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Marang Buru

2026-05-07T17:46:27Z

Rspalmora: started a stub

{{Short description|Deity of the Santal, Bhumij, Ho and Munda tribes}}

{{Infobox deity
| type = Sarnaist
| image =
| caption = Marang Buru
| day =
| mantra = Johar Gosain Marang Buru ([[Santali language|Santali]])
| affiliation = [[Sarnaism|Sarna Dharam]] [[Sari Dharam]]
| deity_of = God of Creation and Destruction
| weapon = Ak’ Sar
| symbols = The Great Mountain
| children =
| abode = * [[Parasnath]]
* [[Ajodhya Hills]]
* [[Dalma Hills]]
| mount =
| festivals = [[Sarhul]], [[Baha parab]], [[Sohrai]], Mage
| other_names = ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ
| member_of =
| consort = [[Jaher Ayo]]
}}
{{Sarnaism}}

'''Marang Buru''', also written '''Maran Buru''' ([[Santali language|Santali]]: ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ), is a supreme deity of [[Santal people|Santal]], [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]], [[Ho people|Ho]] and [[Munda people|Munda]] tribes residing in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jk6oE4sh18C&q=marang-buru+&pg=PA29 |title=India and Nepal: Sacred Centres and Anthropological Researches |date=1998 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-081-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sengupta |first=Saptarshi |date=2019 |title=Origins and the Early Settlements of the Santhals Through the Writings of Christian Missionaries and Others |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27192927 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=80 |pages=733–741 |jstor=27192927 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/bitstream/123456789/630/1/Chapter.pdf |title=Chapter I Introduction Santhal as People }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Origin and History of the Santal Ethnic Group of Nepal|url=https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/32312_11_seeta.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Novelty Journals: High quality scientific journal publisher|url=https://www.noveltyjournals.com/upload/paper/An%20Ancient%20History-273.pdf}}</ref> This creator is variously called Marang Buru (meaning "Supreme Deity" or literally "The Great Mountain") and is regarded as the "cause of all causes," making the tribal religion deeply monotheistic as well as pantheistic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kochar |first=V. K. |date=1966 |title=Village Deities of the Santal and Associated Rituals |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40458237 |journal=Anthropos |volume=61 |issue=1/2 |pages=241–257 |jstor=40458237 |issn=0257-9774}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hembram |first1=Mayamani |last2=Tripathy |first2=Dr Sishir Kumar |date=May 2020 |title=The Religious Beliefs and Practices of Santal Tribe in Mayurbhanj District of Odisha: Role of Santal Women |url=https://psychosocial.com/article/35527 |journal=International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation |language=en |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=9085–9102 |issn=1475-7192}}</ref> It is a hill, which is considered a deity by the Santals.<ref name=":0" />

== Worship and Rituals==
Marang Buru doctrines are found in the both [[Sarnaism|Sarna Dharam]] and [[Sari Dharam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2023-02-08 |title='State's decision to recognise Sari, Sarna as separate religions likely to deal a blow to BJP' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/states-decision-to-recognise-sari-sarna-as-separate-religions-likely-to-deal-a-blow-to-bjp-508053 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> The deity is worshipped by tribal priests known as ''Naike'' among the [[Santal people|Santal]], ''Laya'' or ''Deuri'' among the [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]], ''Pahan'' among the [[Munda people|Munda]], and ''Dehuri'' among the [[Ho people|Ho]] tribes.

The local hills and mountains positioned below the supreme hill deity, Marang Buru.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1orAQAAMAAJ&q=huding+buru |title=Survey Report on Village Rangamatia, Mayurbhanj District |date=1988 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Behera |first=Maguni Charan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tcUEQAAQBAJ&dq=huding+buru&pg=PA100 |title=The Routledge Handbook of Tribe and Religions in India: Contemporary Readings on Spirituality, Belief and Identity |date=2024-09-03 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-11433-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Scriptures==
The worship and holy hymns praising Marang Buru have been compiled in ''Kherwal Bonso Dhorom Puthi'' by [[Majhi Ramdas Tudu]], ''Jomsim Binti Itikatha'' by Somai Kisku,{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} ''Karam Binti'' compiled by Dhirendranath Baskey,<ref>[http://libnet.vidyasagar.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=47774 Karam Binti]</ref> ''Jomsim Binti'' <ref>[https://www.biblio.com/book/jomsim-binti-tudu-kanhai-lal/d/304148351 Jomsim Binti]</ref> and ''Karam Binti'' compiled by Kanhailal Tudu,<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40458237 Karam Binti]</ref><ref>[https://www.abebooks.com/Karam-Binti-Tudu-Kanhal-Lal-Ashaperej/2453812202/bd Karam Binti]</ref> among others.

== Dispute ==
The dispute surrounding Marang Buru ([[Parasnath|Parasnath Hill]]) in Jharkhand is a century old one, between the Santal Adivasi and [[Jainism|Jain]] communities over religious rights, cultural practices, and land usage. Jains revere the hill as Sammed Shikharji, where 20 of their 24 [[Tirthankara|tirthankaras]] attained nirvana, and have established over 40 temples there. In contrast, the Santals worship the hill as the abode of Marang Buru, their supreme deity, and consider it the most sacred site in their animist tradition. The conflict dates back to 1911, when the Swetamber Jain community attempted to legally prohibit Santal hunting rituals, a move rejected by British colonial courts, which upheld the Santals’ customary rights. Post-independence policies, including the designation of the hill as a wildlife sanctuary in 1978, further restricted Adivasi rights over the land. In 2023, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change issued a directive banning meat, alcohol, and other intoxicants within a 25-kilometer radius of the hill, affecting 99 primarily Adivasi villages. The Jharkhand High Court upheld this ban on May 3, 2025, directing the state government to enforce it and increase security to ensure compliance. While the Jain community views these measures as essential to preserving the sanctity of the site, the Santal community continues to assert their traditional rights, with local organizations filing counter-petitions and celebrating their religious festivals despite mounting restrictions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-17 |title=Story of a sacred Jharkhand hill at the centre of old friction between Jains & Santals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/story-of-a-sacred-jharkhand-hill-at-the-centre-of-old-friction-between-jains-santals-10011403/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Santhal]]
[[Category:Indian deities]]
[[Category:Sacred groves]]

Avinash Yelandur

2026-05-07T02:08:39Z

Rspalmora: Put up new stub - done

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1959)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{about|the actor born in 1959|other uses|Avinash (disambiguation) }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Avinash (Indian actor).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Avinash in 1998 Kannada serial ''[[Mayamruga]]''
| name = Avinash Yelandur
| birth_name = Yelandur Narayan Ravindra
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|12|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Yelandur]], [[Mysore State]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|professor}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Malavika Avinash|Malavika]]|2001}}
| children = 1
| alma_mater = [[University of Mysore]]
}}
'''Yelandur Narayan Ravindra''' (born 22 December 1959),<ref>{{cite AV media |date=22 April 2013 |title=Weekend with Ramesh - Season 5 / A Rare Actor from the Sandalwood Industry |language=kn |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/weekend-with-ramesh-season-5/0-6-4z5330804/a-rare-actor-from-the-sandalwood-industry/0-1-6z5345221 |access-date=22 August 2023 |time=3:48 |publisher= Zee Kannada }}</ref> known [[mononym]]ously by his [[stage name]] '''Avinash''', is an Indian actor who appears predominantly in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. He has been working in films for more than three decades. Known for his authentic portrayal of complex characters and versatility, Avinash is one of the most sought after actors for supporting roles.

== Early life ==
Avinash was born in the town of [[Yelandur]] in [[Mysore district]] (now in [[Chamarajanagar district]]), in the [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]), to Indira and B. K. Narayana Rao, a lawyer. After completing his education at Mysore's [[Hardwick High School and College]], Avinash went on to attend [[University of Mysore]], where he obtained his master's degree in English literature.<ref>{{cite news|title=Banking on immense talent|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/262539/banking-immense-talent.html|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=8 July 2012|access-date=17 February 2016|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305004830/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/262539/banking-immense-talent.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Drawn to theatre and cinema from a young age, he had an active theater life in Mysore and later in [[Bangalore]]. During the time, he taught English at the [[National Institute of Engineering]], Mysore, and later at the MES college in Bangalore.<ref name="toi1">{{cite news|title=From reel love to real love|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/From-reel-love-to-real-love/articleshow/23854152.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 January 2001|access-date=2 March 2014|archive-date=5 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105181155/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/From-reel-love-to-real-love/articleshow/23854152.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Theatre ===
His first job after his M.Phil. was that of an English lecturer in National Institute of Engineering, Mysore. He continued to teach at MES College Bangalore as one of the most popular lecturers of the college. However, soon his passion for theatre took him abroad to train in acting at Mermaid Theatre, London.<ref>{{cite news |title= A taste of Mollywood |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article459021.ece |publisher= [[The New Indian Express]] |date= 22 March 2011 |access-date= 2016-02-17 |archive-date= 24 February 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160224161320/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article459021.ece |url-status= dead }}</ref> On returning home, he worked in Kannada theatre as part of the renowned B Jayashree's troupe "Spandana" and with the Shankar Nag as part of his "Sanketh" for many years.

=== Films ===
Films were a natural choice for Avinash after his debut in [[G. V. Iyer]]'s ''[[Madhvacharya (film)|Madhvacharya]]'' (1986) based on the life and times of the twelfth-century enlightened master as the protagonist [[Madhvacharya]], a film that won several National and State Awards. His debut in mainstream cinema however, was with [[Shivarajkumar]]'s ''[[Samyuktha]]'' (1988), which went in to become a hit with audiences, ushering him into the world of [[Cinema of South India|South Indian Cinema]]. He has worked with more than 200 directors such as [[K. Balachander]], [[Girish Kasaravalli]], [[T. N. Seetharam]], [[A. R. Murugadoss]], [[Puri Jagannadh]], [[P. Vasu]], [[Vetrimaaran]], [[Siva (director)|Siva]], [[Suseenthiran]], [[Duniya Suri]], [[Prashanth Neel]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] and [[T. S. Nagabharana]].

His other notable performances were in [[Girish Kasaravalli]]'s ''[[Dweepa]]'' (2002), in which he played the lead opposite [[Soundarya]], [[T. S. Nagabharana]]'s ''[[Chinnari Mutha]]'' (1993) and [[T. N. Seetharam]]'s ''[[Mathadana]]'' (2001), all three of which won [[National Film Award for Best Kannada Feature Film|National Award]]. He also lists ''[[Singaaravva]]'' (2003) and ''[[Chigurida Kanasu]]'' (2003) among his most memorable films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/avinash-i-keep-reinventing-myself-841086.html|title = Avinash: I keep reinventing myself}}</ref>

[[P. Vasu]]'s hit horror series ''[[Apthamitra]]'' (2004), ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005) and ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' (2010) were high points in his career. ''5Ters'', an experimental (computer graphics) children's film in Hindi gave him the opportunity of playing good and evil characters and he considers the film to be a high point of his career.

Apart from his diverse repertoire, he has had the privilege of playing major roles alongside doyens such as [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Mammootty]], stars such as [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Suriya]], [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Sudeepa|Kiccha Sudeep]], [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Karthi]], [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and several of the younger stars of [[Cinema of South India|South Indian Cinema]].

[[File:Avinash, Malavika Avinash.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Avinash (left) and [[Malavika Avinash]] in 1998 Kannada serial ''Mayamruga'']]

== Personal life ==
Avinash married [[Malavika Avinash|Malavika]], who was his co-star in the [[soap opera]] ''[[Mayamruga]]'', in 2001.<ref name="toi1"/> They have a son, Gaalav.

== Awards and recognition ==

#[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Mathadana (film)|Mathadana]]''
#South Indian cinematographers association award for Best Supporting actor for ''[[Mathadana (film)|Mathadana]]''
#Film Fans Association award for Best Supporting Actor for ''[[Dweepa]]'', ''[[Mathadana (film)|Mathadana]]''
#Jury's special mention for ''[[Dweepa]]'', ''[[Singaaravva]]''
#SIFA award for Best Supporting Actor for ''[[Aptharakshaka]]''
#[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada]] for ''[[Aptharakshaka]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 4, 2011 |title=Vedam wins big at Filmfare Awards (South) 2011 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vedam-wins-big-at-filmfare-awards-2011/20110704.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811090835/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vedam-wins-big-at-filmfare-awards-2011/20110704.htm |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=6 February 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
#Udaya TV award for excellence in cinema
#Suvarna TV award for Prithvi
#Aryabhata Award for Best Actor for TV series Shikari
#Rajyotsava Award of the Karnataka State Govt<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hes-unstoppable/article25546853.ece|title=Actor Avinash on his passion -- acting|first=Shilpa|last=Sebastian|date=20 November 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
#[[Kempegowda Award]] of the BBMP

== Partial filmography ==
=== Kannada films ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1985 || ''Trishula'' || Damodar Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 1986 || ''[[27 Mavalli Circle]]'' || P. R. Arunkumar ||
|-
| ''[[Madhvacharya (film)|Madhvacharya]]'' || Young Madhvacharya ||
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | 1987 || ''Aapadbandhava'' || ||
|-
| ''Athiratha Maharatha'' || ||
|-
| ''Ravana Rajya'' || ||
|-
| ''Bandhamuktha'' || Prabhakar's friend ||
|-
| ''Sangrama'' || ||
|-
| ''Agni Parva'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |1988 || ''[[Samyuktha]]'' || Gopal Rao ||
|-
| ''Krishna Mecchida Radhe'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Daada]]'' || Vishnu's friend ||
|-
| ''Mathru Vathsalya'' || Shekhar ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" |1989 || ''[[Ondagi Balu]]'' || Thyagaraj
|
|-
| ''[[Tarka (film)|Tarka]]'' || Cowry ||
|-
| ''[[Yuddha Kaanda]]'' || Dr. Hegde ||
|-
|''[[Onti Salaga]]''
|Ramesh
|
|-
| ''[[Deva (1989 film)|Deva]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Inspector Vikram (1989 film)|Inspector Vikram]]'' || Rao ||
|-
| ''[[C.B.I. Shankar]]'' || Vikram ||
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"|1990 || ''[[Ashwamedha (film)|Ashwamedha]]'' || Muthanna ||
|-
| ''Kiladi Thatha'' || ||
|-
| ''Mathsara'' || Somashekhar ||
|-
| ''Poli Kitty'' || ||
|-
| ''Rudra Thandava'' || ||
|-
| ''[[S. P. Sangliyana Part 2]]'' || Imposter of [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer
|
|-
| ''Swarna Samsara'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Utkarsha]]'' || Mahendra ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1991 || ''Hathya Kanda'' || Prasad ||
|-
|''[[CBI Vijay]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBI Vijay (1991) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/cbi-vijay-1991 |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref>
|S.I. Harischandra
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|1992 || ''[[Mannina Doni]]'' || Pradeep ||
|-
|''[[Sangya Balya]]'' || Veeranna Setty ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|1993 || ''[[Chinnari Mutha]]'' || Saawanth ||
|-
|''[[Aakasmika]]'' || Rijji ||
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 1994|| ''[[Nishkarsha]]''||Ramakrishna ||
|-
|''[[Lockup Death]]''|| Police Inspector ||
|-
|''[[Kiladigalu]]'' || Chikkaraja ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1996|| ''[[Huliya (film)|Huliya]]''|| Madagi ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1997|| ''CBI Durga''|| ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1998|| ''[[Karnataka Police (film)|Karnataka Police]]'' || Captain ||
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|1999|| ''[[Aryabhata (film)|Aryabhata]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Drona (1999 film)|Drona]]''|| JD ||
|-
| ''[[Idu Entha Premavayya]]'' || Arun's brother ||
|-
|''[[Hrudaya Hrudaya]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Nannaseya Hoove]]''|| ||
|-
|''Om Namah Shivaya''|| ||
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2000 || ''[[Yajamana (2000 film)|Yajamana]]'' || Devaraj ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | 2001|| ''[[Lankesha]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Shaapa]]'' || Psychiatrist ||
|-
| ''Prema Rajya'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Huchcha]]'' || Kiccha's brother ||
|-
| ''Vishalakshammana Ganda'' || ||
|-
|''[[Mathadana]]'' || Puttathammayya || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
|''[[Kotigobba]]''|| Keshava ||
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| 2002|| ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]'' || Rajashekhar ||
|-
|''[[Ninagagi]]''|| Dr. Subramanya ||
|-
|''Karmugilu'' || Shankar ||
|-
|''[[Balarama (film)|Balarama]]'' || Landlord ||
|-
|''[[Dweepa]]''|| Ganapa ||
|-
|rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;"| 2003|| ''[[Don (2003 film)|Don]]'' || Ramaswamy Iyengar ||
|-
|''[[Singaaravva]]''||Saragam Desai ||
|-
|''[[Sri Ram (film)|Sri Ram]]''|| Lokayuktha DCP Kshetrapal ||
|-
|''[[Raja Narasimha]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Thayi Illada Thabbali]]'' || Nanjappa ||
|-
|''[[Chigurida Kanasu]]''||Shanubhog ||
|-
|''[[Khushi (2003 Kannada film)|Khushi]]''||Durga Prasad ||
|-
|''[[Daasa]]'' ||||
|-
|''[[Mani (film)|Mani]]''|| ||
|-
|''Mooru Manasu Nooru Kanasu'' || Anand's father ||
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| 2004|| |''[[Veera Kannadiga]]'' || Vishwa ||
|-
|''Durgi''|| ||
|-
|''[[Apthamitra]]''|| Acharya Ramachandra Shastri ||
|-
|''[[Kalasipalya]]'' || Seetharam ||
|-
|''Jennifer'' || Basha ||
|-
|rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;"| 2005 || ''[[Valmiki (2005 film)|Valmiki]]'' || Deshpande ||
|-
|''Sirichandana'' || ||
|-
|''[[Aakash (film)|Aakash]]'' || Dayanand ||
|-
|''[[Deadly Soma]]'' || Chinnaswamy ||
|-
|''[[Siddu (film)|Siddu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Sye (2005 film)|Sye]]'' || Sivaji ||
|-
|''[[Aadi (2005 film)|Aadi]]'' || Udayachandar ||
|-
|''[[Amrithadhare]]'' ||Puru's Father ||
|-
|''[[News (film)|News]]'' || Umesh ||
|-
|''[[Swamy (2005 film)|Swamy]]''|| Desai ||
|-
|''Green Signal'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| 2006|| ''[[Mandya (film)|Mandya]]'' || Bhoopayya ||
|-
|''[[Chellata (film)|Chellata]]'' || Chandrasekhar ||
|-
|''[[Cyanide (2006 film)|Cyanide]]'' ||[[Kempaiah|Kempaiah IPS]] ||
|-
|''[[Gandugali Kumara Rama|Gandugali Kumararama]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Sirivantha]]'' || Mastan Bhai ||
|-
|''[[Tananam Tananam]]'' || Gowda ||
|-
|''[[Kallarali Hoovagi]]'' || Parashuramappa ||
|-
|''[[Shree (2006 film)|Shree]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2007 ||''[[Hudugaata]]'' || S. K. Ananth Rao ||
|-
|''[[Gunavantha]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| 2008 ||''[[Manasugula Mathu Madhura]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Bombaat]]'' || Ananthakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Baa Bega Chandamama]]'' || Poonacha ||
|-
| ''[[Chikkamagaloora Chikka Mallige]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2009 || ''[[Kabaddi (2009 film)|Kabaddi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Bellary Naga]]'' || Vishwanath Gowda ||
|-
|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| 2010 || ''[[Police Quarters]]'' || Vishwanna ||
|-
|''[[School Master (2010 film)|School Master]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Porki]]'' || Satya Narayan Murthy ||
|-
|''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' || Acharya Ramachandra Shastri || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada]]
|-
|''[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]'' || Narasimha Nayak ||
|-
|''[[Jayahe]]'' || Sushilkumar ||
|-
|''[[Preethi Hangama]]'' || Geetha's boss ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| 2011 || ''Karthik'' || ||
|-
|''[[Hudugaru]]''|| Paramashiva Murthy ||
|-
| ''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]'' || Srinivas ||
|-
| ''[[Putra (film)|Putra]]'' || Narasimha ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 2012
| ''[[Shakti (2012 film)|Shakti]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anna Bond]]'' || Major Chandrakanth ||
|-
| ''[[Romeo (2012 film)|Romeo]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | 2013
| ''Sandalwood Sa Re Ga Ma'' || ||
|-
| ''[[CID Eesha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Jataayu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Victory (2013 film)|Victory]]'' || DCP Rajendra ||
|-
| ''[[Kaddipudi]]'' || [[Deputy superintendent|ACP]] Vijaya Prasad ||
|-
| ''[[Madarangi]]'' || Deepu's father ||
|-
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center;" |2014
| ''Angaaraka''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Ninnindale]]'' || Lakshmi Venkatesh ||
|-
| ''[[Ugramm]]'' || Shivarudra Lingaiah ||
|-
| ''[[Shivajinagara (film)|Shivajinagara]]'' || Dayanand ||
|-
| ''Kalyanamasthu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ragini IPS]]'' || Hiremath ||
|-
| ''[[Huchudugaru]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Maryade'' || ||
|-
| ''Veera Pulikeshi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maanikya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Hara'' || ||
|-
| ''Jasmine.5'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aakramana]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| ''[[Katte (film)|Katte]]'' || Nagu's father || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/katte/movie-review/46815188.cms|title=Katte Movie Review|date=3 April 2015|first= G S |last=Kumar|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mrugashira]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vajrakaya]]'' || Viraj's adoptive father ||
|-
| ''[[Preethiyinda]]'' || Amar Kumar Pandey ||
|-
| ''[[Lodde]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Airavata]]'' || Police Commissioner ||
|-
| ''[[Goolihatti]]'' ||||
|-
| ''[[Dove (film)|Dove]]'' || ||
|-
| ''7'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ring Road Suma]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bettanagere]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Alone (2015 Kannada film)|Alone]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | 2016 || ''Bullet Rani'' || || Bilingual film<ref name="TV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/bullet-rani/cast/2030044850/|title=Bullet Rani|website=TVGuide.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]'' || College Principal || Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Kotigobba 2]]'' || Landlord ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |2017 || ''[[Hebbuli]]'' || ACP Prathap ||
|-
| ''[[Raajakumara]]'' || Jagadeesh ||
|-
| ''[[Rogue (2017 film)|Rogue]]'' || || Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Dandupalya 2]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" |2018 || ''[[Prema Baraha]]'' || Ram ||
|-
|''Idam Premam Jeevanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ambi Ning Vayassaytho]]'' || Nandini's father ||
|-
| ''[[Gultoo]]'' || Inspector Avinash ||
|-
| ''[[Vaasu Naan Pakka Commercial]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Victory 2]]'' || DCP Rajendra ||
|-
| ''[[Orange (2018 film)|Orange]]'' || Huli Veeraiah ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || ''[[Natasaarvabhowma]]'' || Avinash ||
|-
| ''[[Dasharatha (film)|Dasharatha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Akhaada]]'' || || Only dubbed versions released<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HefuL9X3SCg |title=Edakku (2021) Vijay Sethupathi, Exclusive Worldwide | Tamil Dubbed Full Rowdy Action Movie | 4K FILM |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2022-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pailwaan]]'' || Rukumini's father ||
|-
| ''[[Katha Sangama (2019 film)|Katha Sangama]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | 2020 || ''Mounam'' || ||
|-
|''[[Arishadvarga]]'' || Manjunath Bhat||
|-
|''[[Shivarjuna]]'' || Rayappa ||
|-
| ''[[Law (film)|Law]]'' || Nandini's father ||
|-
| ''[[Act 1978]]'' || Chief Minister of Karnataka ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | 2021 || ''[[Roberrt]]'' || Omkar Shukla ||
|-
| ''[[Yuvarathnaa]]'' || Jayapal
|
|-
| ''[[Mugilpete]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|2022 || ''[[James (2022 film)|James]]'' || Army officer ||
|-
|''[[Home Minister (2022 film)|Home Minister]]'' || Renuka's father
|
|-
| ''[[Shiva 143]]'' || Narasimha ||
|-
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center;"|2023 || ''[[Love Birds (2023 film)|Love Birds]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Vidhi (Article) 370'' || ||
|-
| ''19.20.21'' || ||
|-
| ''Mariguddada Gaddadharigalu'' || ||
|-
| ''Suraari'' || ||
|-
| ''Siren'' || Police Commissioner Ashok Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Yadha Yadha Hi]]'' || Avinash Bhat ||
|-
| ''[[Iravan (film)|Iravan]]'' || Dr Satya Murthy ||
|-
| ''Aparoopa'' || ||
|-
| ''David'' || ||
|-
| ''Sheela'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'' || Shankare Gowda ||
|-
| ''[[Mayanagari]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaatera]]'' || Shanubogha ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|2024 ||''[[Juni (film)|Juni]]'' || Partha's father ||
|-
|''[[Abbabba]]'' ||Gopal Reddy||
|-
|''[[Bagheera]]'' ||Ramakanth Appayya||
|-
|''[[Bhairathi Ranagal]]'' ||Khandre ||
|-
|rowspan=10| 2025
| ''Guns and Roses'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Choo Mantar]]'' || Acharya Ramachandra || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Forest (2025 film)|Forest]]'' || Mani ||
|-
| ''[[Rudra Garuda Purana]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Unlock Raghava'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaamana]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kothalavadi]]'' || [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]] Ananta Padmanabha ||
|-
| ''Jambu Circus'' || ||
|-
| ''I Am God'' || ||
|-
| ''Jai Gadakesari'' || ||
|-
|}

=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Thirumalai]]''|| Ashok
|
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' || Ramachandra Acharya
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[Paramasivan]]'' || DGP Rajasekar
|
|-
|''[[Vattaram]]''|| Karuppusamy
|
|-
|''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]''|| Valluvanar
|
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Madurai Veeran (2007 film)|Madurai Veeran]]'' || Vishvanathan
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2008 || ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' || Reddy
|
|-
| ''[[Singakutty]]'' || Anjali's father
|
|-
| ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Satyam]]'' || Sathyam's father
|
|-
| ''[[Aegan]]'' || John's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Kanagavel Kaaka]]'' || Vel's Father
|
|-
|''[[Siddhu +2]]''|| Pavithra's father
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[Siruthai]]'' || Bavuji
|
|-
| ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'' || [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] King
|
|-
| ''[[Rajapattai]]'' || Chidambaram
|
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Udhayam NH4]]'' || Avinash Patel
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' || Aavudayappan
|
|-
| ''[[Meaghamann]]'' || Avinash Bhote
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 || ''[[Killadi]]'' || SP Easwarapandiyan
|
|-
| ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' || Hemanika's father
|
|-
| ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Vedalam]]'' || Rahul's assistant
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Gethu]]'' || Craig's boss
|
|-
| ''[[Moondraam Ullaga Por]]'' || Subramaniam
|
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Prema Baraha|Sollividava]]'' || Ram
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Neeya 2]]'' || Ananda Siddhar
|
|-
| 2020 || ''[[College Kumar (2020 film)|College Kumar]]'' || Kaliyamurthy
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2022 || ''[[Sardar (2022 film)|Sardar]]'' || Victor (Chetta)
|
|-
| ''[[Connect (2022 film)|Connect]]'' || Father Alex
|
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Theedhum Soodhum Endhan Mugavari]]'' ||
|
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Aaryan (film)|Aaryan]]'' || [[Director general of police|DGP]] Ravi Chakrapani
|}

=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Golmaal (2003 film)|Golmaal]]'' || Abdullah ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'' || Chalamaiah ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Sangamam (2008 film)|Sangamam]]'' || Raghava Rao ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Aa Okkadu]]'' || Swamy ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'' || Acharya Ramachandra Siddhanthi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Daruvu]]'' || Shantaram ||
|-
| ''[[Damarukam]]'' || Kaapaalika's chief ||
|-
| rowspan="2| 2016 || ''Bullet Rani'' || || Bilingual film<ref name="TV"/>
|-
| ''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]'' || College Principal || rowspan="2"|Bilingual films
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017 || ''[[Rogue (2017 film)|Rogue]]'' || Sanju's father
|-
| ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 2]]'' || Priest ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[College Kumar (2020 film)|College Kumar]]'' || Madhava Rao ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Akhanda]]'' || Akhanda's father ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[Suvarna Sundari (2023 film)|Suvarna Sundari]]'' || Raja Ram Bahadur ||
|-
| ''[[Tantiram]]'' || Adhiban ||
|-
|2025
|''[[Dear Krishna]]''
|Balakrishna || Partially reshot version
|-
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Jungle Boy (1998 film)|Jungle Boy]]''|| Sanjay || [[English language|English]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2011 || ''[[Doubles (2011 film)|Doubles]]'' || Louie|| [[Malayalam]]
|-
| ''5ters: Castle of Dark Master'' || || [[Hindi]]
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !!Notes
|-
|2026
|''[[Raakshasa]]''
|
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raakshasa review: A brooding crime thriller rooted in North Karnataka’s dark realities |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/raakshasa-review-a-brooding-crime-thriller-rooted-in-north-karnataka-s-dark-realities-article-13837450.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260220090432/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/raakshasa-review-a-brooding-crime-thriller-rooted-in-north-karnataka-s-dark-realities-article-13837450.html |archive-date=2026-02-20 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==Other activities==
Avinash is the founder member of ''Sneha Loka'', a club to promote sporting activity among the film fraternity.
{{commons category}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0043199}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yelandur, Avinash}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:People from Chamarajanagar district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2022]]

Raghunath Rao

2026-05-05T16:26:01Z

Rspalmora: starting new biography

{{Short description|Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy from 1773 to 1774}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix = [[Bhat]]
| name = Raghunathrao
| native_name =
| honorific_prefix =
| image = Raghunath Rao.jpg
| image_size =
| office1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|33x30px]] 11th [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| term_start1 = 5 December 1773
| term_end1 = 28 May 1774
| monarch1 = [[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]]
| predecessor1 = [[Narayanrao]]
| successor1 = [[Madhavrao II]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1734|8|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Satara (city)|Satara]], Satara State, [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1783|12|11|1734|8|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kopargaon]], [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]]
| profession = [[Peshwa]]
| signature =
| party =
| father = [[Bajirao I]]
| mother = [[Kashibai]]
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
*Janakibai
*[[Anandibai]]
*Latabai Ketkar
}}
| children = {{Plainlist|
*[[Bajirao II]]
*Chimaji Rao II
*Yesubai Ketkar
*[[Amrut Rao]]
}}
| relatives = [[Balaji Baji Rao]] (brother)
| battles = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes
| branch = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Maratha Army]]
| service_years =
| service_years_label =
| rank = [[Peshwa]]
| unit = Peshwa's [[Cavalry]]
| commands =
| battles_label =
| battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}}
*'''[[Afghan–Maratha War]]'''
**[[Battle of Delhi (1757)]]
**Battle of [[Attock]] (1758)
**Capture of [[Peshawar]] (1758)
**Battle of [[Lahore]] (1759)
**Battle of [[Multan]] (1759)
**Battle of [[Dera Gazi Khan|Dera Gazi]] (1759)
*'''Against Rajputs '''
**[[Battle of Gwalior (1754)]]
**Siege of Barwara (1757)
*'''Against [[Kingdom of Bharatpur|Jats]] '''
**[[Battle of Kumher]] (1754)
*'''Against [[Nizam]] '''
**Battle of Uruli (1762)
**[[Battle of Alegaon]] (1762)
**[[Battle of Rakshasbhuvan]] (1763)
*'''[[Maratha–Mysore Wars]]'''
**Siege of Sira (1767)
*'''Alliance with the [[British Empire|British]]'''
**[[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775-82)
***[[Battle of Wadgaon]] (1779)
{{tree list/end}}
}}
}}
| caption = Painting of Raghunath Rao by an unknown artist
}}
'''Raghunathrao''' (18 August 1734 – 11 December 1783), also known as '''Ragho Ballal''' or '''Raghoba Dada''',<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HlCAAAAYAAJ&q=ragho+bharari
| title=Proceedings | volume=28 | year=1966 | author=Indian History Congress | access-date=11 February 2019 }}</ref> was the younger son of Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] who served as the 11th [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] for a brief period from 1773 to 1774.

The army led by him defeated the [[Rohilla]]s at the [[Battle of Delhi (1757)]], resulting in the Marathas becoming the de facto rulers of [[Delhi]], with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Alamgir II]] retaining only nominal authority. He also led successful campaigns against the [[Durrani Empire]] at [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] and [[Attock]], bringing [[Northwest India|northwestern India]] and parts of present-day [[Pakistan]]—mainly [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] up to [[Peshawar]]—under [[Afghan–Maratha War#Initial campaign and success|Maratha rule (1758–59)]] for a brief period.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Modern+India+1707-1813++while+encamped+in+karnal&pg=PA234
|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=234–237 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pletcher |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&pg=PA198
|title=The History of India |date=2010 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=9781615301225 |page=198 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kohn |first=George C. |title=Dictionary of Wars |page=}}</ref>

[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] later sought revenge against the Marathas for capturing Punjab and defeating the Durrani armies. He began preparing for another campaign in India. Raghunathrao requested substantial financial assistance to check Abdali's advance, which was refused by [[Balaji Baji Rao|Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao]]. Balaji Baji Rao's decision not to send Raghunathrao as the main commander of the Maratha armies against Ahmad Shah Abdali—[[Third Battle of Panipat#Reasons for the outcome|along with other factors]]—ultimately culminated in the [[Third Battle of Panipat|defeat at Panipat]] in 1761.

After the death of Balaji Baji Rao, his son [[Madhavrao I]] became the new Peshwa under the regency of Raghunathrao. The untimely death of Madhavrao I created a vacuum in the Peshwa position. Raghunathrao aspired to become Peshwa himself but was opposed by many Maratha nobles who viewed Madhavrao I's younger brother, [[Narayan Rao|Narayanrao]], as the legitimate successor. Seeking to seize power, Raghunathrao was involved in the [[Assassination of Narayan Rao|assassination of his nephew]] Peshwa Narayanrao in 1773.

However, his reign was short-lived, as Narayanrao's infant son [[Madhavrao II]] was recognized as the legitimate Peshwa by the Maratha nobles in 1774. After being deposed, Raghunathrao allied with the [[East India Company]] during the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]], attempting to regain power. The attempt failed when the Marathas defeated the Company forces.

Raghunathrao later withdrew from active politics and died of unknown causes in 1783 at [[Kopargaon]].

==Early life==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2024}}
[[File:Painting of Raghunath Rao (Raghunathrao) seated leaning against a bolster, circa 18th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of Raghunath Rao (Raghunathrao) seated leaning against a bolster, c. 18th-century|left|379x379px]]
Raghunathrao Bhat, also known as "Raghoba", "Raghoba Dada" and "Ragho Bharari", was the younger brother of Balaji Baji Rao. He was born to [[Bajirao I|Peshwa Bajirao I]] and [[Kashibai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Search Results |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Author/Home?author=Raghunath+Rao
|access-date=2024-11-04 |website=kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> He was born in Mahuli near [[Satara (city)|Satara]] on 8 December 1734. Much of his early childhood was spent in Satara. Shortly after his birth, his stepmother [[Mastani]] gave birth to his half-brother Krishna Rao, later known as [[Shamsher Bahadur I]].

Raghunathrao was born into the [[Bhat family]] of [[Chitpavan Brahmin]] origin, which held the hereditary office of the [[Peshwa]] in the [[Maratha Empire]]. During his early years, the Maratha Empire was at the height of its territorial expansion under the leadership of his father [[Bajirao I]] and grandfather [[Balaji Vishwanath]]. Growing up in this political environment, Raghunathrao was exposed to administrative affairs, military organization, and statecraft from an early age.

He received an education in [[Sanskrit]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], and was trained in horseback riding, swordsmanship, and the use of traditional Maratha weapons. Contemporary accounts describe him as intelligent, energetic, and ambitious. His enthusiasm for warfare and quick decision-making on the battlefield earned him the nickname "Ragho Bharari" (literally, "Ragho the Charger") due to his preference for rapid cavalry movements.

In his youth, Raghunathrao assisted his elder brother Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao in various administrative and military responsibilities. Over time, however, differences in political and military judgment developed between the two brothers, which later contributed to factional divisions within the Peshwa administration. Despite these differences, Raghunathrao remained an influential figure within the Maratha polity and played an active role in several important military campaigns during the mid-18th century.

