshaw drivers earned an estimated average of [[Bangladeshi taka|Tk]] 143 ([[United States dollar|US$]]2.38) per day, of which they paid about Tk 50 (US$0.80) to rent the cycle rickshaw for a day. Older, long-term drivers earned substantially less.<ref name="begum2005"/> A 1988–89 survey found that Jakarta drivers earned a daily average of [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp.]] 2722 (US$1.57).<ref name="azuma2003"/> These wages, while widely considered very low for such physically demanding work, do in some situations compare favourably to jobs available to unskilled workers.<ref name="gallagher1992">Gallagher, Rob (1992). ''The rickshaws of Bangladesh''. Dhaka: The University Press Limited.</ref>

In many cities, most drivers do not own their own cycle rickshaws; instead, they rent them from their owners, some of whom own many cycle rickshaws. Driver-ownership rates vary widely. In [[Delhi]], a 1980 study found only one per cent of drivers owned their vehicles, but ownership rates in several other Indian cities were much higher, including fifteen per cent in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and twenty-two per cent in [[Faridabad]]. A 1977 study in [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand found that 44% of cycle rickshaw drivers were owners. In Bangladesh, driver-ownership is usually highest in rural areas and lowest in the larger cities. Most cycle rickshaws in that country are owned by individuals who have only one or two of them, but some owners in the largest cities own several hundred.<ref name="gallagher1992"/>

===Social aspects===
In 2012 [[Ole Kassow (social entrepreneur)|Ole Kassow]], a resident of [[Copenhagen (Denmark)|Copenhagen]], wanted to help the elderly get back on their bicycles, but he had to find a solution to their limited mobility. The answer was a cycle rickshaw, and he started offering free cycle rickshaw rides to residents of a nearby [[Nursing home care|nursing home]]. He then got in touch with a civil society consultant at the City of Copenhagen, Dorthe Pedersen, who was intrigued by the idea, and together they bought five cycle rickshaws and launched an organisation called [[Cycling Without Age]], which has now spread to all corners of Denmark, and since 2015 to another 50 countries around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cyclingwithoutage.org/about/|title=About - Cycling Without Age|website=Cyclingwithoutage.org|access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>

===Legislation===
Some countries and cities have banned or restricted cycle rickshaws. They are often prohibited in [[traffic congestion|congested areas]] of major cities. For example, they were banned in [[Bangkok]] in the mid-1960s as not fitting the modern image of the city being promoted by the government.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} In Dhaka and Jakarta, they are no longer permitted on major roads, but are still used to provide transportation within individual urban neighbourhoods.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} They are banned entirely in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="news.google.com"/> While they have been criticised for causing congestion, cycle rickshaws are also often hailed as environmentally-friendly, inexpensive modes of transportation.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

In Taiwan, the Road Traffic Security Rules require pedicabs to be registered by their owners with the police before they can be legally driven on public roads, or risk an administrative fine of 300 [[new Taiwan dollar]]s (TWD). Their drivers must carry the police registration documents or risk a fine of 180 TWD, but no driver licence is required. The administrative fines are based on Articles 69 and 71 of the Act Governing the Punishment of Violation of Road traffic Regulations. As Taiwanese road traffic is now heavily motorised, most pedicabs have been replaced by [[taxicab]]s, but they can still be found at limited places, such as Cijin District of [[Kaohsiung City]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

Electric-assist pedicabs were banned in New York City in January 2008; the city council decided to allow pedicabs propelled only by muscle power.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The city of [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], Canada, has decided not to issue permits to electric-assist pedicabs.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

==Arts==
[[File:Rickshaw back decoration.jpg|thumb|Decoration of a cycle rickshaw in Dhaka]]
As a key part of the urban landscape in many cities, cycle rickshaws have been the subject of films and other artwork, as well as being extensively decorated themselves. The cycle rickshaw in Dhaka is especially well known as a major medium for Bengali folk art, as [[plasticine]] cutouts and handpainted figures adorn many cycle rickshaws.<ref>Kirkpatrick, Joanna. (2003) ''Transports of Delight: The Ricksha Arts of Bangladesh''. Indiana University Press. Multimedia CDROM.</ref>

Films featuring cycle rickshaws and their drivers include [[Kickboxer (film)|Kickboxer]] and [[Sammo Hung]]'s 1989 [[martial arts film]] ''[[Pedicab Driver]]'', which dealt with a group of pedicab drivers and their problems with romance and organised crime. ''[[Cyclo (film)|Cyclo]]'', a 1995 film by [[Vietnam]]ese director [[Tran Anh Hung]], is centered on a cycle rickshaw driver. [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] films with cycle rickshaw themes include ''Orey Rickshaw'' ("Orey" literally means "Hey", in a derogatory tone), which tells a story sympathising with the downtrodden, and ''Rickshavodu'' ("Rickshaw Guy").{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

==Gallery==
{{Commons category|Cycle rickshaws}}
<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px">
File:BECA (17).JPG|An extensively decorated trishaw in Melaka
File:Singapore Raffles Hall trishaw.jpg|A trishaw and rider at the [[Raffles Hotel]] in [[Singapore]]
File:A rickshaw puller in bangladesh.jpg|A Cycle rickshaw puller in [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
File:Indonesia bike5.JPG|A ''becak'' and its driver wait for a fare in [[Bandung]], Indonesia
File:Trishaws in downtown Singapore - 20060529.jpg|Trishaws are used to ferry [[tourist]]s around the city for sightseeing in [[Singapore]]
File:Cincinnati Rickshaw.jpg|Cycle Rickshaw in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio
File:Rickshaws Dhaka.jpg|Cycle rickshaws in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
File:Rickshaw Parking at Dhaka (9601873282).jpg|Cycle rickshaw parking in Bangladesh
File:Rickshaw Phnom Penh.JPG|A cycle rickshaw driver in [[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia
File:Taiwan road sign Art073.09.png|Taiwanese Prohibitory Sign P9: No Pedicabs
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Boda boda]] (bicycle taxi)
* [[Party bike]]
* [[Tandem bicycle]]
* [[Trailer bike]]
* [[Utility cycling]]
* [[Rickshaw art]]
* [[George Bliss (pedicab designer)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|trishaw}}
* [http://www.peterloud.co.uk/photos/Indonesia/Yogya/Becak/Yogya_Becak.html Becak Yogya]

{{Public transport}}
{{Human-powered vehicles}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cycle types]]
[[Category:Vehicles for hire]]
[[Category:Taxi vehicles]]
[[Category:Rickshaws]]

Karauli Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:33Z

Rucsy: started a details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Karauli
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-83-Karauli.svg
| mla = [[Darshan Singh Gurjar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Karauli district|Karauli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karauli–Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency|Karauli-Dholpur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:256916}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 83
}}
'''Karauli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It comprises parts of [[Karauli tehsil]], in [[Karauli district|Karauli]] district.<ref name=delimitation2008/> As of 2023, its representative is [[Darshan Singh Gurjar]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/karauli-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470696-2023-12-03 |title=Karauli Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Darshan Singh with 89666 defeats INC's Lakhan Singh |date= |author= |access-date= 25 December 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|Rohini Kumari
|{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Darshan Singh Gurjar]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Lakhan Singh Meena]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Darshan Singh Gurjar]]<ref name=election2023/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Karauli<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Darshan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:89666}}
|percentage = 46.01
|change = +18.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Lakhan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:87483}}
|percentage = 44.89
|change = +14.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravindra
|votes = {{formatnum:13182}}
|percentage = 6.76
|change = -28.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1135}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change = -0.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2183}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change = -4.47
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:194894}}
|percentage = 75.86
|change = +2.58
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Karauli<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lakhan Singh Meena|Lakhan Singh]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:61163}}
|percentage = 35.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Darshan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:51601}}
|percentage = 30.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Om Prakash Saini Urf O.P.Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:47022}}
|percentage = 27.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vedprakash Urf Bantu Neta
|votes = {{formatnum:4986}}
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Kuldeep Pal
|votes = {{formatnum:2331}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1144}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9562}}
|percentage = 5.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171070}}
|percentage = 73.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Karauli district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.5|77.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Karauli district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Jhabua Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:28Z

Rucsy: started a details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jhabua
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 193
| map_image = 193-Jhabua.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jhabua district|Jhabua]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency|Ratlam]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Vikrant Bhuria]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
}}
'''Jhabua''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. Jhabua Assembly constituency is one of the three Assembly constituencies in [[Jhabua district]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It is a segment of [[Ratlam (Lok Sabha constituency)]] .

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election!!Member!! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Jamuna Bai
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election!!Member<ref name="election2018-pradesh">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/basoda.html|website=elections.in|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Sursingh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Man Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Bapu Singh Damar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Gangabai
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="5" |Bapu Singh Damar
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Swaroop Bai Bhabar
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Pave Singh Pargi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|Jewier Meda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Shantilal Bilwal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Guman Singh Damor]]<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2019^<ref name="2019bypoll">{{cite news |last1=NDTV |title=Election Result 2019: Congress's Victory In Madhya Pradesh Bypoll A Boost For Kamal Nath |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-congresss-victory-in-jhabua-madhya-pradesh-bypoll-a-boost-for-kamal-nath-2122358 |access-date=4 March 2023 |date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304101643/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-congresss-victory-in-jhabua-madhya-pradesh-bypoll-a-boost-for-kamal-nath-2122358 |archive-date=4 March 2023}}</ref>
|[[Kantilal Bhuria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Vikrant Bhuria]]
|}
^ bypolls

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhabua<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vikrant Bhuria]]
|votes = {{formatnum:103151}}
|percentage = 49.87
|change = {{decrease}}5.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhanu Bhuria
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:87458}}
|percentage = 42.29
|change = {{increase}}2.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Balu
|votes = {{formatnum:3636}}
|percentage = 1.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate = Gabbar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2938}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dhansingh Bariya
|votes = {{formatnum:2555}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3596}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change = {{decrease}}0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15693}}
|percentage = 7.58
|change = {{decrease}}8.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206829}}
|percentage = 66.22
|change = {{increase}}1.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 bypoll ===
{{Election box begin | title= By-election, 2019: Jhabua<ref name="2019bypoll"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
|votes = 96,155
|percentage = 55.79
|change = {{increase}}23.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bhanu Bhuria
|votes = 68,351
|percentage = 39.66
|change = {{increase}}1.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Kalyansingh Damor
|votes = 2,488
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,088
|percentage = 1.79
|change = {{decrease}}1.72
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 27,804
|percentage = 16.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhabua<ref name="election2018-pradesh"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gumansingh Damor
|votes = {{formatnum:66598}}
|percentage = 37.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Vikrant Bhuriya
|votes = {{formatnum:56161}}
|percentage = 31.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jevier Meda
|votes = {{formatnum:35943}}
|percentage = 20.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dilipsingh Virsingh
|votes = {{formatnum:2802}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Balu Ninama
|votes = {{formatnum:2277}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Joseph Urph Ramsingh
|votes = {{formatnum:2263}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6188}}
|percentage = 3.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10437}}
|percentage = 5.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176151}}
|percentage = 65.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jhabua]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.77|74.59|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jhabua district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Shahbad Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:35Z

Rucsy: Created initial details w/ sources

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{For|the former constituency in Karnataka, Karnataka|Shahabad, Karnataka Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Shahbad Assembly constituency

|type= SLA
| map_image = ShahbadAssembly constituency map.svg
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|alliance = 
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|region =
|division =
|constituency_no = 12
|established = 
|abolished = 
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Ram Karan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| electors = 1,71,638
}}
'''Shahbad''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. The current MLA is [[Ram Karan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahbad (SC) Constituency Election Results 2024: Shahbad (SC) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/constituency-show/shahbad |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahbad Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/shahabad.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]]|| rowspan=2|Jagdish Chander|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
|-
|[[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]|| Amir Chand
|-
|[[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||Surinder Singh ||{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]||Tara Singh|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]||[[Harnam Singh (politician)|Harnam Singh]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]|| Kharaiti Lal|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]|| rowspan=2|Kapoor Chand
|-
|[[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]|| Kharaiti Lal|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]|| Anil Dhantori
|-
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Krishan Kumar (Narwana politician)|Krishan Kumar Bedi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan=2|[[Ram Karan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jannayak Janta Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shabad">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0712.htm |accessdate=26 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Karan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=61,050 |percentage=50.37% |change={{increase}}35.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=54,609 |percentage=45.05% |change={{increase}}19.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bhan Chauhan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,638 |percentage=1.35% |change={{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanta Aalldia |party=Mission Ekta Party |votes=1,333 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asha Rani |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=932 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=438 |percentage=0.36% |change={{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,441 |percentage=5.31% |change= {{decrease}}24.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,21,209 |percentage=70.66% |change= {{decrease}}6.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,71,638 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jannayak Janta Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Karan]] |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=69,233 |percentage=55.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,106 |percentage=25.67% |change=-11.51% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar Dhantori |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,844 |percentage=15.07% |change=-8.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Kumar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,596 |percentage=1.28% |change=-35.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakuntla Bhatti |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,398 |percentage=1.12% |change=0.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulbir Singh |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=1,050 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=857 |percentage=0.69% |change=0.10% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,127 |percentage=29.68% |change=29.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,25,084 |percentage=77.17% |change= -5.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,62,082 |change =9.46% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jannayak Janta Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 18.17% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,715 |percentage=37.18% |change=25.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Karan]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=45,153 |percentage=36.72% |change=7.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar Dhantori |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,482 |percentage=23.17% |change=-10.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Baldev Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,303 |percentage=1.06% |change=-5.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Memo Devi Ranga |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=862 |percentage=0.70% |change=-0.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=717 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=562 |percentage=0.46% |change=-3.57% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,22,952 |percentage=83.04% |change= 8.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,48,068 |change =18.57% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.94% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar Dhantori |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,843 |percentage=33.24% |change=-6.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender Kumar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=27,102 |percentage=29.21% |change=-8.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Karan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=14,352 |percentage=15.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,593 |percentage=11.42% |change=3.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Baldev Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,387 |percentage=6.88% |change=0.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Bhan |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,012 |percentage=1.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarup Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=934 |percentage=1.01% |change=-1.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=867 |percentage=0.93% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,741 |percentage=4.03% |change=1.95% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,796 |percentage=74.31% |change= -2.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,883 |change =3.73% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kharaiti Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,377 |percentage=39.57% |change=7.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onkar Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=34,465 |percentage=37.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atam Parkash |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,261 |percentage=7.90% |change=-29.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,501 |percentage=5.98% |change=-1.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupinder Singh |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=4,698 |percentage=5.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harnam Singh (politician)|Harnam Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,252 |percentage=2.45% |change=-1.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhbir Singh Virk |party=Independent politician |votes=805 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbiro |party=Independent politician |votes=544 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,912 |percentage=2.08% |change=-3.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,927 |percentage=76.36% |change= 6.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,387 |change =10.45% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 1.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapoor Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,490 |percentage=37.77% |change=5.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,496 |percentage=32.47% |change=15.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=11,670 |percentage=15.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalwinder Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,406 |percentage=7.17% |change=-2.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,050 |percentage=4.04% |change=0.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagir Singh |party=Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) |votes=2,322 |percentage=3.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,994 |percentage=5.29% |change=-3.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,434 |percentage=69.78% |change= -7.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,997 |change =-4.56% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 11.67% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapoor Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,307 |percentage=32.29% |change=6.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=19,664 |percentage=23.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kharaiti Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,678 |percentage=17.36% |change=-5.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghubir Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,158 |percentage=9.65% |change=4.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=4,125 |percentage=4.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasbir Singh Bhinder |party=Independent politician |votes=3,718 |percentage=4.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harnam Singh (politician)|Harnam Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,347 |percentage=3.96% |change=-6.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander Premi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,050 |percentage=1.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=739 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,643 |percentage=9.04% |change=8.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,557 |percentage=77.21% |change= 3.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,14,208 |change =16.58% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 6.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kharaiti Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,165 |percentage=26.09% |change=15.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onkar Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=17,524 |percentage=25.17% |change=23.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdeep Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,576 |percentage=22.37% |change=9.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harnam Singh (politician)|Harnam Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=7,522 |percentage=10.81% |change=-25.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Singh S/O Hukam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,768 |percentage=6.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghbir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,529 |percentage=5.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Singh S/O Kartar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,712 |percentage=2.46% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=641 |percentage=0.92% |change=-17.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,614 |percentage=73.57% |change= -0.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,966 |change =10.58% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -10.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harnam Singh (politician)|Harnam Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=23,831 |percentage=36.66% |change=25.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khariti Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=12,130 |percentage=18.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amir Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,359 |percentage=12.86% |change=-23.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghbir Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,874 |percentage=10.57% |change=-25.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malik Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,275 |percentage=6.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,923 |percentage=4.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,627 |percentage=4.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mihan Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=899 |percentage=1.38% |change=-6.69% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=546 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=517 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ser Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=332 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,701 |percentage=18.00% |change=17.57% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,008 |percentage=74.51% |change= -2.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,593 |change =23.86% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.57% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,507 |percentage=36.09% |change=18.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghubir Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,276 |percentage=35.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harnam Singh (politician)|Harnam Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,827 |percentage=10.78% |change=3.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhavi Parkash |party=Janata Party |votes=4,364 |percentage=8.07% |change=-43.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,904 |percentage=7.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kurdia |party=Independent politician |votes=344 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=231 |percentage=0.43% |change=-32.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,051 |percentage=76.88% |change= 9.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,527 |change =19.46% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= -15.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=20,327 |percentage=51.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amir Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,182 |percentage=18.06% |change=-20.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdev Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=5,529 |percentage=13.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shansher Kaur |party=Independent politician |votes=2,983 |percentage=7.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harnam Singh (politician)|Harnam Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,914 |percentage=7.33% |change=-29.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=702 |percentage=1.77% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,145 |percentage=33.06% |change=31.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,766 |percentage=67.07% |change= -9.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,877 |change =16.75% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Amir Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,735 |percentage=38.42% |change=-0.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harnam Singh (politician)|Harnam Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=14,224 |percentage=37.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santokh Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=8,263 |percentage=21.55% |change=-7.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daleep Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=655 |percentage=1.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=474 |percentage=1.24% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=511 |percentage=1.33% |change=-4.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,351 |percentage=76.48% |change= 17.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,287 |change =10.88% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.08% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chander |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,215 |percentage=38.50% |change=3.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjit Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=8,583 |percentage=32.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Dayal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=7,733 |percentage=29.15% |change=-4.68% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,632 |percentage=6.15% |change=5.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,531 |percentage=58.88% |change= -17.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,256 |change =3.28% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.75% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chander |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,074 |percentage=34.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Chand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=10,778 |percentage=33.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,664 |percentage=27.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=896 |percentage=2.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=452 |percentage=1.42% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=296 |percentage=0.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,864 |percentage=76.21% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,788 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kurukshetra district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|30.16|76.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Kurukshetra district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Repalle Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:34:19Z

Rucsy: made some article more to come - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Repalle
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (90- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Repalle Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Anagani Satya Prasad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bapatla district]]<ref>{{Cite web
|url= https://chanakyya.com/Assembly-Details/AndhraPradesh/Repalle
|title= Assembly Constituency Details Repalle
|website=chanakyya.com
|access-date=2025-07-27
}}</ref>
| loksabha_cons = [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 90
| electors = 194,748
| type = SLA
| incumbent_image = Anagani Satya Prasad.jpg
}}

'''Repalle''' is a constituency in [[Bapatla district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url= https://guntur.ap.gov.in/90-repalle/
|title= 90-repalle
|website=guntur.ap.gov.in
|access-date=2025-07-27
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Anagani Satya Prasad]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MLA|url=http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/member-s-information|publisher=AP State Portal|access-date=12 October 2014|archive-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706122213/http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/member-s-information|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2024|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 194,748 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref name=mla>{{cite web|title=Repalle Assembly 2014 Election Results |url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/repalle.html |publisher=Elections.in|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals{{srn}} ==
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
|+Mandals
|-
| [[Nizampatnam mandal|Nizampatnam]]
|-
| [[Nagaram, Bapatla district|Nagaram]]
|-
| [[Cherukupalle mandal|Cherukupalle]]
|-
| [[Repalle mandal|Repalle]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Moturu Hanumanth Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Yadam Chennaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Koratala Satyanarayana
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Yadam Chennaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Yadla Venkata Rao
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Koratala Satyanarayana
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2|Yadla Venkata Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Ambati Rambabu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |Mummaneni Venkata Subbaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Devineni Malikarjuna Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Mopidevi Venkataramana]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=3|[[Anagani Satya Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Hanumantha Rao |party=Communist Party of India |votes=29,116 |percentage=51.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kalluri Chandramouli]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=19,105|percentage=33.83%|change=33.83%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gogarneni Ramandham|party=Krishikar Lok Party|votes=5,063|percentage=8.97%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Neelam Ragaviaj|party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|votes=1,960|percentage=3.47%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=S. Paul|party=Socialist Party (India)|votes=1,223|percentage=2.17%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,011 |percentage=17.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=56,467|percentage=79.46%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,067 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1955===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Chennaiah Yadam]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=22,893|percentage=59.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Moturu Hanumanth Rao]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=15,473|percentage=40.24%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,420 |percentage=19.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=38,456|percentage=78.35%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,084 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Koratla Satyanarayana]]|party= Communist Party of India |votes=15,699 |percentage=36.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Chenniah Yadam]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=14,998|percentage=34.51%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,01 |percentage=1.61% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=44,982|percentage=77.92%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,730 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Chennaiah Yadam]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=26,595 |percentage=54.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Koratla Satyanarayana]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=17,551|percentage=37.26%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,044 |percentage=19.20% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=48,880|percentage=77.44%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,120 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress||loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Yadla Venkata Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=30,243 |percentage=56.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sitaramaiah Myneni]]|party=Independent|votes=21,335|percentage=39.95%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,908 |percentage=16.68% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=54,301|percentage=75.62%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,806 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Koratala Satyanaryana]]|party= Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=26,319 |percentage=40.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chennaiah Yadam]]|party=Indian National Congress (I)|votes=22,846|percentage=34.73%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3473 |percentage=5.28% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=66,937|percentage=77.94%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,888 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Communist Party of India (Marxist) ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Yadla Venkata Rao]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=38,875 |percentage=62.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mandali Subramanyam]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=16,567|percentage=26.50%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,308 |percentage=35.68% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=63,391|percentage=70.03%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,516 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yadla Venkata Rao]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=32,658 |percentage=48.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kantamaneni Rajendra Prasad]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=21,832|percentage=32.26%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,826 |percentage=16.00% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=68,452|percentage=70.77%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,719 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Ambati Rambabu]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=42,698 |percentage=51.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mummaneni Venkata Subbaiah]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=39,360|percentage=47.84%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,338 |percentage=4.06% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=84,048|percentage=75.27%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,664 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mummaneni Venkata Subbaiah]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=50,095 |percentage=62.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ambati Rambabu]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=23,746|percentage=29.60%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,349 |percentage=32.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=81,323|percentage=71.35%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,979 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser= Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mummaneni Venkata Subbaiah]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=46,566 |percentage=59.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ambati Rambabu]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=25,799|percentage=33.07%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,767 |percentage=26.62% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=79,700|percentage=64.47%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,626 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Devineni Mallikharjuna Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=50,190|percentage=59.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mummaneni Venkata Subbaaiah]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=32,849|percentage=38.74%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,341 |percentage=20.45% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=84,810|percentage=76.80%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,431 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mopidevi Venkataramana]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=64,679|percentage=41.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anagani Satya Prasad]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=58,734|percentage=37.32%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[DR. Evuru Ganesh]]|party=Praja Rajyam Party|votes=26,516|percentage=16.85%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,945 |percentage=3.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=157,655|percentage=78.88%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 199,859 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituency: Repalle (209)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=209|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041149/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=209|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|website=Empowering India|access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Anagani Satya Prasad]]|votes=85,076|percentage=48.90|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Mopidevi VenkataRamana]]|votes=71,721|percentage=41.22|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,355|percentage=7.68|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=174,773|percentage=83.48|change=+5.50}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,371 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Anagani Satya Prasad]]|votes=89,975|percentage=48.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Mopidevi Venkataramana]]|votes=78,420|percentage=42.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Kamatham Sambasivarao]]|votes=11,761|percentage=6.3|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,555|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=186,123|percentage=83.19|change=+6.2}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Repalle}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Anagani Satya Prasad]]
|votes = 1,11129
|percentage = 58.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Evuru Ganesh
|votes = 71,182
|percentage = 37.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mopidevi Srinivas Rao
|votes = 2,841
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,891
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 39,947
|percentage = 21.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,88,832
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord|16.12|80.83|display=title}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web | title= AP Past Election Statistics |url=https://eci.gov.in/past-elections-statistics/| access-date=17 Jan 2020 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Bapatla district}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bapatla district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Saidpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-13T10:27:25Z

Rucsy: Created a pg more to come

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Saidpur
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Saidpur''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Ganpati Ram]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Vishram Prasad]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ganpati Ram]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shambhu Nath]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Ram Sagar
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Rajnath Sonkar Shastri]]
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Ram Samujhavan]]
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Ram Sagar
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Rajnath Sonkar Shastri]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Vidyasagar Sonkar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Bizay Sonkar Shastri]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tufani Saroj]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| colspan="3" |Constituency Demolished in 2008.
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.6|83.2|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saidpur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Politics of Ghazipur district]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{UttarPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress

2026-04-07T19:27:45Z

Rucsy:

{{Short description|Annual Indian television award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Kerala State Television Awards for Best Actress
| image =
| imagesize =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Winner of 2004 : [[Srividya]] for ''Avicharitham''
| subheader = State award for contributions to Malayalam television
| awarded_for = Best performance by an actress in a leading role
| sponsor = [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]
| firstawarded =1991
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Sreedhanya]]
| most_awards =  [[Shanthi Krishna]] (3)
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 34
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = Zeenath
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website = {{url|www.keralafilm.com}}
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress''' is presented annually at the '''Kerala State Television Awards''' of India to an actress for the best performance in a leading role in a Malayalam telefilm or serial. Until 1997, the awards were managed directly by the [[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)|Department of Cultural Affairs]], [[Government of Kerala]]. Since 1998, the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]], an autonomous non-profit organisation functioning under the Department of Cultural Affairs, has been exercising control over the awards.
The 2016 ceremony was the only occasion when their was a tie between two nominees for the category; [[Shafna]] and [[Sruthi Lakshmi]] shared the award for their performances in ''Sahayathrika'' and ''Pokuveyil'', respectively.

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Tele film / serial(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Ref
|-
! scope="row" | 1991
| [[Zeenath]]
| ''[[Poovan Pazham]]''
|Teleserial of [[DD Keralam]]
|-
! scope="row" | 1992
| [[Shanthi Krishna]]
|''Mohapakshikal''
|Teleserial of [[DD Keralam]]
|-
! scope="row" | 1993
| Kukku Parameshwaran
| ''Uyarthezhunelp''
|Teleserial of [[DD Keralam]]
|-
! scope="row" | 1994
| [[Shanthi Krishna]]
| ''Seemanthan''
|Teleserial of [[DD Keralam]]
|-
! scope="row" | 1995
| [[Shanthi Krishna]]
| ''Scooter''
|Teleserial of [[DD Keralam]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1996
| [[Beena Antony]]
| ''Miss Mery Theresa Paul'', ''Charulatha''
|Teleserials of [[DD Keralam]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1997
| [[Sreelakshmi]]
| ''Maranam Durbalam''
|Teleserial of [[DD Keralam]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1998
| Bindhu Ramakrishnan
| ''Thottangal''
|Teleserial of [[DD Keralam]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1999
| [[Anila Sreekumar]]
| ''Draupadi''
|Teleserial of [[DD Keralam]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2000
|[[Thara Kalyan]]
| ''Nanthuni'' ''Manalnagaram''
|Teleserials of [[DD Keralam]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2001
| [[Jyothirmayi]]
| ''Avasthatarangal''
|Teleserial of [[Surya TV]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2002
| [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]]
| ''Anna''
|Teleserial of [[Kairali TV]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2003
| Sharika Menon
| ''Ninakai''
|Teleserial of [[Kairali TV]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2004
| [[Srividya]]
| ''Avicharitham''
|Teleserial of [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title='Avicharitham' wins five State television awards|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/04/stories/2005110411240400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501235847/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/04/stories/2005110411240400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2009|accessdate=24 October 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 November 2005}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2005
| [[Ambili Devi]]
| ''Amma''
|Teleserial of [[Kairali TV]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Siddique, Ambili Devi adjudged best TV actors|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/siddique-ambili-devi-adjudged-best-tv-actors/article3129832.ece|accessdate=24 October 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 May 2006}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2006
| [[Shelly (actress)|Shelly Kishore]]
| ''Thaniye''
|Teleserial of [[Amrita TV]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Amrita TV tops list in television awards|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Amrita-TV-tops-list-in-television-awards/article14774291.ece|accessdate=24 October 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 June 2007}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2007
| [[Meera Vasudev]]
| ''Kanalpoovu''
|Teleserial of [[Jeevan TV]]
| <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/15/stories/2008111554400400.htm | location=Chennai, India | title='Daya' and 'Typewriter' bag State TV awards | date=15 November 2008 | access-date=31 March 2012 | archive-date=7 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707183752/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/15/stories/2008111554400400.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
| [[Lena (actress)|Lena]]
| ''Aranazhikaneram''
|Teleserial of [[Amrita TV]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=State television awards announced|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/State-television-awards-announced/article15969875.ece|accessdate=24 October 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2009
|[[ Meera Krishna]]
| ''Aagneyam''
|Teleserial of [[DD Keralam]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2010
| Revathy
| ''Thick-Thick''
| Censored Telefilm
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2011
| [[Sreelakshmi]]
| ''Ardhachandrante Rathri''
| Teleserial of [[Amrita TV]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2012
| [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]]
| ''Doore''
|Teleserial of [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2013
| Sreekala
| ''Makeup''
| Censored Telefilm
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2014
| [[Seema G. Nair]]
| ''Moksham''
|Censored Telefim
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2015
| Janaki Nair
| ''River Life''
| Censored Telefilm
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Award-comes-calling/article14410210.ece | title=Award comes calling | date=16 September 2016 | access-date=4 March 2026 | work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|2016
| [[Shafna]]
| ''Sahayathrika''
| Teleserial of [[Surya TV]]
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite news|last1=Jayaram|first1=Deepika|title=Pokkuveyil bags the Kerala State Television Award for the best serial|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pokkuveyil-bags-the-kerala-state-television-award-for-the-best-serial/articleshow/61320353.cms|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala Chalachitra Academy Announced Winners of State Television Awards|url=https://www.keralatv.in/2017/10/state-television-awards-winners/|accessdate=4 February 2018|publisher=Keralatv.in|date=22 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sruthi Lakshmi]]
| ''[[Pokkuveyil (TV series)|Pokkuveyil]]''
| Teleserial of [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|-
! scope="row" | 2017
| Amala Gireeshan
| ''[[Neermathalam]]''
| Teleserial of [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kerala-state-television-awards-2017-announced/amp_articleshow/63899251.cms | title=Kerala State Television Awards 2017 announced | date=24 April 2018 | access-date=4 March 2026 | work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
|Seena Antony
|''Devangana''
|Teleserial of [[Amrita TV]]
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/malayalam-tv-actors-felicitated-at-state-television-awards/articleshow/71876761.cms | title=Malayalam TV actors felicitated at State Television Awards | date=3 November 2019 | access-date=4 March 2026 | work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
|[[Kavitha Nair]]
|''Thonnyaksharangal''
|Teleserial of [[Amrita TV]]
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/best-actress-kavitha-nair-express-her-happiness-on-kerala-state-television-award/amp_articleshow/78217121.cms | title=ഒരാളോട് മാത്രം നന്ദി പറയട്ടെ; അവാർഡ് നേട്ടത്തെ കുറിച്ച് കവിത നായർ! | date=20 September 2020 | access-date=4 March 2026 | work=Samayam News}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
|[[Aswathy Sreekanth]]
|''[[Chakkappazham]]''
|Teleserial of [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/state-television-award-2020-winners-list-552535 |title=State Television Award: Best Actress Ashwathy, Actor Shivaji Guruvayoor}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2021
| Katherine
| ''Anna Kareena''
| Teleserial of [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-24 |title=Kerala State TV Awards 2021 declared; No ‘Best Serial’ yet again |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kerala-state-tv-awards-2021-declared-no-best-serial-yet-again/articleshow/95739090.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2022
| P.V. Shishira
| ''Samaram''
| Teleserial of [[DD Keralam]]
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kerala-state-tv-awards-2022-announced-here-are-the-winners-8807034.html | title=Kerala State TV Awards 2022 Announced: Here Are The Winners | publisher=[[News18 India]] | date=7 March 2024 | accessdate=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2023
| Riya Kuriakose
| ''[[Aanpirannol]]''
| Teleserial of [[Amrita TV]]
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1466780&u= | title=Teleserial Aanpirannol wins top honors at State Television Awards 2023 | publisher=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] | date=22 January 2025 | accessdate=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Mariam Shanoob
| ''Lilly''
| Short Film
|-
! scope="row"| 2024
| [[Sreedhanya]]
| ''Mazhayethum Mumpe''
| Teleserial of [[Amrita TV]]
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/news/kerala-state-television-awards-2024-winners-list-ucmsujla | title=സംസ്ഥാന ടെലിവിഷൻ അവാർഡ്സ് 2024: കൃഷ്ണചന്ദ്രൻ നടൻ, ശ്രീധന്യ നടി, മാതൃഭൂമി ന്യൂസിനും പുരസ്കാരം | date=4 March 2026 | access-date=4 March 2026 | work=Mathrubhumi News}}</ref>
|}

== See also==

* [[List of Asian television awards]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
https://www.keralatv.in/2017/10/state-television-awards-winners

==External links==
* {{Official site|www.keralafilm.com}}

[[Category:Television awards for Best Actress]]
[[Category:Kerala awards]]
[[Category:Indian television awards]]

Super Singer (Tamil TV series)

2026-04-03T22:03:39Z

Rucsy: Created initial details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian reality television singing competition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Music competition|singing]]
* Reality
* [[Talent show]]
}}
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] (2006-2008)
* Yugendran & Malini Yugendran (2009)
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] & Divya (2010-2011)
* [[Makapa Anand]] (2011–present)
* [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]] (2011-2017)
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]] (2013–present)
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 11
| producer = Gautam Mrinal
| location = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
| runtime = 60-70 minutes
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2006|04|28|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related = [[Super Singer Junior]]
}}

'''Super Singer''' is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[reality television]] [[Music competition|singing competition]], that was sponsored by KAG Tiles for the tenth season. The show is [[Television in India|televised in India]] on [[Star Vijay]], and worldwide through partner broadcasting networks. The show, together with its spin-off editions such as [[Super Singer Junior]], are part of Super Singer.

The program, which debuted on 28 April 2006, seeks to discover the best playback recording voice and singing talent in [[Tamil Nadu]] through a series of statewide auditions. Selected contestants are required to participate in several competition rounds, often based on a theme for a given week, and aim to be selected to perform in the show's grand finale each season.

Winners and finalists of the competition have been offered chances to sing a song in upcoming [[Tamil cinema|Tamil movies]],<ref name="HinduJune2008">{{cite news|title=A musical search|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2008-06-30|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/06/30/stories/2008063050980100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704012230/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/06/30/stories/2008063050980100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-07-04|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="ET7Jun08">{{cite news|title=Airtel supersinger is back – Economic Times|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 June 2008|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-06-07/news/27714072_1_vijay-tv-auditions-singers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007050738/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-06-07/news/27714072_1_vijay-tv-auditions-singers|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2012|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="HinduMarch2009">{{cite news|title=SERIALS - Super Singer 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2009-03-13|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/03/13/stories/2009031350241400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318235628/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/03/13/stories/2009031350241400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-03-18 |access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref> and other prizes such as sums of money, gold, and real estate property. The eleventh season launched on 2nd August 2025.

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan="2" | Original broadcast
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last aired
|-
|style="background:#0000A0|
|align="center"| '''[[Super Singer 1|1]]'''
|align="center"| {{Start date|2006|04|28|df=yes}}
|{{End date|2006|08|12|df=yes}}
|-
|style="background:#E0C56E|
|align="center"| '''[[Super Singer 2|2]]'''
|align="center"| {{Start date|2008|07|07|df=yes}}
|{{End date|2009|06|03|df=yes}}
|-
|style="background:#3598FB|
|align="center"| '''[[Super Singer 3|3]]'''
|align="center"| {{Start date|2010|07|12|df=yes}}
|{{End date|2011|09|23|df=yes}}
|-
|style="background:#9966CC|
|align="center"| '''[[Super Singer 4|4]]'''
|align="center"| {{Start date|2013|02|04|df=yes}}
|{{End date|2014|02|01|df=yes}}
|-
|style="background:#7FFFD4|
|align="center"| '''[[Super Singer 5|5]]'''
|align="center"| {{Start date|2015|06|01|df=yes}}
|{{End date|2016|03|18|df=yes}}
|-
|style="background:#FF4DB8|
|align="center"| '''[[Super Singer 6|6]]'''
|align="center"| {{Start date|2018|01|21|df=yes}}
|{{End date|2018|07|15|df=yes}}
|-
|style="background:#FF7F00|
|align="center"| '''[[Super Singer 7|7]]'''
|align="center"| {{Start date|2019|04|27|df=yes}}
|{{End date|2019|11|10|df=yes}}
|-
|style="background:#8A4500|
|align="center"| '''[[Super Singer 8|8]]'''
|align="center"| {{Start date|2021|01|24|df=yes}}
|{{End date|2021|09|26|df=yes}}
|-
|style="background:#08E8DE|
|align="center"| '''[[Super Singer 9|9]]'''
|align="center"| {{Start date|2022|11|19|df=yes}}
|{{End date|2023|06|25|df=yes}}
|-
|style="background:gold|
|align="center"| '''[[Super Singer 10|10]]'''
|align="center"| {{Start date|2023|12|16|df=yes}}
|{{End date|2024|06|23|df=yes}}
|-
|style="background:purple|
|align="center"| '''[[Super Singer 11|11]]'''
|align="center"| {{Start date|2025|08|02|df=yes}}
|Present
|}

==Season synopsis==
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:10px;"
| colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;" |'''Grand Finalists'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;" |'''[[Super Singer 1|Season 1]]''' (2006)
|-
| [[Nikhil Mathew]]
| Winner
|-
| [[Anitha Karthikeyan|Anitha V. Karthikeyan]]
| Runner up & Viewer's Choice
|-
| Sowmya Mahadevan
| Jury's Choice
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;" | '''[[Super Singer 2|Season 2]]''' (2008-2009)
|-
|[[Ajeesh]]
| Winner
|-
| Ravi
| Runner-up
|-
| Renu
| 3rd Place
|-
| Prasanna
| Eliminated in Finals
|-
| Ranjani
| Eliminated in Finals
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;" | '''[[Super Singer 3|Season 3]]''' (2010-2011)
|-
| [[Saicharan]]
| Winner & Viewer's Choice
|-
| Santosh Hariharan
| Runner-up
|-
| Sathya Prakash
| 3rd place & Judge's Choice
|-
| Pooja Vaidyanath
| Eliminated in Finals
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;" | '''[[Super Singer 4|Season 4]]''' (2013-2014)
|-
| Diwakar
| Winner & Viewer's Choice
|-
| Syed Subahan
| First runner-up and Judge's Choice
|-
| Sarath Santosh
| Second runner-up
|-
| Sonia
| Third runner-up
|-
| Parvathy
| Eliminated in Finals
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;" | '''[[Super Singer 5|Season 5]]''' (2015-2016)
|-
| [[Anand Aravindakshan]]
| Winner
|-
| Fareedha
| First runner-up
|-
| Rajaganapathy
| Second runner-up & Judges' Choice
|-
| Lakshmi Pradeep
| Fourth place
|-
| Siyad
| Fifth place
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;" | '''[[Super Singer 6|Season 6]]''' (2018)
|-
| [[Senthil Ganesh]]
| Winner
|-
| [[Rakshita Suresh|Rakshitha]]
| First runner-up
|-
| Malavika
| Second runner-up
|-
| Shakthi
| Fourth place
|-
| Sreekanth
| Fifth place
|-
| Anirudh
| Sixth place
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;" | '''[[Super Singer 7|Season 7]]''' (2019)
|-
| Murugan
| Winner
|-
| Vikram
| First runner-up
|-
| Punya
| Second runner-up
|-
| [[Sam Vishal]]
| Second runner-up
|-
| Gowtham
| Fourth place
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;" | '''[[Super Singer 8|Season 8]]''' (2021)
|-
| Sridhar Sena
| Winner
|-
| Bharat K Rajesh
| Runner Up
|-
|-
| Abhilash Venkatachalam
| 3rd Place
|-
| Muthusirpi
| Fourth place
|-
| Anu Anand
| Fifth place
|-
| Maanasi
| Sixth place
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;" | '''[[Super Singer 9|Season 9]]''' (2022-2023)
|-
| Aruna Sivaya
| Winner
|-
| Priya Jerson
| First Runner Up
|-
| Prasanna Adhisesha
| Second Runner Up
|-
| Pooja Venkataraman
| 3rd Runner Up
|-
| Abhijith Anil Kumar
| 3rd Runner Up
|}

==History==
=== Super Singer season 1 ===
{{Main|Super Singer 1}}
The first season premiered on 28 April 2006, with a series of episodes which telecasted auditions for the show.<ref name="IndianTVMay2006">{{cite news|title=Indian Television Dot Com _ Vijay TV's 'Airtel Super Singer' announces 20 selected finalists from Coimbatore|publisher=IndianTelevision.com|date=2006-05-03|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k6/may/mayrel7.htm|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref> Auditions were held across the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in the cities of [[Coimbatore]], [[Chennai]], and [[Madurai]]. Performances by auditioning contestants were judged by singers [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[Jency Anthony|Jency]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Sirkazhi Sivachidambaram]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]], and music director [[D. Imman]].<ref name="HinduJuly2006">{{cite news|title=Winning Voices - The Hindu|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-07-15|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/winning-voices/article3196282.ece |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>

The show was hosted by playback singer [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]. Later stages of the competition were held at a specially designed studio set, and performances were judged by a panel of permanent judges consisting of playback singers [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], and [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]].<ref name="IndianTVMay2006"/> Contestants were eliminated during the competition, and finalists received special training from voice expert [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] in the final stages of the competition.

Season 1 title winner [[Nikhil Mathew]] was formally introduced as a playback singer after he sang the song "Enadhuyire" in the Tamil film ''[[Bheema]]'' for music director, [[Harris Jayaraj]].<ref name="NIEFeb09">{{cite news|author=U Tejonmayam|title=Getting the big break – The New Indian Express|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|date=2009-02-10|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article35023.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141739/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article35023.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="HinduNov07">{{cite news|title=Thank you for the music - The Hindu|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 November 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/thank-you-for-the-music/article4054916.ece|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> Season 1 runner up and viewer's choice, Anitha V. (now known as Anitha Karthikeyan) was formally introduced as a playback singer in the Tamil film ''[[Marudhamalai]]'' by music director D. Imman.<ref name="NIEFeb09"/><ref name="NIE21Dec14">{{cite news|title=Always on song|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=21 December 2014|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2014/dec/21/always-on-song-696804.html|first=Kaviya|last=Sanjeevi|access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Super Singer season 2 ===
{{Main|Super Singer 2}}
The second season premiered on 7 July 2008; It held a series of episodes that telecast auditions for the show. Auditions for the show, which commenced on 27 June 2008, were held across three cities in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Performances by auditioning contestants were judged by playback singers [[S. P. Sailaja]] and [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]] in the city of [[Coimbatore]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]] and [[Deepan Chakravarthy]] in the city of [[Chennai]], as well as [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]] and [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]] in the city of [[Tiruchirapalli|Trichy]].

Playback singer [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] returned as a permanent host of the show up to and including 21 January 2009, following which she left the show much to the disappointment of many fans of the show. She was replaced by a duo, singer-actor Yugendran and his wife, Malini, for the remainder of the show in 2009. Playback singers [[P. Unnikrishnan]] and [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] returned as permanent judges of the show, and a new permanent judge, playback singer [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] replaced [[Anuradha Sriram]] (who instead appeared as a guest judge through the season). Contestants were eliminated during the competition, and finalists received special training from voice expert [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] in the final stages of the competition.

The Grand Finale was held on 3 June 2009 at YMCA Royapettah, Chennai. At the finals, [[Ajeesh]] won the competition and was chosen by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] to sing the song ''[[Idhu Varai]]'' for the [[Goa (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film, [[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090418073843/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/10958.html IndiaGlitz - Goa Music Review]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090828002255/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/49324.html IndiaGlitz - From the Goa front]</ref>

=== Super Singer season 3 ===
{{Main|Super Singer 3}}

Airtel Super Singer 3, the third season of the Airtel Super Singer show, premiered on 12 July 2010. The third season was hosted by Divya Vijayagopal and [[Sivakarthikeyan]]. The auditions were held in various parts of Tamil Nadu, and were judged by singers including [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Unni Menon]], [[Sowmya]], [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Pop Shalini]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]], and [[Malgudi Subha]]. [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]] and [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] continued to be the permanent judges for the third consecutive season.

The grand finale was held on 23 September 2011 at Chennai Trade Centre and was broadcast live. [[Saicharan]] won the competition,<ref>{{cite web|author=palPalani |url=http://www.southdreamz.com/2011/09/airtel-super-singer-3-finalists.html |title=Airtel Super Singer 3 finalists |publisher=Southdreamz.com |date=2011-09-23 |access-date=2012-08-17 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802084959/http://www.southdreamz.com/2011/09/airtel-super-singer-3-finalists.html |archive-date=2 August 2012 }}</ref> and was chosen by [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[D. Imman]] to sing in the films ''[[Godfather (2012 film)|Godfather]]'', ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'', and ''[[Saattai]]''.

=== Super Singer season 4 ===
{{Main|Super Singer 4}}

Airtel Super Singer 4, the fourth season of the [[Airtel Super Singer]] show, premiered on 4 February 2013. The fourth season was hosted by [[Makapa Anand]], [[Priyanka Deshpande]], and [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]].

The auditions were held in various parts of Tamil Nadu, and were judged by singers including [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Unni Menon]], [[Sowmya]], [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[Pop Shalini]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]], [[Malgudi Subha]] and Rajinderpal Singh. Playback singers, [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]] and [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], were the judges for the fourth season.

Diwakar won the competition,<ref name="HinduFeb14">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/the-victory-song/article5648955.ece|author=Udhav Naig|title=The victory song - The Hindu|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 February 2014 |access-date=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Dhivagar-is-Super-Singer-4/articleshow/29770628.cms|title=Dhivagar is Super Singer 4|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=2 February 2014 |access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="TH">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/winning-notes/article5609392.ece|title=Winning notes|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 January 2014 |access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref> and was chosen by music directors [[D. Imman]], Vivek-Mervin, and Kannan to sing in the films ''[[Panjumittai]]'', ''[[Vadacurry]]'', and ''[[Kalkandu]]''.

=== Super Singer season 5 ===
{{Main|Super Singer 5}}

Airtel Super Singer 5, the fifth season of the [[Airtel Super Singer]] show, premiered on 1 June 2015. The fifth season was hosted by [[Makapa Anand]], [[Priyanka Deshpande]], and [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]].

The auditions were held in various parts of Tamil Nadu and were telecast until 3 July 2015. First-round audition judges included season 3 winner [[Saisharan]], season 4 winner [[Diwakar]], and former contestants from those seasons such as D. Sathyaprakash, Pooja Vaidyanath, Santhosh Hariharan, and Sonia. Second and third round audition judges included [[S. P. Charan]], [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[James Vasanthan]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]], [[S. Sowmya]], and [[Pop Shalini]]. Zonal audition judges were permanent judges from the junior version of the show, [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[K. S. Chithra]]. A total of 33 contestants were selected for the finals, including local, international, and former contestants.

Playback singers, [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[Usha Uthup]], were the judges for the fifth season. At the finale of the show, contestant [[Anand Aravindakshan]] was declared the winner of the season, while contestant Fareedha was declared first runner-up. Both finalists were promised an opportunity to sing for one of the upcoming films of music director [[Santhosh Narayanan]]. Contestant Rajaganapathy was chosen as the judge's choice scoring the highest marks and being declared the second runner-up of the season.

The season landed in [[Airtel Super Singer 5#Controversy|controversy]] as social media users accused the [[STAR Vijay]] Indian TV channel of wrongdoing.<ref name="Hindu23Mar16">{{cite news|author=Udhav Naig|title=Super Singer programme lands in controversy|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2016-03-23|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/super-singer-programme-lands-in-controversy/article8386938.ece|location=[[India]]|access-date=2016-03-23}}</ref> Social media users expressed concern that audiences who spent time and money to support talented youngsters were the victim of unethical practices and criticised the channel for not being upfront about the fact that the winning contestant was already a professional playback singer - which was defended by the channel.<ref name="Hindu23Mar16"/>

=== Super Singer season 6 ===
{{Main|Super Singer 6}}
Nippon Paint Super Singer 6 was hosted by [[Makapa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]], which ran from 21 January 2018 to 15 July 2018 and was broadcast by Star Vijay.

All the episodes of Super Singer 6 are available on the OTT platform [[Hotstar]].

The judging panel includes, [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Benny Dayal]], and [[Shweta Mohan]]. [[A.R. Rahman]] was the Ambassador for this season. The top 6 finalists were [[Rakshita Suresh|Rakshitha]], Sreekanth, Sakthi, Anirudh, Malavika, and [[Senthil Ganesh]]. The results of the finale are given as:

* [[Senthil Ganesh]] was declared the Winner of the Super Singer 6
* Rakshitha Suresh became the first runner up of the season and gets applauded by everyone for being the "Golden Voice of the Season".
* Malavika Rajesh Vaidya was the second runner up of the season.
* Suswaram Anirudh, Sakthi Amaran, Sreekanth Hariharan were the other finalists

=== Super Singer season 7 ===
{{Main|Super Singer 7}}

Asian Paints Super Singer 7 started on 27 April 2019 and finished on 10 November 2019 on [[Star Vijay]] and was telecast from 8 PM onwards. [[Makapa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]] return as the hosts for this season.

This season returns with the same judges' panel including, [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]], [[Shweta Mohan]], and [[Benny Dayal]]. [[Anirudh Ravichander|Anirudh Ravichandran]] is the Ambassador for this season. The top 5 were Mookuthi Murugan (SS3), [[Sam Vishal]] (SS7), Vikram (SS13), Gowtham, and Punya(SS 6).

Winners:

* Murugan was declared the Winner of the Super Singer Season 7 and received a 50 lakh worth house by Arun Excello.
* Vikram was the first runner up of the season and was awarded 25 lakh gold by Gold one.
* Sam Vishal and Punya were tied as the second runner up of the season.
* Gowtham was the third runner up of the season.

All of the episodes of this season are available on the OTT Platform-[[Hotstar]].

=== Super Singer season 8 ===
{{Main|Super Singer 8}}

Asian Paints Super Singer 8 premiered on 24 January 2021 with a Grand Launch of a nine-hour program on [[Star Vijay]] with grace performances of [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sid Sriram]], [[Sakthisree Gopalan]], [[Saindhavi]], [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Anthony Daasan]] [[Shashaa Tirupati]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar]], [[Pradeep]], [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[S. P. Charan]], [[Gana Bala]], [[Chinnaponnu]], [[Karunas]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Winters|first=Bryce J.|date=2021-01-17|title=Super Singer 8 to premiere on 24th January 2021 with a 9-hour grand launch, Contestants, Kallakurichi Judges Revealed|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/super-singer-8-to-premiere-on-24th-january-2021-with-a-9-hour-grand-launch-contestants-judges-revealed/30802/|access-date=2021-01-21|website=TheNewsCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref>
All the episodes will be available on the OTT Platform-[[Hotstar]].

The judging panel was often shuffled with [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Shweta Mohan]], [[S. P. Charan]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]] and [[Kalpana Raghavendar]]. Once again, the eighth season was hosted by [[Makapa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]].

The Grand Finale aired on 26 September 2021. At the finals, Sridhar Sena won the title.

Prize Winners:

* Sridhar Sena was announced the Winner of the Super Singer 8 and received a 10 lakh award by Vijay TV. He has also been provided the opportunity to sing in a future film song composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]].
* Bharat K Rajesh (announced by [[Vivek–Mervin|Mervin Solomon]]) was the runner up of the season and was awarded an amount of 3 lakhs and an additional amount of Rs 50,000.
* Abhilash Venkatachalam was announced third place by [[Santhosh Narayanan]]. He received a cash prize of Rs 2 lakh, and stated that the money was going to be spent for those who were affected by the COVID - 19 Pandemic situation.
* Muthusirpi was awarded the title of Differentiator of the Season and received an amount of Rs 1 lakh, presented by [[K. S. Chithra]].

====Season 8 contestants====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" |Season 8 contestants
!scope="col" |Notes
|-
|Sridhar Sena
|{{Won|'''Winner'''}}
|-
|Bharat K Rajesh
|{{Runner-up|'''1st runner up'''}}
|-
|Abhilash Venkatachalam
|rowspan="1" style="background:#7FFFD4;" ;"| 2nd runner up
|-
|Muthusirpi
|{{Quit|'''3rd runner up'''}}
|-
|Anu Anand
|rowspan="1" style="background:#7FFFD4" ;"|4th Runner Up
|-
|Maanasi G kannan
|rowspan="1" style="background:#7FFFD4" ;"|5th Runner Up
|-
|[[Adithya RK]]
|rowspan="1" style="background:#FA8072" ;"| Eliminated
|-
|Iyenar KJ
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;";"|Eliminated
|-
|Aravind karneeswaran
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;";"|Eliminated
|-
|Gaana sudhakar
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;";"|Eliminated
|-
|Vrusha bala
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;";"|Eliminated
|-
|Balaji Sri
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;";"|Eliminated
|-
|Vanathi Suresh
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;";"|Eliminated
|-
|Kumuthini Pandian
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;";"|Eliminated
|-
|Kabhini mithra
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;";"|Eliminated
|-
|Puratchi Mani
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;";"|Eliminated
|-
|Reshma Shyam
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;";"|Eliminated
|-
|Kanimozhi Kabilan
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;";"|Eliminated
|-
|Jacqueline Mary
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;";"|Eliminated
|-
|Sushmita Narasimhan
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;";"|Eliminated
|-
|}

=== Super Singer season 9 ===
{{Main|Super Singer 9}}

MRF Vapocure Paints Super Singer Season 9 started on 19 November 2022 on [[Star Vijay]] and was telecast from every Saturday and Sunday at 6:30 PM. [[Makapa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]] returns as the hosts for this season. This season returns with the same judges' panel including, [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Benny Dayal]], and [[Shweta Mohan]].

Super Singer Season 9 Grand Finale was held on 25 June 2023 at Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium, Chennai.

Before the grand finale took place and during the contestants' tenure at [[Super Singer 9]], several finalists, were offered to sing in film albums. Music directors, such as [[Sam C. S.]] and [[Hiphop Tamizha|Hiphop Tamizha Adhi]] gave these splendid opportunities to the finalists. First, Pooja Venkatraman was offered to sing a song under [[Sam C. S.|Sam C. S]]'s direction. Then Abhijith Anilkumar was offered to co-sing a song with [[Shreya Ghoshal]] in the film [[Thiruvin Kural]], and the lyrics were written by the songwriter [[Vairamuthu]]. Finally, Aruna Sivaya was offered to sing a song under the music direction of [[Hiphop Tamizha|Hiphop Tamizha Adhi]] .

The five finalists of [[Super Singer 9]] are Abhijith Anilkumar, Aruna Sivaya, Pooja Venkatraman, Priya Jerson and Prasanna Adhisesha. Prassana Adhisesha was nominated from the wildcard round.

Several guests that included in the grand finale are [[Harris Jayaraj]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar]], [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]], [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], Binni Krishnakumar.

The grand finale consisted of two rounds. The first round and the second round enabled the contestants to choose their own songs and sing them in front of the wide audience. Several contestants merged two songs, during the second round.

'''''Prize Winners:'''''
* Aruna Sivaya, who was announced by [[Harris Jayaraj]], won Super Singer 9. So she was gifted with an apartment worth 60 Rs lakhs and received a Rs 10 lakhs cash prize award by Star Vijay.
* Priya Jerson was announced by Harris Jayaraj, as the first runner-up of Super Singer 9 and was awarded a Rs 10 lakhs cash prize award by Star Vijay.
* Prasanna Adhisesha was announced as the second runner-up of Super Singer 9 and was awarded a Rs 5 lakhs cash prize award by Star Vijay.

{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Name of the Singer
! style="width:250pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Title/Prize
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Name of Song (Round 1)
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Name of Film/Album
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Singer(s)
! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Composer(s)
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Name of Song (Round 2)
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Name of Film/Album
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Singer(s)
! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Composer(s)
|-
| bgcolor="#00FF7F"|'''Aruna Sivaya'''
| bgcolor="#00FF7F"|Title Winner - Rs 60 Lakhs Flat, Rs 10 Lakhs cash prize
| bgcolor="#00FF7F"|''Ventriduven Unnai''
| bgcolor="#00FF7F"|[[Agathiyar#Soundtrack|Agathiyar]]
| bgcolor="#00FF7F"|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
| bgcolor="#00FF7F"|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
| bgcolor="#00FF7F"|''Sambrani Vaasagare''
| bgcolor="#00FF7F"|Kirrtesh Entertainment
| bgcolor="#00FF7F"|V.M. Mahalingam, Muthu Sirpi
| bgcolor="#00FF7F"|Hendry
|-
| bgcolor="orange"|'''Priya Jerson'''
| bgcolor="orange"|First Runner Up - Rs 10 Lakhs cash prize
| bgcolor="orange"|[[Mayya (song)|''Mayya Mayya(song)'']]
| bgcolor="orange"|[[Guru (soundtrack)#Tamil (Dubbed)|Guru]]
| bgcolor="orange"|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Maryem Tollar]], [[Keerthi Sagathia]]
| bgcolor="orange"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
| bgcolor="orange"|''Oh Mama Mama''
| bgcolor="orange"|[[Minnale#Music|Minnale]]
| bgcolor="orange"|[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Tippu (singer)]]
| bgcolor="orange"|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
| bgcolor="aqua"|'''Prasanna Adhisesha'''
| bgcolor="aqua"|Second Runner Up - Rs 5 Lakhs cash prize
| bgcolor="aqua"|''Vikram Vikram''
| bgcolor="aqua"|[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)#Soundtrack|Vikram (1986 Tamil film)]]
| bgcolor="aqua"|[[Kamal Haasan]], [[S. Janaki]]
| bgcolor="aqua"|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| bgcolor="aqua"|''Oru Paarvai Paar''
| bgcolor="aqua"|[[12B#Soundtrack|12B]]
| bgcolor="aqua"|[[Karthik (singer)]]
| bgcolor="aqua"|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|'''Abhijith Anilkumar'''
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|Professional Title Winner
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|''Arjunaru Villu''
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|[[Ghilli#Music|Ghilli]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|[[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|[[Vidyasagar (composer)]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|''Thom Karuvil Irundom''
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|[[Star (2001 film)#Soundtrack|Star (2001 film)]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|'''Pooja Venkatraman'''
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|Professional First Runner up
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|''Kanaa Kaangiren''
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|[[Ananda Thandavam#Soundtrack|Ananda Thandavam]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Shubha Mudgal]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|''Rahathulla''
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|[[Ghajini (2005 film)#Soundtrack|Ghajini (2005 film)]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|[[Annupamaa]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon"|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
|}

=== Super Singer season 10 ===
{{Main|Super Singer 10}}
Super Singer Season 10, the tenth season of the Airtel Super Singer show, premiered on [[Star Vijay]] on 16 December 2023, and telecasts every Saturday and Sunday. KAG Tiles is the sponsor for this season. Once again, this season is hosted by [[Makapa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]]. The judging panel of this season is, [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Sean Roldan]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[Sujatha Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-16 |title=Super Singer Back With 10th Season. All You Need To Know |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/super-singer-back-with-10th-season-all-you-need-to-know-article-106050270 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

The Grand Finale was on 23 June 2024. At the finals, John Jerome was the title winner. Jeevitha became the first runner-up, and Vaishanvi became the second runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Singer Season 10: John Jerome wins the title; takes home 60 lakhs worth flat|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-singer-season-10-john-jerome-wins-the-title-takes-home-60-lakhs-worth-flat/articleshow/111226634.cms|access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

'''''Prize Winners:'''''
* John Jerome; won Super Singer 10. So he was gifted with an apartment worth 60 Rs lakhs.
* Jeevitha; first runner-up Singer 10
* Vaishnavi; second runner-up of Super Singer 10.

==== Celebrity Guests ====
Season 10 saw several celebrity guests praising the contestants for their performances and also performing along with the contestants, who include:<ref>{{Cite web |last=விஜி |date=2023-09-22 |title=வந்தாச்சு சூப்பர் சிங்கர் 10 ஆடிஷன்.. எங்க நடக்குது தெரியுமா? |url=https://kalkionline.com/entertainment/chinnathirai-ott/super-singer-10-audition-starts-tomorrow-in-pudukkottai |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Kalki Online |language=ta}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name of Guest
!Episode Number(s)
|-
|[[Velmurugan]]
| rowspan="2" |9
|-
|[[Malathy Lakshman]]
|-
|[[Pragathi Guruprasad]]
| rowspan="3" |10, 11
|-
|[[Sundarayyar]]
|-
|[[Grace Karunas]]
|-
|[[Radha (actress)]]
| rowspan="3" |12, 13
|-
|[[R. K. Selvamani]]
|-
|[[R. Aravindraj]]
|-
|[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|14, 15
|-
|[[T. L. Maharajan]]
| rowspan="2" |16, 17
|-
|[[Vinusha Devi]]
|-
|[[Jayam Ravi]]
| rowspan="6" |18, 19
|-
|[[K. Manikandan]]
|-
|[[Rakshita Suresh]]
|-
|[[Ajesh]]
|-
|[[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
|-
|[[Sam Vishal]]
|-
|[[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| rowspan="4" |20, 21
|-
|[[Dheena (actor)]]
|-
|[[Pavani Reddy]]
|-
|[[Mahendran (actor)]]
|-
|[[Unni Menon]]
| rowspan="3" |22, 23
|-
|[[Malgudi Subha]]
|-
|[[Kalpana Raghavendar]]
|-
|[[Deva (composer)]]
|46, 47
|-
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|47
|-
|[[Sabesh–Murali]]
|47
|-
|[[Mohan (actor)]]
|48, 49
|}

=== Super Singer Season 11 ===
{{Main|Super Singer 11}}
Super Singer Season 11, the eleventh season of the Airtel Super Singer show, premiered on [[Star Vijay]] on 2nd August 2025, telecasting every Saturday and Sunday. KAG Tiles is once again the sponsor for this season. Once again, the eleventh season will be hosted by the dynamic duo [[Makapa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]]. The judging panel includes composer [[Thaman S]], filmmaker [[Mysskin]], and popular playback singers [[Anuradha Sriram]], and [[P. Unnikrishnan]].

The first promo was released on 14th July 2025.

== Spin-off ==

===Super Singer T20===
{{Main|Super Singer T20}}

'''Super Singer T20''' (சூப்பர் சிங்கர் T20) is a 2012-2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language reality television [[Music competition|singing competition]], which aired on [[Star Vijay]]. Former contestants from previous seasons of the Super Singer and [[Airtel Super Singer Junior]] shows were divided into 6 teams. 15 league matches were held where each team competed against the other five teams. 4 teams were selected for the knockout semi-finals, before the remaining 2 teams competed against each other in the finals. The show was hosted by [[Divyadarshini]].

===Super Singer - Champion of Champions===
'''Super Singer - Champion of Champions''' is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language reality television [[Music competition|singing competition]], which aired on [[Star Vijay]].

[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sudha Ragunathan]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar]], [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Shweta Mohan]] and [[Sikkil Gurucharan]] as the judges, take turns to watch their performance live, albeit, from their homes. The show was hosted by [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]]. Super Singer Champion Of Champions Winner is Hari Priya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiannewslive.com/super-singer-champion-of-champions-sscoc-grand-finale-winner-name-first-runner-up-episode.html|title=Super Singer Champion of Champions (SSCOC) Grand Finale Winner Name First Runner Up & Episode|website=www.indiannewslive.com|date=2 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

===Bakthi Super Singer===
{{Main|Bakthi Super Singer}}

'''Bakthi Super Singer''' (பக்தி சூப்பர் சிங்கர்) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language reality television devotional [[Music competition|singing competition]] show, which aired on [[Star Vijay]]. The show is part of ''Super Singer'' and focus exclusively on [[Shaivism|Tamil devotional]] songs, bringing spiritual music to television screens across [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Bakthi Super Singer">{{cite web|author=vigneshpv94|url=https://www.thenewsmedium.com/television/bakthi-super-singer-contestants/|title=Bakthi Super Singer Contestants Name & Judges|website=www.thenewsmedium.com|date=30 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sreeja kumar|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/vijay-tv-super-singer-show-going-next-step-searching-a-voice-for-spiritual-songs-here-watch-the-new-super-singer-bakthi-promo-article-151654038|title=Super Singer: முடிவுக்கு வரும் சூப்பர் சிங்கர் நிகழ்ச்சி? ஷாக்கில் ரசிகர்கள்! புரமோ போட்டு உறுதி செய்த விஜய் டிவி|website=tamil.timesnownews.com|date=16 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025|language=ta}}</ref> [[Anuradha Sriram]] and Akshatha Das were hosts of the show which was judged by [[Mahathi]], [[T. L. Maharajan]] and [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]] are the judges of the show. The show has 12 singers. The show was aired from 31 May to 27 July 2025 and ended with 18 Episodes.

The Grand Finale was held on 26 June and 27 July 2025 on Saturday and Sunday. The show was won by Shravan Narayan, while Alaina Sajith emerged as the first runner up of the show.<ref>{{cite web|author=vigneshpv94|url=https://www.thenewsmedium.com/television/bakthi-super-singer-winner-runner-up-details/|title=Bakthi Super Singer Winner|website=www.thenewsmedium.com|date=27 July 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:18%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:27%;"| Notes
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''Super Singer'' సూపర్ సింగర్
|9 September 2015
|[[Star Maa]]
|28 August 2022
|rowspan="2"|Remake
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Super Singer (Bengali TV series)|Super Singer]]'' সুপার সিঙ্গার
|1 June 2019
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|21 May 2023
|}

== See also ==
* [[Super Singer Junior]]
* [[Super Singer T20]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110809110327/http://forum.startv.in/forumdisplay.php?f=477 Official Super Singer Junior Forum]
*{{IMDb title|10793832}}

{{Airtel Super Singer}}
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Super Singer]]
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singing talent shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2000s singing talent shows]]
[[Category:2000s reality television series]]
[[Category:2010s singing talent shows]]
[[Category:2010s reality television series]]
[[Category:2020s singing talent shows]]
[[Category:2020s reality television series]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Indian singing talent shows]]

Pope

2026-03-27T19:38:51Z

Rucsy:

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church}}
{{Redirect-multi|4|Papacy|Papal|Roman pontiff|Bishop of Rome|the historic state controlled by the pope|Papal States|the pontiffs of ancient Rome|College of Pontiffs|other uses|Pope (disambiguation)}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Bishop
| name = Rome
| local = Pope
| latin = Pontifex maximus
| border = Catholic
| coat = File:Coat of Arms of the Holy See (red).svg
| coat_size = 100px
| coat_alt = Emblem of the Holy See and Vatican City
| coat_caption = [[Emblem of the Holy See]]
| image = Pope Leo XIV 3 (cropped).jpg
| incumbent = {{Incumbent pope}}
| incumbent_note = {{nobold|[[2025 papal conclave|since 8 May 2025]]}}
| style = [[His Holiness]]

| province = [[List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)#Episcopal Conference of Italy, including San Marino and Vatican City State|Rome]]
| residence = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Apostolic Palace]] (official residence)
* [[Palace of Castel Gandolfo]] (official summer residence)
}}

| established = [[Timeline of the Catholic Church|1st century]]
| cathedral = [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]]
| first_incumbent = [[Saint Peter]]<ref name="Wilken">Wilken, p. 281. "Some (Christian communities) had been founded by Peter, the disciple Jesus designated as the founder of his church.{{nbsp}}... Once the position was institutionalized, historians looked back and recognized Peter as the first Pope of the Christian church in Rome."</ref>
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of Rome|Rome]]
| headquarters = [[Apostolic Palace]], Vatican City
| governance = [[Holy See]]

| website = [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/index.htm vatican.va/holyfather]
| country = [[Vatican City]]
| caption = [[Pope Leo XIV]] in 2025
}}{{Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
The '''pope'''{{efn|{{langx|la|papa}}, from {{langx|grc|πάππας|translit=páppas|lit=father}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Pope |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12260a.htm |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=[[New Advent]] |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007002926/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12260a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Levillain |first=Philippe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTj4wAEACAAJ |title=The Papacy: An Encyclopedia |date=2002 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-92228-9 |volume=2 |pages=1227 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814003908/https://books.google.com/books?id=JTj4wAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} is the '''bishop of Rome''' and the [[Head of the Church#Catholic Church|head]] of the worldwide [[Catholic Church]]. He is also known as the '''supreme pontiff''',{{Efn|{{lang|la|[[Pontifex maximus]]}} or {{lang|la|[[Pontifex maximus|summus pontifex]]}} in Latin}} '''Roman pontiff''',{{Efn|{{langx|la|Romanus pontifex}}}} or '''sovereign pontiff'''. From the 8th century until 1870, the pope was the [[sovereign]] or [[head of state]] of the [[Papal States]], and since 1929 of the much smaller [[Vatican City State]].<ref name="section880">{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P2A.HTM#PZ |work=[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] |title=Christ's Faithful – Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life: The episcopal college and its head, the pope |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |location=Vatican City |year=1993 |access-date=January 11, 2026 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303075200/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P2A.HTM#PZ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="theconversation.com-2021">{{Cite web |title=In Biden's visit with the pope, a page from Reagan's playbook? |url=https://theconversation.com/in-bidens-visit-with-the-pope-a-page-from-reagans-playbook-170077 |date=27 October 2021 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=theconversation.com |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507183342/https://theconversation.com/in-bidens-visit-with-the-pope-a-page-from-reagans-playbook-170077 |url-status=live}}</ref> From a Catholic viewpoint, the [[primacy of the bishop of Rome]] is largely derived from his role as the [[apostolic successor]] to [[Saint Peter]], to whom [[Petrine primacy|primacy]] was conferred by [[Jesus]], who gave Peter the [[Keys of Heaven]] and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the Church would be built. The current pope is [[Leo XIV]], who was elected on 8 May 2025 on the second day of the [[2025 papal conclave]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Papal conclave 2025 live updates: Conclave elects a new pope as white smoke rises from the Sistine Chapel |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/the-vatican/live-blog/conclave-2025-live-updates-rcna205525 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508170131/https://www.nbcnews.com/world/the-vatican/live-blog/conclave-2025-live-updates-rcna205525 |url-status=live }}</ref>

While his office is called the '''papacy''', the [[ecclesiastical jurisdiction|jurisdiction]] of the [[episcopal see]] is called the [[Holy See]].<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/holy%20see |title=Holy See |access-date=17 January 2017 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118222107/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Holy%20See |url-status=live |dictionary=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> The word ''see'' comes from the Latin for 'seat' or 'chair' ({{lang|la|sede}}, referring in particular to the one on which the newly elected pope sits during the enthronement ceremony).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2013 |title=What does the term "holy see" mean? |url=https://catholicstraightanswers.com/what-does-the-term-holy-see-mean/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Catholic Straight Answers |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425091929/https://catholicstraightanswers.com/what-does-the-term-holy-see-mean/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Holy See is a [[sovereign entity]] under [[international law]]; it is headquartered in the distinctively independent Vatican City, a [[city-state]] which forms a geographical [[enclave]] within the conurbation of [[Rome]]. It was established by the [[Lateran Treaty]] in 1929 between [[Fascist Italy]] and the Holy See to ensure its political and spiritual independence. The Holy See is recognized by its adherence at various levels to international organizations and by means of its diplomatic relations and political accords with many independent states.

According to [[Catholic tradition]], the [[apostolic see]] of [[Diocese of Rome|Rome]] was founded by Saint Peter and [[Saint Paul]] in the first century. The papacy is one of the longest enduring institutions in the world and has been a prominent force in [[human history]].<ref>Collins, Roger. "Introduction". ''Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy''. Basic Books. 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-465-01195-7}}. "One of the most enduring and influential of all human institutions,{{nbsp}}... No one who seeks to make sense of modern issues within Christendom – or, indeed, world history – can neglect the vital shaping role of the popes."</ref> In ancient times, the popes helped spread Christianity and intervened to find resolutions in various doctrinal disputes.<ref name="World History" /> In the [[Middle Ages]], they played a role of secular importance in Western Europe, often acting as arbitrators between Christian monarchs.<ref name="Faus">Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "''Autoridade da Verdade – Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico''". Chapter 8: ''Os papas repartem terras'', pp. 64–65 and chapter 6: ''O papa tem poder temporal absoluto'', pp. 49–55. Edições Loyola. {{ISBN|85-15-01750-4}}. Although Faus is deeply critical of the temporal power of the popes ("Once again this highlights one of the greatest drawbacks of the political status of Peter's successors" – p. 64), he also admits a positive secular role on the part of the popes ("We cannot deny that papal interventions of this kind prevented more than one war in Europe" – p. 65).</ref><ref name="Papal Arbitration">{{cathEncy|wstitle=Papal Arbitration|author=Jarrett, Bede}}</ref>{{efn|The papacy was an influence in regulating the [[colonization]] of the [[New World]]. See [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] and [[Inter caetera]].}} In addition to the expansion of [[Christian theology|Christian faith and doctrine]], modern popes are involved in [[ecumenism]] and [[interfaith dialogue]], [[Catholic charities|charitable work]], and the defence of human rights.<ref>''História das Religiões. Crenças e práticas religiosas do século XII aos nossos dias''. Grandes Livros da Religião. Editora Folio. 2008. pp. 89, 156–157. {{ISBN|978-84-413-2489-3}}</ref>

Over time, the papacy accrued [[Temporal power of the Holy See|broad secular and political influence]], eventually rivalling those of territorial rulers. In recent centuries, the temporal authority of the papacy has declined and the office is now largely focused on religious matters.<ref name="World History" /> By contrast, papal claims of spiritual authority have been increasingly firmly expressed over time, culminating in 1870 with the proclamation of the [[Catholic dogma|dogma]] of [[papal infallibility]] for rare occasions when the pope speaks {{lang|la|[[ex cathedra]]}}—literally 'from the [[Chair of Saint Peter|chair (of Saint Peter)]]'—to issue a formal definition of [[dogma|faith]] or morals.<ref name="World History" /> The pope is considered one of the world's most powerful people due to the extensive diplomatic, cultural, and spiritual influence of his position on both 1.4{{nbsp}}billion Catholics<ref>{{Cite news |title=New Vatican Statistics Reveal Growing Catholic Population, Fewer Pastoral Workers |work=[[Vatican News]] |date=20 March 2025 |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2025-03/pontifical-yearbook-2025-priests-religious-statistics.html |accessdate=22 March 2026}}</ref> and those outside the Catholic faith,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/HUMANITY/VATMOD.HTM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050504134930/https://www.ewtn.com/library/HUMANITY/VATMOD.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 May 2005 |title=The Role of the Vatican in the Modern World}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=The World's Most Powerful People |url=https://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/#tab:overall/ |magazine=Forbes |date=November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230133410/http://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/#tab:overall/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=The World's Most Powerful People |url=https://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/ |magazine=Forbes |date=January 2013 |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230133410/http://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The World's Most Powerful People |url=https://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/list/ |access-date=27 November 2023 |magazine=Forbes |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225092237/https://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/list/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and because he heads the world's largest non-government provider of [[Catholic school|education]] and [[Catholic Church and health care|health care]],<ref name="Geopolitics">{{cite journal |last=Agnew |first=John |title=Deus Vult: The Geopolitics of Catholic Church |journal=Geopolitics |date=12 February 2010 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=39–61 |doi=10.1080/14650040903420388 |s2cid=144793259 |issn=1465-0045}}</ref> with a vast network of charities.

== History ==
{{Main|History of the papacy}}

=== Title and etymology ===
{{Main|Pope (title)|l1=''Pope'' (title)}}
The word ''[[Pope (title)|pope]]'' derives {{etymology|grc|''{{Wikt-lang|grc|πάππας}}'' (páppas)|father}}. In the early centuries of Christianity, this title was applied, especially in the East, to all [[bishop]]s<ref name="ODCC:Pope">{{cite dictionary |dictionary=Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-280290-3 |title=Pope}}</ref> and other senior clergy, and later became reserved in the West to the bishop of Rome during the reign of [[Pope Leo I]] (440–461),<ref>Asimov, Isaac (1967) ''The Roman Empire'', Houghton Mifflin: Boston, p. 236</ref> a reservation made official only in the 11th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elwell |first=Walter A. |url= |title=Evangelical Dictionary of Theology |publisher=Baker Academic |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8010-2075-9 |page=888 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Greer |first=Thomas H. |url= |title=A Brief History of the Western World |author2=Gavin Lewis |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-534-64236-5 |page=172 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mazza |first=Enrico |title=The Eucharistic Prayers of the Roman Rite |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8146-6078-2 |page=63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=O'Malley |first=John W. |url= |title=A History of the Popes |publisher=Government Institutes |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-58051-227-5 |page=xv}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schatz |first=Klaus |title=Papal Primacy |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8146-5522-1 |pages=28–29 |access-date=}}</ref> The earliest record of the use of the title of 'pope' was in regard to the by-then-deceased [[patriarch of Alexandria]], [[Heraclas]] (232–248).<ref>Eusebius, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' Book VII, chapter 7.4</ref> The earliest recorded use of the title "pope" in English dates to the mid-10th century, when it was used in reference to the 7th century Roman [[Pope Vitalian]] in an Old English translation of [[Bede]]'s {{lang|la|[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]]}}.<ref>"pope, n.1". Oxford English Dictionary Online. September 2011. Oxford University Press. 21 November 2011</ref>

=== Position within the Church ===
The Catholic Church teaches that the pastoral office, the office of [[pastor#History|shepherding]] the Church, that was held by the apostles, as a group or "college" with [[Saint Peter]] as their head, is now held by their successors, the bishops, with the bishop of [[Rome]] (the pope) as their head.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – Christ's Faithful – Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-date=6 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906142233/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> This gives rise to another title by which the pope is known: "supreme pontiff". The Catholic Church teaches that [[Jesus]] personally appointed Peter as the visible head of the Church,{{efn|"Continuing in that same undertaking, this Council is resolved to declare and proclaim before all men the doctrine concerning bishops, the successors of the apostles, who together with the successor of Peter, the Vicar of Christ, the visible Head of the whole Church, govern the house of the living God."<ref name="quote">(Lumen Gentium, Pope Paul VI 1964, Chapter 3)</ref>}} and the Catholic Church's dogmatic constitution {{lang|la|[[Lumen gentium]]}} makes a clear distinction between apostles and bishops, presenting the latter as the successors of the former, with the pope as successor of Peter, in that he is head of the bishops as Peter was head of the apostles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html |title=''Lumen gentium'', 22 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=11 August 2010 |archive-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Some historians argue against the notion that Peter was the first bishop of Rome, noting that the episcopal see in Rome can be traced back no earlier than the 3rd century.<ref name="O'Grady 146">{{cite book |first=John |last=O'Grady |title=The Catholic church: its origins and nature |page=[https://archive.org/details/romancatholicchu0000ogra/page/146 146] |isbn=978-0-8091-3740-4 |year=1997 |publisher=Paulist Press |url=https://archive.org/details/romancatholicchu0000ogra/page/146}}</ref>

The writings of [[Irenaeus]], a [[Church Father]] who wrote around 180 AD, reflect a belief that Peter "founded and organized" the Church at Rome.<ref>{{cite book |first=J. |last=Stevenson |title=A New Eusebius |page=[https://archive.org/details/neweusebiusdocum00euse/page/118 118] |isbn=978-0-281-00802-5 |orig-year=1957 |year=1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/neweusebiusdocum00euse/page/118}}</ref> Moreover, Irenaeus was not the first to write of Peter's presence in the early Roman Church. The Church of Rome wrote in a letter to the Corinthians (which is traditionally attributed to [[Clement of Rome]] {{circa|96}})<ref name="fn_2">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1010.htm |title=Letter to the Corinthians (Clement) |publisher=New Advent |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia: The Fathers of the Church |access-date=14 April 2013 |archive-date=25 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125012820/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1010.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> about the persecution of Christians in Rome as the "struggles in our time" and presented to the Corinthians its heroes, "first, the greatest and most just columns", the "good apostles" Peter and [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]].<ref name="Gröber, 510">Gröber, 510</ref> [[Ignatius of Antioch]] wrote shortly after Clement; in his letter from the city of Smyrna to the Romans, he said he would not command them as Peter and Paul did.<ref name="fn_3">{{cite web |url=http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_article/244/Letter_of_Ignatius_of_Antioch_to_the_Romans.html |title=Letter of Ignatius of Antioch to the Romans |publisher=Crossroads Initiative |access-date=21 February 2006 |archive-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708205615/http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_article/244/Letter_of_Ignatius_of_Antioch_to_the_Romans.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Given this and other evidence, such as Emperor Constantine's erection of the "[[Old St. Peter's Basilica]]" on the location of [[Saint Peter's tomb]], as held and given to him by Rome's Christian community, many scholars agree that Peter was martyred in Rome under [[Nero]], although some scholars argue that he may have been martyred in Palestine.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Saint Peter the Apostle |year=2013 |last=O'Connor |first=Daniel William |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle/5632/Tradition-of-Peter-in-Rome |page=5 |access-date=14 April 2013 |quote=[M]any scholars{{nbsp}}[...> accept Rome as the location of the martyrdom and the reign of Nero as the time. |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221941/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |language=de |title=Zeitschr. fur Kirchengesch |year=1901 |pages=1 sqq., 161 sqq}}</ref><ref>''The Secrets of the 12 Disciples'', [[Channel 4]], transmitted on 23 March 2008.</ref>

Although open to historical debate, first-century Christian communities may have had a group of presbyter-bishops functioning as guides of their local churches. Gradually, episcopal sees were established in metropolitan areas.<ref name="O'Grady 140">{{cite book |first=John |last=O'Grady |title=The Catholic church: its origins and nature |page=[https://archive.org/details/romancatholicchu0000ogra/page/140 140] |isbn=978-0-8091-3740-4 |year=1997 |publisher=Paulist Press |url=https://archive.org/details/romancatholicchu0000ogra/page/140}}</ref> Antioch may have developed such a structure before Rome.<ref name="O'Grady 140" /> In Rome, there were over time at various junctures rival claimants to be the rightful bishop, though again Irenaeus stressed the validity of one line of bishops from the time of St. Peter up to his contemporary [[Pope Victor I]] and listed them.<ref>{{cite book |first=J. |last=Stevenson |title=A New Eusebius |pages=[https://archive.org/details/neweusebiusdocum00euse/page/114 114–115] |isbn=978-0-281-00802-5 |orig-year=1957 |year=1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/neweusebiusdocum00euse/page/114}}</ref> Some writers claim that the emergence of a single bishop in Rome probably did not occur until the middle of the 2nd century. In their view, Linus, Cletus and Clement were possibly prominent presbyter-bishops, but not necessarily monarchical bishops.<ref name="O'Grady 146" /> Documents of the 1st century and early second century indicate that the bishop of Rome had some kind of pre-eminence and prominence in the Church as a whole, as even a letter from the bishop, or patriarch, of Antioch acknowledged the bishop of Rome as "a first among equals",<ref>''The Early Christian Church'' by Chadwick</ref> though the detail of what this meant is unclear.{{efn|"From an historical perspective, there is no conclusive documentary evidence from the first century or the early decades of the second century of the exercise of, or even the claim to, a primacy of the Roman bishop or to a connection with Peter, although documents from this period accord the church at Rome some kind of pre‑eminence";<ref>([http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8523 Emmanuel Clapsis, Papal Primacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203104411/http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8523 |date=3 December 2008 }}, extract from ''Orthodoxy in Conversation'' (2000), p. 110)</ref> and "The see of Rome, whose prominence was associated with the deaths of Peter and Paul, became the principal center in matters concerning the universal Church".<ref>(Clapsis, p. 102)</ref> The same writer quotes with approval the words of [[Joseph Ratzinger]]: "In Phanar, on 25 July 1976, when [[Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople|Patriarch Athenegoras]] addressed [[Pope Paul VI|the visiting pope]] as Peter's successor, the first in honor among us, and the presider over charity, this great church leader was expressing the essential content of the declarations of the primacy of the first millennium".<ref>(Clapsis, p. 113)</ref>}}

=== Early Christianity (c. 30–325) ===
Sources suggest that at first, the terms {{transliteration|grc|episcopos}} and ''presbyter'' were used interchangeably,<ref>''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'', 1997 edition revised 2005, p. 211</ref> with the consensus among scholars being that by the turn of the 1st and 2nd centuries, local congregations were led by bishops and presbyters, whose duties of office overlapped or were indistinguishable from one another.<ref>''Cambridge History of Christianity'', volume 1, 2006</ref> Some{{who|date=January 2022}} say that there was probably "no single 'monarchical' bishop in Rome before the middle of the 2nd century ... and likely later."<ref>''Cambridge History of Christianity'', volume 1, 2006, p. 418</ref>

In the early Christian era, Rome and a few other cities had claims on the leadership of worldwide Church. [[James the Just]], known as "the brother of the Lord", served as head of the [[Jerusalem]] church, which is still honoured as the "Mother Church" in Orthodox tradition. [[Alexandria]] had been a center of Jewish learning and became a center of Christian learning. Rome had a large congregation early in the apostolic period whom Paul the Apostle addressed in his [[Epistle to the Romans]], and according to tradition Paul was martyred there.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Saint Paul the Apostle |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle |access-date=22 January 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430191730/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447019/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle/259968/Life |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the 1st century of the Church ({{circa|30–130}}), the Roman capital became recognized as a Christian center of exceptional importance. The church there, at the end of the century, wrote an [[First Epistle of Clement|epistle]] to the Church in [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]] intervening in a major dispute, and apologizing for not having taken action earlier.<ref>Chadwick, Henry, ''Oxford History of Christianity'', Oxford University Press, quote: "Towards the latter part of the 1st century, Rome's presiding cleric, named Clement, wrote on behalf of his church to remonstrate with the Corinthian Christians who had ejected clergy without either financial or charismatic endowment in favor of a fresh lot; Clement apologized not for intervening but for not having acted sooner. Moreover, during the 2nd century the Roman community's leadership was evident in its generous alms to poorer churches. About 165, they erected monuments to their martyred apostles, to Peter in a necropolis on the Vatican Hill, to Paul on the road to Ostia, at the traditional sites of their burial. Roman bishops were already conscious of being custodians of the authentic tradition of true interpretation of the apostolic writings. In the conflict with Gnosticism Rome played a decisive role, and likewise in the deep division in Asia Minor created by the claims of the Montanist prophets."</ref> There are a few other references of that time to recognition of the [[Primacy of the Bishop of Rome|authoritative primacy]] of the [[Roman See]] outside of Rome. In the [[Ravenna Document]] of 13 October 2007, theologians chosen by the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches stated:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravenna Document {{!}} Ecclesiological and Canonical Consequences of the Sacramental Nature of the Church. Ecclesial Communion, Conciliarity and Authority |url=http://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/dialoghi/sezione-orientale/chiese-ortodosse-di-tradizione-bizantina/commissione-mista-internazionale-per-il-dialogo-teologico-tra-la/documenti-di-dialogo/testo-in-inglese.html |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=ChristianuUnity.va |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026002230/http://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/dialoghi/sezione-orientale/chiese-ortodosse-di-tradizione-bizantina/commissione-mista-internazionale-per-il-dialogo-teologico-tra-la/documenti-di-dialogo/testo-in-inglese.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{blockquote
| Both sides agree that this canonical taxis was recognised by all in the era of the undivided Church. Further, they agree that Rome, as the Church that "presides in love" according to the phrase of St. Ignatius of Antioch (To the Romans, Prologue), occupied the first place in the taxis, and that the bishop of Rome was therefore the protos among the patriarchs. They disagree, however, on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as protos, a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium.
| author = Ravenna Document
| source = 41
}}

In AD 195, Pope Victor I, in what is seen as an exercise of Roman authority over other churches, excommunicated the [[Quartodecimans]] for observing Easter on the 14th of [[Nisan]], the date of the Jewish [[Passover]], a tradition handed down by [[John the Evangelist]] (see [[Easter controversy]]). Celebration of Easter on a Sunday, as insisted on by the pope, is the system that has prevailed (see [[computus]]).

=== Nicaea to East–West Schism (325–1054) ===
{{See also|Papacy in late antiquity}}
The [[Edict of Milan]] in 313 granted freedom to all religions in the Roman Empire,<ref>Davidson, Ivor (2005). ''The Birth of the Church''. Monarch. p. 341. {{ISBN|1-85424-658-5}}.</ref> beginning the [[Peace of the Church]]. In 325, the [[First Council of Nicaea]] condemned [[Arianism]], declaring [[trinitarianism]] dogmatic, and in its sixth canon recognized the special role of the Sees of Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch.<ref>"Let the ancient customs in Egypt, Libya and Pentapolis prevail, that the Bishop of Alexandria has jurisdiction over them all, since a similar arrangement is the custom for the Bishop of Rome. Likewise let the churches in Antioch and the other provinces retain their privileges" ([http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/nicaea-325-canons Canons of the Council of Nicaea] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215233640/http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/nicaea-325-canons |date=15 February 2012 }}).</ref> Great defenders of Trinitarian faith included the popes, especially [[Pope Liberius|Liberius]], who was exiled to [[Veria|Berea]] by [[Constantius II]] for his Trinitarian faith,<ref>{{cathEncy|wstitle=Pope Liberius|author=Chapman, Henry Palmer}}</ref> [[Damasus I]], and several other bishops.<ref name="Alves J.">Alves J. ''Os Santos de Cada Dia'' (10 edição). Editora Paulinas. pp. 296, 696, 736. {{ISBN|978-85-356-0648-5}}.</ref>

In 380, the [[Edict of Thessalonica]] declared [[Nicene Christianity]] to be the state religion of the empire, with the name "Catholic Christians" reserved for those who accepted that faith.<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html Theodosian Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227120555/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html |date=27 February 2007 }} XVI.i.2, Medieval Sourcebook: Banning of Other Religions by Paul Halsall, June 1997, Fordham University, retrieved 4 September 2007</ref><ref>Wilken, Robert (2004). "Christianity". in Hitchcock, Susan Tyler; Esposito, John. Geography of Religion. National Geographic Society. p. 286. {{ISBN|0-7922-7317-6}}.</ref> While the civil power in the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] controlled the church, and the [[patriarch of Constantinople]], the capital, wielded much power,<ref name="GAETA">Gaeta, Franco; Villani, Pasquale. ''Corso di Storia, per le scuole medie superiori''. Milão. Editora Principato. 1986.</ref> in the [[Western Roman Empire]], the bishops of Rome were able to consolidate the influence and power they already possessed.<ref name="GAETA" /> After the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], [[barbarian]] tribes were converted to Arian Christianity or Nicene Christianity;<ref name="Le Goff">Le Goff, Jacques (2000). ''Medieval Civilization''. Barnes & Noble. pp. 14, 21. {{ISBN|0-631-17566-0}}.</ref> [[Clovis I]], king of the [[Franks]], was the first important barbarian ruler to convert to the mainstream church rather than Arianism, allying himself with the papacy. Other tribes, such as the [[Visigoths]], later abandoned Arianism in favour of the established church.<ref name="Le Goff" />

==== Middle Ages ====
[[File:Gregorythegreat.jpg|thumb|upright|Gregory the Great ({{circa|540–604}}), in a painting by [[Carlo Saraceni]], {{circa|1610}}, Rome]]
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the pope served as a source of authority and continuity. [[Pope Gregory I]] ({{circa|540–604}}) administered the church with strict reform. From an ancient senatorial family, Gregory worked with the stern judgement and discipline typical of ancient Roman rule. Theologically, he represents the shift from the classical to the medieval outlook; his popular writings are full of dramatic [[miracle]]s, potent [[relic]]s, [[demon]]s, [[angel]]s, ghosts, and the [[Eschatology|approaching end of the world]].{{sfn|Durant|1950|pp=517–551}}

Gregory's successors were largely dominated by the [[exarch of Ravenna]], the [[Byzantine emperor]]'s representative in the [[Italian Peninsula]]. These humiliations, the weakening of the [[Byzantine Empire]] in the face of the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]], and the inability of the emperor to protect the papal estates against the [[Lombards]], made [[Pope Stephen II]] turn from Emperor [[Constantine V]]. He appealed to the Franks to protect his lands. [[Pepin the Short]] subdued the Lombards and donated Italian land to the papacy. When [[Pope Leo III]] crowned [[Charlemagne]] (800) as emperor, he established the precedent that, in Western Europe, no man would be emperor without being crowned by a pope.{{sfn|Durant|1950|pp=517–551}}

The low point of the papacy was 867–1049.{{sfn|Durant|1950|loc=chpt. 4}} This period includes the {{lang|la|[[Saeculum obscurum]]}}, the [[Crescentii]] era, and the [[Tusculan Papacy]]. The papacy came under the control of vying political factions. Popes were variously imprisoned, starved, killed, and deposed by force. The [[Counts of Tusculum]] made and unmade popes for fifty years. [[Pope John XII]], the great-grandson of one such count, held orgies of debauchery in the [[Lateran Palace]]. Emperor [[Otto I]] had John accused in an ecclesiastical court, which deposed him and elected a layman as [[Pope Leo VIII]]. John mutilated the Imperial representatives in Rome and had himself reinstated as pope. [[History of the papacy (1048–1257)|Conflict between the Emperor and the papacy]] continued, and eventually dukes in league with the emperor were buying bishops and popes almost openly.{{sfn|Durant|1950|loc=chapter 4}}

In 1049, [[Leo IX]] travelled to the major cities of Europe to deal with the church's moral problems firsthand, notably [[simony]] and [[clerical marriage]] and [[concubinage]]. With his long journey, he restored the prestige of the papacy in Northern Europe.{{sfn|Durant|1950|loc=chapter 4}} From the 7th century, it became common for European monarchies and nobility to found churches and perform [[investiture]] or deposition of clergy in their states and fiefdoms, their personal interests causing corruption among the clergy.<ref name="H.G.B">''História Global Brasil e Geral''. pp. 101, 130, 149, 151, 159. Volume one. Gilberto Cotrim. {{ISBN|978-85-02-05256-7}}</ref><ref name="Missão Jovem">[http://www.pime.org.br/missaojovem/mjhistdaigrejareforma.htm Movimentos de Rennovação e Reforma] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116233149/http://www.pime.org.br/missaojovem/mjhistdaigrejareforma.htm |date=16 January 2012 }}. 1 October 2009.</ref> This practice had become common in part because the prelates and secular rulers were also often participants in public life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/feudalismo/feudalismo.php |title=Feudalismo |publisher=Portalsaofrancisco.com.br |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-date=4 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204210934/http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/feudalismo/feudalismo.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

To combat this, and other practices that had been seen as corrupting, between the years 900 and 1050, centres emerged promoting ecclesiastical reform, the most important being the [[Abbey of Cluny]], which spread its ideals throughout Europe.<ref name="Missão Jovem" /> This reform movement gained strength with the election of [[Pope Gregory VII]] in 1073, who adopted a series of measures in the movement known as the [[Gregorian Reform]], in order to fight strongly against simony and the abuse of civil power and try to restore ecclesiastical discipline, including [[clerical celibacy]].<ref name="Alves J." />

In 1122, this conflict between popes and secular autocratic rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] and King [[Henry I of England]], known as the [[Investiture controversy]], was resolved by the [[Concordat of Worms]], in which [[Pope Callixtus II]] decreed that clerics were to be invested by clerical leaders, and temporal rulers by lay investiture.<ref name="H.G.B" /> Soon after, [[Pope Alexander III]] began reforms that would lead to the establishment of [[canon law]].{{sfn|Durant|1950|pp=517–551}}

Starting at the beginning of the 7th century, [[Islamic conquests]] had succeeded in controlling much of the southern [[Mediterranean]]. This was perceived as a threat to Christianity.<ref>Vidmar, John (2005). ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages''. Paulist Press. p. 94. {{ISBN|0-8091-4234-1}}.</ref> In 1095, the Byzantine emperor, [[Alexios I Komnenos]], asked for military aid from [[Pope Urban II]] in the ongoing [[Byzantine–Seljuq wars]].<ref>Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1997). ''The First Crusaders''. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. {{ISBN|978-0-511-00308-0}}.</ref> Urban, at the [[council of Clermont]], called the [[First Crusade]] to assist the Byzantine Empire to regain the old Christian territories, especially Jerusalem.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=140–141, 192}}

=== East–West Schism to Reformation (1054–1517) ===
{{Main|East–West Schism}}

[[File:Mediterranean1400.png|thumb|upright=1.8|A map of the Mediterranean states in 1400. The [[East-West Schism]] began in 1054 and continues, while the [[Western Schism]] lasted from 1378 to 1417.]]
With the [[East–West Schism]], the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and the Catholic Church split definitively in 1054. This fracture was caused more by political events than by [[Eastern Orthodox – Catholic theological differences|slight divergences of creed]]. Popes had galled the Byzantine emperors by siding with the king of the Franks, crowning a rival Roman emperor, appropriating the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]], and driving into Greek Italy.{{sfn|Durant|1950|loc=chapter 4}}

In the [[Middle Ages]], popes struggled with monarchs over power.<ref name="World History" /> From 1309 to 1377, the pope resided not in Rome but in [[Avignon]]. The [[Avignon Papacy]] was notorious for greed and corruption.{{sfn|Durant|1957|pp=3–25}} During this period, the pope was effectively an ally of the [[Kingdom of France]], alienating France's enemies, such as the [[Kingdom of England]].{{sfn|Durant|1957|pp=26–57}}

The pope was understood to have the power to draw on the [[Treasury of Merit]] built up by the saints and by Christ, so that he could grant [[indulgence]]s, reducing one's time in [[purgatory]]. The concept that a monetary fine or donation accompanied contrition, confession, and prayer eventually gave way to the common assumption that indulgences depended on a simple monetary contribution. The popes condemned misunderstandings and abuses, but were too pressed for income to exercise effective control over indulgences.{{sfn|Durant|1957|pp=3–25}}

Popes also contended with the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]], who sometimes attempted to assert the authority of [[Catholic Ecumenical Councils]] over the pope's. [[Conciliarism]] holds that the supreme authority of the church lies with a General Council, not with the pope. Its foundations were laid early in the 13th century, and it culminated in the 15th century with [[Jean Gerson]] as its leading spokesman. The failure of Conciliarism to gain broad acceptance after the 15th century is taken as a factor in the [[Protestant Reformation]].<ref name="ReferenceA">"Conciliar theory". Cross, FL, ed. ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005. {{page needed|date=March 2024}}</ref>

Various [[Antipope]]s challenged papal authority, especially during the [[Western Schism]] (1378–1417). It came to a close when the [[Council of Constance]], at the high point of Concilliarism, decided among the papal claimants. The Eastern Church continued to decline with the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, undercutting Constantinople's claim to equality with Rome. Twice an Eastern emperor tried to force the Eastern Church to reunify with the West. First in the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1272–1274) and secondly in the [[Council of Florence]] (1431–1449). Papal claims of superiority were a sticking point in reunification, which failed in any event. In the 15th century, the [[Ottoman Empire]] captured [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople]] and ended the Byzantine Empire.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453 |title=Fall of Constantinople {{!}} Summary |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=13 June 2019 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819143934/https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Reformation to present (1517 to today) ===
[[File:Council Trent.jpg|thumb|As part of the Catholic Reformation, [[Pope Paul III]] (1534–1549) initiated the [[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563), which established the triumph of the papacy over those who sought to reconcile with Protestants or oppose papal claims.]]

[[Protestant Reformers]] criticized the papacy as corrupt and characterized the pope as the [[antichrist]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C&pg=PA61 |page=61; cf. pp. 62, 274 |title=When Time Shall be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture |isbn=978-0-674-02861-6 |last1=Boyer |first1=Paul |date=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |access-date=15 August 2015 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819074246/https://books.google.com/books?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C&pg=PA61 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=toXLsJ28BvAC&pg=PA90 |first=Mark U. Jr. |last=Edwards |title=Printing, Propaganda and Martin Luther |publisher=Fortress Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4514-1399-1 |page=90 |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319004016/https://books.google.com/books?id=toXLsJ28BvAC&pg=PA90 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hillerbrand |first=Hans J. |url=https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfProtestantismByHansJ.Hillerbrand |title=Encyclopedia Of Protestantism |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-203-48431-2 |pages=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301 |first=John |last=Osborne |title=Luther |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1967 |page=301 |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319005301/https://books.google.com/books?id=1lMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301 |url-status=live}}</ref> Popes instituted a [[Catholic Reformation]]<ref name="World History" /> (1560–1648), which addressed the challenges of the Protestant Reformation and instituted internal reforms. [[Pope Paul III]] initiated the [[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563), whose definitions of doctrine and whose reforms sealed the triumph of the papacy over elements in the church that sought conciliation with Protestants and opposed papal claims.<ref>"Counter-Reformation". Cross, FL, ed., ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref>

Gradually forced to give up secular power to the increasingly assertive [[History of Europe#Nations rising|European nation states]], the popes focused on spiritual issues.<ref name="World History" /> In 1870, the [[First Vatican Council]] proclaimed the [[dogma]] of [[papal infallibility]] for the most solemn occasions when the pope speaks {{lang|la|[[ex cathedra]]}} when issuing a definition of faith or morals.<ref name="World History">Wetterau, Bruce. World history. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1994.</ref> Later the same year, [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy]] [[Capture of Rome|seized Rome]] from the pope's control and substantially completed the [[unification of Italy]].<ref name="World History" />

In 1929, the [[Lateran Treaty]] between the [[Kingdom of Italy]] and the Holy See established [[Vatican City]] as an independent [[city-state]], guaranteeing papal independence from secular rule.<ref name="World History" /> In 1950, [[Pope Pius XII]] defined the [[Assumption of Mary]] as dogma, the only time a pope has spoken {{lang|la|ex cathedra}} since papal infallibility was explicitly declared. The [[Primacy of Simon Peter|Primacy of St. Peter]], the controversial doctrinal basis of the pope's authority, continues to divide the eastern and western churches and to separate Protestants from Rome.

== Early Christian mentions ==
{{See also|History of papal primacy}}

=== Church Fathers ===
The writings of several Early Church fathers contain references to the authority and unique position held by the bishops of Rome, providing valuable insight into the recognition and significance of the papacy during the early Christian era.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Authority of the Pope |url=https://www.churchfathers.org/authority-of-the-pope |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=Church Fathers |language=en-US |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329114125/https://www.churchfathers.org/authority-of-the-pope |url-status=live}}</ref> These sources attest to the acknowledgement of the bishop of Rome as an influential figure within the Church, with some emphasizing the importance of adherence to Rome's teachings and decisions. Such references served to establish the concept of papal primacy and have continued to inform Catholic theology and practice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What the Early Church Believed: The Authority of the Pope |url=https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-authority-of-the-pope-part-i |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=Catholic Answers |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329114127/https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-authority-of-the-pope-part-i |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilken |first=Robert Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC |title=The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-11884-1 |pages=47–48 |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105004338/https://books.google.com/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC |url-status=live}}</ref>

In his letters, [[Cyprian of Carthage]] (c. 210{{snd}}258 AD) recognized the bishop of Rome as the successor of St. Peter in his ''Letter 55'' (c. 251 AD), which is addressed to [[Pope Cornelius]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cartago) |first=Cipriano (Santo, Obispo de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lZZBPSo9t4C&dq=Cornelius+was+made+bishop+by+the+choice+of+God+and+of+His+Christ&pg=PA38 |title=The Letters of St. Cyprian of Carthage |date=1984 |publisher=Paulist Press |isbn=978-0-8091-0369-0 |pages=38 |language=en |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816180323/https://books.google.com/books?id=7lZZBPSo9t4C&dq=Cornelius+was+made+bishop+by+the+choice+of+God+and+of+His+Christ&pg=PA38 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=George Park |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46UvAAAAYAAJ&dq=Cornelius+was+made+bishop+by+the+choice+of+God+and+of+His+Christ&pg=PA147 |title=Discussions in History and Theology |orig-date=1880 |date=2010 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0-7905-4033-7 |page=147 |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816180326/https://books.google.com/books?id=46UvAAAAYAAJ&dq=Cornelius+was+made+bishop+by+the+choice+of+God+and+of+His+Christ&pg=PA147 |url-status=live}}</ref> and affirmed his unique authority in the early Christian Church.<ref>{{Citation |title=Cyprian and Other Bishops at the Council of Carthage to Stephen |date=1 April 2010 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt284z4s.75 |work=Letters (1–81) (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 51) |pages=265–268 |access-date=1 March 2023 |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt284z4s.75|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

{{Blockquote
| text = Cornelius [the Bishop of Rome] was made bishop by the choice of God and of His Christ, by the favorable witness of almost all the clergy, by the votes of the people who were present, and by the assembly of ancient priests and good men. And he was made bishop when no one else had been made bishop before him when the position of [[Pope Fabian|Fabian]], that is to say, the position of Peter and the office of the bishop's chair, was vacant. But the position once has been filled by the will of God and that appointment has been ratified by the consent of us all, if anyone wants to be made bishop after that, it has to be done outside the church; if a man does not uphold the unity of the Church's unity, it is not possible for him to have the Church's ordination.
| author = Cyprian of Carthage
| title = Letter 55
| source = 8.4
}}

[[Irenaeus of Lyons]] (c. 130{{snd}}c. 202 AD), a prominent Christian theologian of the second century, provided a list of early popes in his work [[Against Heresies (Irenaeus)|''Against Heresies III'']]. The list covers the period from Saint Peter to [[Pope Eleutherius]] who served from 174 to 189 AD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church Fathers: Against Heresies, III.3 (St. Irenaeus) |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=www.newadvent.org |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301132956/https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Irenaeus |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/IRENAEUS/Against_Heresies:_Book_III/Chapter_III. |title=Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I, Against Heresies: Book III |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322101510/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/IRENAEUS/Against_Heresies:_Book_III/Chapter_III. |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
| text = The blessed apostles [Peter and Paul], then, having founded and built up the Church [in Rome], committed into the hands of [[Pope Linus|Linus]] the office of the episcopate. Of this Linus, Paul makes mention in the Epistles to Timothy. To him succeeded [[Anacletus]]; and after him, in the third place from the apostles, [[Pope Clement I|Clement]] was allotted the bishopric.{{nbsp}}... To this Clement there succeeded [[Pope Evaristus|Eviristus]]. [[Pope Alexander I|Alexander]] followed Evaristus; then, sixth from the apostles, [[Pope Sixtus I|Sixtus]] was appointed; after him, [[Pope Telesphorus|Telephorus]], who was gloriously martyred; then [[Pope Hyginus|Hyginus]]; after him, [[Pope Pius I|Pius]]; then after him, [[Pope Anicetus|Anicetus]]. [[Pope Soter|Soter]] having succeeded Anicetus, Eleutherius does now, in the twelfth place from the apostles, hold the inheritance of the episcopate.
| author = Irenaeus of Lyons
| title = Against Heresies III
| source = Chapter 3.2
}}

[[Ignatius of Antioch]] (died c. 108/140 AD) wrote in his "''Epistle to the Romans"'' that the church in Rome is "the church that presides over love".<ref>{{Citation |title=Ignatius to the Romans |date=18 May 2016 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvb936zj.10 |work=Ignatius of Antioch |pages=163–192 |access-date=8 March 2023 |publisher=1517 Media |doi=10.2307/j.ctvb936zj.10|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Church Fathers: Epistle to the Romans (St. Ignatius) |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0107.htm |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=www.newadvent.org |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207015123/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0107.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
| text = ...the Church which is beloved and enlightened by the will of Him that wills all things which are according to the love of Jesus Christ our God, which also presides in the place of the region of the Romans, worthy of God, worthy of honour, worthy of the highest happiness, worthy of praise, worthy of obtaining her every desire, worthy of being deemed holy, and which presides over love, is named from Christ, and from the Father, which I also salute in the name of Jesus Christ, the Son of the Father: to those who are united, both according to the flesh and spirit, to every one of His commandments;
| author = Ignatius of Antioch
| title = Epistle to Romans
}}

[[Augustine of Hippo]] (354–430), in his Letter 53, wrote a list of 38 popes from Saint Peter to Siricius. The order of this list differs from the lists of Irenaeus and the [[Annuario Pontificio]]. Augustine's list claims that Linus was succeeded by Clement and Clement was succeeded by Anacletus as in the list of [[Eusebius]], while the other two lists switch the positions of Clement and Anacletus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church Fathers: Letter 53 (St. Augustine) |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102053.htm |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=www.newadvent.org |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328120223/https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102053.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
| text = For if the lineal succession of bishops is to be taken into account, with how much more certainty and benefit to the Church do we reckon back till we reach Peter himself, to whom, as bearing in a figure the whole Church, the Lord said: Upon this rock will I build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it! Matthew 16:18. The successor of Peter was Linus, and his successors in unbroken continuity were these:— Clement, Anacletus, Evaristus...
| author = Augustine of Hippo
| title = Letter 53
| source = Paragraph 2
}}

=== Other early Christian mentions ===
[[Eusebius]] (<abbr>c.</abbr> 260/265 – 339) mentions [[Pope Linus|Linus]] as Saint Peter's successor and [[Clement of Rome|Clement]] as the third bishop of Rome in his book ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Church History]].'' As recorded by Eusebius, Clement worked with [[Saint Paul]] as his "co-laborer".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schaff |first=Philip |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_I/Church_History_of_Eusebius/Book_III/Chapter_4 |title=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume I/Church History of Eusebius/Book III |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429231156/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_I/Church_History_of_Eusebius/Book_III/Chapter_4 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Blockquote
| text = As to the rest of his followers, Paul testifies that [[Crescens]] was sent to Gaul; but Linus, whom he mentions in the [[Second Epistle to Timothy]] as his companion at Rome, was Peter's successor in the episcopate of the church there, as has already been shown.
Clement also, who was appointed third bishop of the church at Rome, was, as Paul testifies, his co-laborer and fellow-soldier.
| author = Eusebius of Caesarea
| title = Church History
| source = Book III, Chapter 4:9-10
}}[[Tertullian]] (<abbr>c.</abbr> 155 – <abbr>c.</abbr> 220 AD) wrote in his work "''The Prescription Against Heretics''" about the authority of the church in Rome. In this work, Tertullian said that the Church in Rome has the authority of the Apostles because of its apostolic foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church Fathers: The Prescription Against Heretics (Tertullian) |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=www.newadvent.org |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317095638/https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Blockquote
| text = Since, moreover, you are close upon Italy, you have Rome, from which there comes even into our own hands the very authority (of apostles themselves). How happy is its church, on which apostles poured forth all their doctrine along with their blood! Where Peter endures a passion like his Lord's! Where Paul wins his crown in a death like John's where the Apostle John was first plunged, unhurt, into boiling oil, and thence remitted to his island-exile!
| author = Tertullian
| title = The Prescription Against Heretics
| source = Chapter 32
}}

According to the same book, [[Clement of Rome]] was ordained by Saint Peter as the bishop of Rome.

{{Blockquote
| text = For this is the manner in which the apostolic churches transmit their registers: as the church of Smyrna, which records that Polycarp was placed therein by John; as also the church of Rome, which makes Clement to have been ordained in like manner by Peter.
| author = Tertullian
| title = Prescription against Heretics
| source = Chapter 32
}}

[[Optatus]] the bishop of [[Mila (city)|Milevis]] in [[Numidia (Roman province)|Numidia]] (today's Algeria) and a contemporary of the [[Donatist schism]], presents a detailed analysis of the origins, beliefs, and practices of the Donatists, as well as the events and debates surrounding the schism, in his book ''The Schism of the Donatists'' (367 A.D)''.'' In the book, Optatus wrote about the position of the bishop of Rome in maintaining the unity of the Church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Optatus |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11262b.htm |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=www.newadvent.org |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227193524/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11262b.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What the Early Church Believed: Peter's Roman Residency |url=https://www.catholic.com/tract/peters-roman-residency |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=Catholic Answers |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143654/https://www.catholic.com/tract/peters-roman-residency |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
| text = You cannot deny that you are aware that in the city of Rome the episcopal chair was given first to Peter; the chair in which Peter sat, the same who was head—that is why he is also called Cephas ['Rock']—of all the apostles; the one chair in which unity is maintained by all.
| author = Optatus
| title = The Schism of the Donatists
| source = 2:2
}}

== Saint Peter and the origin of the papal office ==
{{See also|Primacy of Simon Peter}}
The [[Catholic Church]] teaches that, within the Christian community, the bishops as a body has succeeded the apostles as a body (''[[apostolic succession]]'') and the bishop of Rome has succeeded Saint Peter.<ref name="section880" /> Scriptural texts proposed in support of Peter's special position in relation to the church include:
* [[Matthew 16]]: {{blockquote| I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|16:18–19|ESV}}</ref>}}
* [[Luke 22]]: {{blockquote| Simon, Simon, behold, Satan demanded to have you, that he might sift you like wheat, but I have prayed for you that your faith may not fail. And when you have turned again, strengthen your brothers.<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|22:31–32|ESV}}</ref>}}
* [[John 21]]:{{blockquote| Feed my sheep.<ref>{{bibleverse||John|21:17|ESV}}</ref>}}

The symbolic keys in the [[Papal coats of arms]] are a reference to the phrase "[[the keys of the kingdom of heaven]]" in the first of these texts. Some Protestant writers have maintained that the "rock" that Jesus speaks of in this text is Jesus himself or the faith expressed by Peter.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lightfoot |first=John |author-link=John Lightfoot |title=Commentary on Matthew 16:18 |url=http://www.studylight.org/com/jlc/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18#Mt16_18 |work=Commentary on the Gospels |access-date=23 May 2013 |publisher=StudyLight.org |quote=It is readily answered by the Papists, that "Peter was the rock." But let them tell me why Matthew used not the same word in Greek, if our Saviour used the same word in Syriac. If he had intimated that the church should be built upon Peter, it had been plainer and more agreeable to be the vulgar idiom to have said, "Thou art Peter, and upon thee I will build my church. |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514155559/http://www.studylight.org/com/jlc/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18#Mt16_18 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.studylight.org/com/rwp/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18 |title=Commentary on Matthew 16:18 |first=Archibald Thomas |last=Robertson |author-link=Archibald Thomas Robertson |work=Word Pictures of the New Testament |publisher=StudyLight.org |access-date=23 May 2013 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514160409/http://www.studylight.org/com/rwp/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gill |first=John |title=Commentary on Matthew 16:18 |url=http://www.studylight.org/com/geb/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=016&verse=018 |work=Exposition of the Whole Bible |publisher=StudyLight.org |access-date=23 May 2013 |author-link=John Gill (theologian) |quote=by the rock, is meant, either the confession of faith made by Peter; not the act, nor form, but the matter of it, it containing the prime articles of Christianity, and which are as immoveable as a rock; or rather Christ himself, who points, as it were, with his finger to himself, and whom Peter had made such a glorious confession of; and who was prefigured by the rock the Israelites drank water out of in the wilderness; and is comparable to any rock for height, shelter, strength, firmness, and duration; and is the one and only foundation of his church and people, and on whom their security, salvation, and happiness entirely depend. |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514160249/http://www.studylight.org/com/geb/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=016&verse=018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wesley |first=John |title=Commentary on Matthew 16:18 |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/notes.i.ii.xviii.html |work=Wesley's Notes on the Bible |publisher=[[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]] |access-date=23 May 2013 |author-link=John Wesley |quote=On this rock – Alluding to his name, which signifies a rock, namely, the faith which thou hast now professed; I will build my Church – But perhaps when our Lord uttered these words, he pointed to himself, in like manner as when he said, Destroy this temple, John 2:19; meaning the temple of his body. And it is certain, that as he is spoken of in Scripture, as the only foundation of the Church, so this is that which the apostles and evangelists laid in their preaching. It is in respect of laying this, that the names of the twelve apostles (not of St. Peter only) were equally inscribed on the twelve foundations of the city of God, Revelation 21:14. The gates of here – As gates and walls were the strength of cities, and as courts of judicature were held in their gates, this phrase properly signifies the power and policy of Satan and his instruments. Shall not prevail against it – Not against the Church universal, so as to destroy it. And they never did. There hath been a small remnant in all ages. |archive-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113154746/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/notes.i.ii.xviii.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Scofield |first=C. I |author-link=C. I. Scofield |title=Commentary on Matthew 16:18 |url=http://studylight.org/com/srn/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18#Mt16_18 |work=Scofield's Reference Notes |series=1917 edition |publisher=StudyLight.org |access-date=23 May 2013 |quote=There is the Greek a play upon the words, "thou art Peter petros – literally 'a little rock', and upon this rock Petra I will build my church." He does not promise to build His church upon Peter, but upon Himself, as Peter is careful to tell us (1 Peter 2:4–9). |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514155311/http://www.studylight.org/com/srn/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18#Mt16_18 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Henry |first=Matthew |title=Commentary on Matthew 16:18 |url=http://www.studylight.org/com/mhm/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18#Mt16_18 |work=Matthew Henry's Complete Commentary on the Bible |publisher=StudyLight.org |access-date=23 May 2013 |author-link=Matthew Henry |quote=First, Some by this rock understand Peter himself as an apostle, the chief, though not the prince, of the twelve, senior among them, but not superior over them. The church is built upon the foundation of the apostles, Ephesians 2:20. The first stones of that building were laid in and by their ministry; hence their names are said to be written in the foundations of the new Jerusalem, Revelation 21:14... First, Some by this rock understand Peter himself as an apostle, the chief, though not the prince, of the twelve, senior among them, but not superior over them. The church is built upon the foundation of the apostles, Ephesians 2:20. The first stones of that building were laid in and by their ministry; hence their names are said to be written in the foundations of the new Jerusalem, Revelation 21:14. ... Thirdly, Others by this rock understand this confession which Peter made of Christ, and this comes all to one with understanding it of Christ himself. It was a good confession which Peter witnessed, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God; the rest concurred with him in it. "Now", saith Christ, "this is that great truth upon which I will build my church." 1. Take away this truth itself, and the universal church falls to the ground. If Christ be not the Son of God, Christianity is a cheat, and the church is a mere chimera; our preaching is vain, your faith is vain, and you are yet in your sins, 1 Corinthians 15:14–17. If Jesus be not the Christ, those that own him are not of the church, but deceivers and deceived. 2. Take away the faith and confession of this truth from any particular church, and it ceases to be a part of Christ's church, and relapses to the state and character of infidelity. This is articulus stantis et cadentis ecclesia – that article, with the admission or the denial of which the church either rises or falls; "the main hinge on which the door of salvation turns;" those who let go this, do not hold the foundation; and though they may call themselves Christians, they give themselves the lie; for the church is a sacred society, incorporated upon the certainty and assurance of this great truth; and great it is, and has prevailed. |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514163042/http://www.studylight.org/com/mhm/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18#Mt16_18 |url-status=live}}</ref> This idea is undermined by the Biblical usage of "Cephas", which is the masculine form of "rock" in [[Aramaic]], to describe Peter.<ref>[http://biblehub.com/john/1-42.htm John 1:42] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116071436/http://biblehub.com/john/1-42.htm |date=16 January 2014 }}. Bible Hub.</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Cephas "Cephas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116070946/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Cephas |date=16 January 2014 }}. Dictionary.com.</ref><ref>[http://www.behindthename.com/name/cephas "Cephas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116085745/http://www.behindthename.com/name/cephas |date=16 January 2014 }}. Behind the Name.</ref> The ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' comments that "the consensus of the great majority of scholars today is that the most obvious and traditional understanding should be construed, namely, that rock refers to the person of Peter".<ref name="britannicapeter">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Saint Peter the Apostle |year=2013 |last=O'Connor |first=Daniel William |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle |access-date=14 April 2013 |archive-date=28 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328083026/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle |url-status=live}}</ref>

== New Eliakim ==
According to the Catholic Church, the pope is also the new [[Eliakim, son of Hilkiah|Eliakim]], a figure in the [[Old Testament]] of the Bible who directed the affairs of the [[royal court]], managed the palace staff, and handled state affairs. [[Isaiah]] also describes him as having the key to the house of David, which symbolizes his authority and power.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Where Is the Papacy in the Old Testament? |url=https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/where-is-the-papacy-in-the-old-testament |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316042825/https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/where-is-the-papacy-in-the-old-testament |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=Catholic Answers}}</ref>

[[File:Michelangelo, lunetta, Zerubbabel - Abiud - Eliakim 01.jpg|alt=A painting of Eliakim in Sistine Chapel, Vatican City|thumb|242x242px|A fresco of Eliakim in the [[Sistine Chapel]], Vatican City]]
Both Matthew 16:18–19 and Isaiah 22:22 show similarities between Eliakim and Peter getting keys which symbolize power. Eliakim gets the power to close and open, while Peter gets the power to bind and loose. According to the [[Book of Isaiah]], Eliakim receives the keys and power to close and open.
{{Blockquote
| text = I will place the key of the House of David on his shoulder; what he opens, no one will shut, what he shuts, no one will open.<ref>{{bibleverse||Isaiah|22:22|ESV}}</ref>
| title = Isaiah
| source = 22:22
}}

According to the book of Matthew, Peter also gets keys and power to bind and loose.
{{Blockquote
| text = I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|16:19|ESV}}</ref>
| title = Matthew
| source = 16:19
}}

In the Books of Isaiah 22:3 and Matthew 16:18, both Eliakim and Peter are compared to an object. Eliakim to a peg (a structure that is driven into a wall or other structure to provide support and stability) while Peter to a rock.
{{Blockquote
| text = And I will fasten him like a peg in a secure place, and he will become a throne of honor to his father's house.<ref>{{bibleverse||Isaiah|22:23|ESV}}</ref>
| title = Isaiah
| source = 22:23
}}

In Matthew 16:18 Peter was compared to a rock.
{{Blockquote
| text = And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|16:18|ESV}}</ref>
| title = Matthew
| source = 16:18
}}

== Election, death, and resignation ==
=== Election ===
{{Main|Papal conclave}}
[[File:Christ Handing the Keys to St. Peter by Pietro Perugino.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Delivery of the Keys (Perugino)|Delivery of the Keys]],'' by [[Pietro Perugino]], 1481]]
The pope was originally chosen by those senior clergymen resident in and near Rome. In 1059, the electorate was restricted to the cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, and the individual votes of all cardinal electors were made equal in 1179. The electors are now limited to those cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 on the day before the death or resignation of a pope.{{sfn|John Paul II|1996|p=Introduction}} The pope does not need to be a cardinal elector nor indeed even a cardinal; since the pope is the bishop of Rome, only one who can be ordained a bishop can be elected, which means that any male baptized Catholic is eligible. The last to be elected when not yet a bishop was [[Gregory XVI]] in 1831, the last to be elected when not even a priest was [[Leo X]] in 1513, and the last to be elected when not a cardinal was [[Urban VI]] in 1378.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://religionnews.com/2013/03/03/everything-you-need-to-know-about-popes-and-conclaves/ |title=Popes and conclaves: everything you need to know |date=3 March 2013 |access-date=17 January 2017 |archive-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715213743/http://religionnews.com/2013/03/03/everything-you-need-to-know-about-popes-and-conclaves/ |url-status=live}}</ref> If someone who is not a bishop is elected, he must be given episcopal ordination before the election is announced to the people.{{sfn|John Paul II|1996|pp=88–89}}

The [[Second Council of Lyon]] was convened on 7 May 1274, to regulate the election of the pope. It was decreed at this council that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the pope's death, and that they must remain in seclusion until a pope has been elected; this was prompted by the three-year ''[[sede vacante]]'' following the death of [[Clement IV]] in 1268. By the mid-16th century, the electoral process had evolved into its present form, allowing for variation in the time between the death of the pope and the meeting of the cardinal electors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=Joseph Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLrn2Nx-g2YC&q=lyons+ii |title=The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History |date=2009 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-5376-0 |page=96 |language=en |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816180825/https://books.google.com/books?id=jLrn2Nx-g2YC&q=lyons+ii |url-status=live}}</ref> Traditionally, the vote was conducted by [[acclamation (Papal elections)|acclamation]], by selection (by committee), or by plenary vote. Acclamation was the simplest procedure, consisting entirely of a voice vote.

[[File:Konklave Konzilsgebaude Konstanz.jpg|thumb|The 1417 conclave in [[Konstanz]] where [[Pope Martin V]] was elected]]
Since 1878, the election of the pope has taken place in the [[Sistine Chapel]], in a sequestered meeting called a "[[conclave]]" (so called because the cardinal electors are theoretically locked in, ''cum clave'', i.e., with key, until they elect a new pope). Three cardinals are chosen by lot to collect the votes of absent cardinal electors (by reason of illness), three are chosen by lot to count the votes, and three are chosen by lot to review the count of the votes. The ballots are distributed and each cardinal elector writes the name of his choice on it and pledges aloud that he is voting for "one whom under God I think ought to be elected" before folding and depositing his vote on a plate atop a large chalice placed on the altar.

For the [[2005 papal conclave]], a special urn was used for this purpose instead of a chalice and plate. The plate is then used to drop the ballot into the chalice, making it difficult for electors to insert multiple ballots. Before being read, the ballots are counted while still folded; if the number of ballots does not match the number of electors, the ballots are burned unopened and a new vote is held. Otherwise, each ballot is read aloud by the presiding cardinal, who pierces the ballot with a needle and thread, stringing all the ballots together and tying the ends of the thread to ensure accuracy and honesty. Balloting continues until someone is elected by a two-thirds majority. With the promulgation of ''{{lang|la|[[Universi Dominici Gregis]]}}'' in 1996, a simple majority after a deadlock of twelve days was allowed, but this was revoked by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] by {{lang|la|[[motu proprio]]}} in 2007.
[[File:Habemus Papam 1415.jpg|thumb|The formal declaration of "{{langr|la|[[Habemus Papam]]}}" after the election of Pope Martin V]]

The [[dean of the College of Cardinals]] then asks two solemn questions of the man who has been elected. First he asks, "Do you freely accept your election as supreme pontiff?" If the pope-elect replies with the word ''"Accepto"'', his reign begins at that instant. In practice, any cardinal who intends not to accept will explicitly state this ''before'' he receives a sufficient number of votes to become pope.<ref>Thomas J. Reese SJ, ''Inside The Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church'', Harvard University Press (1996), p. 99.</ref><ref>Menachery George, Vatican Adventure http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214041643/http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm|date=14 December 2017}}</ref> The dean asks next, "By what name shall you be called?" The new pope announces the [[regnal name]] he has chosen. If the dean of the college himself is elected pope, as was the case in the 2005 conclave with the election of [[Pope Benedict XVI]], the vice dean performs this task.<ref>[https://www.ncregister.com/news/what-does-cardinal-sodano-s-departure-as-dean-of-the-college-of-cardinals-mean "What Does Cardinal Sodano's Departure as Dean of the College of Cardinals Mean?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713162738/https://www.ncregister.com/news/what-does-cardinal-sodano-s-departure-as-dean-of-the-college-of-cardinals-mean |date=13 July 2021 }} ''ncregister.com.'' 27 December 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref>

The new pope is led to the [[Room of Tears]], a dressing room where three sets of white papal vestments (''immantatio'') await in three sizes.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/02/world/europe/papal-transition-traditional-path-sharply-defined.html "Papal Transition: Traditional Path Sharply Defined"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725041252/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/02/world/europe/papal-transition-traditional-path-sharply-defined.html |date=25 July 2021 }}. ''nytimes.com''. 2 April 2005. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref> Donning the appropriate vestments and reemerging into the Sistine Chapel, the new pope is given the "[[Fisherman's Ring]]" by the [[camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=4697 |title=The Ring of the Fisherman |author=Catholic Online |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725041252/https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=4697 |url-status=live}}</ref> The pope assumes a place of honour as the rest of the cardinals wait in turn to offer their first "obedience" (''adoratio'') and to receive his blessing.<ref>[https://www.americamagazine.org/papal-transition#afterelection "Papal Transition"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725041252/https://www.americamagazine.org/papal-transition#afterelection |date=25 July 2021 }}. ''americamagazine.org.'' 24 January 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref>

One of the most prominent aspects of the papal election process is the means by which the results of each round of voting are announced to the world. Once the ballot papers are counted and bound together, they are burned in a special stove erected in the Sistine Chapel, with the smoke escaping through a small chimney visible from [[Saint Peter's Square]]. The ballots from an unsuccessful vote are burned along with a chemical compound to create black smoke, or {{lang|la|[[fumata nera]]}}. Traditionally, wet straw was used to produce the black smoke, but this was not completely reliable; the chemical compound is more reliable than the straw. When a vote is successful, the ballots are burned alone, sending white smoke ({{lang|la|[[fumata bianca]]}}) through the chimney and announcing to the world the election of a new pope.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/white-smoke-pope-black-smoke-nope-conclave-smoke/story?id=18719208 |title=White Smoke, Pope; Black Smoke, Nope: How Conclave Smoke Gets Its Color |date=March 2013 |work=ABC News |last=Effron |first=Lauren |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806114812/https://abcnews.go.com/International/white-smoke-pope-black-smoke-nope-conclave-smoke/story?id=18719208 |url-status=live}}</ref> Starting with the papal conclave of 2005,<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Conference on the Tenth General Congregations of the College of Cardinals (11 March) and Regarding Events of the Coming Days: Tenth and Last General Congregation |url=http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/30611.php?index=30611&lang=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505172837/http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/30611.php?index=30611&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 May 2013 |publisher=Holy See Press Office |access-date=15 April 2013}}</ref> [[church bell]]s are also rung as a signal that a new pope has been chosen.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/archive/vatican-bells-will-also-announce-election-new-pope "Vatican: Bells Will Also Announce Election of New Pope".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725041252/https://www.voanews.com/archive/vatican-bells-will-also-announce-election-new-pope |date=25 July 2021 }} ''voanews.com.'' 30 October 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/all-things-catholic/quick-course-conclave-101 "A quick course in 'Conclave 101'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725041252/https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/all-things-catholic/quick-course-conclave-101 |date=25 July 2021 }}. ''Ncronline.com.'' 15 February 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref>

A short time later, the [[cardinal protodeacon]] announces from a balcony over [[St. Peter's Square]] the following proclamation: ''Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum! [[Habemus Papam]]!'' ("I announce to you a great joy! We have a pope!"). He announces the new pope's [[Christian name]] along with his newly-chosen regnal or papal name.<ref>[https://www.christiantoday.com/article/the.process.of.electing.the.new.pope/2492.htm "The Process of Electing the New Pope"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725041253/https://www.christiantoday.com/article/the.process.of.electing.the.new.pope/2492.htm |date=25 July 2021 }}. ''christianitytoday.com''. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</ref><ref>Ap. Const. [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html Universi Dominici Gregis, No. 89] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408114224/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html |date=8 April 2012 }}.</ref>

Until 1978, the pope's election was followed in a few days by the [[papal coronation]], which started with a procession with great pomp and circumstance from the Sistine Chapel to [[St. Peter's Basilica]], with the newly elected pope borne in the ''[[sedia gestatoria]]'' (a carried papal throne). After a solemn [[Papal Mass]], the new pope was crowned with the ''[[triregnum]]'' (papal tiara) and he gave for the first time as pope the famous blessing ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]'' ("to the City [Rome] and to the World"). Another renowned part of the coronation was the lighting of a bundle of [[flax]] at the top of a gilded pole, which would flare brightly for a moment and then promptly extinguish, as he said, ''[[Sic transit gloria mundi]]'' ("Thus passes worldly glory"). A similar warning against papal [[hubris]] made on this occasion was the traditional exclamation, ''"Annos Petri non-videbis"'', reminding the newly crowned pope that he would not live to see his rule lasting as long as that of St. Peter. According to tradition, Peter headed the church for 35 years, and has thus far been the longest-reigning pope in the history of the Catholic Church.<ref>St [[Augustine of Hippo]], speaking of the honours paid to bishops in his time, mentions the ''absides gradatae'' ([[Apse]]s with steps, a reference to the seating arrangement for the presbyters in the apse of the church, with the bishop in the middle ([https://books.google.com/books?id=LTb6zWm5PMcC&pg=PA186 William Smith, Samuel Cheetham, ''Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Christian Antiquities''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142844/https://books.google.com/books?id=LTb6zWm5PMcC&pg=PA186 |date=19 August 2020 }}, "elevated stalls" in the [https://www.scribd.com/doc/2512021/Letters-of-Augustine-of-Hippo Sparrow-Simpson translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055309/https://www.scribd.com/doc/2512021/Letters-of-Augustine-of-Hippo |date=5 March 2016 }} (p. 83), and appearing as "thrones ascended by flights of steps" in [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf101.vii.1.XXIII.html the Cunningham translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628213136/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf101.vii.1.XXIII.html |date=28 June 2011 }}), and ''[[cathedra]]e velatae'' (canopied thrones, appearing as "canopied pulpits" in both those translations) – [https://books.g. oogle.com/books?id=_Ms7AAAAcAAJ Letter 203 in the old arrangement], 23 in the chronological rearrangement</ref> Nowadays, the newly elected pope celebrates a special mass to inaugurate his papacy, with many tens of thousands of catholic laity, church clerics and religious, and delegations from many nations and other churches across the world, in St Peter's Square.