== First Northern Expedition (1753–1755) ==
In his early years, Raghunathrao led successful military campaigns in northern [[Indian subcontinent]]. His expedition between 1753 and 1755 was concluded by an advantageous treaty with the [[Jat]] rulers of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], which secured Maratha influence in parts of the [[Doab]] region and strengthened their position in the north.

During this period, Raghunathrao allied with [[Imad-ul-Mulk]], the powerful Mughal vizier, in a bid to assert Maratha authority over the [[Mughal Empire]]. With Maratha support, Imad-ul-Mulk deposed [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] in 1754, who was subsequently imprisoned along with his mother. The Mughal throne was then offered to Alamgir II, who ruled as a puppet monarch under the influence of the Marathas and Imad-ul-Mulk. This intervention made the Marathas the de facto power in Delhi for several years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=S.N. |title=History of the Marathas |publisher=S. Chand |year=1994 |isbn=8121901048 |pages=189–192}}</ref>

Raghunathrao’s northern campaign extended Maratha control over several key territories and forts in Doab and the [[Delhi Subah]], consolidating their presence in the region. However, despite these military gains, the expedition did not yield significant economic benefits for the Maratha treasury. The cost of maintaining garrisons and managing distant territories proved burdensome, and internal political divisions within the Maratha leadership limited the long-term success of these operations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |year=2005 |pages=232–234 |isbn=9781932705546}}</ref>

==Second Northern Expedition (1757–1758) ==
{{Main|Battle of Delhi (1757)}}
[[File:Oriental memoirs - selected and abridged from a series of familiar letters written during seventeen years residence in India - including observations on parts of Africa and South America, and a (14761615836).jpg|left|thumb|Raghunath Rao on horseback]]
At the end of 1756, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]] began preparations for another invasion of the Indian subcontinent and a march toward Delhi. In response, Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao directed his brother Raghunathrao, along with [[Malhar Rao Holkar|Malharrao Holkar]], [[Dattaji Rao Scindia|Dattaji Shinde]] and Sidojiraje Gharge-Desai-Dehmukh, to organize a northern expedition aimed at repelling the Afghan advance. The Marathas, as protectors of the [[Mughal Emperor]], sought to restore stability in the north and defend imperial authority from Durrani incursions.<ref name=":0" />

Balaji Baji Rao appointed Raghunathrao as the chief commander of this campaign, with Malharrao Holkar assigned to assist him in leading the Maratha forces. Their objective was to strengthen Maratha influence in the Doab and [[Punjab]] regions, secure Delhi from Afghan control, and ensure that the Mughal court remained under Maratha protection.

Malharrao Holkar departed for [[Indore]] at the end of 1756 to assemble his cavalry and logistical support. Raghunathrao followed a few weeks later, setting out from [[Pune]] in October 1756 with the Maratha army. His march northward was methodical, gathering local allies and reinforcements along the route through [[Malwa]] and [[Bundelkhand]]. The campaign marked the beginning of the Marathas’ final push to reassert dominance in the northern territories before the [[Third Battle of Panipat|events leading to Panipat]] unfolded a few years later.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |year=2005 |pages=233–234 |isbn=9781932705546}}</ref>

===Maratha affairs in Rajputana (February 1757 - July 1757)===
Raghunathrao reached Indore on 14 February 1757, accompanied by Santajirao Wable, where he was joined by Malharrao Holkar. The objectives of Raghunathrao’s northern expedition were twofold: first, to defend the Mughal Emperor from the advancing Afghan forces, and second, to collect outstanding taxes and tributes from northern states to meet the Peshwa's growing financial obligations.

In mid-May 1757, Raghunathrao dispatched an advance force of 20,000 troops into the [[Doab|Ganga–Yamuna Doab]] region to recover territories previously held by the Marathas. Meanwhile, with Malharrao Holkar and the remaining army, he turned toward [[Rajputana]] to levy contributions from local rulers. However, the fortified nature of Rajput strongholds and the martial resistance of the local population made revenue collection difficult. Raghunathrao repeatedly wrote to the Peshwa in Pune requesting funds to sustain his forces, stating:

{{Blockquote|I am feeding myself only by looting villages. In this country most places are fortified, and not a grain of food can be obtained without fighting. I have no money, and cannot even raise a loan. My soldiers have been fasting for one or two days at a time.|source=Raghunathrao's letter to Peshwa}}

Advancing through [[Mewar]], the Maratha army extracted a ransom of ₹1 lakh from [[Jawad, India|Jawad]] and attacked Ranikheda in March 1757. Reaching [[Jaipur]] in April, Raghunathrao demanded pending payments from [[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]], the ruler of Jaipur, and laid siege to Barwada, a fort held by the [[Shekhawat]] clan. The Marathas lacked adequate siege equipment, and the prolonged blockade strained their resources. Kaniram, Jaipur’s chief minister, offered payments as per previous agreements with the Marathas, but Raghunathrao insisted on a higher tribute, demanding ₹40–50 lakhs and territory valued at ₹14 lakhs. Madho Singh rejected these terms and instructed his feudatories to fortify their estates and remain on alert.

By July 1757, realizing that his army lacked the strength to capture the forts of Barwada or Jaipur, Raghunathrao agreed to negotiate. A settlement was reached on 12 July 1757, under which Jaipur paid ₹11 lakhs, six of which were paid immediately. On the same day, Raghunathrao wrote again to the Peshwa, noting:

{{Blockquote|I have no money, nor is any loan available. My troops are in debt. Prices here are very high. I am daily getting my food only by sacking the villages.|source=Raghunathrao's letter to Peshwa on 12 July 1757}}

Despite his repeated appeals, no financial assistance arrived from Pune. Having concluded operations in Rajputana, Raghunathrao and Malharrao Holkar marched toward [[Delhi]] at the end of July 1757 to expel Afghan garrisons and reassert Maratha control over the Mughal capital. By this time, Ahmad Shah Abdali had already withdrawn to Afghanistan following his invasion of northern Indian subcontinent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol. 2|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32029|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|publisher=C . Sarkar & Sons, LD|year=1934|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32029/page/n174 154]–157, 189–193}}</ref>

===Marathas enter the Ganga Doab (May 1757 - July 1757)===
The Maratha forces dispatched by Raghunathrao to recover lost territories in [[Ganga Doab]] were commanded by [[Sakharam Bapu Bokil|Sakharam Bapu]], Vithal Shivdev, Tatya Gangadhar, and Antaji Mankeshwar. They reached [[Agra]] in May 1757, where the Marathas negotiated peace with [[Suraj Mal]] before advancing toward the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]]. Crossing the river at Agra, the Marathas captured [[Etawah]] and [[Sikandrabad|Sikandra]] and established a camp at [[Kasganj]] on the southern bank of the [[Ganges]] on 17 June 1757.

On 2 July 1757, Antaji Mankeshwar advanced toward [[Anupshahr]]. The town of [[Meerut]], then held by agents of [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib Khan]], resisted the Marathas but was quickly subdued. Imad-ul-Mulk sent his diwan, Nagar Mal, to Anupshahr to renew friendly relations with the Marathas. Meanwhile, [[Shuja-ud-Daula|Shuja-ud-daulah]] agreed to remain neutral in the conflict between Najib ad-Dawlah and the Marathas. As a result, most of the Ganga Doab was cleared of Najib’s agents and came under Maratha control.<ref name=":0" />

===Battle of Delhi (July 1757 - September 1757)===
Before returning to Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Abdali retained Alamgir II on the Mughal throne, appointing Imad-ul-Mulk as his ''wazir''. However, Abdali vested real authority in [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daulah]], his chief agent in India, and appointed him [[Mir Bakhshi]]. Both Alamgir II and Imad-ul-Mulk sought to free themselves from Najib Khan’s dominance and requested Maratha assistance to liberate Delhi from Afghan influence.

Raghunathrao agreed and marched towards Delhi in July 1757. Meanwhile, Sakharam Bapu, already present in the Doab region, occupied [[Patparganj]], and [[Shamsher Bahadur I|Shamsher Bahadur]], commanding the artillery division, reached [[Rewari]] on 27 July 1757. Grain supplies were blocked from entering Delhi. In preparation for the impending battle, Najib Khan dug trenches at [[Khizrabad Village|Khizrabad]] outside the city to hinder the advance of the Maratha cavalry. Upon learning of Raghunathrao’s approach, Najib Khan sent his ''wakil'', Meghraj, to Imad-ul-Mulk to negotiate terms of peace. Imad, however, proposed humiliating conditions unacceptable to Najib, leaving war as the only viable solution.<ref name=":0" />

====Raghunathrao reaches Delhi and the attack begins (August 1757 – September 1757)====
Raghunathrao reached Khizrabad on 11 August 1757 with his lieutenants, where he was joined by Sakharam Bapu, who had crossed over from the Doab. He dispatched two Maratha divisions to attack Delhi. The first division advanced through [[Lal Darwaza (Delhi)|Lal Darwaza]] and captured the old city after defeating Najib Khan's troops under Bakhtawar Khan. The second division attacked from the south-east, where Qutb Shah, commanding 2,500 troops, fired bombardments on the Maratha soldiers from the Blue Bastion. Upon realizing that the old city had fallen, Najib Khan and Qutb Shah retreated to the inner city with their Rohilla forces. In retaliation, the Rohillas plundered Imad-ul-Mulk's house in Delhi and dishonored the women in his [[harem]]. Imad-ul-Mulk subsequently met with Raghunathrao and formalized an alliance with the Marathas.

Unable to storm the fort from the south, Raghunathrao decided to encircle it and lay siege from all sides. Grain supplies to the fort were cut off, and Maratha troops surrounded it. Najib Khan responded by placing guards and cannons on all sides, preventing the Marathas from approaching within effective range.

Malharrao Holkar and Vithal Shivdev led Maratha forces to attack the fort from the northern side near [[Kashmiri Gate, Delhi|Kashmir Gate]], supported by Imad-ul-Mulk's troops under Bahadur Khan Baluch and Jamil-ud-din Khan. Meanwhile, Santajirao Wable and Manaji Paygude entrenched opposite Kabul Gate in the north-western section of the fort. On 25 August 1757, Bahadur Khan and Nagar Mal attacked the outskirts of the fort, forcing the Rohilla defenders to retreat inside. Najib Khan positioned long-range cannons on the northern section of the fort and commenced bombardment, resulting in the deaths of several hundred of Bahadur Khan's troops. The fighting subsequently paused.

With his forces reduced to around 2,000 men, Najib Khan attempted to negotiate through his ''wakil'', Meghraj. Raghunathrao’s terms required Najib to resign as Mir Bakhshi, vacate the fort with his troops, withdraw to his Rohilla jagirs, and pay an indemnity of ₹50 to 60 lakhs. Najib Khan refused, considering the terms humiliating and excessive, and prepared to continue the defense of the fort.<ref name=":0" />

====Peace talks crumble and battle resumes (30 August 1757 – 1 September 1757)====
The battle resumed on the night of 29 August 1757, when Raghunathrao attacked the [[Delhi Gate, Delhi|Delhi Gate]] from the south, while Imad-ul-Mulk assaulted the [[Gates of Delhi#Lahori Gate, of the Walled City of Shahjahanabad|Lahore Gate]] in the north-west. The fort was bombarded by Maratha cannons from multiple directions, resulting in the demolition of two bastions of Delhi Gate. The cannonade continued until 31 August 1757. Najib Khan's soldiers attempted a counterattack, driving back the forces of Imad-ul-Mulk and [[Ahmad Khan Bangash]] from Lahore Gate. Another sortie at [[Turkman Gate]] was also executed by Najib’s troops, during which Dilel Singh, the ''diwan'' of ''Wazir'', suffered casualties.<ref name=":0" />

====Najib-ud-daulah surrenders and agrees for peace talks (September 1757)====
With famine affecting the city, many of Najib Khan's soldiers began deserting, leaving only a small contingent loyal to him. Outnumbered and facing inevitable defeat, Najib recognized that surrender was the only option. Malharrao Holkar persuaded Raghunathrao and Imad-ul-Mulk to agree to peace, while Abdul Ahad Khan urged Najib to accept the terms. On 3 September 1757, Qutb Shah and Najib Khan visited Malharrao's camp at [[Qudsia Bagh|Qudsiabad]] and accepted the surrender conditions. This created some tension between Malharrao and Raghunathrao, as Raghunathrao commanded the northern expedition, but the peace negotiations were conducted by Malharrao.<ref name=":0" />

The terms of peace were implemented on 6 September 1757. Najib vacated his position along with his Rohilla soldiers and their belongings and encamped at [[Wazirabad, Delhi|Wazirabad]]. Raghunathrao released all Rohilla prisoners, while grain was brought in from ferries to supply the starving city. Maratha troops were stationed to maintain order, and Imad-ul-Mulk replaced Najib's agents with his own officials in key positions. Ahmad Shah Bangash was appointed imperial Paymaster-General. As a result, Delhi was effectively freed from Rohilla and Afghan influence by the combined efforts of the ''wazir'' and the Marathas.<ref name=":0" />

On 22 October 1757, Raghunathrao and Malharrao Holkar departed Delhi after celebrating the [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]] festival and entered the Doab region. Raghunathrao proceeded to [[Garhmukteshwar|Garh Mukteshwar]] to perform ritual bathing, while Malharrao Holkar conducted raids in [[Saharanpur district]], part of Najib Khan's former [[jagir]]. Najib, along with his Afghan forces, retreated to his interior territories. Subsequently, Raghunathrao and Malharrao withdrew from Doab, leaving its administration to Imad-ul-Mulk, and began preparations for the Punjab campaign aimed at liberating the province from the [[Durrani Empire]].<ref name=":0" />

===Maratha Invasion of Punjab (October 1757 – May 1758)===
==== Siege of Sirhind (February 1758 – March 1758) ====
[[File:Raghunathrao Peshwa.jpg|thumb|Posthumous portrait of Raghunathrao]]
[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] of present-day [[Afghanistan]] had annexed the province of Punjab from the Mughal Empire during his 1757 invasion. He appointed his son, [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]], as the governor of the province. Timur Shah began consolidating his position in Punjab by sending Sarfaraz Khan to subdue [[Adina Beg]], the Mughal governor of the region. Although Adina Beg successfully repelled Sarfaraz Khan's advance, he recognized the vulnerability of his position, as he commanded only 10,000 troops. Consequently, he entered into negotiations with Raghunathrao, who was then in Delhi, agreeing to pay ₹1 lakh for each day of the Maratha march and half a lakh for each day of halt.<ref name=":1" />

In response, Abdus Samad Khan Mohmand of Sirhind, a close ally of Ahmad Shah Durrani, marched to [[Thanesar|Thaneshwar]] in October 1757, joined by the son of Najib-ud-Daulah. Raghunathrao and Malharrao Holkar avoided direct confrontation and temporarily circled around Delhi. In December 1757, Malharrao laid siege to [[Kunjpura]] and raided territories stretching from Delhi to Thaneshwar. Abdus Samad Khan, then on an expedition against [[Ala Singh]], was alarmed by the Maratha advance. He quickly concluded his campaign and returned to Sirhind Fort on 12 January 1758 to prepare defenses. Malharrao, however, did not engage directly and withdrew from Kunjpura after extracting a tribute of ₹5 lakhs.<ref name=":1" />

Raghunathrao entered Punjab in February 1758, accompanied by Mallharrao Holkar, Dattaji Shinde, Jankoji Shinde, and Shamsher Bahadur I. He laid siege to Sirhind Fort, joined by Adina Beg's forces and [[Sikhs|Sikh]] mercenaries. Maratha raiding parties spread across the district to plunder surrounding villages. The siege lasted for several days, and on 21 March 1758, Abdus Samad Khan, along with Jangbaz Khan and other Afghan commanders, were captured while attempting to escape, though they were treated respectfully by Raghunathrao. This resulted in the Marathas capturing Sirhind. Subsequently, the combined forces of the Marathas and Adina Beg advanced toward Lahore to liberate it from Afghan control.<ref name=":1" />

==== Siege of Lahore (April 1758) ====
Timur Shah's position at Lahore was precarious. Ahmad Shah Durrani was occupied in [[Khurasan]] suppressing a rebellion, the Lahore Fort was in a state of disrepair, and the region was largely hostile due to the Sikh population. Additionally, Timur Shah commanded a relatively small force, making the defense of Lahore untenable. Consequently, he decided to retreat in the face of the Maratha advance. On 19 April 1758, Timur Shah crossed the [[Ravi River]] with his troops and supplies, abandoning Lahore.

When the Marathas and their Mughal allies arrived, they captured Lahore Fort without resistance. Pursuing Timur Shah and his forces, the Marathas first crossed the Ravi River and defeated the rear guard commanded by Mir Hazar Khan. Alarmed at the prospect of being captured, Timur Shah crossed the [[Chenab River]] with his core Durrani clansmen, leaving behind the majority of his troops and supplies, which were seized by the Marathas and Mughal forces. Subsequently, the Marathas extended their control by capturing [[Attock]], [[Multan]], [[Rohtas Fort]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], and [[Peshawar]].

Raghunathrao highlighted these achievements in a letter to the Peshwa:

{{blockquote | text=We have already brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on this side of Attock under our rule for the most part... Ahmad Khan Abdali's son, Timur Sultan, and Jahan Khan, have been pursued by our troops, and their forces completely routed. Both of them have now reached Peshawar with a few broken troops... we have decided to establish our rule up to Kandahar.
– Raghunathrao, Letter to the Peshwa<ref>{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=Ramesh Chandra |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Maratha Supremacy |date=1977 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=189 |edition=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXtDAAAAYAAJ&q=+peshawar+kandahar}}
</ref>}}

On 15 September 1758, only a few months after the Maratha victory, Adani Beg died at [[Khanpur, Hoshiarpur|Khanpur]] near [[Hoshiarpur]].<ref name="auto">Thomas William Beale, An Oriental Biographical Dictionary: Founded on Materials Collected by the Late Thomas William Beale, BiblioBazaar, 2010</ref> Following his death, the Marathas appointed Dattaji Scindia and later Sabaji Shinde as governors of Punjab.<ref>Percy Sykes, History of Afghanistan, Vols. 1 & 2, Routledge, 2014</ref>

In 1760, Ahmad Shah Durrani’s forces defeated and killed Dattaji Scindia at the [[Battle of Barari Ghat]] near modern-day Delhi. In response, Raghunathrao was instructed to lead a northern campaign. He requested substantial military and financial support, noting that the death of Adina Beg had left them without a key ally. However, his request was denied by [[Sadashivrao Bhau]], his cousin and the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of the [[Peshwa]]. As a result, Raghunathrao declined to march north, and Sadashivrao Bhau was appointed commander-in-chief of the Maratha Army, under whom the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] was later fought.

==Regency==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2018}}
[[File:Peshwa Raghunath Rao.jpg|thumb|Raghunathrao]]
[[File:Samples of MoDi writing.jpg|thumb|Handwriting of Raghunathrao (7th line)]]
After the Maratha defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, and the deaths of his brother Balaji Baji Rao and half-brother Shamsher Bahadur I, the Peshwa title passed to [[Madhavrao I]], the second son of Nanasaheb. As Madhavrao was a minor at the time, Raghunathrao was appointed [[regent]] of the young Peshwa.

Raghunathrao soon fell out of favor with Madhavrao and conspired against him by allying with the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. This alliance was defeated at [[Ghodegaon]], and Raghunathrao was placed under [[house arrest]]. After Madhavrao's death in 1772, he was released and became regent for Madhavrao's younger brother, [[Narayanrao Peshwa|Narayanrao]]. Together with his wife [[Anandibai]], Raghunathrao orchestrated the murder of Narayanrao.

Legend holds that a written order originally read "''Hyala Dharaava''" (“Have him seized”), but Anandibai altered it to "''Hyala Maraava''" (“Have him killed”). When the assassins attacked, Narayanrao reportedly ran outside, crying “''Kaakaa, malaa waachwaa''” (“Uncle, save me”), but Raghunathrao did not intervene, and Narayanrao was killed. Raghunathrao assumed the Peshwa position, but he was soon overthrown by [[Nana Phadnavis|Nana Fadnavis]] and eleven other administrators in the “Baarbhaai Conspiracy” (Conspiracy of the Twelve). He was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death by [[Ram Shastri|Ram Shastri Prabhune]], though the sentence was never executed.

In 1774, the first battle between Raghunathrao and the Baarbhai took place at Kasegaon near [[Pandharpur]]. He then moved to [[Khambhat]] seeking assistance from the British, who did not support him militarily but transported him to [[Surat]].

At Surat, Raghunathrao signed a treaty with the British East India Company on 6 March 1775, under which [[Thane]], [[Vasai]], and [[Salsette Island|Sashti]] were to be handed over to the Company, and the Company would assist Raghunathrao in claiming the Peshwa position.<ref name="Naravane">{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=54–55}}</ref>

However, the Company was not yet prepared for war, and after the [[Treaty of Purandar (1776)]], openly distanced themselves from Raghunathrao, asking him to live as a pensioner. Fearful of the Baarbhai, he remained in Surat, where the Company allowed him to stay.

In 1776, Raghunathrao unsuccessfully sought assistance from [[Portuguese India|the Portuguese]] and subsequently moved to [[Bombay]], where the Company provided him ₹15,000. During this period, the East India Company suffered defeat at the Battle of Talegaon. Following this, a treaty was signed at [[Vadgaon Maval|Vadgaon]], in which Raghunathrao’s claim to the Peshwa position was formally rescinded.

== Assassination of Peshwa Narayanrao ==
{{main|Assassination of Narayan Rao}}

[[File:Murder_of_Narayanrao_Ballal.jpg|thumb|Assassination of Narayanrao]]
On 30 August 1773, Peshwa Narayanrao was [[Assassination of Narayan Rao|assassinated]] by his uncle Raghunathrao and Raghunathrao's wife, Anandibai. As Raghunathrao was confined and could not directly orchestrate the act, the preparations were carried out by Tujali Pawar, an influential personal servant.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=22}}</ref>

Tujali Pawar reportedly held personal grievances against Narayanrao and possibly Madhavrao, and whether or not these perceived offenses were justified, they motivated him to play a central role in the plot. While the original plan had been to capture Narayanrao, it was later amended to involve murder. This revised plan relied, in part, on the assumption that Sakharam Bapu would remain neutral regarding the conspiracy.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=24}}</ref>

=== Legal consequences ===
Ram Shastri, the ''Nyayadhish'' ("Chief Justice") of the Maratha Empire, began investigating the assassination of Narayanrao immediately after the incident, despite Raghunathrao's opposition.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=28}}</ref> The investigation lasted approximately six weeks and was conducted in accordance with established judicial practices.

Shastri concluded that Raghunathrao was the main culprit and identified about fifty additional individuals as being more or less responsible for the murder (forty-nine men and one female servant). Among the forty-nine men, thirteen were Gardis (eight Hindus and five Muslims), twenty-six were Brahmins, three were Prabhus, and seven were Marathas. The twenty-six Brahmins primarily served as clerks who acted as agents in planning and executing the details of the conspiracy. Vyankatrao Kashi, his brother Laxman, and Sakharam Hari Gupte were the three Prabhus identified as having played prominent roles in the plot.

When Shastri confronted Raghunathrao, the latter attempted to downplay the murder as a private matter and urged Shastri not to concern himself with it. Shastri, however, fearlessly declared Raghunathrao the main culprit in the murder of his nephew, demonstrating the power of an independent judiciary in a well-governed state. Despite his principled stance, Shastri was subsequently dismissed from his office by Raghunathrao. Shastri returned to his native village.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |pages=30–31}}</ref>

==== Barabhai Council ====
While Shastri was conducting the investigation, Sakharam Bapu took measures to ensure the safety of the pregnant Gangabai, the widow of Narayanrao. Her unborn child would determine the succession: if she gave birth to a male, he would become the heir to the Peshwa throne; if female, Sakharam Bapu considered installing [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali Bahadur]], the grandson of [[Bajirao I|Baji Rao I]], as Peshwa of the Maratha Empire.

To secure this outcome, Sakharam Bapu persuaded many Maratha chiefs from Raghunathrao's camp to switch allegiance without raising his suspicion. He subsequently laid the foundations of a council of twelve influential Maratha officials and chiefs, collectively known as the Barabhai Council ("Twelve Comrades"). Key members of this council included Nana Fadnavis, Haripant Fadnavis, Babuji Naik, Maloji Ghorpade, Bhavanrao Pratinidhi, the Raste and Patwardhan families, along with Mahadji Shinde and [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukoji Holkar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |pages=39–40}}</ref>

==Death and aftermath==
Raghunathrao moved to [[Kopargaon]] to reside with his trusted Sardar, Santajirao Wable, and died there on 11 December 1783 of unknown causes.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyELAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA22
|title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia, Volume 10 |publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company |year=1833 |page=22 }}</ref> He had two sons, [[Baji Rao II]] and Chimaji Rao II, and had also adopted [[Amrit Rao|Amrut Rao]]. After his death, his wife Anandibai and his three sons were kept in confinement by the Peshwa's minister Nana Fadnavis. Following the death of Peshwa Madhavrao II, Nana Fadnavis, together with the influential chief [[Daulat Rao Scindia]], installed Chimaji Rao and Baji Rao II as puppet Peshwas in quick succession.

==In popular culture==
* In the 1994 [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', Raghoba's character was portrayed by Bhushan Jeevan.
* In the 2014 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film, ''[[Rama Madhav]]'', he is portrayed by [[Prasad Oak]].
* In 2019 Hindi film ''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]'', he was portrayed by Kashyap Parulekar.

==See also==
* [[Battle of Attock]]
* [[Javji Bamble]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489566/Raghunath-Rao Britannica article]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Narayanrao]] |
title=[[Peshwa]] |
years=1773–1774 |
after=[[Madhavarao Narayan]]
}}

{{s-end}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Peshawe family}}

[[Category:1734 births]]
[[Category:1783 deaths]]
[[Category:Peshwa dynasty]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:18th-century regents]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]

Christopher (film)

2026-05-04T17:57:24Z

Rspalmora:

{{short description|2023 Indian film by B. Unnikrishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Christopher
| image = Christopher.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. Unnikrishnan]]
| producer = B. Unnikrishnan
| writer = [[Udaykrishna]]
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Vinay Rai]]
| music = [[Justin Varghese]]
| editing = [[Manoj (film editor)|Manoj]]
| cinematography = Faiz Siddik
| studio = [[RD Illuminations]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|2|9}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2023 |title=Mammootty starrer 'Christopher' gets a release date! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-starrer-christopher-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/97514707.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172355/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-starrer-christopher-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/97514707.cms |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| budget = {{INR|18.7 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2023 |title='Christopher' box office collection day 1: Mammootty's investigative thriller mints Rs 1.67 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/christopher-box-office-collection-day-1-mammoottys-investigative-thriller-mints-rs-1-67-crores/articleshow/97797534.cms#scso=_mojoY-zqJ_qXseMPmpGcuAs_21:108.36363983154297 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212080503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/christopher-box-office-collection-day-1-mammoottys-investigative-thriller-mints-rs-1-67-crores/articleshow/97797534.cms#scso=_mojoY-zqJ_qXseMPmpGcuAs_21:108.36363983154297 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|38.5 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2023 |title=Christopher Movie: ക്രിസ്റ്റഫർ കളക്ഷൻ റിപ്പോർട്ട് പുറത്ത്; കേരളത്തിൽ നേടിയത് ഇത്രയും |trans-title=Christopher Movie: Christopher Collection Report Out; Kerala has achieved this much |url=https://zeenews-india-com.translate.goog/malayalam/movies/christopher-movie-first-day-box-office-original-collection-report-126339/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=Zee Malayalam News}}</ref>
}}

'''''Christopher''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action thriller film]] directed and produced by [[B. Unnikrishnan]] and written by [[Udaykrishna]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mammootty to headline B Unnikrishnan-Udayakrishna's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-to-headline-b-unnikrishnan-udayakrishnas-film/articleshow/92784647.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818051434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-to-headline-b-unnikrishnan-udayakrishnas-film/articleshow/92784647.cms |archive-date=18 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-18 |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{Cite web |date=18 August 2022 |title=Mammootty's thriller with B Unnikrishnan gets title |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/aug/18/mammoottys-thriller-with-b-unnikrishnan-gets-title-2488531.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831024917/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/aug/18/mammoottys-thriller-with-b-unnikrishnan-gets-title-2488531.html |archive-date=31 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It stars [[Mammootty]], in the titular role, along with an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Vinay Rai]], [[Amala Paul]], [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Aditi Ravi]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Deepak Parambol]] and [[Jinu Joseph]]. The film marks the debut of [[Vinay Rai]] in [[Malayalam cinema]]. The film revolves around the life journey of [[Additional Director General of Police|ADGP]] Christopher Antony, who uses [[vigilantism]] and [[encounter killings|police encounters]] to safeguard the civilians.

[[Principal photography]] began on 10 July 2022 and finished on 29 September 2022. The soundtrack and score was composed by [[Justin Varghese]], while Faiz Siddik and [[Manoj (film editor)|Manoj]] handled the cinematography and editing respectively.

''Christopher'' was released in theatres on 9 February 2023 to mixed reviews from critics and became a moderate success at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2023 |title=Christopher Movie: ക്രിസ്റ്റഫർ കളക്ഷൻ റിപ്പോർട്ട് പുറത്ത്; കേരളത്തിൽ നേടിയത് ഇത്രയും |trans-title=Christopher Movie: Christopher Collection Report Out; Kerala has achieved this much |url=https://zeenews-india-com.translate.goog/malayalam/movies/christopher-movie-first-day-box-office-original-collection-report-126339/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=Zee Malayalam News}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Cleanup section |date=March 2024 |reason=Per [[MOS:FILMPLOT]]: Plot summaries for feature films should be between 400 and 700 words. This plot is over 1,100 words long.}}

During a [[Communal violence|communal riot]] in [[Kerala]], a young Christopher witnesses the brutal rape and murder of his sister and parents. He attempts to kill the perpetrators with a [[Butcher knife|butcher’s knife]] but is intercepted by SP Vetrivel. After learning of the tragedy, Vetrivel executes the culprits in an extrajudicial encounter, inspiring Christopher to join the police force. Under Vetrivel’s mentorship, Christopher clears the civil service exam and is posted as an ASP in Madhya Pradesh. There, he gains notoriety as an encounter specialist after dismantling a feudal network responsible for killing women. Assisted by his right-hand man, SI Mohammed Ismail, Christopher eventually returns to Kerala as an [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]].

Following a successful mission against a robbery-murder syndicate in a forested area, Ismail is killed. Christopher adopts Ismail's daughter, Amina, and later marries Beena, the Pondicherry DC. Their domestic life unravels when Christopher discovers that Beena’s drug-addict brother, Sebastian, has brutally murdered a girl and hidden her remains in a ceramic factory. Though Beena and her father, [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] Chackochan, attempt to cover up the crime with the help of SP Abhilash, Christopher arrests Sebastian. When Sebastian attempts to escape custody during a [[Hearing (law)|court hearing]], Christopher kills him, leading to his separation from Beena.

Years later, Christopher is an ADGP working under CM Rajashekhara Menon. After he executes four men for a brutal assault, ACP Sulekha is tasked with investigating his past encounter killings. Simultaneously, Amina, now a lawyer, uncovers evidence that business magnate Sitaram Trimurthi murdered his wife and father-in-law to hide a [[Illegal drug trade|drug trafficking ring]]. Sitaram retaliates by having Amina murdered. Devastated, Christopher launches an unofficial investigation, discovering that Sitaram has compromised the official police team through the sociopathic DYSP George Kottarakkan.

Christopher tracks down the hitman, Marimuthu, and forces a confession that implicates Sitaram. Despite Sulekha’s initial skepticism, she eventually supports Christopher after realizing the legal system's failure to provide swift justice. Christopher executes Marimuthu and Kottarakkan, but Sitaram manages to murder Beena via carbon monoxide poisoning from his prison cell. With the covert assistance of Warden SP Shaji (Ismail’s brother), Christopher enters the prison and kills Sitaram, framing the act as self-defense. Cleared of all charges and backed by the Chief Minister, Christopher adopts a young victim’s sister, naming her Amina, and resumes his duty.