For centuries, starting from 1378 onwards, those elected to the papacy were predominantly Italians. Prior to the election of the Polish-born John Paul II in 1978, the last non-Italian was [[Adrian VI]] of the Netherlands, elected in 1522. John Paul II was followed by election of the German-born [[Benedict XVI]], who was in turn followed by Argentine-born [[Pope Francis|Francis]], the first non-European after 1272 years and the first Latin American (albeit of Italian ancestry).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21777141 |title=Profile: Pope Francis |date=1 December 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 May 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719070821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21777141 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fisher |first1=Max |title=Sorry, Jorge Mario Bergoglio is not the first non-European pope |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/03/13/sorry-jorge-mario-bergoglio-is-not-the-first-non-european-pope/?noredirect=on |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718063026/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/03/13/sorry-jorge-mario-bergoglio-is-not-the-first-non-european-pope/?noredirect=on |url-status=live}}</ref> The most recent election, of Pope Leo XIV (formerly Robert Francis Cardinal Prevost), continues this new tradition of papal selection from a global pool: the current pope was born and lived until his mid-20s in the United States, is a citizen by naturalization of Peru (where he served as an Augustinian priest and bishop for approximately 20 years), and had by the time of his election spent almost 20 years in Italy and the Vatican studying and in various Church leadership roles.

=== Death ===
[[File:Pope John Paul II funeral.jpg|thumb|The funeral of [[Pope John Paul II]] at the Vatican in April 2005, presided over by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the future Pope Benedict XVI]]
The current regulations regarding a papal interregnum—that is, a {{lang|la|sede vacante}} ("vacant seat", literally 'while the see is vacant')—were promulgated by [[Pope John Paul II]] in his 1996 document ''{{lang|la|Universi Dominici Gregis}}''.<ref>[[Ablative absolute]], equivalent to a temporal clause</ref> {{lang|la|Sede vacante}} is a papal [[interregnum]], the period between the death or resignation of a pope and the election of his successor. From this term is derived the term [[sedevacantism]], which designates a category of dissident Catholics who maintain that there is no canonically and legitimately elected pope, and that there is therefore a ''sede vacante''.<ref name="vatican.va">{{Cite web |title=John Paul II. ''Universi Dominici Gregis'', Chapter 1. |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis.html |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122152903/https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the ''sede vacante'' period, the [[College of Cardinals]] is collectively responsible for the government of the Church and of the Vatican itself, under the direction of the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church. Canon law specifically forbids the cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the Church during the vacancy of the Holy See. Any decision that requires the assent of the pope has to wait until the new pope has been elected and accepts office.<ref name="vatican.va"/>

In recent centuries, when a pope was judged to have died, it was reportedly traditional for the cardinal camerlengo to confirm the death ceremonially by gently tapping the pope's head thrice with a silver hammer, calling his birth name each time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/religion/hammer.asp |title=Hammer Time |date=5 April 2005 |access-date=2 November 2014 |website=Snopes.com |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816180916/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/hammer-time/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This was not done on the deaths of popes [[John Paul I]]<ref>Sullivan, George E. ''Pope John Paul II: The People's Pope''. Boston: Walker & Company, 1984.</ref> and John Paul II.<ref>{{cite news |author= |url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101050411/path.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406020745/http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101050411/path.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2005 |title=''The Path to a New Pontiff'' Retrieved: 2010-03-29 |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=3 April 2005 |access-date=11 August 2010}}</ref> The cardinal camerlengo retrieves the [[Ring of the Fisherman]] and cuts it in two in the presence of the cardinals. The pope's seals are defaced, to keep them from ever being used again, and his [[Papal Apartments|personal apartment]] is sealed.<ref name="Global Catholic Network {{!}} EWTN">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/holysee/interregnum |title=Global Catholic Network {{!}} EWTN |website=ewtn.com |access-date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115040946/https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/holysee/interregnum |url-status=live}}</ref>

The body [[lies in state]] for several days before being interred in the [[crypt]] of a leading church or cathedral; all popes who have died in the 20th and 21st centuries have been interred in St. Peter's Basilica, with the exception of [[Pope Francis]] as he requested to be interred in the [[Santa Maria Maggiore|Basilica of St. Mary Major]]. A nine-day period of [[mourning]] (''novendialis'') follows the interment.<ref name="Global Catholic Network {{!}} EWTN" />

=== Resignation ===
{{Main|Papal resignation}}
It is highly unusual for a pope to resign.<ref>As the reign of the pope has conventionally been from election until death, papal resignation is an uncommon event. Before the 21st century, only five popes unambiguously resigned with historical certainty, all between the 10th and 15th centuries.</ref> The [[1983 Code of Canon Law]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P16.HTM |title=Code of Canon Law – IntraText |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516193905/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P16.HTM |url-status=live}}</ref> states, "If it happens that the Roman Pontiff resigns his office, it is required for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone." [[Benedict XVI]], who vacated the Holy See on 28 February 2013, was the most recent to do so, and the first since [[Gregory XII]]'s resignation in 1415.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/11/benedict-placehold-pope-weakened-church |title=Benedict, the placeholder pope who leaves a battered, weakened church |work=The Guardian |date=11 February 2013 |access-date=12 February 2013 |last=Brown |first=Andrew |archive-date=1 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301180614/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/feb/11/benedict-placehold-pope-weakened-church |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Titles ==
{{Infobox manner of address
| background = #F7D79C
| name = The Pope
| image = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg
| reference = [[His Holiness]]
| spoken = Your Holiness
| religious = Holy Father
| posthumous = ''See [[Canonization#Since 1983|here]]''
}}

=== Regnal name ===
Popes adopt a new name on their accession, known as [[papal name]], in Italian and Latin. Currently, after a new pope is elected and accepts the election, he is asked, "By what name shall you be called?" The new pope chooses the name by which he will be known from that point on. The senior [[cardinal deacon]], or cardinal protodeacon, then appears on the balcony of Saint Peter's to proclaim the new pope by his birth name, and announce his papal name in Latin. It is customary when referring to popes to translate the regnal name into all local languages. For example, the current pope bears the papal name ''Papa Leo XIV'' in Latin, ''Papa Leone XIV'' in Italian, ''Papa León XIV'' in Spanish, ''Pope Leo XIV'' in English, etc.

The pope's regnal name is not his real or legal name, which remains unchanged in legal and governmental documents; neither is it connected in any way to his real name. The current pope was born with the name Robert Francis Prevost.

=== Official list of titles ===
{{Main|Papal titles}}
The official list of titles of the pope, in the order in which they are given in the ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'', is:

{{blockquote
| Bishop of [[Diocese of Rome|Rome]], [[Vicar of Jesus Christ]], Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, [[Pontifex maximus|Supreme Pontiff]] of the Universal Church, [[Patriarch of the West]], [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]] of Italy, [[Metropolitan bishop|Archbishop and Metropolitan]] of the [[List of Catholic dioceses in Italy#Ecclesiastical Province of Rome|Roman Province]], [[List of sovereigns of Vatican City State|Sovereign]] of the Vatican City State, [[Servant of the servants of God]].<ref>''Annuario Pontificio'', published annually by Libreria Editrice Vaticana, p. 23. {{ISBN|978-88-209-8722-0}}.</ref>
}}

The best-known title, that of "pope", does not appear in the official list, but is commonly used in the titles of documents, and appears, in abbreviated form, in their signatures. Thus [[Paul VI]] signed as "Paulus PP. VI." Sources are divided on the meaning of "PP.," with some asserting that it is merely a reference to "''papa''" ("pope"), others "''papa pontifex''" ("pope and pontiff"), and others "''pastor pastorum''" ("shepherd of shepherds").<ref>{{cathEncy|author=Shahan, Thomas Joseph|wstitle=Ecclesiastical Abbreviations|volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2013 |title=Pope |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=14 April 2013 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469994/pope |archive-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612233836/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469994/pope |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://inkunabeln.ub.uni-koeln.de/vdibDevelop/handapparat/nachs_w/cappelli/cappelli.html |author=Adriano Cappelli |title=Lexicon Abbreviaturarum |page=283 |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-date=25 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725080258/http://inkunabeln.ub.uni-koeln.de/vdibDevelop/handapparat/nachs_w/cappelli/cappelli.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndl.go.jp/incunabula/e/glossary/glo_11.html |title=Contractions and Abbreviations |publisher=Ndl.go.jp |date=4 August 2005 |access-date=21 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210050234/http://www.ndl.go.jp/incunabula/e/glossary/glo_11.html |archive-date=10 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Papa+Pontifex |title=What Does PP Stand For? |publisher=Acronyms.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=21 November 2011 |archive-date=30 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130042409/http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Papa+Pontifex |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/264033/vatican-releases-pope-leo-xivs-official-portrait-and-signature-showing-return-to-tradition |author=AC Wimmer |title=Powerful symbols: Vatican releases Pope Leo XIV's official portrait and signature |publisher=Catholic News Agency |access-date=12 May 2025 }}</ref>

The title "pope" was from the early 3rd century an honorific designation used for ''any'' bishop in the West.<ref name="ODCC:Pope" /> In the East, it was used only for the [[bishop of Alexandria]].<ref name="ODCC:Pope" /> [[Pope Marcellinus|Marcellinus]] (d. 304) is the first bishop of Rome shown in sources to have had the title "pope" used of him. From the 6th century, the imperial chancery of [[Constantinople]] normally reserved this designation for the bishop of Rome.<ref name="ODCC:Pope" /> From the early 6th century, it began to be confined in the West to the bishop of Rome, a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century.<ref name="ODCC:Pope" />

In [[Eastern Christianity]], where the title "pope" is used also of the bishop of Alexandria, the bishop of Rome is often referred to as the "pope of Rome", regardless of whether the speaker or writer is in communion with Rome or not.<ref>{{Cite web |title=pope {{!}} Definition, Title, & List of Popes |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pope |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711193542/https://www.britannica.com/topic/pope |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Vicar of Jesus Christ ===
"Vicar of Jesus Christ" (''Vicarius Iesu Christi'') is one of the official titles of the pope given in the ''Annuario Pontificio''. It is commonly used in the slightly abbreviated form "vicar of Christ" (''vicarius Christi''). While it is only one of the terms with which the pope is referred to as "vicar", it is "more expressive of his supreme headship of the Church on Earth, which he bears in virtue of the commission of Christ and with vicarial power derived from him", a vicarial power believed to have been conferred on Saint Peter when Christ said to him: "Feed my lambs...Feed my sheep".<ref>{{bibleverse||John|21:16–17}}</ref><ref name="New Advent – Vicar of Christ">{{cathEncy|wstitle=Vicar of Christ|author=Fanning, William Henry Windsor}}</ref>

The first record of the application of this title to a bishop of Rome appears in a synod of 495 with reference to [[Gelasius I]].<ref name="Macbrien">McBrien, Richard P. ''Os Papas. Os Pontífices de São Pedro a João Paulo II'' (original title: ''Lives of the Popes. The Pontiffs from St. Peter to John Paul II'' 1997. {{ISBN|0-06-065303-5}}), pp. 37, 85.</ref> But at that time, and down to the 9th century, other bishops too referred to themselves as vicars of Christ, and for another four centuries this description was sometimes used of kings and even judges,<ref>''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (Oxford University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-19-280290-3}}), article ''Vicar of Christ''</ref> as it had been used in the 5th and 6th centuries to refer to the [[Byzantine emperor]].<ref name="New Commentary" /> Earlier still, in the 3rd century, [[Tertullian]] used "vicar of Christ" to refer to the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm |title=Prescription against Heretics (Chapter 28) |access-date=14 April 2013 |publisher=New Advent |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia: The Fathers of the Church |archive-date=17 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017062415/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0403.htm |title=On the Veiling of Virgins (Chapter 1) |access-date=14 April 2013 |publisher=New Advent |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia: The Fathers of the Church |archive-date=20 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520080041/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0403.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> sent by Jesus.<ref>see {{bibleverse||John|16:7–14}}</ref> Its use specifically for the pope appears in the 13th century in connection with the reforms of [[Pope Innocent III]],<ref name="New Commentary">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgZEjvB5cEC&pg=PA432 |title=New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law |page=432 |access-date=18 February 2010 |isbn=978-0-8091-4066-4 |date=2002 |last1=Beal |first1=John P. |last2=Coriden |first2=James A. |last3=Green |first3=Thomas J. |publisher=Paulist Press |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319004236/https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgZEjvB5cEC&pg=PA432 |url-status=live}}</ref> as can be observed already in his 1199 letter to [[Leo I, King of Armenia]].<ref>Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "''Autoridade da Verdade – Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico''" (Edições Loyola. {{ISBN|85-15-01750-4}}), p. 33.</ref> Other historians suggest that this title was already used in this way in association with the pontificate of [[Eugene III]] (1145–1153).<ref name="Macbrien" />

This title "vicar of Christ" is thus not used of the pope alone and has been used of all bishops since the early centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bjDsZHPiSYC&pg=PA264 |title=The Practical Prophet: Pastoral Writings |page=264 |publisher=Paulist Press |location=New York |year=2007 |author1=Untener, Ken |author2=Picken, Elizabeth |access-date=21 November 2011 |isbn=978-0-8091-4429-7 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319005223/https://books.google.com/books?id=7bjDsZHPiSYC&pg=PA264 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Second Vatican Council referred to all bishops as "vicars and ambassadors of Christ",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html |title=Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution ''Lumen gentium'', 27 |access-date=27 January 2010 |archive-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and this description of the bishops was repeated by John Paul II in his encyclical ''Ut unum sint,'' 95. The difference is that the other bishops are vicars of Christ for their own local churches, the pope is vicar of Christ for the whole Church.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ78Vd4O9d4C&pg=PA991 |page=991 |first=Russell B. |last=Shaw |location=Huntington, Ind |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor |year=1979 |title=Church & State: A Novel of Politics and Power |access-date=14 April 2013 |isbn=978-0-87973-669-9 |archive-date=26 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526034011/http://books.google.com/books?id=vJ78Vd4O9d4C&pg=PA991 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On at least one occasion the title "vicar of God" (a reference to Christ as God) was used of the pope.<ref name="New Advent – Vicar of Christ" /> The title "vicar of Peter" (''vicarius Petri'') is used only of the pope, not of other bishops. Variations of it include: "Vicar of the Prince of the Apostles" (''Vicarius Principis Apostolorum'') and "Vicar of the Apostolic See" (''Vicarius Sedis Apostolicae'').<ref name="New Advent – Vicar of Christ" /> [[Saint Boniface]] described [[Pope Gregory II]] as vicar of Peter in the oath of fealty that he took in 722.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/boniface1.html |title=Medieval Sourcebook |publisher=Fordham.edu |access-date=21 November 2011 |archive-date=27 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127185446/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/boniface1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In today's [[Roman Missal]], the description "vicar of Peter" is found also in the [[collect]] of the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] for a saint who was a pope.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/end.htm#cml |title=''Missale Romanum'', Vatican City, 2008, p. 928 |publisher=Clerus.org |access-date=21 November 2011 |archive-date=30 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130050255/http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/end.htm#cml |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Supreme pontiff ===
[[File:Benedictus XVI Pont Max Pontif I.jpg|thumb|Recently constructed entrance to [[Vatican City]], with inscription "Benedictus XVI Pont(ifex) Max(imus) Anno Domini MMV Pont(ificatus) I.", i.e., "[[Benedict XVI]], [[Pontifex Maximus]], in the year of Our Lord 2005, the first year of his pontificate."]]
The term "[[pontiff]]" is derived from the {{langx|la|pontifex}}, which literally means "bridge builder" (''pons'' + ''facere'') and which designated a member of the [[College of Pontiffs|principal college of priests]] in pagan Rome.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2013 |title=Pontifex |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=14 April 2013 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469745/pontifex |archive-date=13 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613003622/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469745/pontifex |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The bridge making has been interpreted in terms of "one who smoothes the way for the gods and to the gods" (Van Haeperen, Françoise, 2002. ''Le collège pontifical: 3ème s. a. C. – 4ème s. p. C.'' in series '' Études de Philologie, d'Archéologie et d'Histoire Anciennes'', no. 39. (Brussels: Brepols) {{ISBN|90-74461-49-2}}, reviewed in [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2003/2003-10-16.html Bryn Mawr Classical review, 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031107152321/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2003/2003-10-16.html |date=7 November 2003 }})</ref> The Latin word was translated into ancient Greek variously: as {{langx|grc|ἱεροδιδάσκαλος}}, {{langx|grc|ἱερονόμος|link=no}}, {{langx|grc|ἱεροφύλαξ|link=no}}, {{langx|grc|ἱεροφάντης|link=no}} ([[hierophant]]),<ref name="smithpontifex">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1875 |title=Pontifex |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]] |publisher=J. Murray |location=London |editor-first=William |editor-last=Smith |editor-link=William Smith (lexicographer) |pages=939–942 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Pontifex.html}}</ref> or {{langx|grc|ἀρχιερεύς|link=no}} ([[archiereus]], [[high priest]])<ref name="L&S">{{cite book |url=http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.8:10:135.LSJ |editor-first=Henry George |editor-last=Liddell |editor-first2=Robert |editor-last2=Scott |title=A Greek English Lexicon |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=18 February 2013 |via=perseus.uchicago.edu |archive-date=21 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521153349/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.8:10:135.LSJ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[[Polybius]] 23.1.2 and 32.22.5; ''Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum'' 3.43, 3.428 und 3.458</ref> The head of the college was known as the {{langx|la|Pontifex Maximus|link=no}} (the greatest pontiff).<ref>Translated literally into Greek as {{langx|grc|ἀρχιερεὺς μέγιστος}} (greatest high priest) in ''Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum'' 2.2696 and 3.346; [[Plutarch]] ''Numa'' 9.4 – [http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.8:10:135.LSJ Liddell and Scott: ἀρχιερεύς] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521153349/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.8:10:135.LSJ |date=21 May 2013 }}</ref>

In Christian use, ''pontifex'' appears in the [[Vulgate]] translation of the [[New Testament]] to indicate the [[High Priest of Israel]] (in the original [[Koine Greek]], {{lang|grc-x-koine|ἀρχιερεύς}}).<ref>There are 35 instances of the use of this term in the Vulgate: {{bibleverse||Mark|15:11}}; {{bibleverse||John|7:45}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|11:47}},{{bibleverse-nb||John|11:49}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|11:51}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|11:57}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|18:3}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|18:10}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|18:13}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|18:15–16}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|18:22}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|18:24}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|18:26}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|18:35}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|19:6}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|19:15}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|19:21}}; {{bibleverse||Hebrews|2:17}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|3:1}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|4:14–15}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|5:1}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|5:5}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|5:10}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|6:20}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|7:26}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|8:1}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|8:3}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|9:7}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|9:11}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|9:25}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|13:11}}</ref> The term came to be applied to any Christian bishop,<ref name="New Advent – Pope">{{cathEncy|wstitle=Pope|author=Joyce, G. H.}}</ref> but since the 11th century commonly refers specifically to the bishop of Rome,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Pontiff |title=Dictionary definition |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-date=22 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122162728/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pontiff |url-status=live}}</ref> who is more strictly called the "Roman Pontiff". The use of the term to refer to bishops in general is reflected in the terms "[[Roman Pontifical]]" (a book containing rites reserved for bishops, such as [[confirmation]] and [[ordination]]), and "pontificals" (the insignia of bishops).<ref>{{cite web |title=pontifical |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pontifical |work=Oxford Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=15 April 2013 |archive-date=27 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427091618/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pontifical |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The ''Annuario Pontificio'' lists as one of the official titles of the pope that of "Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church" ({{langx|la|Summus Pontifex Ecclesiae Universalis|link=no}}).<ref>Annuario Pontificio 2008 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana {{ISBN|978-88-209-8021-4}}), p. 23*</ref> He is also commonly called the supreme pontiff or the sovereign pontiff ({{langx|la|summus pontifex|link=no}}).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/worlddictionaryo00adel_0 |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/worlddictionaryo00adel_0/page/375 375] |title=World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions: A Resource for Readers and Writers |publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |isbn=978-0-86516-423-9 |last1=Adeleye |first1=Gabriel |last2=Acquah-Dadzie |first2=Kofi |authorlink2=Kofi Acquah-Dadzie |date=1999}}</ref> ''[[Pontifex Maximus]]'', similar in meaning to ''Summus Pontifex'', is a title commonly found in inscriptions on papal buildings, paintings, statues and coins, usually abbreviated as "Pont. Max" or "P.M." The office of Pontifex Maximus, or head of the College of Pontiffs, was held by [[Julius Caesar]] and thereafter, by the Roman emperors, until [[Gratian]] (375–383) relinquished it.<ref name="smithpontifex" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Gratian |year=2013 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242251/Gratian |access-date=14 April 2013 |archive-date=18 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318124237/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242251/Gratian |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.livius.org/pn-po/pontifex/maximus.html Pontifex Maximus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303013139/http://www.livius.org/pn-po/pontifex/maximus.html |date=3 March 2013 }} Livius.org article by Jona Lendering retrieved 15 August 2006</ref> Tertullian, when he had become a [[Montanist]], used the title derisively of either the pope or the [[bishop of Carthage]].<ref name="ODCC:PM" /> The popes began to use this title regularly only in the 15th century.<ref name="ODCC:PM">''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (Oxford University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-19-280290-3}}), article ''Pontifex Maximus''</ref>

=== Servant of the servants of God ===
Although the description "servant of the servants of God" ({{langx|la|servus servorum Dei|link=no}}) was also used by other Church leaders, including [[Augustine of Hippo]] and [[Benedict of Nursia]], it was first used extensively as a papal title by [[Gregory the Great]], reportedly as a lesson in humility for the patriarch of Constantinople, [[John the Faster]], who had assumed the title "[[ecumenical patriarch]]". It became reserved for the pope in the 12th century and is used in [[papal bull]]s and similar important papal documents.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Servus servorum Dei|author=Meehan, Andrew Brennan}}</ref>

=== Patriarch of the West ===
{{Main|Patriarch of the West}}
{{See also|Patriarch|Pentarchy}}
From 1863 to 2005, and again in 2024, the ''Annuario Pontificio'' also included the title "[[patriarch of the West]]". This title was first used by [[Pope Theodore I]] in 642, and was only used occasionally. Indeed, it did not begin to appear in the pontifical yearbook until 1863. On 22 March 2006, the Vatican released a statement explaining this omission on the grounds of expressing a "historical and theological reality" and of "being useful to ecumenical dialogue". The title patriarch of the West symbolized the pope's special relationship with, and jurisdiction over, the [[Latin Church]]—and the omission of the title neither symbolizes in any way a change in this relationship, nor distorts the relationship between the Holy See and the [[Eastern Churches]], as solemnly proclaimed by the Second Vatican Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20060322_patriarca-occidente_fr.html |title=Communiqué concernant la suppression du titre "Patriarche d'Occident" dans l'Annuaire pontifical 2006 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=11 August 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303075224/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20060322_patriarca-occidente_fr.html |url-status=live}}</ref> "Patriarch of the West" was reintroduced to the pope's list of titles in the 2024 edition of the Annuario Pontifico. The Vatican has not made any statements explaining why the title has been brought back into use.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why is Pope Francis embracing the patriarchy (of the West)? |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/why-is-pope-francis-embracing-the |access-date=10 April 2024 |agency=The Pillar |date=10 April 2024}}</ref>

=== Other titles ===
Other titles commonly used are "[[His Holiness]]" (either used alone or as an honorific prefix as in "His Holiness Pope Leo"; and as "Your Holiness" as a form of address) and "Holy Father". In Spanish and Italian, "''Beatísimo/Beatissimo Padre''" (Most Blessed Father) is often used in preference to "''Santísimo/Santissimo Padre''" (Most Holy Father). In the medieval period, "''[[Dominus Apostolicus]]''" ("the Apostolic Lord") was also used.

=== Signature ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg
| alt1 = The signature of Pope Francis
| caption1 = The signature of [[Pope Francis]] during his pontificate
| image2 = Official signature of Pope Leo XIV.svg
| alt2 = The signature of Pope Leo XIV
| caption2 = The signature of [[Pope Leo XIV]] during his pontificate
}}
Pope Francis signed some documents with his name alone, either in Latin ("Franciscus", as in an [[encyclical]] dated 29 June 2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20130629_enciclica-lumen-fidei.html |title=Encyclical letter ''Lumen fidei'' |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115115142/http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20130629_enciclica-lumen-fidei.html |url-status=live}}</ref> or in another language.<ref>Examples are "Francesco" in the frontispiece of the 2013 ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' published in Italian shortly after his election (''Annuario Pontificio 2013'', Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}) and [https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/it/letters/2014/documents/papa-francesco_20140401_cardinale-baldisseri.html a letter in Italian dated 1 April 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224141237/http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/it/letters/2014/documents/papa-francesco_20140401_cardinale-baldisseri.html |date=24 February 2021 }}.</ref> Other documents he signed in accordance with the tradition of using Latin only and including the abbreviated form "PP.", for the Latin ''Papa'' ("Pope").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01022a.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia:''Ecclesiastical Abbreviations'' |access-date=14 May 2014 |archive-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707080820/http://newadvent.org/cathen/01022a.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Popes who have an ordinal numeral in their name traditionally place the abbreviation "PP." before the ordinal numeral, as in "Leo PP. XIV" (Pope Leo XIV), except in papal bulls of canonization and decrees of ecumenical councils, which a pope signs with the formula, "Ego N. Episcopus Ecclesiae catholicae", without the numeral, as in "Ego Leo Episcopus Ecclesiae catholicae" (I, Leo, Bishop of the Catholic Church).

== Regalia and insignia ==
{{Main|Papal regalia and insignia}}
* [[Ring of the Fisherman]], a gold or gilt ring decorated with a depiction of St. Peter in a boat casting his net, with the pope's name around it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary : Ring of the Fisherman |url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=36109 |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=catholicculture.org |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328120435/https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=36109 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Umbraculum]]'' (better known in the Italian form ''ombrellino'') is a canopy or umbrella consisting of alternating red and gold stripes, which used to be carried above the pope in processions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umbraculum – Definition and synonyms of umbraculum in the English dictionary |url=https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/umbraculum |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=educalingo.com |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319005244/https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/umbraculum |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Sedia gestatoria]]'', a mobile throne carried by twelve [[footmen]] (''palafrenieri'') in red uniforms, accompanied by two attendants bearing ''[[flabella]]'' (fans made of white ostrich feathers), and sometimes a large [[baldachin|canopy]], carried by eight attendants. The use of the ''flabella'' was discontinued by [[Pope John Paul I]]. The use of the ''sedia gestatoria'' was discontinued by [[Pope John Paul II]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vatican: The Possible Return of the Sedia Gestatoria |url=https://fsspx.news/en/news-events/news/vatican-possible-return-sedia-gestatoria-56887 |website=Society of Saint Pius X |access-date=2 December 2020 |language=en |date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052644/https://fsspx.news/en/news-events/news/vatican-possible-return-sedia-gestatoria-56887 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Coat of Arms of the Holy See (brown).svg|thumb|upright|A variant of the [[coat of arms of the Holy See]].]]

In [[heraldry]], each pope has his own personal coat of arms. Though unique for each pope, the arms have for several centuries been traditionally accompanied by two keys in [[saltire]] (i.e., crossed over one another so as to form an ''X'') behind the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] (shield) (one silver key and one gold key, tied with a red cord), and above them a silver ''triregnum'' with three gold crowns and red ''infulae'' ([[lappet]]s—two strips of fabric hanging from the back of the triregnum which fall over the neck and shoulders when worn). This is [[blazon]]ed: "two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or".

The 21st century has seen departures from this tradition. In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI, while maintaining the crossed keys behind the shield, omitted the papal tiara from his personal coat of arms, replacing it with a [[mitre]] with three horizontal lines. Beneath the shield he added the pallium, a papal symbol of authority more ancient than the tiara, the use of which is also granted to metropolitan [[archbishop]]s as a sign of communion with the See of Rome. Although the tiara was omitted in the pope's personal coat of arms, the coat of arms of the Holy See, which includes the tiara, remained unaltered. In 2013, Pope Francis maintained the mitre that replaced the tiara, but omitted the pallium.

The [[flag]] most frequently associated with the pope is the yellow and white [[flag of Vatican City]], with the arms of the Holy See (blazoned: "Gules, two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or") on the right-hand side (the "fly") in the white half of the flag (the left-hand side—the "hoist"—is yellow). The pope's escucheon does not appear on the flag. This flag was first adopted in 1808, whereas the previous flag had been red and gold. Although Pope Benedict XVI replaced the triregnum with a mitre on his personal coat of arms, it has been retained on the flag.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/elezione/documents/stemma-benedict-xvi.html |title=The Vatican (Holy See) |access-date=15 April 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226173537/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/elezione/documents/stemma-benedict-xvi.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Papal garments ===
[[Pope Pius V]] (reigned 1566–1572), is often credited with having originated the custom whereby the pope wears white, by continuing after his election to wear the white [[Religious habit|habit]] of the [[Dominican order]]. In reality, the basic papal attire was white long before. The earliest document that describes it as such is the ''Ordo XIII'', a book of ceremonies compiled in about 1274. Later books of ceremonies describe the pope as wearing a red mantle, [[mozzetta]], [[camauro]] and shoes, and a white [[cassock]] and stockings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bagliani |first1=Agostino Paravicini |title=From red to white |url=http://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/from-red-to-white |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817001848/http://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/from-red-to-white |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 August 2014 |access-date=29 June 2014 |work=Osservatore Romano |date=21 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vatican newspaper examines history of red, white papal garb |url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=18897 |access-date=29 June 2014 |work=Catholic Culture |date=2 September 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224101919/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=18897 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many contemporary portraits of 15th and 16th-century predecessors of Pius V show them wearing a white cassock similar to his.<ref>Compare the portrait reproduced in the article on Pius V with those in the articles on his immediate predecessors [[Pope Pius IV]] and [[Pope Paul IV]] and in the articles on [[Pope Julius III]], [[Pope Paul III]], [[Pope Clement VII]], [[Pope Adrian VI]], [[Pope Leo X]], [[Pope Julius II]], [[Pope Pius II]], [[Pope Callixtus III]], [[Pope Nicholas V]], and [[Pope Eugene IV]].</ref>

== Status and authority ==

=== First Vatican Council ===
{{Main|Papal supremacy|Papal infallibility}}
[[File:Illustration for Papal Infallibility page 131 Christ in His Church by Lucas Caspar Businger.jpg|thumb|An 1881 illustration depicting papal infallibility]]The status and authority of the pope in the Catholic Church was dogmatically defined by the First Vatican Council on 18 July 1870. In its Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ, the council established the following canons:<ref>The texts of these canons are given in [[Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum|Denzinger]], [http://catho.org/9.php?d=byj#dez Latin original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203190611/http://catho.org/9.php?d=byj#dez |date=3 February 2008 }}; [http://denzinger.patristica.net/ English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423150303/http://denzinger.patristica.net/ |date=23 April 2013 }}</ref>

<blockquote>If anyone says that the blessed Apostle Peter was not established by the Lord Christ as the chief of all the [[twelve apostles|apostles]], and the visible head of the whole [[Church militant and church triumphant|militant Church]], or, that the same received great honour but did not receive from the same our Lord Jesus Christ directly and immediately the primacy in true and proper jurisdiction: let him be [[anathema]].<ref>Denzinger 3055 (old numbering, 1823)</ref>

If anyone says that it is not from the institution of Christ the Lord Himself, or by divine right that the blessed Peter has perpetual successors in the primacy over the universal Church, or that the Roman Pontiff is not the successor of blessed Peter in the same primacy, let him be anathema.<ref>Denzinger 3058 (old numbering, 1825)</ref>

If anyone thus speaks, that the Roman pontiff has only the office of inspection or direction, but not the full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the universal Church, not only in things which pertain to faith and morals, but also in those which pertain to the discipline and government of the Church spread over the whole world; or, that he possesses only the more important parts, but not the whole plenitude of this supreme power; or that this power of his is not ordinary and immediate, or over the churches altogether and individually, and over the pastors and the faithful altogether and individually: let him be anathema.<ref>Denzinger 3064 (old numbering, 1831)</ref>

We, adhering faithfully to the tradition received from the beginning of the Christian faith, to the glory of God, our Saviour, the elevation of the Catholic religion and the salvation of Christian peoples, with the approbation of the sacred Council, teach and explain that the dogma has been divinely revealed: that the Roman Pontiff, when he speaks ex cathedra, that is, when carrying out the duty of the pastor and teacher of all Christians by his supreme apostolic authority he defines a doctrine of faith or morals to be held by the universal Church, through the divine assistance promised him in blessed Peter, operates with that infallibility with which the divine Redeemer wished that His church be instructed in defining doctrine on faith and morals; and so such definitions of the Roman Pontiff from himself, but not from the consensus of the Church, are unalterable. But if anyone presumes to contradict this definition of Ours, which may God forbid: let him be anathema.<ref>Denzinger 3073–3075 (old numbering, 1839–1840)</ref></blockquote>

=== Second Vatican Council ===
[[File:GestatorialChair1.jpg|thumb|[[Pope Pius XII]], wearing the traditional 1877 [[Papal tiara]], is carried through St. Peter's Basilica on a ''[[sedia gestatoria]]''; {{Circa|1955}}.]]
In its Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (1964), the Second Vatican Council declared:

{{blockquote
| Among the principal duties of bishops the [[Evangelism|preaching of the Gospel]] occupies an eminent place. For bishops are preachers of the faith, who lead new disciples to Christ, and they are authentic teachers, that is, teachers endowed with the authority of Christ, who preach to the people committed to them the faith they must believe and put into practice, and by the light of the Holy Spirit illustrate that faith. They bring forth from the treasury of Revelation new things and old, making it bear fruit and vigilantly warding off any errors that threaten their flock. Bishops, teaching in communion with the Roman Pontiff, are to be respected by all as witnesses to divine and Catholic truth. In matters of faith and morals, the bishops speak in the name of Christ and the faithful are to accept their teaching and adhere to it with a religious assent. This religious submission of mind and will must be shown in a special way to the authentic [[magisterium]] of the Roman Pontiff, even when he is not speaking ex cathedra; that is, it must be shown so that his supreme magisterium is acknowledged with reverence, the judgments made by him are sincerely adhered to, according to his manifest mind and will. His mind and will in the matter may be known either from the character of the documents, from his frequent repetition of the same doctrine, or from his manner of speaking.

... this infallibility with which the Divine Redeemer willed His Church to be endowed in defining doctrine of faith and morals, extends as far as the deposit of Revelation extends, which must be religiously guarded and faithfully expounded. And this is the infallibility which the Roman Pontiff, the head of the [[College of Bishops]], enjoys in virtue of his office, when, as the supreme shepherd and teacher of all the faithful, who confirms his brethren in their faith, by a definitive act he proclaims a doctrine of faith or morals. And therefore his definitions, of themselves, and not from the consent of the Church, are justly styled irreformable, since they are pronounced with the assistance of the Holy Spirit, promised to him in blessed Peter, and therefore they need no approval of others, nor do they allow an appeal to any other judgment. For then the Roman Pontiff is not pronouncing judgment as a private person, but as the supreme teacher of the universal Church, in whom the [[charism]] of infallibility of the Church itself is individually present, he is expounding or defending a doctrine of Catholic faith. The infallibility promised to the Church resides also in the body of Bishops, when that body exercises the supreme magisterium with the successor of Peter. To these definitions the assent of the Church can never be wanting, on account of the activity of that same Holy Spirit, by which the whole flock of Christ is preserved and progresses in unity of faith.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html |title=''Lumen gentium'', 25 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=11 August 2010 |archive-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

On 11 October 2012, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the opening of the Second Vatican Council 60 prominent theologians, (including [[Hans Küng]]), put out a Declaration, stating that the intention of Vatican II to balance authority in the Church has not been realized. "Many of the key insights of Vatican II have not at all, or only partially, been implemented... A principal source of present-day stagnation lies in misunderstanding and abuse affecting the exercise of authority in our Church."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.churchauthority.org/index.asp |title=the Jubilee Declaration |access-date=5 November 2012 |archive-date=15 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015022156/http://www.churchauthority.org/index.asp |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Politics and functions of the Holy See ==
{{Politics of the Holy See}}

=== Residence and jurisdiction ===
The pope's [[cathedra|official seat]] is in the [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]], considered the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome.

The pope's official residence is the [[Apostolic Palace]]. He also possesses [[Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo|a summer residence]] at [[Castel Gandolfo]], situated on the site of the ancient city of [[Alba Longa]].

The names "Holy See" and "[[Apostolic See]]" are ecclesiastical terminology for the [[ordinary jurisdiction]] of the bishop of Rome, including the Roman Curia. The pope's honours, powers, and privileges within the Catholic Church and the international community derive from his Episcopate of Rome in lineal succession from the Saint Peter, one of the twelve apostles.<ref>See [[Apostolic succession]]</ref>

Consequently, Rome has traditionally occupied a central position in the Catholic Church, although this is not necessarily so. The pope derives his pontificate from being the bishop of Rome but is not required to live there. According to the Latin formula ''ubi Papa, ibi Curia'', wherever the pope resides is the central government of the Church. Between 1309 and 1378, [[Avignon Papacy|the popes lived in Avignon]], France,<ref>See [[Avignon Papacy]]</ref> a period often called the "Babylonian captivity" in allusion to the [[Biblical]] narrative of Jews of the ancient [[Kingdom of Judah]] living as captives in [[Babylonia]].

=== Salary and benefits ===

As of 2024, the pope's salary was €30,000 per month.<ref name="Burleigh">{{cite news |last1=Burleigh |first1=Emma |title=Pope Leo XIV just took the top job in the Catholic Church—and the role comes with a $33,000-a-month paycheck |url=https://fortune.com/2025/05/09/american-pope-leo-xiv-six-figure-salary-us-presidents-university-chancellors/ |access-date=June 1, 2025 |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=May 9, 2025}}</ref> Francis, a Jesuit, refused to collect a salary and donated the money to the poor.<ref name="Burleigh" />

The Catholic Church traditionally covers the costs of all the pope's meals, housing, apparel, transport (e.g., the [[Popemobile]]), security, housekeeping, and healthcare.<ref name="Burleigh" /> The pope has free access to Vatican medical services and a private pharmacy.<ref name="Burleigh" />

If a pope retires, the monthly pension as of 2024 was €2,500 per month.<ref name="Burleigh" />

===Citizenship and tax status===
{{Empty section|date=June 2025}}

=== Pastoral care of the Diocese of Rome ===
{{Main|Diocese of Rome}}
Although the pope is the diocesan bishop of Rome, he delegates most of the day-to-day work of leading the diocese to the [[cardinal vicar]], who assures direct episcopal oversight of the diocese's pastoral needs, not in his own name but in that of the pope. The most recent cardinal vicar was [[Angelo De Donatis]], who served from 2017 until 2024. The current cardinal vicar is [[Baldassare Reina]].

This does not mean that popes ignore their diocesan responsibilities. For example, when [[Pope John XXIII]] announced his intention to establish the [[Second Vatican Council]] in 1959, his reflections dealt first with the state of the Catholic Church within Rome before "broadening his gaze to the entire world".<ref>Pope John XXIII, [https://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/it/speeches/1959/documents/hf_j-xxiii_spe_19590125_annuncio.html Allocuzione del Santo Padre Giovanni XXIII con la quale Annuncia il Sinodo Romano, il Concilio Ecumenico e l'Aggiornamento del Codice di Diritto Canonico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116132600/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/speeches/1959/documents/hf_j-xxiii_spe_19590125_annuncio_it.html |date=16 January 2010 }}, in Italian, delivered on 25 January 1959, accessed on 17 April 2025</ref>

=== Political role ===
{{Main|Politics of Vatican City}}
{{Infobox
| above = Sovereign of the Vatican City State
| image = [[File:Coat of arms of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|frameless|upright]]
| caption = [[Coat of arms of Vatican City]]
| label1 = Incumbent
| data1 = {{Incumbent pope 2}}
| label2 = Style
| data2 = [[His Holiness]]
| label3 = Residence
| data3 = [[Apostolic Palace]]
| label4 = First Sovereign
| data4 = [[Pope Pius XI]]
| label5 = Formation
| data5 = 11 February 1929
| label6 = Website
| data6 = {{URL|vaticanstate.va/}}
}}
[[File:PapalPolitics2.JPG|left|thumb|upright|''Antichristus'', a woodcut by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] of the pope using the temporal power to grant authority to a generously contributing ruler]]

Though the progressive [[Christianization]] of the [[Roman Empire]] in the 4th century did not confer upon bishops civil authority within the state, the gradual withdrawal of imperial authority during the 5th century left the pope the senior imperial civilian official in Rome, as bishops were increasingly directing civil affairs in other cities of the Western Empire. This status as a secular and civil ruler was vividly displayed by Pope Leo I's confrontation with [[Attila]] in 452.

The first expansion of papal rule outside of Rome came in 728 with the [[Donation of Sutri]]. In 754, the Frankish ruler [[Pippin the Younger]] gave the pope the land from his conquest of the Lombards. The pope may have utilized the forged [[Donation of Constantine]] to gain this land, which formed the core of the [[Papal States]]. This document, accepted as genuine until the 15th century, states that [[Constantine the Great]] placed the entire Western Empire of Rome under papal rule.

In 800, Pope Leo III [[coronation|crowned]] the Frankish ruler Charlemagne as [[Roman emperor]], a major step toward establishing what later became known as the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. From that date onward the popes claimed the prerogative to crown the emperor. The right fell into disuse after the coronation of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in 1530. In 1804, [[Pius VII]] was present at the [[coronation of Napoleon I]] but did not actually perform the crowning. As mentioned above, the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States ended in 1870 with their annexation by Italy.

Popes like [[Alexander VI]], an ambitious if spectacularly corrupt politician, and [[Julius II]], a formidable general and statesman, were not afraid to use power to achieve their own ends, which included increasing the power of the papacy. This political and temporal authority was demonstrated through the papal role in the Holy Roman Empire, especially prominent during periods of contention with the emperors, such as during the pontificates of Pope Gregory VII and Pope Alexander III.

Papal bulls, [[interdict]], and [[excommunication]], or the threat thereof, have been used many times to exercise papal power. The bull ''[[Laudabiliter]]'' in 1155 authorized King [[Henry II of England]] to invade Ireland. In 1207, [[Innocent III]] placed England under interdict until [[John, King of England|King John]] made his kingdom a [[fiefdom]] to the pope, complete with yearly [[tribute]], saying, "we offer and freely yield...to our lord Pope Innocent III and his catholic successors, the whole kingdom of England and the whole kingdom of Ireland with all their rights and appurtenences for the remission of our sins".<ref>Quoted from the [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/innIII-policies.html Medieval Sourcebook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182618/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/innIII-policies.html |date=14 August 2014 }}</ref>

The Bull ''[[Inter caetera]]'' in 1493 led to the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] in 1494, which divided the world into areas of Spanish and Portuguese rule. The bull ''[[Regnans in Excelsis]]'' in 1570 excommunicated Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]] and declared that all her subjects were released from allegiance to her. The bull ''[[Inter gravissimas]]'' in 1582 established the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>See [http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/getImage.pl?target=/data/www/NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/009/499/PTIFF/00000673.tif&rs=2 selection from ''Concordia Cyclopedia'': Roman Catholic Church, History of] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716144949/http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/getImage.pl?target=%2Fdata%2Fwww%2FNASD%2F4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a%2F009%2F499%2FPTIFF%2F00000673.tif&rs=2 |date=16 July 2011 }}</ref>

In recent decades, although the papacy has become less directly involved in politics, popes have nevertheless retained significant political influence. They have also served as mediators, with the support of the Catholic establishment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrnes |first=Timothy |date=26 November 2019 |title=The Enduring Power of the Papacy: Pope Francis and International Relations |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/the-enduring-power-of-the-papacy-pope-francis-and-international-relations |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321072013/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/the-enduring-power-of-the-papacy-pope-francis-and-international-relations |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Toosi |first=Nahal |date=18 February 2016 |title=The pope flashes his political passions |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/pope-francis-presidential-race-219448 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205205116/http://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/pope-francis-presidential-race-219448 |url-status=live}}</ref> John Paul II, a native of [[Poland]], was regarded as influential in the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Judt |first=Tony |title=Postwar: a history of Europe since 1945 |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-303775-0 |location=New York |pages=584–595}}</ref> He also [[Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict|mediated the Beagle conflict]] between Argentina and Chile, two predominantly Catholic countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Andersen |first=Martin |date=19 October 1984 |title=Chile, Argentina Sign Protocol on Beagle |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/10/19/chile-argentina-sign-protocol-on-beagle/f8e5a9db-f01c-4a5a-9691-f91861c095eb/ |access-date=16 August 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=2 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202084736/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/10/19/chile-argentina-sign-protocol-on-beagle/f8e5a9db-f01c-4a5a-9691-f91861c095eb/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 21st century, Francis played a role in brokering the 2015 [[Cuban thaw|improvement in relations]] between the United States and Cuba.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hooper |first=John |date=17 December 2014 |title=Pope Francis and the Vatican played key roles in US-Cuba thaw, leaders reveal |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/17/us-cuba-pope-franicis-key-roles |access-date=16 August 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614201740/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/17/us-cuba-pope-franicis-key-roles |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandler |first=Adam |date=17 December 2014 |title=How the Pope Helped Bring the United States and Cuba Together |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/pope-francis-birthday-cuba-deal-castro-obama-letter/383854/ |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128060208/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/pope-francis-birthday-cuba-deal-castro-obama-letter/383854/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== International position ===
{{Main|List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See}}
[[File:433px-Pope Pius VII.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pope Pius VII]], bishop of Rome (seated), and [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Giovanni Battista Caprara]]]]
Under international law, a serving [[head of state]] has [[sovereign immunity]] from the jurisdiction of the courts of other countries, though not from that of international tribunals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/commentary/the-icc-bashir-and-the-immunity-of-heads-of-state/ |first1=Anthony |last1=Dworkin |first2=Katherine |last2=Iliopoulos |title=The International Criminal Court, Bashir, and the Immunity of Heads of State |publisher=Crimesofwar.org |access-date=11 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809081228/http://www.crimesofwar.org/commentary/the-icc-bashir-and-the-immunity-of-heads-of-state/ |archive-date=9 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZNZ7r4hYL8C |first=Yitiha |last=Simbeye |title=Immunity and International Criminal Law |year=2004 |page=94 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-2433-2 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728141538/https://books.google.com/books?id=fZNZ7r4hYL8C |url-status=live}}</ref> This immunity is sometimes loosely referred to as "[[diplomatic immunity]]", which is, strictly speaking, the immunity enjoyed by the ''diplomatic representatives'' of a head of state. International law treats the Holy See, essentially the central government of the Catholic Church, as the juridical equal of a state. It is distinct from the state of Vatican City, existing for many centuries before the foundation of the latter.

It is common for publications and news media to use "the Vatican", "Vatican City", and even "Rome" as [[metonym]]s for the Holy See. Most countries of the world maintain the same form of diplomatic relations with the Holy See that they entertain with other states. Even countries without those diplomatic relations participate in international organizations of which the Holy See is a full member.

It is as head of the state-equivalent worldwide religious jurisdiction of the Holy See (not of the territory of Vatican City) that the [[U.S. Justice Department]] ruled that the pope enjoys head-of-state immunity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,169909,00.html |title=U.S. Says Pope Immune From Molestation Lawsuit |publisher=Fox News |date=20 September 2005 |access-date=11 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128045143/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,169909,00.html |archive-date=28 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This head-of-state immunity, recognized by the United States, must be distinguished from that envisaged under the United States' [[Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act]] of 1976, which, while recognizing the basic immunity of foreign governments from being sued in American courts, lays down nine exceptions, including commercial activity and actions in the United States by agents or employees of the foreign governments. It was in relation to the latter that, in November 2008, the [[United States Court of Appeals]] in [[Cincinnati]] decided that a case over [[sexual abuse by Catholic priests]] could proceed, provided the plaintiffs could prove that the bishops accused of negligent supervision were acting as employees or agents of the Holy See and were following official Holy See policy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Allen |first=John L. |url=http://ncronline.org/news/autonomy-bishops-and-suing-vatican |title=The autonomy of bishops, and suing the Vatican |work=National Catholic Review |date=21 May 2010 |access-date=23 May 2010 |archive-date=24 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524063006/http://ncronline.org/news/autonomy-bishops-and-suing-vatican |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sexualabuseclaimsblog.com/2008/11/vatican_can_be_sued_for_priest_sexual_abuse_us_court_of_appeals.html |title=Vatican Can Be Sued For Priest Sexual Abuse: U.S. Court of Appeals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822014429/http://www.sexualabuseclaimsblog.com/2008/11/vatican_can_be_sued_for_priest_sexual_abuse_us_court_of_appeals.html |archive-date=22 August 2016 |date=27 November 2008 |first=John |last=McKiggan |publisher=McKiggan Hebert Lawyers |work=Sexual Abuse Claims Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Winfield |first=Nicole |title=Vatican offers 3 reasons it's not liable in U.S. abuse case |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2010-03-30-catholic-abuse_N.htm |access-date=15 April 2013 |newspaper=USA Today |date=30 March 2010 |archive-date=13 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413232009/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2010-03-30-catholic-abuse_N.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2010, there was press coverage in Britain concerning a proposed plan by [[atheist]] campaigners and a prominent [[barrister]], [[Geoffrey Robertson]], to have Pope Benedict XVI arrested and prosecuted in the UK for alleged offences, dating from several decades before, in failing to take appropriate action regarding Catholic sex abuse cases and concerning their disputing his immunity from prosecution in that country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Horne |first=Mark |title=Richard Dawkins calls for arrest of Pope Benedict XVI |url=http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/5415 |work=[[The Times]] |location=London |access-date=15 April 2013 |date=10 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423111338/http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/5415 |archive-date=23 April 2014 |via=Richard Dawkins}}</ref> This was generally dismissed as "unrealistic and spurious".<ref>{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Ivor |title=Is the Holy See above the law? |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/is-the-holy-see-above-the-law-tq6xj3lrctx |access-date=15 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=13 April 2010 |location=London |url-access=subscription |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223011623/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/article2475567.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Another barrister said that it was a "matter of embarrassment that a senior British lawyer would want to allow himself to be associated with such a silly idea".<ref name="Zenit">{{cite news |agency=[[Zenit News Agency]] |date=15 April 2010 |url=http://zenit.org/article-28914?l=english |title=Arrest the Pope? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420025614/http://www.zenit.org/article-28914?l=english |archive-date=20 April 2010 |first=Edward |last=Pentin}}</ref> Sovereign immunity does not apply to disputes relating to commercial transactions, and governmental units of the Holy See can face trial in foreign commercial courts. The first such trial to take place in the English courts happened in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillar |first=The |title=UK court orders Vatican to pay Mincione millions in legal costs |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/uk-court-orders-vatican-to-pay-mincione |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.pillarcatholic.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=EWTN |date=2025-02-23 |title=British Court Confirms Vatican was Defrauded in London Real Estate eal |url=https://ewtnvatican.com/articles/british-court-confirms-vatican-was-defrauded-in-london-real-estate-eal-4563 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=EWTN Vatican |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Objections to the papacy ==
[[File:Antichrist1.jpg|thumb|upright|''Antichristus'', by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]], from Luther's 1521 ''Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist''. The pope is signing and selling [[indulgence]]s.]]
The pope's claim to authority is either disputed or rejected outright by other churches, for various reasons.

=== Orthodox, Anglican and Old Catholic churches ===
Other traditional Christian churches ([[Assyrian Church of the East]], the [[Oriental Orthodox Church]], the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the [[Old Catholic Church]], the [[Anglican Communion]], the [[Independent Catholic churches]], etc.) accept the doctrine of Apostolic succession and, to varying extents, papal claims to a primacy of honour, while generally rejecting the pope as the successor to Peter in any other sense than that of other bishops. Primacy is regarded as a consequence of the pope's position as bishop of the original capital city of the Roman Empire, a definition spelled out in the 28th canon of the [[Council of Chalcedon]]. These churches see no foundation to papal claims of ''universal immediate jurisdiction'', or to claims of papal infallibility. Several of these churches refer to such claims as ''[[ultramontanism]]''.

=== Protestant denominations ===
{{Main|Historicism (Christianity)}}

In 1973, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' [[Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs]] and the USA National Committee of the [[Lutheran World Federation]] in the official [[Catholic–Lutheran dialogue]] included this passage in a larger statement on papal primacy:

{{blockquote
| In calling the pope the "Antichrist", the early [[Lutherans]] stood in a [[Antichrist#Pre-Reformation Western Church accusers|tradition that reached back into the eleventh century]]. Not only dissidents and [[Heresy in Christianity|heretics]] but even saints had called the bishop of Rome the "Antichrist" when they wished to castigate his [[abuse of power]]. What Lutherans understood as a [[Papal supremacy|papal claim to unlimited authority]] [[Temporal power (papal)|over everything and everyone]] reminded them of the [[Apocalypticism|apocalyptic imagery]] of [[Daniel 11]], a passage that even prior to the Reformation had been applied to the pope as the Antichrist of the [[last days]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/ecumenical-and-interreligious/ecumenical/lutheran/attitudes-papal-primacy.cfm |title=Differing Attitudes Toward Papal Primacy |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054544/http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/ecumenical-and-interreligious/ecumenical/lutheran/attitudes-papal-primacy.cfm |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

[[Protestant]] denominations of Christianity reject the claims of Petrine primacy of honour, Petrine primacy of jurisdiction, and papal infallibility. These denominations vary from rejecting the legitimacy of the pope's claim to authority, to believing that the pope is the Antichrist<ref>"Therefore, on the basis of a renewed study of the pertinent Scriptures we reaffirm the statement of the Lutheran Confessions, that 'the Pope is the very Antichrist'" from [http://www.wels.net/about-wels/doctrinal-statements/antichrist Statement on the Antichrist] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222233710/http://www.wels.net/about-wels/doctrinal-statements/antichrist |date=22 February 2013 }} from the [[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]], also ''[http://www.ianpaisley.org/antichrist.asp Ian Paisley, The Pope is the Antichrist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916080636/http://www.ianpaisley.org/antichrist.asp |date=16 September 2017 }}''</ref> from 1 John 2:18, the [[Man of Sin]] from 2 Thessalonians 2:3–12,<ref>See Kretzmann's [http://www.kretzmannproject.org/EP_MINOR/2TH_2.htm ''Popular Commentary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912222729/http://www.kretzmannproject.org/EP_MINOR/2TH_2.htm |date=12 September 2007 }}, 2 Thessalonians chapter two and [http://www.wlsessays.net/files/JeskeThessalonians.pdf An Exegesis of 2 Thessalonians 2:1–10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321144249/http://www.wlsessays.net/files/JeskeThessalonians.pdf |date=21 March 2014 }} by Mark Jeske</ref> and the [[The Beast (Revelation)|Beast out of the Earth]] from Revelation 13:11–18.<ref>See See Kretzmann's [http://www.kretzmannproject.org/REV/REV_13.htm ''Popular Commentary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912222710/http://www.kretzmannproject.org/REV/REV_13.htm |date=12 September 2007 }}, Revelation Chapter 13</ref>
[[File:ChristWashingFeet.JPG|thumb|upright|''Christus'', by Lucas Cranach. This woodcut of John 13:14–17 is from ''Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NMQ_Ar84DCcC Passional Christi und Antichristi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719171303/https://books.google.com/books?id=NMQ_Ar84DCcC |date=19 July 2019 }} Full view on Google Books</ref> Cranach shows Jesus kissing Peter's foot during the footwashing. This stands in contrast to the opposing woodcut, where the pope demands others kiss his foot.]]
[[File:PopeKissing Feet.JPG|thumb|left|upright|''Antichristus'', by the Lutheran [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]]. This woodcut of the traditional practice of kissing the pope's foot is from ''Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist''.]]
This sweeping rejection is held by, among others, some denominations of Lutherans: [[Confessional Lutheran]]s hold that the pope is the Antichrist, stating that this article of faith is part of a ''quia'' ("because") rather than ''quatenus'' ("insofar as") subscription to the [[Book of Concord]]. In 1932, one of these Confessional churches, the [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]] (LCMS), adopted ''A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod'', which a small number of Lutheran church bodies now hold. The [[Lutheran Churches of the Reformation]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod |publisher=Lutheran Churches of the Reformation |url=http://lcrusa.org/a-brief-statement-of-doctrinal-position.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121115032/http://www.lcrusa.org/a-brief-statement-of-doctrinal-position.html |archive-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> the [[Concordia Lutheran Conference]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod in the By-Gone Days of Its Orthodoxy (1932): Still by God's Grace the Scriptural Position of the Concordia Lutheran Conference |publisher=Concordia Lutheran Conference |url=http://www.concordialutheranconf.com/doctrine/1932-2.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203092955/http://www.concordialutheranconf.com/doctrine/1932-2.cfm |archive-date=3 December 2015 |access-date=24 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Church of the Lutheran Confession]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Brief Statement of 1932 |publisher=Church of the Lutheran Confession |date=10 December 2011 |url=http://clclutheran.org/2011/12/the-brief-statement-of-1932/ |access-date=4 August 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813000702/http://clclutheran.org/2011/12/the-brief-statement-of-1932/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the Illinois Lutheran Conference<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctrinal Position |publisher=The Illinois Lutheran Conference |url=https://www.illinoislutheranconference.org/our-solid-foundation/doctrinal-position-of-the-ilc.lwp/odyframe.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819173407/http://www.illinoislutheranconference.org/our-solid-foundation/doctrinal-position-of-the-ilc.lwp/odyframe.htm |archive-date=19 August 2007}}</ref> all hold to the ''Brief Statement'', which the LCMS places on its website.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lcms.org/page.aspx?pid=415 |title=Doctrinal Position – The Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-date=15 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115074152/http://lcms.org/page.aspx?pid=415 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]] (WELS), another Confessional Lutheran church that declares the Papacy to be the Antichrist, released its own statement, the "Statement on the Antichrist", in 1959. The WELS still holds to this statement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wels.net/about-wels/what-we-believe/doctrinal-statements/antichrist/ |title=Antichrist |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117214757/https://wels.net/about-wels/what-we-believe/doctrinal-statements/antichrist/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Historically, Protestants objected to the papacy's claim of temporal power over all secular governments, including territorial claims in Italy,<ref>See the [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr3lGJei6fkC Baltimore Catechism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919114345/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr3lGJei6fkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA168,M1 |date=19 September 2015 }} on the temporal power of the pope over governments and Innocent III's [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/innIII-policies.html Letter to the prefect Acerbius and the nobles of Tuscany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182618/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/innIII-policies.html |date=14 August 2014 }}. For objection to this, see the [https://archive.org/details/concordiacyclope009499mbp Concordia Cyclopedia], pp. 564, 750.</ref> the papacy's complex relationship with secular states such as the Roman and Byzantine empires, and the autocratic character of the papal office.<ref>See Luther, [http://www.bookofconcord.com/smalcald.html#article4 Smalcald Articles, Article four] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210703/http://www.bookofconcord.com/smalcald.html#article4 |date=10 October 2008 }}</ref> In [[Western Christianity]] these objections both contributed to and are products of the Protestant Reformation.

== Antipopes ==
{{Main|Antipope|Western Schism}}

Groups sometimes form around antipopes, who claim the Pontificate without being canonically and properly elected to it. Traditionally, this term was reserved for claimants with a significant following of cardinals or other clergy. The existence of an antipope is usually due either to doctrinal controversy within the Church ([[heresy]]) or to confusion as to who is the legitimate pope at the time (schism). Briefly in the 15th century, three separate lines of popes claimed authenticity.<ref>see [[Papal Schism]]</ref>

== Other uses of the title "Pope" ==
In the earlier centuries of Christianity, the title "Pope", meaning "father", had been used by all bishops. Some popes used the term and others did not. Eventually, the title became associated especially with the bishop of Rome. In a few cases, the term is used for other Christian clerical authorities. In English, Catholic priests are still addressed as "father", but the term "pope" is reserved for the head of the church hierarchy.

=== In the Catholic Church ===
"Black Pope" is a name that was popularly, but unofficially, given to the [[superior general of the Society of Jesus]] due to the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]]' importance within the Church. This name, based on the black colour of his cassock, was used to suggest a parallel between him and the "White Pope" (since in the time of [[Pius V]] the pope dressed in white) and the cardinal prefect of the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]] (formerly called the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith), whose red cardinal's cassock gave him the name of the "Red Pope" in view of the authority over all territories that were not considered in some way Catholic. In the present time this cardinal has power over mission territories for Catholicism, essentially the Churches of Africa and Asia,<ref name="Magister">[http://www.chiesa.espressonline.it/dettaglio.jsp?id=7049&eng=ylink Sandro Magister] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621082856/http://www.chiesa.espressonline.it/dettaglio.jsp?id=7049 |date=21 June 2006 }}, Espresso Online.</ref> but in the past his competence extended also to all lands where Protestants or Eastern Christianity was dominant. Some remnants of this situation remain, with the result that, for instance, New Zealand is still in the care of this Congregation.

=== In the Eastern Churches ===
Since the papacy of Heraclas in the 3rd century, the bishop of Alexandria in both the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]] and the [[Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] continues to be called "pope", the former being called "Coptic pope" or, more properly, "[[Pope and Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Orthodox and Apostolic Throne of Saint Mark the Evangelist and Holy Apostle]]" and the latter called "[[List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria|Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?lang=en |title=The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705151714/http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]], [[Russian Orthodox Church]], [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] and [[Macedonian Orthodox Church]], it is not unusual for a village priest to be called a "pope" ("поп" ''pop''). This is different from the words used for the head of the Catholic Church (Bulgarian "папа" ''papa'', Russian "папа римский" ''papa rimskiy'').

=== In new religious movements and other Christian-related new religious movements ===
Some [[new religious movement]]s within Christianity, especially those that have [[Independent Catholicism|disassociated themselves from the Catholic Church]] yet retain a Catholic hierarchical framework, have used the designation "pope" for a founder or current leader. Examples include the African [[Legio Maria]] Church and the European [[Palmarian Catholic Church]] in Spain. The [[Cao Dai]], a Vietnamese faith that duplicates the Catholic hierarchy, is similarly headed by a pope.

== Lengths of papal reign ==
=== Longest-reigning popes ===
[[File:Popepiusix.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pope Pius IX]], the pope with the longest verifiable reign]]
The longest papal reigns of those whose reign lengths can be determined from contemporary historical data are the following:

# [[Saint Peter]] ({{Circa|30}}–64/68): c. 34 – c. 38 years (Around 12,000–14,000 days)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cnewsliveenglish.com/news/19843/saint-peter-the-first-pope-sm |title=Saint Peter : The First Pope (Successors of Peter – Part 1) |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430072444/https://cnewsliveenglish.com/news/19843/saint-peter-the-first-pope-sm |url-status=live}}</ref>
# [[Pope Pius IX|Bl. Pius IX]] (1846–1878): 31 years, 7 months and 23 days (11,560 days)
# [[Pope John Paul II|St. John Paul II]] (1978–2005): 26 years, 5 months and 18 days (9,665 days)
# [[Leo XIII]] (1878–1903): 25 years, 5 months and 1 day (9,281 days)
# [[Pius VI]] (1775–1799): 24 years, 6 months and 15 days (8,962 days)
# [[Adrian I]] (772–795): 23 years, 10 months and 25 days (8,729 days)
# [[Pius VII]] (1800–1823): 23 years, 5 months and 7 days (8,560 days)
# [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]] (1159–1181): 21 years, 11 months and 24 days (8,029 days)
# [[Pope Sylvester I|St. Sylvester I]] (314–335): 21 years, 11 months and 1 day (8,005 days)
# [[Pope Leo I|St. Leo I]] (440–461): 21 years, 1 month, and 13 days (7,713 days)

During the Western Schism, [[Avignon Pope Benedict XIII]] (1394–1423) ruled for 28 years, 7 months and 12 days, which would place him third in the above list. Since he is regarded as an [[anti-pope]], he is not included there.

=== Shortest-reigning popes ===
[[File:Portrait of Pope Urban VII Castagna (Jacopo del Conte, Vatican Museums).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pope Urban VII]], the shortest-reigning pope]]
There have been a number of popes whose reign lasted about a month or less. In the following list the number of calendar days includes partial days. Thus, for example, if a pope's reign commenced on 1 August and he died on 2 August, this counts as reigning for two calendar days.
{{olist
| [[Urban VII]] (15–27 September 1590): reigned for 13 calendar days, died before [[papal coronation|coronation]].
| [[Boniface VI]] (April 896): reigned for 16 calendar days
| [[Celestine IV]] (25 October – 10 November 1241): reigned for 17 calendar days, died before coronation.
| [[Pope Theodore II|Theodore II]] (December 897): reigned for 20 calendar days
| [[Pope Sisinnius|Sisinnius]] (15 January – 4 February 708): reigned for 21 calendar days
| [[Marcellus II]] (9 April – 1 May 1555): reigned for 23 calendar days
| [[Damasus II]] (17 July – 9 August 1048): reigned for 24 calendar days
| [[Pius III]] (22 September – 18 October 1503) and [[Leo XI]] (1–27 April 1605): both reigned for 27 calendar days
| item9_value=10
| [[Benedict V]] (22 May – 23 June 964): reigned for 33 calendar days
| item10_value=11
| [[Pope John Paul I|John Paul I]] (26 August – 28 September 1978): reigned for 34 calendar days
}}

[[Pope-elect Stephen|Stephen]] (23–26 March 752) died of a stroke three days after his election, and before his [[consecration]] as a bishop. He is not recognized as a valid pope, but was added to the lists of popes in the 16th century as ''Stephen II'', causing difficulties in enumerating later popes named Stephen. The Holy See's ''Annuario Pontificio'', in its [[list of popes]] and antipopes, attaches a footnote to its mention of Pope Stephen II:

{{blockquote
| On the death of [[Pope Zachary|Zachary]] the Roman priest Stephen was elected; but, since four days later he died, before his ''[[episcopal consecration|consecratio]]'', which according to the [[canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]] of the time was the true commencement of his pontificate, his name is not registered in the ''Liber Pontificalis'' nor in other lists of the popes.<ref>Annuario Pontificio 2012 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 {{ISBN|978-88-209-8722-0}}), p. 11*</ref>
}}

Published every year by the Roman Curia, the ''Annuario Pontificio'' attaches no consecutive numbers to the popes, stating that it is impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession, in particular regarding Pope Leo VIII, [[Pope Benedict V]] and some mid-11th-century popes.<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2012'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 {{ISBN|978-88-209-8722-0}}), p. 12*</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bishops in the Catholic Church]]
* [[Caesaropapism]]
* [[Index of Vatican City-related articles]]
* [[Legends surrounding the papacy]]
* [[List of canonized popes]]
* [[List of current Christian leaders]]
* [[List of popes]]
* [[Papal inauguration]]
* [[Papal name]]
* [[Papal slippers]]
* [[Prophecy of the Popes]]
* [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church]]
* [[Pope Night]]
* [[List of popes who died violently]]
* [[Pope Joan]]
* [[Cadaver Synod]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |title=One Faith, One Lord: A Study of Basic Catholic Belief |last=Barry |first=Rev. Msgr. John F. |year=2002 |publisher=William H. Sadlier |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8215-2207-3}}
* {{cite book |title=A Concise History of the Catholic Church |last=Bokenkotter |first=Thomas |year=2004 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=978-0-385-50584-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00boke}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Chadwick |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Chadwick (theologian) |editor=John McManners |encyclopedia=The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity |title=The Early Christian Community |year=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-822928-5}}
* {{cite book |title=Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes |last=Duffy |first=Eamon |author-link=Eamon Duffy |year=1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-07332-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/saintssinnershis00duff}}
* {{cite book |last=Durant |first=William James |author-link=Will Durant |title=The Story of Civilization |volume=IV. The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization – Christian, Islamic, and Judaic – from Constantine to Dante, A.D. 325–1300 |orig-year=1950 |date=1980 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-671-01200-7 |title-link=The Age of Faith |ref={{sfnref|Durant|1950}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Durant |first=William James |author-link=Will Durant |title=The Story of Civilization |volume=VI. The Reformation |orig-year=1957 |date=1980 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-671-61050-0 |title-link=The Reformation (Story of Civilization) |ref={{sfnref|Durant|1957}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Franzen |first1=August |last2=Dolan |first2=John |title=A History of the Church |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchurch0000fran |url-access=registration |publisher=Herder and Herder |year=1969}}
* {{cite book |last=Granfield |first=Patrick |title=The Limits of the Papacy: Authority and Autonomy in the Church |year=1987 |publisher=Crossroad |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8245-0839-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/limitsofpapacy00gran}}
* {{cite book |last=Grisar |first=Hartmann |title=History of Rome and the Popes in the Middle Ages |year=1912 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner |location=London |oclc=11025456}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html |title=Universi Dominici Gregis |last=John Paul II |first=Pope |author-link=Pope John Paul II |date=22 February 1996 |publisher=[[Vatican Publishing House]] |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408114224/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Kelly |first=J. N. |title=Oxford Dictionary of the Popes |year=1986 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-19-190935-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Kerr |first=William Shaw |author-link=William Kerr (bishop) |title=A Handbook on the Papacy |year=1950 |publisher=Marshall, Morgan & Scott |location=London |oclc=51018118}}
* {{cite book |title=The Catholic Church: A Short History |last=Küng |first=Hans |author-link=Hans Küng |year=2003 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-8129-6762-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/catholicchurch00sama}}
* {{cite book |author=Loomis, Louise Ropes |title=The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis): To the Pontificate of Gregory I |publisher=Evolution Publishing |location=Merchantville, New Jersey |orig-year=1916 |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-889758-86-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Noble |first1=Thomas |author2=Strauss, Barry |title=Western Civilization |year=2005 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=978-0-618-43277-6}}
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of the Catholic Church |last=Orlandis |first=José |author-link=José Orlandis |year=1993 |publisher=Scepter |isbn=978-1-85182-125-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Pastor |first=Ludwig von |title=The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages: Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources |url=https://archive.org/details/historypopesfro01antrgoog |year=1891–1930 |publisher=J. Hodges |location=London |oclc=270566224 |author-link=Ludwig von Pastor}}
* {{cite book |last=Walsh |first=James Joseph |author-link=James Joseph Walsh |title=The Popes and Science: The History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FltHAAAAYAAJ |year=1908 |publisher=Fordham University Press |location=New York |oclc=08015255 |access-date=15 August 2015 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125022025/https://books.google.com/books?id=FltHAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Brusher |first=Joseph S. |title=Popes Through the Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/popesthroughages00brus |url-access=registration |year=1959 |publisher=Van Nostrand |location=Princeton, NJ |oclc=742355324}}
* {{cite book |last=Chamberlin |first=E. R. |title=The Bad Popes |year=1969 |publisher=Dial Press |location=New York |oclc=647415773}}
* {{cite book |last=Dollison |first=John |title=Pope-pourri |year=1994 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-671-88615-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/popepourri00doll}}
* {{cite book |last=Maxwell-Stuart |first=P. G. |title=Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy from St. Peter to the Present |year=1997 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-01798-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes00maxw}}
* {{cite book |last=Norwich |first=John Julius |author-link=John Julius Norwich |title=The Popes: A History |year=2011 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |isbn=978-0-7011-8290-8}}
*{{cite book
|editor1-last=Rollo-Koster
|editor1-first=Joëlle
|editor2-last=Ventresca
|editor2-first=Robert A.
|editor3-last=Eichbauer
|editor3-first=Melodie H.
|editor4-last=Pattenden
|editor4-first=Miles
|title=The Cambridge History of the Papacy
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|date=2025
|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom
}}

== External links ==
{{Commons and category|Papae|Popes}}
{{CE poster|Pope}}
{{EB1911 poster|Papacy}}
* [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/index.htm The Holy Father] – Vatican webpage about past and present Popes (since [[Pope Leo XIII]])

{{Navboxes
| list =
{{Popes}}
{{Papal symbols and ceremonial}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{Vatican City topics}}
{{Holy See}}
{{Latin Church footer}}
{{Pentarchy}}
{{Europe heads of state and government}}
{{InvestitureControversy}}
}}
{{Portal bar|Roman Catholic Church|Vatican City}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Popes| ]]
[[Category:30s establishments in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Catholic ecclesiastical titles]]
[[Category:Ecclesiastical titles]]
[[Category:Episcopacy in the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Holy See]]
[[Category:Pentarchy]]
[[Category:Religion and politics]]
[[Category:Religious leadership roles]]

Trams in Kolkata

2026-03-27T12:51:57Z

Rucsy: Created basic article w/ sources

{{Short description|Overview of the tram system of Kolkata, West Bengal, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox Public transit
| name = Kolkata Tram System
| image =
| imagesize =
| locale = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| transit_type = [[Tram]]
| began_operation = {{start date and age|1873}}, electrification since {{start date and age|1902}}<ref name="calcuttatramways.com">{{Cite web|title=History – CTC|url=http://calcuttatramways.com/history/|access-date=2020-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
| system_length = 14 km
| lines = 2
| vehicles = 7<ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/india/kolkatas-iconic-trams-face-final-stop-modernization-rolls-2025-12-29/</ref>
| ridership = 15,000 daily<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata's famed trams slowly drive into history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/kolkatas-famed-trams-slowly-drive-into-history/article23866742.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 May 2018 |access-date=19 December 2019 |last1=Das |first1=Soumya }}</ref>
| track_gauge = [[Standard gauge]] {{RailGauge|1435mm}}<ref name="calcuttatramways.com"/>
| el = 550 V DC [[Overhead line]], [[Trolleypole]]
| reporting marks = WBTC (formerly CTC)
| operator = [[West Bengal Transport Corporation]] (WBTC)
| owner = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| map =
| alt =
| caption =
| area served = Kolkata downtown
| start = 1
| end = 50
| stations =
| annual_ridership = 5.4 lacs. (approx.)
| chief_executive =
| website = {{URL|https://wbtc.co.in/tram-service/|Calcutta Tramways}}
| character = [[Tram]]
| map_state =
| image2 = Kolkata Tram.jpg
| caption2 = A vintage tram entering the B.B.D Bag terminus in 2009.
}}

The ''' Kolkata Tram System''', is a [[tram]] system that serves [[Kolkata]], the capital city of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]], operated by [[West Bengal Transport Corporation]] (WBTC) after [[Calcutta Tramways Company]] (CTC) was merged with WBTC. Being started in 1873 Kolkata tram is the second oldest operating tram network in the world after [[trams in Turin|Turin]] (1871). Being electrified in 1902, Calcutta became the first Asian City with an electric tramway.<ref name="Kolkata trams to get a GenX makeover">{{cite news|title=Kolkata trams to get a GenX makeover|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-trams-to-get-a-GenX-makeover/articleshow/14857280.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927133900/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/kolkata/32662823_1_tram-network-lrt-institute-of-urban-transport|url-status=live|archive-date=27 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 July 2012}}</ref> The Kolkata Tram is the only tram system currently operating in India. With the help of periodic negligence, the [[Government of West Bengal]] (current operators) had formed systematic initiatives to suspend the entire tram network from the city and sell properties. However, an apolitical organization named [[Calcutta Tram Users Association]] (CTUA) was formed in 2016 to advocate in favor of Kolkata's tram system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/give-kolkata-back-its-tram-reiterate-enthusiasts-as-they-step-up-pressure-on-government/article68445991.ece|title=Give Kolkata back its tram, reiterate enthusiasts as they step up pressure on government|first=Bishwanath|last=Ghosh|newspaper=The Hindu |date=July 25, 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The network initially had up to 37 lines in the 1960s,<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata's historic trams trundle once more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kolkatas-historic-trams-trundle-once-more/article32174394.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 July 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020 |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay }}</ref> but has gradually reduced over the years with only two lines currently operating due to financial struggles, poor maintenance, low ridership, addition of road flyovers, expansion of the [[Kolkata Metro]], slow tram speed and perceptions that the trams are outdated and occupy too much road space. There are currently two tram routes running which are route 25 (Gariahat - Esplanade) and route 5 (Esplanade - Shyambazar).

== History ==

===1873–1901: Horse-drawn trams===
[[File:Horsetram.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|Life-size model of a horse-drawn tram at the City Centre arcade, Salt Lake]]
The first horse-drawn trams in India ran for {{convert|2.4|mi|km}} between [[Sealdah]] and Armenian Ghat Street on 24 February 1873. The service was discontinued on 20 November of that year.<ref name="calcuttatramways.com"/> The Calcutta Tramway Company was formed and registered in London on 22 December 1880. Meter-gauge horse-drawn tram tracks were laid from Sealdah to Armenian Ghat via Bowbazar Street, Dalhousie Square, and Strand Road. The route was inaugurated by the Viceroy, [[Lord Ripon]], on 1 November 1880.<ref name="calcuttatramways.com"/>

[[File:Binay Badal Dinesh Bag tram terminus.jpg|thumb|left|170px|The oldest tram terminus is now suspended for construction of metro line 2]]
[[File:Esplanade tram terminus.jpg|thumb|170px|Esplanade tram terminus.]]
[[File:Kalighat tram depot.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Kalighat depot is the smallest (in term of both area and track number) and oldest tram depot in Kolkata]]
At first, it was planned to open tram network in three directions – in north towards Kumartuli via Chitpur Road (now Rabindra Sarani) for easy transportation of then-rich Indians, middle-classes and poor who lived in those areas, in the east towards Sealdah stations via Bowbazar Street (now Bipin Bihari Gangopadhay Street) for railway passengers' interchange who come from outside of Kolkata, and in the south towards Kalighat via Russa Road (now Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay Road) because not only for easy transportation of then-rich Indians, middle-classes and poor who lived at those areas but also as a Hindu pilgrimage regarding Kali temple for inhabitants and tourists. Kalighat tram depot was also constructed at that, time, which was also a minor workshop for all horse trams. Besides this the city center connection between Dharmatala (now known as Esplanade) & Dalhousie Square (now known as Binay Badal Dinesh Bag) was also established via Old Court House Street (now Hemanta Basu Sarani).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/as/in/kolk/Kolkata%20Tram%20History%202019.pdf|title=Details history of Kolkata tram}}</ref> One year later, a second route towards north Kolkata up to Shyambazar via College Street was opened for residents and students of medical college, university, and various schools & colleges. A second route from Wellington Square (now known as Subodh Chandra Mullick Square) to Sealdah Station via Moula Ali was also opened for more transportation of railway passengers. Sealdah tram terminus was at that place where Sealdah metro station of the Kolkata metro line 2 is. At the same time, the first opening a westward tram route was opened by the High Court via Strand Road (now Rajib Gandhi Sarani) was connected by tram network for pleaders, law-related peoples, and river-bathers of Ganga. High Court tram terminus was at that place where now the annexure building of the High Court is situated. Another connection from Metcalf Hall towards Nimtala via Strand Road (now Rajib Gandhi Sarani) was also opened for serving the crematorium and serving of businessmen. Nimtala tram terminus was at that place beside of the red temple building is now situated.<ref name="auto"/> By opening those routes, [[Shyambazar]], [[High Court]], [[Nimtala]], [[Sealdah]], [[Dalhousie Square]], [[Dharmatala]] and [[Kalighat]] area was connected by horse tram. Kalighat was the only depot at that time, so it was the oldest tram depot.

====Timeline====
*1873 – Opening of horse tram as meter gauge, closure in the same year.
*1880 – Final opening of horse tram as a permanent system. Calcutta Tramways Company was established.
*1881 – Dalhousie Square – Lalbazar - Bowbazar – Lebutala - Sealdah Station route opened (Later route 14). Esplanade – Lalbazar – Pagyapatti – Companybagan - Shobhabazar – Kumortuli route opened (Later route 7 after extension). Dalhousie Square – Esplanade connection opened (Later route 22, 24, 25 & 29). The connection was improved at Lalbazar Junction for through running trams from Dalhousie Square to Kumortuli (Later route 8 after extension). Esplanade – Planetarium - Hazra Park – Kalighat route opened. (Later route 30). Occasional through service started from Kumortuli to Kalighat either via Esplanade or via Dalhousie Square.
*1882 - Esplanade – Wellington Square – Bowbazar – Boipara - Hatibagan - Shyambazar Junction route opened (Later route 5). The connection was improved at Bowbazar Junction for through running trams from Dalhousie Square to Shyambazar (Later route 6). Wellington Square – Moula Ali - Sealdah Station route opened (Later route 12 after extension). Dalhousie Square – Metcalfe Hall - High Court route opened (Later route 14 extension). Direct tram service from Sealdah Station to High Court started. Metcalfe Hall – Howrah Bridge – Nimtala route opened (Later route 19). Direct tram service from Esplanade to Nimtala started. At this time steam tram service was thought.<ref name="auto"/>

===1883–1902: Steam trams===
[[File:Steam tram Calcutta.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|Steam Tram in Kolkata]]

In 1882, steam locomotives were deployed experimentally to haul tram cars. In the next year a new route opened for steam tram service towards Khidirpur. Tram tracks were laid down via Dufferin Road through maidan, and on reserved track for high-speed steam trams for morning walkers, tourists, race-course goers, and peoples living on those area. Khidirpur tram depot was also constructed at that time, which was also a minor workshop for all steam trams.<ref name="auto"/> It was followed by a south-central branch towards from Wellington Square to Park Street (now Mother Teresa Sarani) via Wellesley Street (now Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road).<ref name="auto"/> After a long sixteen years gap, the Nimtala route was connected with Company Bagan line via Nimtala Ghat Street, and the Dharmatala – Nimtala service was changed to steam tram. At this time horse trams ran on Shyambazar, Sealdah, High Court & Kalighat routes, and steam trams ran on Nimtala, Park Street & [[Khidirpur]] route. The Dharmatala – Wellington Square section and Esplanade – Metcalfe Hall section, were served by both horse and steam trams until 1901. Khidirpur & Kalighat were the only steam & horse tram depot at that time respectively.

By the end of the century, the company owned 166 tram cars, 1,000 horses, seven steam locomotives, and 19 miles of track.<ref name="calcuttatramways.com"/>

====Timeline====
*'''1883 -''' Esplanade – Racecourse - Wattganj – Khidirpur route opened (Later route 36)
*'''1884 -''' Wellington Square – Park Street route opened (Later route 21 & 22 after extension)
*'''1900 -''' Nimtala – Companybagan route opened (non-revenue service only). Electrification & conversion to standard gauge was started.<ref name="auto"/>

===1902–1951: Electric trams===
[[File:C 0024A.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Tram on a busy city street|Early electric tram at Chitpur Road (Rabindra Sarani)]]
[[File:Trams of British India In2.jpg|thumb|170px|alt=Tram on a busy city street|A tram in 1945 at Hatibagan]]
[[File:A tram in Calcutta - LIFE.jpg|thumb|left|170px|alt=Two-car tram|A Calcutta tram in Esplanade terminus during British period]]
[[File:Shyambazar tram terminus.jpg|thumb|170px|Shyambazar terminus is the northernmost terminus.]]
[[File:Tollyganj tram depot.jpg|thumb|170px|Tollygunge depot is the southernmost tram depot of Kolkata.]]
In 1900, the electrification of the tramway and conversion of its tracks to {{RailGauge|ussg}} ([[standard gauge]]) began.<ref name="calcuttatramways.com"/> The first electric tramcar in [[Calcutta]] ran from [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] to [[Kidderpore]] on 27 March 1902, with service from Esplanade to [[Kalighat]] introduced on 14 June of that year. Both Kalighat & Khidirpur tram depot was converted to electric tram depot. The connecting route through Grey Street (now Arabinda Sarani) was opened in that year for a second route between Shyambazar and Dharmatala. The [[Nonapukur Workshop]] was established also in that year, from where the track connection up to Wellesley Street opened via Elliott Road, after which the Park Street branch closed. Now the major repairing of the horse, steam and electric trams was started at [[Nonapukur Workshop|Nonapukur]].<ref name="auto"/> In next year, the Kalighat line was extended to [[Tollygunge]] for serving the then south suburban area and film studios via Russa Road (now Shyama Prasad Mukhopadhyay Road). Tollygunge tram depot was also constructed at that time, which was the largest tram depot in terms of area. The Shyambazar line was also extended to [[Belgachia]] for serving the then north suburban area, hospital, and rail yards via Belgachhia Road (now Radha Gobinda Kar Road). Belgachhia tram depot and Shyambazar tram terminus were also opened in this year.<ref name="auto"/> In next year, The Kumourtuli line was extended to [[Bagbazar]], after which the Kumortuli terminus was closed. Bagbazar tram terminus was at that place where now a lorry parking area beside the circular railway track.<ref name="auto"/> A new route from Sealdah Station to Howrah Bridge (now Rabindra Setu) via Harrison Road (now Mahatma Gandhi Road) was opened on next year, for serving the businessmen, residents, ferry passengers and railway passengers for Howrah Station. At that time the electrification project was completed.<ref name="calcuttatramways.com"/>

[[File:Behala old tram terminus.jpg|thumb|left|170px|The old Behala tram terminus was the only V-shaped terminus]]
[[File:Galiff Street tram terminus.jpg|thumb|170px|Galiff Street terminus.]]
Two years later, the connection between [[Nonapukur Workshop|Nonapukur]] and Moula Ali opened via Circular Road (now Acharya Jagadish Chandra Basu Road), and after that tram service started from [[Nonapukur Workshop|Nonapukur]] to Howrah Bridge via Sealdah station. A branch up to Mominpur was also opened from Wattganj via Diamond Harbour Road, but at that time direct access was constructed through Orphanganjbazar.<ref name="auto"/> In next year a new branch was constructed from Shyambazar Junction to [[Galiff Street]] via Cornwallis Street (now Bidhan Sarani), and occasional tram service was also started from Galiff Street to Dharmatala. Side by side the Mominpur branch was also extended up to [[Behala]], another then south suburban area via Diamond Harbour Road (now Balananda Brahmachari Sarani). At that time Behala tram terminus was at right side of Diamond Harbour Road. The connecting route through Alipur Road was also opened in that year for a tram connection between Behala & Kalighat, also a second route between Kalighat and Dharmatala.<ref name="auto"/>

At that time, tram service was opened in Howrah City. From Howrah Station, two routes were selected. One towards north up to [[Bandhaghat]] via Dobson Road (Now Moulana Abul Kalam Azad Road), another towards south up to [[Shibpur]] via Grand Trunk Road. For shibpur route, a single coach double-ended tram was selected due to the lack of creating a loop at Shibpur. For Howrah service, a new depot was constructed at [[Ghasbagan]]. Hence then the old Howrah Bridge was a pontoon bridge, it was not possible to connect Kolkata tram and Howrah tram directly.<ref name="auto"/>

[[File:Rajabazar tram depot.jpg|thumb|170px|left|Rajabazar depot.]]
Two years later, the Sealdah Station to [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] route opened in 1910. Rajabazar tram depot was also constructed at that time, which was the largest tram depot in terms of track number.<ref name="auto"/>

[[File:Ballyganj tram terminus.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Ballygunge terminus, the easternmost terminus.]]
After a long 15 years gap, new tram route construction had started again in 1925. The Nonapukur line was extended to [[Park Circus]] via Park Street (now Mother Teresa Sarani) for serving residents and circus goers of that area. Park Circus tram depot was also constructed at that time. In the next year, the direct access of the Behala line via Orphanganjbazar was replaced by present alignment via Wattganj junction for smooth tram service.<ref name="auto"/> A new terminus near Racecourse was constructed in next year for race special trams towards Belgachhia, Bagbazar, Galiff Street, Rajabazar, High Court, Nimtala, Park Circus, Tollygunge, Behala & Khidirpur. In the next year, a new branch was constructed from Kalighat to [[Ballygunge]], another then south suburb of Kolkata via Ballygunge Avenue (now Rasbihari Avenue).<ref name="auto"/>

[[File:Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road - Kolkata 7361.JPG|thumb|170px|Tram tracks on Acharya Praphulla Chandra Roy Road.]]
[[File:Calcutta tram (7354479510).jpg|thumb|left|170px|Gariahat tram depot is the newest tram depot.]]
After again a long 13 years gap, new tram route construction had started again in 1941. The Rajabazar line was extended to connect with Galiff Street line at Shyambazar junction via Circular Road (now Acharya Praphulla Chandra Ray Road).<ref name="auto"/> Two years later, when new Howrah Bridge (now Rabindra Setu) was opened, tram service started crossing the river Hooghly and connecting Kolkata & Howrah tram network. Very few times trams from Shibpur and Bandhaghat came towards Dharmatala and Rajabazar. In the same year, the Park Circus line was extended to connect with the Ballygunge line at Gariahat junction via Gariahat Road (now Syed Amir Ali Avenue). [[Gariahat]] tram depot was also constructed at that time.<ref name="auto"/> With this extension, total track length reached {{convert|42.0|mi|km|2}}.<ref name="calcuttatramways.com"/>

===1951–1990: Nationalisation===
In 1951, the government of West Bengal entered an agreement with the Calcutta Tramways Company, and the Calcutta Tramways Act of 1951 was enacted. The government assumed the tramways, reserving the right to purchase the system with two years' notice on 1 January 1972 or at any time thereafter.<ref name="calcuttatramways.com"/> After Independence, during the partition of India, the number of people started dramatically increasing on the roads of Kolkata due to a lot of refugees. The city centre area started getting congested due to the increasing number of buses and cars. So tram company thought to shift the tram tracks of Dalhousie Square from outside to the inside of the square. It was completed in 1952.<ref name="auto"/> It was followed by redesigning of Esplanade terminus in 1960, also due to increasing number of pedestrians and automobiles. At that time, there were five ways of tram routes from Esplanade, i.e. – Bentinck Street, Dharmatala Street (now Lenin Sarani), Chowrangi Road (now Jawaharlal Nehru Road), Dufferin Road and Old Court House Street (now Hemanta Basu Sarani), and three ways of tram routes from Dalhousie Square, i.e. – Old Court House Street (now Hemanta Basu Sarani), Hare Street & Lalbazar Street.<ref name="auto"/> Four years later, the old Majherhat bridge was replaced by a new bridge with tram tracks.<ref name="auto"/>

The Calcutta Metropolitan Planning Organisation (CMPO) introduced a plan in 1964 for a new network called "Aerorail". Light rail vehicles would make use of viaducts in the city centre on two axis. These vehicles were to be compatible with the existing tram system, and the viaducts would have been built in stages. The plan was shelved because of opposition, expecting unforeseen difficulties.<ref name="MTLRT">{{cite journal |last1=Runnacles |first1=T. V. |title=Transport in Calcutta |journal=Modern Tramway and Light Rapid Transit |date=1978 |volume=41 |issue=485 |page=146}}</ref> In 1967, the Government of West Bengal passed the Calcutta Tramways Company (Taking Over of Management) Act and assumed management on 19 July. Until that time, it was the golden age of Kolkata, with maximum number of rolling stocks, route kilometers and passengers. Some 415 trams were in daily service, out of a total of 459.<ref>Lok Sabha Debates, Fourth Series, Volume XXIII, No. 27, page 341.</ref>

===Decline===

[[File:Kolkata tram map.png|thumb|170px|right|Historical lines, active lines and formerly planned lines.]]

The decline of tram networks started in India during the early thirties, when the Kanpur tram was closed. However other cities had continued trams, but mass closure started from the mid-fifties to mid-sixties, when tram networks of Chennai, Delhi, and Mumbai gradually closed. Overall in the world, at that time, trams were thought of as an old technology and inflexible. The number of automobiles was increasing, so it started occupying tram tracks especially on narrow streets, and tram services got hampered. But surprisingly, car and bus drivers started blaming the tram, which was fueled by political leaders. So it was decided to close the entire Kolkata tram network within 1980. On 8 November 1976, the Calcutta Tramways (Acquisition of Undertaking) ordinance was promulgated under which the company (and its assets) was nationalized.<ref name="calcuttatramways.com"/>

[[File:Ghasbagan tram depot.jpg|thumb|170px|left|The former Ghasbagan tram depot is now a bus depot]]
[[File:Shibpur tram terminus.jpg|thumb|170px|The former Shibpur tram terminus]]
[[File:Maharshi debendra road.jpg|thumb|170 px|left|The former Nimtala tram terminus]]
The Howrah sections were decided to close first, because the government thought trams were creating traffic jams on narrow streets of Howrah city. So in 1971, both the Bandhaghat and Shibpur lines were closed, including the Ghasbagan tram depot. The depot got vacant and abandoned for some vehicle dumping place. However the Howrah station terminus survived, but it was started redesigning largely. All single and double coach trams were transferred to Kolkata area. In Kolkata, a new tram terminus was constructed in Behala, this time on the left side of Diamond Harbour Road for no need for reversing the tram.<ref name="auto"/> Two years later, Nimtala route along Companybagan (now Rabindra Kanan) section was closed in May 1973, and the Howrah Station terminus redesigning completed in 1976. The racecourse terminus was also closed due to the construction of 2nd Hooghly Bridge (now Vidyasagar Setu).<ref name="auto"/> Total track length was now reduced to {{convert|38|mi|km|1}}.<ref name="calcuttatramways.com"/>

[[File:Surya Sen Street - Kolkata 2015-02-07 2115.JPG|thumb|170px|The diverted tram route through Surya Sen street, recently became one way for tram, now temporarily suspended for metro line 2.]]
However, tram service was survived in Kolkata, largely supported by then transport minister [[Rabin Mukherjee]], and also due to high rise of oil prices in the international market, which make costly for automobiles. Internationally some cities were started returning tram for this economical reason. Since 1978, line 1 of Kolkata metro construction was started by the cut & cover method. It was needed the construction of a large trench through the planned route, which was mostly served before by tram. So it was thought to temporarily close the tram service along those routes. Later it was planned to part of the tram routes in south Kolkata would remain opened because two tram depots - Kalighat & Tollygunge were situated along the tram route, and it was not practical to close those depots and close a number of tram routes for this reason, rather thought to diverse some tram routes. For this reason, tram tracks between Hazra Park (then renamed to Jatin Das Park) and Dharmatala (then renamed to Esplanade) via Planetarium was closed (the 3rd oldest tram route), but all tram routes which were running via Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay Road and Jawaharlal Nehru Road were diverted via Biplabi Ganesh Ghosh Sarani, Alipur Road, Diamond Harbour Road, Khidirpur Road & Dufferin Road. This closed section was partially reopened in the next year between Planetarium and Esplanade due to protests of passengers, tourists, and hawkers. A new terminus was constructed beside [[Birla Planetarium, Kolkata|Birla Planetarium]].<ref name="auto"/> At that time, construction of Sealdah Flyover was started. Due to its low height (for running tram on it), it was decided to close tracks between Sealdah and Lebutala, but diverse this route from Lebutala to Mirzapur via Raja Ram Mohan Sarani & Surya Sen Street. In the 1st phase, tram service opened between Mirzapur and Purabi cinema for Howrah Station tram routes, and in the next year from Purabi Cinema to Lebutala for Binay Badal Dinesh Bag routes. At that time Surya Sen Street was the only tram only street of Kolkata, and the original route previously mentioned (the oldest tram route) with Sealdah Station terminus was closed.<ref name="auto"/> For metro line 1 construction, the tracks between Lalbazar and Esplanade via Bentinck Street (the 2nd oldest tram route) was also closed, but all tram routes which were running via Bentinck Street were diverted via Hemanta Basu Sarani & Lalbazar Street.<ref name="auto"/> In next year, Sealdah flyover opened with tram tracks on it. It was very few flyovers of the world which had tram tracks.<ref name="auto"/>

===Expansion===
After a one decade major closures of the lines, some new routes were planned by government. Then transport minister Rabin Mukherjee proposed some new lines and connecting lines. Those were –

* Maniktala to Bidhannagar
* Behala to Joka
* Galiff Street to Dakshineshwar
* Tollygunge out post to Jadabpur.
* Ultadanga to Airport
* Kalighat to Taratala (via New Alipur)
* Moula Ali to Park Circus (via Sundari Mohan Avenue)
For first phase, first two lines were selected. On 17 April 1985, tracks were extended {{convert|3.7|km|mi|2|abbr=on}} from Maniktala to Ultadanga via Maniktala Main Road (now Satin Sen Sarani) and C. I. T. Road.<ref name="auto"/> (now Acharya Satyendra Nath Basu Sarani).<ref name="calcuttatramways.com"/> This route was selected for expanding the Kolkata towards east. At first it was planned that there will be two branches, one to Bidhannagar (Karunamayi), another to Airport. However, residents of Bidhanngar were highly against of tram, so that extension was finally cancelled. The Airport extension was also cancelled later. On 31 December 1986, the route extension from Behala to Joka was completed via Diamond Harbour Road.<ref name="calcuttatramways.com"/> It was the first and only village extension of Kolkata tram network, for developing this area as a city. After opening this line, it was the longest tram route of Kolkata.<ref name="auto"/>

Unfortunately, this opening created some controversy. The then transport minister Rabin Mukherjee was an MLA of Behala (West), where this route passed. When it was opened, it broke the election code of conduct, and so he was suspended from the post of transport minister before the election. He was a strong supporter of tram, and after his suspension, when new transport minister [[Shyamal Chakraborty]] joined, fast declining of Kolkata tram was started again after some years. All the remaining plans were also cancelled at that time.

====Timeline====
*1902 - Khidirpur & Kalighat routes were electrified. Shobhabazar – Hatibagan connecting route opened. (Later route 9 & 10), alternative service was started from Shambazar to Dharmatala and Dalhousie Square via this route. Nonapukur Workshop opened with Royd Street – Nonapukur route opening (Later route 21 & 22 after re-extension). Direct tram service from Nonapukur to Dalhousie Square started. Royd Street – Park Street closed.
*1903 – Shyambazar terminus opened with Shyambazar – Belgachhia route opened. (Later route 1, 2, 3, 4 & 11). Direct tram service from Belgachhia to Dharmatala & Dalhousie Square started. Kalighat – Tollyganj route opened (Later route 29 & 32). Direct tram service from Tollyganj to Dalhousie Square started.
*1904 - Kumortuli – Bagbazar route opened. Kumortuli terminus closed. (Later route 7 & 8) Direct tram service was started from Bagbazar to Dharmatala and Dalhousie Square.
*1905 - Howrah Bridge – Pagyapatti – Boipara – Purabi Cinema - Sealdah Station route opened (Later route 15). The connection was improved at Pageyapatti Junction and Boipara Junction for through running trams from Howrah Bridge to Dharmatala (Later route 21) and Howrah Bridge to Shyambazar (Later route 11). Semi Circular service from High Court to Esplanade via Sealdah started. All remaining then-opened routes were electrified.
*1907 - Moula Ali – Nonapukur route opened (Later route 20 & 26 after extension). Direct tram service started from Nonapukur to Howrah Bridge. Wattganj – Mominpur route opened (via direct access through Orphanganjbazar). (Later route 31)
*1908 - Shyambazar Junction – Galiff Street route opened (Later route 12). Howrah Station – Ghasbagan - Bandhaghat. (Later route 41 & 42) and Howrah Station – Shibpur route opened (Later route 40). Hazra Park – Mominpur – Behala old terminus route opened (via Majherhat old bridge). (Later route 27 & 35). Direct tram service started from Behala to Dharmatala and Behala to Kalighat. The connection was improved at Mominpur Junction for alternative service was started from Kalighat to Dharmatala and Dalhousie Square via this route. (Later route 31)
*1910 - Sealdah Station – Mirzapur – Rajabazar route opened. (Later route 12) Direct tram service started from Rajabazar to Dharmatala. The connection was improved at Sealdah Junction for through running trams from Rajabazar to High Court. (Later route 14)
*1925 - Nonapukur – Parkcircus route opened. (Later route 20, 21 & 22)
*1926 - Orphanganjbazar direct access was replaced by present alignment via Wattganj Junction.
*1927 - Racecourse terminus built for race special tram service.
*1928 - Kalighat Junction – Ballyganj route opened. (Later route 24 & 27 extension). Direct tram service started from Ballyganj to Tollyganj, Behala, and Dalhousie Square.
*1941 - Rajabazar – Shyambazar Junction route opened. (Later route 12 & 13). Direct tram service started from Galiff Street to Dharmatala & Dalhousie Square via Sealdah and/or Moula Ali, also some occasional tram service started from Belgachia to Rajabazar, Belgachia to Bagbazar route.
*1943 - Howrah Bridge – Howrah Station (via Howrah Bridge) route opened. Route 11, 20, 21, 22, 30 & 32 were extended to Howrah Station. All tram routes which were running up to Howrah Bridge now started going directly up to Howrah station from Belgachhia, Galiff Street, Rajabazar, Park Circus, Tollygunge, and Kalighat. Occasional tram service also started from Howrah Station to Nimtala & High Court. Gariahat depot opened with Parkcircus – Gariahat Junction route opened (Later route 25 & 26). Direct tram service started from Ballygunge to Dharmatala & Howrah Station via Park Circus. This was the last tram extension in Kolkata before Indian Independence.
*1952 - Dalhousie Square terminus redesigned, outside park tracks brought into the park.
*1960 - Esplanade terminus redesigned.
*1964 - Majherhat new bridge built.
*1971 - Behala new terminus built. Howrah Station – Ghasbagan – Bandhaghat closed, Ghasbagan depot became a goods vehicle stock depot. (Route 41, 42). Howrah Station – Shibpur closed. (Route 40)
*1973 - Howrah Bridge – Nimtala - Companybagan section closed. (Route 19)
*1976 - Howrah Station terminus redesigned after the closure of Bandhaghat & Shibpur route, converted to the private bus terminus and opening of the pedestrian subway. Racecourse terminus closed.
*1978 - Esplanade – Planetarium - Hazra Park closed for conversion to metro line 1. All tram services from Tollyganj, Kalighat & some services from Ballyganj were started running via Mominpur & Wattganj.
*1979 - Esplanade – Planetarium reopened. (Route 12A)
*1980 - Purabi Cinema – Mirzapur route opened. (Route 13 diversion)
*1981 - Lebutala – Purabi Cinema route opened. (Route 14 diversion). Esplanade – Lalbazar closed. (Route 3, 7 & 9). Lebutala - Sealdah Station terminus closed for flyover, but trams continued serving Sealdah Station. (Route 13 & 14 diversion) Some tram services from Galiff Street, Rajabazar, High Court, Park Circus & Ballyganj were started running via Purabi Cinema.
*1982 - Sealdah flyover opened, with tram tracks on it.
*1985 - Maniktala – Ultadanga old terminus route opened. (Route 16 & 17)
*1986 - Behala – Joka route opened. (Route 37)<ref name="auto"/> Connection was improved at Maniktala Junction for through running trams from Belgachhia to Ultadanga.

===1990–present: Later developments and mass closures===
[[File:Planetarium tram terminus.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Planetarium terminus was constructed during construction of metro line 1]]
[[File:Howrah Station tram terminus.jpg|thumb|170px|The realigned former Howrah Station tram terminus]]
[[File:Tram Lines.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Howrah Bridge tram terminus, former Burrabazar junction]]
Since 1990, losses of Kolkata tram started increasing, and to overcome this, it was thought by government that the entire tram network will be gradually replaced by bus, and lands of depot and terminus will be sold to promoters for construction of high-rise buildings. Calcutta Tramways Company introduced the bus service on 4 November 1992 with a fleet of 40 buses.<ref name="calcuttatramways.com"/> The Planetarium line was closed due to excuse of loss making. The terminus was converted to park, however tracks were still present until 2010, and masts are still present, now are being used by lamp posts.<ref name="auto"/> After two years, The Howrah Station terminus closed, converted to bus terminus and the tram tracks were removed on [[Rabindra Setu]] the following year, since the world's busiest ageing cantilever bridge was not strong enough for trams. The routes which terminated there were moved back to the Burrabazar (Howrah Bridge) terminus (formerly Burrabazar Junction). Tram tracks from Howrah Bridge terminus to Metcalf Hall was also closed due to excuse of road repair, and all routes which were served this section was now diverted via Rabindra Sarani. However, in this year a new terminus in Ultadanga opened near Railway Station.<ref name="auto"/>

The system had degraded by the 1990s, and Minister for Transport Shyamal Chakraborty planned to close the network. In 1995, the High Court terminus closed for the reconstruction of Strand Road. Rails and wires were removed from there and from Strand Road, Hare Street, and Shahid Khudiram Basu Road and it is now the site of the newest Kolkata High Court centenary building.<ref name="auto"/> However, [[Melbourne]] tram conductor Roberto D'Andrea befriended fellow Calcutta conductors during a 1994 visit. When D'Andrea heard about the planned network closure, he suggested an art project to decorate the trams (as was done in his home city). The project increased public awareness of the network and its value, ultimately saving it at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-06/tramjatra-melbourne-and-kolkata-linked-by-tram-history/7904626|title=How a Melbourne conductor helped save Kolkata's trams|date=6 October 2016|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref>

However closures were continued. In 1998, the Gariahat Depot–Gariahat Junction link on Lila Roy Sarani closed for construction of the Gariahat overpass.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/gariahat-goodbye-to-trams/cid/901587|title=GARIAHAT GOODBYE TO TRAMS|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> It was early planned to relaying tram tracks on two sides of the road under the overpass, but it was finally cancelled because of then Mayor [[Subrata Mukherjee]]. During his reign, tram network again got on threat of closure, because he was a strong anti-tram person. Four years later, the Mominpur–Behala route on Diamond Harbour Road closed for the construction of an overpass in Taratala.<ref name="auto"/> Although it was initially planned to relaying tracks on the overpass after its completion, the road was later converted to a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] and the plan was dismissed.

===Mass Concretization===

In 2004, state government decided to deserve all grass-bed reserved tracks from tram only operation, and replace it by concrete bed. Cobblestone bed tracks were also planned to be replaced by concrete bed. For this reason, Shyambazar to Galiff Street section was closed, and modification of Shyambazar junction done by now tram service could continue from Rajabazar to Belgachia instead of Galiff Street. Rails and overhead lines were removed from part of the Bidhan Sarani route. In 2008, Binay Badal Dinesh Bag terminus was largely redesigned for construction of underground car parking.<ref name="auto"/>

[[File:Behala tram terminus.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Place of former Behala terminus, closed for metro line 3]]
[[File:Joka tram terminus.jpg|thumb|170px|Joka terminus was the newest terminus of Kolkata tram network]]
[[File:Bagbazar tram terminus exit.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Exit of former Bagbazar tram terminus]]
Since 2011, line 3 of Kolkata metro construction was started by elevated method. It was needed construction of pillars through the planned route from Majherhat to Joka, which was mostly served before by tram. So the Behala-Joka route closed for construction of the metro line 3. In next year, Bagbazar terminus was closed, due to a legal dispute, and the non-revenue section between Bagbazar and Galiff Street became regular route, and double tracked. Galiff Street Terminus was realigned, irregular service from Bagbazar to Galiff Street became regular service. The Lalbazar-Mirzapur down line was closed, but the up line remained.<ref name="auto"/> In 2013, 'Charoibeti' and 'Rupasi Bangla', two AC trams, were manufactured at the Nonapukur workshop for heritage tours only.<ref name=":1" /> A regular AC tram route would not start until 6 years later. On 30 September 2014, a tram, converted into a museum (Smaranika) in [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]], was opened to the public.<ref name="Calcutta Tramways Company inaugurates museum on wheels">{{cite news|title=Calcutta Tramways Company inaugurates museum on wheels|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/79505-Calcutta-Tramways-Company-inaugurates-museum-on-wheels.html|date=30 Sep 2014}}</ref> The Park Circus Depot closed for construction of the [[Maa Flyover]] in 2015 and the Nonapukur Depot/Workshop has started regular service; the Gariahat Depot remained.<ref name="auto"/> The following year, the Ballygunge Station Depot next to Gariahat Mall also reopened and thus Kalighat/Rashbehari-Ballygunge Station stretch (via Gariahat) became active after 12 years.

[[File:Kolkata 22, Smaranika (memorablia) - a mobile museum tram (24726477131).jpg|thumb|170px|Tram Museum (Smaranika) in Esplanade Tram Terminus]]
[[File:Parkcircus tram depot.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Park Circus depot before it closed as tram depot]]
[[File:Belgachhia tram depot.jpg|thumb|170px|Belgachhia depot before it closed as tram depot]]
[[File:Ultadanga tram depot.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Ultadanga terminus was the easternmost terminus of Kolkata's tram network]]
After the starting of the line 2 of Kolkata metro in 2017, all the Binay Badal Dinesh Bag bound tram routes have been closed for an indefinite time. Thus tram-plying along Sealdah (Purabi Cinema) Junction-Bowbazar Junction-Lalbazar Junction-BBD Bag, Galiff Street-Sovabazar Junction-Chitpur Junction-Lalbazar Junction, and Hatibagan Junction-Sovabazar Junction stretches has been stopped. The Wattgunge junction to Kalighat/Rashbehari Junction stretch has also been closed for an indefinite time since 2018, due to the [[2018 Kolkata bridge collapse|Majherhat Bridge collapse]] and thus Tollygunge to Ballygunge Station bound tram route becomes an isolated one. In 2019, it was decided by [[All India Trinamool Congress]] government that no any tram service would be continued over any bridge, because tram could reduce the lifespan of bridges. After the decision of mayor [[Firhad Hakim]] and transport minister [[Shubhendu Adhikari]], tram service was closed on Belgachia Bridge, Shyambazar Bridge, Maniktala Bridge, Kalighat Bridge & Sealdah Overpass. The tram trackbed renewal program became unfinished on Belgachia Bridge and Sealdah Overpass, and starting of tram track uprooting started on those bridges. Belgachia tram depot also has been converted to bus depot, despite the track renewal program inside the depot was just completed two months earlier, and thus tram-plying along Maniktala Junction-Shyambazar Junction-Belgachia and Shyambazar Tram Terminus-Shyambazar Junction stretches was closed in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/glimmer-of-hope-for-trams-in-kolkata/articleshow/68337790.cms|title=Glimmer of hope for trams in Kolkata |date=March 9, 2019|first=Zeeshan|last=Javed |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> In 2019, first A.C. tram route (AC-1) of Kolkata starts which runs between Esplanade and Shyambazar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/kolkatas-iconic-tram-gets-a-cool-makeover-5764194/|title=Kolkata's iconic tram gets a cool makeover|date=5 June 2019}}</ref> The state government decided to stop tram-plying on the 37 years old Sealdah Flyover (Vidyapati Setu), after the survey of the bridge-advisory committee officers in 2019 and thus tram-plying along the Mirzapur-Nonapukur, Purabi Cinema-Sealdah and Moulali-Subodh Chandra Mallik Square stretches has also been stopped.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/sealdah-bridge-to-get-rid-of-age-old-tram-lines-and-heavy-vehicles/articleshow/71056749.cms|title=Sealdah bridge to get rid of age-old tram lines and heavy vehicles | Kolkata News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2019/09/11/tram-service-going-to-close-on-sealdah-flyover/|title=শিয়ালদা ব্রিজে চিরতরে বন্ধ হতে চলেছে ট্রাম চলাচল|date=11 September 2019|website=বিশ্ব বাংলা সংবাদ}}</ref> State Government also decided to shut down tram-plying on Belgachia Bridge permanently due to the excessive load on the bridge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/pwd-set-to-remove-tram-tracks-from-belgachia-bridge-381359|title=PWD set to remove tram tracks from Belgachia bridge|date=24 October 2019|website=www.millenniumpost.in}}</ref> In a press conference held in December 2023, the mayor [[Firhad Hakim]] has stated his intent to close down all the tram routes in the city except Route 36, which would be run as a truncated heritage line till [[Victoria Memorial]]. This work was started around September 2024, but after High Court declined this work on 14 January, 2025 that work get stopped and removed all wires on very next day. On 2 February, 2025 tramcar number 252-1 successfully turn into bidirectional tram for heritage line. But after canceling of heritage line, it will give normal service later.

====Timeline====
*1992 - Esplanade – Planetarium route reclosed. (Route 12A). Bus service introduced.
*1994 - Howrah Station terminus closed and converted to public bus terminus. Route 11, 20 & 26 had come back to Howrah Bridge terminus. Metcalfe Hall – Howrah Bridge terminus closed. (Route 15, 21, 30 & 32 diversion). Ultadanga new terminus opened.
*1995 - Dalhousie Square – Metcalfe Hall - High Court route closed. Route 14 had come back to Dalhousie Square terminus.
*1998 - Gariahat Depot – Gariahat Junction route closed. (Route 25 & 26 had come back to Gariahat Depot)
*2002 - Mominpur – Behala route closed. (Route 27, 35 & 37)
*2004 - Shyambazar Junction – Galiff Street route closed. (Route 13, route 12 had come back to Rajabazar)
*2008 - Dalhousie Square terminus redesigned for underground car parking.
*2011 - Behala – Joka route closed for conversion to metro line 3.
*2012 - Bagbazar terminus closed, Bagbazar – Galiff Street section doubled. (Route 8 had extended to Galiff Street)
*2019 - Maniktala - Shyambazar – Belgachhia route closed. Belgachhia depot became a full bus depot. (Route 1, 2, & 4. Route 11 had started from Shyambazar terminus). Mirzapur – Sealdah – Moula Ali – Nonapukur route closed. (Route 12, 17, 20, 26) Wellington Square – Moula Ali route closed. (Route 12, 17)
*2020 - Kalighat – Wattganj closed (Route 24, 29, 30). Rajabazar – Maniktala – Ultadanga closed. (Route 16, 17, 18). Khidirpur - Esplanade closed. (Route 36).
*2024 - Tolleygunge – Ballygunge (Route 24/29) suspended

== Rolling stock ==

[[File:Kolkata tramcar 494 in 2009.jpg|thumb|150px|alt=Yellow tram|SLC tram in 2009]]

[[File:Kolkatatram (2).JPG|thumb|left|150px|alt=Tram rolling towards the camera|Articulated tram]]

CTC owns 257 trams (as of Sep. 2024), of which 125 used to run daily till 2011.<ref name="Bankrupt CTC to introduce two more AC trams"
>{{cite news|title=Bankrupt CTC to introduce two more AC trams|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Bankrupt-CTC-to-introduce-two-more-AC-trams/articleshow/21814992.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130816084035/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-14/kolkata/41408969_1_calcutta-tramways-company-ac-tourism-department|url-status=live|archive-date=16 August 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> Each single-deck articulated car can carry 200 passengers (60 seated). But the number of trams sharply decreased due to government's negligence and now only 17 trams run daily (as of Sep. 2024).

The early horse-drawn cars and steel cars manufactured before 1952 were imported from England. Early trams were single-coach, similar to those in [[Delhi#Transport|Delhi]], [[Mumbai#Transport|Mumbai]], [[Chennai#Transport|Chennai]] and [[Kanpur#Transport|Kanpur]]. Triple-coach trams were tried without success. The later stock was the SLT type: double-coach with three doors, four wheels under each coach and no wheels between coaches. SLT trams had no front iron net but had a front-coach trolley pole. The both-end type had a front iron net and a rear-coach trolley pole. These were gradually replaced by articulated trams on all routes. The SLC type was introduced much later on the Bandhaghat line, and continued until its closure in 1971; after that, SLC trams began running on the Gariahat and Tollygunge lines on the Kolkata side.

Two trams were recently renovated with front and back glass, fluorescent lights, FM radio, digital display boards, angled seats, and a [[Fiberglass|fibreglass]] ceiling. The Nonapukur workshop began manufacturing 19 new trams from 2008 to 2010, of which four were nearing completion. The roof is clear polycarbonate sheeting with a wide window, and it has comfortable seating and better visibility from within. The workshop is also renovating steel-body (BSCL) cars. With plans for banquet-cafeteria<ref name="Kolkata to get banquet and cafeteria trams">{{cite news|url=http://india.nydailynews.com/business/bdd18bf29cd35b16c494ed359b658fa3/kolkata-to-get-banquet-and-cafeteria-trams | work=Daily News | title =Kolkata to get banquet and cafeteria trams | date=12 February 2013}}</ref> and air-conditioned trams to attract commuters and foreign tourists (increasing CTC revenue), a single-coach, air-conditioned banquet tram has been introduced for [[Heritage tourism|heritage tours]] of [[North Kolkata]] in the morning and [[Kolkata#South Kolkata|South Kolkata]] in the evening.<ref name="Enjoy Kolkata's heritage with an AC tram ride">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/enjoy-kolkatas-heritage-with-an-ac-tram-ride/mobile-ac-restaurant/slideshow/19609549.cms|work=The Economic Times|title=Enjoy Kolkata's heritage with an AC tram ride|date=18 April 2013
}}</ref> Although the air-conditioned tram had poor ridership when it was introduced,<ref name="Kolkata's modernised heritage trams fail to woo passengers">{{cite news|title=Kolkata's modernised heritage trams fail to woo passengers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kolkata-modernised-heritage-trams-fail-to-woo-passengers-167897-2013-06-23|publisher=India Today|date=24 June 2013}}</ref> more air-conditioned trams have since been introduced.<ref name="Bankrupt CTC to introduce two more AC trams"/> These include a tram restaurant (Victoria)<ref>{{cite news |title=Dining in Kolkata in a tramcar named 'Victoria' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/dining-in-kolkata-in-a-tramcar-named-victoria/article25216589.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 October 2018 |access-date=15 October 2020 |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay }}</ref> and the world's first shopping (glam) tram<ref>{{cite web |title=Durga Puja 2018: Kolkata gets world's first 'Glam Tram' fashion store on wheels |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/280918/durga-puja-2018-kolkata-gets-worlds-first-glam-tram-fashion.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=28 September 2018 |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref> and library tram.<ref>{{cite web |title=In a first, Kolkata to get tram library |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/in-a-first-kolkata-to-get-tram-library-6609141/ |website=The Indian Express |date=24 September 2020 |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref>

== Rolling stock classification ==

*Horse Trams - The service was started with this class in 1873. Horse drawn cars were withdrawn gradually after electrification of the network from 1902.
*Steam Trams - Steam propelled trams were introduced as a substitute to horse-drawn trams and withdrawn within a very short period after electrification of the system.
*J Class / Single coach (old) Trams - The J Class trams were 4 Axled Single Car Trams numbered from 301 to 306.
*K Class Trams - The K Class trams (often called the English Cars) were articulated 6 axled wooden trams manufactured between 1931 and 1939. These trams were numbered between 307 and 489.
*L Class Trams - The L Class trams (often affectionately called the Hatigari or Elephant Car) were Streamlined articulated trams manufactured between 1942 and 1951 at the Nonapukur Workshop. These trams were numbered between 490 and 559. The L class trams were one of the most iconic types of trams to have ever ran on Kolkata's streets, it had extra overhand both at its front and rear.
*Pay As You Enter or PAYE Trams- after the closure of the Bombay (now Mumbai) tramways in 1964, CTC obtained 45 sets of maximum-traction trucks and controllers from Bombay Electricity Supply and Transport Undertaking (BEST). These running units were used in a class of six experimental Pay As You Enter (PAYE) trams. The prototype (201) was built in 1965, and 202-203 followed in 1966, with 204 - 206 being added in 1967. In about 1970 the PAYE system was dropped and the trams were modified to conventional layout with roving rather than seated conductors, and the entrances at the ends of the trams were sealed.
*Sundari Trams - Sundari trams were wooden articulated trams similar to the K Class built in 1976 - 77. These trams were numbered between 561 and 587. The chief difference was that these trams were fitted out as double first-class cars. This feature also won the trams their alternative title of "De Luxe" trams. The double headlamps gave way to a single unit but, on the other hand, the blue and white livery was adorned with black and white flashes on the dash, and black and white chevrons on the fenders and trolley poles, and a glass windscreen.
[[File:Kolkata Entally3.jpg|thumb|150px|alt=Tramcars made with the help of Asian Development Bank|Burn Standard made tram]]

*Burn standard Trams – After many years of SLC and articulated trams, rolling stock arrived from [[Burn Standard Company|Burn Standard India]] which is stronger, heavier and faster than earlier designs and reversed the declining public perception of trams in the city. The improved stock began running throughout the city on all routes. The Burn standard Trams were delivered between 1982 and 1989, and were numbered between: A- 207 to 281, B- 291 to 299, C- 600 to 659 and D- 701 to 725.
*Jessop Trams- The [[Jessop & Company]] made trams were sleeker than the Burn standard in design and were delivered between 1988 and 1989 and were numbered between 681 and 700. This was the last original fleet added to the system other than refurbished cars. Some of them were modified with front glass; some were modified to resemble Melbourne's [[B class Melbourne tram|B-class trams]] with fluorescent lights, back glass and double ends.
[[File:Kolkata transport.jpg|thumb|left|150px|alt=Fibreglass made tram|New fibreglass made tram]]

*Fibre Body Trams – Before the introduction of the single-coach tram in December 2012, this was the last new rolling stock. Refurbished in the *Nonapukur Workshop*, various L Class, Burn standard and Jessop trams were completely torn down and refurbished from scratch. Some were modified with front glass; one was modified with fluorescent lights, FM radio, digital advertising and route boards. These refurbished cars were built between 2008 and 2011.
*Single-coach (new) – Introduced on 24 December 2012, they were reportedly faster and more manoeuvrable than double-coach trams; the carriage is longer than those in double-coach trams.<ref name="City's new public ride arrives on Christmas Eve">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/City-s-new-public-ride-arrives-on-Christmas-Eve/Article1-979714.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223145648/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/City-s-new-public-ride-arrives-on-Christmas-Eve/Article1-979714.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2012| work=hindustan times | title=City's new public ride arrives on Christmas Eve |date=23 December 2012}}</ref> More single-coach trams were planned across the city (including air-conditioned coaches), possibly replacing double-coach trams and enabling some closed routes to reopen.<ref name="More single-coach trams to run on various streets in Kolkata soon">{{cite news|url=http://www.railnews.co.in/?p=897| work=RailNews | title=More single-coach trams to run on various streets in Kolkata soon| date=2013-03-26}}</ref>

==Power supply==
The trams have a 550 V [[direct current|DC]] [[power supply]] from [[overhead line]]s. Power was obtained from a [[trolley pole]], a [[current collector]] mounted on top of the tram. The track rails were the [[Ground (electricity)|return path]] for the current. DC power was supplied by [[mercury-arc rectifier]] [[Transformer|(converter) stations]], located throughout the city.