== Cast ==
{{castlist|
*[[Mammootty]] as [[Additional Director General of Police|ADGP]] Christopher Antony [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]/ Christy, Chief of DPCAW, later Headquarters [[Additional Director General of Police|ADGP]]
*[[Vinay Rai]] as Sitaram Trimurthi, owner of ''Saukya group'' of [[Herbal products]] and the main antagonist
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] Vetrivel [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], later [[Director general of police|DGP]], Christopher's mentor
*[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as [[Home Secretary]] Beena Mariam Chacko [[Indian Administrative Service#Indian Frontier Administrative Service|IAS]], Christopher's ex-wife but later reconciles with him
*[[Amala Paul]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Sulekha [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Christopher's subordinate
*[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Amina Ismail, Christopher's adopted daughter and an investigative lawyer and social activist
*[[Aditi Ravi]] as Ashwini Trimurthi, Sitaram's wife
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]] Rajashekharan Menon
*[[Dileesh Pothan]] as [[Additional Director General of Police|ADGP]] Abhilash Balakrishnan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Christopher and Beena's friend
*[[Shine Tom Chacko]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#Kerala|DYSP]] George Kottarakkan, a corrupt and sociopathic cop who is Trimurthi's partner and second antagonist
*[[Deepak Parambol]] as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Mohammed Ismail, Christopher's trusted ally and Amina's late father
*Dileep K. Menon as Shaji, prison superintendent, Mohammed Ismail's elder brother & Amina's cousin
*[[Nebish Benson]] as Jeby, Seena's brother
*[[Vinitha Koshy]] as Seena, Jeby's sister
*[[Jinu Joseph]] as Brother "Pathalam" Suresh, Kottarakkan's friend
*Vijaykumar Prabhakaran as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Mathews
*Benzi Mathews as North [[Additional Director General of Police|ADGP]] Gaurishankar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Christopher's best friend and batchmate
*Mathew Varghese as [[Director General of Police|DGP]] Varghese Mathew [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], State Police Chief
*Ajit Koshy as [[Additional Director General of Police|ADGP]] Askar Ali [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Trimurthi's friend
*Vasanthi as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Vadivukkarasi, Later [[Superintendent of Police|SP]]
*K.V Manjulan as Doctor Sajan
*[[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Harikumar, prison superintendent (retd)
*[[Manohari Joy]] as Agnes
*Keerthana Sreekumar as Annie
*Bilas Chandrahasan as Doctor
*[[Remya Suresh]] as Annie's mother
*[[Shaheen Siddique]] as Sebastian Chacko, Beena's younger brother
*Amal Rajdev as [[Member of Parliament|MP]] Chacko (Chackochan), Beena's and Sebastian's father
*[[Sohan Seenulal]] as a councillor
*Kalesh Ramanand as Sudeep Rajan
*Nitin Thomas<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title=Nitin Thomas learns from an interaction with Mammootty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nitin-thomas-learns-from-an-interaction-with-mammootty/articleshow/95081373.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025125026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nitin-thomas-learns-from-an-interaction-with-mammootty/articleshow/95081373.cms |archive-date=25 October 2022 |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=Times of India}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] began on 10 July 2022 with a pooja function. On 18 July 2022, Mammootty joined the sets of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mammootty joins B Unnikrishnan's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-joins-b-unnikrishnans-film/articleshow/92974258.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218060349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-joins-b-unnikrishnans-film/articleshow/92974258.cms |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=2022-08-31 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film is shot in many places across [[Kerala]] including [[Ernakulam]], [[Pooyamkutty]] and [[Vandiperiyar]]. Vinay Rai was cast in to play the antagonist in the film, marking his debut in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=Mammootty and B. Unnikrishnan's upcoming thriller film titled Christopher; first poster out |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/mammootty-b-unnikrishnans-upcoming-thriller-film-titled-christopher-first-poster/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818051329/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/mammootty-b-unnikrishnans-upcoming-thriller-film-titled-christopher-first-poster/ |archive-date=18 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref name="IE" /> Filming took 79 days and was completed on 29 September 2022. Mammootty had finished shooting his portions, in a span of 65 days, a week before filming ended.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2022 |title=It's a wrap for Mammootty-B Unnikishnan's film 'Christopher' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-mammootty-b-unnikishnans-film-christopher/articleshow/94539253.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014044215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-mammootty-b-unnikishnans-film-christopher/articleshow/94539253.cms |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In [[post-production]] stage, the film was sent to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] and was censored with a [[U/A certificate]] on 31 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2023 |title=Mammootty's Christopher cleared with UA certificate, to hit screens on Feb 9 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mammoottys-christopher-cleared-with-ua-certificate-to-hit-screens-on-feb-9-2329125-2023-02-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206150656/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/mammoottys-christopher-cleared-with-ua-certificate-to-hit-screens-on-feb-9-2329125-2023-02-01 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Christopher'' was released in theatres on 9 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2023 |title=Mammootty's Christopher gets a release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammootty-christopher-gets-release-date-feb-9-8418427/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206145549/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammootty-christopher-gets-release-date-feb-9-8418427/lite/ |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Christopher'' received mixed reviews from critics.
=== Critical response ===
Gopika I. S. of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Christopher'' was expected to pack a punch, but falls flat. That said, it's a watchable movie with some redeeming elements."<ref>{{Cite news |last=IS |first=Gopika |date=February 9, 2023 |title=Christopher Movie Review: Typical cop movie showcasing a stylish protagonist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/christopher/movie-review/97776991.cms |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Arjun Ramachandran of ''The South First'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Christopher is a visual feast for the masses who get to watch Mammootty in a stylish avatar. Delivered with a socially-relevant theme, it serves as a good comeback for Udaykrishna and B Unnikrishnan."<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Christopher review: A stylish Mammootty and a socially relevant theme make this cop story a good watch |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/christopher-malayalam-movie-review/ |website=The South First}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Sanjith Sridharan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Mammootty's Christopher starts off as an edgy, stylish film with great visuals and music, but in the second half, it loses its momentum. That said, the film might just have enough going for it to continue Mammootty's streak at the box office."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christopher review: Mammootty's stylish vigilante actioner is uneven, but is still among B Unnikrishnan's best works |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/christopher-review-mammoottys-stylish-vigilante-film-is-uneven-but-still-among-b-unnikrishnans-best-works/b4551ae815328 |website=OTTplay}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Gayathri Gokul of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "The movie might work fine as an entertainer for fans, but the storyline could have been developed better."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Christopher' review: Mammootty stands out in a stylish thriller that lacks depth |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/02/09/christopher-review-mammootty-stands-out-in-a-stylish-thriller-that-lacks-depth.html |website=The Week}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Latha Srinivasan of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "The story just unfolds itself pretty much in the first half an hour and becomes very predictable. Had the script been better and the movie's run time shorter, Christopher would have been far more entertaining."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=February 9, 2023 |title=Christopher Movie Review: Mammootty's cop vigilante film is old wine in a broken bottle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/christopher-movie-review-mammoottys-cop-vigilante-film-is-old-wine-in-a-broken-bottle-2332695-2023-02-09 |access-date=16 March 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Christopher gives the impression that in a 'flawed' system, extrajudicial executions are the only right thing. Even with its running time of close to two-and-a-half hours, the film's climax got over in the blink of an eye, leaving the viewers wondering what just happened."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=9 February 2023 |title=Christopher movie review: Unnikrishnan and Udaykrishna take a step forward as Mammootty takes two steps back |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/christopher-movie-review-mammootty-b-unnikrishnan-8434660/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote "Unnikrishnan and Udayakrishna's previous work ''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]'', which featured Mohanlal in the lead, had not really gone down well with the audience, but this time, they have managed to pull off a pretty decent entertainer."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Christopher' movie review: Unnikrishnan-Udayakrishna deliver a pretty good thriller |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/02/09/b-unnikrishnan-film-christopher-movie-mammootty-aishwarya-lekshmi-amala-paul.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209112627/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/02/09/b-unnikrishnan-film-christopher-movie-mammootty-aishwarya-lekshmi-amala-paul.amp.html |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

S.R. Praveen for ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewing the film wrote "What the film lacks in substance, it seeks to make up for in Mammootty's swagger and a loud background score that numbs one with its repetitiveness. Christopher is one long, unfortunate celebration of encounter killings."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=9 February 2023 |title='Christopher' movie review: Mammootty's film is a long, poorly-scripted celebration of encounter killings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/christopher-movie-review-mammoottys-film-is-a-long-poorly-scripted-celebration-of-encounter-killings/article66489485.ece |access-date=16 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=21819994}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Unnikrishnan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Justin Varghese]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]

Bridge (2020 film)

2026-05-01T06:57:46Z

Rspalmora: stub.

{{Short description|2020 Assamese-language film}}
'''Bridge''' is a 2020 Indian Assamese-language drama film directed by Kripal Kalita. The film explores the impact of recurring floods on rural communities in Assam, focusing on the everyday struggles of people living along the Brahmaputra river.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-25 |title=Danish movie wins Golden Peacock, Assamese 'Bridge' sole Indian winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/danish-movie-wins-golden-peacock-assamese-bridge-sole-indian-winner/articleshow/80438996.cms |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film was screened at the Indian Panorama section of the [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) and received a special mention at the festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-06 |title=Award-winning Assamese film bridges understanding about the annual deluge |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/award-winning-assamese-film-bridges-understanding-about-the-annual-deluge-7177080/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-10-18 |title=Assamese film Bridge in Oscars' probable list |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/assamese-film-bridge-in-oscars-probable-list-559427 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bridge follows the life of a young girl and her family living in a flood-prone region of Assam. The narrative depicts their daily challenges, including seasonal displacement, lack of infrastructure, and difficulty accessing essential services such as education and healthcare. The absence of a bridge connecting their village to nearby areas plays a central role in the story, symbolising both physical isolation and broader socio-economic barriers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Borah |first=Prabalika M. |date=2021-07-06 |title=Kripal Kalita's 'Bridge' brings to focus the destruction caused by floods |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/assamese-feature-film-bridge-kripal-kalita/article35165099.ece |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Shivarani Kalita
* Kripal Kalita
* Parth Pratim Bora
* Swapnil Nath
* Anindita

== Production ==
The film marks the feature debut of director Kripal Kalita, who drew from real-life experiences of flood-affected communities in Assam. It was shot on location in flood-affected areas, with several sequences filmed in challenging natural conditions.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=31 January 2021 |title=Award-winning Assamese film 'Bridge' underlines life during floods |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/award-winning-assamese-film-bridges-understanding-about-the-annual-deluge-7177080/ |access-date=29 April 2026 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Themes ==
The film addresses issues such as seasonal flooding, rural isolation, and infrastructural challenges in Assam. It also explores the resilience of communities facing recurring natural disasters. According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', the film portrays the hardships faced by villagers during annual floods in [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2021 |title=A bridge above troubled waters: A film portrays the difficulties during floods in Assam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/goa/a-bridge-above-troubled-waters-a-film-portrays-the-difficulties-during-floods-in-assam/articleshow/80450995.cms |access-date=29 April 2026 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Release and festival screenings ==
''Bridge'' was selected for the Indian Panorama section at the [[51st International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI), held in [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-24 |title=Assam's filmmaker Kripal Kalita wins IFFI 51 Special Mention Award for his Assamese film 'Bridge' |url=https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assams-filmmaker-kripal-kalita-wins-iffi-51-special-mention-award-for-his-assamese-film-bridge.html |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref> The film received a Special Mention at the festival.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated, the film's focus on living with and responding to the recurring floods in Assam.<ref name=":0" /> In ''[[The Times of India]],'' Gauree Malkarnekar described that the film depicts the devastation and challenges faced by villages during flood seasons.

== Awards and recognition ==
* 2021: Special Mention – [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI).<ref name=":0" />
* 2022: Best Feature Film in Assamese – [[68th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-23 |title='Semkhor', 'Bridge' win big at national film awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/semkhor-bridge-win-big-at-natl-film-awards/articleshow/93065232.cms |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cinema of Assam]]
* [[List of Assamese films]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:Cinema of Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese-language films]]

{{Improve categories|date=April 2026}}

Salimuzzaman Siddiqui

2026-04-30T05:55:30Z

Rspalmora: adding a bio...

{{short description|Pakistani organic chemist (1897–1994)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
| image = Salimuzzaman.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1897|10|19}}<ref name=Dawn/>
| birth_place = [[Barabanki district|Subeha]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]]<ref name=Dawn/> {{small|(modern-day in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1994|4|14|1897|10|19}}<ref name=Dawn/>
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
| citizenship = [[Pakistan]]i
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Organic chemistry]]
| work_institution = [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC) [[Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (PCSI) [[Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry|H.E.J Institute of Chemistry]] [[Karachi University]] [[Pakistan Academy of Sciences]]
[[Chemical Society of Pakistan]]
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]] [[University College London]] [[Goethe University Frankfurt|Frankfurt University]]
| doctoral_advisor = Julius Von Braun
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Research in [[Natural products]] [[Chemical formula|Chemical]] constituents of [[Neem]]
| prizes = [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz]] [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] [[Pride of Performance]] [[Sitara-e-Imtiaz]] Tamgha-e-Pakistan
| footnotes =
}}
'''Salimuzzaman Siddiqui''', {{postnominals|list=[[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI]], [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], [[Sitara-e-Imtiaz|SI]], [[Fellow of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences|FPAS]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]}} ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|سلیم الزّماں صدّیقی}}}} {{IPA|hns|səˈliːmʊzːəmaːn sɪˈd̪ːiːqi|}}; 19 October 1897 – 14 April 1994) was a Pakistani [[organic chemist]] specialising in [[natural products]], and a professor of chemistry at the [[University of Karachi]].

Siddiqui studied [[philosophy]] at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and later studied chemistry at [[Goethe University Frankfurt|Frankfurt University]], where he received his PhD in 1927.<ref name=Dawn/> On return to [[British Raj|British India]], he worked at the [[Tibbia College]] Delhi and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|Indian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]]. He later moved to Pakistan and worked in the [[Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]. He went on to establish the [[Science and technology in Pakistan|Pakistan National Science Council]] and was appointed its first chairman in 1961. In the same year he became a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]. He later co-founded the [[Pakistan Academy of Sciences]], and after retirement from his government job, he founded the [[Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry]].<ref name=Dawn>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1050186|title=Salimuzzaman Siddiqui – A visionary of science|last=Yusuf|first=Suhail|publisher=Dawn (newspaper)|date=18 October 2013|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

Siddiqui is credited with pioneering the isolation of unique chemical compounds from the [[Neem|Neem (''Azadirachta indica'')]], [[Rauvolfia]], and various other [[flora]]. As the founder director of [[H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry]], he revolutionised research of the [[pharmacology]] of various [[domestic plants]] found in South Asia to extract novel chemical substances of medicinal importance.<ref name="akhtar">Akhtar (1996), pp. 400–417</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=1996|title=Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, M. B. E. 19 October 1897 – 14 April 1994|journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|volume=42|pages=400–426|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1996.0025|last1=Akhtar|first1=M.|pmid=11619337 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Siddiqui published more than 300 research papers and obtained 40 patents mainly in the field of natural product chemistry. In addition to his scientific talents, Siddiqui was also an avid painter, poet, and a connoisseur of [[Western culture#Music|Western music]]. His paintings were exhibited in the United States, Germany, India, and Pakistan.<ref name=Dawn/>

== Early life ==

Salimuzzaman was born in Subeha ([[Barabanki District]]) near [[Lucknow]] on 19 October 1897.<ref name=Dawn/> His father's name was Chaudhry Muhammad Zaman and his elder brother [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]] was a distinguished [[All India Muslim League]] leader and one of the founding fathers of Pakistan.<ref name=Dawn3>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/884351|title=Homage: Our own Einstein|date=15 August 2010|publisher=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref> He received his early education from Lucknow, both in the [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages, and soon developed interest in [[Persian literature|literature]], [[Urdu poetry|poetry]], and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] from his father Sheikh Muhammad Zaman. He graduated in Philosophy and Persian language, from [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] (that would later become [[Aligarh Muslim University]]) in 1920.<ref name=Dawn1>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/620754|title= Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui|author=Suhail Yusuf|publisher=Dawn (newspaper)|date=14 April 2011|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

In 1920, Siddiqui proceeded to [[University College London]] to study medicine. However, after one year of [[pre-medical]] studies, he moved to [[Goethe University Frankfurt|Frankfurt University]] in 1921 to study chemistry. In 1924, he married his German classmate, Ethel Wilhelmina Schneeman.<ref name="akhtar"/> He received Doctor of Philosophy under the supervision of Julius Von Braun in 1927. During his college days in [[Germany]] in the 1920s, Germany experienced high inflation and he went through some hard economic times. In these tough times, India's then eminent philanthropist [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] used to send him Rupees400 every month. Many years later, as a successful scientist in Pakistan, Siddiqui repaid Hakeem Ajmal Khan's kindness by dedicating his discoveries to him.<ref name=Dawn/>

On his return, he established the [[Ayurvedic]] and [[Unani]] Tibbi Research Institute at the [[Tibbia College]] [[Delhi]], under the guidance of [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]]. He was appointed its first director. However, soon after the death of Hakim Ajmal Khan, Siddiqui left the post. In 1940, he joined [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|Indian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]] where he worked until 1951 when he migrated to Pakistan on the request of Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]].<ref name=Dawn1/><ref name=Dawn2>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/674561|title=A leaf from history: Pioneers in science|publisher=Dawn (newspaper)|date=19 November 2011|author=Dawn InpaperMagazine|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=Tribune>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/695330/dr-salimuzzaman-siddiqui-the-man-who-merged-eastern-and-western-medicine/|title=Dr Salimuzzaman Siddiqui: The man who merged eastern and western medicine|date=14 April 2014|publisher=The Express Tribune (newspaper)|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref>

== Pioneering research ==
Siddiqui's first breakthrough in research came when he successfully isolated an [[antiarrhythmic agent]] in 1931<ref>Siddiqui and Siddiqui (1931). pp. 667–680.</ref> from the roots of [[Rauvolfia serpentina]]. He named the newly discovered chemical compound as ''[[Ajmaline]]'', after his mentor Hakim Ajmal Khan who was one of the illustrious practitioners of [[Unani|Unani system of medicine]] in South Asia.<ref name="akhtar" /> Later on, Siddiqui also extracted other [[alkaloid]]s from ''Rauvolfia serpentina'' that included ''Ajmalinine'', ''Ajmalicine'' (C21H24N2O3), ''Isoajmaline'', ''Neoajmaline'', ''Serpentine'' and ''Serpentinine''. Many of these are still used worldwide for treatment of [[mental disorder]]s and [[cardiovascular]] ailments, especially as antiarrhythmic agents in [[Brugada syndrome]].<ref name="Hong, Brugada, et al. 2004">Hong, Brugada, et al. (2004)</ref>

=== Discoveries from Neem ===
[[Image:Neemtree.jpg|250px|thumb|right|An average Neem tree is 15 meters high with the [[Crown (botany)|crown]]'s diameter up to 15–20-meter]]
Siddiqui was the first scientist to bring the [[anthelmintic]], [[Antifungal medication|antifungal]], [[antibacterial]], and [[Antiviral drug|antiviral]] constituents of the [[Neem]] tree to the attention of natural products [[chemist]]s. In 1942, he extracted three bitter compounds from [[neem oil]], which he named as [[nimbin (chemical)|nimbin]], nimbinin, and nimbidin respectively.<ref>Ganguli (2002). p. 1304</ref> The process involved extracting the water-insoluble components with [[diethyl ether|ether]], [[petrol ether]], [[ethyl acetate]] and dilute alcohol. The provisional naming was ''nimbin'' ([[sulphur]]-free [[crystalline]] product with [[melting point]] at 205 °C, [[empirical]] composition C7H10O2), ''nimbinin'' (with similar principle, melting at 192 °C), and ''nimbidin'' (cream-coloured containing [[amorphous]] sulphur, melting at 90–100 °C). Siddiqui identified ''nimbidin'' as the main active [[antibacterial]] ingredient, and the highest yielding bitter component in the neem oil.<ref>Siddiqui (1942). pp. 278–279</ref> These compounds are stable and found in substantial quantities in the Neem. They also serve as natural [[insecticide]]s.<ref name="sidhu">Sidhu et al. (2004), pp. 69–75.</ref>

In acknowledgement of these revolutionary discoveries, he was awarded the [[Order of the British Empire]] in 1946.<ref name="akhtar" />

In his later career, Siddiqui continued to discover and isolate numerous unique anti-bacterial compounds from various parts (leaves, bark, etc.) of the Neem<ref>Ara, Siddiqui et al. (1989). pp. 343–345</ref> and other plants.<ref>Siddiqui et al. (1989)</ref> He had more than 50 chemical compounds patented in his name<ref name="akhtar" /> in addition to those discovered as a result of his joint research with other colleagues and students. Most of these discoveries still remain vital natural ingredients of various medicines<ref name="Hong, Brugada, et al. 2004"/> as well as [[biopesticide]]s.<ref name="sidhu" />

== Research leadership ==

Siddiqui migrated to Pakistan in 1951, four years after the [[Partition of India|emergence of Pakistan]] in 1947, after being offered and appointed as "science advisor" to the [[Liaquat Ali Khan government|government]] by Prime minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]. He was appointed as Director of the Pakistan Department of Research that was reformulated in 1953 as [[Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (PCSIR). The aim of [[PCSIR]] was to support the industrial infrastructure through [[research and development]]. The regional laboratories of the institution were located in [[Dhaka]], [[Rajshahi]] and [[Chittagong]] ([[East Pakistan]]), and in [[Lahore]] and [[Peshawar]] ([[West Pakistan]]). In 1953, he founded the [[Pakistan Academy of Sciences]] as a non-political [[think tank]] of distinguished scientists in the country.<ref name=PAS>[http://www.paspk.org/deceased-fellows/ Salimuzzaman Siddiqui listed as founding fellow of Pakistan Academy of Sciences] Pakistan Academy of Sciences website, Retrieved 14 January 2018</ref> In 1956, when [[Government of Pakistan]] established [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC) as an atomic research agency, Siddiqui was designated as its technical member.

In recognition of his scientific leadership, [[Goethe University Frankfurt|Frankfurt University]] granted him the degree of D.Med. ''Honoris causa'' in 1958. Also in 1958, the [[Government of Pakistan]] awarded him with ''[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Tamgha-e-Pakistan]]''. In 1960, he became the President of Pan-Indian Ocean Science Association. The same year, he was elected [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]. In 1962, he was awarded the ''[[Sitara-e-Imtiaz]]'' for distinguished merit in the fields of science and medicine.<ref name="akhtar" /> Siddiqui remained the director and chairman of PCSIR until the time of his retirement in 1966. In that year, the [[President of Pakistan]] awarded him the [[Pride of Performance]] Medal for the respectable completion of his service.
In 1967, Siddiqui was invited by [[University of Karachi]] to set up a Postgraduate Institute of Chemistry in affiliation with the Department of Chemistry. He was designated as the institute's Founder Director, whereas the additional research staff was provided by PCSIR.

In 1976, the institute was offered a generous donation from Hussain Jamal Foundation. In appreciation of this donation, the institute was renamed as [[Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry]].<ref name=Tribune/> In due time, Siddiqui transformed the institute into a distinguished centre of international excellence in the field of [[chemistry]] and natural products. In March 1975, he headed the National Commission for Indigenous Medicines<ref>[http://www.myhomeopathic.com/html/Homeopathy_in_Pakistan/ Homeopathic in Pakistan] Retrieved 14 January 2018</ref> His tireless efforts for the promotion of science and technology earned him ''[[Hilal-e-Imtiaz]]'' by the Government of Pakistan in 1980. In 1983, he played a major role in the establishment of the [[Third World Academy of Sciences]] and became its Founding Fellow. He remained the director of the Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry until 1990. Later on, he continued research in his personal laboratory. He published over 400 research papers and was granted 50 patents.<ref name=Tribune/>

== Death and legacy ==
Siddiqui died on 14 April 1994 due to cardiac arrest after a brief illness in [[Karachi]]. He was buried in the [[Karachi University]] Graveyard. Despite his death, the academic and research institutes that he founded during more than 65 years of his research career are still contributing to the international level research in natural products chemistry.

As a person of multiple talents, Siddiqui was also a refined poet, musician, and a painter. In August 1924, he held his first international exhibition of paintings in [[Frankfurt]]. Later in 1927, his works of art were exhibited at the Uzielli Gallery, Frankfurt. During his stay in Germany, he also translated [[Rainer Maria Rilke]]'s poetry into Urdu, which was published in the journal of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]. Though, his passion for arts was superseded by the enthusiasm in scientific research, he continued to patronise arts and culture. In 1966, he was at the forefront for setting up the Central Institute of Arts and Crafts in Karachi. He also compiled a selection of poetry of [[Mir Taqi Mir]] into ''Intekhab-e-Meer''. In 1983, he published a portfolio collection of [[charcoal]] drawings from 1920 to 1950s.

On 14 April 1999, the [[Pakistan Post]], as part of its 'Scientists of Pakistan' series, issued a [[commemorative stamp]] to honour the contributions and services of Siddiqui.<ref>[http://pakistanphilately.com/1999.htm Commemorative postage stamp to honour Salimuzzaman Siddiqui on Pakistanphilately.com website] Retrieved 13 January 2018</ref> In the same year, the street leading to [[PCSIR]] Laboratories Complex in Karachi was named as ''Shahrah-e-Dr. Salim-uz-Zaman Siddiqui''. Siddiqui was also remembered by his students and colleagues, many of whom continued to dedicate their international research and publications to his memory.<ref>Ali et al. (1995). p. 12.</ref> In 2002, a research article was published in the journal [[Tetrahedron (journal)|Tetrahedron]] in which, authors Faizi and Naz dedicated their break-through research to the memory of Siddiqui, their [[mentor]].<ref>Faizi and Naz (2002). p. 6185.</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
Siddiqui was a founder-member of the Indian and Pakistan Academies of Sciences, and later a founder member of the international body the [[Third World Academy of Sciences]]. The following are the honours he received, in reverse chronological order:<ref name="akhtar"/>
* Gold medal of the [[Soviet Academy of Sciences]]
* ''[[Third World Academy of Sciences]] – [[TWAS Prize]]'', 1985<ref name="Prizes and Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/opportunities/prizes-and-awards |title=Prizes and Awards |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref>
* ''[[Hilal-e-Imtiaz]]'', (Crescent of Excellence) 1980 by the [[Government of Pakistan]]
* President of Pakistan's [[Pride of Performance]] Medal, 1966
* ''[[Sitara-e-Imtiaz]]'', 1962 (Star of Excellence) by the Government of Pakistan
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society]], 1961
* President, Pan-Indian Ocean Science Association, 1960
* ''Tamgha-e-Pakistan'', 1958 (Medal of Pakistan)
* D. Med. ''Honoris causa'' from the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|Frankfurt University]], 1958
* Foundation Fellow, [[Pakistan Academy of Sciences]], 1953<ref name=PAS/>
* [[Order of the British Empire]] in 1946

== See also ==
* [[Atta ur Rahman (scientist)]]
* [[H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry]]
* [[Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite journal | last1 = Ali | first1 = S. S. | last2 = Khan | first2 = K. M. | last3 = Echner | first3 = H. | last4 = Voelter | first4 = W. | last5 = Hasan | first5 = M. | last6 = Atta-Ur-Rahman | title = Two new Protecting Groups for the Guanidino Function of arginine | doi = 10.1002/prac.19953370103 | journal = Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung | volume = 337 | pages = 12–17 | year = 1995 }}
*{{Cite journal | last1 = Ara | first1 = I. | last2 = Siddiqui | first2 = B. S. | last3 = Faizi | first3 = S. | last4 = Siddiqui | first4 = S. | title = Structurally novel diterpenoid constituents from the stem bark of Azadirachta indica(meliaceae) | doi = 10.1039/P19890000343 | journal = Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 343 | year = 1989 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Faizi | first1 = S. | title = Jafrine, a novel and labile β-carboline alkaloid from the flowers of Tagetes patula | doi = 10.1016/S0040-4020(02)00615-4 | journal = Tetrahedron | volume = 58 | issue = 31 | pages = 6185–6197 | year = 2002 }}
* Ganguli, S. (2002). [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jun102002/1303.pdf Neem: A therapeutic for all seasons]. ''Current Science''. 82(11), June. p. 1304
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Hong | first1 = K.
| last2 = Brugada | first2 = J.
| last3 = Oliva | first3 = A.
| last4 = Berruezo-Sanchez | first4 = A.
| last5 = Potenza | first5 = D.
| last6 = Pollevick | first6 = G. D.
| last7 = Guerchicoff | first7 = A.
| last8 = Matsuo | first8 = K.
| last9 = Burashnikov | first9 = E.
| last10 = Dumaine | first10 = R.
| last11 = Towbin | first11 = J. A.
| last12 = Nesterenko | first12 = V.
| last13 = Brugada | first13 = P.
| last14 = Antzelevitch | first14 = C.
| last15 = Brugada | first15 = R.
| title = Value of Electrocardiographic Parameters and Ajmaline Test in the Diagnosis of Brugada Syndrome Caused by SCN5A Mutations
| doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.0000144299.17008.07
| journal = Circulation
| volume = 110
| issue = 19
| pages = 3023–3027
| year = 2004
| pmid = 15520322
| pmc =1513622
}}
* Siddiqui, S. and Siddiqui, R.H. (1931). Chemical examination of the roots of Rauwolfia serpintina. ''Journal of the Indian Chemical Society''. 8. pp. 667–80.
* Siddiqui, S. and Siddiqui, R.H. (1932). The alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpintina. Part I. Ajmaline series. ''Journal of the Indian Chemical Society''. 9. p. 539.
* Siddiqui, S. and Siddiqui, R.H. (1935). The alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpintina. Part II. Ajmaline series. ''Journal of the Indian Chemical Society''. 12. p. 37.
* Siddiqui, S. (1942). A note on isolation of three new bitter principles from the neem oil. ''Current Science''. 11. pp. 278–79.
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Siddiqui | first1 = S. | last2 = Begum | first2 = S. | last3 = Siddiqui | first3 = B. S. | last4 = Hafeez | first4 = F. | title = Kanerin and 12, 13-Dihydroursolic Acid, Two New Pentacyclic Triterpenes from the Leaves of Nerium oleander | doi = 10.1021/np50061a006 | journal = Journal of Natural Products | volume = 52 | pages = 57–62 | year = 1989 | issue = 1 | bibcode = 1989JNAtP..52...57S }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Sidhu | first1 = O. | doi = 10.1016/j.indcrop.2003.07.002 | title = Variability in triterpenoids (nimbin and salanin) composition of neem among different provenances of India | journal = Industrial Crops and Products | volume = 19 | pages = 69–00 | year = 2004 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121030605/http://www.ensf-ngo.org/prizes.php Announcement of the first Salimuzzaman Siddiqui Prize in chemical sciences, from April 2010] by [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512132546/http://www.ensf-ngo.org/index.php The Emerging Nations Science Foundation]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20061229155354/http://www.southasianmedia.net/profile/pakistan/pk_leadingpersonalities_science.cfm Profile at South-Asian Media]}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef | before =Office created}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (Pakistan)#Science Advisors|Science Advisor to the Prime minister Secretariat]] | years =1 January 1951 – 27 October 1959 }}
{{s-aft | after = [[Abdus Salam]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{good article}}
{{Pride of Performance for Arts}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddiqui, Salimuzzaman}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Pakistani chemists]]
[[Category:Pakistani scholars]]
[[Category:Pakistani scientists]]
[[Category:People from Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scientists from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Karachi]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:Organic chemists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences]]

Panzgam, Pulwama

2026-04-27T04:01:14Z

Rspalmora:

{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panzgom
| official_name = Panzgam″
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pulwama]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Awantipora]]
| area_total_ha = 431
| elevation_m = 1588
| population_total = 3358
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code = 192124
| area_code = 01933
| coordinates = {{coord|33.8449|N|75.0286|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, india
| pushpin_label =
}}
'''Panzgam''' is a village in [[Awantipora tehsil]] of [[Pulwama district]], Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is {{convert|19|km}} from Pulwama district headquarters and {{convert|45|km}} from [[Srinagar]] (the summer capital of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]). It is located at the boundary of Awantipora Tehsil.<ref>http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf see</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ied-detected-in-j-k-s-pulwama-district-708178 ''IED detected in J&K's Pulwama district''], India News – India TV
* Mudasir Ahmad: [https://thewire.in/article/security/riyaz-naikoo-pulwana-protests-civilian-killed/amp#aoh=16240306105733 ''Civilian Killed in Protests as Kashmiris Try to Make Their Way to Riyaz Naikoo s Village''], The Wire
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jammu-and-kashmir-militants-attack-crpf-camp-in-pulwama-gunfight-underway-1170383-2018-02-''15 Jammu and Kashmir: Militants attack CRPF camp in Pulwama'']. India Today
* Mir Ehsan: [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jammu-kashmir-terrorists-encounter-attack-three-militants-killed-in-encounter-in-pulwama-in-south-kashmir-2788430/lite/ ''Protests in Pulwama: South Kashmir erupts as 3 top militants killed''], The Indian Express
* [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kashmir-unidentified-gunmen-shot-dead-militant-srinagar-5346634/ ''Unidentified gunmen shot dead ‘IS-JK’ militant in Srinagar''], The Indian Express
* Mir Zeeshan: [https://thekashmirimages.com/2019/06/15/pulwama-panzgama-malangpora-road-in-dilapidated-conditions/ ''Pulwama: Panzgama-Malangpora road in dilapidated conditions''], Kashmir Images
* [https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/279618-DDC-Pulwama-visits-AIIMS-site-takes-stock-of-dev-works ''DDC Pulwama visits AIIMS site, takes stock of dev works''], 5 Dariya News

{{Authority control}}
{{See also|Chakoora Pulwama|Wasoora Pulwama|Tahab Pulwama}}

[[Category:Villages in Pulwama district]]

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| width = auto
| location = Natha Village (1991–2020, extremes 1962–2020)
| Jan record high C = 14.5
| Feb record high C = 18.3
| Mar record high C = 20.8
| Apr record high C = 25.3
| May record high C = 30.4
| Jun record high C = 34.1
| Jul record high C = 36.5
| Aug record high C = 36.1
| Sep record high C = 32.6
| Oct record high C = 28.5
| Nov record high C = 18.7
| Dec record high C = 16.4
| year record high C = 37.0
| Jan high C = -4.3
| Feb high C = -5.1
| Mar high C = 7.4
| Apr high C = 11.3
| May high C = 16.8
| Jun high C = 18.6
| Jul high C = 21.3
| Aug high C = 22.4
| Sep high C = 18.2
| Oct high C = 12.5
| Nov high C = 5.2
| Dec high C = -4.0
| year high C =
| Jan low C = -19.4
| Feb low C = -20.8
| Mar low C = -9.7
| Apr low C = -3.4
| May low C = 2.6
| Jun low C = 6.3
| Jul low C = 9.4
| Aug low C = 10.2
| Sep low C = 7.5
| Oct low C = -2.3
| Nov low C = -8.2
| Dec low C = -16.8
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = -50.3
| Feb record low C = -52.6
| Mar record low C = -32.8
| Apr record low C = -19.2
| May record low C = -13.6
| Jun record low C = -6.4
| Jul record low C = 1.4
| Aug record low C = 2.6
| Sep record low C = -4.0
| Oct record low C = -17.3
| Nov record low C = -28.7
| Dec record low C = -42.8
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 150.9
| Feb rain mm = 166.5
| Mar rain mm = 173.9
| Apr rain mm = 117.0
| May rain mm = 92.1
| Jun rain mm = 79.6
| Jul rain mm = 105.8
| Aug rain mm = 100.7
| Sep rain mm = 66.0
| Oct rain mm = 29.5
| Nov rain mm = 48.3
| Dec rain mm = 70.2
| year rain mm = 1200.5
| Jan rain days = 7.7
| Feb rain days = 8.2
| Mar rain days = 9.0
| Apr rain days = 8.1
| May rain days = 7.5
| Jun rain days = 5.8
| Jul rain days = 6.5
| Aug rain days = 6.2
| Sep rain days = 4.1
| Oct rain days = 2.4
| Nov rain days = 2.8
| Dec rain days = 3.9
| year rain days = 72.2
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 70
| Feb humidity = 63
| Mar humidity = 55
| Apr humidity = 54
| May humidity = 55
| Jun humidity = 54
| Jul humidity = 63
| Aug humidity = 66
| Sep humidity = 60
| Oct humidity = 54
| Nov humidity = 58
| Dec humidity = 66
| year humidity = 60
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Quazigund Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 637–638
| access-date = 24 March 2020}}</ref>
| source =
}}

Bijrol Kheda

2026-04-26T05:37:37Z

Rspalmora: new.

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bijrol Kheda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Bijrol Kheda Temple.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bijrol Kheda Temple
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8617351|N|71.7607749|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sanchore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2361
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 343041
| registration_plate = RJ- 46
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sanchore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jalore Lok Sabha constituency|Jalore]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Sanchore]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]]
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Bijrol Kheda'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): BIJROL KHEDA |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-bijrol-kheda-38998#:~:text=Bijrol%20Kheda%20Gram%20Panchayat%20is,13%20elected%20members%20by%20people. |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jan Akrosh Rally: सांचौर में खेतेश्वर धाम बिजरोल खेड़ा से जन आक्रोश यात्रा का हुआ शुभारंभ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jalore/jan-akrosh-yatra-started-from-kheteshwar-dham-bijrol-kheda-in-sanchore/1471105 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref> or '''Bijrol Khera''' is a village in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].
It is the '''Birthplace''' of [[Kheteswara]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-04 |title=बिजरोल खेड़ा में किसान मेले का आयोजन {{!}} Farmers Fair in Bijrol kheda Chitalwana Sanchore Jalore |url=https://www.patrika.com/jalore-news/farmers-fair-in-bijrol-kheda-chitalwana-sanchore-jalore-5049489 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> As of the [[2011 India census]], the total population of the village is 2361.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijrol Khera Village Population - Sanchore - Jalor, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/89689-bijrol-khera-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Bijrol Kheda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref> Village is nestled within the picturesque landscapes of the Sanchore District, which is characterized by its arid terrain and a semi-desert environment typical of the Rajasthan region.

==Historical significance==
===Kheteshwar temple===
[[Kheteswara]] was born in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1969 month [[Vaisakha|Vaishakh]] [[Shukla Paksha]] Panchami Tithi (22 April 1912) in the village.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=खेतेश्वर के जयकारे से गूंज उठा बिजरोल खेड़ा {{!}} Bijrol Kheda echoed with the cheers of Kheteshwar |url=https://www.patrika.com/jalore-news/bijrol-kheda-echoed-with-the-cheers-of-kheteshwar-7486552 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

==External links==
*[https://m.mapsofindia.com/villages/rajasthan/jalor/sanchore/bijrol-khera About bijrol-khera Temple and Village]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sanchore district}}
[[Category:Villages in Sanchore district]]
{{improve categories|date=May 2024}}
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sanchore district]]
{{Sanchore-geo-stub}}

Adam Sinclair (field hockey)

2026-04-24T12:04:30Z

Rspalmora: Put up new post - done

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{About||the actor|Adam Sinclair (actor)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Adam Sinclair
| fullname = Adam Antony Sinclair
| image = Adam sinclair.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|2|29}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| height = {{convert|5|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on}}
| weight = 
| website = 
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| clubs1 = [[Chennai Veerans]]
| years1 = 2005-2008
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| clubs2 = [[Schwarz – Weiss Köln]]
| years2 = 2007
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| clubs3 = [[Indian Overseas Bank|IOB]]
| years3 = 2006
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| clubs4 = [[Chennai Cheetahs]]
| years4 =
| caps4 =
| goals4 = 9
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalcaps1 = 90
| nationalgoals1 =
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| medaltemplates-expand = yes
| medaltemplates =

}}

'''Adam Antony Sinclair''' (born 29 February 1984) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player from [[Tamil Nadu]]. Among other leading sporting events he was a member of the Indian [[field hockey]] team at the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in [[Athens]] and at the [[2006 Asian Games]] in [[Doha, Qatar]].