==Workshops, Depots and termini==

=== Workshop ===

Kolkata Tram system has a central workshop at [[Nonapukur]], Kolkata, referred to as [[Nonapukur Workshop]], which makes tram components and assemble, repair, service, refurbrish trams. The workshop can also produce brand new trams.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=বসুমল্লিক|first=গৌতম|date=2020-07-10|title=আত্মনির্ভর ট্রাম, বিজলি পথের গল্প|url=http://www.eisamaygold.com/culture/story-of-heritage-place-in-kolkata-with-nonapukur-tram-depot/story/76871641.cms|access-date=2020-07-28|website=EiSamay Gold|language=bn}}</ref>

=== Tram Depots ===

* [[Kalighat]] – 1881 to 2019 = 138 years, now abandoned. (Route 30, 31, 24/30, 30/36)
* [[Khidirpur]] – 1883 to 2020 = 137 years, now a bus depot. (Route 36, 29/36, 30/36)
* [[Belgachhia]] – 1903 to 2019 = 116 years, now a bus depot. (Route 1, 2, 3, 4, 11)
* [[Tollygunge]] – 1903 to 2024 = 121 years, now a bus depot. (Route 29, 32, 29/36, 24/29)
* [[Pilkhana, West Bengal|Ghasbagan]] – 1908 to 1971 = 63 years, now a bus depot. (Route 41, 42)
* [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] – 1910 to 2021 = 110 years, now a bus depot. (Route 12, 14)
* [[Park Circus]] – 1925 to 2016 = 91 years, now a bus depot. (Route 20, 21, 22)
* [[Gariahat Road|Gariahat]] – 1943 to still running, also an electric bus depot. (Route 25)

=== Terminus ===

* [[Dalhousie Square]] – 1881 to 2017 = 136 years, suspended as tram terminus. (Route 2, 4, 6, 8, 13, 14, 16, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30)
* [[Sealdah Station]] – 1881 to 1981 = 100 years, now a parking lot. (Route 14)
* [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] – 1881 to present, now tram & bus terminus. (Route 5 and 25)
* [[Calcutta High Court|High Court]] – 1882 to 1995 = 91 years, now annex building of high court. (Route 14, 15)
* [[Nimtala]] – 1882 to 1973 = 91 years, now a street. (Route 19)
* [[Shyambazar]] – 1903 to present, tram terminus. (Route 5)
* [[Bagbazar]] – 1904 to 2012 = 108 years, now a godown. (Route 7, 8)
* [[Galiff Street]] – 1908 to 2017 = 109 years, now a street. (Route 8, 12, 13, 50, 12/7)
* [[Howrah Station]] – 1908 to 1994 = 86 years, now a bus terminus. (Route 11, 12A, 18, 20, 21, 26, 28, 30, 32, 40, 41, 42)
* [[Bandhaghat]] – 1908 to 1971 = 63 years, now a street. (Route 41, 42)
* [[Shibpur]] – 1908 to 1971 = 63 years, now a street. (Route 40)
* [[Behala]] – 1908 to 2011 = 103 years, now a street. (Route 27, 35)
* [[Kolkata Race Course|Racecourse]] – 1927 to 1976 = 49 years, now a street.
* [[Ballygunge]] – 1928 to 2024 = 96 years, now abandoned. (Route 24, 25, 26, 27, 24/29)
* [[Planetarium]] – 1979 to 1992 = 13 years, now a park. (Route 12A)
* [[Ultadanga]] – 1985 to 2020 = 35 years, now abandoned. (Route 16, 17, 18)
* [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]] – 1986 to 2011 = 25 years, now a bus terminus. (Route 37)

== {{anchor|Operating}}Routes ==

===Active Routes===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align=center
! width="10%"|Route No.
! width="20%"|Formerly run as
! width="20%"|Currently running as
! width="45%"|Destination via
! width="10%"|Total km
|-
| '''5''' || colspan="2" |[[Shyambazar]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] || Darpan Cinema, Town School, [[Hatibagan]], Rupbani Cinema, [[Khudiram Bose Central College|Khudiram College]], [[Scottish Church College|Scottish College]], Hedua Park, [[Vivekananda Road]], Sreemani Bazar, [[Vidyasagar College]], [[Thanthania Kalibari]], Bata More, [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]], [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]], [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]], [[Bowbazar]], Hind Cinema, Wellington Crossing, [[Janbazar]], [[Chandni Chowk (Kolkata)|Chandni Chowk]] || 5 Km
|-
| '''25''' || [[Ballygunge]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] || [[Gariahat]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] || [[Ballygunge]] Phari, [[Birla Mandir, Kolkata|Birla Mandir]], [[Gurusaday Dutt Road|Gurusaday Road]], Ice Skating Rink, Beck Bagan, Zeeshan, [[Park Circus]] 7 Point, Jannagar Road, Mullick Bazar, Nonapukur, Elliot Road, Royd Street, Bata, Ripon Street, [[Wellesley Gol Talab|Gol Talab]], Muslim Institute, Maulana Azad College, Wellington Crossing, [[Janbazar]], [[Chandni Chowk (Kolkata)|Chandni Chowk]] || 9 Km
|}

=== Defunct Routes ===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align=center
! Route No.<ref name="routes">{{cite web |title=The Tram Routes of Kolkata |url=https://ctua.in/the-tram-routes-in-kolkata/ |website=ctua.in |publisher=CTUA |access-date=27 January 2023 }}3.4 km</ref>
! Formerly run as
! Last run as
! Destination via<ref name="route map">{{cite web |title=Calcutta Tramways Route maps |url=https://ctua.in/route-maps/ |website=ctua.in |publisher=CTUA |access-date=27 January 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| '''1''' || colspan="2" |[[Belgachia]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] || College Street
|-
| '''2''' || colspan="2" |[[Belgachia]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] || College Street
|-
| '''3''' || colspan="2" |[[Belgachia]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] || Rabindra Sarani
|-
| '''4''' || colspan="2" |[[Belgachia]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] || Rabindra Sarani
|-
| '''6''' || colspan="2" |[[Shyambazar]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] || College Street
|-
| '''7''' || colspan="2" |[[Bagbazar]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] ||
|-
| '''8''' || [[Bagbazar]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] || Gallif Street – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] ||
|-
| '''9''' || colspan="2" | [[Shyambazar]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] || Rabindra Sarani
|-
| '''10''' || colspan="2" | [[Shyambazar]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] || Rabindra Sarani
|-
| '''11''' || [[Belgachhia]] – [[Howrah Station]] || [[Shyambazar]] - [[Howrah Bridge]] || College Street
|-
| '''12''' || [[Galiff Street]] – [[Howrah Station]] || [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] || Esplanade
|-
| '''13''' || [[Galiff Street]] – [[Howrah Station]] || Gallif Street – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] || Bepin Bihari Ganguly Street
|-
| '''14''' || [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] – [[Calcutta High Court|High Court]] || [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] ||
|-
| '''15''' || colspan="2" |[[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] – [[Calcutta High Court|High Court]] || Sealdah, Rajiv Gandhi Sarani
|-
| '''16''' || colspan="2" |[[Bidhannagar Road]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] ||
|-
| '''17''' || colspan="2" |[[Bidhannagar Road]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] ||
|-
| '''18''' || colspan="2" |[[Bidhannagar Road]] – [[Howrah Bridge]] ||
|-
| '''19''' || colspan="2" |[[Nimtala]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] ||
|-
| '''20''' || [[Park Circus]] – [[Howrah Station]] || [[Park Circus]] – [[Howrah Bridge]] || Sealdah
|-
| '''21''' || [[Park Circus]] – [[Howrah Station]] || [[Park Circus]] – [[Howrah Bridge]] || Esplanade
|-
| '''22''' || colspan="2" | [[Park Circus]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] ||
|-
| '''24''' || [[Ballygunge]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] || [[Ballygunge]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] || Kalighat
|-
| '''26''' || [[Ballygunge]] – [[Howrah Station]] || [[Gariahat Road|Gariahat]] – [[Howrah Bridge]] || Sealdah
|-
| '''27''' || colspan="2" | [[Behala]] – [[Ballygunge]] ||
|-
| '''29''' || [[Tollygunge]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] || [[Tollygunge]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] ||
|-
| '''30''' || [[Kalighat]] – [[Howrah Station]] || [[Kalighat]] – [[Howrah Bridge]] || Jawahar Lal Nehru Road
|-
| '''31''' || colspan="2" | [[Kalighat]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] || Mominpur
|-
| '''32''' || [[Tollygunge]] – [[Howrah Station]] || [[Tollygunge]] – [[Howrah Bridge]] || Rajiv Gandhi Sarani
|-
| '''35''' || colspan="2" | [[Behala]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] /[[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] ||
|-
| '''36''' || colspan="2" | [[Kidderpore]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] ||
|-
| '''37''' || colspan="2" | [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] /[[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] ||
|-
| '''40''' || colspan="2" | [[Howrah Station]] – [[Shibpur]] ||
|-
| '''41''' || colspan="2" | [[Howrah Station]] – Bandhaghat || Grand Trunk Road
|-
| '''42''' || colspan="2" | [[Howrah Station]] – Bandhaghat || Salkia School Road
|-
| '''50''' || colspan="2" | [[Galiff Street]] – [[Tollygunge]] || [[Sealdah]], [[Gariahat]]
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align=center
! Route No.<ref name="routes"/>
! Description
! Destination via<ref name="route map"/>
|-
| '''1/11''' || [[Belgachia]] – [[Howrah Station]] || Acharya Praphulla Chandra Ray Road
|-
| '''1/12''' || [[Belgachia]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] || Acharya Praphulla Chandra Ray Road
|-
| '''1/13''' || [[Belgachia]] - [[B. B. D. Bagh]] || Esplanade
|-
| '''1/17''' || [[Belgachia]] – [[Bidhannagar]] ||
|-
| '''1/20''' ||[[Belgachia]] – [[Park Circus]] || Acharya Praphulla Chandra Ray Road
|-
| '''1/37''' || [[Belgachia]] – [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]] ||
|-
| '''2/13''' || [[Belgachia]] – [[B. B. D. Bagh]] || Acharya Praphulla Chandra Ray Road
|-
| '''8/36''' || [[Bagbazar]] – [[Kidderpore]] ||
|-
| '''12A''' || [[Birla Planetarium, Kolkata|Planetarium]] – [[Howrah Station]] ||
|-
| '''12B''' || [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] – [[Howrah Station]] || Esplanade, B. B. D. Bagh
|-
| '''12/7''' || [[Galiff Street]] – [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] || [[B. B. D. Bagh]]
|-
| '''12/20''' || [[Galiff Street]] – [[Park Circus]] ||
|-
| '''12/26''' || [[Galiff Street]] – [[Ballygunge]] ||
|-
| '''12/32''' || [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] – [[Howrah Station]] || Esplanade, Bentinck Street
|-
| '''12A/32''' || [[Birla Planetarium, Kolkata|Planetarium]] – [[Howrah Station]] || Esplanade, Bentinck Street
|-
| '''12/36''' || [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] – [[Kidderpore]] ||
|-
| '''15/20''' || [[Calcutta High Court|High Court]] – [[Howrah Station]] || Sealdah
|-
| '''17/20''' || [[Bidhannagar]] – [[Park Circus]] ||
|-
| '''17/26''' || [[Bidhannagar]] – [[Ballygunge]] ||
|-
| '''19/15''' || [[Nimtala]] – [[Calcutta High Court|High Court]] ||
|-
|-
| '''24/29''' || [[Tollygunge]] – [[Ballygunge]] ||
|-
| '''24/30''' || [[Ballygunge]] - [[Kalighat]] ||
|-
| '''24/37''' || [[Ballygunge]] – [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]] ||
|-
| '''29/37''' || [[Tollygunge]] – [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]] ||
|-
| '''30/36''' || [[Kalighat]] – [[Kidderpore]] ||
|-
| '''35A''' || [[Behala]] – [[Howrah Station]] ||
|-
| '''36/24''' || [[Kidderpore]] – [[Ballygunge]] ||
|-
| '''36/29''' || [[Kidderpore]] – [[Tollygunge]] ||
|-
| '''37/35''' || [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]] – [[Behala]] ||
|}
{{col-end}}

== Accidents ==

# On 14 October 1954, [[Bengali literature|Bengali poet]] [[Jibanananda Das]] got hit by a [[tramcar]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jibanananda Das |last=Salekeen |first=Seraj |publisher=Kathaprokash |year=2018 |series=Jibani Granthamal [Biography Series] |location=Dhaka |pages=80 |script-title=bn:জীবনানন্দ দাশ |language=bn}}</ref> He died eight days after; as a result of being involved in that accident. Witnesses had later recounted that the tramcar had blown its whistle, but Das did not stop, and got struck. Some have also speculated the accident was suicide.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |title=Jibanananda Daser Prakashita-Aprakashita KabitaSamagra |date=1998 |publisher=Abasar |isbn=984-446-008-5 |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Abdul Mannan |editor1-link=Abdul Mannan Syed |location=Dhaka |page=618 |language=bn |chapter=Parishishta}}</ref>
# On 3 December 2012, a seven-year-old was killed by a tram entering the Ultadanga depot. The boy was reportedly playing near the tracks when the tram approached and it struck him, before the brakes could be fully applied.<ref name="Tram runs over 7-year-old">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Tram-runs-over-7-year-old/articleshow/17459091.cms|work=The Times of India|title=Tram runs over 7-year-old|date=3 December 2012}}</ref>
# A bus driver attempted to overtake a tram on 31 January 2013. The rear of the bus grazed the tram, amputating a bus passenger's arm. The man was rushed to the hospital for his arm to be reattached.<ref name="Passenger's arm ripped off as bus races tram in Kolkata">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Passengers-arm-ripped-off-as-bus-races-tram-in-Kolkata/articleshow/18265185.cms|work=The Times of India|title='Passenger's arm ripped off as bus races tram in Kolkata|date=31 January 2013}}</ref>
# On 19 June 2014, a driverless tram struck 10 cars. No fatalities or injuries were reported.<ref name="'Ghost tram' rams into 10 cars in Kolkata">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Ghost-tram-rams-into-10-cars-in-Kolkata/articleshow/36849313.cms|work=The Times of India|title='Ghost tram' rams into 10 cars in Kolkata|date=20 June 2014}}</ref>

== Present-day advocacy and awareness ==
[[Calcutta Tram Users Association]] (CTUA) is an apolitical organization created in December 2016 and registered under the Society Act, formed by tramway users and advocating for the tramways of Kolkata since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/calcutta-high-court/calcutta-high-court-tram-services-modernisation-restoration-public-private-partnership-model-high-court-directs-state-244245|title=High Court Urges State Govt To Consider Modernising & Restoring Tram Services In Kolkata Through Public-Private Partnership Model|first=Srinjoy|last=Das|date=11 December 2023|website=www.livelaw.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ctua-demands-restoration-of-kidderpore-and-sealdah-tram-routes/articleshow/112027090.cms|title='Restore Kidderpore, Sealdah tram routes'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 July 2024}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Several movies have been shot on the Kolkata tram network and in its depots:<ref name=":0" />

* [[Howrah Bridge (1958 film)|Howrah Bridge]]
*[[Bari Theke Paliye|Bari theke Paliye]]
*[[The World of Apu]]
*[[Mahanagar]]
*[[Interview (1971 film)|Interview]]
*[[Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi]]
*[[City of Joy (1992 film)|City of Joy]]
*[[Char Adhyay]]
*[[Calcutta Mail]]
*[[Hey Ram (2000 film)|Hey Ram]]
*[[Yuva]]
*[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]
*''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]''
*[[Shukno Lanka|Sukno Lanka]]
*''[[Kahaani]]''
*[[Barfi!|Barfi]]
*[[Open Tee Bioscope]]
*''[[Piku]]''
*[[Bullett Raja|Bullet Raja]]
*''[[Jay Jay]]''
*''[[Parineeta (2019 film)|Parineeta]]''
*''[[Detective Byomkesh Bakshy]]''
*[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]
*[[Raavan (2022 film)|Raavan]]
*[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]
*[[Natasaarvabhowma]]
*Chaalchitra
*Chaalchitra Ekhon
*[[Oti Uttam]]

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Trams in India]]
* [[Kolkata Metro]]
* [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
* [[Kolkata Circular Railway]]
* [[List of tram and light rail transit systems]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Niyogi, S. ''Shake, rattle & roll''. The Sunday Story, Sunday [[Times of India]], Kolkata, 25 June 2006. Available on [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us Times of India e-paper] (paid subscription required {{as of|2010|lc=y}}).
* [https://www.ctua.in Calcutta Tram Users Association (CTUA)]
* Pathak Pratap Shankar, The Sunday Story, Sunday Times of India, Kolkata
*[http://www.tramjatra.net.au/ Tramjatra]
*[https://universitypress.rmittraining.com/tramjatra-imagining-melbourne-and-kolkata-tramways Tramjatra: imagining Melbourne and Kolkata by tramways Mick Douglas]
* Pramanick, S., Anwaruzzaman, A. K., & Roy, U. (2019). A Profile of Tramways in Kolkata - A Sustainable Urban Public Transport. (A. Sarkar, Ed.) Indian Journal of Spatial Science, 10 (2), 59–64. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336085491_A_Profile_of_Tramways_in_Kolkata_ _A_Sustainable_Urban_Public_Transport)
* {{cite news |author1= |title=India's iconic tramcars set to ride into Kolkata sunset |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgn4mzn224o |access-date=3 October 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2 October 2024}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Trams in Kolkata}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [http://www.calcuttatramways.com/ Official website of Calcutta Tramways Company]
* [http://www.ctua.in/ The Calcutta Tram Users Association (CTUA)]
* [http://urbanrail.net/as/in/kolk/kolkata-tram.htm Urbanrail.net page with schematic map of trams in Kolkata]
* [http://www.tramjatra.net.au/ Melbourne - Calcutta Tramjatra Festival]
* [http://www.tundria.com/trams/IND/Calcutta-1967.shtml Geographical map of trams in Kolkata, both past and latest updates]
* [http://www.shugotram.jp/trampage/tpagein/tpaginkk.html Some great photos of trams in Kolkata]
* [http://www.wbgov.com/E-gov/English/Departments/DeptDetails.asp?DpId=250&LinkId=8&type=1 Department of Transport from the Government of West Bengal website]
* [http://kolkatashining.com/kolkata-tram-line-calcutta-tour/ A little more Information about trams in Kolkata]
{{div col end}}{{West Bengal transit}}{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Trams in India}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Trams in Kolkata| ]]
[[Category:550 V DC railway electrification]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India|Kolkata]]
[[Category:Town tramway systems by city|Kolkata]]
[[Category:Tram transport in India|Kolkata]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kolkata]]

Department of Information and Public Relations (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T14:30:09Z

Rucsy: new

{{Short description|Government agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Information and Public Relations, Jharkhand
| nativename = सूचना एवं जनसम्पर्क विभाग, झारखण्ड
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_width = 170
| seal_caption =
| formed = 2000
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = Suchana Bhawan, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Hemant Soren]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand]]
| chief1_name = Rajeev Lochan Bakshi, IFS
| chief1_position = [[Secretary|Special Secretary]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = {{url|http://prdjharkhand.in/iprd/index.php}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Information and Public Relations''' ('''IPRD''') is a department of [[Government of Jharkhand]] responsible for facilitating communication between the state government and the public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information Public Relations Department |url=http://prdjharkhand.in/iprd/index.php |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=prdjharkhand.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand govt gives nod to restructure Public Relations Deptt surrenders 504 posts |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/06/04/cal21-jh-cabinet.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> Established in 2000 following the creation of [[Jharkhand]], the department plays a crucial role in disseminating information about government policies, schemes, and developmental activities to the citizens of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information Public Relations Department |url=http://prdjharkhand.in/iprd/index.php |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=prdjharkhand.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-04 |title=Jharkhand launches ambitious policy targeting 1000 startups by 2028 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/jharkhand-launches-ambitious-policy-targeting-1000-startups-by-2028-1503394354.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2024-12-05 |title=Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren expands Cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/jharkhand-cm-hemant-soren-expands-cabinet-six-jmm-four-congress-and-one-rjd-ministers-sworn-in/article68950031.ece |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-07-19 |title=Waive ₹13,300 cr. dues for CRPF deployment for anti-Maoist operations in Jharkhand: Soren to Shah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/waive-13300-cr-dues-for-crpf-deployment-for-anti-maoist-operations-in-jharkhand-soren-to-shah/article69830534.ece |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> IPRD also provides accreditition to journalists and press media in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPRD provides accreditition to 43 journalists in Jharkhand - Jharkhand State News |url=https://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/1904/iprd-provides-accreditition-to-43-journalists-in-jharkhand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809213042/https://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/1904/iprd-provides-accreditition-to-43-journalists-in-jharkhand |archive-date=2025-08-09 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=jharkhandstatenews.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

Kuttiattoor Mango

2026-03-22T08:10:46Z

Rucsy:

{{Short description|Mango cultivar from Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = ''Mangifera'' 'Kuttiattoor'
| image = Kuttiattoor mango from Kuttiattor village.jpg
| image_caption =
| genus = ''[[Mangifera]]''
| species = ''[[Mangifera indica]]''
| cultivar = 'Kuttiattoor'
| origin = [[India]]
}}
The ''''Kuttiattoor' mango''' or Kuttiattoor Manga, is a [[mango]] [[cultivar]] primarily grown in the village of [[Kuttiattoor]], [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Saraswathy |title=The sweet taste of brand Kuttiattoor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/kuttiattoor-mango-from-kerala-gets-gi-tag-native-mangoes-get-a-boost/article65453357.ece |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=2 June 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> 'Nambiar maanga', 'Kannapuram maanga', 'Kunjimangalam manga' and 'Vadakkumbhagam manga,' are the variations of the same name.

==Name==
The Kuttiattoor mango goes by two names: Nambiar mango for insiders and Kuttiattoor mango for outsiders.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will a mango by any other name taste as sweet? |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/will-a-mango-by-any-other-name-taste-as-sweet/article7426005.ece#:~:text=Locals%20call%20it%20the%20'Nambiar,a%20sizeable%20presence%20in%20Kuttiattoor. |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=BusinessLine |date=15 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=John |first1=Haritha |title=The curious fight over "upper-caste" mangoes in a Kerala village |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/curious-fight-over-upper-caste-mangoes-kerala-village-30450 |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=The News Minute |date=7 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

===Mythology===
Local villagers cite the tale of some Nambiar who supplied this mango from Kuttiattoor to irikoor town. Thus villagers adopting the name "Nambiar mango".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Minute |first1=The News |title=Fight in Kerala Village Over 'Caste' Mangoes |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/keralas-caste-mangoes |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=TheQuint |date=7 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

==Description==
Its orange-yellow color and superior taste, makes the Kuttiattoor mango a favorite. Its ripened skin remains speckle-free, enhancing its visual appeal.<ref>{{cite news |title=GI tag for Kerala's Kuttiattoor mango & Edayur chilli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/gi-tag-for-keralas-kuttiattoor-mango-edayur-chilli/articleshow/86905783.cms |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=10 October 2021}}</ref> The mango variety is fleshy and juicy with high fiber content. Notably, local vendors ripen the mangoes without using chemicals or preservatives, instead relying on traditional methods using hay and leaves of the ''[[Strychnos nux-vomica]]'' (Kaanjiram) tree.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Trivia==
An surprising development has driven up the cost of Kuttiattoor mango leaves, exceeding that of the fruit, following a Kasaragod-based company's move to harness their natural properties for tooth powder production.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kuttiattoor mangoes: Fruits with a royal lineage, ripened with hay and 'kaanjiram' leaves |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2023/05/09/kuttiattoor-mango-ripen-hay-kaanjiram-kannur.html |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=Onmanorama}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 14 September 2021 (valid until 3 September 2029).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Piyali |title=10 Indian Mangoes With GI Tags |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/explore/food-and-drink/10-indian-mangoes-with-gi-tags |website=Outlook Traveller |access-date=6 October 2024 |language=en |date=2 June 2023}}</ref>

State Agriculture department represented by Agricultural officer Sri Adarsh K K and Kuttiattoor Mango Producer Company Limited from Kuttiattoor village proposed the GI registration of the Kuttiattoor mango. After filing the application in 2020, the fruit was granted the GI tag in 2021 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Kuttiattoor" exclusive to the mangoes grown in the region. It thus became the first mango variety from Kerala to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |title=This Kerala Mango Variety First From The State To Get GI Tag |url=https://www.news18.com/india/this-kerala-mango-variety-first-from-the-state-to-get-gi-tag-8911895.html |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=News18 |date=31 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/660 |website=Official website of Intellectual Property India |access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of mango cultivars]]
* [[List of Geographical Indications in India]]
* [[Edayur chilli]]
* [[Central Travancore jaggery]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mangoes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuttiattoor (Mango)}}
[[Category:Mango cultivars]]
[[Category:Mango cultivars of India]]
[[Category:GI-Tagged Mangoes of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Kerala]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Kerala]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Kerala]]

Manek Premchand

2026-03-21T19:02:44Z

Rucsy: brief fix page per sources and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian writer and historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Manek Premchand
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Manek-Premchand.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|historian}}
| language =
| education = [[University of Mumbai]]
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
| portaldisp = 
}}
'''Manek Premchand''' is an Indian writer and historian of film music at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]], Mumbai, who has written several books pertaining to the history of Indian film music and biographies of musicians. He has hosted shows on [[WorldSpace Satellite Radio]] and been a consultant with [[Saregama]].

In 2003 he completed his first book, ''Yesterday's Melodies, Today's Memories''.<ref name="Deepa" /> It was followed by ''Musical Moments from Hindi Films'' (2006). In 2010 he became part of the [[Mohammed Rafi Academy]]'s governing body and two years later produced ''Romancing the Song'' (2012). He contributed an essay on [[Shivkumar Sharma]] in ''Shiv Kumar Sharma: The Man and His Music'' (2014), and released a biography of [[Talat Mahmood]] the following year. In ''Hitting the Right Notes'' (2016) he focuses on songwriters and composers, the difference the music made and the trends they produced. He devoted a chapter to [[Mubarak Begum]] in ''The Hindi Music Jukebox: Exploring Unforgettable Songs'' (2018), and has published a biography of [[Hemant Kumar]] in 2020. This book became the basis of an interactive online show in 2024.<ref>[https://www.nostalgiaana.com/r4-weekend-shows.html "Hemant Kumar online book discussion"]</ref>

==Early life and education==
Manek Premchand spent his early childhood in Delhi as the youngest of six children. He was introduced to music by his mother who used to sing. By the age of ten, he had moved to Mumbai, where he became acquainted with the nearby [[qawwali]] singer [[Jaani Babu Qawwal]], who arranged for him to learn the [[bulbul tarang]].<ref name="Deepa">{{cite news |author=Deepa |title=Manek Premchand – A Beacon For Music Travellers |url=https://thesongpedia.com/manek-premchand-beacon-music-travellers/ |access-date=10 January 2021 |work=TheSongPedia |date=27 January 2017}}</ref> His education has included a diploma in journalism and an arts degree from the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref name="Mondal">{{cite news |last1=Mondal |first1=Antara Nanda |title=The Unforgettable Music of Hemant Kumar: In Conversation With Author Manek Premchand |url=https://learningandcreativity.com/silhouette/manek-premchand-hitting-right-notes/ |access-date=10 January 2021 |work=Silhouette Magazine |date=13 July 2020|issn=2231-699X }}</ref><ref name="Notion">{{cite web |title=Manek Premchand's Author Page – Notion Press |url=https://notionpress.com/author/m_prem_music |website=notionpress.com |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> He received a two-year Senior Fellowship from the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] on the subject The Changing Face of Lyrics in Hindi Cinema.<ref name="Deepa" /><ref name="Mondal" /> Prior to his career in writing he spent many years abroad.<ref name="Mondal"/>
He is married to Lata Jagtiani,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lata Jagtiani, Author at Blue Pencil |url=https://www.bluepencilpublishers.com/author/jagtianilata/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=www.bluepencilpublishers.com}}</ref> a writer and author of several books including ''Sindhi Reflections'' and ''Bhagavad Gita in 365 Days''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deepa |date=2017-03-04 |title=With Passion In Her Pen – Lata Jagtiani |url=https://thesongpedia.com/passion-pen-lata-jagtiani/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=TheSongPedia |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==

Premchand has hosted shows on [[WorldSpace Satellite Radio]] and been a consultant with [[Saregama]], for whom he has compiled CDs.<ref name="Deepa"/><ref name="Blue">{{cite web |title=Our Authors {{!}} Blue Pencil Publishers|url=https://www.bluepencilpublishers.com/authors/ |website=Blue Pencil |date=18 January 2019 |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> He is an adviser to the [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]'s Manipal University Press.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-09-25|title=Interaction with author of 'Talat Mahmood – The Velvet Voice'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/interaction-with-author-of-talat-mahmood-the-velvet-voice/article7687927.ece|access-date=2021-02-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Manipal Film Festival (April 2013), organised by Communication Management Students of Manipal Institute of Communication (MIC) to celebrate 100 Years of Cinema, invited him as a speaker and honored him at the event.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-29|title=Manipal Film Festival celebrates 100 years of Indian Cinema|url=https://themanipaljournal.com/2013/04/29/manipal-film-festival-celebrates-100-years-of-indian-cinema/|access-date=2021-02-14|website=The Manipal Journal|language=en}}</ref> For students at Manipal University, he has lectured on several subjects, especially on The Evolution of Music in Hindi Cinema.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Evolution of Music in Hindi Cinema| date=4 June 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmzEcBDCEgk|language=en|access-date=2021-12-05}}</ref> He hosted a commemoration of 100 Years of Cinema arranged by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans Kala Kendra, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 20, 2013|first=Bella|last=Jaisinghani|title=Free musical event by stalwart artistes Saturday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/free-musical-event-by-stalwart-artistes-saturday/articleshow/18586593.cms|access-date=2021-02-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He did a video presentation as a salute to the city of [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]) for [[The Asiatic Society of Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yeh Hai Bambai Meri Jaan – Bombay in Bollywood songs|url=https://asiaticsociety.org.in/index.php/29-programmes-and-event/60-yeh-hai-bambai-meri-jaan-bombay-in-bollywood-songs|access-date=2021-02-21|website=asiaticsociety.org.in}}</ref> Among the film and music related events he has anchored was an event to honor stars of yesteryear [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Waheeda Rehman]] and [[Vyjayanthimala]], reported in [[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-06-20|title=Phir Wahi Shaam - A Nostalgic Journey|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/iphir-wahi-shaami-a-nostalgic-journey/107137/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> He has hosted an evening to celebrate yesteryear's playback singer [[Sudha Malhotra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=bhavans.info|url=https://www.bhavans.info/news/show_ho_news.asp?nid=1856|access-date=2021-04-08|website=www.bhavans.info}}</ref> He was the Guest of Honor to celebrate the music of composers [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

He served as a Jury Member for the Bengaluru Film Festival in March 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=13th Bengaluru International Film Festival- Official Catalogue |url=http://online.anyflip.com/gysuz/ylct/mobile/index.html |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=anyflip}}</ref> and was presented a memento by the Governor of [[Karnataka]] for the same.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mr.Manek Premchand receiving a memento during 13th Bangalore International Film Festival 2022 | date=13 March 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_8JFDupjyc |language=en |access-date=2023-02-21}}</ref> He was invited as a speaker to the Mangalore Litfest in January 2024, where his recent book was also released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speakers |url=https://mlrlitfest.org/speakers |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Mangaluru |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Event Schedule 2024 |url=https://mlrlitfest.org/event-schedule-2024 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Mangaluru |language=en-US}}</ref>

Manek Premchand teaches broadcasting to post-graduate students at Xavier Institute of Communications, a part of [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]], Mumbai, where he is a historian of film music.<ref name="Blue" /><ref>{{cite web |title=The Faculty {{!}} Mass Media Courses – Mass Communication, Journalism, Advertising and Marketing, Diploma Courses and Certificate Courses by Xavier Institute of Communications (XIC). |url=https://www.xaviercomm.org/about-xaviercomm/faculty.htm |website=www.xaviercomm.org |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> For his Mass Communications students, in July 2022, he conducted a field trip showing where the first cinema was shown in India, as also from where the first radio signals were sent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manek Premchand takes the Journalism students on an insightful and informative Heritage Walk |url=https://www.xaviercomm.org/events/manek-premchand-takes-the-journalism-students-on-an-insightful-and-informative-heritage-walk |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.xaviercomm.org}}</ref> In October 2022, Premchand was felicitated for his work in writing on Hindi cinema by FLO, the ladies wing of [[FICCI]] (Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrates 20 years |url=https://www.ficciflo.com/events/celebrates-20-years/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=FICCI FLO |language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 2023, he presented an audiovisual of songs based on the streets of Mumbai in a program called "Zara Hatke Zara Bachke" for the [[Asiatic Society of Mumbai Town Hall|Asiatic Society of Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jashn3 |url=https://asiaticsociety.org.in/index.php/21-activities/328-jashn3 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=asiaticsociety.org.in}}</ref> He presented a Masterclass at the Paridrishya Short Film festival in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] in February 2023:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paridrishya - Short Film Festival |url=https://paridrishyafilmfest.com/masterclasses |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Paridrishya - Short Film Festival |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paridrishya - Short Film Festival |url=https://paridrishyafilmfest.com/schedule |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Paridrishya - Short Film Festival |language=en-IN}}</ref> In February 2023 he curated a film music event on the theme of Unity in Diversity sponsored by [[Infosys|Infosys Foundation]] and hosted by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Kala Kendra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural Festival on Unity in Diversity - A Nine-day Cultural Programme, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai, 19 February 2023 |url=https://stayhappening.com/e/cultural-festival-on-unity-in-diversity-a-nine-day-cultural-programme-E2ISVABY6KJ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=stayhappening.com |language=en}}</ref> More recently, in the summer of 2023, he did video presentations on singer [[Mohammed Rafi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Mohammed Rafi |url=http://www.janmabhoominewspapers.com |website=www. janmabhoominewspapers.com}}</ref> and hero-turned-villain, actor [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Geet Sangeet |url=http://www.janmabhoominewspapers.com |website=www. janmabhoominewspapers.com}}</ref> also for the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Kala Kendra, Mumbai. He curated and presented a talk and audiovisual on qawwalis down the years, also for Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Kala Kendra in October 2023, and on Poet and Lyricist Shailendra for the [[Asiatic Society of Mumbai]], in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=he Mumbai Research Centre of the Asiatic Society of Mumbai has organised the following programmes |url=https://www.asiaticsociety.org.in/index.php/21-activities/374-he-mumbai-research-centre-of-the-asiatic-society-of-mumbai-has-organised-the-following-programmes |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=www.asiaticsociety.org.in}}</ref>

Recently Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Kala Kendra, Mumbai, organized a special audio-visual show with Cine Society, as homage to legendary radio host [[Ameen Sayani]] after the latter died. The show was curated and presented by Manek Premchand and titled Celebrating Ameen Sayani, The Voice of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Ameen Sayani The Voice of India |url=https://epaper.janmabhoominewspapers.com/view/previous/29-04-2024/1 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=epaper.janmabhoominewspapers.com}}</ref>

As Guest of Honour at the Paridrushya Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |last=Author |date=2025-01-31 |title=Events tomorrow - feb. 1: Mysuru Cinema Society (MCS) and Bharatiya Chitra Sadhna |url=https://starofmysore.com/events-tomorrow-feb-1-mysuru-cinema-society-mcs-and-bharatiya-chitra-sadhna/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref> in Mysuru on Feb 1, 2025, Premchand gave a [[Master class|Masterclass]] on cinematographer [[V. K. Murthy|V K Murthy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Paridrushya': International festival of short films, documentaries to be held in Mysuru on Feb 1, 2 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/paridrushya-international-festival-of-short-films-documentaries-to-be-held-in-mysuru-on-feb-1-2-3375594 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In February 2025, he also gave a Masterclass on The Journey of Music in Indian Cinema for Mysuru Cinema Society.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Cine Mastery - Mysuru Cinema Society |url=https://mysurucinemasociety.com/workshop-masterclass/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Premchand was one of the presenters at the 3-day India Music Retreat, organised by Muse Music, along with [[Ustad Shujaat Khan]], [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]], Brian Silas, Sandeep Narayan, [[Wasifuddin Dagar]], and others in Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India Music Retreat|url=https://musemusic.in/india-music-retreat/|website=Muse Music|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>

===Writing===
[[File:Book Release – Musical Moments From Hindi Films.jpg|thumb|Book Release – Musical Moments From Hindi Films. L- R : Jagjit Kaur, Khayyam, Hema Malini, L K Advani, Manek Premchand and Ameen Sayani]]
Among the publications he wrote for were ''[[Hindustan Times]]'',<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2014-08-03|title=The other Kishore Kumar, surrounded by sadness|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/the-other-kishore-kumar-surrounded-by-sadness/story-fmiot0dbMgB1ZT9d3lLr5M.html|access-date=2021-02-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'',<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=June 23, 2013|title=Meeting Dilip Saab|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/leisure/meeting-dilip-saab/articleshow/20722082.cms|access-date=2021-02-15|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Deccan Herald]]''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2010-07-03|title=Memories of another day...|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/79048/memories-another-day.html|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> He had a weekly column with DNA Jaipur<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaipur|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/topic/jaipur|access-date=2021-12-05|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> to which he contributed film and music related articles. Among his essays is one about the contribution of [[Parsis]] in Hindi cinema,<ref>{{Cite web|last1=arZan|last2=arZan|title=Music and Bollywood: The Parsi Way!|url=https://parsikhabar.net/music/music-and-bollywood-the-parsi-way/6472/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Parsi Khabar|date=13 June 2013 |language=en-US}}</ref> and an article on [[Dilip Kumar]]<ref name="MUSICAL GEMS – IPRS">{{Cite web|title=MUSICAL GEMS – IPRS|url=https://iprs.org/musical-gems/|access-date=2021-12-05|website=iprs.org}}</ref> with a focus on his musical prowess and abilities for The Indian Performing Right Society Limited (IPRS).<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPRS – The Indian Performing Right Society Limited|url=https://iprs.org/|access-date=2021-12-05|website=iprs.org}}</ref> His writings have been cited by many authors. Recently, an article for [[The Indian Express]] quotes from his book on Majrooh Sultanpuri<ref name=":13" /> while reporting Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]'s remarks about curtailing the freedom of artists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indian Express |date=18 December 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/nirmala-sitharaman-nehru-majrooh-balraj-arrest-story-9730154/}}</ref> Jason Beaster Jones quotes him more than once in his book;<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://nibmehub.com/opac-service/pdf/read/Bollywood%20Sounds%20_%20the%20cosmopolitan%20mediations%20of%20hindi%20film%20song.pdf |title=Bollywood Sounds - The Cosmopolitan Mediations of Hindi Film Song}}</ref> Rachel Dwyer uses Premchand's book on Hemant Kumar to talk about Hemant Kumar's love for [[Rabindra Sangeet]] in her published article,<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aa jaa re pardesi': why I am haunted by Hindi film songs |url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2021/741/741_rachel_dwyer.htm}}</ref> and Shikha Jhingan's paper on classical ragas in film songs<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/64106/1/FEM%202015%2040IR.pdf |title=Harmonic Progressions of Hindi Film Songs Based on North Indian Ragas}}</ref> refers to his book ''Yesterday's Melodies Today's Memories''.

Premchand began writing his first book, ''Yesterday's Melodies, Today's Memories'', in January 1997, with the aim of giving songwriters, lyricists and singers of what he calls "the golden era of Hindi film music", credit.<ref name="Deepa"/><ref name="Mondal" /> It took almost seven years to complete and was released in 2003.<ref name="Deepa"/> In his research he interviewed several people including singer [[Manna Dey]], poet [[Majrooh]] and lyricist and composer [[Prem Dhawan]].<ref name="Deepa"/> He estimated that 4,334 Hindi films made between 1930 and 1970 depicted around 36,000 songs.<ref name=Bhugra>{{Cite book|last=Bhugra|first=Dinesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXm0AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT69|title=Mad Tales from Bollywood: Portrayal of Mental Illness in Conventional Hindi Cinema|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-84169-646-1|location=Hove|page=69|language=en|issn=0076-5465}}</ref> The book was described as having "excellent short sketches of the major composers, singers, lyricists, and arrangers" in ''Global'' ''Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance.''<ref name="Gopal2008">{{cite book |last1=Gopal |first1=Sangita |last2=Moorti |first2=Sujata |title=Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance |date=2008 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-4578-7 |page=57 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C&pg=PA57|language=en |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> In 2018, the book saw its third reprint with enhanced content.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Yesterday's Melodies Today's Memories|publisher=Notion Press|year=2018|isbn=9781644298763}}</ref> While Gregory D Booth, the author of ''Behind the Curtain: Making Music in Mumbai's Film Studios'' (Oxford University Press, 2009),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Z-Library single sign on |url=https://1lib.domains/?redirectUrl=/book/904613/7e75be&dsource=recommend |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=1lib.domains}}</ref> mentions Premchand's book several times in his own book, it has also been cited as a reference point for Booth's book.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-13 |title=Six songs and three dances |url=https://www.himalmag.com/six-songs-and-three-dances-behind-the-curtain-by-gregory-d-booth/ |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was followed by ''Musical Moments from Hindi Films'' (2006), released by [[Hema Malini]].<ref name="Deepa" /><ref name="Mondal" />

In 2010 [[Mohammed Rafi]]'s son Shahid Rafi launched the [[Mohammed Rafi Academy]] with Premchand as part of the academy's governing body.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohd Rafi's Son to Launch Music Academy in Father's Honour |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=82205 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> Two years later Premchand produced ''Romancing the Song'' (2012),<ref name="Mondal"/> a large book that plots the journey of lyrics over 80 years of cinema, in which he clarifies who really was the male voice in ''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet's]]'' "Dheere dheere aa".<ref name="Deepa"/><ref name="Mondal"/> He wrote a third of the 2014 book ''Shiv Kumar Sharma: The Man and His Music'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Musical Journey|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/oct/15/a-musical-journey-671750.html|access-date=2021-02-17|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 October 2014 }}</ref> a biography of [[Shivkumar Sharma]], alongside a piece by Pandit [[Vijay Kichlu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Immerse yourself in melody, books this World Music Day |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/immerse-melody-books-world-music-day-1502901737.html |access-date=10 January 2021 |work=The Statesman |date=20 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|title=MUP to hold author meets readers interaction at MIT on September 26 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/mup-to-hold-author-meets-readers-interaction-at-mit-on-september-26/articleshow/49092030.cms|access-date=2021-02-27|website=The Times of India|date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

In 2015, he released a biography of [[Talat Mahmood]],<ref name=":3" /> published by Manipal University. It contains chapters written by Mahmood's daughter Sabina Talat Mahmood Rana, and son Khalid Talat Mahmood.<ref name="Zaman">{{cite news |last1=Zaman |first1=Sahar |title=In fond remembrance of the ghazal's 'velvet voice' |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/bookbeat/in-fond-remembrance-of-the-ghazals-velvet-voice |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=www.sunday-guardian.com}}</ref> Mahmood was a favourite of his and his mother and he stated in an interview that "my book on him was a way of saying 'Thanks Talatji, for the hundreds of hours you gave me joy{{nbsp}}...and sometimes tears'."<ref name="Deepa"/> The following year he produced ''Hitting the Right Notes'' (2016), which reveals who blew the whistle in ''[[Kati Patang]]'''s "Ye shaam mastani".<ref name="Deepa"/> The book focusses on songwriters and composers, the difference the music made and the trends they produced.<ref name="Mondal"/>

His 2018 ''The Hindi Music Jukebox: Exploring Unforgettable Songs'' devotes one chapter to [[Mubarak Begum]].<ref name="Ojha">{{cite news |last1=Ojha |first1=Abhilasha |title=Mubarak Begum: Bollywood music's shooting star |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2020/07/26/mubarak-begum-bollywood-musics-shooting-star.html |access-date=12 January 2021 |work=The Week |date=26 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Austin |first=Granville |date=2024-07-18 |title=Singer Mubarak Begum went from poverty to Bollywood & Lollywood. Then her 'wings were cut' |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/singer-mubarak-begum-went-from-poverty-to-bollywood-lollywood-then-her-wings-were-cut/2179148/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, he released the biography of [[Hemant Kumar]] in a book titled ''The Unforgettable Music of Hemant Kumar''.<ref name="Mondal"/> [[Gulzar]] has written the Foreword for two of Manek Premchand's books – ''Romancing the Song'' (2012) and ''The Unforgettable Music of Hemant Kumar'' (2020).<ref name="Mondal"/> In his foreword to Premchand's book ''Romancing the Song'', [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award|Dadasaheb Phalke]] award winner, filmmaker-lyricist [[Gulzar]] has compared the work with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s [[The Discovery of India|''The'' ''Discovery of India'']]. For his book ''The Unforgettable Music of Hemant Kumar'', santoor maestro [[Padma Vibhushan]] awardee Pt [[Shivkumar Sharma|Shiv Kumar Sharma]] has called Manek Premchand the [[Premchand|Munshi Premchand]] of Hindi cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|title=E-Paper - Mid Day|url=https://epaper.mid-day.com/?Isout=1|access-date=2021-05-11|website=epaper.mid-day.com}}</ref>

His book ''Majrooh Sultanpuri: The Poet for all Reasons''<ref name=":12" /> on the work of the [[Majrooh Sultanpuri|Hindi film lyricist and poet]], was published in December 2021. When asked why the word Reasons instead of the generally used Seasons, the author said, "While there are only 4 seasons, there can be far many more reasons. A poet for happiness and misery, but also for hope and despair, spirituality and love, dignity and doom, the whole range of human emotions. Majrooh offers us nuances of all these and more. I felt Reasons was more apt here."<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|first4=|last5=|last6=|first6=|last7=|first7=|date=2022-01-21|title=Majrooh Sultanpuri: The Poet For All Reasons — 'I Would Rate It As My Best Work,' Says Manek Premchand|url=https://learningandcreativity.com/silhouette/majrooh-sultanpuri-the-poet-for-all-reasons-manek-premchand-interview/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=Silhouette Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> The book offers clarity on the often misunderstood poetic forms of the ghazal, rubai and nazm. "There are detailed chapters on ''ghazals'' and ''nazms'' (in both of which Premchand does an excellent job of explaining the technicalities around these two forms of Urdu poetry.)"<ref>{{Cite web |last=dustedoff |date=2022-03-02 |title=Book Review: Manek Premchand's 'Majrooh Sultanpuri: The Poet for All Reasons' |url=https://madhulikaliddle.com/2022/03/02/book-review-manek-premchands-majrooh-sultanpuri-the-poet-for-all-reasons/ |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Dustedoff |language=en}}</ref> A review of the book: "...the meat of the book for those who love the world of words, is dissection, interpretation of the poetry, imagery, detailed description with reference to the scene of the film, for hundreds of songs in a number of chapters on different themes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-24 |title=Book Review: "Majrooh Sultanpuri: The Poet For All Reasons" {{!}} Songs Of Yore |url=https://www.songsofyore.com/book-review-majrooh-sultanpuri/,%20https://www.songsofyore.com/book-review-majrooh-sultanpuri/ |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=www.songsofyore.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Another review declares the book "a joy forever".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Majrooh Sultanpuri: The Poet For All Reasons, Enlightening and entertaining |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/feature/majrooh-sultanpuri-the-poet-for-all-reasons-enlightening-and-entertaining}}</ref>

Released in January 2022, ''Windows to the Soul: and other essays on Music'',<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=Windows to the Soul: and other essays on Music|publisher=Notion Press|year=2022|isbn=9798885031523}}</ref> a collection of essays on music, tells us why the tambourine cannot play sad music, presents singer Mukesh's fascination for Raag Darbari, explores the music-inspiring "popular charmer Marine Drive", and urges the I & B Ministry to posthumously confer the Bharat Ratna on composer Madan Mohan.<ref name=":13" />

His book, ''Director's Chair: Hindi Cinema's Golden Age'', was released at the Mangalore Litfest in January 2024 and is a study of the work and lives of most of the notable film directors from Hindi cinema during the 1930-1980 period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Event Schedule 2024 |url=https://mlrlitfest.org/event-schedule-2024 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Mangaluru |language=en-US}}</ref> Describing the process of writing this particular book in an interview, the author said, "This book was a departure from my other work, and it was tough deciding whom to take, and whom not to...Resource matter had to be found, and old films had to be watched and rewatched. I had to make perhaps three dozen changes in virtually every para of the book to offer a sharp focus on the people who needed to be saluted."<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-23 |title=Director's Chair – Hindi Cinema's Golden Age {{!}} Interview with Manek Premchand {{!}} By Jyoti Babel |url=https://learningandcreativity.com/silhouette/directors-chair-hindi-cinemas-golden-age-in-conversation-with-manek-premchand/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Silhouette Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Here are some of the reviews of this book: “…do get this book: it’s not just a very good tribute to the directors who made all those films, but also, in its way, a guide to the cinema of those decades.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=dustedoff |date=2024-02-28 |title=Book Review: Manek Premchand's 'Director's Chair: Hindi Cinema's Golden Age' |url=https://madhulikaliddle.com/2024/02/28/book-review-manek-premchands-directors-chair-hindi-cinemas-golden-age/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Dustedoff |language=en}}</ref> and “''Director's Chair'' fills up an important gap, and is a worthwhile acquisition. You would like to browse through it again and again.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=Book Review: DIRECTOR'S CHAIR {{!}} Songs Of Yore |url=https://www.songsofyore.com/book-review-directors-chair/,%20https://www.songsofyore.com/book-review-directors-chair/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=www.songsofyore.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> as also ‘Sui generis’, A Book in a Class of its Own’.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title=Director's Chair, 'Sui Generis': A Book in a Class of Its Own {{!}} Book Review by Ramendra Kumar |url=https://learningandcreativity.com/silhouette/directors-chair-sui-generis-a-book-in-a-class-of-its-own/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Silhouette Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

His most recent work was as the editor of ''Shyam - A Star Forgotten'', a book that outlines the journey of a Bollywood actor who died in May 1951.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Shyam As Forgotten Star |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/12-Jul-2024/shyam-as-forgotten-star |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Publications==

=== Books ===
*''Yesterday's Melodies, Today's Memories'', (2003), including a guest article by [[MV Kamath]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Last Supper|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/feature/the-last-supper|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Cinemaazi|language=en}}</ref> and a foreword by [[Ameen Sayani]]<ref name="Mondal" />
*''Musical Moments from Hindi Films'' (2006)<ref name="Deepa" />''<ref name="Mondal" /><ref name="Bamzai">{{cite news |last1=Bamzai |first1=Kaveree |title=Manek Premchand's new book relives musical moments of Indian history |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20070205-musical-moments-from-hindi-films-by-manek-premchand-748975-2007-02-05 |access-date=10 January 2021 |work=India Today |date=5 February 2007 |language=en}}</ref>'', including Foreword by [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]]
*''Romancing the Song'' (2012),<ref name="Mondal" /><ref name="Deepa" /> with a foreword by [[Gulzar]], a Keynote by [[L. K. Advani|L K Advani]], Curtain Raiser by [[Ameen Sayani]] and Last Word by [[Shivkumar Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-28|title=A perfect tribute to the great Hindi film lyricists|url=https://narenmusicnotes.wordpress.com/2012/11/28/a-perfect-tribute-to-the-great-hindi-film-lyricists/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Kaansen Kalling|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Premchand|first=Manek|title=Romancing the song: Hindi cinema's lyrical journey|date=2012|publisher=Jharna Books |isbn=978-81-924931-0-7|oclc=823655477}}</ref>
*''Shiv Kumar Sharma: The Man and His Music'' (2014). (Contributor)<ref name="Mondal" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Shiv Kumar Sharma: The Man and His Music|publisher=Niyogi Books|year=2014|isbn=978-9383098149}}</ref>
*''Talat Mahmood: The Velvet Voice'' (2015)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Premchand|first=Manek|date=18 May 2015|title=Talat Mahmood-A Velvet Voice|url=https://www.apnnews.com/talat-mahmood-a-velvet-voice/|website=apnnews.com}}</ref><ref name="Mondal" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Talat Mahmood: The Velvet Voice|publisher=Manipal University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-93-82460-23-7}}</ref>
*''Hitting the Right Notes: Hindi Cinema's Golden Music'' (2016)<ref name="Mondal" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Hitting the Right Notes: Hindi Cinema's Golden Music|publisher=Manipal University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-93-82460-44-2}}</ref>
*''The Hindi Music Jukebox: Exploring Unforgettable Songs'' (2018)<ref name="Mondal" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Hindi Music Jukebox: Exploring Unforgettable Songs|publisher=Notion Press|year=2018|isbn=9781643247595}}</ref>
*''Yesterday's Melodies, Today's Memories'' (Revised Third Edition, 2018)<ref name=":8"/>
*''The Unforgettable Music of Hemant Kumar'' (2020)<ref name="Mondal" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Unforgettable Music of Hemant Kumar|publisher=Blue Pencil Publishers|year=2020|isbn=978-81-939555-3-6}}</ref>
*''Majrooh Sultanpuri, The Poet For All Reasons'' (2021)<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|title=Amazon.in| id={{ASIN|8195297846|country=in}} }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Majrooh Sultanpuri The Poet for All Reasons|publisher=Blue Pencil Publishers|year=2021|isbn=978-81-952978-4-9}}</ref>
*''Windows to the Soul: and other essays on Music'' (2022)<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
*''Director's Chair: Hindi Cinema's Golden Age'' (2024)<ref name=":14" />
*''Shyam - A Star Forgotten'' (2024) (Editor)<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=SHYAM — A Star Forgotten {{!}} A Biography by Bimal Chadha {{!}} Cinema Books |url=https://www.bluepencilpublishers.com/product/shyam/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.bluepencilpublishers.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=Book Extract: Shyam – A Star Forgotten |url=https://upperstall.com/features/book-extract-shyam-a-star-forgotten/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Upperstall.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''And The Music Lives On'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notion Press |url=https://notionpress.com/read/and-the-music-lives-on-hardcover}}</ref>
*''Soulfully Yours, Ravi'' (2025)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soulfully Yours, Ravi {{!}} By Manek Premchand {{!}} Blue Pencil|url=https://www.bluepencilpublishers.com/product/soulfully-yours-ravi/|date=2025-11-16|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en-US|isbn=978-81-943921-4-9}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Premchand, Manek}}
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film historians]]
[[Category:Indian music historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]

Sivaji (Telugu actor)

2026-03-13T00:08:30Z

Rucsy: Page updated with additional details

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sivaji
| birth_name = Sontineni Sivaji<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tajmahal.html | title=Taj Mahal film review - Telugu cinema Review - Sivaji & Shruti | access-date=4 July 2022 | archive-date=21 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621193619/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tajmahal.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|06|30|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/birthday2007-sivaji.html |title=Sivaji birthday 2007 function photo gallery – Telugu cinema actor |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2007-06-30 |accessdate=2017-10-31 |archive-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429084527/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/birthday2007-sivaji.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chilakaluripet]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|voice actor}}
| years_active = 1997{{endash}}2018; 2023{{endash}}present
| height =
}}

'''Sontineni Sivaji''' (born 30 June 1971), is an Indian actor and voice actor who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He had won the [[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist]] for ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]''.<ref>[http://chithr.com/award/event/1/34/nandi-awards-2003.html Nandi Awards Nandi Awards&nbsp;– 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930140022/http://chithr.com/award/event/1/34/nandi-awards-2003.html |date=30 September 2011 }}. Chithr.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-28.</ref><ref>[http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2003.html Telugu Cinema Etc.&nbsp;– Nandi award winners list 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015051347/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2003.html |date=15 October 2014 }}. Idlebrain.com (2004-09-29). Retrieved on 2011-09-28.</ref> His notable performances include ''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]'' (2003), ''[[Adirindayya Chandram]]'' (2005), ''[[Satyabhama (2007 film)|Satyabhama]]'' (2007), ''[[Mantra (2007 film)|Mantra]]'' (2007), ''[[Taj Mahal (2010 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' (2010), ''[[Court – State vs a Nobody]]'' (2025), and ''[[Dhandoraa]]'' (2025). In 2023, he participated in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]'', and emerged as the second runner-up.

Beside acting, Sivaji was politically active as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from 2014 to 2015 when he exited the party citing ideological differences. He embarked on a [[hunger strike]] to demand special status for [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==Early life and career==
Sivaji is from [[Chilakaluripet]], a town part of [[Narasaraopet]], [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]. Sivaji started his stint as an editor in [[Gemini TV]] He was offered a role in a TV serial and from then he started getting offers in Telugu movies. He acted in minor roles in notable films such as ''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]'' and ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]''. He dubbed for Nithiin in the latter's early career.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/nithiin-unknown-facts-about-the-actor/an-actor-with-a-speech-impediment/photostory/63544227.cms|title=An actor with a speech impediment - Nithiin: Unknown facts about the actor|website=The Times of India|archive-date=10 December 2021|access-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210190646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/nithiin-unknown-facts-about-the-actor/an-actor-with-a-speech-impediment/photostory/63544227.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He did many films as a second lead. Sivaji's first success as a solo lead came with the film ''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bhumika-chawla-laya-and-sivaji-starrer-missamma-completes-17-years-of-release/articleshow/79475969.cms|title=Bhumika Chawla, Laya and Sivaji starrer Missamma completes 17 years of release|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Ever since the movement for keeping the state united in Andhra Pradesh, Sivaji became vocal about the political issues. Despite being a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) he started his fast unto death on granting a special status to Andhra Pradesh, which was a promise made by the erstwhile Congress government at the time of bifurcation of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/fasting-telugu-actor-shifted-to-hospital/ |title=Fasting Telugu actor, Sivaji shifted to hospital |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2015-05-06 |accessdate=2017-10-31 |archive-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202172544/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/fasting-telugu-actor-shifted-to-hospital/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role(s)
! Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997
| ''[[Master (1997 film)|Master]]'' || Sivaji ||
|
|-
|''Hello I Love You''
|Sumanth
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|1998
| ''[[Padutha Theeyaga (film)|Padutha Theeyaga]]'' || Rushi's friend ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Sita Ramula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi]]'' || Sivaji ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kanyadanam (1998 film)|Kanyadanam]]'' || Seshu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Premante Idera]]'' || Sivaji ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 || ''Film Nagar'' || ||
|
|-
|''Alluri Seetharama Raju''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2000
| ''[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]]'' || Sivaji ||
|
|-
| ''Bachelors'' || Balu ||
|
|-
| [[College (2000 film)|''College'']]|| Suri ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-college.html | title=Telugu Cinema - College Review - Sivaji, Manya and sadanand | access-date=19 July 2022 | archive-date=19 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719121305/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-college.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6"|2001
| ''[[Priyamaina Neeku]]'' || Raghu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]'' || Babu ||
|
|-
| ''Love'' || Samba ||
|
|-
| ''Wife'' || Shankar ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date= |title=Reviews of 2001 Released Movies - Wife |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/2001.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |archive-date=10 February 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020210063024/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/2001.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chiranjeevulu (2001 film)|Chiranjeevulu]]'' || Chanti ||
|
|-
| ''Snehituda'' || Balu ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-snehituda.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Snehitudaa - Rakesh, Sivaji - Roopa|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215073004/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-snehituda.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8"|2002
| ''[[Priya Nestama]]'' || Kiran ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-priyanestama.html | title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Priya Nestama - Venu Tottempudi, Shama, Malavika - R Ganapathi - Bharani - Chintapalli Ramana }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chandravamsam]]'' || Hari Chandra ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-chandravansam.html | title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Chandravansam - Krishna, Suman, Naresh, Sivaji, Rohit, Roopa, Jaya Prada, Radhika Varma | access-date=16 January 2023 | archive-date=16 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116045923/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-chandravansam.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Friends (2002 film)|Friends]]'' || Balu ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-friends.html | title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Friends - Sivaji, Ali, Sri Harsha, Nivi, Rajeev Kanakala, Amrutha | access-date=9 August 2022 | archive-date=9 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809212621/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-friends.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Manasunte Chalu'' || Visakha ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/manasuntechalu.html | title=Telugu Cinema - Preview - Manasunte Chalu - Sai Kiran, Jennifer, Sivaji - Usha Kiron Movies | access-date=19 July 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050949/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/manasuntechalu.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sandade Sandadi]]'' || Kamesh ||
|
|-
| ''[[Adrustam (2002 film)|Adrustam]]'' || Pawan ||
|
|-
| ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' || Giri / Veerya Manohar Reddy ||
|
|-
| ''[[Siva Rama Raju]]'' || Raju ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2003
| ''[[Ottesi Cheputunna]]'' || Dilip ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aayudham (2003 film)|Aayudham]]'' || Rushendra ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aadanthe Ado Type]]'' || Krishna ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sriramachandrulu]]'' || Chandra ||
|
|-
| ''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]'' || Nanda Gopal ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2004
| ''[[Ammayi Bagundi]]'' || Siva ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mr & Mrs Sailaja Krishnamurthy]]'' || Krishnamurthy ||
|
|-
| ''[[Swarabhishekam]]'' || Chandu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Konchem Touchlo Vunte Cheputanu]]'' || Kalidasu ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ktvc.html | title=Konchem Touchlo Vunte Cheputanu - Telugu cinema Review - Sivaji, Veda - Vamsi | access-date=19 July 2022 | archive-date=11 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111005433/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ktvc.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005
| ''[[Mr. Errababu]]'' || Erra Babu ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mrerrababu.html | title=Mr. Errababu - Telugu cinema Review - Sivaji, Roma | access-date=19 July 2022 | archive-date=3 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603042429/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mrerrababu.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adirindayya Chandram]]'' || Chandram ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-adirindayyachandram.html | title=Adirindayya Chandram - Telugu cinema Review - Sivaji, Sangeeta, Laya, Madhu Sharma | access-date=19 July 2022 | archive-date=5 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605002935/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-adirindayyachandram.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2006
| ''Seetharamudu'' || Seetharamudu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Tata Birla Madhyalo Laila]]'' || Tata ||
|
|-
| ''[[Raraju (2006 film)|Raraju]]'' || Surya ||
|
|-
| rowspan="8"|2007
| ''Aadivaram Adavallaku Selavu Kavali'' || ||
|
|-
| ''Nikki and Neeraj'' || Neeraj ||
|
|-
| ''Nee Navve Chalu'' || Murali Krishna ||
|
|-
| ''[[Satyabhama (2007 film)|Satyabhama]]'' || Krishna Kumar ||
|
|-
| ''[[Tulasi (2007 film)|Tulasi]]'' || Harsha ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bhajantrilu]]'' || ||
|
|-
| ''State Rowdy'' || Rambabu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mantra (2007 film)|Mantra]]'' || Hero ||
|
|-
| rowspan="7"|2008
| ''Pellikani Prasad'' || Siva Prasad ||
|
|-
| ''[[Jalsa]]'' || Raghu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Brahmanandam Drama Company]]'' || Vasu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Maa Ayana Chanti Pilladu]]'' || Bullabbayyi ||
|
|-
| ''Aalayam'' || Raja ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2008 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]'' || Ravi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kuberulu]]'' || Siva Prasad ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kuberulu.html | title=Kuberulu movie review - Telugu cinema Review - Sivaji & Farzana | access-date=19 July 2022 | archive-date=19 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719121304/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kuberulu.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6"|2009
| ''Masth'' || Siva ||
|
|-
| ''[[Indumathi (film)|Indumathi]]'' || Chandu ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-indumathi.html | title=Indumathi review - Telugu cinema Review - Sivaji & Shweta Bharadwaj | access-date=19 July 2022 | archive-date=19 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719121305/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-indumathi.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Satyameva Jayate (2009 film)|Sathyameva Jayathe]]'' || Prathap ||
|
|-
| ''[[Naa Girlfriend Baga Rich]]'' || Sanjay Sastri ||
|
|-
| ''18, 20 Love Story'' || Bullanna ||
|
|-
| ''[[Diary (2009 film)|Diary]]'' || Vamsi ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-diary.html | title=Diary review - Telugu cinema Review - Sivaji & Shraddha das | access-date=19 July 2022 | archive-date=21 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621000646/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-diary.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010
| ''[[Aakasa Ramanna]]'' || Jai ||
|
|-
| ''[[Taj Mahal (2010 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' || Ajay / Kumar || Also producer
|
|-
| ''[[Brahmalokam To Yamalokam Via Bhulokam]]'' || Seenu ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011
| ''Lokame Kothaga'' || Rahul ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mugguru]]'' || Balatripura Sundari's husband || Cameo appearance
|
|-
| ''Emaindi Nalo'' || Murali ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012
| ''[[Ayyare]]'' || Venkatesam ||
|
|-
| ''Em Babu Laddu Kavala'' || ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2013
| ''Dasa Tirigindi'' || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pavitra (2013 film)|Pavitra]]'' || Siva ||
|
|-
| ''Gurudu'' || ||
|
|-
| ''Gola Gola'' || ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014
| ''[[Kamalatho Naa Prayanam]]'' || Suryanarayana ||
|
|-
| ''[[Boochamma Boochodu]]'' || Karthik ||
|
|-
| ''Chusinodiki Chusinantha'' || ||
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Dorakadu'' || ||
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Seesa]]'' || ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| ''[[Court – State vs a Nobody|Court]]'' || Mangapathi || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhandoraa]]'' || Sivaji || ||
|-
|rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Sampradayani Suppini Suddapoosani]]''
|Sriram
|Also producer
|
|-
|{{pending film|Lenin}}
|
|
|
|-
|}

=== As voice actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:10%;"| Year
! Title
! Actor
! Notes
|-
|2000
|''[[Chitram|Chitram]]'' || [[Uday Kiran]] ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2002
|''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]'' || [[Nithin]] ||
|-
|''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]'' || [[Aryan Rajesh]] ||
|-
|''[[Okato Number Kurraadu| Okato Number Kurraadu]]'' || [[Taraka Ratna]] ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2003
|''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]'' || rowspan="2"|[[Nithin]] || [[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist]]
|-
|''[[Sambaram]]'' ||
|-
|2004 || ''[[Andaru Dongale Dorikite]]'' || [[Prabhu Deva]]||
|-
|2008
|''[[Ullasamga Utsahamga]]'' || [[Yasho Sagar]] ||
|-
|2012
|''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' || [[Vijay Sethupathi]] ||For Telugu dubbed version
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes

|-
|2018
|''[[Gangstars]]''
|C.I. Anjaneyalu
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]''
|Contestant
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|-
|''[[90's – A Middle Class Biopic]]''
|Chandra Sekhar
|[[ETV Win]]
|
|}

== Controversy ==
In 2025, Sivaji made controversial remarks on [[Nidhhi Agerwal]], who was mobbed, causing outrage.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 December 2025 |title=Women's collective calls out silence over Nidhhi Agerwal, Samantha Ruth Prabhu's mobbing; Sivaji apologises after flak |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/voice-of-women-calls-out-silence-over-nidhhi-agerwal-samantha-ruth-prabhus-mobbing-sivaji-apologises-after-flak-101766495680277.html |access-date=28 December 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaur |first1=Lavpreet |date=27 December 2025 |title=Actor Sivaji appears before Telangana Women’s Commission, apologises for his remarks during 4-hour questioning |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/actor-sivaji-appears-before-telangana-womens-panel-over-remarks/article70442812.ece?cx_testId=130&cx_testVariant=cx_1&cx_artPos=2&cx_experienceId=EXPO56ZDYSGX&cx_experienceActionId=showRecommendationsJX0HNZ2RGA4H113#cxrecs_s |access-date=28 December 2025 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1212153|Sivaji}}
*{{Instagram|actorsivaji_}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivaji}}
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]

Sarfraz Khan (actor)

2026-03-12T11:08:25Z

Rucsy: Created the article basic info

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sarfraz Khan
| image = Sarfaraz Khan Pic2.jpg
| caption = Sarfraz Khan in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|04|22}}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarfaraz Khan |url=https://thepersonage.com/sarfaraz-khan/ |access-date= 5 August 2023 |website= The Personage}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| citizenship = [[Canadian people|Canada]]
| father = [[Kader Khan]]
| spouse = Shahista Khan
| children = 2
| yearsactive = 1993 2002–2013
}}

'''Sarfraz Khan''' is an Indian-Canadian former actor who worked in Hindi-language films. He is the son of actor [[Kader Khan]].

==Personal life==
Khan was born in Mumbai (then [[Bombay]]), [[Maharashtra]], to veteran actor and writer [[Kader Khan]] and his wife Azra Khan. He is the founder at [[VR1 Media]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=VR1 Media: A Production House of Actor Sarfraz Khan|url=https://www.vr1.media/ |access-date= 29 May 2025 |website= VR1 Media}}</ref> a Media production company, and [[Acting By Sarfraz|Acting by Sarfraz]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABS: Acting Classes By Actor Sarfraz Khan|url=https://www.actingbysarfraz.com/ |access-date= 29 May 2025 |website= Acting By Sarfraz}}</ref> an acting workshop program.

He has a brother, Shahnawaz Khan, who is also an [[actor]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Sarfaraz Khan on Kader Khan's death: Bollywood has no real feelings for cinema contributors when they are inactive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sarfaraz-khan-on-kader-khan-s-death-bollywood-has-no-real-feelings-for-cinema-contributors-when-they-are-inactive-1422545-2019-01-03 |access-date=6 February 2021 |work=India Today |date=3 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Khan is married to Shahista Khan; they have two children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1530173/news-kader-khans-frail-health-will-crush|title=News of Kader Khan's frail health will crush you|date=14 October 2017|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

==Career==
Khan appeared in the commercially successful films''[[Tere Naam]]'' (2003), and ''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]'' (2009). In ''Tere Naam'', he portrayed Aslam, a friend of Radhe, played by [[Salman Khan]].

In 2012, he co-founded the Kal Ke Kalakar International theatre company with his father and brother.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/Articles/12/apr/18-popular-film-actor-kader-khans-comeback-to-theatre.asp|title=Popular actor Kader Khan's comeback to theatre|website=Mumbai Theatre Guide|access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> In August 2012, it was announced that Khan would revive the 1990s music show ''[[Antakshari (TV series)]]'' on Zee Entertainment Enterprises’ international network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Kader-Khan-s-son-brings-Antakshari-back-to-TV/Article1-910838.aspx |title=Sarfaraz is set to revive the popular '90s music show, Antakshari |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 August 2012 |access-date=13 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812054244/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Kader-Khan-s-son-brings-Antakshari-back-to-TV/Article1-910838.aspx |archive-date=12 August 2012 }}</ref>

== Early career and training ==
Sarfarz began acting at the age of 10 in the play ''Bhook Kashmir ko Bengal deti hai'', written by his father and Mushtaq Merchant. At age 11, he appeared in the play ''Local Train'', directed by his father. During his school years, he received a Best Supporting Actor award for a play that he wrote, directed, and performed in. His early screen work included an appearance as a child artist in the film [[Shatranj (1993 film)|''Shatranj''.]]

While pursuing higher education in Switzerland, Khan received awards for public speaking and a marketing project. At the age of 20, he trained at the Kishore Namit Kapoor Acting Institute in Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2025 |title=Sarfraz Khan: From Kader Khan's legacy to transforming acting mentorship at ABS across world |url=https://newz.saralgroups.com/entertainment-industry/16/12/2025/sarfraz-khan-from-kader-khans-legacy-to-transforming-acting-mentorship-at-abs-across-world/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=Saral Startup News}}</ref> and appeared in the Punjabi music video "Dil Legeyi Kudi Gujrat di."

== Theatre activities and mentorship ==
At age 21, Khan revived his father's theatre company, Kal Ke Kalakar, working with a group of 25 actors. He organized training program for aspiring performers and directed the successful one-act plays ''Badi Der Ki Meherbaan Aate Aate'' and ''Local Train''.

At age 23, he joined the Digital Academy- The Film School as head of the acting course, where he trained acting students and marketing personnel. He also mentored students from various institutions, including Whistling Woods International.

Later, Khan and his brother collaborated on stage productions featuring plays written by their father, including ''Hamare bhi Meherbaan Kaise Kaise'' and ''Local Train'', in which Khan served as both actor and director.

== Film career ==
Khan appeared in several Hindi-language films during the early 2000s. His early roles included an appearance in ''Kya Yehi Pyar Hai'', produced by Tips Industries. During this period, he was also cast in ''Maine Dil Tujko Diya'', the directorial debut of [[Sohail Khan]]. In [[Tere Naam]], directed by Satish Kaushik, Khan played Aslam, a friend of Radhe, the character portrayed by Salman Khan. He later appeared in [[Kisaan|Kissan]], where he played an antagonist, and had a role in [[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]. Khan was also associated with the film [[Milenge Milenge]], directed by Satish Kaushik.

In 2013, he appeared in [[Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!|Once upon a time in Mumbai Dobara]], directed by Milan Luthria and produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor. He was also offered a negative role in [[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]], directed by Prabhu Deva.

== Production and other work ==
Khan later worked in production and creative roles within the entertainment industry. He collaborated with J. Abbas and Mahesh Kodiyal to establish the production and event company Kala Sangam, where he served as creative head. The company organized international stage shows featuring Bollywood performers, including events in Brunei featuring Shah Rukh Khan and Juhi Chawla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newz.saralgroups.com/entertainment-industry/02/12/2025/a-multi-faceted-global-career-sarfraz-khans-work-as-producer-creative-head-and-artist/|title=A Multi-Faceted Global Career: Sarfraz Khan's Work as Producer, Creative Head, and Artist|date=2 December 2025|access-date=2 December 2025|website=Saral News|url-status=live}}</ref>

He directed the comedy play ''Best of Luck'' and worked as producer, actor, and assistant director on his father's final play, ''Taash Ke Patte'', which toured internationally.

Khan also collaborated with the U.S.-based production company Carnival Films World on several projects, including music and television productions. Among these projects were the production of a music album for a Pakistani singer, work on the television show [[Antakshari (TV series)|Antakshari]] for Zee Entertainment Enterprises’ international network, and the YouTube short film ''In your arms.''

His work later extended to Canada, where he was involved in advertising production and served as creative head on the short film ''Stranger,'' for which he also provided voice-over narration.

== Writing and online education ==
Khan wrote a script called ''Ek Pyaara SUFFER'', which was later adapted under the English title ''Can ... Mess It Up''!. He reportedly discussed the project with music groups in the US regarding the possibility of producing it as a feature film in Canada.

He later collaborated with an online content creator to develop a digital acting course titled [https://www.actingbysarfraz.com/ Acting by Sarfarz].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2025 |title=Acting by Sarfraz Emerges as a Global Acting Education Platform Bridging Stage and Screen |url=https://newz.saralgroups.com/entertainment-industry/22/11/2025/acting-by-sarfraz-emerges-as-a-global-acting-education-platform-bridging-stage-and-screen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122110839/https://newz.saralgroups.com/entertainment-industry/22/11/2025/acting-by-sarfraz-emerges-as-a-global-acting-education-platform-bridging-stage-and-screen/ |archive-date=22 November 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=saral startup news}}</ref> The course is structered three sections: Beginner training, characterization, and intermediation acting techniques, and is delivered through prerecorded lessons featuring Khan demonstrating acting methods both on stage and in front of the camera.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role

|-
| 1993 || ''[[Shatranj (film)|Shatranj]]'' || Dharam
|-
| rowspan=2|2002
| ''[[Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai]]'' || Peter
|-
|| ''[[Maine Dil Tujhko Diya]]'' || Chhote
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Tere Naam]]'' || Aslam
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Bazaar]]'' || Manav
|-
| 2005 || '' [[Vaada (2005 film)|Vaada]]'' || Sufi Singer
|-
| Rowspan=2|2009 || ''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]'' || Aslam
|-
|| ''[[Kisaan]]'' || Kaku
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Milenge Milenge]]'' || Ashish
|-
| Rowspan=2|2013 || ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobara]]'' || Javed
|-
|| ''[[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]'' || Zamindar's Son
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Sarfaraz}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Canadian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Eddie Mascarenhas

2026-03-09T12:23:38Z

Rucsy: new...

{{Short description|Indian actor and theatre director (born 1941)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Eddie Mascarenhas
| image = Eddie Mascarenhas 2012.jpg
| caption = Mascarenhas in {{circa|2012}}
| birth_name = André Eduardo Roque Mascarenhas
| birth_place = [[Calangute, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|11|10|df=y}}
| years_active = 1964–2000s
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director|singer|playwright}}
}}

'''André Eduardo Roque''' "'''Eddie'''" '''Mascarenhas''' (born 10 November 1941) is an Indian former theatre actor, theatre director, singer, and playwright who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].

==Early life==
Mascarenhas's family originated from Dandora in [[Cuncolim]], Goa. During his childhood, Mascarenhas made his initial debut on the ''[[tiatr]]'' stage. It was at the Colva 'fama' event of [[Antonio Sinforiano]], where Mascarenhas sang a song in Sinforiano' ''tiatr'' and received positive feedback from the audience. This marked his entry into the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. Mascarenhas's father, Paulino, was a policeman (''Polícia do Estado da India''), the same as [[Polícia de Segurança Pública]], in the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese regime]] and had a passion for ''tiatr'', being involved as a ''[[tiatrist]]'' in villages alongside [[A. R. Souza Ferrão]], among others.<ref name=":1" /> Paulino was a singer and actor, primarily participating in local ''tiatrs''. Growing up in [[Pernem taluka]], Mascarenhas resided there for more than 15 years due to his father's occupation as a police officer stationed there. The influence of his father's involvement in the Konkani stage sparked Mascarenhas's own enthusiasm for the ''tiatr'' scene, which he pursued further in his career.<ref name=":0" />

Mascarenhas, whose father served in law enforcement, enjoyed the privilege of complimentary tickets to ''tiatrs'', a traditional form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]]. Accompanied by his father, he eagerly attended these performances and absorbed the melodic tunes, which he later recited from memory. Mascarenhas developed an affinity for singing, nurtured further by his cousin A. Serrão, a ''tiatr'' writer from Colva. Under Serrão's guidance, Mascarenhas was introduced to professional ''tiatrs'' by Anton Siforiano at Colva during the Fama event in front of Lakist's house. Actor-singers like Kamat de Assolna, Lucas, his cousin A. Serrão, [[M. Dod de Verna]], and [[Kid Boxer]] were part of the performance. Mascarenhas delivered a solo performance featuring a composition by A. Serrão, which Mascarenhas delivered with skill and received acclaim from the audience. Mascarenhas was a mere 15 years old at the time. Subsequently, he enrolled at Guardian Angel High School in [[Sanvordem]], a [[boarding school]], where he actively participated in a myriad of school concerts and events, showcasing his vocal prowess.<ref name=":1" />

Mascarenhas exhibited a penchant for [[truancy]] during his school years, often absconding from classes to attend the ''[[tiatr]]s'' that were regularly staged in and around Sanvordem. This period coincided with the tenure of Fr. Pinto as the [[school principal]]. It was during this time that Mascarenhas honed his skills in song composition within the school's premises. His artistic prowess eventually garnered attention when he was residing in [[Pernem]], in a fortuitous turn of events, he was invited to perform at the ''Saude Saibin'''s feast (commemorating [[Our Lady of Health]]) in [[Cuncolim]] on 2 February. Mascarenhas enthralled the audience with two original compositions, both of which resonated and achieved acclaim. Mascarenhas talent captured the interest of Albuquerque and received the endorsement of Randolf. While residing in Pernem, Mascarenhas actively participated in the competitive singing contests held during the ''tiatr'' production titled ''Rinnkari'', orchestrated by Diogo Cardozo. This event attracted a constellation of professional singers and actors, including [[M. Boyer]]. Demonstrating vocal prowess, Mascarenhas emerged victorious, clinching the first prize for [[solo (music)|solo]] singing, which was bestowed upon him by M. Boyer himself. This triumph propelled Mascarenhas into the limelight, securing invitations to perform in a myriad of ''tiatrs'' across the locales of Pernem, [[Arambol]], Corgao, Deussua, [[Mandrem]], and [[Morjim]].<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Mascarenhas's career spanned multiple years, and made significant contributions to the ''[[tiatr]]'' stage in both [[Goa]] and the [[Gulf region]]. He first ventured into the [[Gulf countries]] when he secured employment in [[Dubai]], where he established a base for his artistic pursuits. Despite his professional commitments, he continued to actively participate in ''tiatr'' performances, showcasing his versatile talents as an actor and singer. However, his appearances on the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage in Goa were relatively limited during his vacations back home. Before his tenure in Dubai, Mascarenhas had already left a mark on the ''tiatr'' scene in Goa and [[Bombay]]. He had been involved in various theatrical endeavors and had garnered recognition for his contributions. His dedication to the art form remained firm, and as of 2013, he has consistently engaged in activities associated with ''tiatrs'' and the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG) whenever his schedule permits. Furthermore, Mascarenhas has showcased his artistic prowess by writing and directing three original ''tiatrs'': ''Moipaxi Bhav'', ''Bhaunnam'' (Feelings), and ''Mogak Lagon'' (Because of Love).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=de Souza |first=Daniel F. |date=2013-05-18 |title=Thoddea utrancho ani hanstea sobhavacho Eddie Bab |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/18_may_avaz |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Amcho Avaz via [[O Heraldo]] |language=gom |archive-date=2023-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826080650/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/18_may_avaz |url-status=live }}</ref> These productions reflect his creative vision and have garnered acclaim within the ''tiatr'' community. During his formative years, Mascarenhas resided in the [[Pernem taluka]], where his father, a police officer (''Polícia do Estado da Índia''), similar to [[Polícia de Segurança Pública]]), in the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese administration]], was stationed. It was during this period that Mascarenhas collaborated with local boys and girls to create his ''tiatr Moipaxi Bhav'', a production that was well received by audiences and further solidified his passion for the art form.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |date=10 March 2018 |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=152–154}}</ref>

In 1964, the theatrical production known as ''Moipaxi Bhav'' premiered in the [[Arambol|Hamal]] locality. Under the direction of Mascarenhas, a cast of popular professional singers including the [[trio (music)|trio]] Anthony-[[Nelson Afonso|Nelson]]-[[A. S. Conception|Conception]], [[Sabina Fernandes]], Champion Peter, and Avelino Lemos brought the performance to life. The success of ''Moipaxi Bhav'' spurred Mascarenhas to write and stage two more ''tiatrs'' ''Mogak Lagon'', which was showcased in Baida, [[Pernem]], and '''Bhavnnam'', presented in Dandora, [[Cuncolim]]. In the same year in 1964, Mascarenhas journeyed to Bombay, where he seized an opportunity to showcase his singing prowess in [[Robin Vaz]]'s ''tiatr'', ''Shantichem Login'' (Shanti's Marriage). During his time in Bombay, Mascarenhas participated in a ''tiatr'' organized by the Cuncolim Union, with Robert Mascarenhas as the writer and John Gomes Kokoy assisting in the direction. It was during this collaboration that Mascarenhas and John Gomes formed a [[musical duo]], captivating audiences with their performances. Their partnership endured for several projects, collaborating with popular directors such as [[Carmo Rod]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Anthony De Sa (actor)|Anthony De Sa]], and Robin Vaz.<ref name=":1" /> After establishing his reputation in both Goa and Bombay over a number of years, Mascarenhas shifted his focus to future work opportunities. He then chose to pursue employment in Dubai in 1974 by taking the [[Gulf]] route. Even in Dubai, Mascarenhas continued to immerse himself in theatrical pursuits, ensuring his involvement in the world of ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":0" />

Mascarenhas's artistic journey in [[Dubai]] intersected with several influential figures, most notably Joe Frank and Osvi Viegas. Their paths converged during their employment in Dubai, where they discovered a shared passion for ''tiatr'', a traditional form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]]. Osvi Viegas was employed at the [[Hilton Hotel]] in Dubai. This encounter led to the formation of a [[trio (music)|trio]], dedicated to participating in ''tiatr'' productions staged in Dubai. Mascarenhas and Joe Frank, both musicians, assumed the responsibility of composing the trios for these productions, showcasing their talent and creativity. Their collaborative efforts yielded good results and garnered acclaim. They were invited to perform a [[duet]] in the [[Mangalorean]] ''tiatr Munxeponn'' (Humanity), directed by Lawrence and accompanied by the music of [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]]. This performance further solidified their reputation as versatile artists. Mascarenhas's artistic endeavors expanded beyond collaborative efforts, as he actively engaged in various ''tiatrs'' during his time in Dubai. Displaying his versatility, he portrayed a [[Hindu]] character and showcased his vocal prowess in ''Honrad Goenkar'' (Honourable Goan), a ''tiatr'' by [[C. Alvares]] that was staged in Dubai. Additionally, Mascarenhas demonstrated his acting abilities in Menino de Bandar's ''Florian Vaz Poilo Martir'' ([[Floriano Vaz]], First Martyr). His vocal contributions extended to other productions, including C. Alvares' ''Xezari Kombo'' (Neighbour's Rooster) and a ''tiatr'' staged by [[Aleixinho De Candolim]]'s son Rosario, titled ''To Bautto Dhormancho'' and ''Mhozo Ghov Basurkar'' (My Husband from Basur). Driven by their creative aspirations, Mascarenhas and his associates embarked on the production of their own ''tiatrs''. They staged two original productions: ''Jimmy'', written by [[Osvi Viegas]], and ''Gorib Ghorabo'' (Poor Family), penned by Joe Frank.<ref name=":1" />

Mascarenhas's trio achieved significant acclaim during their career and played a prominent role in the [[Music of the United Arab Emirates|music landscape of Dubai]]. Prior to their relocation, Mascarenhas had established a reputation as a preeminent [[Konkani language|Konkani]] [[solo (music)|solo]] singer before 1974, displaying vocal prowess in both solo and duet performances. However, it was upon settling in [[Dubai]] that Mascarenhas soared to new heights as a trio singer, garnering recognition. He demonstrated his lyrical prowess by composing his own songs, which contributed to his seamless performances. Mascarenhas collaborated with several Konkani stage playwrights and directors, earning their high regard and admiration. Known for his deep understanding of the early era of ''tiatr''-a popular form of Goan [[musical theater]] he is regarded as an authoritative figure in the field, possessing a wealth of knowledge.<ref name=":0" /> In recognition of his contributions, Mascarenhas was selected as a distinguished ''[[tiatr]]'' personality and invited to partake in the prize distribution ceremony at the 2013 fourth Tiatr Festival, held at Ravindra Bhavan in [[Margao]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Hi Vatt Khoim Veta?' bags best performance award |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=166958 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en |archive-date=2018-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703075344/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=166958 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was subsequently honored once again as one of the senior ''tiatr'' personalities chosen to present awards at the 2015 [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG)'s Festival of Khells, held at Ravindra Bhavan in [[Curchorem]], Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Jose Alexandre |date=24 February 2015 |title=TAG's 4th Festival of Khells - 'Desvoponn Asa Punn Munisponn Nam' bags 1st Prize |url=https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Tiatr Academy of Goa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210194355/https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |archive-date=2011-02-10 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
As of 2013, Mascarenhas, due to age and health reasons, has withdrawn from the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] performances and now predominantly stays at his residence in [[Fatorda, Goa]]. He possesses a [[bungalow]] in the same area. Mascarenhas has a keen interest in collecting vintage ''tiatr'' [[memorabilia]] like old photos, [[handbill]]s, awards, and other artifacts associated with ''tiatr''. These items typically depict 20th-century Konkani ''[[tiatrist]]s'' and their performances, providing insights into this traditional art form. Writer Daniel F. de Souza has acknowledged the significance of Mascarenhas' collection in preserving the heritage of Konkani ''tiatr''. Despite his deep knowledge of ''tiatr'', Mascarenhas is known for his reserved nature, speaking sparingly.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2018, he resides near JJ Costa Hospital in Fatorda, Goa.<ref name=":1" />

===The cobra incident===
Mascarenhas and his acquaintances embarked on a journey to Baida, a locality situated in [[Pernem]], with the purpose of participating in a singing competition. Demonstrating his vocal prowess, Mascarenhas emerged triumphant, securing the first prize in the form of a trophy. The competition unfolded amidst a forested enclave characterized by undulating terrain. To reach the venue, known as the ''mattou'' ([[pandal]]), Mascarenhas and his companions traversed the hilly landscape on foot. Upon earning the accolade, they reconvened near the road, anticipating the arrival of their designated vehicle for transportation. While awaiting transportation, Mascarenhas, clutching his trophy, sought respite by reclining on the ground. A [[cobra]] stealthily approached him, encircling the trophy atop his chest before slithering across and proceeding towards its intended destination. Stirred from his slumber by the touch of the serpent, Mascarenhas experienced a [[Panic attack|momentary surge of panic]]. However, his companions promptly advised him against making any sudden movements to avoid provoking the venomous creature. Complying with their counsel, Mascarenhas remained motionless. As the cobra gracefully traversed his prone form, Mascarenhas found himself overwhelmed by an amalgamation of astonishment, terror, and [[paralysis]].<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mascarenhas, Eddie}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from Goa]]

Shivpura railway station

2026-03-07T19:22:42Z

Rucsy: brief rework layout based on references to improve readability

{{short description|Railway station in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shivpura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| type = [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Maksi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2558|76.0072|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Ujjain-Bhopal section]]
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|498|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt = {{start date and age|2016}}
| electrified = No
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SVT
| zone = [[Western Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Ratlam}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| status = Active
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Western Railway zone|left=Tajpur|right=Tarana Road|type=[[Ujjain-Bhopal section]]}}
}}
'''Shivpura railway station''' is a small railway station in the Western Railways in [[Ujjain district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Trains at SHIVPURA (SVT) Railway Station with Arrival and Departure details, Availability, Wailtlist Confirmation Chances and Fare Calculator : etrain.info |url=https://etrain.info/station/Shivpura-SVT/all |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=etrain.info |language=en}}</ref> Its code is '''SVT'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashutosh |title=Sheopura Railway Station Map/Atlas WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/sheopura-svt/6310 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Location ==
It serves Shivpura village. But the day time trains are less in number.<ref>{{Cite web |title=एमपी का एक ऐसा स्‍टेशन जहां से दिन में नहीं गुजरती कोई ट्रेन! |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/shivpuri/no-train-passes-through-shivpuri-railway-station-during-the-day/articleshow/100080114.cms |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> There are many hotels and restaurants close to the railway station.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-23 |title=Lemon Tree Hotel signs a new franchise at Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-lemon-tree-hotel-signs-a-new-franchise-at-shivpuri-madhya-pradesh-3590774/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|6310}}

{{Railway stations in Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2016]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Ujjain district]]
[[Category:Ratlam railway division]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Jhataleka

2026-03-06T08:36:20Z

Rucsy: started info

{{short description|Indian model and beauty queen}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
|name = Jhataleka
|image = Jhataleka Malhotra.jpeg
|image_size =
|caption = Jhataleka in 2020
|birth_name = Jhataleka Malhotra
|birth_date =
|occupation = {{hlist|Model|actress}}
|education =
|title = ''[[Femina Miss India 2014|Femina Miss India International 2014]]''
|competitions = ''[[Miss Diva 2013|Miss Universe India 2013]]'' (Top 5) ''[[Femina Miss India 2014]]'' (1st runner-up) ''[[Miss International 2014]]'' (Unplaced)
|height =
|alma_mater =
|eye_color =
|hair_color =
|years_active = 2013-present
}}

'''Jhataleka Malhotra''', known [[Mononym|mononymously]] as '''Jhataleka''',<ref>{{cite news |title='Tuesdays and Fridays' actress Jhataleka: I've always been inspired by Priyanka Chopra's journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tuesdays-and-fridays-actress-jhataleka-ive-always-been-inspired-by-priyanka-chopras-journey/articleshow/81092450.cms |date=18 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tuesdays & Fridays |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/81382263 |work=Netflix |date=26 February 2025 }}</ref> is an Indian actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned the first runner-up in [[Femina Miss India 2014]]. She represented [[India]] at [[Miss International 2014]] held in [[Japan]] where she won the Miss Internet Beauty award, though she did not get placed.<ref name="bp">{{cite web|title=Miss India World 2014: Koyal Rana wins the title|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/Miss-India-World-2014-Koyal-Rana-wins-the-title/articleshow/33235830.cms|work=[[Times Internet]]|date=6 April 2014|access-date=11 May 2019|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511135732/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/Miss-India-World-2014-Koyal-Rana-wins-the-title/articleshow/33235830.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BPNov2014">{{cite news |title=Jhataleka wins Miss Internet Beauty at Miss International 2014 |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-international/Jhataleka-wins-Miss-Internet-Beauty-at-Miss-International-2014/articleshow/45109996.cms |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=[[Femina Miss India]] |date=11 November 2014 |archive-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511152842/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-international/Jhataleka-wins-Miss-Internet-Beauty-at-Miss-International-2014/articleshow/45109996.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
===Femina Miss India 2014===
Malhotra participated in [[Femina Miss India 2014]] and was crowned as Femina Miss India International 2014 by [[Sobhita Dhulipala]]. She also won Best National Costume award.

===Miss International 2014===
Malhotra competed in [[Miss International 2014]] and won Miss Internet Beauty award at the pageant and her national costume, designed by Melvyn Noronha, was the 3rd runner-up.<ref name="bp"/><ref name="BPNov2014"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Best national costumes worn by Indian beauty queens |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Best-national-costumes-worn-by-Indian-beauty-queens/Best-national-costumes-worn-by-Indian-beauty-queens/eventshow/47265037.cms |access-date=2 April 2021 |work=Femina Miss India |date=10 June 2015 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828174516/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Best-national-costumes-worn-by-Indian-beauty-queens/Best-national-costumes-worn-by-Indian-beauty-queens/eventshow/47265037.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2021, Malhotra made her film debut, starring in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s romantic film ''Tuesdays And Fridays'' opposite actress [[Poonam Dhillon]]’s son, Anmol Thakeria Dhillon. The film released on 19 February.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ex-miss-india-international-jhataleka-to-make-her-debut-in-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-next-production-46081.html|title=Ex-Miss India International Jhataleka To Make Her Debut In Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Next Production |website= Filmfare|language=en|date=28 January 2021|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|2021
|''[[Tuesdays and Fridays]]''
| Sia Malhotra
| Debut
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sanjay-leela-bhansali-productions-tuesdays-and-fridays-to-release-on-february-19-1763511-2021-01-28|title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali Productions Tuesdays And Fridays to release on February 19|last=Parashar|first=Shivam|work=India Today|language=en|date=28 January 2021|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Tuesdays And Fridays Cast List - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 February 2021|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tuesdays-and-fridays/cast/|access-date=2022-02-10|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''Chalein?''
| Neha
| Short movie
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/jhataleka-malhotras-new-short-film-chalein-out-now/articleshow/153677272.cms|title=Jhataleka Malhotra's New Short Film: Chalein? Out Now!|work=Femina|date=24 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2022
|"Gal Ban Jae"
|[[Ammy Virk]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Jhataleka's 'Gal Ban Jae' with Ammy Virk out now! |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/jhatalekas-gal-ban-jae-with-ammy-virk-out-now/articleshow/95580869.cms |work=Femina |date=17 November 2022 }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|10166007}}
* {{Twitter|jhataleka}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Gurleen Grewal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Miss International India
|years=[[Femina Miss India 2014|2014]]}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Ayeesha Aiman]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Sobhita Dhulipala]] ([[Femina Miss India 2013|Femina Miss India Earth 2013]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India International]]
|years=[[Femina Miss India 2013|2013]]}}
{{s-aft|after=No titleholder announced under [[Femina Miss India]] franchise}}
{{S-end}}
{{Miss International 2014 delegates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Jhataleka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Miss International 2014 delegates]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

{{Asia-pageant-bio-stub}}
{{India-actor-stub}}

Prema Chandrama

2026-03-04T04:40:15Z

Rucsy: made a details added tags - done

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prema Chandrama
| image = Prema Chandrama.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = 
| director = Sahuraj Shinde
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = U.E. Ganesh G. Kumar G.S. Jagadish Sunilkumar Shindhe
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Raghu Mukherjee]]
*[[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]]
*[[Kiran Srinivas]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = H. C. Venu
| editing =
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| studio = 
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|4|8}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Prema Chandrama''''' ({{lit|Loveable moon}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Sahuraj Shinde and starring [[Raghu Mukherjee]], [[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]] and [[Kiran Srinivas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-kannada-films-fear-ipl/20110407.htm|title=Do Kannada films fear IPL?|date=7 April 2011|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925021116/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-kannada-films-fear-ipl/20110407.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film released to negative reviews. The film's title is based on a song from ''[[Yajamana (2000 film)|Yajamana]]'' (2000).

== Cast ==
*[[Raghu Mukherjee]] as Sanjay / Palakshi / Devadatta
*[[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]] as Chetana
*[[Kiran Srinivas]] as Dr. Vijay
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
*[[Sumithra]]
*[[Umashree]] as Nurse
*Abhinaya

== Production ==
[[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]] and [[Nikita Thukral]] were initially cast in the lead roles before they were replaced after a week due to differences with the film team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2010/raghu-rekha-replace-prem-nikitha-180610.html|title=Raghu Mukherjee, Rekha replace Prem, Nikitha|first=Shekhar H.|last= Hooli|date=18 June 2010|access-date=20 February 2024|work=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/ganesh-loses-weight-role-2495024|title=The split is official|first=Nina C.|last=George|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=20 February 2024|date=17 June 2010}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Prema Chandrama (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by V. Harikrishna on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/za/album/prema-chandrama-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1046322929 |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=20 February 2024 |date=8 February 2011}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kanngalu Ondadavu
| length1 = 4:34
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| title2 = Ommome Yaako
| length2 = 4:15
| lyrics2 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| title3 = Rastheli Ibbarigunu
| length3 = 4:24
| lyrics3 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Sharvya
| title4 = Ondanondu
| length4 = 4:12
| lyrics4 = Kaviraj
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title5 = Ellindalo Ondu Swarga
| length5 = 4:20
| lyrics5 = Kaviraj
| extra5 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| total_length = 21:45
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "This film has shades of the Hindi make ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''. Beware, only shades of that story. The rest of it is in ‘TV serial’ mode".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/tough-love-prema-chandrama/articleshow/21636862.cms|title=Tough love ''Prema Chandrama''|date=8 April 2011|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=18 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218221328/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/tough-love-prema-chandrama/articleshow/21636862.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "Director could have done a better job of this sentimental story with good script and neat narration".<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/prema-chandrama/movie-review/12162068.cms|title=PREMA CHANDRAMA MOVIE REVIEW|date=8 April 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=18 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218221525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/prema-chandrama/movie-review/12162068.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "'Prema Chandrama' is another amateurish attempt of Shinde that has gone haywire because of a bad script".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/prema-chandrama-is-ordinary-fare-kannada-movie-review_25327|title='Prema Chandrama' is ordinary fare (Kannada Movie Review)|date=9 April 2011|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|access-date=20 February 2024|via=India Forums|archive-date=18 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218221327/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/prema-chandrama-is-ordinary-fare-kannada-movie-review_25327|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13906876}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2011 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]

Singaaravva

2026-03-03T21:47:42Z

Rucsy: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Singaaravva
| image = Singaaravva.jpg
| writer = [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]]
| starring = [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] [[Avinash (Kannada actor)|Avinash]]
| director = [[T. S. Nagabharana]]
| producer = Sandesh Nagaraj
| screenplay = [[Kotiganahalli Ramaiah]] T. S. Nagabharana
| based_on = {{based on|''Singaravva Mattu Aramane''|[[Chandrashekhara Kambara]]}}
| released = {{Film date|2003|04|18|df=yes}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| language = Kannada
| music = [[C. Aswath]]
| cinematography = [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]
| editing = P. R. Soundar Raj
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Singaaravva''''' ({{langx|kn|ಸಿಂಗಾರವ್ವ}}) is 2003 Indian [[Kannada language]] film directed by [[T. S. Nagabharana]], based on the novel ''Singaravva Mattu Aramane'' by [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]], and starring [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] and [[Avinash (Kannada actor)|Avinash]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/spandana-to-be-telecast-from-sept-30/articleshow/23397881.cms|title=Singaravva|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 September 2002|first=G. S.|last=Kumar}}</ref>

At the [[50th National Film Awards]], the film was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]].

== Cast ==
*[[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] as Singaaravva a.k.a. Singari
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
*Akhila
* Shivadwaj
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]]
* Enagi Nataraj
* Laxmidevi Enagi
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]

== Reception ==
Leslie Felperin of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote that " Less song-led than Bollywood pics, this regional production focuses more on story. Perfs are broad, typical of Indian cinema, with lively lensing from B.C. Gowrishankar".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/singaravva-1200540452/|title=Singaravva|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=17 July 2003|author=Leslie Felperin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/singaravva/story-s7oELrjahFcK2PCGYJdP3O.html|title=Singaravva|date=18 October 2003|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
<ref>[http://www.ourkarnataka.com/kannada/movie/interview/interview_nagabharana.htm An Interview with Nagabharana]</ref>

==Awards==
* [[50th National Film Awards|National Film Awards-2002]]

[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]]

* [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] 2002-03
[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Director]] – [[Shashidhar Adapa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14608956}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Kannada}}
{{T. S. Nagabharana}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Ashwath]]
[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Best Kannada Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. S. Nagabharana]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Satyabhama (2007 film)

2026-03-03T18:12:28Z

Rucsy: Created basic article basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Satyabhama
| image = Sathyabhama 2007 poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = Srihari Nanu
| producer = Bekkam Venu Gopal Mamidisetti Srinivas
| writer = Nivas (dialogues)
| screenplay = Srihari Nanu
| story = Srihari Nanu
| starring = [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] [[Bhumika Chawla]] Nimisha
| music = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| studio = Lucky Media
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|07|06}}
| cinematography =
| editing = Nagireddy
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Satyabhama''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Srihari Nanu. The film stars [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] and [[Bhumika Chawla]]. The film is based on the 2004 American film ''[[50 First Dates]]''.<ref name="Idle Brain">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/thegoodthebadtheugly/satyabhama.html|title= Satyabhama film review – The Good, The bad, and the ugly|author=Mosagallaku Mosagadu|date=6 July 2007|accessdate=13 July 2019|work=Idlebrain}}</ref> The film won two [[Nandi Awards]].

==Plot==
The film follows a sand sculptor (Sivaji) who meets a woman (Bhumika Chawla) with memory loss.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Krishna
* [[Bhumika Chawla]] as Satyabhama
* Nimisha
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as the psychiatrist (special appearance)
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Padi Secondla Padmanabham<ref name="Idle Brain" />
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Naramalli Sivaprasad|Siva Prasad]]
* [[Shankar Melkote|Melkote]]
* Devi Charan
* [[Chitram Srinu]]
* [[Allari Subhashini]] as the restaurant manager
* Babloo
* Apoorva
* Master Siva Varma
* Baby Satyapriya
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Sivaji's character was inspired by Sudarshan Patnaik. The film was shot in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-satyabhama.html|title=Press Meet - Satyabhama|date=16 March 2007|work=Idlebrain}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by Chakri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-satyabhama.html|title=Audio launch - Satyabhama|date=28 May 2007|work=Idlebrain}}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1= Nee Navvule
| extra1= Chakri
| title2=Hallo Madam
| extra2= Pramod
| title3= Hayiga
| extra3=[[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| title4=Pyar Karo
| extra4=Kousalya
| title5=Karuguthunnai
| extra5=Chakri
| title6=Gundelona
| extra6=Kousalya
| title7=Theme Music
| extra7=[[Srinivas (singer)|''Jeans'' Srinivas]]
}}

==Reception==
''Sify'' praised the performance of the cast and opined that "On the whole, this film will only appeal to family audiences".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/satyabhama-review-telugu-pclwrKjgheaah.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221011750/https://www.sify.com/movies/satyabhama-review-telugu-pclwrKjgheaah.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2021|title=Satyabhama|work=Sify|date=7 July 2007}}</ref> ''Idlebrain'' said that "It disappoints the people who already watched ''50 First Dates''. But it may offer some variety for those people who have not watched ''50 First Dates'' yet".<ref name="Idle Brain"/> ''Full Hyderabad'' gave a negative review and stated "Take it easy with this one unless you can forget tomorrow what you did today".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/satyabhama/telugu/satyabhama-movie-reviews-2078-2.html|title= Satyabhama Review|accessdate=13 July 2019|work=Full Hyderabad}}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020 | language=Telugu}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award for Best Performance]] - [[Bhumika Chawla]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] - [[Kousalya (Singer)|Kousalya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1320200}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]

Ari: My Name Is Nobody

2026-03-03T09:10:07Z

Rucsy: stub.

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Jayashankarr}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ari: My Name Is Nobody
| image = Ari – My Name is Nobody.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jayashankarr
| producer = {{plain list|
* Srinivas Reddy Ramireddy
* Thimmappa Naidu Purimetla
* D. Seshu Maramreddy
}}
| writer = Jayashankarr
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[P. Sai Kumar]]
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]
* [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]]
* [[Harsha Chemudu]]
* Surabhi Prabhavathi
* Vinod Varma
* Surya Purimetla
}}
| music = [[Anup Rubens]]
| cinematography = G. Krishna Prasad
| editing = G. Avinash
| studio = {{plain list|
* Arvy Cinemas
* Sree Cinema Studios
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|10|10}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ari: My Name Is Nobody''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Jayashankarr.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-02 |title=Former Vice President of India M Venkaiah Naidu heaps praise on 'ARI' movie trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/former-vice-president-of-india-m-venkaiah-naidu-heaps-praise-on-ari-movie-trailer/articleshow/99183625.cms |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raju |first=S. |date=2025-10-04 |title=Ari' movie Director Jayashankar's seven-year 'spiritual' experiment |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ari-my-name-is-nobody-is-set-for-release-october-10-1011759 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The film has an [[ensemble cast]] including [[P. Sai Kumar]], [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]], [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]], [[Srikanth Iyengar]], [[Harsha Chemudu]], Surabhi Prabhavathi, Vinod Varma and Surya Purimetla.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-13 |title=Ridhima Pandit interview: I will struggle to find good work, but refuse to do something regressive |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ridhima-pandit-interview-i-will-struggle-to-find-good-work-but-refuse-to-do-something-regressive-101712921664332.html |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 10 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-10-04 |title=‘Ari: My Name is Nobody’ locks Oct 10 release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ari-my-name-is-nobody-locks-oct-10-release-1011881 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=November 2025}}

== Cast ==
* [[P. Sai Kumar]] as Vipra Narayana Paswan
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Gunjan
* [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]] as Athreyi
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Chaitanya
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as Amul Kumar
* Surabhi Prabhavathi as Lakshmi
* Vinod Varma as [[Krishna]]
* Surya Purimetla as Surya
* [[Aamani]]
* [[Chammak Chandra]]
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]]
* [[Ridhima Pandit]]
* [[Pavani Reddy]]
* Keshav Deepak
* Saddam Hussain

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by [[Anup Rubens]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-04-05 |title=‘Bhaga Bhaga’ from Ari is an intense song about greed and morality |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/05/bhaga-bhaga-from-ari-is-an-intense-song-about-greed-and-morality |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-09 |title=Melodious 'Chinnari Kittayya' from 'Ari' gets 1.5 million views on YouTube |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/melodious-chinnari-kittayya-from-ari-gets-1-5-million-views-on-youtube/articleshow/98521368.cms |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chinnari Kittayya
| extra1 = [[Mangli]]
| length1 = 5:01
| lyrics1 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| title2 = Bhaga Bhaga
| extra2 = [[Shanmukha Priya]], [[P V N S Rohit]]
| length2 = 3:38
| lyrics2 = Vanamali
| title3 = Theme Of Ari
| extra3 = Chorus
| title4 = Idi Gamanam, Idi Savanam
| length4 = 2:46
| lyrics4 = Kalyan Chakravarthy
| extra4 = Chorus
| title5 = Let’S Do Some Crazy Party
| length5 = 3:29
| lyrics5 = Purnachary Challury
| extra5 = [[Sublahshini]], Anup Rubens
| length3 = 1:55
| lyrics3 = Kasarla Shyam
}}

==Release and reception==
''Ari: My Name Is Nobody'' was released on 10 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-10-09 |title=Theater Movies: శుక్ర‌వారం, ఆక్టోబ‌ర్ 10.. ఇండియా వ్యాప్తంగా థియేట‌ర్ల‌లో రిలీజయ్యే సినిమాలివే {{!}} october 10 2025 friday india theatrical movie releases srk |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/tollywood/october-10-2025-friday-india-theatrical-movie-releases-srk-66940.html |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>

Satya Pulagam of [[ABP Desam|''ABP Desam'']] rated the film 2.75 out of 5 and appreciated the performances, and story while opining that the screenplay, and technical values are weak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulagam |first=Satya |date=2025-10-10 |title='అరి' రివ్యూ: అరిషడ్వర్గాలపై కథతో... ఎండింగ్‌లో శ్రీకృష్ణుడు... సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-ari-my-name-is-nobody-review-in-telugu-anasuya-bharadwaj-sai-kumar-harsha-chemudu-vinod-varma-starring-ari-movie-critics-review-rating-223090 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=ABP Desam |language=te}}</ref> ''[[Eenadu]]'' also echoed the same in their review.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARI Movie Review: రివ్యూ: అరి; సాయికుమార్‌, అనసూయల మూవీ ఎలా ఉంది? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/ari-movie-review-in-telugu/0203/125185757 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 fantasy films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language fantasy films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]

B. B. Chakrabarti

2026-03-02T05:23:52Z

Rucsy: small fixed lead per standard format and fixed typos for accuracy

{{short description|Indian academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = B. B. Chakrabarti
| image = Bbchakrabarti.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = [[Finance]], [[management]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Management Ranchi|IIM Ranchi]], [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM Calcutta]]
| alma_mater = [[Institute of Cost Accountants of India]], [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM Calcutta]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse =
}}
'''Binay Bhushan Chakrabarti''', commonly known as '''B. B. Chakrabarti''', is an Indian academic and professor of management and finance. He was the [[Director (education)|Director]] of [[Indian Institute of Management Ranchi]] (IIM Ranchi). His successor, Prof Shailendra Singh, was also an alumnus of IIM Lucknow.

Chakrabarti is a graduate of [[Jadavpur University]] and [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]] ([[IIM Calcutta]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://facultylive.iimcal.ac.in/users/bbc |title=Binay Bhushan Chakrabarti |accessdate=17 September 2013 |publisher=iimcal.ac.in |date= |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205160801/http://facultylive.iimcal.ac.in/users/bbc |archivedate=5 February 2013 |df= }}</ref> He is an Associate Member of the [[Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India]] (ICWAI). He has taught finance at IIM Calcutta. He became the Director of IIM Ranchi in September 2013. He is a visiting faculty in the area of finance at [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM Calcutta]], IIM Ranchi and IIM Sirmaur.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chabrabarti, B. B.}}
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Ranchi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Etharkkum Thunindhavan (soundtrack)

2026-03-01T13:40:54Z

Rucsy: done...

{{short description|2022 soundtrack album by D. Imman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Etharkkum Thunindhavan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover = Etharkkum Thunindhavan album cover.jpeg
| caption = Soundtrack Album Cover
| released = 31 January 2022
| recorded = 2021–2022
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:59
| language = [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sun Pictures]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Pon Manickavel (film)|Pon Manickavel]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Yutha Satham]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Etharkkum Thunindhavan
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Vaada Thambi
| single1date = 17 December 2021
| single2 = Ullam Urugudhaiya
| single2date = 23 December 2021
| single3 = Summa Surrunu
| single3date = 3 January 2022
}}
}}

'''Etharkkum Thunindhavan''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[D. Imman]] for the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] of the [[Etharkkum Thunindhavan|same name]] directed by [[Pandiraj]] and produced by [[Sun Pictures]], starring [[Suriya]] and [[Priyanka Arul Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Balachandran|first1=Logesh|date=January 24, 2021|title=D Imman to compose for Suriya in Pandiraj's film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/d-imman-to-compose-for-suriya-in-pandiraj-s-film-1762197-2021-01-24|access-date=2021-12-19|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack has ten tunes; four songs featuring lyrics written by [[Yugabharathi]], [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and [[Vignesh Shivan]] and the remainder of the album featured [[instrumental]] tracks used in the background score. It was released on 31 January 2022.

== Development ==
The music of the film is composed by [[D. Imman]] in his third collaboration with [[Pandiraj]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Imman to compose music for Suriya 40|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/imman-to-compose-music-for-suriya-40/articleshow/80431634.cms|access-date=2021-12-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=D Imman to compose for Suriya 40|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/24/d-imman-to-compose-for-suriya-40-22434.html|access-date=2021-12-19|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref> following ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' (2018) and ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' (2019).{{Efn|Also produced by [[Sun Pictures]]}} Imman was initially roped in for the untitled film with [[Suriya]], which was directed by [[Siva (director)|Siva]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 23, 2019|title=Suriya to team up with Viswasam director Siruthai Siva for a family entertainer|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-to-team-up-with-viswasam-director-siruthai-siva-for-a-family-entertainer-1508006-2019-04-23|access-date=2021-12-19|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> and also for ''Aruvaa'', which was directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suriya teams up with director Hari for 'Aruvaa', to release for Diwali 2020|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/mar/01/suriya-teams-up-with-director-hari-for-aruvaa-to-release-for-diwali-2020-2110701.html|access-date=2021-12-19|website=The New Indian Express|date=March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-02|title=Suriya, Hari team up yet again for 'Aruvaa'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suriya-hari-team-up-yet-again-for-aruvaa/article30961757.ece|access-date=2021-12-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As the projects did not materialise, this film marked the first collaboration with the actor.<ref name=":0"/> [[Yugabharathi]] and [[Vignesh Shivan]] were initially hired for writing the song lyrics. In November 2021, actor [[Sivakarthikeyan]] was also announced to pen lyrics for one of the songs in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sivakarthikeyan pens a song for Suriya's Etharkkum Thunindhavan|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/19/sivakarthikeyan-pens-a-song-for-suriyas-etharkkum-thunindhavan-27949.html|access-date=2021-12-19|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sivakarthikeyan pens a song for Suriya's 'Etharkkum Thunindhavan'?|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-pens-a-song-for-suriyas-etharkkum-thunindhavan-news-tamil-vlugfQeicgace.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120061626/https://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-pens-a-song-for-suriyas-etharkkum-thunindhavan-news-tamil-vlugfQeicgace.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2021|access-date=2021-12-19|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|[[Sivakarthikeyan]] earlier collaborated with [[Pandiraj]] in his debut film ''[[Marina]]'' (2012) and ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' (2019)}}

The composer had worked with an ensemble musical team of 100 musicians to work on the film's soundtrack and background music.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1488853251256893442|user=immancomposer|title=Key chief Musicians who worked behind the sound of #EtharkkumThunindhavan BGM Score!|author=D. Imman}}</ref> In early-December, reports surfaced that [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] will record the introductory track for the film,<ref>{{Cite news|title=GV Prakash to lend his voice for a song in 'Etharkkum Thunindhavan'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/gv-prakash-to-lend-his-voice-for-a-song-in-etharkkum-thunindhavan/articleshow/88066321.cms|access-date=2021-12-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and [[Anirudh Ravichander]] was also roped in to croon for one of the tracks in the album, which consisting of a different genre.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anirudh and GV Prakash unite for Suriya's 'Etharkkum Thunindhavan'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anirudh-and-gv-prakash-unite-for-suriyas-ethirkkum-thuninthavan/articleshow/88137981.cms|access-date=2021-12-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Later, the team had officially announced that both the composers had recorded the vocals for the track titled "Vaada Thambi" which was written by Vignesh Shivan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Etharkkum Thunindhavan first single promo out: Anirudh and GV Prakash croons for D Imman's composition for Suriya|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/14/etharkkum-thunindhavan-first-single-promo-out-anirudh-and-gv-prakash-croons-for-d-immans-compositi-28423.html|access-date=2021-12-19|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] musician Brinda Manickavasakan made her debut as a playback singer in feature film, with the track "Ullam Urugudhaiya".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-19|title=The Brindha Manickavasakan Interview: 'Involved singing is an uplifting magical experience'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/the-brindha-manickavasakan-interview-its-an-inexplicable-moment-when-you-get-close-to-the-note-you-know-something-magical-is-happening-5500733/|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=Etharkkum Thunindhava Song Ullam Urugudhaiya: Second Track From Suriya's Film Is a Perfect Classical Number With Beautiful Rhythm (Watch Lyrical Video) {{!}} 🎥 LatestLY|url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/etharkkum-thunindhava-song-ullam-urugudhaiya-second-track-from-suriyas-film-is-a-perfect-classical-number-with-beautiful-rhythm-watch-lyrical-video-3196269.html|access-date=2021-12-27|website=LatestLY|language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
A promo video of the first single "Vaada Thambi", was released on 16 December, with the full song being unveiled the following day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-18|title=Watch: Vaada Thambi from Suriya's Etharkkum Thuninthavan looks vibrant|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-vaada-thambi-suriya-s-etharkkum-thuninthavan-looks-vibrant-158806|access-date=2021-12-19|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-17|title=Etharkkum Thunindhavan song Vaada Thambi: GV Prakash, Anirudh Ravichander, Vignesh Shivan join hands for Suriya movie|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/etharkkum-thunindhavan-song-vaada-thambi-suriya-7674459/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The lyric video was also launched on the same day, through the official [[YouTube]] channel of [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref name=":1" /> On 23 December 2021, the lyrical video of the second single "Ullam Urugudhaiya" was unveiled along with the full song.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=Suriya's surprise getup in Etharkkum Thunindhavan second single! - Music Video out - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/suriya-etharkkum-thunindhavan-new-getup-second-single-song-released-music-lyric-video-update-tamil-news-304883|access-date=2021-12-27|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Suriya-starrer Etharkkum Thunindhavan song Ullam Urugudhaiya lyrical video out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2021/dec/27/suriya-starrer-etharkkum-thunindhavan-songullam-urugudhaiya-lyrical-video-out-28668.html|access-date=2021-12-28|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref> A romantic melody duet, sung by [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]] and [[Vandana Srinivasan]], the track and the first line of the song is inspired from the religious song of the same name, sung by [[T. M. Soundararajan]], for [[Lord Murugan]]. It was marketed as a "romantic melody with divine musical backdrop" and featured Suriya in the costumes of Lord Murugan, a warrior prince and a king in the track.<ref>{{Cite web|title=சூர்யாவும்.. பிரியங்கா மோகனும்..: எதற்கும் துணிந்தவன் இரண்டாவது பாடல் வெளியீடு|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2021/dec/27/second-song-from-etharkkum-thunindhavan-is-out-3762875.html|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Dinamani|date=27 December 2021 |language=ta}}</ref> It received a million views within hours after its release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-24|title='Ullam Urugudhaiya' lyric video from Suriya's 'Etharkkum Thunindhavan' gets a million views|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/12/28120614/1336118/Ullam-Urugudhaiya-lyric-video-from-Suriyas-Etharkkum-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228172238/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/12/28120614/1336118/Ullam-Urugudhaiya-lyric-video-from-Suriyas-Etharkkum-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2021|access-date=2021-12-28|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}</ref> On 3 January 2022, the third single track "Summa Surrunu",<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-01|title=Etharkkum Thunindhavan: Suriya looks cool in latest song teaser poster; Track to be out on 3 January|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/etharkkum-thunindhavan-suriya-looks-cool-latest-song-teaser-poster-track-be-out-16-january-994387|access-date=2022-01-20|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124170343/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/etharkkum-thunindhavan-suriya-looks-cool-latest-song-teaser-poster-track-be-out-16-january-994387|url-status=dead}}</ref> sung by [[Armaan Malik]] and [[Nikhita Gandhi]] was released, touted to be a "quirky" number.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-17|title=Summa Surrunu From Suriya's Next Tamil Film Etharkkum Thunindhavan Released|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/summa-surrunu-from-suriyas-next-tamil-film-etharkkum-thunindhavan-released-4667273.html|access-date=2022-01-20|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Summa Surrunu, the third single from Suriya-Pandiraj's Etharkkum Thunindhavan is out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/jan/16/summa-surrunu-third-single-from-suriya-pandirajs-etharkkum-thunindhavan-is-out-29046.html|access-date=2022-01-20|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref>

On 30 January, the makers unveiled the film's theme music and original [[Background Score|background score]] through [[YouTube]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Suriya-starrer Etharkkum Thunindhavan's BGM is out|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/suriya-starrer-etharkkum-thunindhavans-bgm-is-out/articleshow/89304117.cms|access-date=2022-02-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> a month before the film's release in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Etharkkum Thunindhavan Theme Tracks, BG Scores Out Now!|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29909/et-ost-suriya-imman-sun-pictures|access-date=2022-02-06|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref> The tracks were later bundled into the film's soundtrack album and was released separately into music platforms, the following day (31 January 2022).<ref>{{Citation|title=Etharkkum Thunindhavan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=2022-01-31|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3eWiif4iU60XSSada84hhw|language=en|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1490207585982889985|user=immancomposer|title=Listen and Download the Exclusive OST of #ET in your own compatible Audio Streaming platforms!|author=D.IMMAN}}</ref>

The soundtrack for the dubbed versions in Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam and Kannada were released on 4 March 2022.

== Track listing ==
=== Tamil ===
{{Track listing
| title1 = Vaada Thambi
| length1 = 04:21
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| title2 = Ullam Urugudhaiya
| length2 = 03:59
| extra2 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]], Brindha Manickavasakan
| lyrics2 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra3 = [[Armaan Malik]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| title3 = Summa Surrunu
| length3 = 03:46
| lyrics3 = [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
| title4 = Etharkkum Thunindhavan
| length4 = 02:03
| lyrics4 = MC Rude
| extra4 = MC Rude
| title5 = Romedy
| lyrics5 = —
| length5 = 01:58
| extra5 = [[Instrumental]]
| title6 = Venom
| length6 = 02:05
| lyrics6 = Joewin Shamalina
| extra6 = Joewin Shamalina
| title7 = Thandavam
| length7 = 03:18
| lyrics7 = —
| extra7 = Instrumental
| title8 = The Prey
| length8 = 05:23
| lyrics8 = —
| extra8 = Sahana, [[Maria Roe Vincent]]
| title9 = Jubilation
| length9 = 01:34
| lyrics9 = —
| extra9 = Instrumental
| title10 = Pouncing Tiger
| length10 = 01:30
| lyrics10 = —
| extra10 = Instrumental
| total_length = 29:59
| note5 = Theme
| note6 = Theme
| note7 = Theme
| note10 = Theme
| note8 = Theme
| note9 = Theme
}}

=== Telugu ===
{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Vanamali]] except where noted
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Raa Raa Friendu
| extra1 = Diwakar
| length1 = 04:20
| title2 = Gunde Karignayyaa
| extra2 = Sathya Prakash , [[Vandana Srinivasan]]
| length2 = 04:00
| title3 = Churru Churranni
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]], Srinidhi
| length3 = 03:44
| title4 = ET Theme
| length4 = 02:03
| extra4 = MC Rude
| title5 = Romedy
| lyrics5 = —
| length5 = 01:58
| extra5 = [[Instrumental]]
| title6 = Venom
| length6 = 02:05
| lyrics6 = Joewin Shamalina
| extra6 = Joewin Shamalina
| title7 = Thandavam
| length7 = 03:18
| lyrics7 = —
| extra7 = Instrumental
| title8 = The Prey
| length8 = 05:23
| lyrics8 = —
| extra8 = Sahana, [[Maria Roe Vincent]]
| title9 = Jubilation
| length9 = 01:34
| lyrics9 = —
| extra9 = Instrumental
| title10 = Pouncing Tiger
| length10 = 01:30
| lyrics10 = —
| extra10 = Instrumental
| total_length = 27:53
| note5 = Theme
| note6 = Theme
| note7 = Theme
| note10 = Theme
| note8 = Theme
| note9 = Theme
}}

=== Hindi ===
{{Track listing
| total_length = 27:53
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = ET Theme
| extra1 = Vyasaraaj
| length1 = 02:03
| title2 = Sulagta Hai Jiya
| extra2 = Deepak Blue, Iraa
| length2 = 04:03
| title3 = Silk Wala Kurta
| extra3 = [[Santhosh Venky]], Rita
| length3 = 03:53
| title4 = Bole Wahi
| extra4 = [[Santhosh Venky]]
| length4 = 04:24
| all_lyrics = Raqueeb Alam except where noted
| title5 = Romedy
| lyrics5 = —
| length5 = 01:58
| extra5 = [[Instrumental]]
| title6 = Venom
| length6 = 02:05
| lyrics6 = Joewin Shamalina
| extra6 = Joewin Shamalina
| title7 = Thandavam
| length7 = 03:18
| lyrics7 = —
| extra7 = Instrumental
| title8 = The Prey
| length8 = 05:23
| lyrics8 = —
| extra8 = Sahana, [[Maria Roe Vincent]]
| title9 = Jubilation
| length9 = 01:34
| lyrics9 = —
| extra9 = Instrumental
| title10 = Pouncing Tiger
| length10 = 01:30
| lyrics10 = —
| extra10 = Instrumental
| note5 = Theme
| note6 = Theme
| note7 = Theme
| note10 = Theme
| note8 = Theme
| note9 = Theme
}}

=== Malayalam ===
{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = Shibu Kallar except where noted
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vaada Mone
| extra1 = Sarath Santhosh
| length1 = 04:20
| title2 = Ullil Unarukayaayi
| extra2 = Sreekanth Hariharan, Devu Mathew
| length2 = 03:59
| title3 = Kuliralli Nilavil
| extra3 = Sarath Santhosh, Devu Mathew
| length3 = 03:44
| title4 = ET Theme (lyrics by MC Rude)
| extra4 = MC Rude
| length4 = 02:03
| title5 = Romedy
| lyrics5 = —
| length5 = 01:58
| extra5 = [[Instrumental]]
| title6 = Venom
| length6 = 02:05
| lyrics6 = Joewin Shamalina
| extra6 = Joewin Shamalina
| title7 = Thandavam
| length7 = 03:18
| lyrics7 = —
| extra7 = Instrumental
| title8 = The Prey
| length8 = 05:23
| lyrics8 = —
| extra8 = Sahana, [[Maria Roe Vincent]]
| title9 = Jubilation
| length9 = 01:34
| lyrics9 = —
| extra9 = Instrumental
| title10 = Pouncing Tiger
| length10 = 01:30
| lyrics10 = —
| extra10 = Instrumental
| total_length = 27:53
| note5 = Theme
| note6 = Theme
| note7 = Theme
| note10 = Theme
| note8 = Theme
| note9 = Theme
}}

=== Kannada ===
{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = Kinnal Raj except where noted
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Eru Eru
| extra1 = [[Santhosh Venky]]
| length1 = 04:20
| title2 = Nalla e Hrudayavu
| extra2 = Deepak Blue, Airaa Udupi
| length2 = 03:59
| title3 = Silku Jubba
| extra3 = Vyaasaraj, Airaa Uduppi
| length3 = 03:45
| title4 = ET Theme
| extra4 = Vyaasaraj
| length4 = 02:03
| title5 = Romedy
| lyrics5 = —
| length5 = 01:58
| extra5 = [[Instrumental]]
| title6 = Venom
| length6 = 02:05
| lyrics6 = Joewin Shamalina
| extra6 = Joewin Shamalina
| title7 = Thandavam
| length7 = 03:18
| lyrics7 = —
| extra7 = Instrumental
| title8 = The Prey
| length8 = 05:23
| lyrics8 = —
| extra8 = Sahana, [[Maria Roe Vincent]]
| title9 = Jubilation
| length9 = 01:34
| lyrics9 = —
| extra9 = Instrumental
| title10 = Pouncing Tiger
| length10 = 01:30
| lyrics10 = —
| extra10 = Instrumental
| total_length = 27:52
| note5 = Theme
| note6 = Theme
| note7 = Theme
| note10 = Theme
| note8 = Theme
| note9 = Theme
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{D. Imman}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:D. Imman soundtracks]]

Birla Science Museum

2026-02-27T04:10:16Z

Rucsy: reworked details further and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Science museum in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{primary sources|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Birla Science Museum
| established = 1985
| image = Birla Science Museum Hyd.jpg
| collection =
| area =
| location = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| visitors =
| publictransit =
| director =
| website =
}}
'''B. M. Birla Science Museum''' is an Indian [[science museum]] located in [[Hyderabad, India]]. Constructed by civil engineer P. A. Singaravelu, it comprises a planetarium, museum, science centre, art gallery as well as a dinosaurium.<ref name= "lgi">{{cite book|title=Let's Go India and Nepal, 8th Ed.|year=2003|isbn=0-312-32006-X|pages=113|publisher=Macmillan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oM2ZqMfg7hYC&pg=PA113}}</ref> The museum itself was the second phase of the science centre when it opened in 1990.<ref name=smu>{{cite web|title=Science Museum|url=http://www.birlasciencecentre.org/science_museum/science_museum.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112221416/http://www.birlasciencecentre.org/science_museum/science_museum.html|archive-date=12 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The centre also houses India's first private Space Museum. The museum is a unique facility which is dedicated to history of the space program of India. The space museum was inaugurated in July 2019 and was curated by [[Pranav Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A space traveller's tale|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/dec/21/a-space-travellers-tale-2078898.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 December 2019 |access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-12-06|title=Birla Science Centre's Pranav Sharma gets REX Karmaveer Award|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/birla-science-centres-pranav-sharma-gets-rex-karmaveer-award/article30214217.ece|access-date=2020-05-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Thatipalli|first=Mallik|date=2020-02-24|title=Science as a way of life|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/science-as-a-way-of-life/article30899265.ece|access-date=2020-05-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Planetarium==
The Birla Planetarium is a wing of the Science Centre. The [[planetarium]] was inaugurated by [[N. T. Rama Rao]], on 8 September 1985 and is one of three Birla Planetariums in India. The others are the [[Birla Planetarium, Kolkata|M.P. Birla Planetarium]] in [[Kolkata]] and [[Birla Planetarium, Chennai|B.M. Birla Planetarium]] in [[Chennai]].

== Space Museum ==
The museum brings to light various contributions of ISRO to public awareness through images, illustrations and words. More than forty three people contributed to the narration and which were taken out after some several thousand pages of information and data collected over the span of almost two years by the curator [[Pranav Sharma]]. Satyajit Tuljapurkar was the architect of the place and digital artwork was done by Arjun Kota. Ankur Chhabra and Smyan Thota worked as curation assistants and outreach team leads.

There are more than twenty exhibits including the models of PSLV, GSLV, GSLV-MkIII (which recently successfully carried Chandryaan 2 in the outer space). The legacy series of satellites such as Aryabhata, Bhaskara, Rohini, APPLE and SROSS are also exhibited. A model of International Space Station has been set up amidst Communication Satellites.

==Dinosaurium==
<gallery widths="490" heights="250">
File:Kotasauraus.jpg|Kotasaurus
File:Kotasauraus adilabad.jpg|Legs of Kotasaurus
</gallery>
The Dinosaurium is the newest addition to the planetarium and science center and opened in 2000.<ref name=din>{{cite web|title=Dinosaurium|url=http://www.birlasciencecentre.org/dinosaurium/dinosaurium.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114051359/http://www.birlasciencecentre.org/dinosaurium/dinosaurium.html|archive-date=14 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its exhibits include a 160-million-year-old mounted [[Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis]],<ref name=csv>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1025|access-date=2012-01-12|title=Competition Science Vision|date=October 2000|last1=Darpan|first1=Pratiyogita}}</ref> excavated in the Adilabad district in [[Telangana]] and presented to the Science Museum by the [[Geological Survey of India]]. The Dinosaurium has a collection of smaller fossils of dinosaur eggs, marine shells and fossilised tree trunks.

==See also==
* [[Indian Astronomical Observatory#Astrotourism|Astrotourism in India]]
*[[M. P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research]]
*[[List of planetariums]]
*[[Nizam Museum]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Birla Science Museum}}
*[http://www.birlasciencecentre.org/ B.M. Birla Science Centre, Hyderabad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212130659/http://birlasciencecentre.org/ |date=12 February 2009 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070414212605/http://education.vsnl.com/planetarium/ M.P. Birla Planetarium, Kolkata]

{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{coord|17|24|12.05|N|78|28|14.33|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Museums in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Science museums in India]]
[[Category:Planetaria in India]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1985]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India]]

Mahananda River

2026-02-24T12:04:30Z

Rucsy:

{{short description|River in Bangladesh and India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Mahananda River {{native_name|bn|Môhānôndā Nôdi}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = File:Mahananda from Tetulia.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =People collecting stone at Mahananda River in Tetulia, Panchagarh District, Bangladesh with Kangchenjunga in the background
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Countries
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States of India|States]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Bengal]] (India) [[Bihar]] (India)
| subdivision_type3 = [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Divisions]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] (Bangladesh) [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]] (Bangladesh)
| subdivision_type4 = Districts
| subdivision_name4 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] (India), [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] (India) [[Uttar Dinajpur]] (India) [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]] (India) [[Purnia district|Purnia]] (India) [[Katihar district|Katihar]] (India) [[Malda district|Malda]] (India) [[Panchagarh District|Panchagarh]] (Bangladesh) [[Nawabganj district|Nawabganj]] (Bangladesh)
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Kurseong]] (India) [[Siliguri]] (India) [[English Bazar]](India) Godagiri (Bangladesh)

| length_km = 360
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Paglajhora Falls, [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling hills]] in the [[Himalayas]]
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Ganges]]
| mouth_location = Godagari, [[Rajshahi District]], [[Bangladesh]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|29|24|N|88|18|14|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size_km2 = 20600
| tributaries_left = [[Tangon River]], [[Nagar River (Rangpur)]]
| tributaries_right = [[Mechi River]], [[Kankai River]], [[Balason River]], [[Kalindi River]]
}}
The '''Mahananda''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˌ|h|ɑː|ˈ|n|ʌ|n|d|ə|,_|ˌ|m|ɑː|h|ə|-}} {{respell|mə|HAH|NUN|də|,_|MAH|hə|-}}) is a [[trans-boundary river]] that flows through the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|states]] of [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]] before crossing into [[Bangladesh]]. It is an important [[tributary]] of the [[Ganges]].

==Course==
[[File:MahanandaRiver.jpg|thumb|Mahananda River, view from captain Mohiudding Jahangir (Bir Shreshtha) bridge at [[Nawabganj district]] ]]
The Mahananda River system consists of two streams- one is locally known as Fulahar River and the other Mahananda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Momin |first=Hassan |last2=Biswas |first2=Rubia |last3=Tamang |first3=Chandrakala |date=2022-02-01 |title=Morphological analysis and channel shifting of the Fulahar river in Malda district, West Bengal, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10248-7 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=197–213 |doi=10.1007/s10708-020-10248-7 |issn=1572-9893|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Fulahar originates in the [[Himalayas]] in [[Nepal]] and traverses through the Indian state of Bihar and merges with the Ganges in left opposite to [[Rajmahal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahananda Basin|url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=mahananda_basin|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814120925/https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=mahananda_basin|archive-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> The Mahananda originates in the Himalayas: Paglajhora Falls on Mahaldiram Hill near Chimli, east of [[Kurseong]] in [[Darjeeling district]] at an elevation of {{convert|2100|m}}.<ref name=jain>{{cite book |author1=Sharad K. Jain |author2=Pushpendra K. Agarwal |author3=Vijay P. Singh |year=2007 |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=PA360 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |page=360 |isbn=978-1-4020-5180-7}}</ref><ref name=siliguri>{{cite web |url=http://www.siligurionline.com/info/rivers.htm |title=Rivers in Siliguri |work=Mahananda River |publisher=Siliguri on line |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104203849/http://www.siligurionline.com/info/rivers.htm |archive-date=4 January 2013 |access-date=14 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://darjeelingnews.net/rivers.html
| title = Rivers| publisher = Darjeeling News.Net |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref> It flows through [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]] and descends to the plains near [[Siliguri]]. It touches [[Jalpaiguri district]].<ref name=siliguri/><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.himalayan-adventure.com/jungle/mahananda.htm |title = Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher = nature beyond |access-date = 14 May 2010 |archive-date = 17 March 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090317101106/http://www.himalayan-adventure.com/jungle/mahananda.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref>

It enters Bangladesh near [[Tetulia Upazila|Tentulia]] in [[Panchagarh District]], flows for {{convert|3|km}} after Tentulia and returns to India.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view1.php?hidRecord=16858 | title =News from Bangladesh |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref> After flowing through [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in West Bengal and [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]], [[Purnia district|Purnia]] and [[Katihar district|Katihar]] districts in Bihar, it enters [[Malda district]] in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://uttardinajpur.gov.in/ | title = Uttar Dinajpur district |publisher = Uttar Dinajpur district administration |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://kishanganj.bih.nic.in/river.htm |url-status=dead |title =Kishanganj district |publisher =Kishanganj district administration |access-date =14 May 2010 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100408074040/http://kishanganj.bih.nic.in/river.htm |archive-date =8 April 2010}}</ref> The Mahananda divides the district into two regions — the eastern region, consisting mainly of old alluvial and relatively infertile soil is commonly known as [[Barind]] (Barendrabhumi), and the western region, which is further subdivided by the river Kalindri into two areas, the northern area is known as "Tal". It is low-lying and vulnerable to inundation during rainy season; the southern area consists of very fertile land and is thickly populated, being commonly known as "Diara".<ref>{{cite web|url =http://malda.gov.in/ | title =Malda district |publisher =Malda district administration |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref>

It joins the [[Ganges]] at Godagari in [[Nawabganj district|Rajshahi district]] in Bangladesh.<ref name=jain/>

===Basin data===
The total length of the Mahananda is {{convert|360|km}},<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357914/Mahananda-River | title = Mahananda River | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref> out of which {{convert|324|km}} are in India and {{convert|36|km}} are in Bangladesh.

The total drainage area of the Mahananda is {{convert|20600|km2}} out of which {{convert|11530|km2}} are in India.<ref name=jain/>

===Tributaries===
The main tributaries of the Mahananda are [[Balason River|Balason]], [[Mechi River|Mechi]], [[Kankai River|Kankai]]<ref name=jain/> and River Kalindri. At the East of the confluence of the Kalindri and the Mahananda lies the [[Old Malda]] town. In the Siliguri area it has three tributaries called the Trinai, Ranochondi and the pair of Chokor and Dauk taken as a single tributary.<ref name=siliguri/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{citation
|author=Sultana Nasrin Baby
|chapter=Mahananda River
|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahananda_River
|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor1=Sirajul Islam |editor2=Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second}}

{{Commons category|Mahananda River}}

{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}
{{Rivers in Bihar}}

[[Category:Siliguri]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]]

The Unbearable Being of Lightness

2026-02-18T23:05:10Z

Rucsy: Created the entry w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Unbearable Being of Lightness
| image = The Unbearable Being of Lightness poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Ramchandra P. N.]]
| writer = [[Ramchandra P. N.]], Sudipto Mondal
| starring = Saumesh Bangera
| music =
| cinematography = Ramchandra P. N.
| editing = Ramchandra P. N.
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|11|12|[[Kolkata International Film Festival|KIFF]]|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kff.in/film.php?f=298|title=Bengal Welcomes World Cinema - Kolkata International Film Festival 2017|website=www.KFF.in|accessdate=27 January 2018}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 45 minutes
| country = India
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''The Unbearable Being of Lightness''''' is a 45-minute documentary film made in 2016 and directed by [[Ramchandra PN]]. The documentary documents a workshop that the filmmaker had conducted for a group of students at the University of Hyderabad, immediately after the student protests on the issue of the [[suicide of Rohith Vemula]] had ended at the university.

==Plot==
The film maker sets off to Hyderabad after student boycott of classes has ended at the [[University of Hyderabad]]. As a part of a documentary film-making workshop, the participants have to visit, observe, write and film at a crowded place within the campus called Shopcom, where students hang around after classes. It is also the center of the protests on the Rohith Vemula issue. As the participants read out what they have observed, they can't but bring out the issue of their deceased colleague and the sadness and bitterness associated with it. A group of singers at Shopcom sing a protest song that was written in a different context by [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], an actor in [[Mangalore]], Saumesh Bangera, reads out the last letter of Rohith Vemula, his suicide note.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dalit-student-suicide-full-text-of-suicide-letter-hyderabad/|title=My birth is my fatal accident: Full text of Dalit student Rohith’s suicide letter|date=18 January 2016|website=IndianExpress.com|access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> and on blank screen, portions of the article written by journalist Sudipto Mondal named 'Rohith Vemula, an unfinished portrait' are read out.<ref name="ht">{{cite news|last1=Mondal|first1=Sudipto|title=Rohith Vemula - an unfinished portrait|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/static/rohith-vemula-an-unfinished-portrait|access-date=13 March 2017|work=HindustanTimes.com|quote=Did a lifetime of unequal treatment add to the conditions at the university in leading Rohith to take his own life? "His family story haunted Rohith all his life," Riyaz says. "He faced caste discrimination in the house where he grew up. But instead of succumbing, Rohith fought it out. He broke many barriers before he got to the final stretch, his PhD. He gave up when he realised he could go no further.}}</ref>

==Production==
When Rohith Vemula hanged himself in a hostel room on 17 January 2016, the immediate cause and the events leading up to the death came into sharp focus and got nationwide attention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/dalit-phd-student-rohith-vemula-commits-suicide-hyderabad-central-university-students-cry-foul-2588166.html|title=Hyderabad University suicide: Rohith Vemula hangs himself in campus, student unions protest - Firstpost|website=www.Firstpost.com|access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> This documentary film seeks to supplement this aspect. Ramchandra decided not to use video recorded by the students during the workshop or amateur footage shot by protesters, to avoid producing a workshop film or a protest film, and instead to strike a reflective tone, representing various points of view.<ref name="scroll">{{cite news|last1=Ramnath|first1=Nandini|title=It began as a workshop at HCU, and it became a film about Rohith Vemula and caste|url=http://thereel.scroll.in/818657/it-began-as-a-workshop-at-hcu-and-it-became-a-film-about-rohith-vemula-and-caste|access-date=13 March 2017|work=Scroll.in|date=10 October 2016}}</ref>

== Release and screenings ==
The film was premiered on 12 November 2016 at the [[Kolkata International Film Festival]].
The film was the official selection in competition section in the Long Documentary category at the 10th International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala.<ref>http://idsffk.in/idsffk_2017.php{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>

==Reception==
The film looks at the three generations of the Vemula family and deals with how over the centuries we have been looking at the issue of [[Dalits]].