==Early life==
Sinclair hails from [[Coimbatore]]. While at school, he was the best in field hockey at [[Stanes Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School]], Coimbatore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madras Miscellany |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Madras-Miscellany/article12572728.ece |website=The Hindu |date=May 31, 2010}}</ref> He captained the school team and led the school to win many tournaments. He was elected Head Boy for 2001. He was also the captain of the "Panthers" and led them to victory in the Intra School Sports Event in 2001. He did further studies in [[PSG College of Arts and Science]], Coimbatore.

==Career==
He made his international debut in May 2004 during a Four Nation Tournament in [[Gifu, Gifu|Gifu]] ([[Japan]]). Sinclair has played for the [[Chennai Veerans]], [[Chennai Cheetahs]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/article3260970.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=S. | last=Thyagarajan | title=Chennai Cheetahs conjures up a super win | date=30 March 2012}}</ref> has played club hockey in [[Germany]], and as of September 2011 was playing [[Center forward|center-forward]] for the [[Indian Overseas Bank]] hockey team.<ref>Ferro, Aswin. "[http://www.mid-day.com/sports/2011/sep/130911-India-goalkeeper-Chennai-club-PR-Sreejesh-Asian-Champions-Trophy-China.htm Chennai club mates hail India custodian Sreejesh's antics]", ''[[MiD DAY]]'' (13 September 2011).</ref>

===Athletics===
Sinclair has also won accolades and medals as an athlete in the [[triple jump]], [[high jump]] and [[long distance running]] events.

==Personal life==
He got engaged to his girlfriend Vyshali Nair on 6 May 2011.
On 24 April 2012, the couple exchanged nuptials in an intimate Hindu wedding at their Chennai home and a Catholic wedding on the 4th May 2012 in Coimbatore.In October 2013 the couple had their first child, a son named Zoran. On 16 October 2017, the couple welcomed their second child, a girl named Zaya. The Children's names are of multiple origins and the first syllables of the kids' names were the inspiration for Adam's sportswear and equipment brand and Sports academy ZOZA.
<ref>{{cite news |title= Adam Sinclair ties the knot |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Adam-Sinclair-ties-the-knot/articleshow/13050021.cms |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130216063202/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-08/people/31625561_1_anglo-indian-indian-hockey-player-vaishali |url-status= live |archive-date= 2013-02-16 |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 2012-05-08 |access-date= 2013-01-15}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/suresh-stars-as-zoza-emerge-champs-latest-news/articleshow/105947083.cms | title=Suresh stars as Zoza emerge champs | newspaper=The Times of India | date=13 December 2023 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=ZOZA | url=https://www.zoza.life/ | access-date=2024-12-27 | website=www.zoza.life}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
<references />

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
* {{Sports reference}}

{{India FH Squad 2004 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinclair, Adam}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:World Series Hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Biplab Roy Chowdhury

2026-04-19T00:09:58Z

Rspalmora: stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=March 2023}}
{{original research|date=March 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = ''' Biplab Roy Chowdhury '''
| image = File:Sri Biplab Roy Chowdhury on occasion of opening of the 38th KTPP mela 2024.jpg
| caption = Biplab Roy Chowdhury
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1946|9|7}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] of [[Government of West Bengal]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 May 2021|title=West Bengal Minister List 2021: Check full list of 43 cabinet ministers and their portfolios|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-minister-list-2021-check-full-list-of-43-cabinet-ministers-and-their-portfolios/2249210/|access-date=11 May 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
| term_start = 3 August 2022
| term_end =
| constituency =
| predecessor = [[Akhil Giri]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1996–2006, 2011–2016 2 May 2021
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Panskura Purba Assembly constituency|Panskura Purba]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Sheikh Ibrahim Ali]]
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| constituency3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (1998–present) [[Indian National Congress]] (1971–1998)
| spouse =
| college =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
| governor =
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname = Department
| 2namedata = * Fisheries
}}

'''Biplab Roy Chowdhury''' is an Indian [[politician]] and the current Minister for Department of Fisheries in the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.shutterstock.com/editorial/image-editorial/r-l-new-ministers-birbaha-hansda-biplab-roy-13065259f |title= new-ministers-birbaha-hansda-biplab-roy |accessdate=22 March 2023|publisher= shutterstock.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://ciba.icar.gov.in/?post_type=edmento_events&p=14567 |title= Shri. Biplab Roy Chowdhury, Hon'ble Minister of Fisheries, Govt. of West Bengal visited Kakdwip Research Center of ICAR-CIBA |accessdate= 22 March 2023 |publisher= ciba.icar.gov.in |archive-date= 29 March 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230329062807/https://ciba.icar.gov.in/?post_type=edmento_events&p=14567 |url-status= dead }}</ref> He is also a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]], elected from the [[Panskura Purba Assembly constituency|Panskura Purba]] constituency in the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]], [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]], [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]] [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal]] [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|assembly]] elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/election-news/story/20090601-all-the-didis-men-739813-2009-05-21|title=All the didi's men|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/political-carrier-of-biplab-roy-chowdhury-4-times-mla-from-panskura-purba-assembly-constituency-of-purba-medinipur-district-and-new-minister-of-west-bengal-dgtld/cid/1360635 |title= Cabinet Reshuffle: নেত্রীর প্রতি আনুগত্য আর হার না মানা রাজনৈতিক লড়াইয়ের পুরস্কার পেলেন বিপ্লব|accessdate=22 March 2023|publisher= anandabazar.com }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly4}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:RoyChowdhury, Biplab}}
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1946 births]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Mampalli copper plate

2026-04-12T05:37:04Z

Rspalmora: started new info

[[File:Mampalli_copper_plate_(10th_century_AD).jpg|thumb|446x446px|Mampalli copper plate (10th century AD)]]
The '''Mampalli copper plate''' (974 AD), also romanised as '''Mamballi''', records a donation from the chiefly family of [[Venad]] (in present-day [[Kerala]]) to the [[Chengannur|Chengannur Temple]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn= |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=218 and 478–79 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref> The inscription is the earliest epigraphical record to mention the [[Kollam Era]] (referred to as the "Kollan-Tonri Era", year 149).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=T. A. Gopinatha |title=Mamballi Plates of Srivallavangodai |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/mode/1up |journal=Epigraphia Indica (1907-08) |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |publication-place=Calcutta |volume=IX |pages=234–39}}</ref>

The record is engraved on both sides of a single copper plate in [[Vatteluttu (script)|Vattezhuthu]], with necessary [[Grantha script|Grantha]] characters, in an early form of [[Malayalam|Malayalam language]]. The plate was originally owned by Mampalli Madhom near [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]] and is now preserved at the Padmanabhapuram Palace Museum.<ref name=":0" />

A second plate, considered a companion to the first and dated to approximately the same period, is owned by Mampalli Madhom.<ref name=":0" />

== Contents ==
{{Cleanup|reason=Tone is too legalistic or academic; needs to be rewritten in a more encyclopedic style.|date=April 2026}}

The Mampalli record is notable for containing two royal deeds by the chiefly family of [[Venad]].<ref name=":0" />

=== (a) First deed (as an attipperu) ===
This deed records a meeting between Srivallavan Kotai, the chieftain (the utaiyar) of Venad, and the committee of [[Brahmin]] village elders of [[Chengannur]] (Tiruchenkunrur Parutai Perumakkal) at the Panainkavil palace in [[Kollam]].<ref name=":0" />

Srivallavan Kotai donated the sole proprietary rights of the deity (the pattaraka) of the Ayirur Temple — originally installed by Tirukkalaiyapuram Aditya Umayamma (Tirukkalaiyapurattu Atichan Umaiyammai) — along with the land assigned to the Ayirur deity (the landed property of the Ayirur Temple), to Aditya Umayamma.<ref name=":0" />

=== (b) Second deed (as a kizhitu) ===
Aditya Umayamma, in turn, donated what she received — the proprietary rights and the landed property of the Ayirur Temple — to Chengannur Temple as a subordinate property endowment (kizhitu). This included provisions for routine expenditures and the payment of a protection fee (rakshabhoga) to the village assembly secretaries (potuvals).<ref name=":0" />

The village assembly secretaries (potuvals) were responsible for protecting the Ayirur Temple and its property and were to receive 200 para (a unit of measure) of paddy annually as protection fee (rakshabhoga).<ref name=":0" /> A fine was also prescribed: anyone who violated the agreement — by obstructing cultivation or confiscating property in the kizhitu — along with their accomplices, was required to pay a fine of 200 kalanju (a unit of measure) of gold.<ref name=":0" />

=== Witnesses to the transaction ===
The following individuals are listed as witnesses:
* Murunkaiyur Tevan Pavittiran
* Itaiyamanam Cannaran Kandan
* Manalmukku Kantan Tomataran
* Punalur Iravi Parantavan
* Kutakottur Parantavan Kandan

'''Scribe:''' Chattan Chataiyan, the secretary (potuval) of Chengannur.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Vatteluttu]]
[[Category:Malayalam inscriptions]]
[[Category:Kerala history inscriptions]]

Akhiyaan Toh Door Jayen Naa

2026-04-08T14:32:35Z

Rspalmora: Put up pg - done

{{Short description|Indian tv series}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{One source|date=April 2026}}

'''''Akhiyaan Toh Door Jayeen Naa'''''<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjabi Tv Serial Akhiyaan Toh Door Jayen Naa Synopsis Aired On Zee Punjabi Channel |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/punjabi/tv-serials/akhiyaan-toh-door-jayen-naa |website=nettv4u.com |access-date=8 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[Punjabi language]] TV series broadcast on ETC Punjabi ([[Zee Punjabi]] in the United States). The show premiered on 6 September 2010 and lasted for a six-month period, concluding on 30 March 2011. [[Gurbir Singh Grewal]] was responsible for writing, producing and directing the episodes. This show was celebrated television actress [[Surbhi Jyoti]]'s (who is currently the lead of [[Qubool Hai]] acting debut after doing over three years of theatre.

==Plot==
The main story revolves around the lead couple Ravjot, known by her nickname Jot (played by Vandana Singh (actress)), and Sukhjit, better known as Sukhi (played by Vikram Sidhu), who love each other but are not allowed to do so by their families and the plotting of Karnail (Navdeep Kaler), who wants to marry Jot.

Because of a fallout between them, Karnail has sworn to ruin Jot's life by marrying her; while Jot is aware of his intentions and does not want to. But Jot's family do not approve of her lover Sukhi's family status and want to marry her off to Karnail. Sukhi's family does approve of this relationship, but Sukhi is advised to forget Jot because her parents shall not marry her to him.

Karnail's actions fail a plan by Jot's friends Sona (Surbhi Jyoti) and Vijay to help them elope and marry, which later on caused Jot's father to have a heart attack. He also has Sukhi beaten up by goons. On the other hand, his girlfriend of two years, Aman is pregnant, and he wishes to have her aborted. She refuses and her father tries to talk with Karnail's father Wasaka Singh, who also refuses to have his son married to Aman. He instead has her aborted and then later killed when she threatened to reveal everything to Jot's family.

Karnail and Jot now get engaged and meanwhile Sukhi, trying to follow Jot's advice to forget her, also gets engaged to his partner in his new music career, Deep. But Deep also is aware that Sukhi still loves Jot and shall only marry her. Meanwhile, Jot's family keep getting random calls and suggestions from unrelated people not to marry their daughter to Karnail, whose father brushes it off saying that they are jealous.

==Cast==
*Vandana Singh (actress)-Ravjot (Jot)
* Vikram Sidhu-Sukhjit Sidhu (Sukhi)
* Navdeep Kaler-Karnail
* [[Surbhi Jyoti]]-Sona (Jot's Best Friend)
* Nancy Mittal (Jot's Friend)
* Kavya Singh-Deep
* [[Gurpreet Singh (actor)|Gurpreet Singh]]-Vijay (Sukhi's Best Friend)
* Sanjeev Mohammed-Jagtar
* Surinder Singh Bath-Makhan Doabia
* Kavita Sharma-Paalo
* Anita Shabdeesh-Raj Kaur (Jot's Mother)
* Malkeet Rauni-Sajjan Singh (Jot's father)
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5161825/?ref_=nv_sr_1 Parminder Gill] [[Barnala]]-(Sukhi's Tayi)
* Tarsinder Singh Soni-Wasaka Singh (Karnail's father)
* Anita Meet-Satnam Kaur (Karnail's mother)
* Ikktar Singh-Bhaiyya from UP (Wasakha's Employee)
* Rajesh Sharma-Bapu Ji (Karnail's Grandfather)
* Charan Saini-Charan (dead, Sukhi's cousin)
* Ajay Kumar-Sandhu
* Vikas Dhawan - lawyer
* Roopi Maan- doctor

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Platyrhopalopsis melleii

2026-04-05T11:08:41Z

Rspalmora: starting article

{{Short description|Species of bombardier beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Platyrhopalopsis
| species = melleii
| authority = ([[John O. Westwood|Westwood]], 1833)
| synonyms = Platyrhopalus melleii
| image = Platyrhopalopsis_mellei.png
| image_caption = A specimen collected in 1966
}}

'''''Platyrhopalopsis melleii''''' is a species of ant-nest or [[Ant nest beetle|flanged bombardier beetle]] found in southern India. They live inside the nests of ants of the genus ''[[Carebara]]'' and adults are only rarely seen in the open, most often at night when they get attracted to lights.

The species was first described by [[John O. Westwood|J. O. Westwood]] as ''Platyrhopalus melleii'', named after entomological collector [[André Melly]] of Manchester who had obtained a specimen from Malabar. Westwood however spelled the collector's name incorrectly as "Melley" and the species name has since been variously rendered in literature as ''meleii'', ''mellyi'' or ''melleyi''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Westwood, J.O.|year=1833|title=On the Paussidae, a Family of Coleopterous Insects|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/763520|journal=Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=16|issue=3|pages=607–684|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1829.tb00157.x}}</ref> Adults live inside the nests of ants of the genus ''[[Carebara]]'' and are rarely seen except when attracted to lights at night. The flat terminal segment of the antenna is thought, based on studies of pupal development, to be formed by the fusion of multiple antennomere segments.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Di Giulio, Andrea|author2=Kaupp, Andreas |author3=Fattorini, Simone | author4=Taglianti, A. Vigna | author5=Nagel, Peter |title=Pupal morphology in the subfamily Paussinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae).| journal=[[Revue suisse de Zoologie]] |volume=114| issue=1 |year=2007| pages= 33–48 |doi=10.5962/bhl.part.80386 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url= https://archive.org/details/coleopteragenera00fowl/page/467/mode/1up|pages=467–468 |title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera. General Introduction and Cicindelidae and Paussidae.| author=Fowler, W.W. |year=1912| place= London| publisher=Taylor and Francis}}</ref>
[[File:PaussidaeKanara.jpg|thumb|left|A live specimen]]
The larvae have been found in the nests of ''Carebara diversus'' (formerly ''Pheidologeton diversus'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Geiselhardt|first1=Stefanie F.|last2=Peschke|first2=Klaus|last3=Nagel|first3=Peter|date=2007-10-02|title=A review of myrmecophily in ant nest beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussinae): linking early observations with recent findings|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00114-007-0271-x|journal=Naturwissenschaften|language=en|volume=94|issue=11|pages=871–894|doi=10.1007/s00114-007-0271-x|pmid=17563864|bibcode=2007NW.....94..871G|s2cid=945199|issn=0028-1042|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The adults have a stridulatory organ of the thorax–femur involving the movement of the mesofemur (scraper) against the metasternum (file). They use the vibrations to communicate with ants and possibly for mate recognition and courtship.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Di Giulio|first1=Andrea|last2=Fattorini|first2=Simone|last3=Moore|first3=Wendy|last4=Robertson|first4=James|last5=Maurizi|first5=Emanuela|date=2014|title=Form, function and evolutionary significance of stridulatory organs in ant nest beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussini)|journal=European Journal of Entomology|volume=111|issue=5|pages=692–702|doi=10.14411/eje.2014.083|doi-access=free}}</ref> The larvae have a disc at the caudal end that is bent over the head and thought to be involved in communication with ants.<ref name=":0" />

Males are slightly smaller and the elytra covers more of the abdomen. They can be separated from the similar looking ''[[Platyrhopalopsis picteti]]'' by the angular side to the pronotum, which is rounded in ''picteti''. The margin of the antennal club is more rounded, lacking any sign of notches, and the edge is fringed with fine hairs. They can produce an explosive blast of hot quinones like other flanged bombardier beetles, but this defense is never used against ants.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{taxonbar|from =Q14121284 }}

[[Category:Paussinae]]
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 1833]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John O. Westwood]]

Sanjay Arora (officer)

2026-03-29T04:38:50Z

Rspalmora: adding new info...

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox police officer
| name = Sanjay Arora
| office =
| image = CP Sanjay Arora at parade.jpg
| caption = Shri Sanjay Arora, Commissioner of Police, Delhi
| department = [[Indian Police Service]]
| nickname = 
| badge_number = 
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|07|27}}
| birth_place = 
| death_place = 
| allegiance = 
| service = [[India]]
| service_years = 1988–2025
| rank = [[File:Director_General_of_Police.png|20px]] [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]]
| awards = {{plainlist|
*[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|20px]] [[President's Police Medal|President’s Police Medal for Distinguished Service]]
*[[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|20px]] [[President's Police Medal|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]]
*Antrik Suraksha Padak
*UN Peacekeeping Medal
*CM's Gallantry Medal for Bravery and Heroic Action
*Bar to Special Duty Medal
}}
| relatives = 
| alma_mater = [[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur]]
| status = Retired
}}
'''Sanjay Arora''' (born 27 July 1965) is a retired IPS officer of the 1988 batch,[[Tamil Nadu]] cadre (IPS 88, TN). He served as the [[Commissioner of the Delhi Police]]. He has also served as the Chief of [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] and [[Sashastra Seema Bal]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Raj |date=2022-07-31 |title=Sanjay Arora appointed new Delhi Police commissioner |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/sanjay-arora-appointed-new-delhi-police-commissioner/articleshow/93250364.cms |access-date=2023-02-19 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219092424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/sanjay-arora-appointed-new-delhi-police-commissioner/articleshow/93250364.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manral |first=Mahender Singh |date=2022-08-01 |title=Sanjay Arora, ITBP DG, takes charge as police chief today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/sanjay-arora-itbp-dg-takes-charge-as-police-chief-today-8062995/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219092525/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/sanjay-arora-itbp-dg-takes-charge-as-police-chief-today-8062995/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Snigdha |date=2022-07-31 |title=Who Is IPS Sanjay Arora, New Commissioner Of Delhi Police |url=https://www.india.com/news/delhi/ips-sanjay-arora-who-is-new-commissioner-of-delhi-police-5545471/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=[[Zee Media]] |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219094859/https://www.india.com/news/delhi/ips-sanjay-arora-who-is-new-commissioner-of-delhi-police-5545471/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Sanjay Arora joined the IPS in 1988 and was allotted the Tamil Nadu cadre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Abhishek |title=कौन हैं IPS संजय अरोड़ा, जिन्हें बनाया गया दिल्ली का नया पुलिस कमिश्नर |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-who-is-ips-sanjay-arora-new-commissioner-of-delhi-police-22940947.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219094557/https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-who-is-ips-sanjay-arora-new-commissioner-of-delhi-police-22940947.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He obtained his bachelor's degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from [[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Kamaljit Kaur |title=Who is IPS Sanjay Arora, appointed as Commissioner of Delhi Police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ips-sanjay-arora-becomes-delhi-police-commissioner-1982048-2022-07-31 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219094427/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ips-sanjay-arora-becomes-delhi-police-commissioner-1982048-2022-07-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Tamil Nadu, he was part of the STF that carried out operations against [[Veerappan]]'s gang. Being the first IPS volunteer for the force, he was the head of Tamil Nadu STF under the overall command of [[Walter Devaram|Walter Dewaram]]. He has also served in the Coimbatore and Chennai City Police.

He has been part of the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in Kosovo ([[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|UNMIK]]).

Apart from his home cadre of Tamil Nadu, as part of the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]], [[Border Security Force|BSF]] and [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]], he has served in Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh and J&K.

He assumed the charge of DG ITBP on 31 August 2021 as the 31st Chief of the Force. He also held additional charge of DG SSB.

He was appointed as the Commissioner of Police, Delhi in August 2022, becoming only the third officer from outside of the AGMUT cadre to lead the force where he served till 31 July 2025.

== Tenure as Commissioner of Delhi Police (2022–2025) ==

=== Major Developments ===

'''[[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|G20 Leaders’ Summit Security]] (September 2023)'''
During Arora’s tenure, the [[Delhi Police]] was responsible for managing security arrangements for the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit]] held in New Delhi on 9–10 September 2023. The event was conducted without major security incidents.
Over 450 police personnel were awarded Special Commendation Discs and Certificates for their roles in G20-related duties at various venues including IARI Pusa, NGMA, Jaipur House, and [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|IGI Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi Police officers awarded for G20 Summit success|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/delhi-police-officers-awarded-g20-summit-gen-3632565.html|website=OneIndia|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi Police Commissioner awards officers for G20 duties|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2023/09/12/des79-dl-g20-commissioner-award.html|website=The Week|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

'''[[Special Cell (Delhi Police)|Special Cell Operations]]'''
The Delhi Police Special Cell conducted several counter-terrorism and anti-gang operations during this period. In January 2023, two individuals allegedly linked to banned organisations were arrested in Bhalswa Dairy, Delhi, with arms and ammunition recovered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pramod Kumar Kushwaha - Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramod_Kumar_Kushwaha|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>
The Special Cell also investigated multiple interstate networks related to organized crime and foiled several plots, including those allegedly linked to [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] and [[D-Company]].

'''Extradition of Deepak alias "[[Lawrence Bishnoi#Associates|Boxer]]"'''
In April 2023, Delhi Police, in coordination with central agencies, facilitated the extradition of alleged gangster Deepak alias "Boxer" from [[Mexico]]. He was reportedly associated with the [[Lawrence Bishnoi]] group and was wanted in multiple criminal cases in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi Police bring back gangster 'Boxer' from Mexico|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-police-gangster-deepak-boxer-mexico-arrest-8535912/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

'''Narcotics Seizures'''
Delhi Police, through the Special Cell and other units, reported several narcotics seizures during this period, including one involving contraband valued at over ₹13,000 crore. The seizures were part of ongoing efforts to counter [[Illegal drug trade in India|drug trafficking]] in and around the National Capital Region.

'''Fingerprint Bureau ISO Certification'''
In July 2025, the Fingerprint Bureau of the Delhi Police received [[ISO 9001|ISO 9001:2015 certification]] for its quality management practices. According to Delhi Police data, the bureau reported a year-on-year increase in solved cases involving fingerprint evidence between 2022 and 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi Police’s Fingerprint Bureau gets ISO certification|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-polices-fingerprint-bureau-gets-iso-certification/articleshow/122938632.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

'''Reorganization of [[Police Control Room (Delhi Police)|PCR Unit]]'''
During Arora’s tenure, the Police Control Room (PCR) function was restructured and separated from the law-and-order division, a reversal of a previous administrative change. The decision was aimed at enhancing response time for emergency calls.

=== Operational Style and Challenges ===

Arora generally maintained a low public profile during his tenure and did not conduct press conferences. The period included several high-profile investigations, including bomb threat incidents, cyber fraud, and murder cases such as the [[Murder of Shraddha Walkar|Shraddha Walkar case]].

=== Retirement ===

Sanjay Arora retired on 31 July 2025 upon reaching the age of superannuation. A ceremonial parade was held at New Police Lines, Kingsway Camp, following which the charge of Commissioner was handed over to SBK Singh from 1 August 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi CP Sanjay Arora to retire on July 31|url=https://bwpoliceworld.com/article/delhi-government-issues-order-on-delhi-cp-sanjay-aroras-retirement-set-to-retire-on-july-31-560171|website=BW Police World|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> With a tenure of three years, Sanjay Arora has been one of the longest serving Commissioners of Delhi Police.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

== Previous appointments ==
[[File:Sanjay Arora taking over as DG SSB.jpg|thumb|Shri Sanjay Arora, DG ITBP taking over as DG SSB]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!'''Rank'''
!'''Organization'''
!'''Tenure'''
|-
|1.
|Director General
|[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|Indo Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP)
|Aug 2021 - Aug 2022
|-
|2.
|Director General
|[[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB)
|Dec 2021 - Aug 2022
|-
|3.
|Director General of Police / Commissioner
|[[Delhi Police]]
|Aug 2022 - Aug 2025
|}

== Career Postings ==

Sanjay Arora has held several positions across different police and paramilitary forces during his service in the Indian Police Service:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No. !! Position !! From !! To
|-
| 1 || Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) – Virudhunagar || November 1990 || November 1991
|-
| 2 || ASP – Special Security Group || December 1991 || June 1993
|-
| 3 || Superintendent of Police (SP) – Special Task Force || June 1993 || February 1995
|-
| 4 || SP – Coimbatore (Rural) || February 1995 || June 1996
|-
| 5 || SP – Tuticorin || June 1996 || April 1997
|-
| 6 || Commandant – 18th Battalion, Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) || May 1997 || December 2000
|-
| 7 || Commandant – Combat Wing, ITBP Academy || December 2000 || May 2002
|-
| 8 || Commissioner of Police – Coimbatore City || May 2002 || June 2004
|-
| 9 || Deputy Inspector General (DIG) – Viluppuram Range || June 2004 || June 2006
|-
| 10 || Deputy Director – Directorate of Vigilance & Anti-Corruption || June 2006 || May 2007
|-
| 11 || Inspector General (IG) – Railway Police || May 2007 || January 2008
|-
| 12 || IG – West Zone || January 2008 || September 2008
|-
| 13 || IG – Armed Police || September 2008 || July 2010
|-
| 14 || Additional Commissioner – Crime & Headquarters, Chennai || July 2010 || May 2011
|-
| 15 || Additional Commissioner – Traffic, Chennai || May 2011 || November 2012
|-
| 16 || Additional Commissioner – Headquarters, Chennai || November 2012 || April 2013
|-
| 17 || Additional Director General (ADG) – Operations || April 2013 || July 2015
|-
| 18 || ADG – Administration || July 2015 || May 2017
|-
| 19 || IG – Special Operations Frontier, Border Security Force (BSF) || May 2017 || October 2017
|-
| 20 || IG – Chhattisgarh Sector, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) || October 2017 || February 2019
|-
| 21 || IG – Operations, CRPF || February 2019 || June 2019
|-
| 22 || ADG – Operations & Headquarters, CRPF || June 2019 || November 2020
|-
| 23 || Special Director General (SDG) – Jammu & Kashmir and Southern Zone, CRPF || November 2020 || August 2021
|-
| 24 || Director General – Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) || August 2021 || July 2022
|-
| 25 || Director General – Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) || January 2022 || July 2022
|-
| 26 || Commissioner of Police – Delhi || August 2022 || August 2025
|}

''Note: Titles reflect the designations held at the time of service. Dates are based on official records and publicly available sources.''

== Awards ==
* Chief Minister Gallantry Medal for Bravery and Heroic Action<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-31 |title=CM gallantry award winner ITBP DG Sanjay Arora joins as Delhi Police Commissioner |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/sanjay-arora-named-new-delhi-police-commissioner/article65706620.ece |access-date=2023-02-19 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219093104/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/sanjay-arora-named-new-delhi-police-commissioner/article65706620.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> for operations against gang of [[Veerappan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ankur |date=2022-07-31 |title=Meet Sanjay Arora, Who Won Award for Action against Veerappan Gang |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/no-agmut-for-delhi-cp-again-all-about-sanjay-arora-who-won-bravery-award-for-action-against-veerappan-gang-5660503.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=[[News18 India]] |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219093252/https://www.news18.com/news/india/no-agmut-for-delhi-cp-again-all-about-sanjay-arora-who-won-bravery-award-for-action-against-veerappan-gang-5660503.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]] in 2014<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |title=Republic Day Police & Correctional Medals 2014 Announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102730 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219093945/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102730 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
# https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/delhi-commissioner-enters-fray-for-tamil-nadu-dgp-post/articleshow/99571582.cms?from=mdr/
# https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/sanjay-aroras-journey-from-tackling-veerappans-gang-to-becoming-delhi-police-commissioner-1131742.html
# https://theprint.in/india/former-itbp-dg-part-of-task-force-against-veerappan-sanjay-arora-is-delhis-new-police-chief/1063680/
# https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ips-sanjay-arora-becomes-delhi-police-commissioner-1982048-2022-07-31
# https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/veerappan-officer-is-delhi-top-cop/cid/1877524
# https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/nsg-commando-man-whom-veerappan-feared-is-now-the-delhi-police-commissioner
# https://www.facebook.com/BBAshokKumaracp/photos/a.416698945033734/717491654954460/?type=3
# https://m.rediff.com/news/oct/10veer.htm
# https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/oct/19veer3.htm
# https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/nov/01stf-look.htm

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Commissioners of Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]

Suprabhatha

2026-03-23T16:10:36Z

Rspalmora: adding new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Suprabhatha.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Dinesh Babu]]
| producer = Prabha Raj
| writer = Dinesh Babu
| narrator =
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] [[Srividya]]
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = Dinesh Babu
| editing = {{ubl|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}
| studio = Suryaprabha Films
| distributor = [[Charuhasan]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1988|8|5}}
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Suprabhatha''''' is a 1988 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed, written and filmed by [[Dinesh Babu]]. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] in lead roles, along with [[Srividya]] and [[Maanu (actor)|Maanu]] in other supporting roles. It tells the love story between a man who suffers from an inferiority complex because of speech defectiveness and a girl, a victim of traumatic experience of sexual assault.

The film was produced by Prabha Raj under the banner of Suryaprabha Films. The film features original songs composed by music duo [[Rajan–Nagendra]]. The film was edited by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]] in their Kannada film debut. Upon release, ''Suprabhatha'' met with widespread critical acclaim was declared a blockbuster.

==Plot==
Vijay Kumar (Vishnuvardhan) lives his life alone in a beautiful valley as petrol bunk owner. He is later joined by Hema (Suhasini) and her brother, Sundereshwar (Maanu) who visits the resort as a hobby to watch migrating birds. On meeting them, Vijay realises Hema is mute and recalls his days when he used to suffer from stammering. One fine day, Vijay's sister (Srividya) arrives with her young daughter and asks him to take care of her while she is out of the town. Hema, on seeing Vijay's plight in handling the kid, decides to do that herself. She soon gets emotionally attached to the kid. Vijay considers himself the perfect match for Hema since he believes that the inferiority complex he suffered due to stammering helps him understand Hema's difficulties. However, soon Vijay's sister arrives back and is shell-shocked to find Hema. She reveals Hema's dark past to Vijay. But when Vijay discovers the truth that Hema pretended to be speech impaired, a lot of secrets are revealed.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Vijay Kumar
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Hema
* [[Srividya]] as Vijay's sister
* [[Maanu (actor)|Maanu]] as Sundareshwar, Hema's brother
* [[Vijay Kashi]]
* Anand Kumar
* Baby Mala
* Rajendra Singh
* [[Michael Madhu]]
* BEML Sommanna
}}

==Soundtrack==
All songs were composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]], with lyrics by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Songs list |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=K0000643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128142959/https://www.raaga.com/album/?mid=K0000643 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=8 May 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The soundtrack was hugely successful upon release.

* "Ee Hrudaya Haadide" – [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
* "Nanna Haadu Nannadu" – S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
* "Cheluve Nanna Cheluve" – S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
* "Aralida Aase" – S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
* "Ee Hrudaya Haadide" – K. S. Chithra
* "Cheluva Nanna Cheluva" – K. S. Chithra

==Awards==

* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer]] – [[Dinesh Babu]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada]] – [[Dinesh Babu]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada]] – [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] – [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]
* [[Cinema Express Awards – 1988|Cinema Express Awards Best Film]] – Prabha Raj <ref name="newspaper">{{Cite news |date=1989-03-11 |title=Cinema Express readers choose Agni Nakshathiram |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910222&printsec=frontpage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011170042/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910222&printsec=frontpage |archive-date=11 October 2020 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |access-date=7 October 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Cinema Express Awards – 1988|Cinema Express Awards Best Actor]] – [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]<ref name="newspaper" />
* [[Cinema Express Awards – 1988|Cinema Express Awards Best Actress]] – [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]<ref name="newspaper" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Dinesh Baboo}}

[[Category:1988 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dinesh Baboo]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Sujata (actress)

2026-03-13T11:30:05Z

Rspalmora: fixed issues

{{Short description|Bangladeshi actor}}
{{about|the Bangladeshi actress|the Indian actress|Sujatha (actress)}}
{{similar names|Sujata (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sujata
| native_name = সুজাতা
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = File:Awarding Ekushey Padak to Salma Begum Sujata for Performing Arts at Osmani Memorial Auditorium Dhaka 2021-02-20 (PID-0030871) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sujata in 2021
| birth_name = Tandra Majumder
| birth_place = [[Kushtia]], [[East Pakistan]], Pakistan
| birth_date = 10 August 1947
| occupation = Actress
| other_names = Salma Begum Sujata
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Azim (actor)|Azim]]|1967|2003|end=his death}}
}}

'''Salma Begum Sujata''' (born '''Tandra Majumder'''),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://moi.gov.bd/site/notices/7b40fd90-0d74-43a2-9051-4dcf88ea0d74/National-Film-Award-2017-and-2018 |title=National Film Award-2017 and 2018 |accessdate=2019-11-07 |publisher=Ministry of Information}}</ref> known mononymously as '''Sujata''', is a retired Bangladeshi film actress.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/75063 |title=Sujata wants to be regular in acting |work=The Independent |location=Dhaka |access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref> She is best known for her role in ''[[Rupban]]'' (1965) as Rupban Konna.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/05/06/d505061403105.htm |title=Tit Bits - The celebrity name game |author=Afsar Ahmed |date=May 6, 2005 |accessdate=December 28, 2015 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.ittefaq.com.bd/index.php?ref=MjBfMDVfMDFfMTNfMV85XzFfMzczNjg= |script-title=bn:সুচরিতার বদলে সুজাতা |language=bn |date=May 1, 2013 |accessdate=January 14, 2016 |newspaper=Ittefaq}}</ref> She was awarded [[Bangladesh National Film Award for Lifetime Achievement]] in 2017 and [[Ekushey Padak]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/national-film-awards-2017-and-2018-announced-1824415 |title=National Film Awards for 2017 and 2018 announced |date=2019-11-08 |website=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-04 |title=21 eminent personalities named for Ekushey Padak |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/21-named-ekushey-padak-2039389 |access-date=2021-02-07 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Sujata debuted in acting through the film ''[[Rupban]]'' in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/interview/news/sujata-receive-the-lifetime-achievement-award-1827148 |title=Sujata to receive the Lifetime Achievement award |date=2019-11-15 |website=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sujata married actor [[Azim (actor)|Azim]] on 30 June 1967. She was born a Hindu and converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ahsan |first=Syed Badrul |author-link=Syed Badrul Ahsan |date=2013-09-13 |title=Star Marriages |newspaper=The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/star-marriages |accessdate=2018-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://bangla.thereport24.com/article/96011/index.html |script-title=bn:আজিম |work=The Report24.com |language=bn |access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref>

==Works==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* ''Dharapat'' (1963) Her first film
* ''[[Rupban]]'' (1965)
* ''[[13 Number Feku Ostagar Lane]]'' (1966)<ref name="Gazdar1997p257">{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=257 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref>
* ''Aina Obo Shishta'' (1966)<ref name="Gazdar1997p257" />
* ''Dak Babu'' (1966)<ref name="Gazdar1997p257" />
* ''Parwana'' (1966)<ref name="Gazdar1997p257" />
* ''Rahim Badshah O Rupban'' (1966)<ref name="Gazdar1997p257" />
* ''Raja Sanyasi'' (1966)<ref name="Gazdar1997p257" />
* ''Zarina Sundri'' (1966)<ref name="Gazdar1997p257" />
* ''[[Agun Niye Khela]]'' (1967)<ref name="Gazdar1997p259">{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=259 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref>
* ''Chote Saheb'' (1967)<ref name="Gazdar1997p259" />
* ''Main Bhi Insan Hon'' (1967)<ref name="Gazdar1997p259" />
* ''Aban Chhita'' (1968)<ref>{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=263 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref>
* ''Eto Tuku Asha'' (1968)<ref name="Gazdar1997p262">{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=262 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref>
* ''Chena Achena'' (1968)<ref name="Gazdar1997p262" />
* ''Kanchen Mala'' (1968)<ref name="Gazdar1997p262" />
* ''Madho Mala'' (1968)<ref name="Gazdar1997p262" />
* ''Quli'' (1968)<ref>{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=261 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref>
* ''Rakhan Bandhu'' (1968)<ref name="Gazdar1997p262" />
* ''Roopban Roopkatha'' (1968)<ref name="Gazdar1997p262" />
* ''Ali Baba'' (1969)<ref name="Gazdar1997p265">{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=265 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref>
* ''Alor Pipasha'' (1969)<ref name="Gazdar1997p265" />
* ''Bedarmie'' (1969)<ref name="Gazdar1997p265" />
* ''Ghazi Kalu'' (1969)<ref name="Gazdar1997p265" />
* ''Mere Arman Mere Sapne'' (1969)<ref>{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=264 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref>
* ''Momeir Alo'' (1969)<ref name="Gazdar1997p265" />
* ''Saiful Maluk'' (1969)<ref name="Gazdar1997p265" />
* ''Swarna Kamal'' (1969)<ref>{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=266 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref>
* ''Aparjeo'' (1970)<ref name="Gazdar1997p268">{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=268 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref>
* ''Surja Uther Agey'' (1970)<ref name="Gazdar1997p268" />
* ''Osru Diye Lekha'' (1972)
* ''[[Alor Michil]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Chhutir Ghonta]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Hitman (2014 film)|Hitman]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Ostitto]]'' (2016)
* ''Mon Diyechi Tare'' (2023)
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading==
* {{cite news |last=Shihab |first=Karoby |date=2020 |title=In conversation with Sujata |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/97478/in-conversation-with-sujata |work=New Age}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Sujata (actress)}}
*{{IMDb name|7509824}}

{{Bangladesh National Film Award Lifetime Achievement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sujata}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kushtia]]
[[Category:Actresses from Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Actors from Kushtia District]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi film actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:National Film Award (Bangladesh) for Lifetime Achievement recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak in 2021]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi actresses]]
[[Category:1947 births]]

{{Bangladesh-actor-stub}}

Axar Patel

2026-03-12T11:42:43Z

Rspalmora:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
|name = Axar Patel
|image = Axar Patel in PMO New Delhi.jpg
|caption = Axar in 2024
|fullname = Akshar Rajeshbhai Patel
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|01|20|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Anand, Gujarat]], India
|heightm =
|batting = Left-handed
|bowling = [[Slow left-arm orthodox]]
|role = [[All-rounder]]
|nickname = Axar, Bapu
|international = true
|internationalspan = 2014–present
|country = India
|testcap = 302
|testdebutagainst = England
|testdebutdate = 13 February
|testdebutyear = 2021
| lasttestdate = 14 November
| lasttestyear = 2025
| lasttestagainst = South Africa

|odicap = 153
|odishirt = 20
|odidebutagainst =Bangladesh
|odidebutdate = 15 June
|odidebutyear = 2014
| lastodidate = 25 October
| lastodiyear = 2025
| lastodiagainst = Australia

|T20Icap = 53
|T20Ishirt = 20
|T20Idebutagainst =Zimbabwe
|T20Idebutdate = 17 July
|T20Idebutyear = 2015
| lastT20Idate = 8 March
| lastT20Iyear = 2026
| lastT20Iagainst = New Zealand

|club1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
|year1 = 2012–present
|year2 = 2014–2018
|club2 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]
|club3 = [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]]
|year3 = 2018
|club4 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
|year4 = 2019–present
|columns = 4
|column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
|column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
|column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
|column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
|matches1 = 15
|matches2 = 71
|matches3 = 91
|matches4 = 57
|runs1 = 688
|runs2 = 858
|runs3 = 700
|runs4 = 2,517
|bat avg1 = 34.40
|bat avg2 = 23.18
|bat avg3 = 18.42
|bat avg4 = 35.95
|100s/50s1 = 0/4
|100s/50s2 = 0/3
|100s/50s3 = 0/1
|100s/50s4 = 1/19
|top score1 = 84
|top score2 = 64[[not out|*]]
|top score3 = 65
|top score4 = 110[[not out|*]]
|deliveries1 = 2,660
|deliveries2 = 3,287
|deliveries3 = 1,624
|deliveries4 = 11,842
|wickets1 = 57
|wickets2 = 75
|wickets3 = 93
|wickets4 = 197
|bowl avg1 = 19.66
|bowl avg2 = 32.81
|bowl avg3 = 21.30
|bowl avg4 = 25.25
|fivefor1 = 5
|fivefor2 = 0
|fivefor3 = 0
|fivefor4 = 11
|tenfor1 = 1
|tenfor2 = 0
|tenfor3 = 0
|tenfor4 = 2
|best bowling1 = 6/38
|best bowling2 = 3/24
|best bowling3 = 3/9
|best bowling4 = 7/54
|catches/stumpings1 = 4/–
|catches/stumpings2 = 29/–
|catches/stumpings3 = 31/–
|catches/stumpings4 = 25/–
|medaltemplates= 
{{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC World Test Championship]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship|2021–2023]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024 West Indies & USA]]|}}
{{Medal|W|[[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026 India & Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2025 ICC Champions Trophy|2025 Pakistan]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2018 Asia Cup|2018 UAE]]|}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023 Pakistan]]|}}
{{Medal|W|[[2025 Asia Cup|2025 UAE]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup|ACC Emerging Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2013 ACC Emerging Teams Cup|2013 Singapore]]}}
|source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/554691.html ESPNcricinfo
|date = 26 February
|year = 2026
}}

'''Akshar Rajeshbhai Patel''' (born 20 January 1994) is an Indian international [[cricket]]er.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshar Patel |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/554691.html |access-date=1 February 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He plays for the [[India national cricket team|Indian national team]] as an [[all-rounder]] in all the three formats. He is a left-handed [[Batting (cricket)|batter]] and slow [[Left-arm orthodox spin|left-arm orthodox bowler]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Axar Patel Profile - Cricket Player India {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/axar-patel-554691 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> Patel represents [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] in domestic cricket and captains [[Delhi Capitals]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. He was part of the Indian teams that won the [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024]] and [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup|2026]] [[Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cups]] and the [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy|2025 Champions Trophy]].He is currently the vice-captain of the Indian cricket team in the [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] format.

He made his [[One Day International|ODI]] debut on 15 June 2014 against [[Bangladesh Cricket Team|Bangladesh]]. He was selected in India's 15-man squad for the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] held in [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] and [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]]. He made his Test debut for [[Indian cricket team|India]] against [[England cricket team|England]] on 13 February 2021, where he took 7 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Test, Chennai, Feb 13 - Feb 17 2021, England tour of India 2021|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2020-21-1243364/india-vs-england-2nd-test-1243385/live-cricket-score|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=16 February 2021 |access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> He became the ninth bowler for [[Indian cricket team|India]] to take a [[List of India cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut|five-wicket haul on debut]] in [[Test cricket]].<ref name=IT>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-england-axar-patel-joins-elite-list-after-taking-5-wicket-haul-on-test-debut-1769727-2021-02-16|title=India vs England: Axar Patel joins elite list after taking 5-wicket haul on Test debut|work=India Today|date=16 February 2021|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
In his second first-class match, against [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] in November 2013, Patel took 6 for 55 in the first innings. This was his first [[five-wicket haul]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/domestic-cricket/ranji-trophy/Delhi-concede-slender-1st-innings-lead-as-Akshar-grabs-six/articleshow/25511944.cms|title=Delhi concede slender 1st innings lead as Akshar grabs six wickets|work=[[Times Of India]]|date=9 November 2013|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref>

Patel played just one first-class game in his debut season for [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]], but had a more successful showing in 2013. Slotted primarily as a bowling allrounder, the left-arm spinner got his first IPL contract with [[Mumbai Indians]] ahead of [[2013 Indian Premier League|IPL 2013]], although he was on the bench for the entire season, the team won the title in that year.

He was one of the key contributors to India Under-23s' title win in the [[2013 ACC Emerging Teams Cup]], with seven wickets, including a four-for in the semi-final against UAE.<ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/akshar-patel-spins-india-into-acc-emerging-teams-cup-final/1159163 Akshar Patel spins India into ACC Emerging Teams Cup final]. ''[[Indian Express]]''. Retrieved 23 August 2013.</ref>
He was one of the consistent performers for [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] in the 2013/14 [[Ranji Trophy]], finishing the season with 369 runs at an average of 46.12 and 29 wickets at 23.58. In early 2014, he was named the BCCI Under-19 cricketer of the year for the 2012/13 season.<ref name="U19">[http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=13&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=27-12-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Ahmedabad&edname=&articleid=Ar01302&publabel=TOI Akshar named best U-19 cricketer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714191852/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=13&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=27-12-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Ahmedabad&edname=&articleid=Ar01302&publabel=TOI|date=14 July 2014}}. ''[[Times Of India]]''(mobile site). Retrieved 18 June 2014.</ref>

In August 2019, he was named in the India Red team's squad for the [[2019–20 Duleep Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27331972/shubman-gill-priyank-panchal-faiz-fazal-lead-duleep-trophy-sides|title=Shubman Gill, Priyank Panchal and Faiz Fazal to lead Duleep Trophy teams|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 August 2019|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/duleep-trophy-2019-shubman-gill-faiz-fazal-and-priyank-panchal-to-lead-duleep-trophy-2019-squad-fixtures-schedule-876560|title=Duleep Trophy 2019: Shubman Gill, Faiz Fazal and Priyank Panchal to lead as Indian domestic cricket season opens|work=Cricket Country|date=6 August 2019|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> In October 2019, he was named in [[India C cricket team|India C]]'s squad for the [[2019–20 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece|title=Deodhar Trophy 2019: Hanuma Vihari, Parthiv, Shubman to lead; Yashasvi earns call-up|magazine=[[Sportstar]]|date=24 October 2019}}</ref>

===IPL career===
Patel was signed up by the IPL franchise [[Mumbai Indians]] in 2013 but did not get a chance to play until he was released. He was then picked up by [[Kings XI Punjab]] in 2014 and had an impressive season with 17 wickets. He was retained by the Kings XI Punjab for the 2015 IPL season. Batting lower down the order, he scored 206 runs for the Kings XI Punjab in 2015 in addition to taking 13 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/teams/kings-xi-punjab/squad/1113/Axar-Patel/|title=Axar Patel - Kings XI Punjab player|publisher=[[Indian Premier League]]|access-date=1 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421113853/http://www.iplt20.com/teams/kings-xi-punjab/squad/1113/Axar-Patel/|archivedate=21 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 1 May 2016, during a match against the [[Gujarat Lions]], he took four wickets in five balls, including the first (and only) hat-trick of the 2016 IPL season, to pave the way for Kings XI Punjab's 23-run win against table-toppers Gujarat Lions in [[Rajkot]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/79683/axar-patel-hat-trick-as-kxip-make-winning-ipl-2016-start-under-murali-vijay-against-gujarat-lions|title=Axar Patel 'tricks as KXIP make winning start under Murali Vijay|website=Cricbuzz|date=1 May 2016|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> He was retained by Kings XI Punjab for the 2018 season.

Axar Patel became the 9th Indian player to take a five-wicket haul on Test debut and only the second left-arm spinner after [[Dilip Doshi]] to take a five-for in his debut Test.<ref name=IT/>

In December 2018, he was signed up by the [[Delhi Capitals]] in the [[List of 2019 Indian Premier League personnel changes|player auction]] for the [[2019 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2019-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1166896|title=IPL 2019 auction: The list of sold and unsold players|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=18 December 2018|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-auction-2019-who-got-whom/articleshow/67144375.cms|title=IPL 2019 Auction: Who got whom|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2018|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> He was retained by [[Delhi Capitals|Delhi capitals]] for the [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021 season]].<ref>{{cite web|date=20 January 2021|title=Delhi Capitals reveal list of retained players ahead of IPL 2021 Auction|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sports/cricket/delhi-capitals-reveal-list-of-retained-players-ahead-of-ipl-2023-mini-auction/na20221115184511261261878|website=Delhi Capitals|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref>

==International career==

After excellent performance in the 2014 IPL, Patel was rewarded with a place in the Indian ODI squad for the [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2014|tour to Bangladesh]]<ref>{{cite web|title=India vs Bangladesh 1st ODI: India romp to 7-wicket win|url=https://www.emirates247.com/sports/cricket/india-vs-bangladesh-1st-odi-india-romp-to-7-wicket-win-2014-06-15-1.552931|date=15 June 2014|website=[[Emirates 24/7]]|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> and made his ODI debut in the first match of series at [[Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium]] and took 1/59 runs. He was part of India's 15-man squad for the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]].

He made his [[Twenty20 International]] debut for India [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2015|against Zimbabwe]] on 17 July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/885969.html|title=India tour of Zimbabwe, 1st T20I: Zimbabwe v India at Harare, Jul 17, 2015|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 July 2015|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> He was named as a stand-by player for India's squad for the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-bcci-likely-to-take-last-minute-call-on-kedar-jadhavs-fitness-ambati-rayudu-axar-patel-on-standby-6637281.html|title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2019: BCCI likely to take last-minute call on Kedar Jadhav's fitness; Ambati Rayudu, Axar Patel on standby|website=FirstCricket|date=15 May 2019|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref>

In January 2021, Patel was named in India's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for their series [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|against England]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|title=Kohli, Hardik, Ishant return to India's 18-member squad for England Tests|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1248503.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=19 January 2021|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> He made his Test debut against [[England cricket team|England]] on 13 February 2021 and made his comeback in international cricket after a gap of almost three years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/axar-patel-makes-test-debut-kuldeep-yadav-replaces-washington-sundar-india-vs-england-2nd-test-1768822-2021-02-13|last=Sen|first=Rohan|title=India vs England: Axar Patel makes Test debut, Kuldeep Yadav finally gets a game after over 2 years|work=[[India Today]]|date=13 February 2021|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> His first international Test wicket was of [[Joe Root]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India vs England: Debutant Axar Patel gets Joe Root as his maiden Test wicket|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-debutant-axar-patel-gets-england-skipper-joe-root-as-his-maiden-test-wicket-2875159/|date=14 February 2021|website=www.dnaindia.com|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> In the same match, he took a five wicket haul in England's second innings, becoming the ninth Indian bowler to do so on debut.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 February 2021|title=Axar Patel grabs maiden five-for on debut, joins Ashwin and Shami in elite list|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-england-axar-patel-grabs-maiden-five-for-on-debut-joins-ashwin-and-shami-in-elite-list-101613462290542.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> In the 3 matches he played in his debut series, he took 27 wickets at a mere average of 10.59, finishing as the second-highest wicket taker of the series.<ref>{{cite web|title=Records - ICC World Test Championship, 2019-2021 - Most Wickets|date=23 January 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=13202;type=tournament|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> Later in the year, he scored his maiden Test half-century against New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2021-22-1278658/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-1278675/full-scorecard|title=2nd Test, Wankhede, December 03 - 06, 2021, New Zealand tour of India|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref>

In September 2021, Patel was named in India's squad for the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-s-2021-t20-world-cup-squad-r-ashwin-picked-ms-dhoni-named-mentor-1276821|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|title=India's T20 World Cup squad: R Ashwin picked, MS Dhoni mentor|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 September 2021|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> However, on 13 October 2021, he was replaced by [[Shardul Thakur]] in India's squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/155142/shardul-thakur-replaces-axar-patel-in-team-india-s-world-cup-squad|title=Shardul Thakur replaces Axar Patel in Team India's World Cup squad|publisher=Board of Control for Cricket in India|date=13 October 2021|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref>

In November 2021, Patel was named in India's squad for New Zealand's tour of India in 2021.

In June 2022, Patel was named in India's squad for their T20I series [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2022|against Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ire-vs-india-hardik-pandya-to-captain-india-in-ireland-t20is-rahul-tripathi-gets-maiden-call-up-1320109|title=Hardik Pandya to captain India in Ireland T20Is; Rahul Tripathi gets maiden call-up|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 September 2021|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref>

On 25 July 2022, Patel scored his maiden ODI half-century against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India vs West Indies 2nd ODI Live Score Updates: Axar Patel slams maiden fifty to keep India in the hunt|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-west-indies/live-cricket-score-updates-india-vs-west-indies-2nd-odi/liveblog/93091072.cms|date=25 July 2022|access-date=27 November 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He scored 64 runs off 35 balls, and remained unbeaten as he scored a match-winning six.<ref>{{cite web|title=Full Scorecard of West Indies vs India 2nd ODI 2022 - Score Report|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-west-indies-2022-1317885/west-indies-vs-india-2nd-odi-1317901/full-scorecard|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=24 July 2022|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref>

In May 2024, he was named in India’s squad for the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Squad for the ICC Men's T20I World Cup 2024 |url=https://www.scorewaves.com/news-details/cricket-team-world-cup-squad-icc-mens-t20i-world-cup-2024 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=ScoreWaves |language=en}}</ref> In India's first match against Ireland, he took 1 wicket off just his one over. However, due to a quick run chase, he did not get a chance to bat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IND vs IRE Cricket Scorecard, 8th Match, Group A at New York, June 05, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/india-vs-ireland-8th-match-group-a-1415708/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> In India's second match against Pakistan, he took 1 wicket off his two overs, and made 20 runs off 18 balls with the bat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IND vs PAK Cricket Scorecard, 19th Match, Group A at New York, June 09, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/india-vs-pakistan-19th-match-group-a-1415719/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> In India's third match against the [[United States Cricket team|United States]], he took 1 wicket at the economy of 8.33.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USA vs IND Cricket Scorecard, 25th Match, Group A at New York, June 12, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/united-states-of-america-vs-india-25th-match-group-a-1415725/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> India's fourth match against [[Canada cricket team|Canada]] was washed out with a ball bowled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAN vs IND Cricket Scorecard, 33rd Match, Group A at Lauderhill, June 15, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/canada-vs-india-33rd-match-group-a-1415733/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> In India's first match of the Super 8, against [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]], he made 12 off 6 and took 1 wicket at the economy of 5.00. In India's second match of the Super 8, against Bangladesh, he made 3 runs and did not take a wicket but bowled 2 overs at the economy of 13.00. In India's third and final match of the Super 8, against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], he did not bat, but took 1 wicket at the economy of 7.00. In the semi-final against [[England cricket team|England]], he was named the [[POTM]], making 10 runs and taking 3 wickets. In the final against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], he was crucial, taking a wicket at the economy rate of 12.33 and making a quickfire 47 off 31, with 4 sixes and 1 four.

== Personal life ==
He married Meha Patel on 26 January 2023 in [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faaduindia |first=Team |date=2023-01-31 |title=Axar Patel networth, girlfriend, Biography, height, age, family, facts and more |url=https://faaduindia.com/en/axar-patel-networth-girlfriend-biography/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=faaduindia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He welcomed his son, Haksh, on 19 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://crictoday.com/cricket/daily-cricket-news/team-indias-all-rounder-axar-patel-and-wife-meha-welcome-baby-boy-reveal-their-childs-name/ |title=Team India's all-rounder Axar Patel and wife Meha welcome baby boy, reveal their child's name |date=2024-12-25 |publisher=CricToday}}</ref>

==Awards==
*BCCI Under-19 Cricketer of the Year 2014<ref name="U19"/>
*Emerging Player of the Tournament in [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014 IPL]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.yahoo.com/photos/kings-xi-punjab-player-akshar-patel-winner-emerging-photo-203154968.html|title=Akshar Patel: Emerging Player of the Tournament in IPL 7|publisher=Yahoo Cricket|access-date=18 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002618/https://cricket.yahoo.com/photos/kings-xi-punjab-player-akshar-patel-winner-emerging-photo-203154968.html|archivedate=15 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

*[https://www.bcci.tv/international/men/players/axar-patel/110 Axar Patel] at [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
*{{cricinfo|id=554691}}

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Arjun Deo Charan

2026-03-07T17:34:29Z

Rspalmora:

{{Short description|Indian writer & theatre personality (born 1954)}}
{{Cleanup|reason = " NPOV"|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arjun Deo Charan
| image = ImageArjundeocharan.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|05|10}}
| birth_place = [[Mathania, Jodhpur|Mathania]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
|
| known_for =
| occupation = Playwright, theatre director Founder, Rammat Theatre Group
| years_active = 1974–present
| children = Aashish Deo Charan
| employer =
| organization =
|awards= [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in Playwright, 1992
}}
'''Arjun Deo Charan''' (born 1954) is a [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] poet, critic, playwright, theatre director and translator. A prominent figure in [[Theatre of India|Indian theatre]], he is among the country's top 10 theatre personalities.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

== Early life ==
Charan was born on 10 May 1954 in the village of [[Mathania, Jodhpur]]. His father Renvat Dan Charan was a Rajasthani poet and socialist, who had won [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his work ''Uchhalo''. Charan was Head of Department of [[Rajasthani Language]] in the [[Jai Narain Vyas University]], [[Jodhpur]]. He was selected as Chairman of Rajasthan Sangeet Natak Akademi, [[Jodhpur]] on 26 November 2011 for three years.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The K. K. Birla Foundation has awarded the 21st Bihari Puraskar for 2011 to Arjun Deo Charan for his Rajasthani poetry collection ''Ghar Tau Ek Nam Hai Bhrosai Rau''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Bihari-Puraskar-for-poet-Shesh/Article1-525628.aspx |title=Bihari Puraskar for poet Shesh - Hindustan Times |accessdate=2012-02-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022221208/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Bihari-Puraskar-for-poet-Shesh/Article1-525628.aspx |archivedate=22 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iasyes.in/index.php/sports-a-miscellany/296-bihari-puraskar-goes-to-arjundeo-charan |title=The Calibre – Bihari Puraskar goes to Arjundeo Charan |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709125506/http://iasyes.in/index.php/sports-a-miscellany/296-bihari-puraskar-goes-to-arjundeo-charan |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

He has been awarded by [[Sahitya Akademi]], Delhi for his book ''Dharam Judh'' in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10317.htm#rajasthani |title=Rajasthani (Since 1974) |access-date=18 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828042905/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10317.htm#rajasthani |archive-date=28 August 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also has been awarded by Rajasthan Sangeet Natak Akademi for his contribution to the [[Rajasthani language]] theatre in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sangeetnatakakademi.org/awardees_1.html |title=Awardees |access-date=18 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135635/http://sangeetnatakakademi.org/awardees_1.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Arjun Deo Charan is the founder of Rammat Theatre Group, [[Jodhpur]], which is one of the prestigious theatre group of country. Charan's plays have been performed on several National and International theatre festivals including [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]].

Charan has performed his play in [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

Charan's play ''Meh Raja The Parja'' was performed in 3rd Rajasthani Annual International Art Festival in [[Jaipur]].

== Published works ==

* Charan, Arjun Dev. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sI5kNnWgNIgC Virasat]'' (in Hindi). Vani Prakashan.
* Charan, Arjun Deo. (2021). ''[http://gayatriprakashan.com/product/pancham-ved/ Pancham Veda]'' (in Hindi). Gayatri Parakashan.
* Charan, Arjun Deo. (2022). ''[http://gayatriprakashan.com/product/jagdamba/ Jagadamba]'' (in Hindi). Gayatri Parakashan. {{ISBN|978-93-90721-54-2}}
* Charan, Arjun Dev (1 January 2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=u48uzAB3kQAC Adhunik Punjabi Kavita]'' (in Hindi). Sahitya Akademi Publications. {{ISBN|978-81-260-1404-0}}.
* Charan, Arjun Dev (1 January 2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DqYv_nHbD28C Dharmyuddh]'' (in Hindi). Sāhitya Akādemī. {{ISBN|978-81-260-2255-7}}.
* Charan, Arjun Dev (1 January 2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=U0qC-jjbJSgC Satyaprakāśa Jośī]'' (in Hindi). Sāhitya Akādemī. {{ISBN|978-81-260-1597-9}}.
* Cāraṇa, Arjunadeva (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wa9jAAAAMAAJ Bagata rī bārakhaṛī]'' (in Hindi). Kavi Prakāśana. {{ISBN|978-81-86436-33-2}}.
* Cāraṇa, Arjunadeva (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UM8MAAAAIAAJ Rājasthānī kahāṇī, paramparā-vikāsa]'' (in Hindi). Rājasthānī Sāhitya Saṃsthāna.

==Awards==

* Rajasthani Sahitya Akademi – Award, 1980
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Akademi]], New Delhi Award, 1992. {{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
* [[Suryamal Mishran Shikhar Award]] of Rajasthani Bhasa Sahitya Evam Sanskriti Akademi, 1997<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arjun Dev Charan Archives · Bhartiya Sahityas|url=https://www.bhartiyasahityas.com/authors/arjun-dev-charan/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Bhartiya Sahityas|language=en-US|quote=साहित्य अकादेमी पुरस्कार के अलावा आपको सूर्यमल्‍ल मीसण-शिखर सम्मान तथा राजस्थान संगीत नाटक अकादमी पुरस्कार भी प्राप्त हो चुके हैं}}</ref>
* Rajasthan Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, 1999<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=1041&at=2|title=CUR_TITLE|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>
* Maru-Parampara Samman, 2004.
* Bihari Puraskar, K.K Birla Foundation, 2011
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], New Delhi, 2012 {{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
* [[Kavi Kag Award]], 2016<ref name="DB_14032016">{{cite news |date=14 March 2016 |title=કાગ એવોર્ડની અર્પણ વિધિ યોજાઇ |publisher=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-BVN-OMC-MAT-latest-bhavnagar-news-034646-3804259-NOR.html?sld_seq=1}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080326043753/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/03/21/stories/2008032150940300.htm Language has never been a deterrent]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111006063946/http://pustak.org/bs/home.php?bookid=2180 धर्मयुद्ध (Dharmayuddh)]
* [https://archive.today/20070808160118/http://boloji.in/kavita/2005/136.htm Vipathaga]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charan, Arjun Deo}}
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Poets from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthani-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Rajasthani]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Suthar

2026-03-06T08:11:50Z

Rspalmora: adding new stub...

{{Short description|Caste in the Vishwakarma community of India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Suthar
| caste_name_in_local =
| image =Sutar men.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =Two Sutar men from Baroda State, 1911
| kula_daivat = [[Vishwakarma]]
| region = [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Pakistan]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]],<ref>{{cite book |quote=Suthar Tarkhans , though Hindus , are in fact more closely allied with the Multani lohars than with the Khatis... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC&dq=Suthar+hindus&pg=PA370 |title=Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern |author=Raj Kumar |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |year=2008| isbn=978-81-7835-664-8 }}</ref> [[Islam]]<ref>{{cite book |quote=According to Rose ( 1919 ) , the tradition runs that the Suthars , who are now Muslims , were originally Hindu Tarkhans of the Suthar tribe and that Akbar took 12,000 of them from Jodhpur to Delhi... |title=Global Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Indian Muslim |page=453 |author=Abida Samiuddin, R. Khanam |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-8220-299-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEXFxCK-ulUC&dq=Suthars+are+hindus+muslims+sikhs&pg=RA1-PA453}}</ref>
| languages =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Suthar''' is a community within the [[Vishwakarma (caste)|Vishwakarma]] community found primarily in India and Pakistan.<ref name=agg>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COcwoYRCYhcC&dq=Suthar+sutar+vishwakarma&pg=PA160 |title=Educational and Social Uplift of Backward Classes |page=160 |author=SP Aggrawal, JC Aggrawal |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1991 |isbn=978-81-7022-339-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |quote=Hindus from the border villages belonging to the Bhil, Meghwal, Lohar and Suthar community had now become nationals of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqYvEAAAQBAJ&dq=Suthar+in+pakistan&pg=PT210 |title=Migrants, Mobility and Citizenship in India |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-00-037987-7 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |editor=Ashwani Kumar, R. B. Bhagat}}</ref> Its traditional occupation is mostly carpentry.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjORKo7maRUC&dq=Suthar+carpenter&pg=PA135 |editor=AM Shah |publisher=Taylor&Francis |page=135 |title=The Structure of Indian Society |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-19770-3}}</ref> Suthar community predominantly found in [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] is a mixture of various castes.

== Current demography ==
Each subcaste practices different faiths, yet they share a common heritage and a reverence for deities such as Lord [[Vishwakarma]], Lord [[Vishnu]], and Lord [[Shiva]], with a predominant adherence to [[Vaishnavism]]. Common surnames within this community include ''Suthar'', ''Gajjar'', ''Sharma'', ''Acharya'', ''Rathore'', ''Pancholi'', ''Mistri'', ''Jangid'', ''Panchal.''<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Jangid Brahmin Samaj,Shree Vishwakarma,Jangid Community,Samaj Group Jaipur |url=http://www.jangidbrahminsamaj.com/history/eng.htm}}</ref>

== Caste reservations ==
Some subcastes of Suthar are classified as [[Other Backward classes|OBC]] in states like [[Rajasthan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sje.rajasthan.gov.in/Default.aspx?PageID=67 |title=Backward Classes in Rajasthan |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=Government of Rajasthan}}</ref> [[Haryana]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://haryanascbc.gov.in/reservation-in-haryana/list-of-backward-classes |title=List of Backward Classes |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=Directorate of Welfare of Scheduled Caste & Backward Classes}}</ref> [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sje.gujarat.gov.in/ddcw/List-of-Socially-and-Educationally-Backward-Classes-of-Gujarat-State?lang=English |title=List of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes of Gujarat State |website=Government of Gujarat}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]

Gangster Gangaraju

2026-03-03T09:16:15Z

Rspalmora: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|2022 Indian Telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gangster Gangaraju
| image = Gangster_Gangaraju_2022_film_poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Eeshaan Suryaah
| producer = {{ubl| Padmavathi Chadalavada | Sri Tirumala Tirupati Venkateswara Films (STTVF) }}
| music = Sai Kartheek
| writer = {{ubl| Naga Babu | Rama Raju }}
| starring = {{ubl| Laksh Chadalavada | Vedieka Dutt }}
| cinematography = P. C. Khanna
| editing = Anugoju Renuka Babu
| studio =
| distributor =
| runtime = 132 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|06|24}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Gangster Gangaraju''''' is a 2022 Indian Telugu language film directed by Eeshaan Suryaah and produced by Padmavathi Chadalavada starring Laksh Chadalavada and Vedieka Dutt with [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Charandeep]] and [[Srikanth Iyengar]] in supporting roles. The film is a theatrical release and is released on 24 June 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Laksh's 'Gangster Gangaraju' Completed Censor, Received U/A Certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lakshs-gangster-gangaraju-completed-censor-received-u/a-certificate/articleshow/92245629.cms |date=16 June 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Laksh's 'Gangster Gangaraju' Sneak Peek Video Out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lakshs-gangster-gangaraju-sneak-peek-video-out/articleshow/92378718.cms |date=22 June 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Gangaraju is a good-for-nothing guy, who falls in love with Umadevi and tries a lot to win her heart, Due to unfortunate incidents, Gangaraju accidentally kills a Gangster Siddappa. After the murder, He becomes a Gangster to save his village.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Actors/Read/994511804/Gangster-Gangaraju-has-an-Interesting-Subplot |title='Gangster Gangaraju' has an interesting Sub-plot |date=24 June 2022 |website=indiaherald.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gangster Gangaraju Movie Review: Gangster Gangaraju Review... |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/gangster-gangaraju-movie-review-rdzlxj |date=24 June 2022 |work=[[Asianet News Network|asianetnews]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Laksh Chadalavada as Gangaraju
* Vedieka Dutt as Uma Devi
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Bachan Takhur
* [[Charandeep]] as Basireddy
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Narsareddy
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapoorna]]
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Nagaraj
* Nihar Kapoor
* Rajeshwari Nair as Roja
* Raviteja Nannimala
* Sammeta Gandhi
* [[Satya Krishnan]] as Satya
* Anu Manasa
* Lavanya Reddy
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was announced in 2021, Produced by Chadalavada Padmavathi under the banner Sri tirumala tirupati Venkateswara Films (STTV Films) and directed by Eeshaan Suryaah featured Laksh Chadalavada, Vedieka Dutt, [[Vennela Kishore]] and [[Srikanth Iyengar|Srikanth Iyyengar]] as lead characters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/gangster-gangaraju-movie-latest-poster-goes-wrong-netizens-fire-on-director-39022 |date=24 June 2024 |work=[[Abplive|Telugu ABPlive]] |title=Controversy over gangster gangaraju movie poster, fire for insulting police}}</ref>

The film was released on 24 June 2022 in Telugu language<ref>{{cite news |title=Gangster Gangaraju to release in June |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/may/13/gangster-gangaraju-to-release-in-june-31467.html |date=13 May 2022 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> and is streaming on OTT platform [[Amazon Prime]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/gangster-gangaraju/movieshow/92223290.cms |title=Gangster Gangaraju |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=13 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/gangster-gangaraju-official-trailer/videoshow/92179513.cms |title=Gangster Gangaraju - Official Trailer |date=13 June 2022 |work=[[Times of india|The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994500515/Gangster-Gangaraju-Grand-Release-On-This-Date |title='Gangster Gangaraju' grand release on this day? |date=11 May 2022 |website=indiaherald.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The Music was composed by Sai Kartheek and released under the label [[Saregama|SaReGaMa Telugu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gangster Gangaraju - All Songs Playlist |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=an8hGGbNImU |work=[[Saregama|Official Saregama Telugu Youtube Channel]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist !! Length !! Notes
|-
| Ella Ella || Deepak Blue, Deepthi Suresh || Mathura Kavi || 3:44 mins ||
|-
| Gangster Gangaraju Title Song || Saketh Komanduri ||[[Kasarla Shyam]]|| 3:39 mins || <ref>{{cite news |title=Gangster Gangaraju - Title Track |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/gangster-gangaraju-title-track/videoshow/92349882.cms |date=21 June 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| Emo Elaaga || [[Vedala Hemachandra]] || [[Bhaskarabhatla]] || 3:49 mins ||
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' wrote that "''Gangster Gangaraju'' is a clear winner, here and there few scenes in the second half could have been tightly scripted. It’s worth your ticket".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movie-reviews/gangster-gangaraju-review-157201 |title=Gangster Gangaraju Review |work=[[Sakshi Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/gangster-gangaraju-movie-review-laksh-came-up-with-commercial-cinema-ta-1345130.html |title=Gangster Gangaraju Review: గ్యాంగ్‌స్టర్ గంగరాజు' రివ్యూ.. కమర్షియల్ బొమ్మే కానీ..' |date=24 June 2022 |work=[[News18 Telugu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15289646}}

[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

Sura (film)

2026-03-03T02:59:52Z

Rspalmora: enhanced references and fixed typos

{{Short description|2010 film by S. P. Rajkumar}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sura Vijay.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Rajkumar]]
| producer = [[Sangili Murugan]]
| writer = S. P. Rajkumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]}}
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Ekambaram]]
| editing = [[Don Max (film editor)|Don Max]]
| studio = [[Sangili Murugan|Murugan Cine Arts]]
| distributor = [[Sun Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|4|30}}
| runtime = 173 minutes<ref name="rt" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|15 crore}}<ref name="inb" /><ref name="myb" /><ref name="ukb">{{cite web | title=Sura tamil Movie | website=Overview | date=29 March 2010 | url=https://www.moviecrow.com/movie/162/sura/story | access-date=4 June 2024 | archive-date=3 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603193601/https://www.moviecrow.com/movie/162/sura/story | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Sura''''' ({{translation|The Shark}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[S. P. Rajkumar]], starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the title role along with [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Dev Gill]] and [[Vadivelu]] in supporting roles. The film, produced by [[Sangili Murugan]] and distributed by [[Sun Pictures]], features soundtrack and score composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. Cinematography was handled by [[N. K. Ekambaram]] and [[M. S. Prabhu]], respectively and editing was handled by [[Don Max (film editor)|Don Max]]. The film was the 50th film of Vijay. The film tells the story of a fisherman battling a cruel, greedy and corrupt minister to save land for his hamlet's homes. It tracks Sura's journey as he secures the land and foils the minister's plans.