''[[The Hindu]]'' in its Sunday edition has describes the film as uncomfortable.
<blockquote>"Against this peaceful, even nonchalant, setting are visible the faint silhouette of a face and a dark crop of unruly hair as we hear Vemula’s last words. This juxtaposition is deliberately uncomfortable. It makes the reality of what is being read out and the general sense of indifference and injustice hang even heavier. Odd angles and the frequent use of a black screen add to this jarring visual experience, an instance of form mirroring content."</blockquote>(Source: The Hindu)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chronicle-of-a-suicide-retold/article18514949.ece|title=Chronicle of a suicide retold|first=Sucheta|last=Chakraborty|date=20 May 2017|publisher=|access-date=27 January 2018|via=www.TheHindu.com}}</ref>

''[[The News Minute|The New Minute]]'' too describes the film on similar lines.
<blockquote>"The 45 minute documentary captures protests too, but as an observer and not participant. The uncomfortable camera angles and shaky focus are deliberate - this is not a film you're meant to sit back and watch."</blockquote>(Source: The News Minute)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rohith-vemula-filmmaker-uploads-film-online-after-ib-ministry-refuses-censor-exemption-63587|title=For Rohit Vemula: Filmmaker uploads film online after I & B Ministry refuses Censor Exemption|first=Sowmya|last=Rajendran|date=13 June 2017}}</ref>

== Certificate of exemption at IDSFFK ==
''The Unbearable Being of Lightness'' along with two other films, ''March March March'', directed by Kathu Lukose and ''In the Shade of Fallen Chinar'', directed by N.C. Fazil and Shawn Sebastian, was denied an exemption from certification from the Information and Broadcasting Ministry, Government of India <ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/show-and-tell-4700964/|title=Show and Tell|date=13 June 2017|website=IndianExpress.com|access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> at the 10th International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala (IDSFFK) that was held 16–20 June 2017 for the subjects that they had chosen and thus were denied screenings. There were widespread protests and parallel screenings held in various places. The [[government of Kerala]] registered a case at the [[Kerala High Court]] against the order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/deccan+chronicle-epaper-deccanch/kerala+to+implead+in+ban+on+films-newsid-69069002/|title=Kerala to implead in ban on films - Deccan Chronicle - DailyHunt|website=DailyHunt.in|access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref>

The court squashed the exemption order with regards to ''The Unbearable Being of Lightness'' stating that it was illegal, in November 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hc-quashes-denial-of-exemption-to-docus/article20461265.ece#/|title=HC quashes denial of exemption to docus}}</ref> Subsequently, the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]], the organizers of IDSFFK, screened the film at the other film Festival they conduct, the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] at Kochi in March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160318/regional-international-film-festival-of-kerala-ends-film-buffs-hail-f.html/|title=HC=Regional International Film Festival of Kerala ends; film buffs hail fete}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6156456}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unbearable Being Of Lightness}}
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:2016 documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about suicide]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:English-language documentary films]]

Talluri Rameswari

2026-02-14T18:57:12Z

Rucsy: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Talluri Rameswari
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| spouse = Deepak Seth
| awards =
}}

'''Talluri Rameswari''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.

==Career==
Rameswari graduated from [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]] in 1975. She got her big break in 1977 with Rajshri's ''[[Dulhan Wahi Jo Piya Man Bhaye (1977 film)|Dulhan Wahi Jo Piya Man Bhaye]]'' which became a phenomenal hit and made her a household name. In 1978 she played the title role in K. Viswanath's ''[[Seetamalakshmi]]'' (Telugu) and received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Movie Listings: Seetamalakshmi {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/seetamalakshmi/movieshow/65195607.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2022-07-30}}</ref> Some of her other notable films include ''[[Sunayana (film)|Sunayana]]'' with Naseeruddin Shah, ''[[Mera Rakshak]]'' with Mithun'','' and ''[[Sharda (1981 film)|Sharda]]'' and ''[[Aasha (1980 film)|Aasha]]'' with Jeetendra. The latter earned her a [[Filmfare]] nomination as Best Supporting Actress.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=1st Filmfare Awards 1953 |access-date=15 November 2007 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rameswari has also acted in an [[Odia language|Odia]] and a [[Malayalam]] movie.

==Personal life==
Rameswari is married to her FTII classmate, Punjabi actor-producer [[Deepak Seth]]. They have two sons Bhaskara Pratap and Surya Prem. They produced a Hindi film ''Hum Farishte Nahin'' (1988) and a Punjabi film ''Mein Tuun Assin Tussin'' (2007) based on the [[Shakespeare]] play ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/060630/48/65iwe.html |title=Yahoo Search - Web Search}}</ref> She took a sabbatical to raise her children and returned to acting in the 2000s.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070527072442/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/07/13/stories/2006071300330400.htm ''The Hindu'': Metro Plus Hyderabad / Cinema : Once upon a star]</ref> Lately, she has been working in television series.

==Filmography==
===Television===
* ''[[America Ammayi (TV Serial)|America Ammayi]]''
*''[[Kairi (TV series)|Kairi]]''
* ''[[Mitwa Phool Kamal Ke]]''
* ''[[Jabb Love Hua]]''
* ''[[Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na]]''
* ''Padosi'' (1985)
* ''Chamatkar''
* ''Ados Pados'' (TV Serial)
* ''Nanhi Si Kali Meri Laadli'' (TV serial aired on DD National)
* ''[[Jhansi (TV series)|Jhansi]]'' (2022–2023) ([[Disney+ Hotstar]])
* ''[[Kumari Srimathi]]'' ([[Amazon Prime]])
* ''[[Ganadevta]]'' (1987–1988) ([[Doordarshan]])

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Dulhan Wahi Jo Piya Man Bhaye (1977 film)|Dulhan Wahi Jo Piya Man Bhaye]]''
| Kammo
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1978
| ''[[Seetamalakshmi]]''
| Seethamalakshmi
|Telugu
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]
|-
| ''[[Mera Rakshak]]''
| Bijli
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1979
| ''Mangala Thoranalu''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Sunayana (film)|Sunayana]]''
| Sunayana
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1980
| ''[[Aasha (1980 film)|Aasha]]''
| Mala
|Hindi
|Nominated{{Ndash}}[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| ''Maan Abhiman''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''Saajan Mere Main Saajan Ki''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1981
| ''[[Agni Pareeksha (1981 film)|Agni Pareeksha]]''
| Meeta
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Sharda (1981 film)|Sharda]]''
| Sharda
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1982
| ''[[Aadat Se Majboor (film)|Aadat Se Majboor]]''
| Salma/Shanti
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''Waqt Waqt Ki Baat''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
| 1983
| ''Kalka''
| Kajri
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1984
| ''Ek Naya Ithihas''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''Maan Maryada''
|Pooja
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985
| ''Mujhe Kasam Hai''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|''Onathumbikkoroonjaal''
|Gracy
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Manini (1985 film)|Manini]]''
|
|Odia
|
|-
| 1986
| ''Bhai Ka Dushman Bhai''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1987
|''Bhuli Huena''
|
|Odia
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1988
| ''Pyari Bhabhi''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Hum Farishte Nahin]]''
| Komal
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Charnon Ki Saugandh]]''
|Gayatri
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''Chinnodu Peddodu''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein]]''
| Shanti
|Hindi
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Nijam]]''
| Shanti
|Telugu
| [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress]] Nominated{{Ndash}}[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]''
| Mrs. Trivedi
|Hindi
|
|-
|''Arjun''
|Arjun's mother
|Odia
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Nandanavanam 120km]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''Sankaal - The Latch''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Rowdy Fellow]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|2024
| ''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
| Jogula
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Brahma Anandam]]''
|Samarla Jyothi
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Uppu Kappurambu]]''
|Kondamma
|Telugu
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0708190}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress}}{{FilmfareTeluguBestActress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rameshwari, Talluri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]
[[Category:Actors from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]

2016 Rajya Sabha elections

2026-02-14T15:40:02Z

Rucsy: typo fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2016 Rajya Sabha elections
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| previous_election = 2015 Rajya Sabha elections
| previous_year = 2015
| next_election = 2017 Rajya Sabha elections
| next_year = 2017
| seats_for_election = 72 seats to the [[Rajya Sabha]]{{efn|Including 2 [[Casual vacancy|casual vacancies]]}}
| election_date = March 14 and June 11, 2016

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Ghulam Nabi Azad at Healthcare Skill Summit 2013 (cropped).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since1 = June 8, 2014
| leaders_seat1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| alliance1 = United Progressive Alliance
| seats_before1 = 66
| seats1 = 60 (including incumbents)
| seat_change1 = {{down}} 6

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Arun Jaitley 2017.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader2 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since2 = June 3, 2009
| leaders_seat2 = [[Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| seats_before2 = 48
| seats2 = 55 (including incumbents)
| seat_change2 = {{up}} 7
| map_image = Rajya Sabha election, 2016.svg
| map_size = 300px
}}

The 2016 '''Rajya Sabha elections''' were held as part of a routine six-year cycle among certain of the State Legislatures in [[India]] on March 14 and June 11, 2016, to elect 13 and 57 of its 245 members, of which the states through their legislators elect 233, and the remaining 12 are appointed by the President.<ref name= two>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4202-biennial-elections-to-the-council-of-states-to-fill-the-seats-of-members-retiring-in-april-2016english-हिंदी/?do=download&r=9972&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=25d997b70a4c008f42e02efc7559a493]{{dead link|date=June 2020}}</ref><ref name= one>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4242-biennial-elections-to-the-council-of-states-to-fill-the-seats-of-members-retiring-in-june-august-2016-english-हिंदी/?do=download&r=10087&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=25d997b70a4c008f42e02efc7559a493]{{dead link|date=June 2020}}</ref> Being even-numbered, 2016 was a year in which about 30% of the State Legislature-elected 233-seat component of the body is elected.

There were also two by-elections, which are held if the incumbent resigns, dies, or is otherwise disqualified from serving.

==March elections==
The election of March 14, 2016 was held to elect 13 members for duration of 6 years from 6 states to the [[Rajya Sabha]]. The seats in following states were up for election with terms of sitting members ending as: [[Assam]] - 2 seats, [[Himachal Pradesh]] - 1 seat, [[Kerala]] - 3 seats, [[Tripura]] - 1 seat all term ending on 2 April 201; [[Nagaland]] - 1 seat with term ending on 2 April 2016 but vacant since 26 November 2015 and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] - 5 seats with term ending on 9 April 2016.<ref name=two />

===[[Rajya Sabha members from Assam|Assam]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Naznin Faruque]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[Ranee Narah]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| rowspan=2 |<ref name=ibt>{{cite news |date=March 22, 2016 |title=Congress wins 2 Rajya Sabha seats in poll-bound Assam |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/congress-wins-2-rajya-sabha-seats-poll-bound-assam-671662 |newspaper=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=11 December 2016 }}</ref>

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Pankaj Bora]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Ripun Bora]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Bimla Kashyap Sood]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Anand Sharma]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name=fp>{{cite news |date=April 25, 2016 |title=Anand Sharma, eight other members take oath in Rajya Sabha |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/anand-sharma-eight-other-members-take-oath-in-rajya-sabha-2747654.html |newspaper=[[Firstpost]] |access-date= 11 December 2016}}</ref>

|}

===[[Rajya Sabha members from Kerala|Kerala]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[A. K. Antony]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[A. K. Antony]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| rowspan=3 |<ref name="term">{{cite web|title=Statewise Retirement|url=http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/RetLMemState.aspx|website=164.100.47.5|access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref>

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[K.N. Balagopal]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan="2"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
|[[T N Seema]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=1|
| [[K. Somaprasad]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]

|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Nagaland|Nagaland]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Khekiho Zhimomi]] ''Vacant''
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| [[K. G. Kenye]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="term" />

|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tripura|Tripura]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
|| [[Jharna Das]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| [[Jharna Das]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref>{{cite news |date=March 21, 2016 |title=CPI-M's Jharna Das Baidya re-elected to Rajya Sabha from Tripura |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/cpi-m-s-jharna-das-baidya-re-elected-to-rajya-sabha-from-tripura-116032100845_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=11 December 2016 }}</ref>
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Punjab]]===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
|[[M S Gill]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[Pratap Singh Bajwa]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| rowspan=5 |{{cn|date=March 2023}}

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Ashwini Kumar]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Shamsher Singh Dullo]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
|[[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan="2"|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
| [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" rowspan=1|
|rowspan="2" |[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
|[[Naresh Gujral]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Naresh Gujral]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" rowspan=1|

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 5
|[[Avinash Rai Khanna]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Shwet Malik]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]

|}

==June elections==
The election of June 11, 2016 was held to elect 57 members from 15 states to the [[Rajya Sabha]]. The seats in following states were up for election:<ref name=one />

===[[Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Nirmala Sitaraman]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Suresh Prabhu]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=4 |<ref name="term" />

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Sujana Chowdary]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| [[Sujana Chowdary]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Jairam Ramesh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[T G Venkatesh]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[Jesudasu Seelam]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[V. Vijaysai Reddy]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]

|}

===[[Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Sharad Yadav]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| [[Sharad Yadav]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| rowspan=5 |<ref name="term" />

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| [[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[K. C. Tyagi]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[Gulam Rasool Balyawi]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| [[Misa Bharti]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| [[Pavan Kumar Varma]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| [[Gopal Narayan Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]

|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Nand Kumar Sai]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ramvichar Netam]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="term" />

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Mohsina Kidwai]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[Chhaya Verma]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="term" />

|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Haryana|Haryana]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Birender Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Birender Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="term" />

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Suresh Prabhu]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Subhash Chandra]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="term" />

|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand|Jharkhand]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[M J Akbar]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="term" />

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Dhiraj Prasad Sahu]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[Mahesh Poddar]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="term" />

|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Oscar Fernandes]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[Oscar Fernandes]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=4 |<ref name="term" />

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Aayanur Manjunath]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Jairam Ramesh]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| Dr [[Vijay Mallya]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[K. C. Ramamurthy]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]

|}

===[[Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Anil Madhav Dave]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Anil Madhav Dave]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=3 |<ref name="term" />

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Chandan Mitra]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[M. J. Akbar]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| Dr [[Vijayalaxmi Sadho]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[Vivek Tankha]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]

|}

===[[Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Piyush Goyal]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Piyush Goyal]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=6 |<ref name="term" />

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Ishwarlal Jain]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| [[Vinay Sahasrabuddhe]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Avinash Pande]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[Vikas Mahatme]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[Vijay J. Darda]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[P. Chidambaram]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| [[Praful Patel]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| [[Praful Patel]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 6
| [[Sanjay Raut]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
| [[Sanjay Raut]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]

|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Baishnab Charan Parida]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| [[N. Bhaskar Rao]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| rowspan=3 |<ref name="term" />

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Pyarimohan Mohapatra]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| [[Prasanna Acharya]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| [[Bishnu Charan Das]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]

|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Punjab]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Ambika Soni]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[Ambika Soni]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="term" />

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Balwinder Singh Bhunder]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
| [[Balwinder Singh Bhunder]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="term" />

|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Ashk Ali Tak]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[Om Prakash Mathur]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=4|
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=4 |<ref name="term" />

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Vijayendrapal Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ram Kumar Verma]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[Anand Sharma]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[Harshvardhan Singh]]

|}

===[[Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[K. P. Ramalingam]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| [[R. S. Bharathi]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| rowspan=6 |<ref name="term" />
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[S. Thangavelu]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| [[T. K. S. Elangovan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[A. Navaneethakrishnan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]
| [[A. Navaneethakrishnan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[P. H. Paul Manoj Pandian]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]
| [[S. R. Balasubramoniyan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| [[A. W. Rabi Bernard]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]
| [[A. Vijayakumar]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 6
| [[E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[R. Vaithilingam]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]

|-

|}

===[[Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|Telangana]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Gundu Sudha Rani]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| [[D. Srinivas (politician)|D. Srinivas]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="term" />
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[V. Hanumantha Rao]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[V. Lakshmikantha Rao]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="term" />
|-
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Shiv Pratap Shukla]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=11 |<ref name="term" />

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| [[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| Smt [[Kanak Lata Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| [[Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Amar Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[Arvind Kumar Singh (Samajwadi Party politician)|Arvind Kumar Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| [[Surendra Singh Nagar|Surendra Nagar]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| [[Satish Sharma]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| [[Kapil Sibal]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 6
| [[Jugal Kishore (UP politician)|Jugal Kishore]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| [[Sanjay Seth (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Seth]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7
| [[Narendra Kumar Kashyap]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| [[Sukhram Singh Yadav]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 8
| [[Salim Ansari]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| [[Rewati Raman Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 9
| [[Rajpal Singh Saini]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| [[Beni Prasad Verma]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 10
| [[Satish Chandra Mishra]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| [[Satish Chandra Mishra]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 11
| [[Ambeth Rajan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| [[Ashok Siddharth]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]

|-
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Tarun Vijay]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Pradeep Tamta]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="term" />
|-
|}

==By-elections==
===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]===
* A [[bye election]] was held on June 11, to fill the vacancy caused by death of [[Praveen Rashtrapal]], who represented [[Gujarat]].<ref name=gj-bye>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN47_19052016.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=eci.nic.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527191206/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN47_19052016.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Parsottambhai Rupala]] was elected unopposed on June 3, for the vacancy with the term till 2 April 2018.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No
! Former MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Date of Vacancy
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Date of appointment
! Date of retirement

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Praveen Rashtrapal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 12 May 2016
| [[Parshottam Rupala]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 11 June 2016
| 2 April 2018

|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]===
* [[Najma Heptullah]], who represented [[Madhya Pradesh]], and resigned after being appointed [[Governor of Manipur]].<ref name=mp-bye>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN57_19092016.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=eci.nic.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019094408/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN57_19092016.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[La Ganesan]] was elected in this bye-election unopposed on October 6, with the term till 2 April 2018.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No
! Former MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Date of Vacancy
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Date of appointment
! Date of retirement

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Najma Heptullah]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 20 August
| [[La Ganesan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 7 October 2016
| 2 April 2018

|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajya Sabha}}
{{Indian Rajya Sabha elections 2016}}

[[Category:2016 elections in India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India|2016]]

J. D. Tytler

2026-01-29T19:33:08Z

Rucsy: expand section per standard format

{{Short description|Scottish-Indian educationalist}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
|name = James Douglas Tytler
|image =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1898|03|31}}
|birth_place = [[Scotland]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1973|09|13|1898|03|31}}
|death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
|citizenship = United Kingdom (former) India
|occupation = Educationist
|alma_mater =
|organization = [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road|Delhi Public School]], J. D. Tytler School
|known_for = Founding [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road|Delhi Public School]] and other schools
|footnotes =
}}

'''Rev. James Douglas Tytler''', commonly referred to as '''J. D. Tytler''', (31 March 1898 {{endash}} 13 September 1973) was a [[Scottish people|Scottish]]-Indian educationist. He founded the [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]] in [[New Delhi]] (which would later expand into the [[Delhi Public School Society]]),<ref name=DPS>{{cite web|title=Delhi Public School|url=http://dpsmathuraroad.net/about-principals.asp?links=principal|accessdate=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sharma">{{cite book|author=Ajay Kumar Sharma|title=A History of Educational Institutions in Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJPy-Kt8BrYC&pg=PA286|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=978-93-80213-14-9|pages=286–}}</ref> and several other schools. [[Jagdish Tytler]], the politician and former [[Union minister]], is his adopted son.<ref>He also adopted daughter, Sheila Tytler, who passed from J D Tytler school in 1969. {{cite web|title=Bio-Data of Shri Jagdish Tytler|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=1971|publisher=PIB, Government of India|accessdate=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="telegraph_1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090503042036/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090410/jsp/frontpage/story_10802470.jsp Cong listens to sole – Tytler and Sajjan eased out] The Telegraph – 10 April. 2009. quote(final para): ''"He was later brought up by educationist Rev. James Douglas Tytler, the founder of Delhi Public School and several other schools, and converted to Christianity."''</ref>

== Early life ==

J. D. Tytler was born in Scotland on 31 March 1898. He arrived in India as Chaplain to the [[Viceroy]] attached to the [[Cathedral Church of the Redemption]] in New Delhi. He "fell in love with India" and never went back, taking up Indian citizenship.<ref name=JDTS>{{cite web|title=The Founder - J. D. Tytler School|url=http://www.jdtytlerschooldelhi.com/the-founder|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414023552/http://www.jdtytlerschooldelhi.com/the-founder|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2013|website=jdtytlerschooldelhi.com (archived)|accessdate=20 March 2018}}</ref> He brought up [[Jagdish Tytler|Jagdish]] (b. 1944), who had arrived in Delhi as a child following the [[Partition of India]].

== Career as educationist ==

=== Early efforts ===
J. D. Tytler's role in school education began in 1941, when he started the New Delhi Church High School within the premises of [[Cathedral Church of the Redemption]], with a handful of students.<ref name=DPS /> The school attracted some experienced teachers from other schools. His associate R. D. Banerjee recounts: "December 1940 – The annual [[Scout Master|Scouts’ Masters’]] Training Camp was held near [[Humayun's Tomb]] ...Rev. Tytler and myself were called upon to help the trainees. J.D and myself were camp mates. ... we talked late into the night. J.D. confided, “Banerjee, I shell be retiring soon, but I will not go back ... I have planned to start a school. Yet there is a ‘BUT’ in it. I do not have enough funds to invest. Could you suggest a way out?”<ref name=DPSNostalgia>{{cite web|title=Delhi Public School – Nostalgia (archived)|url=http://www.dpsmathuraroad.net:80/nostalgia.asp?links=nos|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607031643/http://www.dpsmathuraroad.net:80/nostalgia.asp?links=nos|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 June 2015|accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> Tytler accepted Banerjee's suggestion to start in tents pitched inside the church compound. In 1946, Banerjee and several other experienced teachers from Presentation Convent School joined the new school.

In 1947, the association of the school with the church ended. According to Suman Narain, one of the earliest students to graduate from the school, this was due to a "disagreement between the Church authorities and the Rev. Tytler".<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi Public School – Nostalgia|url=http://www.dpsmathuraroad.net/diamond-jubilee-specials.asp?links=pmp|accessdate=17 October 2013}}</ref> The school moved out of the church compound to a temporary location just outside it, on North Avenue, and was renamed Naveen Bharat School. The name, meaning New India, was suggestive of a new beginning in a [[Indian independence movement|newly independent country]]. Meanwhile, Tytler had applied to the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi Administration]] to be allotted land for the school, but his request was not granted since the school was not recognised by the Administration.<ref name=sharma>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Ajay Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJPy-Kt8BrYC&pg=PA286|title=A History of Educational Institutions in Delhi|year=2011|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-9380213149|pages=286–287}}</ref>

=== Delhi Public School ===
Ajay Kumar Sharma, who has written a history of educational institutions in Delhi, regards the Delhi Public School Society as "the most important school or society of the post-Partition period". Of the developments leading to its formation, he writes: "Tytler, who was an influential personality in Delhi, was able to garner support from the officials and the public".<ref name=sharma /> The new Director of Education, L. R. Sethi, suggested that a new society be formed and the old school be wound up. A new society, the [[Delhi Public School Society]], was set up with Tytler as one of the ten members. The new school, to be called Delhi Public School, was put on the list of recognised schools, and land was allotted to it. Finally, in 1949, Delhi Public School began functioning from its present location on [[Mathura Road]]. J. D. Tytler was its first Principal (1949–1952).<ref name=DPS /> D. Kapilash, a teacher during that period, has this recollection of Tytler: "We had about 500 boys and girls on the rolls. He knew each and every child. Children really loved him and he in turn got their undivided love. The little ones ran after him. He picked them up and gave them a piggy ride. You could see the kids holding his hands, clinging on his legs or sitting on his shoulders and holding each finger of his hand. ... It was a real pleasure working with Mr. Tytler. He not only loved the children but also cared for and respected the teachers."<ref name=DPSNostalgia />

Tytler's efforts got a big boost in 1951, when [[Chester B. Bowles|Chester Bowles]], the American ambassador to India, decided to send his three children to the newly established Delhi Public School. One of them, Cynthia, wrote her memoirs after returning to the US. Of the school, she writes, "It was [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] and conveniently located, about two miles away from our home. The classes were conducted in tents, which would be put up and taken down as the enrollment of the students fluctuated. ... At the time we entered Delhi Public, the teachers and all of the thirteen hundred students were Indians, with the exception of a wonderful family of Indonesian children". She recalls Tytler as being "alternately pleasant and impressively stern".<ref name=bowles>{{cite book|last=Bowles|first=Cynthia|title=At Home in India|year=1956|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company|pages=18–19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOIaAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

In 1952, Tytler resigned from the post of Principal and his association with Delhi Public School came to an end. The expansion of the [[Delhi Public School Society|DPS system]], into what has become one of India's largest chains of private schools, began in his lifetime, in 1972.

=== Other schools ===
In the early 1950s, the development of residential areas in [[South Delhi]] had just begun. A private developer involved in the project requested J. D. Tytler to set up a school in South Delhi. In response to this request, Tytler started Summer Fields School in [[Kailash Colony]], [[New Delhi]], in 1953. He was the first principal of the school<ref name=SFS>{{cite web|title=Summer Fields School, Kailash Colony, New Delhi|url=http://www.summerfields.co.in/about.aspx|accessdate=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813140200/http://summerfields.co.in/about.aspx|archive-date=13 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and his adopted son Jagdish one of its first students.

In 1954, Tytler founded the school that still bears his name – J. D. Tytler School, New Delhi. Unlike with other schools he founded, in this case he retained his close connection with the school, remaining the principal until his death in 1973. An innovation that was introduced in this school was the grading system, which has become fairly common by now.<ref name="JDTSnew">{{cite web|title=About us - J. D. Tytler School|url=http://www.jdtytlerschool.com/about-us-2/|website=jdtytlerschool.com|accessdate=22 March 2018}}</ref> The school continues to pay tribute to him on his death anniversary.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pay Tribute to Rev James Douglas Tytler|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Rev-James-Douglas-Tytler/tributeshow/9954187.cms|accessdate=6 October 2013|newspaper=Times of India|date=13 September 2011}}</ref>

=== Legacy as educator ===
Although himself a Christian cleric, Tytler was, arguably, responsible for the growth of the idea of a non-denominational private school in Delhi. Through the expansion of the DPS chain, the idea also spread to other parts of India. Additionally, an aspect of school education on which Tytler laid great emphasis was the integration of sports into the programme of schooling – something which is now taken for granted by leading private schools in India.

== Other contributions ==

Tytler was, in the words of the J. D. Tytler school website, "a man of many talents – an educationist, a sportsman, a dynamic organizer, an incurable optimist with a wry sense of humor, dramatist, actor and a well – known patron of the arts and music ..."<ref name=JDTS /> He played a major role in the organisation of several sports in Delhi, including swimming, weightlifting, cycling and gymnastics. His readiness to help organisers of sporting events earned him the sobriquet of "good Samaritan of Delhi sport".<ref>{{cite book|title=Link Volume 29 Part 3|year=1987|publisher=United India Periodicals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=feYxAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Jim+Tytler%22}}</ref> A badminton tournament at the state level is named after him.<ref>{{cite web|title=J.D. Tytler Memorial Delhi State Sub Junior and Veteran Badminton Championship, 2013|url=http://www.badmintoninindia.com/news/2013/09/16/j-d-tytler-memorial-delhi-state-sub-junior-and-veteran-badminton-championship-2013/|accessdate=15 October 2013}}</ref> The National Federation Cup Judo Championship 2002 was dedicated to his memory.<ref>{{cite news|title=Federation Cup Judo Championship from today|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020717/ncr3.htm|accessdate=19 October 2013|newspaper=The Tribune, Chandigarh|date=17 July 2002}}</ref>

Tytler was an important figure in theatre in the city, as an actor and organiser. He acted in the [[Merchant Ivory Productions|Merchant-Ivory]] film ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]''. The credits of the film show his name as Jim Tytler, which is how he was referred to in the world of theatre. He was profiled as a theatre person in a 1961 book by Rekha Menon. The author thought of him as primarily an actor, and wrote (amusingly): "When Jim Tytler is not acting in plays, he is founding schools, of which he has founded quite a few..."<ref name=menon>{{cite book|last=Menon|first=Rekha|title=Cultural Profiles Vol. 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmtDAAAAYAAJ|year=1961|publisher=Inter-National Cultural Centre|location=India|pages=72–73}}</ref> He was a founder-member of [[Delhi Music Academy|Delhi Music Society]], an organisation set up in 1953 to promote Western classical music. He was also one of the Vice-Presidents of the [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]].<ref name=roopa>{{cite book|title=Roopa-Lekha, Vol. 40|year=1971|publisher=All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society|page=2}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tytler, J. D}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Delhi Public School Society]]
[[Category:Scottish educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to India]]
[[Category:20th-century British Anglican priests]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Anglican priests]]
[[Category:Anglican chaplains]]
[[Category:Scottish Anglican missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian Anglican missionaries]]
[[Category:Anglican missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:People who lost British citizenship]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Vallicode-Kottayam

2026-01-24T10:35:38Z

Rucsy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vallicode-Kottayam
| other_lang =
| other_name = V.Kottayam
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|12|30|N|76|49|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11762
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 689656
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]- 83
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vallicode-Kottayam''' is a village in [[Pathanamthitta district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2008-12-10}}</ref> Vallicode-Kottayam village is a part of Konni Taluk, Pathanamthitta District of Kerala State, India.

Vallicode Kottayam is a village located within the Pramadom Grama Panchayat. This village falls under the Konni assembly constituency and the Pathanamthitta parliamentary constituency. The nearest town for significant economic activities is Pathanamthitta, situated approximately 9 kilometers from Vallicode Kottayam. The village is commonly referred to as V. Kottayam.

Nedumpara Viewpoint serves as the primary tourist destination in Kottappara, located centrally within Vallicode-Kottayam. Visitors can drive to the summit of the hill, where parking is available, allowing them to enjoy the panoramic views. The Konni Eco Tourism Elephant Park is situated 7 kilometers away. Opposite Kottappara lies Thudiyurulippara, another hill station, which features the Hanuman Temple at its peak. During the rainy season, a slender waterfall can be observed near the village office.

A natural canal known as 'valiya thode' originates from this area, directing water towards the Achen Covil River, with paddy fields lining its banks. The village is home to several significant ponds, including Pulinilkunnethil Kulam, Nenthrappallil Kulam, and Ambalakkulam. The Kodumon Plantation, managed by the plantation corporation, encompasses a large portion of Ezhumon and Aazhakkoottam, primarily dedicated to rubber cultivation.

Key Hindu temples in the vicinity include Malikappurathu Bhagavathi Temple, Komban Paramala Temple, Chavarukavu Temple, Thudiyurulippara Temple, Gurumandiram – SNDP School Junction, Gurumandiram – Near Kolappara Junction, and Attuvasseril Temple. Additionally, Christian churches are located in Elappupara, Thattakkunnu Junction Ezhumon, and Anthichantha.

The main banking institutions include Kerala Gramin Bank and Janatha Service Co-operative Bank, with an SBI ATM located at Chavarukavu Junction and two non-banking financial companies operating in the area. A government primary health clinic operates during the day near Kottappara Junction, and a post office with basic services is available near the market junction.Three libraries, namely Janatha, Progressive, and Vinjanaposhini, are engaged in cultural activities in addition to providing reading facilities. Enjayes Spices is a prominent spice extraction company situated near Anthichantha.

Mobile networks such as BSNL, Vodafone, and Jio have extensive coverage throughout the area. Tea shops and auto rickshaws are readily available at all major junctions. The nearby town of Poomkavu offers amenities including a petrol pump, ATMs, and restaurants, located just 4 kilometers from Kottappara Junction. Private bus services operate from Pathanamthitta and Konni throughout the day, providing access to the area.

[[File:NSS High School Vallicode Kottayam.jpg|thumb|'''NSS High School Vallicode Kottayam''']]

==Geography ==
The total geographical area of the village is 1984 hectares. Vallicode Kottayam has a total population of 11,762 people. There are about 3,258 houses in V Kottayam village. As per 2019 stats, V Kottayam villages comes under Konni assembly & Pathanamthitta parliamentary constituency. Pathanamthitta is the nearest town to V Kottayam which is approximately 9 km (about 5.6 mi) away.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Vallicode-Kottayam had a population of 11762 with 5440 males and 6322 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vallicode-Kottayam Village Population - Kozhenchery - Pathanamthitta, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628337-vallicode-kottayam-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==Education==

There are three aided schools located in Vallicode Kottayam. The Government Lower Primary School, established in 1913, offers classes from 1 to 4 following the Kerala syllabus. The SNDP Upper Primary School provides education for grades 1 through 7, while the NSS High School, which has been in operation for 70 years, serves students in classes 5 to 10.

==Tourist Attractions==

Vallicode Kottayam is renowned for its picturesque hill stations. The name Kottayam is derived from the mountainous terrain, signifying a natural fortress. The abundant greenery, serene and tranquil hilly landscapes, along with the diverse flora and fauna in this village, are truly remarkable.

Nedumpara Viewpoint stands out as the main attraction in Kottappara, situated centrally within Vallicode-Kottayam. Visitors have the opportunity to drive to the hilltop, where parking facilities are provided, enabling them to take in the breathtaking panoramic vistas. Across from Kottappara is Thudiyurulippara, another hill station that boasts the Hanuman Temple at its summit. During the monsoon season, a delicate waterfall can be seen near the mountain adjacent to the village office at Elappupara.

A natural canal, referred to as 'valiya thode,' originates from this region, channeling water towards the Achen Covil River, with lush paddy fields adorning its banks. The village is also home to several notable ponds, including Pulinilkunnethil Kulam, Nenthrappallil Kulam, and Ambalakkulam.

==Places for Worship==
Key Hindu temples in the vicinity include Malikappurathu Bhagavathi Temple, Komban Paramala Temple, Chavarukavu Temple, Thudiyurulippara Temple, Gurumandiram – SNDP School Junction, Gurumandiram – Near Kolappara Junction, and Attuvasseril Temple. Additionally, Christian churches – St. Thomas Malankara Syrian Catholic Church, St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Orthodox cathedral are at Anthichantha and St. George Orthodox Church at Thattakkunnu, St. George Malankara Church at Elappupara, St. George Church at Ezhumon, Ebenezar Marthoma Church at Manalepadi.

The Kumbha Karthika Mahothsavam, celebrated on the Karthika day of the 'kumbham' month in the Malayalam calendar, is the principal festival at Malikappurathu Bhagavathi Temple. Most of Churches festivals are in April – May months. Festival at Gurumandiram Near to SNDP school is on December 22 and the festival at Gurumandiram Near Kolappara is on January 23 every year. Sivarathri festival is conducting every year at Thudiyurulippara Hanuman Temple.

==References==
{{reflist}}2. Revenue Portal (kerala.gov.in) {{Pathanamthitta district}}

[[Category:Villages in Pathanamthitta district]]

{{Pathanamthitta-geo-stub}}

Raghavendra Kumar Singh

2026-01-16T14:32:48Z

Rucsy: made a bio w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Raghavendra Kumar Singh''' (born 1986) is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Akaltara Assembly constituency]] in [[Janjgir–Champa district|Janjgir Champa District]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite news | date=2023-10-23 |title=Congress Battle Ready For Two-Phase Chhattisgarh Elections: Check Full List Of Candidates |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/chhattisgarh-elections-2023-congress-full-list-cm-bhupesh-baghel-ts-singh-deo-charandas-mahant-1637702 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Akaltara, Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Akaltara में Raghavendra Kumar Singh ने 22758 मतों सेहासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/akaltara-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830622-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumar is from [[Akaltara]], Janjgir Champa District, Chhattisgarh. He is the son of late Rakesh Kumar Singh. He completed his Class 12 in CBSC stream at Sindhiya School, Gwalior in 2005, and later did L.L.B, at I.L.S. Law College, Pune in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghavendra Kumar Singh(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- AKALTARA(JANJGIR-CHAMPA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=970 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar won from Akaltara Assembly constituency, representing the [[Indian National Congress]], in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 80,043 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Saurabh Singh (Chhattisgarh politician)|Saurabh Singh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 22,758 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akaltara assembly election results 2023: Akaltara Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh/akaltara-assembly-result-26033 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Akaltara Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/akaltara-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8688259.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Raghavendra Kumar}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Janjgir-Champa district]]

{{Chhattisgarh-INC-politician-stub}}

Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum

2026-01-15T06:09:03Z

Rucsy: refine intro for accuracy for consistency

{{Short description|Book by Uroob}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Beautiful and the Handsome
| title_orig = Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum
| translator = Susila Mishra
| image = Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Uroob]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| genre = Historical fiction
| publisher = [[DC Books]]
| release_date = 1958
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Paperback
| pages = 446
| isbn = 978-8-126-40727-9
}}
'''''Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum''''' (''The Beautiful and the Handsome'') is a 1958 [[Malayalam]] [[novel]] written by [[Uroob]] (P. C. Kuttikrishnan). ''Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum'' along with ''[[Ummachu]]'' are considered the best works by Uroob and are ranked among the finest novels in Malayalam.<ref name="Novel"/>

==Plot summary==
The novel has about thirty characters belonging to three generations of eight families belonging to [[North Kerala|Malabar]] during the end of the [[First World War]], when the infamous [[Moplah rebellion]] broke out in Kerala.

==Publication==
''Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum'' was serialised in ''[[Mathrubhumi Weekly]]'' in 1954 and was published as a book in 1958. It was translated into English by Susila Mishra under the title ''The Beautiful and the Handsome''. The original title ''Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum'' can be literally transliterated as ''Men and Women of Charm''.

==Genre==
As revealed in the preface, the author himself is non-committal about the genre to which the book falls into and leaves the question to critics and readers, adding that he had a story to tell and he has told it. Literary critic [[M. Achuthan]] in his introduction to the book, calls it first a chronicle, then a cultural history and finally a kind of [[historical novel]].<ref name="Novel">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: sasay to zorgot|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|editor=Mohan Lal|place=[[New Delhi]]|year=1992|page=4230}}</ref>

==Awards==
''Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum'' won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]], India's most prestigious literary award, in 1960. It also got the Asan Centenary Award in 1973, a special award given by the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] for the most outstanding work since Independence.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Award–winning works]]
[[Category:Indian historical novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Uroob]]
[[Category:DC Books books]]
[[Category:Novels first published in serial form]]
[[Category:1958 Indian novels]]

{{1950s-hist-novel-stub}}

List of leaders of the opposition in the Tripura Legislative Assembly

2026-01-13T00:40:22Z

Rucsy: made the post from scratch.

{{short description|Chairperson of the principal opposition party in TR Assembly}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = Leader of the Opposition in Tripura Legislative Assembly
| body =
| insignia = File:A delegation from Tripura led by Shri Jitendra Chaudhury, MP (Lok Sabha), calling on the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on Thursday, November 24, 2016 (cropped).jpg
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| image =
| imagesize =
| incumbent = [[Jitendra Chaudhury]]
| incumbentsince = 20 March 2024
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| termlength = 5 years No renewable limit
| appointer = [[Speaker of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Tripura assembly]]
| nominator = Members of Official Opposition of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| residence =
| formation = 1 July 1963; {{age in years and days|1963|07|01}} ago
| succession =
| salary =
| inaugural = Aghore Deb Barma
| website =
}}
The '''leader of the opposition in the Tripura Legislative Assembly'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Leader of the Opposition, Tripura Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.tripuraassembly.nic.in/LOP.html |website=www.tripuraassembly.nic.in |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> is an elected Member of the Legislative Assembly who leads the official opposition in the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] in India. '''Official Opposition'''<ref name="Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977">{{cite web|title=Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977|url=http://mpa.nic.in/actopp.htm|publisher=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, Government of India|accessdate=12 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116211914/http://mpa.nic.in/actopp.htm|archivedate=16 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Salaries, Allowances, Pension and Other Benefits of the Ministers, Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Leader of Opposition, Government Chief Whip and the Members of the Legislative Assembly (Tripura). |url=https://www.tripuraassembly.nic.in/SalariesAllowances-Act.pdf |website=tripuraassembly.nic.in |publisher=Tripura Legislative Assembly |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> is a term used in the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] to designate the political party which has secured the second largest number of seats in the Tripura assembly. In order to get formal recognition, the party must have at least 10% of the total membership of the Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Achary |first1=P.D.T |title=Leader of Opposition is a Statutory Position, the '10% Rule' is Not Founded in Law |url=https://thewire.in/government/leader-of-opposition-parliament-lok-sabha |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Leader of Opposition: His role and responsibilities |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/leader-of-opposition-what-are-his-role-and-responsibilities/438466 |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> Since 1963, the Tripura Legislative Assembly has had 12 leaders of the opposition.

==Role==
The Opposition's main role is to question the government of the day and hold them accountable to the public. The Opposition is equally responsible for upholding the best interests of the people of the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gehlot |first1=N.S. |title=OPPOSITION IN INDIAN POLITICAL SYSTEM PROBLEM OF ROLE PERCEPTION |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=1985 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=330–352 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855182 |access-date=13 March 2023 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref> They have to ensure that the Government does not take any steps, which might have negative effects on the people of the state.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Sanjay |title=Why India Needs an Opposition Leader |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/why-india-needs-an-opposition-leader/ |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=thediplomat.com}}</ref> There are actions of the ruling party which may be beneficial to the masses and opposition is expected to support such steps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicalsciencenotes.com/parliament/opposition/role-of-opposition-in-parliament-india/976|title=Role of Opposition in Parliament | India|date=21 July 2016}}</ref>

==List of leaders of the opposition==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="3" |Term of office<ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction Tripura Legislative Assembly |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm |publisher=Tripura Legislative Assembly |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] {{small|([[Elections in Tripura|Election]])}}
! rowspan="2" |Appointed by
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Political party
|-
! Assumed office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! 1
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| '''[[Aghore Debbarma]]'''
|
| 1 July 1963
| December 1963
| {{Ayd|1 July 1963|6 December 1963}}
| rowspan="2" |1st
| rowspan="2" |Upendra Kumar Roy
| rowspan="1" |[[Communist Party of India]]
| rowspan="1" style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};" |
|-
! 2
| [[File:Nripen Chakraborty.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Nripen Chakraborty|Nripendra Chakraborty]]'''
|
| 1964
| 1967
| More than 3 years
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};" |
|-
! 3
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| '''[[Bidya Debbarma]]'''
| Kalyanpur
| 1967
| 1971
| More than 4 years
| 2nd {{small|([[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967 election]])}}
| Manindra Lal Bhowmik
|-
| {{En dash|-|-}}
| [[File:Emblem of India.svg|50px]]
|'''Vacant''' ([[President's rule]])
| [[N/A]]
| 1 November 1971
| 20 March 1972
| 140 days
| {{En dash|-|-}}
| {{En dash|-|-}}
| N/A
| style="background: white ;|
|-
! (2)
| [[File:Nripen Chakraborty.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Nripen Chakraborty|Nripendra Chakraborty]]'''
| Asharambari
| 29 March 1972
| 31 March 1977
| {{Ayd|29 March 1972|31 March 1977}}
| rowspan="2" |3rd {{small|([[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972 election]])}}
| rowspan=2 |Manindra Lal Bhowmik
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};" |
|-
! 4
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| '''[[Munsur Ali (Tripura politician)]]'''
| Boxanagar
| April 1977
| 4 November 1977
| {{Ayd|1 April 1977|4 November 1977}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
|-
| {{En dash|-|-}}
| [[File:Emblem of India.svg|50px]]
|'''Vacant''' ([[President's rule]])
| [[N/A]]
| 5 November 1977
| 5 January 1978
| 61 days
| {{En dash|-|-}}
| {{En dash|-|-}}
| N/A
| style="background: white ;|
|-
! 5
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| '''[[Drao Kumar Riang|Drao Kumar Reang]]'''
| Santirbazar
| 24 January 1978
| 6 January 1983
| {{Ayd|24 January 1978|6 January 1983}}
| 4th {{small|([[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977 election]])}}
| [[Sudhanwa Debbarma]]
| [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]
| style="background:{{party color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}; "|
|-
! 6
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| '''[[Ashok Kumar Bhattacharya]]'''
| Town Bordowali
| 9 February 1983
| 31 August 1986
| {{Ayd|9 February 1983|31 August 1986}}
| rowspan=2 |5th {{small|([[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983 election]])}}
| rowspan=2 |Amarendra Sharma
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
|-
! 7
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| '''[[Sudhir Ranjan Majumdar]]'''
| Khayerpur
| 1 September 1986
| 4 February 1988
| {{Ayd|1 September 1986|4 February 1988}}
|-
! (2)
| [[File:Nripen Chakraborty.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Nripen Chakraborty|Nripendra Chakraborty]]'''
| Pramodenagar
| 7 February 1988
| 18 February 1992
| {{Ayd|7 February 1988|18 February 1992}}
| rowspan="2" |6th {{small|([[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988 election]])}}
| rowspan=2 |Jyotirmoy Nath
| rowspan=2 |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};" |
|-
! 8
| [[File:Dasarathdeb160*150.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Dasarath Deb]]'''
| Ramchandraghat
| 19 February 1992
| 28 February 1993
| {{Ayd|19 February 1992|28 February 1993}}
|-
| {{En dash|-|-}}
| [[File:Emblem of India.svg|50px]]
|'''Vacant''' ([[President's rule]])
| [[N/A]]
| 11 March 1993
| 10 April 1993
| 30 days
| {{En dash|-|-}}
| {{En dash|-|-}}
| N/A
| style="background: white ;|
|-
! rowspan=2 |9
| rowspan=2 |[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| rowspan=2 |'''[[Samir Ranjan Barman]]'''
| rowspan=2 |Bishalgarh
| 8 March 1994
| 10 March 1998
| {{Ayd|8 March 1994|10 March 1998}}
| 7th {{small|([[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993 election]])}}
| Bimal Sinha
| rowspan="6"|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="6" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
|-
| 29 July 1998
| 6 February 2000
| {{Ayd|29 July 1998|6 February 2000}}
| rowspan=2 |8th {{small|([[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998 election]])}}
| rowspan=2 |Jitendra Sarkar
|-
! 10
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]] 
| '''[[Jawahar Saha]]'''
| Birganj
| 7 February 2000
| 28 February 2003
| {{Ayd|7 February 2000|28 February 2003}}
|-
! rowspan=3 |11
| rowspan=3 |[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| rowspan=3 |'''[[Ratan Lal Nath]]'''
| rowspan=3 |Mohanpur
| 21 March 2003
| 3 March 2008
| {{Ayd|21 March 2003|3 March 2008}}
| 9th {{small|([[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003 election]])}}
| rowspan=3 |[[Ramendra Chandra Debnath]]
|-
| 17 March 2008
| 28 February 2013
| {{Ayd|17 March 2008|28 February 2013}}
| 10th {{small|([[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008 election]])}}
|-
| 26 April 2013
| 8 March 2018
| {{Ayd|26 April 2013|08 March 2018}}
| 11th {{small|([[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013 election]])}}
|-
! 12
| [[File:Manik Sarkar.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Manik Sarkar]]'''
| Dhanpur
| 11 March 2018
| 13 March 2023
| {{Ayd|11 March 2018|13 March 2023}}
| [[Twelfth Tripura Assembly|12th]] {{small|([[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018 election]])}}
| [[Rebati Mohan Das]]
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};" |
|-
! 13
| [[File:Animesh Debbarma official portrait.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Animesh Debbarma]]'''
| [[Asharambari Assembly constituency|Asharambari]]
| 24 March 2023
| 6 March 2024
| {{Ayd|24 march 2023|6 March 2024}}
| rowspan="2"| [[13th Tripura Assembly|13th]] {{small|([[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023 election]])}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Biswa Bandhu Sen]]
| [[Tipra Motha Party]]
| style="background:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};"|
|-
! 14
| [[File:A delegation from Tripura led by Shri Jitendra Chaudhury, MP (Lok Sabha), calling on the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on Thursday, November 24, 2016 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Jitendra Chaudhury]]'''
| [[Sabroom Assembly constituency|Sabroom]]
| 6 March 2024
| Incumbent
| {{Ayd|6 March 2024}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};"|
|}

==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number rowspan = "2" |#
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Leader of Opposition
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! colspan="2" |Term of office
|-
! Longest continuous term
! Total duration of Leader of Opposition
|-
! data-sort-value="1" | 1
| [[Ratan Lal Nath]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4 years, 348 days
| 14 years, 282 days
|-
! data-sort-value="2" | 2
| [[Nripen Chakraborty|Nripendra Chakraborty]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 5 years, 2 days
| 12 years, 13 days
|-
! data-sort-value="3" | 3
| [[Samir Ranjan Barman]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4 years, 2 days
| 5 years, 194 days
|-
! data-sort-value="4" | 4
| [[Manik Sarkar]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 5 years, 12 days
| 5 years, 12 days
|-
! data-sort-value="5" | 5
| [[Drao Kumar Reang]]
| {{Party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}
| 4 years, 347 days
| 4 years, 347 days
|-
! data-sort-value="6" | 6
| [[Bidya Debbarma]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 4 years, 0 days
| 4 years, 0 days
|-
! data-sort-value="7" | 7
| Ashok Kumar Bhattacharyya
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3 years, 203 days
| 3 years, 203 days
|-
! data-sort-value="8" | 8
| Jawahar Saha
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3 years, 21 days
| 3 years, 21 days
|-
! data-sort-value="9" | 9
| [[Sudhir Ranjan Majumdar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1 year, 156 days
| 1 year, 156 days
|-
! data-sort-value="10" | 10
| [[Dasarath Deb]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1 year, 9 days
| 1 year, 9 days
|-
! data-sort-value="11" | 11
| [[Animesh Debbarma]]
| {{Party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
| 0 years, 348 days
| 0 years, 348 days
|-
! data-sort-value="12" | 12
| '''[[Jitendra Chaudhury]]'''*
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}*
| '''{{age in years and days|2024|3|6}}'''*
| '''{{age in years and days|2024|3|6}}'''*
|-
! data-sort-value="13" | 13
| Munsur Ali
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 0 years, 217 days
| 0 years, 217 days
|-
! data-sort-value="14" | 14
| [[Aghore Debbarma]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| 0 years, 158 days
| 0 years, 158 days
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Tripura| ]]
[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories|Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Tripura-related lists|Leaders of the Opposition]]

Dahavi Fa

2026-01-12T10:29:26Z

Rucsy: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dahavi Fa
| image = Dahavi Fa.jpg

| caption = DVD cover
| director = Sumitra Bhave and Sunil Sukthankar
| producer = Sunil Sukthankar
| story = Sumitra Bhave
| narrator =
| starring = [[Atul Kulkarni]] [[Jyoti Subhash]] [[Milind Gunaji]], Nimish Kathale and [[Vrishasen Dabholkar]]
| music = Shrirang Umrani
| distributor = Everest Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|2002|2|17|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = 
}}

'''''Dahavi Fa''''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: दहावी फ; [[translation]]: Tenth 'F') is a Marathi drama film released on 17 February 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/dahavi-fha-movie-cast-crew/42260 |title=Dahavi Fha (2002) Cast and Crew | Actor Actress Director of Dahavi Fha marathi Movie |access-date=22 January 2014 |archive-date=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922022200/http://www.gomolo.com/dahavi-fha-movie-cast-crew/42260 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Produced by Sunil Sukthankar and directed by Sumitra Bhave and Sunil Sukthankar, the film stars [[Atul Kulkarni]], [[Jyoti Subhash]], [[Milind Gunaji]], Nimish Kathale and Vrushasen Dabholkar. The film's music is composed by Shrirang Umrani.

The film is based on a story of how teachers discriminate against the students failing the exams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punemirror.in/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&action=translate&sectid=142&contentid=201312042013120409562489063149bdf&subsite= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140218130642/http://www.punemirror.in/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&action=translate&sectid=142&contentid=201312042013120409562489063149bdf&subsite= |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2014 |title=An awful Marathi movie |publisher=[[Pune Mirror]] |date=4 December 2013 |access-date=18 February 2014 }}</ref> Atul Kulkarni, who plays the teacher in the film, however teaches students to channelize their anger in a positive way. The film did well at the box office and was screened for 35 weeks in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/songs/20030609.htm | title=Marathi film industry in deep trouble | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=9 June 2003 | access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kids from class 10 'F' realized that they are the victims of brutal discrimination. They were not willing to accept tags like goons or thugs. Frustrated with the situation, these kids decide to take matters in their own hands and ended up vandalizing school properties. As a result, they get suspended from school.

Finally a courageous teacher steps up and confronts the biased approach of the school based on the education system and rallies these kids to channel anger in a positive way.

==Cast==
* [[Atul Kulkarni]]
* [[Jyoti Subhash]]
* [[Milind Gunaji]]
* Nimish Kathale
* [[Vrishasen Dabholkar]]
* Makarand Purohit

==Soundtrack==
The music has been directed by Shrirang Umrani.
{{Track listing
| title1 = Khushi Cheharyaavar Majhya Kaa Naahi Yenaar | length1 = 5:58
| title2 = O Sir O Sir Amhi Kelacha Kaay | length2 = 4:32
| title3 = Shudhi De Buddhi De He Dayaghana | length3 = 5:11
| title4 = Srushti Che Mitra Aami | length4 = 4:48
| title5 = Dahavi Fa | length5 = 5:39
| title6 = Tumipan Sahi Aamhipan Sahi | length6 = 5:17
}}

==Awards==
; [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
* 2003 - Best Feature Film<ref name=award1>{{cite web | url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-May03.htm | title=Maharashtra State Film Awards presented; 10th F is best film | publisher=National Documentation Centre on Mass Communication Research, Reference and Training Division ([[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]) | access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref>
* 2003 - Best Story Award to Sumitra Bhave<ref name=award1/>
* 2003 - Best Lyrics to Sumitra Bhave for the song "Khushi Cheheryavar Mazhya"<ref name=award1/>
* 2003 - Best Music Director to Shriram Umrani<ref name=award1/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2511464}}
{{Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar}}

[[Category:2000s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2002 drama films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]

{{2000s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Comedy music

2026-01-11T10:27:27Z

Rucsy: quick added content for accuracy also and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Comedic music genre}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox music genre 
| name = Comedy music
| other_names = Musical comedy music
| stylistic_origins = {{flatlist|
* Comedy
* [[popular music]]
* [[folk music]]
* [[Ragtime]]
}}
| cultural_origins =
| instruments = {{hlist|Vocals|various instruments}}
| popularity =
| derivatives =
| subgenres = {{hlist|[[Parody music]]|[[novelty song]]}}
| fusiongenres = {{hlist|[[Comedy rock]]|[[comedy hip hop]]}}
| regional_scenes =
| local_scenes =
}}
[[File:AlYankovicByKristineSlipson.jpg|thumb|[["Weird Al" Yankovic]] performing live in concert during his 2010 tour|308x308px]]

'''Comedy music''' or '''musical comedy''' is a genre of music that is comedic in nature. Its history can be traced back to the first century in [[ancient Greece]] and [[Roman Empire|Rome]], moving forward in time to the [[Middle Ages|Medieval Period]], [[Classical period (music)|Classical]] and [[Romantic music|Romantic]] eras, and the 20th century. Various forms of comedic musical theatre, including "musical play", "musical comedy", "operetta" and "light opera", evolved from the comic operas first developed in late 17th-century Italy. Popular music artists in the 20th century interested in comedy include [[Allan Sherman]], [[Frank Zappa]], [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], [[Barenaked Ladies]], [[Randy Newman]], and [["Weird Al" Yankovic]]. Artists in the 21st century include [[Tenacious D]], [[Flight of the Conchords]], [[The Lonely Island]], [[Ninja Sex Party]] and [[The Axis of Awesome]].

Comedy music is often associated with [[counterculture]], due to the subversive messages it displays.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=McKeague|first=Matthew|date=13 November 2018|title=Lyrical lessons: The potential of informative comedy music as supplementary teaching material|url=https://europeanjournalofhumour.org/index.php/ejhr/article/view/291|journal=The European Journal of Humour Research|language=en|volume=6|issue=3|pages=30–49|doi=10.7592/EJHR2018.6.3.mckeague|issn=2307-700X|doi-access=free}}</ref> This informative nature of comedy music also contributes to the improvement of learning inside and outside the classroom.<ref name=":0" /> Forms of entertainment like musical theatre often incorporate comedy music as well.<ref name=":5" />

To create comic effects in music, composers have developed several principal [[Musical composition|compositional]] techniques, including the use of comic text, musical parody, and unexpected juxtapositions of syntactical elements among others.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Arias|first=Enrique|title=Comedy in Music: A Historical Bibliographical Resource Guide|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2001}}</ref> Comedy music can be further categorized into several types, such as [[parody music]], [[novelty song]], [[comedy rock]], and [[comedy hip hop]]. Awards dedicated to comedy music include the [[Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album]], the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]], and the Musical Comedy Awards.

== Comedy-music relationship ==
Comedy is a form of art that addresses comic or humorous situations, or even serious ones with a light or [[Satire|satirical]] approach.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of COMEDY|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/comedy|access-date=3 November 2020|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref> Music is also a form of art, and it is concerned with the [[rhythm]], [[melody]], and [[harmony]] of [[Vocal music|vocal]], [[instrumental]], or mechanical sounds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of MUSIC|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/music|access-date=3 November 2020|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref>

One similarity between comedy and music is the way they both evoke psychological and emotional effects in their listeners, without them fully understanding the specific reason for their emotions of hilarity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalmonte|first=Rossana|date=1995|title=Towards a Semiology of Humour in Music|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/836999|journal=International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music|volume=26|issue=2|pages=167–187|doi=10.2307/836999|jstor=836999|issn=0351-5796|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Comedy in entertainment is also established as musical codes set up and confirm the audience's understanding of the symbolic meaning of a scene, before subverting that understanding to play with the audience's response.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Potgieter|first=Zelda|date=1 September 2013|title=From Freud to funny music in films: The case of Blazing Saddles|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02500167.2013.836551|journal=Communicatio|volume=39|issue=3|pages=344–361|doi=10.1080/02500167.2013.836551|s2cid=145794102|issn=0250-0167|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Thus, a multi-faceted musical experience has the ability to elicit emotions such as humor and comedy in its listeners.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walton|first=Kendall L.|date=1 January 1993|title=Understanding Humor and Understanding Music|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/jm/article-abstract/11/1/32/63030/Understanding-Humor-and-Understanding-Music?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=Journal of Musicology|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=32–44|doi=10.2307/764150|jstor=764150|issn=0277-9269|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This type of musical experience can be identified as comedy music.

== History ==
[[File:Bell-Krater with an Elderly Satyr Followed by Young Dionysos LACMA 50.8.30 (2 of 2).jpg|thumb|219x219px|Ancient Greek [[Krater|bell krater]] pottery with an elderly satyr followed by young [[Dionysus|Dionysos]]]]
[[File:Ambarawa performers.jpg|thumb|Dancers performing physical comedy|232x232px]]

=== Ancient Greece and Rome ===
The first uses of comedy in music can be traced back to the first century in ancient Greece and Rome, where poets and playwrights entertained with [[pun]]s and [[Word play|wordplay]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=McKeague|first=Matthew|date=3 July 2018|title=The accordion is mightier than the sword: analysing the comedy music counterculture expressed through the works of 'Weird Al' Yankovic|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/2040610X.2018.1494360|journal=Comedy Studies|volume=9|issue=2|pages=138–149|doi=10.1080/2040610X.2018.1494360|s2cid=192849572|issn=2040-610X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The origins of [[Comedy (drama)|comedy play]] in ancient Greece are first recorded on [[pottery]] in the 6th century BCE, on which illustrations of actors dressed as horses, [[satyr]]s, and dancers in exaggerated costumes are painted on.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last1=Cartwright |first1=Mark |title=Ancient Greek Comedy|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Comedy/|access-date=16 November 2020|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |date=25 March 2013 }}</ref> Another early origin are the explicit sexually humorous poems of [[Hipponax]] in the 6th century BCE and [[Archilochus|Archilocus]] in the 7th century BCE.<ref name=":3" /> The third origin are the [[Phallic processions|phallic songs]] sung during [[Cult of Dionysus|Dionysiac]] festivals, as mentioned by [[Aristotle]].<ref name=":3" />

Playwrights of comedic theatre include [[Aristophanes]] and [[Menander]] whose works mocked politicians, philosophers, and fellow artists.<ref name=":3" />

=== Medieval Period ===
In the Medieval Period, [[minstrel]]s, [[troubadour]]s and [[Jester|court jesters]] would continue performing comedic music, some satirical, accompanied by musical instruments. Court jesters in particular would display their wit and humor through songs, jokes, and physical comedy as a way to offer critique on society and authority, working in public squares or officially hired as licensed fools to work directly under the king or queen.<ref name=":2" />

=== Classical and Romantic eras ===
Forms of [[comic opera]] first developed in late 17th-century Italy, leading to the emergence of [[opera buffa]] as an alternative to [[opera seria]]. It quickly made its way to France, where it became opéra comique, and eventually, in the following century, French operetta, with [[Jacques Offenbach]] as its most accomplished practitioner. Many countries developed their own genres of comic opera, incorporating the Italian and French models along with their own musical traditions. Examples include German [[singspiel]], [[Operetta|Viennese operetta]], [[zarzuela|Spanish zarzuela]], Russian comic opera, English ballad and [[Savoy opera]], North American operetta and [[musical comedy]].<ref>Gillan, Don. [http://www.stagebeauty.net/th-musop.html "The Origins of Comic Opera"] at the stagebeauty website, accessed 4 January 2009</ref>

In the Classical and Romantic eras, composers like [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], and [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]] would place comic passages side by side with the more serious sections to bring out the contrast between them.<ref name=":1" /> This technique is called [[juxtaposition]], which is a basic element of comedy.<ref name=":2" /> Haydn's Symphony No 45 of 1772 (the ''[[Symphony No. 45 (Haydn)|Farewell Symphony]]'') and his Symphony No 94 of 1792 (the ''[[Symphony No. 94 (Haydn)|Surprise Symphony]]''), are the most famous examples. A tradition of [[Toy Symphony|toy symphonies]] – featuring toy musical instruments – began in the classical era and continued into the 19th century and beyond.

=== 20th century ===
Progress in comedy music continued over years, until [[vaudeville]] entertainers of the early 20th century added lyrics to musical numbers.<ref name=":2" /> In 1923, one of the first comedy music hits '[[Yes! We Have No Bananas]]' sung by [[Eddie Cantor]] was released.

In 1924 [[Billy Rose]] asked, [[Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavour (On the Bedpost Overnight?)|"Does the Spearmint Lose Its Flavor on the Bedpost Overnight?"]]. In 1958 the song was rereleased as, "[[Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavour (On the Bedpost Overnight?)]]" by [[Lonnie Donegan]], the ''[[King of Skiffle]]''.

In the 1940s, [[Spike Jones]] created songs with a comedy technique of replacing several musical notes with humorous sound effects.<ref name=":2" /> Followed in 1951, [[Stan Freberg]] released a series of cover songs that addressed the issue of [[commercialism]] in that age.<ref name=":2" />

In the 1950s [[Fritz Spiegl]] organised a popular series of "April Fools" concerts in [[Liverpool]]. The idea was subsequently taken up by [[Gerard Hoffnung]] in London at the [[Royal Festival Hall]].<ref>Shifrin, Malcolm. [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2003/mar/29/guardianletters1 "Musical fun"], ''The Guardian'', 29 March 2003</ref> The 1956 "[[Hoffnung Music Festival]]" played to a sell-out audience in the hall and to [[BBC]] viewers throughout Britain.<ref>"Caricature Concert", ''The Times'', 30 October 1956, p. 3</ref> Two more Hoffnung Festivals followed, the second in 1958 and the third in 1961, presented as a tribute after his death. Contributions included [[Donald Swann]]'s revised version of Haydn's ''[[Symphony No. 94|Surprise]]'' Symphony to make it considerably more surprising,<ref name=ivan>Hewett, Ivan.
[http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:UKNB:DSTC&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12AA79F145D725D0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=102CDD40F14C6BDA "Hoovers fill a Proms comedy vacuum"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 10 September 2009</ref> and [[Malcolm Arnold]]'s ''A Grand, Grand Overture'', scored for orchestra and three [[vacuum cleaner]]s, (dedicated to US President [[Herbert Hoover|Hoover]]).<ref>"A Musical Purge", ''The Times'', 14 November 1956, p. 3</ref><ref>"Wit That Makes You Think", ''The Times'', 29 November 1961, p. 15</ref> After Hoffnung's death, similar concerts were promoted by his widow Annetta.

Malcolm Arnold's ''Toy Symphony'' was first performed at a [[Savoy Hotel]] fund raising dinner in London on 28 November 1957, with toy instruments played by a group of eminent composers, musicians and personalities, including [[Thomas Armstrong (musician)|Thomas Armstrong]], [[Edric Cundell]], Gerard Hoffnung, [[Eileen Joyce]], [[Steuart Wilson]] and [[Leslie Woodgate]].<ref>[https://www.wisemusicclassical.com/work/12275/Toy-Symphony--Malcolm-Arnold/ Arnold, ''Toy Symphony'', Wise Music Classical]</ref>

On 17 July 1958 the 'Mammoth Concert of Comic Music' was held at the [[Royal Albert Hall]]. Pieces performed included a concerto for motor horn and orchestra by [[Antony Hopkins]], ''Overture: The Masterdrinkers'' by [[Spike Hughes]] and a concertino for piano tuner and orchestra by [[Lambert Williamson]].<ref>'The Soloist Will Play His Motor Horn', ''Hammersmith & Shepherds Bush Gazette'', 6 June 1958, p. 7</ref>

The 1960s and 1970s saw the rise of numerous comedy music artists whose careers went on for decades. These artists include: [[Allan Sherman]], [[Shel Silverstein]], [[Frank Zappa]], [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], and [[Randy Newman]]. Particularly in 1970, the radio host [[Dr. Demento|Barret Hansen]] – better known as Dr. Demento – appeared. He played tracks sent in by amateur artists, one of which was a 16-year-old 'Weird Al' Yankovic.