It was theatrically released worldwide on 30 April 2010. The film was critically panned and became a [[box office bomb]].<ref name="recoup budget">{{Cite news |date=30 April 2020 |title=This Day in 2010: Thalapathy Vijay's 50th film 'Sura' released, check out some UNKNOWN FACTS about the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-day-in-2010-thalapathy-vijays-50th-film-sura-released-check-out-some-unknown-facts-about-the-film/articleshow/75465451.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202211521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-day-in-2010-thalapathy-vijays-50th-film-sura-released-check-out-some-unknown-facts-about-the-film/articleshow/75465451.cms |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=31 July 2023 |title=Tamannaah opens up about Thalapathy Vijay's Sura failure: I knew it while shooting |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamannaah-opens-up-about-thalapathy-vijays-sura-failure-i-knew-it-while-shooting-2413975-2023-07-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731033228/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamannaah-opens-up-about-thalapathy-vijays-sura-failure-i-knew-it-while-shooting-2413975-2023-07-31 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>
*https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/May/29/sixth-flop-in-five-years-157106.html
*https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/after-sura-flops-theatre-owners-ask-vijay-to-pay-up/articleshow/5964051.cms
*https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Theatre-owners-against-Vijay-film/article15510279.ece</ref>

==Plot==
In the picturesque coastal town of Yaazh Nagar, a [[Fisherman|fisherman hamlet]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], Sura, a brave and compassionate young man, grows up with his loyal friend, Ambar La, known affectionately as Umbrella. Sura is known for his good deeds and selflessness in helping his fellow villagers, earning him admiration and respect from all around.

Meanwhile, a heartbroken young woman named Poornima arrives in Yaazh Nagar, seeking solace after the tragic loss of her beloved pet dog, Ramesh. Overwhelmed with grief and struggling to find purpose, Poornima is drawn to Sura's kindness and finds comfort in his presence. As they spend time together, a genuine connection forms between them, and they fall deeply in love.

Enter Samuthira Raja, a ruthless, corrupt [[Central ministers of india|minister]] with a sinister agenda. Samuthira Raja desires to seize control of Yaazh Nagar's beautiful coastal land to build a grand fairground, exploiting the villagers' simplicity and innocence for his own gains. He employs every crooked tactic in the book, using his political power to threaten and intimidate the villagers.

Sura, however, refuses to be bullied into submission. He becomes the voice of resistance and leads the villagers in fighting back against Samuthira Raja's malicious intentions. In a thrilling series of events, Sura takes on Samuthira Raja's cronies single-handedly, showcasing his intelligence, resourcefulness, and unparalleled bravery. With the support of the villagers, Sura outsmarts the corrupt minister and saves their homes and livelihoods.

But Samuthira Raja is not one to accept defeat easily. Consumed by his lust for vengeance, he devises a diabolical plan to eliminate Sura once and for all. He plants a deadly bomb in Yaazh Nagar, intending to destroy the entire village and Sura with it. In a heart-stopping confrontation, Samuthira Raja captures Sura, gloating over his impending victory.

However, Sura reveals a startling truth that leaves Samuthira Raja dumbfounded – the chief guest for the hamlet's upcoming inauguration is none other than Samuthira Raja's wife, a compassionate and kind-hearted woman unaware of her husband's evil deeds. This revelation sends shockwaves through Samuthira Raja, questioning his actions and his moral compass.

Faced with a dilemma, Samuthira Raja is torn between his thirst for revenge and the possibility of redemption through his wife's innocence. As the clock ticks, Sura urges Samuthira Raja to choose the path of compassion and forgiveness, to end the cycle of violence and corruption.

In a nail-biting climax, Samuthira Raja makes a pivotal decision. He deactivates the bomb, saving Yaazh Nagar and acknowledging the darkness within himself. In an unexpected twist, he sacrifices his own life to ensure Sura's safety and the welfare of the villagers. His final act of redemption leaves Sura and Poornima with mixed emotions, prompting them to reflect on the complexity of humanity.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Sura
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Poornima
* [[Dev Gill]] as Samuthira Raja / Sundaram
* [[Vadivelu]] as Umbrella
* [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Sura's mother
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Dhandapani
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Das
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Samuthira Raja's sidekick
* [[Yuvarani]] as Sundaram's wife
* [[Radha Ravi]] as church father
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Bhagavathar
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Poornima's father
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Kandhu Vatti Govinda
* [[Muthukaalai]] as Umbrella's sidekick
* [[Comagan]] as pen seller
* [[Suruli Manohar]] as bystander advising CPR
* [[Kottachi]] as bystander in police station
* Thadi Balaji as a fake policeman
* [[Karate Raja]] as accused
* [[Suryakanth]] as police officer
* [[Chelladurai]] as boat race referee
* Karnaa Radha as police officer
* Venkatesan as police officer
* Boys Rajan as collector
; Uncredited
* [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]] as a fake policeman
* [[Halwa Vasu]] as Umbrella's sidekick
* Meesai Rajendranath as police inspector
*[[Vengal Rao]] as drummer
;Cameo appearance
* [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] in the song "Naan Nadanthal Athiradi"
}}

==Production==
After the completion of ''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]'' (2009), Vijay announced that his 50th film was to be named as ''Urimaikural'' named after [[M. G. Ramachandran]] starrer of same name but it was titled as ''Sura''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2008 |title=Vijay is 'MGR'! |url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14720829&?vsv=smmm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008094708/http://www.sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14720829&%3fvsv=smmm |archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=1 June 2009 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2009 |title=Vijay celebrates golden Jubilee with 'Urimai Kural' |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=1042 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526124348/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=1042 |archive-date=26 May 2009 |access-date=1 June 2009 |website=[[Ayngaran International]] |publisher=}}</ref> Many directors were reportedly considered for the film:<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2009 |title=5 directors shortlisted for Vijay's 50th film! |url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14886711&cid=2363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072735/http://www.sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14886711&cid=2363 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=18 July 2009 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Selvaraghavan]], [[S. P. Rajkumar]], [[K. V. Anand]], [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]], [[Prabhu Deva]],<ref>{{Cite news |year=2009 |title=Prabhu Deva directs Vijay's 50th film |work=Newspaper |publisher=[[Malaysia Nanban]]}}</ref> [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]], [[Mohan Raja]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2009 |title=Vijay to revive Kaadhalukku Mariyadhai days |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/51585/Vijay-revive-Kaadhalukku-Mariyadhai-days.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115062654/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/51585/Vijay-revive-Kaadhalukku-Mariyadhai-days.html |archive-date=15 November 2009 |access-date=9 June 2009 |publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[R. Madhesh]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2008 |title='Vettaikkaaran' Vijay after MGR! |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1657229 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910193535/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1657229 |archive-date=10 September 2008 |access-date=2 June 2009 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> [[K. S. Ravikumar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilayathalapathy Vijay's 50th Film |url=http://moviespice.info/2009/05/vettaikaran-news/ilayathalapathy-vijay%E2%80%99s-50th-film/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522124259/http://moviespice.info/2009/05/vettaikaran-news/ilayathalapathy-vijay%E2%80%99s-50th-film/ |archive-date=22 May 2009 |access-date=2 June 2009 |publisher=MovieSpice |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Perarasu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2009 |title=Vijay to finalize on MGR film title or song? |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-09-04/vijay-18-05-09.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521075802/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-09-04/vijay-18-05-09.html |archive-date=21 May 2009 |access-date=1 June 2009 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Perarasu was initially selected as director,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2019 |title=Vijay's 50th film may be directed by Perarasu! |url=https://www.scintillatingstars.com/vijay-actor-age-movies-height-wife-family-thalapathy-commander-of-tamil-cinema/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622103259/https://www.scintillatingstars.com/vijay-actor-age-movies-height-wife-family-thalapathy-commander-of-tamil-cinema/ |archive-date=22 June 2020 |access-date=14 September 2009 |publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]}}</ref> but S. P. Rajkumar, who directed ''[[Azhagar Malai]]'' (2009) was selected as director. Prior to this, Rajkumar previously worked in Vijay starrer ''[[Once More (1997 film)|Once More]]'' (1997) as a dialogue writer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2009 |title=Rajakumar directs Vijay's 50th film |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D1290 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724152935/http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D1290 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=6 July 2009 |publisher=[[Ayngaran International]]}}</ref> In May 2009, [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] was confirmed to play a role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2009 |title=Tamannaah on top in Kollywood? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-04/news-interviews/28206275_1_ileana-kollywood-tamannaah-bhatia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024054236/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-04/news-interviews/28206275_1_ileana-kollywood-tamannaah-bhatia |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=3 July 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2009 |title=Vijay's 50th film: Director Announced |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/47846.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626213150/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/47846.html |archive-date=26 June 2009 |access-date=12 July 2009 |website=India Glitz}}</ref> Originally, [[Pasupathy]] was selected to portray the negative role but he was replaced by Dev Gill who appeared in Telugu film ''[[Magadheera]]'' (2009),<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2009 |title='Sura' starts the hunt – Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/50479.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006050330/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/50479.html |archive-date=6 October 2009 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> after Vijay was impressed by his performance in that film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2010 |title=Dev Gill – Tamil Movie News – "I have become so close to Vijay" – Sura | Magadheera |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-10-04/dev-gill-villan-sura-29-04-10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122040659/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-10-04/dev-gill-villan-sura-29-04-10.html |archive-date=22 January 2012 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

The shooting of the film commenced in Kerala in November 2009<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2009 |title=Vijay moves to Marakkanam – Tamil Movie News – Vijay | Tamanna |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-09-04/vijay-19-10-09.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118155346/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-09-04/vijay-19-10-09.html |archive-date=18 November 2013 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> and was continued in different places in Tamil Nadu like Marakkanam, Villupuram, Mamallapuram, Chennai, Alleppey and Pondicherry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2010 |title=Vijay and Tamannah in Pondy – Tamil Movie News – Vijay | Sun Pictures |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-10-01/vijay-tamannah-sura-06-01-10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114033833/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-10-01/vijay-tamannah-sura-06-01-10.html |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> The shoot continued on 21 October and canned a few stunt sequences on the Uppaneri Bridge near Marakkanam Salt Lake. Vijay fought with villain Dev's gang for almost three days. After a three-day gap, the shoot resumed in [[Prasad Studios]] and the song "Thanjavur Jillakari" was shot at [[AVM Productions]] on 27 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2009 |title=Where is Sura? – Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51290.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101110703/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51290.html |archive-date=1 November 2009 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2009 |title=What's cooking with Sura? – Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51653.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115100849/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51653.html |archive-date=15 November 2009 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The unit created a slum set at East Coast Road.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2009 |title=Vijay – a change of producers – Tamil Movie News – Vijay | Jayam Raja |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-09-01/vijay-jayam-raja-durai-dayanidhi-04-12-09.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521001925/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-09-01/vijay-jayam-raja-durai-dayanidhi-04-12-09.html |archive-date=21 May 2012 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> A song was shot at Ooty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=Vijay moves to a hotter destination – Tamil Movie News – Vijay | Ramanathapuram |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-10-01/vijay-sura-02-03-10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120211259/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-10-01/vijay-sura-02-03-10.html |archive-date=20 November 2011 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> While [[M. S. Prabhu]] was the cinematographer, [[Ilavarasu]] worked as the cinematographer for a scene featuring [[Vadivelu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2011 |title=Grill Mill: Ilavarasu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1111529.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306041209/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Grill-Mill-Ilavarasu/article15529078.ece |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During the shooting, cameraman Prabhu and Rajakumar had a misunderstanding and he was replaced by N. K. Ekambharam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2010 |title=Sura's cameraman replaced – Tamil Movie News – Sura | Prabhu |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-10-01/sura-vijay-sp-rajkumar-09-01-10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418093728/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-10-01/sura-vijay-sp-rajkumar-09-01-10.html |archive-date=18 April 2012 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Ekambaram reveals that one of the fight sequences, which were shot in the high seas in Tuticorin at 2 am, was choreographed by Kanal Kannan and has stuntmen from Bangkok. Ekambaram says that he has used high speed cameras considering the risks involved in shooting in the seas. The opening song has been pictured in a scenic location in Dhanushkodi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2010 |title=Sura – Tamil Movie News – The highlight in Sura – Vijay | Cameraman Ekambaram |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-10-01/sura-cameraman-ekambaram-08-04-10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820064304/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-10-01/sura-cameraman-ekambaram-08-04-10.html |archive-date=20 August 2013 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sura
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2010|03|29}}
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:06
| label = {{hlist|[[Sony Music India]]|[[Think Music]]}}
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Maanja Velu]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Varudu]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

The soundtrack of the film, composed by [[Mani Sharma]], was released on 29 March 2010 at Lady Aandal Venkat Subbarao School. The prominent guest list includes [[Sundar C]], [[Sibi Sathyaraj]], [[Riyaz Khan]] and [[Uma Riyaz Khan]], Ramanarayanan, [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[R. Parthiban]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Sonia Agarwal]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] along with the lead stars of the film and the technical crew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2010 |title=Sura audio released – Tamil Movie News – Sura | Tamannah |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-10-04/sura-vijay-tamannah-30-03-10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402221412/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-10-04/sura-vijay-tamannah-30-03-10.html |archive-date=2 April 2010 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> [[Kabilan (Lyricist)|Kabilan]] revealed that lyrics for all songs from the film were written even before ''Vettaikaran'' was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2010 |title=Vijay – Tamil Movie News – Vijay's gold ring gift – Vijay | Vettaikaran |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-10-03/vijay-sura-20-04-10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704204110/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-10-03/vijay-sura-20-04-10.html |archive-date=4 July 2012 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> The album features six songs all of which have been reused from his previous films. "Vetri Kodi Yethu", "Vanga Kadal Ellai", "Siragadikkum Nilavu", "Thamizhan Veera Thamizhan", "Thanjavoor Jillakkari", and "Naan Nadanthal Athiradi" are based on the Telugu songs "[[Balu (film)|Inthe Inthinthe]]", "[[Ashok (film)|Nuvvasalu]]", "[[Samba (2004 film)|Tagilinadi Rabba]]", "[[Balu (film)|Hut Hutja]]", "[[Billa (2009 film)|Bommali]]" and "[[Billa (2009 film)|My Name Is Billa]]", respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sura - Sun Pictures -Mani Sharma Music |url=https://www.mayyam.com/talk/archive/index.php/t-8335.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062638/https://www.mayyam.com/talk/archive/index.php/t-8335.html |archive-date=15 January 2022 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=Mayyam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Sura's music is for Vijay fans |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-music-review-sura/20100401.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711164854/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-music-review-sura/20100401.htm |archive-date=11 July 2019 |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=Rediff}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:06
| title1 = Vetri Kodi Yethu
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Mukesh
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], S.P. Rajkumar
| length1 = 5:21
| title2 = Siragadikkum Nilavu
| lyrics2 = [[Snehan]]
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Rita Thyagarajan]]
| length2 = 4:27
| title3 = Vanga Kadal Ellai
| lyrics3 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra3 = Naveen Madhav, [[Malathy Lakshman]]
| length3 = 4:42
| title4 = Thamizhan Veera Thamizhan
| lyrics4 = Kabilan
| extra4 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| length4 = 3:44
| title5 = Thanjavoor Jillakkari
| extra5 = [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]], [[Saindhavi]]
| lyrics5 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length5 = 5:18
| title6 = Naan Nadanthal Athiradi
| lyrics6 = Kabilan
| extra6 = Naveen Madhav, Janani Madhan, [[Shoba Chandrashekhar]]
| length6 = 4:34
}}

==Release==
''Sura'' was originally scheduled for release on 23 April 2010, but it was postponed and released on 30 April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2010 |title=Sura – Tamil Movie News – Sura's release date – Ilayathalapthi Vijay | Vadivelu |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-10-01/sura-vijay-tamannah-06-04-10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209032109/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-10-01/sura-vijay-tamannah-06-04-10.html |archive-date=9 December 2012 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Sura – Tamil Movie News – Sura release date confirmed – Vijay | Sun TV |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-10-03/vijay-sura-tamanah-19-04-10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704204115/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-10-03/vijay-sura-tamanah-19-04-10.html |archive-date=4 July 2012 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
The film received negative reviews from critics.

Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and mentioned, "Give your brains a rest, and enjoy this mass masala entertainer." She also noted that ''Sura'' is a milestone film for Tamil actor Vijay, marking his 50th film and his last "mass" movie before transitioning to different script choices. The movie blends typical masala entertainment elements with Vijay's political aspirations, featuring his signature style, dance sequences, and punch dialogues, while serving as a platform for his potential future in Tamil politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2010 |title=Leave your brains at home and enjoy Sura |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/apr/30/south-tamil-movie-review-sura.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104631/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/apr/30/south-tamil-movie-review-sura.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 August 2012 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> Bhama Devi Ravi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 1.5/5 stars, commenting, "It is yet another Vijay formula film, but you would be wise to leave your logical brain behind at home." She expressed that the film lacks a compelling script and logical coherence, relying heavily on Vijay's screen presence and recycled elements from his previous films. The story revolves around Sura, a fisherman who battles a corrupt minister to protect his village, interspersed with gravity-defying action, political references, and predictable romance.<ref name="rt">{{Cite web |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=1 May 2010 |title=Sura Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Sura by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sura/movie-review/5880090.cms |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
Renju Joseph of [[News18 India]] reviewed and wrote, "The first half is tiresome but tolerable however the second half is a fan's sacrifice to his cult hero. The film could be recommended to only very, very hardcore fanatic fans of Vijay. Otherwise don’t even bother to get misled by the posters."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Renju |date=3 May 2010 |title=REVIEW 2: 'Sura' is a hardcore Vijay film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-review-sura-337826.html |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=News18 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806121607/https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-review-sura-337826.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' gave it 3/5 stars and wrote, "On the whole, [Sura] is a roller coaster ride of pure unadulterated masala." Despite its familiar tropes and predictable narrative, the film succeeds in captivating audiences with Vijay's charismatic performance and a blend of comedy, action, and sentimentality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review:Sura |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14940176&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503075143/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14940176&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=3 May 2010 |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' gave the film a rating of 37 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சார்லஸ் |first=தேவன் |date=22 June 2021 |title=பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Sura'' grossed ₹10 crore at the TN box office, $897 thousand (₹4.13 crore{{efn|Calculated using an approximate average exchange rate of 46 INR per USD in 2010}}) at the Malaysian box office and €104 thousand (₹63 lakh{{efn|Calculated using an approximate average exchange rate of 60.45 INR per EUR in 2010}}) at the UK box office.<ref name="inb">{{cite web | title=தோல்வியை தழுவிய விஜய்யின் சுறா... வசூல் செய்தது எவ்வளவு தெரியுமா? | website=News18 தமிழ் | date=2 May 2022 | url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-thalapathy-vijay-sura-movie-collection-in-tamil-nadu-vijay-vadivelu-tamannaah-sun-pictures-scs-739304.html | language=ta | access-date=2 June 2024 | archive-date=2 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602081440/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-thalapathy-vijay-sura-movie-collection-in-tamil-nadu-vijay-vadivelu-tamannaah-sun-pictures-scs-739304.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="myb">{{Cite web |title=Sura (2010) |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=00&id=_fSURA01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221425/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=00&id=_fSURA01 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> Producer [[Sangili Murugan]] noted that the film merely recouped its budget during its theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=Did you know Vijay's 'Sura' director SP Rajkumar was going to team up with Ajith a few years back? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-vijays-sura-director-sp-rajkumar-was-going-to-team-up-with-ajith-a-few-years-back/articleshow/75472908.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827102800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-vijays-sura-director-sp-rajkumar-was-going-to-team-up-with-ajith-a-few-years-back/articleshow/75472908.cms |archive-date=27 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.surathemovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{S. P. Rajkumar}}

[[Category:2010 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 masala films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Muhammad of Ghazni

2026-02-26T15:53:01Z

Rspalmora: small changes

{{Short description|Sultan of Ghazni (1030, 1040–1041)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = '''Muhammad bin Mahmud'''
| succession = [[Sultan]] of [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]]
| image = MohammadGhaznavidCoin.jpg
| caption = [[Gold dinar]] minted in Ghazna dated 419 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (1028/9 CE).
| reign = 30 April 1030 – 1030
| reign-type = 1st Reign
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]]
| successor = [[Mas'ud I]]
| queen = Daughter of [[Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad]]
| issue = 'Abd al-Rahman Ahmad
| full name = Muhammad bin Mahmud
| royal house = [[Ghaznavid Dynasty]]
| father = [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]
| mother =
| birth_date = {{C.|971}}
| birth_place = [[Ghazni]], [[Ghaznavid Empire]]
| death_date = 19 March 1041 (aged 42–43)
| death_place = Ghazni Ghaznavid Empire
| burial_date = {{Circa|1041}}
| burial_place = Ghazni
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| reign-type1 = 2nd Reign
| reign1 = 1040 – 19 March 1041{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=296}}
| predecessor1 = Mas'ud I
| successor1 = [[Mawdud of Ghazni|Mawdud]]
}}
'''Muhammad of Ghazni''' ({{langx|fa|محمد غزنوی}}; b. 998 – d. 1041) was ''[[Sultan]]'' of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] briefly in 1030, and then later from 1040 to 1041. He ascended the throne upon the death of his father [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] in 1030. He was the younger of a set of twins; this circumstance resulted in civil strife.{{sfn|Bosworth|1985}} His reign lasted five months before he was overthrown by his twin [[Ma'sud I of Ghazni|Ma'sud I]], after which he was blinded and imprisoned on the order of Ma'sud I. According to [[Ferishta]], his reign lasted only 50 days. Nine years later he was reinstated for a year before being slain by his nephew [[Maw'dud Ghaznavi|Maw'dud]] after losing a battle in Nangrahar.

==Biography==
Muhammad was born, along with his elder twin brother Mas'ud, in 998 in the Ghaznavid capital of [[Ghazni]]. In ca. 1008, Mohammad married the daughter of the [[Farighunid]] ruler [[Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad]]. Two years later after the death of Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad, Muhammad was appointed by his father as the governor of [[Guzgan]], thus putting an end to the native Farighunid dynasty of Guzgan.

In 1030, Mahmud, because of his bad relations with his heir Mas'ud, changed his opinion and appointed Mohammad as his heir,{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=187}} who was much less experienced in government and military affairs than Mas'ud. Mahmud shortly died, and was succeeded by Mohammad, who then appointed [[Abu Sahl Hamduwi]] as his ''[[vizier]]''. At his accession, much power of the state was under the former vizier [[Hasanak Mikali]] and military officer [[Ali ibn Il-Arslan]], who greatly administered the state. Muhammad shortly appointed his uncle Yusuf ibn Sabuktigin as the commander-in-chief of the army. Although Muhammad did not possess any real power, his empire flourished.{{sfn|Bosworth|2011|p=101}} Soon, however, Muhammad's slave troops ([[ghulam]]) railed under Abu'l-Najm Ayaz, who had openly changed his allegiance to Muhammad's brother Mas'ud, whose military campaigns in western Iran had earned him a great reputation.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=187}} Ayaz was shortly joined by other military officers such as [[Ali Daya]]. Muhammad then sent an army under his general Suvendharay to quell the rebellion, but the rebels eventually emerged victorious and killed Suvendharay. The victorious rebels then went to Mas'ud, who was at [[Nishapur]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2011|p=101}}

Eventually, Yusuf ibn Sabuktigin and Ali ibn Il-Arslan along with the rest of the Ghaznavid army also joined Mas'ud.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=187}} Mas'ud then marched towards Ghazni, where he defeated Muhammad and had him imprisoned while crowning himself as the new Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire.

According to [[Ferishta]], the differences between Muhammad and his twin brother Mas'ud became worse by this time. Eventually, Muhammad prepared an army to attack Mas'ud. He encamped with his army at the place of "Nakiya-abaad/Nakbat-abaad" for a month, where most of his leaders and army revolted against him. They arrested and imprisoned Muhammad, and welcomed Mas'ud as their new leader.

Later, when the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]]s were overrunning the western parts of the Ghaznavid Empire, a mutiny among the Ghaznavid troops placed Muhammad back upon the throne, and he had his brother Mas'ud imprisoned in turn. He promoted his son Ahmad, and allied with Suleiman ibn Yusuf, giving him the actual day-to-day running of affairs. They are reported to have been behind the assassination of Mas'ud I while he was imprisoned.

Muhammad sent a missive to Mas'ud's son, Mawdud, in Tukharistan explaining his father's murder was an act of revenge perpetrated by the sons of Mas'ud's former general in India.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=20}} Upon learning of his father's murder, Maw'dud marched his army toward Ghazni.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=22}}

Muhammad fled with his army in the face of Maw'dud's invasion, losing Ghazni in the process.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=22}} Maw'dud wintered in Ghazni,{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=22}} then met Muhammad's army on 19 March 1041 in the province of Nangarhar.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=23}} Maw'dud personally led the attack, defeating Muhammad's army; thereafter, Maw'dud had Muhammad and his family executed.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=23-24}}

==See also==
*[[Ghaznavids]]
*[[Ghurid dynasty]]
*[[Khusrau Shah of Ghazna]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | chapter =The early Ghaznavids | pages = 162–198 | isbn = 0-521-20093-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&q=the+cambridge+history+of+iran+4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ʿALĪ B. IL-ARSLAN QARĪB | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-34 | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8 | pages = 872 | location = London et al. | publisher = C. Edmund Bosworth | year = 1985 }}
*{{cite book | last = Bosworth | first = C. E | title = The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040–1186 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YhHVPQAACAAJ&q=The+Later+Ghaznavids | year = 1995 | publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Private, Limited | isbn = 9788121505772 | access-date = 9 May 2014}}
* {{cite book |first=C.E. |last=Bosworth |title=The New Islamic Dynasties |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 }}
* {{cite book | title = The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650–1041: The Persian Text of Abu Sa'id 'Abd Al-Hayy Gardizi | year = 2011 | publisher = I.B.Tauris | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | pages = 1–169 | isbn = 978-1-84885-353-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VG36ym3H3CQC&q=false}}
{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]]
| title=[[Ghaznavid]] [[Sultan]]
| years=1030–1031
| after=[[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud I]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud I]]
| title=[[Ghaznavid]] [[Sultan]]
| years=1040–1041
| after=[[Maw'dud Ghaznavi]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Ghaznavid sultans}}

[[Category:998 births]]
[[Category:1041 deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Ghaznavid sultans]]
[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:Blind royalty and nobility]]
[[Category:Twin people]]
[[Category:Blinded people]]

IDA Bollaram

2026-02-24T00:24:43Z

Rspalmora: quick update

{{distinguish|Bolaram|Macha Bollaram}}
{{inline citations|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = IDA Bollaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Industrial Area
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India
| pushpin_label_position = right 
| pushpin_label = IDA Bollaram 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of IDA Bollaram in Hyderabad, India.
| coordinates = {{coord|17.5443|78.3486|region:IN-AP-HYD|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flagicon|IND}} [[India]] 
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]

| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Telangana|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sangareddy district]]

| subdivision_type4 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Jinnaram]]

| subdivision_type5 = [[Metropolitan Area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Hyderabad]]


| established_title = 
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| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5.30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| timezone2 =
| utc_offset2 =
| timezone2_DST =
| utc_offset2_DST =

| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal Index Number (PIN)]] 
| postal_code = [http://www.indiapost.gov.in/pin/pinsearch.aspx 502 325]
| postal2_code_type = 
| postal2_code =
| area_code_type = [[List of country calling codes|+Country Code]]-[[Subscriber trunk dialling|Area Code]] 
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-8458]]
| geocode =
| iso_code =[[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-TG]]
| registration_plate =TS
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''IDA Bollaram''', also known as Bollaram Industrial Area, is located in the village of Bollaram, in [[Jinnaram]] [[mandal]] of the [[Sangareddy district]] of [[Telangana]], India. It is a part of the [[Hyderabad metropolitan region]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article873999.ece|title=Industrial pollution continues unabated|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 November 2010|last1=Singh|first1=T. Lalith}}</ref>

It is surrounded by [[Bachupally]], [[Miyapur]], Ameenpur. Many bus routes connect [[Miyapur]] and [[Kukatpally]] to IDA Bollarum.

==Industries==
Many industries are located here like Rampex labs, Dr. Reddy's Labs, Khetan, Coca-Cola, Sujana, Mylan, Aparna, Aurobindo Pharma and many others.

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.gloriousindia.com/unleashed/place.php?id=18379 IDA Bollaram]
* [http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/india/press/reports/patancheru-an-introduction-i.pdf Greenpeace Pollution Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112054049/http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/india/press/reports/patancheru-an-introduction-i.pdf |date=12 November 2011 }}
* [http://www.cpcb.nic.in/divisionsofheadoffice/ess/Patancheru-Bollaram.pdf A.P. Pollution Control Board Report (See map on last page of the PDF)]
* [http://nppaindia.nic.in/directory-nppa.pdf Directory of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Units in India 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024181734/http://www.nppaindia.nic.in/Directory-NPPA.pdf |date=24 October 2018 }}
* [http://www.appliedgeochemistsindia.org.in/pdf/abstracts/10.%20Ishrath.pdf Trace element contamination in ground waers of Miyapur and Bollarum, Hyderabad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001311/http://www.appliedgeochemistsindia.org.in/pdf/abstracts/10.%20Ishrath.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}

{{Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}


[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

[[Category:Villages in Sangareddy district]]
[[Category:Economy of Telangana]]
[[Category:Industrial parks in India]]

Howrah–Rourkela Vande Bharat Express

2026-02-21T08:32:36Z

Rspalmora: Created data - done

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = Howrah Junction – Rourkela Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]]
| first = {{start date|2024|09|15|df=yes}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|18 September 2024}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railways (SER)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} '''(HWH)'''
| stops = 03
| end = {{stnlnk|Rourkela Junction}} '''(ROU)'''
| distance = {{convert|412|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 05 hrs 50 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays}}
| trainnumber = 20871 / 20872
| line_used = [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line|Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line (till Rourkela Junction)]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(Last service: Oct 18 2025)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(First service: Oct 19 2025)''
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|71|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|384|m|ft}} (16 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[South Eastern Railway zone|Santragachi Jn (SRC)]]
| map = {{Howrah – Rourkela VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 20871/20872 '''Howrah - Rourkela ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 58th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], connecting the metropolitan and twin city of [[Kolkata]], [[Howrah]] in [[West Bengal]] with the smart city of [[Rourkela]] in [[Odisha]].

This express train was inaugurated on September 15, 2024, by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]] from the capital city of [[Ranchi]] instead of physically inaugurating at [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar Junction]] in [[Jharkhand]] due to continuous rains in Jamshedpur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athrady |first=Ajith |title=PM Modi flags off six Vande Bharat Express trains in poll-bound Jharkhand |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/pm-modi-flags-off-six-vande-bharat-express-trains-in-poll-bound-jharkhand-3191585 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title=PM's Jamshedpur Visit Canceled Due to Rain, Will Inaugurate Online from Ranchi |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/story-pm-s-visit-to-jamshedpur-canceled-due-to-heavy-rain-online-inauguration-planned-201726376249295.html |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=Live Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-15 |title=PM Modi flags off six Vande Bharat trains at Jharkhand's Tatanagar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/pm-modi-flags-off-six-vande-bharat-trains-at-jharkhands-tatanagar/articleshow/113361896.cms?UTM_Source=Google_Newsstand&UTM_Campaign=RSS_Feed&UTM_Medium=Referral |access-date=2024-09-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=PM Modi to flag off six Vande Bharat Express trains in poll-bound Jharkhand |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/jharkhand/pm-modi-to-flag-off-six-vande-bharat-express-trains-in-poll-bound-jharkhand-3191357 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=PM Modi to flag off six new Vande Bharat Express trains during Jharkhand visit today – Full list of routes here |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-pm-modi-to-flag-off-six-new-vande-bharat-express-trains-during-jharkhand-visit-today-full-list-of-routes-here-3611206/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate 11 Vande Bharat Express Trains from Tatanagar |url=https://avenuemail.in/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-11-vande-bharat-express-trains-from-tatanagar/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=राउरकेला-हावड़ा वंदे भारत ट्रेन का होगा ट्रायल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/story-trial-run-for-rourkela-howrah-vande-bharat-train-in-jamshedpur-201726119810922.html |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Live Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is currently operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Jn]], [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur Jn]], [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar Jn]], [[Chakradharpur railway station|Chakradharpur]] and [[Rourkela Junction railway station|Rourkela Jn]]. It currently operates with train numbers 20871/20872 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniket |title=20871/Howrah - Rourkela Vande Bharat Express - Howrah to Rourkela SER/South Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/howrah-rourkela-vande-bharat-express-20871/235482/1/170 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the fifty-fifth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation]] and thirty-ninth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== Coach augmentation ===
As per latest updates, this express train was augmented with 08 additional AC coaches, thereby running with [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0 trainset]] W.E.F. 19 October 2025 in order to enhance passenger capacity and make travel convenient on this route. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Priyanshi |date=2025-10-20 |title=58th Vande Bharat Express Gets Double The Coaches This Diwali; Check Route, Stops And Fare |url=https://curlytales.com/india/trending/vande-bharat-express-gets-double-the-coaches-this-diwali-check-route-stops-and-fare/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 20871/20872 Howrah Jn - Rourkela Jn Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Tuesdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|412|km}} in a travel time of 5 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|71|km/h}}. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatiman Express]]
* [[Howrah Junction railway station]]
* [[Rourkela Junction railway station]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Transport in Rourkela]]

Madankata railway station

2026-02-17T02:55:06Z

Rspalmora:

{{Short description|Railway station in Deoghar district, Jharkhand, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|MADANKATA}}
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Madankata_Railway_Station.jpg
| caption =
| address = Madankata, Sirsiya, [[Deoghar District]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.16462|N|86.70406|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|209|m|}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| tracks = Broad gauge
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platforms = 2
| parking = No
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MNC
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Asansol}}
}}
| classification = '''NSG-6'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Railway – Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |publisher=Eastern Railway, Government of India |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1996–97<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=information published by CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|publisher=CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]]
| passengers =
| map_type = India Jharkhand
| map_dot_label = Madankata railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| line = * [[Asansol–Patna section]] of [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
| other =
| accessible =
| route_map = {{Asansol–Patna section}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Madankata railway station''' (station code: '''MNC''') is a railway station on the [[Howrah–New Delhi main line|Howrah–Delhi main line]] in [[Deoghar district]], [[Jharkhand]]. It comes under the [[Asansol railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Stations on Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=19 Sep 2025 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Madankata Railway Station (MNC) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry |url=https://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/mnc/ |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=Total Train Info |publisher=TotalTrainInfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madankata (MNC) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/madankata-mnc |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2019-08-03 |title=Eastern Railway utilises scrap sleepers to construct durable platforms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/er-utilises-scrap-sleepers-to-construct-durable-platforms/articleshow/70505448.cms |access-date=2025-09-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The station is located between [[Vidyasagar railway station|Vidyasagar]] and [[Joramow railway station|Joramow]] railway stations and serves Madankata, Sirsiya and its nearby villages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madankata Railway Station (MNC): Station Map/Info |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/madankata-mnc/3539 |website=India Rail Info |publisher=indiarailinfo.com |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> Only passenger and MEMU trains have scheduled halts here.