Yankovic released his [["Weird Al" Yankovic (album)|first album]] in 1983, which eventually led to a 14-album contract that he did not complete until 2014. For over four decades, he released multiple hit parodies and originals, which made him a major player in the genre of comedy music and the counterculture associated with it.<ref name=":2" />

In 1994, [[The Actors' Gang]] members [[Jack Black]] and [[Kyle Gass]] formed the iconic [[comedy rock]] duo [[Tenacious D#cite note-1|Tenacious D]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bryan |first=Steve |title=Black tells origin of 'Tenacious D' |url=https://www.stltoday.com/suburban-journals/black-tells-origin-of-tenacious-d/article_1427981a-6f84-5916-9d4d-2d1de0a5c4a0.html |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=STLtoday.com |date=21 November 2006 |language=en}}</ref> and went on to release their [[Tenacious D (album)|debut album]] in 2001.

=== 21st century ===
A popular 21st century musical comedy act is [[Flight of the Conchords]], a [[New Zealand]] duo composed of musicians [[Bret McKenzie]] and [[Jemaine Clement]], which became the basis of the self-titled [[Flight of the Conchords (radio series)|BBC radio series (2004)]] and then the [[Flight of the Conchords (TV series)|HBO American television series (2007–2009)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/organgrinder/2007/jul/13/conchords |title=Flight of the Conchords: best new sitcom in years? |publisher=[[The Guardian ]]|date=13 July 2007 |accessdate=2011-08-25}}</ref>

At the turn of the millennium, the band [[Steel Panther]] formed in [[Los Angeles]] with songs, live shows and videos parodying the stereotypical [[glam metal]] genre and lifestyle of the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Steel Panther Lyrics Analyzed by Lee Bob Black |url=http://blog.leebobblack.com/2013/03/Steel-Panther-lyrics-analyzed-by-Lee-Bob-Black.html |access-date=2022-10-02 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2001, [[The Lonely Island]] formed in [[Berkeley, California]] with members [[Akiva Schaffer]], [[Andy Samberg]] and [[Jorma Taccone]], who starred in a series of [[SNL Digital Short]]s featuring songs like [[Motherlover]], [[Dick in a Box]], [[I'm on a Boat]], [[I Just Had Sex]] and more.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-08 |title=Flashback – Interview: Only the Lonely: The Rise of Andy Samberg, Akiva Schaffer and Jorma Taccone |url=http://moveablefest.com/moveable_fest/2012/07/lonely-island-hot-rod.html |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608134533/http://moveablefest.com/moveable_fest/2012/07/lonely-island-hot-rod.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

Through the rest of the 2000s, a movement of [[comedy rock]] acts started to take place in [[Australia]] with bands such as [[The Axis of Awesome]], [[The Beards (Australian band)|The Beards]], [[The Kransky Sisters]] and [[Tripod (band)|Tripod]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-24 |title=12 Of The Best Comedy Bands In History |url=https://tonedeaf.thebrag.com/12-best-comedy-bands-in-history/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Tone Deaf |language=en-AU}}</ref>

When musician [[Matt Farley]] discovered the only songs from his band Moes Haven that were getting any plays had more-comedic titles, he switched his focus to novelty songs in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-29 |first=Freddy |last=McConnell|title=Spotify: how a busy songwriter you've never heard of makes it work for him |url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/media-blog/2014/jan/29/spotify-how-a-busy-songwriter-youve-never-heard-of-makes-it-work-for-him |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Since then, Farley has written over 22,000 songs about potty humor, celebrities, food and more<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motern Media - Matt Farley just recorded his 22,000th... |url=https://www.facebook.com/MoternMedia/posts/matt-farley-just-recorded-his-22000th-songthis-is-the-greatest-achievement-in-th/1572478379617976/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref> under band names like The Toilet Bowl Cleaners, Papa Razzi and the Photogs, The Very Nice Interesting Singer Man and The Hungry Food Band.

Taking [[Rock music|rock]] and [[synth-pop]] influence in the more comedic direction, the duo [[Ninja Sex Party]] formed in 2009 with members [[Dan Avidan|Dan "Danny Sexbang" Avidan]] and [[Brian Wecht|Brian "Ninja Brian" Wecht]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Ninja Sex Party Interview | date=9 January 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2P00TWKWCs |language=en |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref> who went on to record [[Ninja Sex Party discography|five albums of original material, three cover albums and one re-recording album]]. Ever since their album [[Under the Covers (Ninja Sex Party album)|Under the Covers]], NSP has been backed by the band [[TWRP (band)|TWRP]]. For three albums, they collaborated with animator and internet personality [[Arin Hanson|Arin "Egoraptor" Hanson]] to create the [[video game]] themed side project [[Starbomb]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Arin Wikipedias Himself - PART 1 - Game Grump | date=9 July 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYv-eQt_Ci8 |language=en |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref>

In 2010, rappers [[Peter Shukoff|Peter "Nice Peter" Shukoff]] and [[Lloyd Ahlquist|Lloyd "Epic Lloyd" Ahlquist]] created the web-series [[Epic Rap Battles of History]], a show that pinned famous figures both real and fictional in [[Battle rap|rap battles]] against each other. It has run for seven seasons, featuring stars like [["Weird Al" Yankovic]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[T-Pain]] and more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ERB - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/EpicRapBattles |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

The beginning of the 2010s saw [[Nerf Herder]] front man [[Parry Gripp]] starting to release a long series of successful tween pop songs such as "It's Raining Tacos", "Space Unicorn" and "Do You Like Waffles?" dealing with themes of animals and food, gaining him the nickname "the [["Weird Al" Yankovic]] of [[YouTube]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Owen |title=Parry Gripp, the Weird Al Yankovic of YouTube |url=https://www.gawker.com/5109391/parry-gripp-the-weird-al-yankovic-of-youtube |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Gawker |language=en}}</ref>

== Associations ==
[[File:Kevin Bloody Wilson live in Scotland 2009.jpg|thumb|Kevin Bloody Wilson live in Scotland, 2009]]
[[File:George Gershwin 1937.jpg|thumb|244x244px|George Gershwin, 1898–1937]]

=== Counterculture ===
Counterculture is associated with comedy music due to the individual natures of comedy and music. Comedy often contains progressive and subversive messages that intend to provide listeners with information about issues, [[Injustice]]s, and other topics that are important to the artist.<ref name=":0" /> Music has the ability to explain political issues in a way that is easily acceptable for a wide range of listeners.<ref name=":0" /> Both comedy and music have the power to create movements and spread ideas, allowing them to effectively advocate counterculture through the ages, one of them being the challenge of [[authority]].<ref name=":0" />

'Weird Al' Yankovic spread his message about the privilege of the upper class through his comedy music song, titled '[[Mandatory Fun|First World Problems]]':

{{Blockquote
|text=My maid is cleaning the bathroom, so I can't take a shower / When I do, the water starts getting cold after an hour / I couldn't order off the breakfast menu, cause I slept in till two / Then I filled up on bread, didn't leave any room for tiramisu / Oh no, there's a pixel out in the corner of my laptop screen / I don't have any bills in my wallet small enough for the vending machine / Some idiot just called me up on the phone, what!? Don't they know how to text? OMG! / I got first world, first world problems.<ref>{{Citation|title="Weird Al" Yankovic – First World Problems|url=https://genius.com/Weird-al-yankovic-first-world-problems-lyrics|language=en|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref>}}

[[Kevin Bloody Wilson]]'s song – '[[Kev's Back (The Return of the Yobbo)|Living Next Door to Alan]]' – is about an indigenous family claiming land neighboring the millionaire [[Alan Bond]]:

{{Blockquote
|text=They came down from Meekatharra / In a burned-out blue FJ / That farted and just shit itself in Jutland Parade / Right next door to Bondy's / When the smoke had cleared a voice said: / 'Eh .. this place look all right / We'll tell the government it's a sacred site / Dead fuckin' easy' / 'Good day Mr Alan Bond, how you goin' bloke? / Hey, I'm your brand-new neighbour ... hey, mate you got a smoke? / And I think I'm gonna like it here / Livin' next door to Alan'.<ref>{{Citation|title=Kevin Bloody Wilson – Living Next Door To Alan|url=https://genius.com/Kevin-bloody-wilson-living-next-door-to-alan-lyrics|language=en|access-date=2020-11-20}}</ref>}}

=== Education ===
Comedy and music have both been found to improve the effectiveness of learning inside and outside the classroom.<ref name=":0" /> Comedy improves short-term issue [[Recognition memory|recognition]], and can improve a student's learning by attracting and holding their attention for a longer duration of the class, also ensuring their continued motivation and engagement.<ref name=":0" /> Music improves a student's [[Vocabulary development|vocabulary]] and [[Reading comprehension|comprehensive]] skills, simultaneously encouraging them to think [[Creativity|creatively]].<ref name=":0" /> An example of the implementation of comedy music in education is the incorporation of parody songs to learn the English language.<ref name=":0" />

=== Entertainment ===
In the 1920s and 1930s, musical theatre is a form of entertainment that often incorporates comedy.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=10 June 2019|title=9.3: Musical Comedies of the 1920s and 1930s|url=https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Theater_and_Film/Book%3A_Theatrical_Worlds_(Mitchell)/09%3A_The_American_Musical/9.03%3A_Musical_Comedies_of_the_1920s_and_1930s|access-date=20 November 2020|website=Humanities LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> In a musical setting, rhetorico-musical techniques contribute in creating comedic effect, and an example of this is [[aposiopesis]], which is the device of suddenly breaking off in musical speech for dramatic or emotional effect.<ref name=":4" /> Another contributing aspect to it is dance – particularly [[tap dance]]. Musical comedies differ from book musicals as they focus more on comedy and dance rather than on drama and character development.<ref name=":5" /> This era's musical comedies include works created by brothers [[George Gershwin|George]] and [[Ira Gershwin]], and these musicals are: '[[Strike Up the Band (musical)|Strike Up the Band]]', '[[Lady, Be Good (musical)|Lady, Be Good]]', '[[Oh, Kay!]]', '[[Girl Crazy]]', '[[Crazy for You (musical)|Crazy for You]]', and '[[Of Thee I Sing]]'.

== Principal techniques ==
To create comic effects in music, composers have developed the following principal compositional techniques.<ref name=":1" />

=== Comic text ===
The use of comic text or funny words immediately conveys humor. This can be traced back to 13th century [[Motet]]s, but it is the 18th century [[opera buffa]] that first explored deeply all the aspects of verbal comedy. An example of this is [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s [[The Marriage of Figaro|Le nozze di Figaro]] composed in 1786.

=== Musical parody ===
Musical parodies satirize certain styles or particular works of music. An example of this is Mozart's [[A Musical Joke|Ein musikalischer Spass]] composed in 1787, which parodies the style of incompetent composers and [[Siegfried Ochs]]'s variations on '[[Kommt ein Vogel geflogen]]' that models the style of particular composers for each variation.

=== Juxtapositions of syntactical elements ===
The use of unexpected juxtapositions of syntactical elements include changing the lengths of [[Phrase (music)|phrases]], startling turns of melody and [[Dynamics (music)|dynamics]], and contrasting textures. An example of this is a minuet from Haydn's [[Symphony No. 104 (Haydn)|Symphony No. 104]] composed in 1796, where rests and a crescendo of the [[timpani]] interrupt the regular flow of music.

=== Musical description ===
Musical description includes animal or even nonsensical sound effects that illustrate certain events or situations within the music piece. Examples of this are the bird calls in Beethoven's [[Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)|Pastoral Symphony]] composed in 1808, the bleating of sheep in [[Richard Strauss|Strauss]]'s [[Don Quixote (Strauss)|Don Quixote]] composed in 1897, and sound effects that illustrate hunting or market scenes in [[Medieval music|Medieval Italian caccie]].

=== References to particular styles ===
Inclusion of [[Folk music|folk]] or [[Popular music|popular]] music techniques in certain passages creates humorous effect. Examples of this are the clumsy folk-like dance technique incorporated in the last movement of Haydn's [[Symphony No. 82 (Haydn)|Symphony No. 82]] – nicknamed The Bear – composed in 1786 and [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]]'s use of the [[Shimmy]] in his Suite 1922 for Piano.

=== Incongruency ===
The use of incongruency creates contrasts between music styles and techniques, and this is done with parodistic intent. An example of this is Haydn's [[Symphony No. 60 (Haydn)|Symphony No. 60]] – nicknamed Il Distratto – composed in 1774.

=== Orchestral devices ===
The use of unusual orchestral devices creates the element of surprise. Examples of this are the tuning of violins in the last movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 60 composed in 1774, the use of [[col legno]] in the last movement of [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]]'s [[Symphonie fantastique]] composed in 1830, and the use of [[Toy Symphony|toy instruments]] in various classical pieces from the 1760s to the 21st century.

=== Allusions to a famous comic character ===
The descriptive use of music can be used to [[Allusion|allude]] to famous comic characters. Examples of this are [[Edward Elgar|Elgar]]'s [[symphonic poem]] on [[Falstaff (Elgar)|Falstaff]] composed in 1913 and Strauss's depiction of [[Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks|Till Eulenspiegel]] composed in 1895.

=== Texture, dynamics, rhythm, and melodic design ===
The use of unusual effects of texture, dynamics, rhythm, and melodic design creates comic features within the music piece. Examples of this are the exaggerated large intervals of the [[Bass (voice type)|bass voice]] in 18th century opera buffa and the two [[Soprano]]s showing off their high register singing in Mozart's [[Der Schauspieldirektor]] composed in 1785.

=== Keys and modulations ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Perfect octave on C.png
| width1 = 130
| alt1 = A consonance
| caption1 = The [[perfect octave]], a consonant interval {{audio|Perfect octave on C.mid|Play}}
| image2 = Minor second on C.png
| width2 = 130
| alt2 = A dissonance
| caption2 = The [[minor second]], a dissonance {{audio|Minor second on C.mid|Play}}
| footer =
}}
The use of strange [[Key (music)|keys]] and distant [[Modulation (music)|modulations]] respectively create [[Consonance and dissonance|dissonance]] and distant harmonic movements. These musical devices create a subtle humorous effect. Examples of this are [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]] [[Madrigal]]s and [[Motet]]s and [[Baroque music|Baroque]] [[Cantata]]s.

=== References to past styles ===
References to past styles and techniques are presented in a new context, and this is played with the assumption that the audience is familiar with the referenced style and technique. An example of this is the referencing of 18th century forms and instrumentation by [[Neoclassicism (music)|Neoclassic]] composers [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]] and Hindemith in the 20th century.

=== Quotations of musical materials ===
[[Musical quotation]]s are blended together in vertical and horizontal orders to form a [[Medley (music)|medley]]. In the Renaissance era, this type of musical composition is called the [[quodlibet]]. In the Romantic era, they are often medleys performed in Operas. Examples of this are C. Hopfner's [[operetta]] for men's voices – Das Gastspiel der Lucca – composed in 1875 and [[Charles Ives]]'s [[A Symphony: New England Holidays|Holiday Symphony]] composed in 1913.

=== Movement titles ===
Composers like Haydn and Beethoven often use specific movement titles to identify their work as humorous, labeling them as '[[scherzo]]', which means 'joke'. An example of this is the scherzo from [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]'s [[Symphony No. 4 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No. 4]] composed in 1878.

=== Tempo modifications ===
[[Tempo]] modifications not only sets the pace of music, but also imply mood and style. An example of this is Haydn's symphony finales in the late 18th century, where tempo modifications are used to display character.

=== Notation ===
[[File:CordierColor.jpg|thumb|247x247px|Baude Cordier's 'Belle bonne' heart-shaped manuscript]]
The use of visually uncommon notations has been employed in the complex [[polyphony]] of the late 14th century, [[Canon (music)|puzzle canons]] of the Renaissance and Baroque eras, and [[aleatoric music]] of the 20th century. An example of this is [[Baude Cordier]]'s 'Belle bonne' heart-shaped manuscript composed in the late 14th century.

=== Genre designations ===
The use of specific terms in genre designations identifies certain types of music as humorous. Obvious designations include opera buffa, while subtler ones include terms like [[canzonetta]], chansonetta, and operetta. An example of this is Schumann's use of the term '[[humoresque]]' to designate humorous music, as demonstrated in his own work – [[Humoreske (Schumann)|Humoreske]] – composed in 1838.

=== Performance styles ===
Composers make fun of certain performance styles through the use of parody. Examples of this are [[Victor Borge]] who made fun of conventional classical music by mimicking well-known pieces of music and [[Anna Russell]] who satirized [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]].

=== Texting of instrumental works ===
Satiric texts are incorporated within instrumental works to convey humor. An example of this is a vocal arrangement of Mozart's [[overture]] to [[The Magic Flute|Die Zauberflote]] that begins with "Vivat Carl Maria Weber".

=== Chance ===
The use of chance to combine phrases in musical composition is known as ars combinatoria. In the 20th century, this genre is called aleatoric music or chance music. An example of this is [[John Cage]]'s [[Music of Changes]] composed in 1951.

=== Soggetto cavato ===
[[Soggetto cavato]] is a technique that substitutes syllables from [[solmization]] for letters, creating a [[musical cryptogram]]. An example of this is the use of the letters ASCH and SCHA Schumann's [[Carnaval (Schumann)|Carnaval]] composed in 1835.

== Types ==

=== Parody music ===
[[Parody music]] is a subgenre of comedy music that incorporates comic or satirical features, and is a reinterpretation of the original it is based upon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Denisov|first=Andrey V.|date=2015|title=The Parody Principle in Musical Art|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24327327|journal=International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music|volume=46|issue=1|pages=55–72|jstor=24327327|issn=0351-5796}}</ref>

[[Bart Baker]] parodies [[Nicki Minaj]]'s song – '[[Anaconda (Nicki Minaj song)|Anaconda]]' – by replacing original lyrics with new ones:

{{Blockquote
|text=I'm dry humping bamboo in a jungle / My butt's so big it's like two gigantic bubbles / And I always show it off 'cause it's my greatest asset / But it's enhanced by surgery, yes, it's made out of plastic / It's not real, real, real.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bart Baker – Anaconda (Parody)|url=https://genius.com/Bart-baker-anaconda-parody-lyrics|language=en|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref>}}

[[Peter Schickele]] composed and performed music allegedly written by the fictional [[P. D. Q. Bach]], the "only forgotten son" of the Bach family.

=== Novelty song ===
[[Novelty song]] is a subgenre of comedy music that is humorous, unique and original, sounding different from everything else being played in the media.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Novelty song {{!}} music|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/novelty-song|access-date=2020-11-03|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

Examples of novelty song artists include [[Tom Lehrer]] and [[Alan Sherman]].

=== Comedy rock ===
[[Comedy rock]] is a subgenre of comedy music that focuses on [[Dissent]]ing humor, a merge of youthful silliness and [[Rebellion|rebellious]] instincts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ellis|first=Iain|title=Rebels wit attitude subversive rock humorists|publisher=Soft Skull Press|year=2008}}</ref>

[[Stephen Lynch (musician)|Stephen Lynch]] sings about the death of his grandfather in his song, titled '[[Superhero (Stephen Lynch album)|Grandfather]]':

{{Blockquote
|text=When Grandfather dies / Life will be strange / When Grandfather dies / My whole world will change / When Grandfather dies / I'll scream and I'll yell / 'Cause I'll be fuckin' rich as hell.<ref>{{Citation|title=Stephen Lynch – Grandfather|url=https://genius.com/Stephen-lynch-grandfather-lyrics|language=en|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref>}}

=== Comedy hip hop ===
[[Comedy hip hop]] is a subgenre of comedy music that incorporates humor in the [[Rapping|rap]] lyrics and in the music itself.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Comedy Rap Music Genre Overview|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/comedy-rap-ma0000012206|access-date=3 November 2020|website=AllMusic|language=en-us}}</ref>

[[The Lonely Island]] released their first comedy hip hop song – 'Ka-Blamo!' – in 2001:

{{Blockquote
|text=When you're mining for coal and you forget what coal is / And you're sure to be fired, because that's your job! / When a mole's in your ass and you wonder where the mole is / You're screwed man, a mole is in your ass. Job!<ref>{{Citation|title=Incredibad – Ka-Blamo!|url=https://genius.com/Incredibad-ka-blamo-lyrics|language=en|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref>}}

== Awards ==

=== Grammy Award for Best Comedy album ===
The [[Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album]] acknowledges both spoken word and musical comedy albums. It is presented by the [[The Recording Academy|National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] of the United States, and is first awarded in 1959 until the present day.

=== Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy ===
The [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]] recognizes musical or comedy films. It is presented by the [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] of the United States, and is first awarded in 1952 until the present day.

=== Musical Comedy Awards ===
The Musical Comedy Awards is an annual competition that acknowledges the United Kingdom's up-and-coming as well as established artists in the musical comedy genre.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=20 August 2014|title=About|url=https://musicalcomedyawards.com/about/|access-date=20 November 2020|website=musical comedy awards|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ucl.ac.uk/whats-on/MCA-2022">{{cite web |title=Musical Comedy Awards 2022 |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/culture/whats-on/musical-comedy-awards-2022 |website=UCL CULTURE |publisher=[[University College London]] |access-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301113731/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/culture/whats-on/musical-comedy-awards-2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> It is first set up in 2008 by founder Ed Chappel.<ref name=":6" />

== See also ==
* [[Novelty song]]
* [[Outsider music]]
* [[Victor Borge]], "The Clown Prince of Denmark", famous for his own mixture of comedy and music.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Comedy footer}}

[[Category:Comedy]]
[[Category:Music genres]]
[[Category:Music and humour]]
[[Category:Musical comedy| ]]

Dattaram Sukhthankar

2026-01-02T09:28:38Z

Rucsy: entry...

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1924)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{BLP one source|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Dattaram Krishna Sukhthankar
| image = Sukhthankar dattaram Krishna.png
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Marcel, Goa|Mashel]], [[Goa]]
| education = [[Escola Médico Cirúrgica de Goa]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|Medical practitioner}}
| notable_works = ''Manni Punav''
| awards = {{hlist|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1968)|[[Kala Academy]] Award|Maharashtra Gaurav Puraskar (1990)}}
}}

'''Dattaram Krishna Sukhthankar''' (born 11 December 1924) is a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] writer and medical practitioner from [[Goa]]. He is known for his humorous essays and is a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].

==Early life and education==
Sukhthankar was born on 11 December 1924 in [[Marcel, Goa|Mashel]], [[Goa]]. He completed his primary schooling in his hometown of Mashel, followed by secondary education at the Almeida High School in [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]. For higher education, he attended [[Rajaram College]] in [[Kolhapur]]. In 1953, he graduated with a medical degree from the [[Escola Médico Cirúrgica de Goa]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |last1=Kolambkar |first1=Sheela |author-link1=Sheela Kolambkar |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Vishwakosh - Volume 4 Released.pdf/887 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=886–887 |volume=4 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

==Career==
===Activism===
During the Portuguese rule in Goa, Sukhthankar participated in activities opposing the colonial regime, leading to his imprisonment by the Portuguese authorities for a period. He eventually left Goa and relocated to [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

===Medical practice===
Professionally, Sukhthankar served at the Gandhi Leprosy Rehabilitation Center in Warde and the Acworth Leprosy Home in Mumbai. Later in his career, he established his own private medical practice.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

===Literary work===
Sukhthankar is a noted writer in Konkani, known for a writing style characterized by simple language and fine humour. His work has been featured in various magazines.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> His collection of essays, titled ''Manni Punav'', received critical acclaim. In 1968, the book won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]. It was also awarded by the [[Kala Academy]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Awards and recognition==
In addition to the Sahitya Akademi and Goa Kala Academy awards for ''Manni Punav'', Sukhthankar was honoured by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] in 1990. He received the "Maharashtra Gaurav Puraskar," a distinction awarded to Sahitya Akademi awardees residing in the state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Personal life==
Sukhthankar has traveled within India and internationally. As of 1999, he was retired and residing in Mumbai.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukhthankar, D. K.}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

Guild of Indian English Writers Editors and Critics

2025-12-16T09:15:05Z

Rucsy: stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|name =GIEWEC (Guild of Indian English Writers Editors and Critics)
|image =GIEWEC_LOGO.jpg
|caption = Logo of GIEWEC
|established = 2010
|president = Dr. [[Jaydeep Sarangi]], [[Kolkata]]
|city = [[Thodupuzha]], [[Kerala]]<ref name="webProf">{{cite web |url=http://www.profkvdominic.com/ |title=Home |website=profkvdominic.com}}</ref>
|country =India
|website= http://www.giewecindia.com
}}

'''Guild of Indian English Writers Editors and Critics'''<ref>{{cite book|title=Writers Editors Critics (WEC)|date = 21 March 2017|publisher = Modern History Press|url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B06XSM9GS5?_encoding=UTF8&keywords=Writers%20editprs%20and%20critics%20kindle&qid=1497520237&ref_=sr_1_sc_2&sr=8-2-spell}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Travancore-Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration Act, 1955|url=http://www.sanchitha.ikm.in/node/1835|access-date=15 June 2017|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701172609/http://www.sanchitha.ikm.in/node/1835|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a literary forum of [[Indian people|Indian]] writers in English. It was established on 24 September 2010 at [[Thodupuzha]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It was registered on 13 October 2010 and its Head Office is functioning at the residence of the Secretary, Dr. [[K. V. Dominic]]<ref name="webProf" /> at [[Thodupuzha]], [[Kerala]].Renowned academician and award-winning author Dr Jaydeep Sarangi, Principal of New Alipore College, Kolkata is the president now. The guild honoured Literary legends, Shri [[Jayanta Mahapatra]] and Shri [[Ashokamitran]] and Justice Shri [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]] in the literary festivals organised by the guild.

==Objectives==

It is a non-profit making institution aimed at promoting [[Indian Literature]] in [[English language|English]] through the members' creative and critical writings and by editing and publishing books and [[Literary magazine|journals]]. The chief objectives of the Guild are: to promote [[Indian Literature]] in [[English language|English]], to exchange creative writings between nations and to conduct annual conferences and literary festivals.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==Journal==
The Guild is publishing an international biannual refereed journal entitled ''Writers Editors Critics'' (WEC)<ref>{{cite web|title=Writers Editors Critics (WEC)|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/journallist/subjectwisejurnallist.aspx?tid=d3JpdGVycyBlZGl0b3JzIGNyaXRpY3M=&&did=Q3VycmVudCBUaXRsZXM=|website=University Grants Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UGC Journal Details|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/journallist/ugc_admin_journal_report.aspx?eid=49185|website=University Grants Commission}}</ref> (ISSN 2231-198X) which is approved by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], [[Delhi]], [[India]] and abstracted and indexed by [[EBSCO Information Services]],<ref>{{cite web|title=EBSCOhost|url=https://www.ebscohost.com/}}</ref> [[United States]] for worldwide reference. The issues come out in March and September. The journal is edited by Dr. K. V. Dominic.<ref name="webProf" />

==Seminar and literary festivals==
The guild conducted several seminars and literary festivals in collaboration with different esteemed institutions in India.
* ''Reimaging Text: English Studies and Digital Humanities'' (2017) in collaboration with Maniben Nanavati Women's College,<ref>{{cite web|title=Maniben Nanavati Women's College|url=http://www.mnwc-sndt.org/|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-date=18 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418230522/https://mnwc-sndt.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mumbai]]
* ''Multiculturalism, Human Values and Language and Literature'' (2016)in collaboration with [[Jagarlamudi Kuppuswamy Chowdary College]], [[Guntur]].
* ''Environmental Literature and Beyond'' (2015)in collaboration with [[C. M. S. College]], Kottyam.
* ''Indian Literature in English: New Directions, Newer Possibilities'' (2014)in collaboration with [[Pondicherry University]].
* ''Contemporary Indian Literature in English: Dimensions and Directions'' (2012)in collaboration with K.J. Somayya college of Arts and Commerce,<ref>{{cite web|title=K J Somaiya College Of Arts And Commerce|url=https://www.somaiya.edu/kjsac}}</ref> [[Mumbai]].
* ''Contemporary Indian English Poetry: Dimensions and Directions'' (2011)in collaboration with [[St. Teresa's College]], [[Ernakulam]].

==Executive committee==
* Prof. [[Jaydeep Sarangi]] ([[Kolkata]]) – '''President'''
* Dr. [[K. V. Dominic]]<ref name="webProf" /> ([[Kerala]]) – '''Secretary'''
* Prof. P. Gopichand ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) – '''Vice-President'''
* Dr. JoJi John Panicker ([[Kerala]]) – '''Joint Secretary'''
* Dr. S. Kumaran ([[Tamil Nadu]]) – '''Treasurer'''
* Dr. Poonam Sahay ([[Jharkhand]]) – '''Ex. Com. Member'''
* Dr. Ketaki Datta ([[Kolkata]]) – '''Ex. Com. Member'''
* Dr. S. Ayyappa Raja ([[Tamil Nadu]]) -'''Ex. Com. Member'''
* Dr. Pamela Jeyaraju ([[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]) -'''Ex. Com. Member'''
* Prof. P. Nagasuseela ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) -'''Ex. Com. Member'''
* Prof. Sibasis Jana ([[West Bengal]]) -'''Ex. Com. Member'''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Educational organisations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Education in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Guilds in India]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Literary societies]]

Textile industry in Salem

2025-12-09T08:11:09Z

Rucsy: content fix

{{short description|Overview of textiles in Salem, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

The '''textile industry in Salem''', especially the [[Loom|handloom]] industry, is one of the most ancient [[Putting-out system|cottage industries]] in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Tirthankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AA3MDwAAQBAJ|title=The Crafts and Capitalism: Handloom Weaving Industry in Colonial India|date=2020-01-28|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-02469-2|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-11-29|title=Salem Cotton|url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/in/en/outreach/save-the-weave/indian-weaves/salem-cotton|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Isha Sadhguru|language=en}}</ref><ref>"The handloom industry is one of the most ancient cottage industries in Salem district of Tamil Nadu. Next to agriculture hand-loom weaving is considered the most important industry in Tamil Nadu as well as India. In Salem district the chief industry was weaving, which was carried on in almost every large town or village" [https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61602344/Handloom_Weaving_Industry_in_Salem_district20191224-13161-1ohbh42.pdf?1577256742=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DHandloom_Weaving_Industry_in_Salem_distr.pdf&Expires=1610424110&Signature=bRW8sTx89Iurao4VQmouYof6XeVuwuPJg4LTFWLF~iel4tp5PBwxuEpJq84bxoyX~fik8EdurIJASTjtGwHicAjCE40s7n-Y2tSVCF~7m8ZzZs6ERzv6GMTZHQXHbEm2WsLp-Ws5mkbb7kqH636P-pwoeB~UkVBj6P6hgnWqVJXje3bCFRQoNmxcubE~PnkLGwhm39IBFLO1U9xrn-Mw3SPsqL3mWbqxGJhQNyHUr5kUrpCvSSfpDIFtxU1LJbzWpXFIvXDv94YSuKYOuQPXPzzPmYdLVf1PA72K03dFR2Cqcl2mJaqb9qjj8m3op4xCPY3K558LMDz455iNDuBAWQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA HANDLOOM WEAVING INDUSTRY IN SALEM DISTRICT C.1850-1947]{{dead link|date=May 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Salem was one of the primary handloom centers of south India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nayar|first=M. K. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGvDQAAQBAJ|title=Story of an Era Told Without Ill-will|date=2014-02-24|publisher=D C Books|isbn=978-93-81699-33-1|location=|pages=204|language=en}}</ref> [[Sari]], [[dhoti]] and angavasthram are made out of silk yarn and cotton yarn.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onXjAAAAMAAJ|title=Young India|date=1981|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|isbn=|location=|pages=334|language=en}}</ref> In the recent past, home furnishing items are also woven, mainly for export purposes. More than 75,000 handlooms<ref>{{Cite web|title=INDIAN INSTITUTE OF HANDLOOM TECHNOLOGY|url=http://www.iihtsalem.edu.in/|access-date=2021-01-12|language=en-US}}</ref> are working and the total value of cloth produced per annum is estimated at Rs.5,000 crores

== Salem fabric ==
Salem fabric (handicraft goods) earned recognition with [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Details {{!}} Geographical Indications {{!}} Intellectual Property India|url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/5|access-date=2021-01-12|website=ipindiaservices.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
The history of hand loom and spinning mills dates back to pre-independence period in Salem. But till the 1960s there were fewer than 5 spinning mills. Private handloom weaving started thriving in the region along with the large scale cooperative sector handloom weaving and marketing units. Small scale hand dying units were started around the region to support the industry.
Around the 1980s the texindustry saw a massive growth. Many major spinning mills and waste spinning units came up into existence. Many Handloom societies and dye houses were established. New and Increased number of [[Power loom|Power Loom]] units in places like Gugai, Ammapet, Attayampatti, Vennandur, Magudanchavadi, Rasipuram, Komarapalayam and Pallipalayam,Tharamangalam, Jalakandapuram and Ellampillai. But now there are more than 125 spinning mills, with modern weaving units and garment units. Garment export has established itself as one of the major business in the district.
Established market linkages by the small business units directly exporting the cloth materials and garments made the industry grow in a fast pace. Easy access to necessary inputs like yarns and dying units have led to the customisation of garments even at the small scale customized products.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive News|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>

== Kondalampatti Sarees ==

Kondalampatti is a small [[census town]] in the district and it is famous for its silk handloom products. Kondalampatti handlooms are well known for the durability of the colours used in the yarn. The mixture of colour gives the durability. The count of the threads in a square inch used in weaving gives the softness and hardness of the fabric. In Kondalampatti sarees 60 to 65 threads are used in a square inch in warp. The width of the saree comes to 51 inches. Each and every thread of the Kondalampatti handloom saree is hand woven. It requires approximately 4–8 days of effort for weaving a saree.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140104210204/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/18/stories/2010121851300300.htm]

[[Category:Textile industry in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Salem district]]

1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election

2025-12-04T18:17:18Z

Rucsy: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly election in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1987
| outgoing_members =
| election_date = ''22 November 1989''
| next_election = 1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1993
| seats_for_election = '''All 40 seats in the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]'''
| majority_seats = 21
| registered = {{formatnum:333733}}
| turnout = 81.30%

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Election Symbol Star.svg|bSize=80|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Laldenga]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Aizawl South 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl South 2]]
| party2 = Mizo National Front
| leader_since2 =
| seats_before2 = 24
| popular_vote2= '''35.29%'''
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 10
| seats2 = 14
| swing2 =

| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Bulb Election Symbol.svg|bSize=80|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader3 =
| leaders_seat3 =
| party3 = Mizoram People's Conference
| leader_since3 =
| seats_before3 = 3
| seats3 = 1
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 2
| popular_vote3 = 19.67%
| swing3 =

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lal Thanhawla.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=05}}
| leader1 = [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Serchhip (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Serchhip]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since1 =
| seats_before1 = 13
| popular_vote1= 34.85%
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 10
| seats1 = '''23'''
| swing1 =


| title = [[Chief Minister of Mizoram|CM]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_election = [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| after_party = Mizo National Front
| after_election = [[Lal Thanhawla]]
}}

Elections to the '''[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in November 1989 to elect members of the 40 constituencies in [[Mizoram]], India. The [[Indian National Congress]] won the majority of seats and its leader in Mizoram, [[Lal Thanhawla]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Mizoram]]; his second time in the role.

In [[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1987]], the [[Mizo National Front]] won the elections and started governing for their 5-year term. But, within 18 months, there were defections from the party, by members who wanted Cabinet positions, which reduced the government to a minority in the Assembly. [[President's rule]] was imposed on Mizoram, in September 1988<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880930-mizoram-comes-under-president-rule-797758-1988-09-30 |title=Mizoram comes under President's Rule|date=20 September 1988 |author=Ramesh Menon |access-date= 16 July 2021}}</ref> and elections were called for in 1989.

== Parties Contested==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Mizo National Front}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Mizo National Front]]
|
| [[File:Election Symbol Star.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[Laldenga]]
| style="text-align:center| 40
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Mizoram People's Conference}};color:white"|'''2.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Mizoram People's Conference]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bulb.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[T. Sailo]]
| style="text-align:center| 38
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''3.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:INC Logo.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| style="text-align:center| 34
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};color:white"|'''4.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:center| ''collective leadership''
| style="text-align:center| 50
|}

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Mizoram Legislative Assembly 1989.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=93561|seats1=23|sc1={{increase}}10
|party2=[[Mizo National Front]]|votes2=94763|seats2=14|sc2={{decrease}}10
|party3=[[Mizoram People's Conference]]|votes3=52813|seats3=1|sc3={{decrease}}2
|party4=[[Independent (politics)|Independents]]|votes4=27353|seats4=2|sc4={{increase}}2
|total_sc=0
|valid=268490
|invalid=2849
|electorate=333733
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3661-mizoram-1989/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Mizoram |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 16 July 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{noteslist}}

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!# !! Constituency !! Candidate !! colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1 || Tuipang || [[Hiphei]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2 || [[Saiha (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Saiha]] || S. Hiato || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 3 || Sangau || H. Rammawi || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
| 4 || Lawngtlai || F. Manghnuna || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 5 || Chawngte || Nirupam || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 6 || Tlabung || Hari Kristo Chakma || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 7 || Buarpui || P. Lalbiaka || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 8 || [[Lunglei South (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Lunglei South]] || F. Sapa || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 9 || [[Lunglei North (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Lunglei North]] || R. Thangliana || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
| 10 || Tawipui || P. Siamliana || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 11 || Vanva || R. Romawia || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
| 12 || Hnahthial || Vanlalanghaka || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 13 || North Vanlaiphai || C. L. Ruala || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 14 || Khawbung || K. Vanlalauva || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
| 15 || Champhai || [[Zoramthanga]] || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
| 16 || Khawhai || J. H. Rothuama || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
| 17 || Saitual || Andrew Lalherliana || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 18 || Khawzawl || Tawnluia || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
| 19 || Ngopa || Zosiama Pachuau || bgcolor={{party color|Mizoram People's Conference}}| || [[Mizoram People's Conference]]
|-
| 20 || Suangpuilawn || Vanlalngena || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 21 || Ratu || Lalrinchhana || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
| 22 || Kawnpui || Vaivenga || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 23 || [[Kolasib (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Kolasib]] || Aichhinga || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
| 24 || Bilkhawthlir || Zalawma || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 25 || Lokicherra || Lalthanhawla || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 26 || Kawrthah || Saikapthianga || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 27 || [[Mamit (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Mamit]] || Lalhuthanga || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 28 || Phuldungsei || Liansuama || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 29 || Sateek || Lalrawnliana || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
| 30 || [[Serchhip (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Serchhip]] || [[Lalthanhawla]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 31 || Lungpho || P. C. Bawihtluanga || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 32 || Tlungvel || P. C. Zoramsangliana || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 33 || [[Aizawl North 1 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl North 1]] || Rosangliana || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 34 || [[Aizawl North 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl North 2]] || H. Thansanga || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 35 || [[Aizawl East 1 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl East 1]] || John Lalsangzuala || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 36 || [[Aizawl East 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl East 2]] || [[Rokamlova]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 37 || [[Aizawl West 1 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl West 1]] || J. Tahnghuama || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
| 38 || [[Aizawl West 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl West 2]] || Rualchhina || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
| 39 || [[Aizawl South 1 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl South 1]] || R. Tlagghmingthanga || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
| 40 || [[Aizawl South 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl South 2]] || [[Laldenga]] || bgcolor={{party color|Mizo National Front}}| || [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mizoram elections}}

[[Category:1989 State Assembly elections in India|Mizoram]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Mizoram|1989]]
[[Category:1980s in Mizoram|1989]]

Rajuvula

2025-11-21T08:49:38Z

Rucsy: made first post added tags - done

{{short description|Indo-Scythian king who ruled the Mathura region in northern India (c. 10 CE)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rajuvula
| title = [[Indo-Scythian]] king
| image = [[File:Rajuvula coin with Greek legend.jpg|350px|]]
| caption = Northern Satrap Rajuvula. '''Obv.''' Bust of king and Greek legend ''BASILEOS BASILEON SOTEROS RAZU'', "Saviour King of Kings, Rajuvula".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goyala |first1=Śrīrāma |title=The Dynastic Coins of Ancient India |date=1995 |publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTVmAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Baij Nath |title=History of Indian Administration |date=1968 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Rhavan |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96ws8Buy2b4C |language=en}}</ref> '''Rev.''' [[Athena]] Alkidemos and [[Kharoshthi]] legend ''Chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa rajuvulasa'' "the Satrap Rajuvula whose discus (''[[Sudarshana Chakra|cakra]]'') is irresistible". These coins are found near [[Sankassa]] along the [[Ganges]] and in [[Punjab, India|Eastern Punjab]]. Possibly minted in [[Sagala]].<ref name="Rosenfield">The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, by John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1967 p.135 [https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA135]</ref> The coins are derived from the [[Indo-Greek]] types of [[Strato II]].<ref name="Rosenfield"/>
| reign = {{Circa|10}}-25 CE
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
| religion = |
}}
[[File:Kambojika statue Mathura.jpg|thumb|The [[Saptarishi Tila statue]], possibly representing Kamuia Ayasa/ Kambojika, the Chief Queen of Mahakshatrapa Rajula. Found in the Saptarishi Mound, the same mound where the [[Mathura lion capital]] was found. {{Circa|1st century CE}}.]]
'''Rajuvula''' ([[Greek alphabet|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ΡΑΖΥ}} {{Transliteration|grc|Razy}}; [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]: {{Transliteration|pra|Rā-ju-vu-la}}, {{Transliteration|pra|Rājuvula}};<ref name="Allen">{{cite book |last=Allan |first=John |author-link=John Allan (numismatist) |date=1936 |title=Catalogue of the Coins of Ancient India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49355 |location=London |publisher=[[British Museum]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49355/page/n115/mode/2up cxiii], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49355/page/n355/mode/2up 185]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49355/page/n361/mode/2up 191] |isbn=978-8-170-69057-3 }}</ref> [[Kharosthi]]: '''{{lang|pgd|𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨬𐨂𐨫}}''' {{Transliteration|pgd|Ra-ju-vu-la}}, {{Transliteration|pgd|Rajuvula}};<ref name="Fleet">{{cite journal |last=Fleet |first=J. F. |author-link=John Faithfull Fleet |date=1907 |title=Moga, Maues, and Vonones |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25210494 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=1013–1040 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X0003690X |jstor=25210494 |s2cid=161830305 |access-date=4 October 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> '''{{lang|pgd|𐨪𐨗𐨬𐨂𐨫}}''' {{Transliteration|pgd|Ra-ja-vu-la}}, {{Transliteration|pgd|Rajavula}};<ref name="Cunningham">{{cite journal |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Cunningham |date=1888 |title=Coins of the Indo-Scythians |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42682595 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=199–248 |doi= |jstor=42682595 |access-date=4 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Percy |author-link=Percy Gardner |date=1929 |title=The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932382 |location=London |publisher=Gilbert & Rivington Ltd. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932382/page/n145/mode/2up 67] |isbn=978-0-900-83452-3 }}</ref> '''{{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨫|𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨫]]}}''' {{Transliteration|pgd|Ra-ju-la}}, {{Transliteration|pgd|Rajula}}<ref name="Konow">{{cite book |last=Konow |first=Sten |author-link=Sten Konow |date=1929 |title=Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions: with the Exception of Those of Aśoka |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007 |location=Kolkata |publisher=Government of India Central Publication Branch |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n179/mode/2up 34], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n185/mode/2up PLATE VII] }}</ref>) was an [[Indo-Scythian]] Great Satrap (''Mahākṣatrapa''), one of the "[[Northern Satraps]]" who ruled in the area of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] in the northern [[Indian subcontinent]] in the years around 10 CE. The [[Mathura lion capital]] was consecrated under the reign of Rajuvula.<ref name="Rosenfield"/> In central India, the Indo-Scythians had conquered the area of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] from Indian kings around 60 BCE. Some of their [[satrap]]s were [[Hagamasha]] and [[Hagana]], who were in turn followed by Rajuvula.

==Name==
Rajuvula's name is attested on his coins in the [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] form {{Transliteration|pra|Rājuvula}}<ref name="Allen"/> and the [[Kharosthi]] forms {{Transliteration|pgd|Rajuvula}} ({{lang|pgd|𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨬𐨂𐨫}}),<ref name="Fleet"/> {{Transliteration|pgd|Rajavula}} ({{lang|pgd|𐨪𐨗𐨬𐨂𐨫}}),<ref name="Cunningham"/> and {{Transliteration|pgd|Rajula}} ({{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨫|𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨫]]}}),<ref name="Konow"/> which are derived from the [[Saka language|Saka]] name {{lang|xsc|*Rāzavara}}, meaning "ruling king"<ref>{{cite book |last=Harmatta |first=János |author-link=János Harmatta |editor-last1=Harmatta |editor-first1=János |editor-link1=János Harmatta |editor-last2=Puri |editor-first2=B. N. |editor-link2=Baij Nath Puri |editor-last3=Etemadi |editor-first3=G. F. |date=1999 |chapter=Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka Kingdoms |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House]] |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&pg=PA411 411] |isbn=978-8-120-81408-0}}</ref>

==Biography==
Rajuvula is thought to have invaded the last of the [[Indo-Greek]] territories in the eastern [[Punjab region|Punjab]], and replaced the last of the Indo-Greek kings, [[Strato II]] and [[Strato III]]. The main coinage of Rajuvula imitated that of the Indo-Greek rulers he supplanted.<ref name="Rosenfield"/>

[[File:MathuraLionCapital.JPG|thumb|left|The Indo-Scythian [[Mathura lion capital]], 1st century CE, mentioning Rajuvula and his wife, Nadasi Kasa ([[British Museum]]).]]
The [[Mathura lion capital]], an [[Indo-Scythian]] sandstone capital from [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] in Central India, and dated to the 1st century CE, describes in [[kharoshthi]] the gift of a [[stupa]] with a relic of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], by queen [[Nadasi Kasa]], "the wife of Rajuvula" and "daughter of Aiyasi Kamuia",<ref>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1894, p 533, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; See also: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1907, p 1025, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century AD, 1964, p 158, Dr E. J. Rapson.</ref> which was an older view supported by Bühler, Rapson, Lüders and others. But according to a later view propounded by [[Sten Konow]],<ref>Corpus Inscrioptionum Indicarum, Vol II, Part I, pp xxxvi, 36, 47, Dr S Konow.</ref> and accepted by later scholars,<ref>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1990, p 141, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 394, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee; Kunst aus Indien: Von der Industalkultur im 3. Jahrtausend V. Chr. Bis zum 19. Jahrhundert n ..., 1960, p 9, Künstlerhaus Wien, Museum für Völkerkunde (Vienna, Austria); History of Civilizations of Central Asia, 1999, 201/ 207, Ahmad Hasan Dani, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson, János Harmatta, Boris Abramovich Litvinovskiĭ, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Unesco; Aspects of Ancient Indian Administration, 2003, 58, D.K. Ganguly; District Gazetteers, 1959, p 33, Uttar Pradesh (India); Five Phases of Indian Art, 1991, p 17, K. D. Bajpai; History of Indian Administration, 1968, p 107, B. N. Puri; The Śakas in India, 1981, p 119, Satya Shrava; Ṛtam, p 46, by Akhila Bharatiya Sanskrit Parishad, Lucknow; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī; Indian Linguistics, 1964, p 549, Linguistic Society of India; A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana, 1998, p 230, Akira Hirakawa; Cf: An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 116, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1996), pp. 439, Richard Salomon, University of Washington. The author Richard Salomon accepts Dr Konow's views as probably correct.</ref> the principal donor making endowments was princess [[Aiyasi Kamuia]], "chief queen of Rajuvula" and "daughter of Yuvaraja [[Kharaosta Kamuio]]".<ref>''Mahaksha[tra]vasa Rajulasa agra-maheshi Ayasia Kamuia dhida Kharaostasa yuvarana mada Nada-diakasa [taye] sadha matra Abuhola[e]...Kharaosto yuvaraya Kamuio''...</ref><ref>See also: {{cite web |title=Coins, Art, and Chronology: Cribb page 3 |url=http://www.grifterrec.com/y/cribb/ekk_cribb_03.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060125085242/http://www.grifterrec.com/y/cribb/ekk_cribb_03.html |archive-date=2006-01-25 |access-date=2006-01-25}} and
[http://www.europabarbarorum.com/factions_saka_history.html]</ref> Nadasi Kasa (or Nada Diaka) was daughter of Ayasia Kamuia.

According to an older view, Yuvaraja Kharaosta Kamuio was thought to be the son of Ayasi Kamuia who in turn was thought to be the widow of [[Arta Kamuia|Arta]] whom Rajuvula later married.<ref>See quote in: Aspects of Ancient Indian Administration, 2003, p 58, D.K. Ganguly.</ref> Konow refuted this view, and concluded that Ayasia Kamuia, chief queen of Rajuvula, was the daughter and not the mother of Kharaosta Kamuio. The fact that the [[last name]] '[[Kamuia]]' has been used both by Yuvaraja Kharaosta as well as the princess Aiyasi clearly proves that Aiyasi Kamuia was the daughter and not the mother of Yuvaraja [[Kharaosta Kamuio]] (Kambojaka), since such family-names or designations are naturally inherited from the father's side and not from the mother's.<ref>See: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol II, part I, p 36 & xxxvi, Dr Stein Konow; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1990, p 141, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, p 227/228, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī), The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 168, Kirpal Singh.</ref><ref>Dr S. Konow convincingly argues that Yuvaraja Kharaosta is respectfully mentioned twice (II A.1 and E.1) and in prominent positions in the Capital record, and this would befit only a senior relative of the family of the queen making the endowments, and not a junior member like a son or grand son. Moreover, the Aiyasi Kamuia expressly states a close relationship with Kharaosta and also claims that the latter's concurrence for making the endowments has been obtained (See: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum II, I, pp xxxv-vi, 36; An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 116, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1996), pp. 440, Richard Salomon, University of Washington; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, pp 227/228, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī; The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 168, Kirpal Singh.</ref> Hence, Dr Konow's interpretation appears more convincing.

The capital also mentions the genealogy of several Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura.

The presence of the Buddhist symbol [[triratana]] at the center of the capital suggests that Rajuvula was, at least nominally, following the Buddhist faith.

Several other inscription from Mathura mention Rajuvula, such as the [[Mora Well Inscription]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA261 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakravarti |first1=N. p |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 |date=1937 |page=194 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526/2015.56526.Epigraphia-Indica-Vol24#page/n237/mode/2up}}</ref>

[[Sodasa]], son of Rajuvula, succeeded him and also made Mathura his capital.

==Coinage of Rajuvula==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4">
File:Rajuvula Northern Satrap with Greek legend and Athena Alkidemos.jpg|Coin of Rajuvula with Greek legend and Athena Alkidemos.
File:Rajuvula Northern Satrap with lion and Herakles holding lion skin.jpg|Coin of Rajuvula with lion and [[Herakles]] holding lion skin. Here the king's title is ''Mahakshatrapa''' "Great Satrap". Coin probably minted in [[Taxila]].<ref name="Rosenfield"/>
File:Coin of Rajuvula.jpg|Billon drachm of the Indo-Scythian king Rajuvula ({{Circa|10}}-25 CE). Weight: 2.21 gm, diameter: 12 mm
File:A118 SatrapRujuvula Jammu MACW2501 1ar (8723600518).jpg|A coin of a silver drachma of the satrap Rujuvula who governs the Jammu in India from ca 10/1 BC to 1/10 AD for the Indo-Scythians. A / Diademed bust of the satrap to the right in stereotyped style. Greek inscription BASILEPS SPTROS around. R / Pallas left and inscription Chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa in Kharoshti around, control mark in the field. Dimension: 13 mm Weight: 2.42 g. Workshop of [[Jammu]].
File:Coin bearing the face of Rajavula.jpg|A coin bearing the face of Rajuvula
File:Coins of Satakarani.jpg|Two coins from the reign of Rajuvula
File:Coins of Strato and Rajuvula discovered together in a mound in Mathura.jpg|Coins of [[Strato II|Strato]] (top) and Rajuvula (bottom) discovered together in a mound in Mathura.<ref>{{cite book |last3=Cunningham |title=The journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. |date=1854 |pages=689–691 Plate XXXV|publisher=Bishop's College Press |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124458#page/788/mode/1up}}</ref>
</gallery>

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
* {{cite book |title=Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné |first=Osmund |last=Bopearachchi |year=1991 |publisher=Bibliothèque Nationale de France |isbn=978-2-7177-1825-6 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies |first=Thomas |last=McEvilley |publisher=Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-58115-203-6 }}
* {{cite book |title=Buddhism in Central Asia |first=B. N. |last=Puri |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-208-0372-5 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Greeks in Bactria and India |first=W. W. |last=Tarn |author-link=William Woodthorpe Tarn |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1951 }}

==External links==
*[http://coinindia.com/galleries-rajuvula.html Coins of Rajuvula]
{{Indo-Scythians}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Northern Satraps]]
[[Category:1st-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:1st-century Iranian people]]

Akuni

2025-11-07T11:26:49Z

Rucsy: quick corrected details and added references after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Akuni
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.72851|N|88.16224|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,759
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[jangipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|jangipara]]
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

''' Akuni ''' is a village in [[Chanditala I]] community development block of [[Srirampore subdivision]] in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(34prhyngb4rxzrx25wan0tst))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |title= banglarbhumi.gov.in |work = WEST BENGAL ->HUGLI(হুগলী) ->CHANDITALA-I (চণ্ডীতলা-১) Mouza Information|publisher= Government of West Bengal |access-date= 6 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222011900/http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(o5nvju0slgdmw3352gvdrcuo))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |archive-date= 22 December 2016 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

==Geography==
Akuni is located at {{coord|22.72851|N|88.16224|E| source:itwiki_region:IN}}.

===Gram panchayat===
Villages in Ainya [[gram panchayat]] are: Akuni, [[Aniya]], [[Bandpur, Chanditala-I|Bandpur]], [[Banipur, Chanditala-I|Banipur]], [[Bara Choughara]], [[Dudhkanra]], [[Ganeshpur, Chanditala-I|Ganeshpur]], [[Gopalpur, Chanditala-I|Goplapur]], [[Jiara]], [[Kalyanbati]], [[Mukundapur, Chanditala-I|Mukundapur]], [[Sadpur, Chanditala-I|Sadpur]] and [[Shyamsundarpur, Chanditala-I|Shyamsundarpur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/hugli/chanditala-i/aniya.html| title = Aniya| publisher = Indian Village Directory |access-date = 12 October 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Map of Aniya GP.png|thumb|Map of Aniya GP]]

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Akuni had a total population of 3,759 of which 1,859 (49%) were males and 1,900 (51%) were females. Population below 6 years was 511. The total number of literates in Akuni was 2,590 (79.74% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 October 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
Akuni B.G. Biharilal Institution is a coeducational higher secondary school at Akuni. It has arrangements for teaching Bengali, English, history, philosophy, political science, economics, eco-geography, education, accountancy, business economics & mathematics, mathematics, physics, chemistry, bio-science, computer application and computer science.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://wbchse.nic.in/admin/school_details.php?hp=17020 | title = Hooghly district exam venue | publisher = West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education |access-date = 6 October 2018}}</ref>

== Healthcare ==
Akuni Ichhapasar Rural Hospital at [[Aniya]] functions with 30 beds.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 October 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.hooghly.gov.in/bphc.htm| title = Akuni Ichhapasar BPHC| publisher = District Administration| access-date = 6 October 2018| archive-date = 9 October 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181009103452/http://www.hooghly.gov.in/bphc.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Bargachia railway station]] and [[Baruipara railway station]] are the nearest railway stations.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Srirampore subdivision}}
{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Villages in Chanditala I CD Block]]

Waves (festival)

2025-10-16T11:11:05Z

Rucsy: Created new data w/ refs

{{Short description |Indian annual cultural festival}}
{{multiple issues|
{{notability|Events|date=October 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Waves Festival
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| venue = [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Goa Campus|Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – K K Birla Goa Campus]]
| location = [[Goa, India]]
| dates = October/ November
| genre = [[culfest|Cultural]]
| first = {{Start date|2006}}
| organised = [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Goa Campus|BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus]]
| website = https://www.bitswaves.org/
}}
'''Waves''' is an annual [[Cultural festival (India)|cultural festival]] held at [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Goa Campus|BITS, K. K. Birla Goa Campus]], [[India]]. The festival focuses on music, dance, and art, and typically takes place over three days in late October or early November. Established in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gyancentral.com/articles/updates/institute-updates/waves-2011-:-annual-festival-by-bits-pilani |title=Seek • Study • Succeed, Education India, MBA, Engineering, Medical, Search Institutes, Online Test, Video, Forum |publisher=GyanCentral |accessdate=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408115048/http://gyancentral.com/articles/updates/institute-updates/waves-2011-:-annual-festival-by-bits-pilani |archive-date=8 April 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minglebox.com/article/campuses/bits-pilani-goa-all-set-for-gala-fest-ldquo-waves-2011-rdquo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007003724/http://www.minglebox.com/article/campuses/bits-pilani-goa-all-set-for-gala-fest-ldquo-waves-2011-rdquo |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 October 2013 |title=BITS Pilani, Goa all set for gala fest "Waves 2011" |publisher=Minglebox |accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Incorporated |first=Youth |date=22 November 2016 |title=Waves 2016 – Tides of Time |url=https://youthincmag.com/waves-2016-tides-time |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=Youth Incorporated}}</ref> the festival includes events related to dance, drama, literature, comedy, fashion, and music.

==History==
[[File:Waves12 sunburn.jpg|320px|thumbnail|right|Pre-Sunburn Event at Waves'12]]
Waves originated as an intra-college festival in 2005 and became an intercollegiate event in 2006. In subsequent years, colleges from Goa and Mumbai participated. The theme for the 2008 festival was "Nirvana". In 2009, two editions of the festival were held. Waves 2014 included an international act, ''The Worldfest'' a [[Coke Studio (India)|''Cok''e Studi''o'']] performance for the Indie Nite, and the Sea Rock event, a semi-professional rock band competition.<ref name=":0" />

Comedy groups such as All India Bakchod, TVF, and Being Indian have performed at '''Waves'''.<ref name=":0" /> The festival has also hosted events such as Sunburn and Femina Miss India eliminations.<ref name=":0" />

The 10th anniversary of Waves was celebrated from November 4th to 6th in 2016, with the theme "Tides of Time". The theme for Waves 2019 was "En Voyage".{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==Events==

===Competitions===
Events and competitions at Waves span various cultural categories, including music, dance, literary arts, quiz, drama, fine arts, film, and more. Participants compete in over 40 competitions.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Rock-bands-fashion-show-light-up-Waves-2011/articleshow/10625351.cms |title=Rock bands, fashion show light up 'Waves 2011' - Times Of India |publisher=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2011-11-06 |access-date=2013-10-05}} {{verify source |date=September 2023 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/737359831 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/731709217 cite #4 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>

The concept of mini-fests was introduced in the 2017 edition of Waves, grouping competitions into four categories:

''Florence,'' focuses on performing arts, ''Beau Vista'' is centered on design, ''Carpe Dictum'' covers literary arts, and ''Specials'' includes quiz, film, and photography events.

Waves also conducts elimination rounds for some competitions in cities outside the campus. For Waves 2016, the stand-up comedy competition "Show Me the Funny" held elimination rounds in cities including Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, Delhi, and Hyderabad.

===Big 4===
[[File:Waves14 natyanjali.jpg|210px|thumbnail|right|Natyanjali – Waves'14]]
Teams from colleges across India participate in these events.

====Natyanjali====

Natyanjali is a group dance competition featuring various dance forms. Judges have included individuals from dance and choreography academies in India.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

====Mr. And Ms. Waves====

This event serves as a talent hunt. Participants showcase talents such as music, dance, and acting, followed by a question round.

In Waves 2019, this event was judged by Raghu Ram.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

====FACP====

Fashion Parade (FACP) is the festival's fashion event, featuring themed ramp walks. The event has been judged by fashion training academies such as Femina in previous editions.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

This event was judged by Meghna Kaur in the 2019 edition of Waves.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

====Sea rock====
[[File:Waves13 searock2.jpg|210px|thumbnail|right|Sea rock – Waves'13]]Sea Rock is a national semi-professional band competition with eliminations held in several cities, including Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, and Goa. In 2018, Sea Rock included eliminations in Kathmandu {{not a typo|elims}}, Nepal. Winners receive cash prizes, scholarships at music academies, and features in media publications.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} The top three bands also perform before the headlining artists on the Waves main stage.

=== Lex Omnia Moot Court ===
Lex Omnia, a Moot Court Event, is also featured at Waves. Participants from law schools across India take part. In 2015, Waves organised this event in association with NALSAR, Hyderabad.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

===Specials===
The Specials at Waves include a variety of unconventional events and competitions. Previous editions have featured paintball, blackjack, poker, a donut eating competition, a [[Limca Book of Records]] attempt, a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] attempt, [[Housie]], All Night Treasure Hunt, Last Entrepreneur Standing, Wallstreet Fete, and Ratatouille.

==Creative works==
[[File:Waves14 zorbsoccer.jpg|240px|thumbnail|right|Zorb Soccer – Waves'14]]
;Waves Ball

BITS Goa hosts The Waves Ball, inviting couples from participant colleges. The Ball includes diverse cuisine, a live band, and couple events and games.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

The Waves Ball at Waves 2015 had a theme of "A Midnight in Paris".{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
;Workshops

Waves hosts various workshops, including Belly Dancing, Origami, Skate-Boarding, Beat-boxing, Canvas Shoe Painting, Latin Dance, and Pottery. In addition to on-fest workshops, Waves organises a pre-fest Dance Workshop a month before the festival.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

;Adventure zone

Waves organises adventure events during the three days. Previous editions of Waves have included Zorb Soccer, Laser Tag, Paintball, Bungee Run, Slip Soccer, and Sumo Wrestling.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Professional Nites==
National and international artists perform annually at Professional Nights, or Pro-Nites. Waves has previously featured artists such as [[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Karsh Kale]], [[Blackstratblues]], [[Kailash Kher]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/iwatch/kailash-kher-rocks-bits-pilani |title=Kailash Kher rocks BITS Pilani {{!}} iGoa |publisher=Navhindtimes.in |date=2011-11-18 |accessdate=2013-10-05}} {{verify source |date=September 2023 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/737359831 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/731709217 cite #5 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Strings (band)|Strings]], Indian Ocean, [[Parikrama (band)]], Thermal and a Quarter,<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://taaq.in/ |title=Thermal and a Quarter (TAAQ) |publisher=Taaq.in |date= |accessdate=2013-10-05}} {{verify source |date=September 2023 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/737359831 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/731709217 cite #6 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> Pakistani rock band [[Raeth (band)]], Carnatic rock band [[Agam (band)]], [[Dead Letter Circus]], Candice Redding, DJ NYK, and [[DJ Suketu]].

The Pro-Nites of Waves are divided into three nights:
[[File:Waves13 vishalshekharpriyanka.jpg|210px|thumbnail|right|Priyanka Chopra, Vishal–Shekhar at Waves'13]]

;EDM Nite

The EDM Nite is typically held on the final night, featuring an electronic musician. Previous editions have included performances by electronic music artists such as [[Tony Junior]], [[Nucleya]], [[Quintino (DJ)|Quintino]], [[Marnik]], Diego Miranda, and [[Ritviz]]. This is a musical performance.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

EDM Nite has also hosted an official Pre-[[Sunburn Festival|Sunburn]] event in previous editions.

There are usually two to three acts on EDM night, with opening acts performing before the main artist.

;Indie Nite

Indie Nite features performances by Indie music artists. Past performers have included [[The Local Train]], [[Dead Letter Circus]], [[Blackstratblues]], [[Anand Bhaskar Collective]], [[The Yellow Diary]], [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]] and [[Sifar (band)|Sifar]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

;Bollywood Nite

Bollywood Nite features performances by artists such as [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Jonita Gandhi]] [[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Salim–Sulaiman]] and [[Farhan Akhtar]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

== Waves 2017 ==
'''''Tagline: A Tale In Two Shades!'''''

Waves 2017 introduced a new concept. Events included photography events such as "Montage", "Mezzo-tint", "Time Lapse", and "Reverse flash", "Waves Open Quiz", "Waves Debate Championship", "Rubik’s Cube Challenge", and "Wallstreet Fete".{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} Events like Sea Rock and Show Me The Funny also continued. For the Bollywood night, Vishal–Shekhar performed.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Waves 2018==
'''''Tagline: Embrace The Shadows!'''''

Waves 2018 featured events organised by the Music, Dance, Literary, Quiz, Drama, Moot Court, and Fine Arts clubs. This edition reportedly attracted a footfall of over 50,000, with students from over 150 colleges participating. It included a YouTube Conclave featuring individuals like Meghna Kaur and the YouTube channel Filter Copy.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} The Pro Nites of Waves 2018 included performances from Farhan Akhtar on Bollywood Night and Quintino on EDM night. The Indie Night featured a performance by the band Anand Bhaskar Collective.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

== Waves 2019 ==
'''''Tagline: En Voyage!'''''

The festival was scheduled for 1–3 November. National eliminations for events such as Sea Rock, Irshaad, Inverse, and SMTF (Show Me The Funny) took place in various cities across the country beforehand.

==Sponsors and associations==
Waves has attracted sponsorship from various organisations including Coke Studio, LinkedIn, Cadbury, Britannia, TATA, ICICI Bank, Idea, Crompton Greaves, Reliance, Bharat Petroleum, Hero, Classmate, Red Bull, Dell, LG, Reebok, AIRCEL, State Bank of India, Union Bank, T.I.M.E, Parle, Maruti Suzuki, and ToneTag.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Waves has associations with various academic and cultural institutions across the country for its events, including Indian Idol Academy, True School of Music (TSM), National Centre for Performing Arts (NCPA), Indian Mime Academy, Jogesh Mime Academy, Thespo, NALSAR Bangalore, Indian Institute of Photography, Terrence Lewis Academy, Saroj Khan Dance Academy, Shiamak Dawar International Dance Academy, Indian B-Boying Federation, Indian Institute of Art and Design, Style Fiesta, Chalta Hai Comedy, and Old Delhi Films.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{Cite web |date=22 November 2016 |title=Waves 2016 – Tides of Time |url=https://youthincmag.com/waves-2016-tides-time |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=Youth Incorporated Magazine}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.wavesbits.org}}

[[Category:Culfests]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]]