==Facilities==
The station has two platforms, which are linked by a foot overbridge. Basic passenger facilities include a ticket counter, platform shelters, and a drinking water supply.<ref name=":1" /> However, amenities such as waiting rooms and retiring rooms are not available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madankata Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/madankata-mnc/3539 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Trains==
Several passenger and MEMU trains halt at Madankata railway station. Important trains include:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Siddharth |title=13030/Mokama - Howrah Express - Mokama to Howrah ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mokama-howrah-express-13030/6487/330/1 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

* Howrah–Mokama Express (13029/13030)
* Asansol–Jasidih MEMU (63561/63563)
* Andal–Jasidih MEMU (63545/63546)
* Barddhaman–Jhajha MEMU (63509/63510)
* Baidyanathdham–Asansol MEMU (63562)
* Jasidih–Asansol MEMU (63564)

==See also==
* [[Asansol railway division]]
* [[Eastern Railway zone]]
* [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
* [[Asansol–Patna section]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Deoghar district]]
[[Category:Asansol railway division]]

Ram Nagar, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-02-14T15:38:54Z

Rspalmora: starting details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{For|disambiguation|Ramnagar (disambiguation){{!}}Ramnagar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ramnagar
| map_image = 267-Ram Nagar, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Fareed Mahfooz Kidwai]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = [[Sharad Kumar Awasthi]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,38,326
| constituency_no = 267
}}

'''Ramnagar''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Ramnagar in the [[Barabanki district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 267 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Amresh Kumar]]<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Arvind Kumar Singh (Samajwadi Party politician)|Arvind Kumar Singh]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Sharad Kumar Awasthi]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Fareed Mahfooz Kidwai]]<ref name="election2022"/>
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ram Nagar<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Fareed Mahfooz Kidwai]]
|votes = {{formatnum:98799}}
|percentage = 41.96
|change = +12.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sharad Kumar Awasthi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:98538}}
|percentage = 41.85
|change = +1.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Kishor Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:23259}}
|percentage = 9.88
|change = -14.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Vikas Shrivastava
|votes = {{formatnum:4940}}
|percentage = 2.1
|change = +1.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gyanesh Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:4430}}
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1822}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = -0.18
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:261}}
|percentage = 0.11
|change = -10.08
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:235461}}
|percentage = 69.6
|change = +1.21
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===

Bharatiya Janta Party candidate [[Sharad Kumar Awasthi]] is the MLA who won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate [[Arvind Kumar Singh (Samajwadi Party politician)|Arvind Kumar Singh]] by a margin of 22,727 votes.<ref name="election2017-1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/ramnagar.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>

{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Ram Nagar<ref name="election2017"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sharad Kumar Awasthi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:88937}}
|percentage = 39.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Arvind Kumar Singh (Samajwadi Party politician)|Arvind Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66210}}
|percentage = 29.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hafeez Bharti
|votes = {{formatnum:53891}}
|percentage = 24.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Raj Luxmi Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:3137}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2094}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22727}}
|percentage = 10.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:223077}}
|percentage = 68.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Ram Nagar, Barabanki]]
*[http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/267_AC_Statistics_English.aspx Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh>Information and Statistics>AC's, PC's Booths>Assembly Constituencies>267-Ram Nagar]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.28|83.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Barabanki district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

2006–07 Professional Golf Tour of India

2026-02-13T17:55:21Z

Rspalmora: Put up new pg - done

{{short description|Golf tour season}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox golf season
| year = 2006–07
| tour = Professional Golf Tour of India
| regular_season = {{Start date|2006|10|26|df=y}} – {{end date|2007|6|17|df=y}}
| no_of_events = 10
| most_wins = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashok Kumar (golfer)|Ashok Kumar]] (5)
| honor1 = Order of Merit
| honoree1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashok Kumar (golfer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| honor2 =
| honoree2 =
| honor3 =
| honoree3 =
| honor4 =
| honoree4 =
| prevseason =
| nextseason = [[2007–08 Professional Golf Tour of India|2007–08]]
}}
The '''2006–07 Professional Golf Tour of India''' was the inaugural season of the [[Professional Golf Tour of India]], the main [[professional golf tour]] in India since it was formed in 2006.

==Schedule==
The following table lists official events during the 2006–07 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pgtofindia.com/tournaments/01 |title=2006–07 Tournament schedule |publisher=Professional Golf Tour of India |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
!Date !! Tournament !! Location !! Purse ([[Indian rupee|₹]]) !! Winner{{efn|The number in brackets after each winner's name is the number of Professional Golf Tour of India events they had won up to and including that tournament.}}
|-
| 29 Oct || BILT Open || Karnataka || align=right|7,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jyoti Randhawa]] (1)
|-
| 10 Nov || Tata Open || Jharkhand || align=right|2,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shiv Chawrasia]] (1)
|-
| 22 Dec || Emaar-MGF PGTI Championship || Karnataka || align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmeet Kahlon]] (1)
|-
| 3 Feb || IndianOil XtraPremium Masters || Assam || align=right|2,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashok Kumar (golfer)|Ashok Kumar]] (1)
|-
| 25 Feb || Solaris Global Green Open || Karnataka || align=right|6,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashok Kumar (golfer)|Ashok Kumar]] (2)
|-
| 17 Mar || SRF All India Matchplay Championship || Uttar Pradesh || align=right|2,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashok Kumar (golfer)|Ashok Kumar]] (3)
|-
| 8 Apr || AIS Golf Open || Delhi || align=right|6,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jyoti Randhawa]] (2)
|-
| 6 May || CG Open || Maharashtra || align=right|7,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashok Kumar (golfer)|Ashok Kumar]] (4)
|-
| 13 May || DLF Masters || Haryana || align=right|6,500,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jyoti Randhawa]] (3)
|-
| 17 Jun || Color Plus Open || Haryana || align=right|2,500,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashok Kumar (golfer)|Ashok Kumar]] (5)
|}

==Order of Merit==
The [[Professional Golf Tour of India#Order of Merit winners|Order of Merit]] was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in [[Indian rupee]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgtofindia.com/oom.html |title=2006–07 Order of Merit |publisher=Professional Golf Tour of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717170927/http://www.pgtofindia.com/oom.html |archive-date=17 July 2007 |access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/golf/top-stories/Ashok-grabs-ColorPlus-Open-title/articleshow/2129466.cms |title=Ashok grabs ColorPlus Open title |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 June 2007 |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable
! Position !! Player !! Prize money ([[Indian rupee|₹]])
|-
| align=center|1 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashok Kumar (golfer)|Ashok Kumar]] || align=center|4,417,875
|-
| align=center|2 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jyoti Randhawa]] || align=center|3,159,000
|-
| align=center|3 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shiv Chawrasia]] || align=center|2,275,750
|-
| align=center|4 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Digvijay Singh (golfer)|Digvijay Singh]] || align=center|1,566,645
|-
| align=center|5 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaganjeet Bhullar]] || align=center|1,537,100
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official site|https://www.pgtofindia.com/}}

{{PGTI seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India, Professional Golf Tour of}}
[[Category:Professional Golf Tour of India seasons|2006-07]]
[[Category:2006 in golf]]
[[Category:2007 in golf]]
[[Category:2006 in Indian sport|Professional Golf Tour of India]]
[[Category:2007 in Indian sport|Professional Golf Tour of India]]

Amit Varma (writer)

2026-02-06T05:24:56Z

Rspalmora: general added section for accuracy and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Indian writer and podcaster}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amit Varma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| notable_works = [[India Uncut]]
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation =
| awards = [[Bastiat Prize for Journalism]] (2007, 2015)
}}
'''Amit Varma''' is a [[writer]] and [[podcast]]er based in [[Mumbai]].

In 2008, his first novel ''My friend, Sancho'' was nominated to the longlist for the [[Man Asian Literary Prize]] 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manasianliteraryprize.org/2008/2008longlist.php |title=2008 Man Asian Literary Prize |accessdate=2008-02-23 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726070006/http://www.manasianliteraryprize.org/2008/2008longlist.php |archivedate=2008-07-26 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/4BcOI2eBTMN0zP9Dshf1VO/Pain-of-a-first-birth.html|title=Pain of a first birth|last=Vadukut|first=Sidin|date=2009-05-22|work=Mint|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> In April 2009, he was named by ''[[BusinessWeek]]'' magazine in its India's 50 Most Powerful People 2009 list, for his blog ''India Uncut''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/04/0415_india_most_powerful/49.htm |title=India's 50 Most Powerful People 2009: Media: Amit Varma - BusinessWeek |access-date=10 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511210615/http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/04/0415_india_most_powerful/49.htm |archive-date=11 May 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Career ==
Amit Varma has worked in [[advertising]], [[television]] and [[journalism]], and has written for publications like ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' and ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]''. He was a Managing Editor of [[Cricinfo]] India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Conversation with Amit Varma|url=https://www.choosetothinq.com/blog/2020/4/1/ctq-meets-amit-varma-the-podcaster-the-writer-the-reader-the-reluctant-quizzer|access-date=2020-07-14|website=Choose To Thinq|language=en-US}}</ref> The editor of [https://www.thinkpragati.com/ Pragati], an online magazine,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 July 2020|title=About Pragati|url=https://www.thinkpragati.com/team/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401110112/https://www.thinkpragati.com/team/ |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=|website=Think Pragati}}</ref> Amit Varma also hosts a podcast,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-04|title=Podcasts rising in volume again|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/podcasts-rising-in-volume-again-801495.html|access-date=2020-07-14|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> ''The Seen and the Unseen'', on public policy, economics and behavioural science.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bagchi|first=Shrabonti|date=2020-01-03|title=How to stay human on social media|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/how-to-stay-human-on-social-media-11578047501766.html|access-date=2020-01-20|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amit Varma - Writer, Journalist, Podcaster|url=https://www.amitvarma.com/|access-date=2020-01-20|website=www.amitvarma.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lend Me Your Ears: How podcasts bring voice amid quarantine|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/jun/28/lend-me-your-ears-how-podcasts-bring-voice-amid-quarantine-2161409.html|access-date=2020-07-14|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He also cohosts another weekly podcast, ''Everything is Everything'', with Ajay Shah that follows a more relaxed format and focuses on a wide range of topics which are considered to be contemporary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything is Everything |url=https://www.youtube.com/@amitvarma |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GG9jDXRaXOo&t=128s |title=Halfway From Coal, Halfway to Diamond {{!}} Episode 1 {{!}} Everything is Everything |date=2023-06-29 |last=Everything is Everything |access-date=2025-01-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In October 2007, Varma won the 2007 [[Bastiat Prize for Journalism]], which aims to honor writers "whose work cleverly and wittily promotes the institutions of the free society".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bastiat Prize for Journalism – International Policy Network|url=https://www.policynetwork.net/bastiat-prize/|access-date=2020-01-20|website=www.policynetwork.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-10-26|title=Amit Varma wins the Bastiat Prize|url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/LyvGcj4SwatzqvTi97eQAO/Amit-Varma-wins-the-Bastiat-Prize.html|access-date=2020-01-20|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref> He won the prize again in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-20|title=Bastiat Prize Winners|url=https://reason.org/bastiat-prize-winners/|access-date=2020-01-20|website=Reason Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2015|title=Bastiat Prize for BLink columnist Amit Verma|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/bastiat-prize-for-blink-columnist-amit-verma/article7866911.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708020939/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/bastiat-prize-for-blink-columnist-amit-verma/article7866911.ece |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=2020-01-20|website=The Hindu BusinessLine|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bastiat Prize]] (2007, 2015)

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{portal bar|Biography|India|Journalism}}
* [https://amitvarma.com/ Official Website]
* [[India Uncut]]
* [https://www.seenunseen.in The Seen and the Unseen]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Amit}}
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male bloggers]]
[[Category:Indian sportswriters]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Bastiat Prize winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Muthalakodam

2026-02-02T15:01:28Z

Rspalmora: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{No inline|date=December 2024}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Muthalakodam
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = suburb
| image_skyline = St.George Forane Church Muthalakodam.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|54|35|N|76|44|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki District|Idukki]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL-38
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Muthalakodam''' is a suburb located {{convert|3|km}} east of [[Thodupuzha]] Town, in [[Idukki district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].

==St George Forane Church==

==Holy Family Hospital==
Holy Family Hospital was founded on 1971 and is managed by Sacred Heart Sisters, Jyothi Province, Kothamangalam. It is an ISO 9001:2008 certified institution, with 24 hours emergency and trauma care service, blood bank, interventional cardiology, general and neuro surgery, orthopedics, obstetrics and has 400 beds. This non-profit multi specialty hospital caters the medical needs of people from all over idukki district. This hospital offers MSc Nursing, B.Sc. Nursing and General nursing courses.

== St George Higher Secondary School ==
This school is a minority institution owned by the corporate educational agency, Diocese of Kothamangalam and locally run by St George Forane Church. The high school started in 1976 and the Higher Secondary wing in 1998. The Higher Secondary section has an intake of 350 students per year and is the leading +2 school in Idukki district.

[[File:Bell tower muthalakodam church.jpg|thumb|Bell tower at the Muthalakodam Church]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Muthalakodam}}
* {{Official website|https://muthalakodamstgeorgechurch.com/|name=Official website for St. George Forane Church}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Idukki district]]

{{Idukki-geo-stub}}

Lewis Deane

2026-01-29T19:03:05Z

Rspalmora: started new entry

{{Short description|Anglo-Indian tennis player (1882–1934)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Lewis Deane
| image =
| fullname = Lewis Seymour Deane
| country_represented = {{flagu|British India}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1882|03|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1934|12|18|1882|03|12|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| height =
| plays =
| careerprizemoney =
| singlesrecord =
| singlestitles =
| highestsinglesranking =
| Wimbledonresult = 1R ([[1911 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1911]], [[1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1921]], [[1923 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1923]])
| doublesrecord =
| doublestitles =
| highestdoublesranking =
| WimbledonDoublesresult = SF ([[1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1921]], [[1923 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1923]])
| WimbledonMixedresult = F ([[1923 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1923]])
}}
'''Lewis Seymour Deane''' (12 March 1882 – 18 December 1934) was an Anglo-Indian tennis player.<ref>{{cite news |title=Victory Of F.G. Lowe |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/820654247 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=2 June 1921}}</ref>

Born in [[Meerut]], Deane was the second son of [[British Indian Army]] captain George Deane of the [[Bengal Lancers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Henry Selby Deane |url=https://www.ipswichwarmemorial.co.uk/henry-selby-deane/ |website=Ipswich War Memorial |date=10 October 2019}}</ref>

Deane, a champion of [[Bengal Championships|Bengal]] and [[Punjab Lawn Tennis Championships|Punjab]], played in India's first ever [[Davis Cup]] team in 1921, with the side going through to the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Muralidharan |first1=Ashwin |title=India's long history at the Davis Cup |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/indias-history-in-the-davis-cup |work=Sportskeeda |date=16 September 2016 |language=en-us}}</ref> He twice reached the [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] men's doubles semi-finals (with [[Sydney Jacob]] in 1921 & [[Hassan Ali Fyzee]] in 1923) and was a mixed doubles finalist at the [[1923 Wimbledon Championships]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Norton's Shrewd Tactics |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/820658532 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=1 July 1921}}</ref>

==Grand Slam finals==
===Mixed doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!style="width:140px"|Championship
!Surface
!style="width:175px"|Partner
!style="width:175px"|Opponents
!style="width:75px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss || 1923 || style="background:#cfc;"|[[1923 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] || Grass || {{nowrap|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Dorothy Shepherd-Barron]]}} || {{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[Elizabeth Ryan]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Randolph Lycett]] || 4–6, 5–7
|}

==See also==
*[[List of India Davis Cup team representatives]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ATP}}
* {{Davis Cup player}}
* {{ITF}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deane, Lewis}}
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Meerut]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

52nd National Film Awards

2026-01-26T19:23:17Z

Rspalmora:

{{Short description|2005 Indian film award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 52
| award = National Film Awards
| image =
| alt =
| caption = 52nd National Film Awards
| awarded_for = Best of Indian cinema in 2004
| award_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| presenting_org = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] {{small|([[President of India]])}}
| announced_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|07|13}}
| presented_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|10|21}}
| site = [[Vigyan Bhavan]], New Delhi
| host =
| website = [http://dff.nic.in/ dff.nic.in]
| lifetime_achievement = [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| best_feature = ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''
| best_non_feature = ''Girni''
| best_book = ''[[Stardust: Vignettes from the Fringes of Film Industry]]''
| best_critic = [[Namrata Joshi]]
| most_wins = {{*}}''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' {{*}}''Page 3'' (3)
| last = 51st
| next = 53rd
}}

The '''52nd [[National Film Awards]]''', presented by [[Directorate of Film Festivals]], the organisation set up by [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India]] to felicitate the best of [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]] released in the year 2004.<ref name="52ndaward">{{cite web |title=52nd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725232641/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=2 September 2020 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>

The selection process of 52nd National Film Awards began with the constitution of three Juries for feature film, non-feature film and best writing on cinema sections. The filmmaker [[Sudhir Mishra]] headed the feature film Jury, which had sixteen other members. Cinematographer and Director [[A. K. Bir]] headed the seven-member non-feature film Jury. The Jury for best writing on cinema was headed by veteran film critic and former editor of [[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] and [[Filmfare]] from Mumbai, Rauf Ahmed.<ref name="52ndawardJuries">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=9928|title=Juries for the selection of films for National Awards set up|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=16 March 2012|archive-date=29 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829032928/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=9928|url-status=live}}</ref>

Awards were announced by each committee chairpersons on 13 July 2005. Award ceremony took place at [[Vigyan Bhavan]], New Delhi on 21 October 2005 and awards were given by then [[President of India]], Dr. [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref name="52ndawardgiven">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=12837|title=President Gives Away 52nd National Film Award|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=16 March 2012|archive-date=9 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609191952/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=12837|url-status=live}}</ref>

For 52nd National Film Awards, 107 feature films participated along with 118 non-feature films and 22 books on cinema in 9 Indian languages.<ref name="52ndawardJuries"/>

== Awards ==

Awards were divided into feature films, non-feature films and books written on Indian cinema.

=== Lifetime Achievement Award ===

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Image
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awarded As
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awards
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]
|[[File: DirectorAdoor.jpg|75px]]
|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]<ref name="dadasahebarchive">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx|title=Dadasaheb Phalke Award Past Recipients|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718171203/http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
|director
|Swarna Kamal, {{INR}} {{formatnum:200000}} and a Shawl
|}

=== Feature films ===

Feature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 52nd National Film Awards, a [[Bollywood|Hindi film]], ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] also winning the maximum number of awards (3), along with a [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]], ''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]''. Following were the awards given in each category:<ref name="52ndaward"/>

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by [[Sudhir Mishra]] was appointed to evaluate the feature films awards. Following were the jury members:<ref name="52ndaward"/><ref name="52ndawardJuries"/>

* '''Jury Members'''
** [[Sudhir Mishra]] (Chairperson){{•}}[[Preeti Sagar]]{{•}}[[Vanisri]]{{•}}[[Satabdi Roy]]{{•}}[[L. Vaidyanathan]]{{•}}[[Sandeep Sawant]]{{•}}Subhadro Chaudhury{{•}}Chandi Mukherjee
** Sharad Dutt{{•}}[[Bhajan Sopori]]{{•}}[[T. S. Nagabharana]]{{•}}[[Nagesh Kukunoor]]{{•}}Ranjeet Das{{•}}M. Sanjeev{{•}}[[Mohan (director)|M. Mohan]]{{•}}Vinod Ganatra{{•}}[[Vasanth|Vasantha S. M. A.]]

==== All India Award ====

Following were the awards given:<ref name="52ndaward"/>

===== Golden Lotus Award =====

Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="52ndaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Producer: Bobby Pushkarna director: [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]
|{{INR}} 50,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a complex and daring attempt which exposes the shallow world of Page 3 in a manner which is both savagely satirical yet gently ironical.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]]
|''[[Grahanam]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Producer: N. Anji Reddy Director: [[Mohan Krishna Indraganti]]
|{{INR}} 25,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For invoking nostalgia in a manner that is powerful yet poetic.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|''[[Veer-Zaara]]''
|Hindi
|Producer: [[Yash Raj Films]] Director: [[Yash Chopra]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For invoking a touching tale of love highlighting the importance of human relationship above man-made boundaries.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Producer: [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] Director: Cheran
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For invoking nostalgia in a manner that is powerful yet poetic.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
|''Chutkan Ki Mahabharat''
|Hindi
|Producer: [[Children's Film Society, India|Children's Film Society]] Director: Sankalp Meshram
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''The film is phantasanagonic story of a boy whose dreams start coming true suddenly. All hell breaks loose when a Nautanki comes to village to play Mahabharata and suddenly its story changes. The warring Kaurvas and Pandavas bury their differences and become friends even before the war has begun.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
|''[[Swapner Din]]''
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|[[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
|{{INR}} 50,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his appropriate usage of metaphors and complex handling of socio political situation present in West Bengal in a language simultaneously cinematic and poetic.''
|}

===== Silver Lotus Award =====

Official Name: Rajat Kamal<ref name="52ndaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]]
|''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Producer: [[Sahara India Pariwar|Sahara India Media Communication Ltd.]] Director: [[Shyam Benegal]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''Netaji is one of the most controversial and colourful figures of modern Indian history. His struggle to fight the Britishers and bring the Indians together to do this. The idealistic dreamer turns into a revolutionary to achieve his goal. The film effectively brings alive the era.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]
|''[[Hasina (film)|Hasina]]''
|[[Kannada]]
|Producer: Chiguru Chitra Director: [[Girish Kasaravalli]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''The film deals with a social evil of family planning in a Muslim community. The story of women and her children deserted by a drunkard husband is handled in a unique and subtle way.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]]
|''[[Perumazhakkalam]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|Producer: Salim Padiyath Director: [[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its deft handling of a complex, sensitive issue in a very sensitive manner. The central characters in the film reflect the traditional virtues of the Indian women, such as self-sacrifice, endurance and forgiveness, to bring two communities together.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment / Conservation / Preservation]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Devrai]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Producer: Y. N. Oak
|{{INR}} 30,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar|Sumitra Bhave]] and Sunil Sukthankar
|{{INR}} 15,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''In this chaotic world, when every body talks about the importance of environment, conservation and preservation but no body cares to learn from the wisdom of myth created by our forefathers and create a space for every mind to realise its potential without judging, discriminating or condemning.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|Hindi
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his sheer ease, subtlety and spontaneity in portraying a complex and demanding role.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''[[Hasina (film)|Hasina]]''
|Kannada
|[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Thaara]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For her powerful portrayal of a young Muslim wife boldly questioning the traditional laws of her community. Her ability to convey the range of various moods through her performance in a forceful manner is appreciated.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Krantikaal]]''
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|[[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his subtle yet powerful performance which is understated portraying a helpless bedridden old royal.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Akale]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Sheela]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the grace with which she handles the tragedy of a community that is slowly fading away.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|''Chhota Sipahi''
|Hindi
|[[Om Bhutkar]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his gradual evolution from a naïve innocent young child to a patriot in the liberation movement of Goa.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|''[[Swades]]'' {{small|("Yeh Taara Woh Taara")}}
|Hindi
|[[Udit Narayan]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the song to honour his soulful rendition of this beautiful Rahman melody with imaging modulation.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' {{small|("[[Ovvoru Pookalume]]")}}
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For expressive and soulful rendition of the song with powerful voice throw suitable to the text and the scene.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''[[Swades]]''
|Hindi
|[[Camera operator|Cameraman]]: [[Mahesh Aney]] [[Film laboratory|Laboratory Processing]]: [[Reliance MediaWorks Ltd|Adlabs]]
|{{INR}} 15,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his lens that captures the rural Indian landscape with reality and harshness.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''
|Hindi
|{{*}}[[Manoj Tyagi]] {{*}}Nina Arora
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For telling a complex story in a stunningly simple manner. It takes you into the empty shallow world of Page 3, in a manner which is funny yet deeply empathetic.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|''[[Iti Srikanta]]''
|Bengali
|Anup Mukhopadhyay
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For finest recordings of the sound in a superb way that lends an extra dimension to the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''
|Hindi
|Suresh Pai
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the crisp cutting which gives a finesse to the film and the successfully sustains the tempo of the film and mood and emotion while never losing the narrative.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
|''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]''
|Hindi
|[[Samir Chanda]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For effectively recreating the period prior to the second world war across nations.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|''[[Hasina (film)|Hasina]]''
|Kannada
|{{*}}Ishrath Nissar {{*}}M. N. Swamy
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the costumes that lent a realistic feel to the characters thereby adding to their credibility.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]
|''[[Swarabhishekam]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Soundtrack|Songs]] and [[Background music|Background Score]]: [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the songs that are composed as per the situation and enrich the theme of the film. From the beginning to the end he has maintained traditional classical music and used Indian acoustic instruments thus bringing out the colour and flavor of Indian music.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
|''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' {{small|("[[Ovvoru Pookalume]]")}}
|Tamil
|[[P. Vijay]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For or meaningful and powerful lyrics generating hope for a better future.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|''[[Anji (film)|Anji]]''
|Telugu
|Sanath (Fire Fly Digital)
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For imaginative and effective creation of an outside world using special effects.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' {{small|("Main Aisa Kyu Hoon")}}
|Hindi
|[[Prabhu Deva]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his imaginative, spectacular and rhythmic dance composition.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]
|''[[Dancer (2005 film)|Dancer]]''
|Tamil
|J. Phillip (Actor)
|{{INR}} 25,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his incredible acting and dance performance despite being a physically challenged person.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|Special Mention]]
|''[[Des Hoyaa Pardes]]''
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|[[Gurdas Maan]] (Actor)
|rowspan="4"|Certificate Only
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For an effective portrayal of an innocent, helpless, patriotic young Punjabi landlord caught in crossfire between terrorists and the police.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''[[Oridam]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Pradeep Nair]] (Director)
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For his credible attempt at creating a new imagery and effective cinematic language in his debut film.''
|}

==== Regional Awards ====

The award is given to best film in the regional languages in India.<ref name="52ndaward"/>

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Feature Film in Assamese]]
|''Dinabandhoo''
|Producer: Krishna Roy Director: [[Munin Barua]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a human struggle against circumstances, mainly because of dowry as well as social status.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
|''[[Krantikaal]]''
|Producer: Shampa Bhattacharjee Director: [[Sekhar Das]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For dialectical portrayal of a terrorist’s critical encounter with a decadent Bengali royal culture trapped in a time wrap.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|''[[Raincoat (film)|Raincoat]]''
|Producer: [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] Director: [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its subtle handling of human relationship in a low-keyed fashion yet mentioning the warmth of a lost love.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
|''[[Beru (film)|Beru]]''
|Producer: Mitrachitra Director: [[P. Sheshadri]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For critical analysis of bureaucratic corruption through the eyes of a folk dancer and its ironic overtone.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Feature Film in Konkani|Best Feature Film in Konkani]]
|''[[Aleesha (film)|Aleesha]]''
|Producer: Rajendra Talak Creations Director: Rajendra Talak
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its concern about pollution and protection at the same time exposing corruption.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
|''[[Akale]]''
|Producer: [[Tom George Kolath]] Director: [[Shyamaprasad]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its sensitive handling of characters trapped in tragic situation, in an unconventional filmic way.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]]
|''[[Uttarayan (film)|Uttarayan]]''
|Producer: Opticus Films Director: Bipin Nadkarni
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its portrayal of nostalgic love between two aged characters and their problems with the next generation.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi|Best Feature Film in Punjabi]]
|''[[Des Hoyaa Pardes]]''
|Producer: [[Manjeet Maan]] Director: [[Manoj Punj]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its sharp handling of terrorism in Punjab and portrayal of alienation, migration of Punjabi youth to the west of that time.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|''[[Navarasa (film)|Navarasa]]''
|Producer: Sunil Doshi Director: [[Santosh Sivan]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its credible exploitation of the world of the [[third gender]] blended with director's own cinematic style.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|''[[Swarabhishekam]]''
|Producer: H. Gopalakrishna Murthy Director: [[K. Viswanath]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its excellent musical structure clubbed with great classical musical performance.''
|}

'''Best Feature Film in Each of the Language Other Than Those Specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution'''

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English|Best Feature Film in English]]
|''[[Amu (film)|Amu]]''
|Producer: [[Shonali Bose]] Director: Shonali Bose
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its innovative style of handling a girl’s search for her identity and her encounter with a scarred society.''
|}

=== Non-Feature Films ===

Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary/newsreel/fiction are eligible for non-feature film section.

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by A. K. Bir was appointed to evaluate the non-feature films awards. Following were the jury members:<ref name="52ndaward"/><ref name="52ndawardJuries"/>

* '''Jury Members'''
** [[A. K. Bir]] (Chairperson){{•}}Kadambari Chintamani{{•}}Vasiraju Prakasam{{•}}Sudhish Gopalakrishnan{{•}}Supriyo Sen{{•}}Prasann Jain{{•}} [[Pushpesh Pant]]

==== Golden Lotus Award ====

Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="52ndaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Non-Feature Film]]
|''Girni''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Producer: Tripurari Sharan {{small|for}} [[Film and Television Institute of India]] Director: [[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For projecting the impact of noise over a child's mind with excellent visualisation and fine cinematic dramatisation.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Direction|Best Non-Feature Film Direction]]
|''Girni''
|Marathi
|Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For portraying the impact of sound on a young and sensitive mind with excellent dramatic and cinematic style.''
|}

==== Silver Lotus Award ====

Official Name: Rajat Kamal<ref name="52ndaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)' and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film of a Director|Best First Non-Feature Film]]
|''Ek Sagar Kinaree... A Seaside Story ''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]] and English
|Producer: Gomantar Marathi Academy Director: [[Laxmikant Shetgaonkar]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For handling the simple and delicate relationship between ordinary human beings in a very profound evocative and enterprising manner, within a commercialised compulsive atmosphere.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film|Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film]]
|''The Legend of Fat Mama''
|English
|Producer: Rafeeq Ellias Director: Rafeeq Ellias
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For presenting a nostalgic journey of the Chinese community in Kolkata in a very lively and engrossing, and yet thought provoking moment.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Biographical Film|Best Biographical Film]]
|''It's Prabhat''
|Marathi
|Producer: A. V. Damle Director: Madhavi Vaidya
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For presenting the glorious history of Prabhat Film Company in a very engaging and fascinating manner through excellent compilation of the excerpts of some of the renowned old films of the company.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Scientific Film|Best Scientific Film]] / [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Environment/Conservation/Preservation Film|Best Environment / Conservation / Preservation Film]]
|''Timeless Traveller-The Horseshoe Crab''
|English
|Producer: Riverbank Studios Director: Gautam Pandey
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For venturing to explore the most enigmatic creature, very scientific and analytic manner effectively urging mankind to conserve this unique species.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues|Best Film on Social Issues]]
|''Dwijaa''
|Marathi
|Producer: Tripurari Sharan {{small|for}} [[Film and Television Institute of India]] Director: Pankaj Purandare
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For presenting the distress of a child widow and her graduation over reality with subtle and sensitive cinematic treatment.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film|Best Exploration / Adventure Film]]
|''Shores of Silence – Whale Sharks in India''
|English
|Producer: Gautam Pandey Director: Ranjana Pandey
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For capturing the cruelty of fisher-man over harmless sea-creature, the whale shark, along the Gujarat coast, with a fine insight and bravado, which could bring transformation to the ignorance of the fisherfock's mindless slaughter.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Investigative Film|Best Investigative Film]]
|''Harvest of Hunger''
|English and [[Oriya language|Oriya]]
|Producer: Action Aid India, Bhubaneshwar Director: Rupashree Nanda
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For portraying the apathy and the hardships of drought effected villagers from Bolangir District, and their struggle to survive under an atmosphere of compulsive exploitation in excellent investigative and poignant style.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film|Best Animation Film]]
|''Raju and I''
|English and [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Producer: Aseema Charitable Trust Director: Gayatri Rao Animator: Chetan Sharma
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For depicting the emotional journey of a child and his experience and awareness of the social conditions through an excellent technique of animation.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film|Best Short Fiction Film]]
|''Cradle Song''
|English and Hindi
|Producer: Tripurari Sharan {{small|for}} Film and Television Institute of India Director: Nimisha Pandey
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For exploring the mental agony of a couple, that has given birth to a crippled child in a very ethereal and stimulating cinematic style.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]
|''Saanjh''
|Hindi
|Producer: Tripurari Sharan {{small|for}} Film and Television Institute of India Director: Jasmine Kaur
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a very sensitively structured short film which deals with the apathy of an old man and his encounter with reality.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''Girni''
|Marathi
|[[Camera operator|Cameraman]]: Manoj Raymond Lobo [[Film laboratory|Laboratory Processing]]: [[Reliance MediaWorks Ltd|Adlabs]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a short film which is highly enriched through excellent visual choreography.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|''Kshy Tra Ghya''
|Hindi
|Vivek
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For evolving an experimental form of narration within a story form, with excellent sound design.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Editing|Best Editing]]
|''Harvest of Hunger''
|English and Oriya
|Prashant Naik
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For documenting with apathy of the drought stricken villagers, by fluent and flowing editing style, keeping the interest on the subject, very engaging.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]
|''Ek Sagar Kinaree... A Seaside Story ''
|Marathi and English
|Dhwani
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a short film which is extremely enhanced by the accompaniment of very throbbing and engaging music.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Narration / Voice Over|Best Narration / Voice Over]]
|''The Legend of Fat Mama''
|English
|Yang Yen Thaw
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For communicates the nostalgic journey of the Chinese community in Calcutta through a moving narration, complying with the harmonious pace of the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Non-Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]
|''Kshy Tra Ghya''
|Hindi
|Amit Dutta (Director)
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For evolving an experimental form of narration within a story form, with excellent special visual effects in an innovative style.''
|}

=== Best Writing on Cinema ===

The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through publication of books, articles, reviews etc.

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by Rauf Ahmed was appointed to evaluate the writing on Indian cinema. Following were the jury members:<ref name="52ndaward"/>

* '''Jury Members'''
** Rauf Ahmed (Chairperson){{•}}Utpal Borpujari{{•}}Shoma A. Chatterji

==== Golden Lotus Award ====
Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="52ndaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)' and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Book
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:35%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:15%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]]
|''Stardust – Vignettes from the Fringes of Film Industry''
|English
|Author: Roopa Swaminathan Publisher: [[Penguin Books]]
|{{INR}} 15,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For giving a rare, fascinating insight into the lives of people on the fringes of the film industry whose contribution to cinema is no less significant. The work is marked by painstaking research and incisive analysis that does not alienate the average cinema lover.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film Critic|Best Film Critic]]
|
|
|Namrata Joshi
|{{INR}} 15,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For consistently maintaining a high standard of film evaluation at a time when reviews are tending to become a public relations exercise. Her writings reveal a sound grasp of all aspects of film-making.''
|}

=== Awards not given ===

Following were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:<ref name="52ndaward"/>

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri|Best Feature Film in Manipuri]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Oriya|Best Feature Film in Oriya]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Historical Reconstruction/Compilation Film|Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film|Best Arts / Cultural Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film|Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Promotional Film|Best Promotional Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Agriculture Film|Best Agricultural Film]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dff.nic.in/Archive.aspx National Film Awards Archives]
* [https://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]

{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India) ceremonies]]
[[Category:2005 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2005 awards in India]]

Badruddin Ajmal

2026-01-22T14:27:30Z

Rspalmora:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Mawlānā]]
| image = File:Shri M. Badruddin Ajmal 2016.jpg
| caption = Ajmal in 2016
| office1 = [[All India United Democratic Front|President of the All India United Democratic Front]]
| term_start1 = 2 October 2005
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = ''Post Established''
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Salmara South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Salmara South]]
| term_start2 = 11 May 2006
| term_end2 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor2 = Wazed Ali Choudhury
| successor2 = Wazed Ali Choudhury
| office3 =
| primeminister3 =
| constituency3 = [[Jamunamukh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamunamukh]]
| term_start3 = 11 May 2006
| term_end3 = 17 October 2006
| predecessor3 = [[Khalilur Rahman Chowdhury (Indian politician)|Khalilur Rahman Chowdhury]]
| successor3 = [[Sirajuddin Ajmal]]
| office4 =
| name = Badruddin Ajmal
| constituency = [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| termstart = 16 May 2009
| termend = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Anwar Hussain (politician)|Anwar Hussain]]
| successor = [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1950|02|12}}
| birth_place = [[Hojai, Assam]], India
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[All India United Democratic Front]] (2005 to present)
| otherparty =
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| children = {{ubl|[[Abdur Rehman Ajmal]] (son)| [[Abdur Rahim Ajmal]] (son) Abdul Majid Ajmal(son)}}
| spouse = Rehana Badruddin Ajmal
| profession = Politician, businessman
| relatives = [[Sirajuddin Ajmal]] (brother)
| date = 23 December 2024
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20210228040420/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4436
| office5 = State President of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]], Assam unit
| office6 = [[Chief Executive Officer]] of [[Ajmal Foundation]]
| term_start6 = 2005
| predecessor6 = Post Established
}}
'''Badruddin Ajmal''' (born 12 February 1950) is an Indian businessman, politician, [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] and [[Islamic schools and branches|Islamic]] [[Theology|theologian]] from the state of [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/himanta-biswa-sarma-in-this-assam-election-bangladeshi-immigrants-want-their-own-cm-too/|title=Himanta Biswa Sarma: In this Assam election, Bangladeshi immigrants want their own CM too|date=15 February 2016}}</ref> He is the state-president of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] for Assam. He was the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], Lok Sabha from [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri constituency]] from 2009 to 2024. In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Indian general elections]], he was the wealthiest candidate from [[Assam]] with declared assets exceeding [[Indian rupee sign|₹]] 155 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Phase 3 polls in Assam: Ajmal leads list of wealthy candidates|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/phase-3-polls-in-assam-ajmal-leads-list-of-wealthy-candidates/articleshow/109849550.cms}}</ref> He is the founding President of the [[All India United Democratic Front]] since 2005. He is also [[Chief Executive Officer]] of a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organization]], [[Ajmal Foundation]] which established 25 educational institutions,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agha |first1=Eram |title=Number of Students Clearing NEET Exam After Coaching From Ajmal Foundation's Increases from 11 to 80 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/number-of-students-clearing-neet-exam-after-coaching-from-ajmal-foundations-increases-from-11-to-80-2977391.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=News18 |publisher=[[CNN-News18]] |date=18 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> schools, and hospitals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakravarty |first1=Ipsita |last2=Saikia |first2=Arunabh |title='Minority communalism is costly': A polarising debate on citizenship makes Assam's Muslims cautious |url=https://scroll.in/article/920335/minority-communalism-is-costly-a-polarising-debate-on-citizenship-makes-assams-muslims-cautious |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=Scroll |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

==Biography==
Ajmal was born to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family from [[Hojai]], [[Assam]]. His family traces its origins to the [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]] of [[Bangladesh|eastern Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assam-assembly-election-perfume-baron-badruddin-ajmal-is-expected-to-hold-on-to-his-strongholds-expand-his-reach/articleshow/50787794.cms?from=mdr|title=Assam assembly election: Perfume baron Badruddin Ajmal is expected to hold on to his strongholds & expand his reach|date=31 January 2016|author=Seetharaman, G.|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> He is the son of Haji Ajmal Ali, a rice farmer who moved to Mumbai in 1950 to try to succeed in the perfume industry using the ''[[Agarwood|oud]]'' plant. After the opening of the first store in the 1960s, the Ajmal perfume brand quickly grew to become a large brand in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sajjad|first=M.|title=Ajmal Perfumes: A 70-year legacy of farm to fragrance|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/videos/nation/ajmal-perfumes-a-70-year-legacy-of-farm-to-fragrance|access-date=2021-02-01|website=Khaleej Times|language=en}}</ref> He holds master's degrees in [[Islamic Theology|Theology]] and [[Arabic]] from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].<ref name="aj"/>

== Career ==
The son of the founder of Ajmal Perfumes, he established the [[All India United Democratic Front]] (AIUDF) in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All India United Democratic Front |url=http://www.aiudf.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514025101/http://www.aiudf.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 May 2011 |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=www.aiudf.org}}</ref> He is also the president of the [[Assam]] State [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]].<ref name="aj">{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4436 |title=Bioprofile of 15th Lok Sabha members, India |access-date=30 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102003242/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4436 |archive-date=2 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a three-time MP from [[Dhubri]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=15th Lok sabha members, Assam, India|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetail.aspx?state_code=Assam|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134612/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetail.aspx?state_code=Assam|archive-date=25 September 2015|access-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> He has been regularly listed among "[[The 500 Most Influential Muslims]]" of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Muslim 500: Badruddin Ajmal Qasmi|url=https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/badruddin-ajmal-qasmi/|access-date=2020-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/22-Indians-among-worlds-influential-Muslims/articleshow/49315830.cms|title=Times of India on 22 most influential Muslims in India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 October 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref>

He is the managing trustee of Haji Abdul Majid Memorial (HAMM) Public Trust, Hojai. This trust is best known for the [[charitable hospital]] Haji Abdul Majid Memorial Hospital and Research Center<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ajmalfoundation.org/ |title=Ajmal Foundation |access-date=24 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401130846/http://www.ajmalfoundation.org/ |archive-date=1 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at [[Hojai]], Assam. He also established a hospital at Malua near [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]] of [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], named as Badarpur Hospital.<ref>{{cite news |title=Badruddin Ajmal Election Results 2021: News, Votes, Results of Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-candidates-list-2019/badruddin-ajmal-03004-4 |work=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2005, he established [[Ajmal Foundation]], a non-governmental organization based in Assam, India, and operating 25 educational institutions across the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Number of Students Clearing NEET Exam After Coaching From Ajmal Foundation's Increases from 11 to 80 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/number-of-students-clearing-neet-exam-after-coaching-from-ajmal-foundations-increases-from-11-to-80-2977391.html |work=www.news18.com |date=2020-10-18 |language=en}}</ref> Since 1995, he has served as director of [[Shaikhul Hind Academy]], a department of Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah Khalili|author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=3rd|date= October 2020|location=India|page=790|language=ur|oclc=1345466013}}</ref>

==Political activities==
He was the president of Hojai session reception committee of [[Assam Sahitya Sabha]], 2004 and Darul Hadith, Jayanagar Madrassa.<ref name="aj" /> Assam Ajmal's political debut came in 2005 after the Supreme Court struck down the [[Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983|Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=17 August 2012|title=Assam Muslims blame perfume baron for unrest|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Guwahati/Assam-Muslims-blame-AIUDF-chief-for-violence-in-state/Article1-915265.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819062428/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Guwahati/Assam-Muslims-blame-AIUDF-chief-for-violence-in-state/Article1-915265.aspx|archive-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> Ajmal founded the Assam United Democratic Front, which was renamed the All-India United Democratic Front in 2013.

Before the 2006 Assam assembly elections, Ajmal was politically insignificant. During the 2006 elections however, his party managed to win 10 seats fighting the Congress. He was elected simultaneously from two constituencies – South Salmara and Jamunamukh – by a large margin of votes. In the 2009 Lok Sabha elections, Ajmal won from [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]] constituency.<ref name=":0" />

In the [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011 Assembly polls]], AIUDF won 18 seats and emerged as the largest opposition party in [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |title=Partywise Trends & Result |access-date=19 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519040751/http://www.eciresults.ap.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |archive-date=19 May 2014 }}</ref>

In the 2014 Lok Sabha polls, Ajmal was re-elected from Dhubri and his party won 3 Lok Sabha seats. In the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly elections]], however, the BJP swept the polls and Ajmal himself lost the [[Salmara South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Salmara South]] constituency. His party was reduced to 13 seats.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-30|title=The 'Ajmal' factor in Assam Assembly polls|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/the-ajmal-factor-in-assam-assembly-polls-945305.html|access-date=2021-02-01|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2019 Indian general election in Assam|2019 Lok Sabha elections]], Ajmal was the only candidate from his party to keep his seat, winning again from Dhubri. With 7 children, he has most children for any Member of Parliament in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-25|title=Mr PM, Please Note: 96 BJP MPs Have Three or More Children|url=https://www.newsclick.in/BJP-Loksabha-MPs-Children-Narendra-Modi-Government|access-date=2021-02-01|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref> In 2020, Ajmal announced he and Congress would be in alliance for the 2021 polls.<ref name=":1" />

== Controversy ==
Ajmal's statements have often courted controversy for polarizing [[Bengali Muslims]]. Following the [[2012 Assam violence|2012 Assam riots]], Ajmal claimed the violence was between [[Boro people|Bodos]] and [[Muslims]]. The remarks were criticised by an [[Islam in Assam#Indigenous Assamese Muslims|Assamese Muslim]] group, the Sadou Asom Gariya – Moria Desi (SAGMJ), along with the [[All Assam Students' Union|All Assam Students Union]], for ignoring that [[Islam in Assam#Indigenous Assamese Muslims|Assamese Muslim]] were not involved at all.<ref name=":0" />

On 22 January 2021, at a rally in [[Dhubri]], Ajmal claimed that the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|''Bharatiya Janata Party'' (BJP)]] had a list of 3500 [[Mosque|mosques]] it would destroy if returned to power at the Centre and that “they will not let women go out wearing ‘[[burqa]]’, grow a beard, wear a [[Taqiyah (cap)|skullcap]] or even offer ''[[Adhan|azaan]]'' at mosques.” The BJP claimed he was making "communal statements" out of nervousness since BJP "will get majority share of Muslim votes" this election. [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], with whom Ajmal is in alliance, as well as NDA party [[Asom Gana Parishad]] also condemned the remarks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-21|title=Congress runs for cover in Assam after new ally AIUDF chief Badruddin Ajmal sparks a row|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/assam-assembly-election/congress-runs-for-cover-in-assam-after-new-ally-aiudf-chief-sparks-a-row-101611251674963.html|access-date=2021-02-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

On 7 January 2023, ahead of the [[Ram Mandir]] consecration, Ajmal suggested that Muslims should stay indoors and avoid traveling by train, citing fears of anti-Muslim violence. [[Giriraj Singh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] criticised Ajmal's comments, saying "BJP does not hate Muslims ... BJP respect all religions."<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Stay home from Jan 20-25’: AIUD chief Badruddin Ajmal urges Muslims ahead of Ram Mandir inauguration, BJP hits back |newspaper=Livemint |date=7 January 2024 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/stay-home-from-jan-20-25-aiud-chief-badruddin-ajmal-urges-muslims-ahead-of-ram-mandir-inauguration-bjp-hits-back-11704633878899.html |access-date=March 27, 2025}}</ref>

On 24 February 2025, Ajmal apologized for remarks he had made about Geetashri Tamuly, wife of MLA [[Akhil Gogoi]]. When asked about her appointment as a faculty member in a Guwahati college, Ajmal reportedly dismissed commenting on her, calling her an "old woman," but added that he would have spoken if the issue involved a "young woman." His remarks were described as [[sexist]] by the youth wing of the [[Raijor Dal]] party, and both its youth wing and women's wing filed police reports. Ajmal issued a video apology, stating his words were misinterpreted by the media and reiterating his respect for women.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former Assam MP Badruddin Ajmal apologises for 'sexist' remarks against MLA's wife |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=24 February 2025 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/assam/former-assam-mp-badruddin-ajmal-apologises-for-sexist-remarks-against-mlas-wife-3419340 |access-date=March 27, 2025}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|mbadruddinajmal}}
*{{twitter|BadruddinAjmal}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=Badruddin Ajmal}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[All India United Democratic Front]] Party in the [[16th Lok Sabha]]|years=2014–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{16th LS members from Northeast states |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajmal, Badruddin}}
[[Category:People from Dhubri district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:All India United Democratic Front politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Ajmal family]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Members of the Majlis-e-Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband]]

Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis

2026-01-20T07:43:59Z

Rspalmora: Put Up New Entry W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Public university in Indianapolis, Indiana, US (1969–2024)}}
{{About|the defunct university|text=For the two succeeding universities after the split in 2024, see [[Indiana University Indianapolis]] and [[Purdue University in Indianapolis]]}}
{{Promotional|date=March 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis
| image = IUPUI combined seals.png
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| other_name = IUPUI
| motto =
| established = 1969
| closed = July 1, 2024
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research university]]
| parent = [[Indiana University]] [[Purdue University system|Purdue University]]
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Great Cities' Universities|GCU]]|[[Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities|CUMU]]|[[Oak Ridge Associated Universities|ORAU]]|[[Coalition of Urban Serving Universities|USU]]|[[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]}}
| endowment = $1.15 billion (2020)<ref name=endowment>{{cite web |url=https://datausa.io/profile/university/indiana-university-purdue-university-indianapolis? |title=DATAUSA |publisher=DATAUSA |access-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609191008/https://datausa.io/profile/university/indiana-university-purdue-university-indianapolis |url-status=live }}</ref>
| chancellor = Latha Ramchand<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.iu.edu/live/news/33780-latha-ramchand-to-lead-iu-indianapolis-campus-as | title=Latha Ramchand to lead IU Indianapolis campus as chancellor, executive vice president | access-date=December 11, 2023 | archive-date=December 11, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211192557/https://news.iu.edu/live/news/33780-latha-ramchand-to-lead-iu-indianapolis-campus-as | url-status=live }}</ref>
| students = 29,390 (Fall 2020)
| undergrad = 20,441 (Fall 2020)
| postgrad = 8,171 (Fall 2020)
| city = [[Indianapolis]]
| state = [[Indiana]]
| country = United States
| coor = {{Coord|39.773996|-86.176361|format=dms|region:US_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]: {{convert|536|acre|ha}}<ref name="Blanchard">{{cite news |last=Blanchard |first=Peter |date=December 2, 2022 |url=https://www.ibj.com/articles/indiana-university-plans-science-tech-corridor-indianapolis |title=IU plans science and tech corridor in Indianapolis to boost STEM degrees |newspaper=Indianapolis Business Journal |publisher=IBJ Media |access-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202191907/https://www.ibj.com/articles/indiana-university-plans-science-tech-corridor-indianapolis |url-status=live }}</ref>
| campus_size =
| free_label = Student Newspapers
| free = The Campus Citizen
| sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I]] – [[Horizon League]]
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| nickname = [[IU Indy Jaguars|Jaguars]]
| website = {{url|https://www.iupui.edu}}
| logo = [[File:IUPUI wordmark.svg|200px]]
| faculty = Over 2,500
| mascots = Jawz, Jinx, and Jazzy
| colors = Cream, crimson, and black<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iu.edu/brand/design/color.html |title=IU Brand Design |publisher=Indiana University |access-date=March 7, 2024 |archive-date=April 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413134211/https://www.iu.edu/brand/design/color.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{color box|#ffffff}} {{color box|#990000}} {{color box|#243142}}
}}

'''Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis''' ('''IUPUI'''){{refn|Typically pronounced "I-U-P-U-I" {{IPAc-en|aɪ|_|juː|_|p|iː|_|juː|_|aɪ}} with each letter pronounced separately, it is sometimes colloquially pronounced "ooey-pooey" {{IPAc-en|uː|w|iː|_|p|uː|w|iː}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2003-03-17-0303170018-story.html |title=Ooey-pooey: Tourney team with image issue |last=Conklin |first=Mike |date=March 17, 2003 |website=Chicago Tribune |access-date=January 16, 2022 |quote= |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322165237/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2003-03-17-0303170018-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/19/sports/college-basketball-big-question-answered-just-what-is-iupui.html |title=COLLEGE BASKETBALL; Big Question Answered: Just What Is I.U.P.U.I.? |last=Picker |first=David |date=March 19, 2003 |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 16, 2022 |quote= |archive-date=January 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116200900/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/19/sports/college-basketball-big-question-answered-just-what-is-iupui.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MakingOf">{{cite book |last1=Gray |first1=Ralph D. |title=IUPUI--the making of an urban university |date=2003 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn=9780253342423 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOnNSoCtD5YC |access-date=May 19, 2022 |quote=Sutton's later comment that IUPUI would be pronounced "oo-ee-poo-ee" in the Thai language gave the new university its unwanted nickname.}}</ref> |name=name|group=lower-alpha}} was a joint campus<ref>Library of Congress. [https://lccn.loc.gov/n80126355 Name authority record for IUPUI]. On Sept. 29, 1999, IUPUI Communications and Marketing, clarified that "IUPUI is a joint campus, not a university in itself," leading IUPUI University Library and the Library of Congress to establish "IUPUI (Campus)" as IUPUI's name heading, for use by libraries all around the world.</ref> of [[Indiana University]] and [[Purdue University system|Purdue University]] in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]], United States, from 1969 to 2024, offering undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees from both universities. In 2024, IUPUI was split into two separate campuses, namely [[Indiana University Indianapolis]] and [[Purdue University in Indianapolis]].

Administered primarily through Indiana University as a core campus and secondarily through Purdue University as a regional campus, it was [[Indiana]]'s primary urban research and academic health sciences institution. IUPUI was located in [[downtown Indianapolis]] along the [[White River (Indiana)|White River]] and [[Fall Creek (Indiana)|Fall Creek]].

Among more than 550 degree programs, the [[urban university]] hosted the primary campuses for both the [[Indiana University School of Medicine]], with more than 2,000 students, and the [[Indiana University School of Dentistry]], the only [[dental school]] in the state. Also, the [[Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law]] is one of the two Indiana University law schools.<ref name="IUPUI Overview">{{cite web| title =IUPUI Overview| publisher =U.S. News & World Report| url =https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/indiana-universitypurdue-university-indianapolis-1813| access-date =December 16, 2021| archive-date =December 24, 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20211224160046/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/indiana-universitypurdue-university-indianapolis-1813| url-status =live}}</ref><ref name="IUPUI Academics">{{cite web| title =IUPUI Academics| publisher =IUPUI| url =https://www.iupui.edu/academics/index.html| access-date =December 16, 2021| archive-date =October 24, 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20211024184321/https://www.iupui.edu/academics/index.html| url-status =live}}</ref> After excluding the research budget of the IU School of Medicine, IUPUI was [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity."

The IUPUI Jaguars competed in the [[NCAA]]'s [[NCAA Division I|Division I]] in the [[Horizon League]]. Several athletics venues are located on the campus, including the [[IU Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium]] and [[Indiana University Natatorium]], the largest indoor pool in the United States with a [[seating capacity]] of 4,700.

In 2024, when IUPUI was split into two separate campuses, the IUPUI athletic program was transferred to the new IU Indianapolis as the [[IU Indy Jaguars]], inheriting IUPUI's memberships in Division I and the Horizon League.

==History==

=== Founding ===
In 1968, Maynard K. Hine,<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana University celebrates official naming of Hine Hall, honoring visionary IUPUI chancellor|publisher=IU Communications
|url=http://news.iupui.edu/releases/2013/08/hine-hall-naming.shtml |access-date =August 6, 2015 }}</ref> dean of the IU School of Dentistry began working with then-Mayor of Indianapolis [[Richard Lugar]], IU President [[Joseph Sutton (college president)|Joseph L. Sutton]], Purdue President [[Frederick L. Hovde]], and others to establish IUPUI in 1969 through the merger of the Indianapolis extension programs of both IU and Purdue. Some schools, however, were established before the merger, including the IU School of Medicine, IU School of Dentistry, IU Robert H. McKinney School of Law, IU School of Liberal Arts, and IU Herron School of Art.

The student-run newspaper of the former IU extension campus, the ''Onomatopoeia'', and that of the former Purdue University extension campus, the ''Component'', merged in 1971 to form ''The Sagamore'', which operated until 2009.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Sagamore (Student Newspaper) |url=https://archives.iupui.edu/handle/2450/9995 |access-date=August 17, 2022 |website=IUPUI eArchives Ruth Lilly Special Collections & Archives |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627100505/https://archives.iupui.edu/handle/2450/9995 |url-status=live }}</ref> Archives are available online. That publication was replaced by ''The Campus Citizen'' in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Jacob |title=About The Campus Citizen |url=https://www.thecampuscitizen.com/page/about-the-campus-citizen |access-date=August 18, 2022 |website=The Campus Citizen}}</ref>

=== Later history ===
IUPUI's research expenditures for fiscal year 2014 totaled $271,093,483 with the federal government as the largest sponsor of the research at 61 percent of the total.<ref name="History of IUPUI">{{cite web |date=April 16, 2014 |title=History of IUPUI |url=http://www.iupui.edu/~bulletin/iupui/2012-2014/overview/history.shtml |publisher=IUPUI |access-date=April 17, 2014 |archive-date=April 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418234110/http://www.iupui.edu/~bulletin/iupui/2012-2014/overview/history.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

IUPUI CyberLab, a lab in the School of Engineering and Technology that provides research and intellectual support for the design, development, and implementation of innovative educational technology,<ref>{{cite web |title=IUPUI CyberLab |url=https://cyberlab.iupui.edu/ |access-date=September 24, 2020 |website=IUPUI CyberLab |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024202845/https://cyberlab.iupui.edu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was established in 1996 by [[Ali Jafari]] and funded by [[William M. Plater|William Plater]], the Executive [[Chancellor (education)|Vice-Chancellor]] of IUPUI at the time. [[Ali Jafari]], David Mills, Brian Ho, and Amy Warner<ref>{{cite web |title=Amy Conrad Warner: Staff Directory: Contact: Community Engagement: IUPUI |url=https://engage.iupui.edu/contact/staff-directory/warner-amy-conrad.html |access-date=September 24, 2020 |website=Community Engagement |archive-date=September 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929232350/https://engage.iupui.edu/contact/staff-directory/warner-amy-conrad.html |url-status=live }}</ref> was the first team at the CyberLab to start working on the development of the very first online (based on the Internet) on an Indiana University campus. The team received $160,000 from Indiana University to continue to implement Oncourse for all courses at IUPUI. Starting in 1998, Indiana University - Purdue University was the first IU campus to put all courses online. The CyberLab continued to develop and has now launched several projects, including; [[Sakai (software)|Sakai]], [[ANGEL Learning]], Epsilen,<ref>{{cite web |title=Epsilen |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/epsilen/about/ |access-date=September 24, 2020 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Past Projects |url=https://cyberlab.iupui.edu/Current%20Projects/Past%20Projects/index.html |access-date=September 24, 2020 |website=IUPUI CyberLab }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the current project called CourseNetworking.<ref>{{cite web |title=Projects |url=https://cyberlab.iupui.edu/Current%20Projects/index.html |access-date=September 24, 2020 |website=IUPUI CyberLab |archive-date=June 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608161806/https://cyberlab.iupui.edu/Current%20Projects/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, the Indiana Commission for Higher Education approved IU's proposal to create what is believed to be the world's first school dedicated to the study and teaching of philanthropy.<ref name="SOP">{{cite web |title=New School of Philanthropy at IU receives Final Approval |url=http://www.philanthropy.iupui.edu/news/article/new-school-of-philanthropy-at-indiana-university-receives-final-approval |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018023253/http://www.philanthropy.iupui.edu/news/article/new-school-of-philanthropy-at-indiana-university-receives-final-approval |archive-date=October 18, 2012 |access-date=September 14, 2012 |publisher=IUPUI}}</ref> The school has built on the strengths of the Center of Philanthropy at IU, a pioneer in philanthropy education, research and training. In 2013, the School was named the Indiana University Lilly School of Philanthropy in honor of the Lilly family's philanthropic leadership, as well as their profound contributions to education, research, and the well-being of society.<ref name="Lilly Family">{{cite web |title=IU Naming First School of Philanthropy in Honor of Lilly Family |url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news-archive/24069.html |access-date=April 9, 2013 |publisher=IU News Room |archive-date=December 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206023243/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news-archive/24069.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2013, IUPUI opened a School of Public Health named in honor of Richard M. Fairbanks. The Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health will focus on the areas of urban health, health policy, biostatistics, and epidemiology. Paul K. Halverson was named founding dean of the school.<ref>{{cite web |title=School of Public Health at IUPUI Names for Fairbanks in Honor of Foundation's $20 Million Gift |url=http://newscenter.iupui.edu/index.php?id=5794 |access-date=September 27, 2012 |publisher=IUPUI |archive-date=April 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418233958/http://newscenter.iupui.edu/index.php?id=5794 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Office of Sustainability developed an IUPUI Sustainability Certificate for students.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last1=Pike |first1=Gary R. |last2=Bringle |first2=Robert G. |last3=Hatcher |first3=Julie A. |date=2014 |title=Assessing Civic Engagement at Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ir.20081 |journal=New Directions for Institutional Research |language=en |volume=2014 |issue=162 |pages=87–97 |doi=10.1002/ir.20081 |issn=1536-075X |hdl-access=free |hdl=1805/9643 |archive-date=July 29, 2021 |access-date=July 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729042236/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ir.20081 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Split ===
{{Main articles|Indiana University Indianapolis|Purdue University in Indianapolis}}
On August 12, 2022, the boards of trustees of both Purdue and IU announced that IUPUI would split into two separate universities, with completion of the split finished by the fall 2024 semester.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/education/2022/08/12/indiana-university-purdue-indianapolis-iupui-split-separate-schools-colleges/65401042007/|access-date=August 12, 2022|title=Indiana University, Purdue to split IUPUI into 2 separate schools|archive-date=August 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812172732/https://www.indystar.com/story/news/education/2022/08/12/indiana-university-purdue-indianapolis-iupui-split-separate-schools-colleges/65401042007/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insideindianabusiness.com/articles/purdue-iu-agree-to-transform-iupui-rebrand-school-as-iu-indianapolis|title=Purdue, IU agree to split IUPUI campus, with both planning growth, stronger Indy identities|access-date=August 12, 2022|archive-date=August 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812153921/https://www.insideindianabusiness.com/articles/purdue-iu-agree-to-transform-iupui-rebrand-school-as-iu-indianapolis|url-status=live}}</ref> The School of Science is now operated by IU along with its other programs, including business, law, nursing, and social work under [[Indiana University Indianapolis]]. The computer science, engineering, and technology programs are now operated by Purdue as the new [[Purdue University in Indianapolis]], a fully integrated extension of its West Lafayette campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2023/Q2/purdue-university-in-indianapolis-launching-purdues-first-comprehensive-urban-campus-and-forming-americas-hard-tech-corridor.html|title=Purdue University in Indianapolis: Launching Purdue's first comprehensive urban campus and forming America's Hard Tech Corridor|access-date=June 14, 2023|archive-date=June 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614203000/https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2023/Q2/purdue-university-in-indianapolis-launching-purdues-first-comprehensive-urban-campus-and-forming-americas-hard-tech-corridor.html|url-status=live}}</ref> IU added a new computer science programs to its School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, and Purdue intends to open a branch of its applied research institute on or near the IUPUI campus, and plans to house several other programs in various locations throughout Indianapolis. IU will provide certain administrative services to both academic organizations, and the IUPUI athletic program will transfer to the new IU Indianapolis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Ashley |date=August 12, 2022 |title=Indiana University, Purdue agree to split IUPUI into two separate schools |url=https://www.wishtv.com/news/local-news/indiana-university-purdue-agree-to-split-iupui-into-two-separate-schools/ |access-date=August 12, 2022 |website=[[WISH-TV]] |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812155102/https://www.wishtv.com/news/local-news/indiana-university-purdue-agree-to-split-iupui-into-two-separate-schools/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Needs update|date=February 2025}}

In 2023, Purdue University created a separate tenure system called "University Tenure" for the IUPUI faculty affected by the split, which gave rise to concerns about unequal treatment and potential discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moody |first=Josh |date=July 27, 2023 |title=Hard Choices Amid Purdue-Indiana Split (Inside Higher Ed) |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/governance/executive-leadership/2023/07/27/hard-choices-purdue-and-indiana-decouple |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209195611/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/governance/executive-leadership/2023/07/27/hard-choices-purdue-and-indiana-decouple |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Lee |date=September 12, 2023 |title=A Messy Divorce, The dissolution of Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis poses a novel risk to tenure (The Chronicle of Higher Education) |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/a-50-year-old-university-partnership-is-dissolving-posing-a-novel-risk-to-tenure |access-date=December 9, 2023}}</ref> The IUPUI Faculty Council said that IU President [[Pamela Whitten]] and Board of Trustees "undermined" shared governance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Aubrey |date=December 6, 2023 |title=IUPUI Faculty Council says President Whitten and Board of Trustees 'undermine' shared governance |url=https://www.wfyi.org/news/articles/iupui-faculty-council-says-president-whitten-and-board-of-trustees-undermine-shared-governance |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209203439/https://www.wfyi.org/news/articles/iupui-faculty-council-says-president-whitten-and-board-of-trustees-undermine-shared-governance |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:IUPUI-Library-trees.JPG|thumb|[[IUPUI University Library]]]]
IUPUI was one of nine campuses of Indiana University and one of five campuses of the [[Purdue University system]]. The campus offered more than 550 degree programs provided by 17 different schools, two of which are [[Purdue University system|Purdue University]] schools.<ref name="IUPUI Degree Programs">{{cite web| title =IUPUI Degree Programs| publisher =IUPUI| url =https://www.iupui.edu/academics/index.html| access-date =December 16, 2021| archive-date =October 24, 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20211024184321/https://www.iupui.edu/academics/index.html| url-status =live}}</ref>

IUPUI had more than 3,800 full-time faculty members. With research funding of more than $629 million in 2024, IUPUI was the second-largest site for research in Indiana.<ref name="IUPUIStats">{{cite web |title=Rankings & Campus Statistics: About |url=https://www.iupui.edu/about/rankings-statistics.html |website=IUPUI |access-date=March 8, 2022 |archive-date=March 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308145653/https://www.iupui.edu/about/rankings-statistics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

IUPUI included the nation's largest nursing school, the main campus of the largest [[List of medical schools in the United States|medical school in the country]], the only dental school in the state, and the country's oldest school of physical education. IUPUI was among the top 20 campuses in the nation for graduate professional degrees conferred.<ref name="IUPUI Rankings">{{cite web |title=IUPUI Rankings |url=http://news.iupui.edu/releases/2013/08/hine-hall-naming.shtml |access-date=August 6, 2015 |publisher=IU Communications}}</ref>

IUPUI was primarily governed by the IU Board of Trustees. Purdue University degree-granting programs were governed by the Purdue University Board of Trustees. While integrated into the Indiana University system budget, IUPUI was semi-autonomous in that it retains some independent control of its own academic curricula.
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:280px;"
| colspan="2" |
|-
| '''College/School''' || {{center|'''Year founded'''}}
|-
| [[Indiana University School of Medicine]] || {{center| 1911 }}
|-
| Indiana University Indianapolis Extension Center || {{center| 1916 }}
|-
| [[Indiana University School of Dentistry]] || {{center| 1944 }}
|-
| [[Purdue University system#IUPUI|Purdue University Indianapolis Extension Center]] || {{center| 1946 }}
|-
| [[Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law]] || {{center| 1954 }}
|-
| [[Herron School of Art and Design|Indiana University Herron School of Art]] ||
|}
===Rankings===
{{Infobox US university ranking
| THE_WSJ = 317
| Forbes = 325
| QS_W =
| THES_W =
| USNWR_NU = 196
| USNWR_W = 490
| Wamo_NU = 190
| ARWU_W = 301–400
}}
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 22em;"
|+''[[US News & World Report|U.S. News & World Report]]'' graduate school rankings (2021)<ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite magazine|title=IUPUI's Graduate School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=October 20, 2021|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/indiana-university-purdue-university-indianapolis-151111/overall-rankings|archive-date=December 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224160100/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/indiana-university-purdue-university-indianapolis-151111/overall-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Education
| 103
|-
| Engineering
| 134
|-
| Law
| 111
|-
| Medicine: Primary Care
| 36
|-
| Medicine: Research
| 42
|-
| Nursing: Master's
| 43
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center; background: lavender" | '''Departmental rankings'''
|-
| Biological Sciences
| 98
|-
| Clinical Psychology
| 64
|-
| Fine Arts
| 73
|-
| Psychology
| 112
|-
| Public Affairs
| 48
|-
| Public Health
| 147
|-
| Social Work
| 36
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center; background: lavender" | '''Online graduate programs'''<ref name="USNWR Online Programs Rankings">{{cite magazine|title=IUPUI's Online Programs Rankings|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=October 20, 2021|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/online-education/indiana-university-purdue-university-indianapolis-151111/rankings|archive-date=December 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226192243/https://www.usnews.com/education/online-education/indiana-university-purdue-university-indianapolis-151111/rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Nursing
| 49
|-
| Nursing Administration
| 16
|-
| Nursing Education
| 4
|}
* The [[U.S. News & World Report]] 2022 edition of "Best Colleges" ranked the university tied for 196th among national universities and tied for 99th among public universities, tied for 46th in the "Most Innovative Schools" category, 67th in "Best Value Schools", and tied for 114th in "Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs" <ref name="U.S. News & World Report">{{cite web | title =U.S. News & World Report | publisher =U.S. News & World Report | url =https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/indiana-universitypurdue-university-indianapolis-1813 | access-date =December 24, 2021 | archive-date =December 24, 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20211224160046/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/indiana-universitypurdue-university-indianapolis-1813 | url-status =live }}</ref>
* The 2022 [[Niche (company)|Niche College Rankings]] ranked the university 187th among public universities in America.<ref>{{cite web | title = Niche College Rankings | publisher = Niche College Rankings | url = https://www.niche.com/colleges/indiana-university-purdue-university---indianapolis-iupui/rankings/ | access-date = December 6, 2021 | archive-date = December 26, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211226225823/https://www.niche.com/colleges/indiana-university-purdue-university---indianapolis-iupui/rankings/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
* The [[Washington Monthly]] 2021 edition of "National University Rankings" ranked the university tied for 190th among national universities.<ref name="Washington Monthly">{{cite web | title =Washington Monthly | publisher =Washington Monthly | url =https://washingtonmonthly.com/2021college-guide/national | access-date =December 24, 2021 | archive-date =September 13, 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210913130500/https://washingtonmonthly.com/2021college-guide/national | url-status =live }}</ref>
* The 2021 [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] (ARWU) ranked the university 301st-400th internationally and 90th-110th nationally.<ref name="Academic Ranking of World Universities">{{cite web | title =Academic Ranking of World Universities | publisher =Academic Ranking of World Universities | url =https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2021 | access-date =December 24, 2021 | archive-date =August 15, 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210815040132/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2021 | url-status =live }}</ref>
* The 2021 Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked the university 387th internationally and 114th nationally.<ref>{{cite web | title = Center for World University Rankings | publisher = Center for World University Rankings | url = https://cwur.org/2020-21/Indiana-University-%E2%80%93-Purdue-University-Indianapolis.php | access-date = December 6, 2021 | archive-date = December 26, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211226214525/https://cwur.org/2020-21/Indiana-University-%E2%80%93-Purdue-University-Indianapolis.php | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Campus==
The IUPUI campus covers {{convert|536|acres|ha}}<ref name="Blanchard" /> and is located in [[downtown Indianapolis]] along the [[Indianapolis Cultural Trail]]<ref name="Map">{{cite web |title=Indianapolis Cultural Trail Map |url=http://indyculturaltrail.org.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Official-ICT-Map.pdf |access-date=August 6, 2015 |publisher=Indianapolis Cultural Trail |archive-date=February 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174257/http://indyculturaltrail.org.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Official-ICT-Map.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> just two blocks west of the [[Indiana Statehouse]] and adjacent to the [[Canal and White River State Park]] cultural district. The entire campus is located in the 46202 zip code.{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 455
| image1 = Campus Center - IUPUI - DSC00512.JPG
| image2 = Campus Center - IUPUI - DSC00526.JPG
| footer = Campus Center
}}
[[File:Science, Engineering, & Technology Building - IUPUI - DSC00492.JPG|thumb|Engineering Science & Technology Building]]The campus offers several new buildings including:
* '''[[University Hall (Indiana University)|University Hall]]''' (opened July 2015) – University Hall is the home of the IU Lilly Family School of Philanthropy and also offers additional space for the IU School of Social Work. It also serves as the home to the IUPUI administration, the IUPUI Office of Alumni Relations, and the IU Foundation.
* '''[[Maynard K. Hine Hall and University Tower|Hine Hall]]'''<ref name="Hine Hall">{{cite web| title = IU Celebrates Official Naming of Hine Hall, Honoring Visionary IUPUI Chancellor| publisher = IUPUI| url = http://news.iupui.edu/releases/2013/08/hine-hall-naming.shtml| access-date = August 8, 2013| archive-date = August 12, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130812222108/http://news.iupui.edu/releases/2013/08/hine-hall-naming.shtml| url-status = live}}</ref> (opened January 2013) and '''[[Maynard K. Hine Hall and University Tower|University Tower and Tower Dining]]'''<ref>{{cite web| title = IUPUI to Celebrate Grand Opening of University Tower, Tower Dining| publisher = IUPUI| url = http://news.iupui.edu/releases/2013/08/tower-opening-celebration.shtml| access-date = August 15, 2013| archive-date = August 17, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130817150820/http://news.iupui.edu/releases/2013/08/tower-opening-celebration.shtml| url-status = live}}</ref> (opened August 2013) – The former University Place Conference Center and Hotel was transformed into a multi-use facility designed to provide student housing, residential and campus dining and additional classroom space. The conversion of the facility began after nearly a yearlong study of the complex's viability by campus and Indiana University officials. Hine Hall offers 15 additional classrooms, University Tower offers residential space for 560 students and Tower Dining can seat 470 simultaneously.
* '''[[IUPUI Campus Center|Campus Center]]'''<ref name="Heart of IUPUI">{{cite web| title =The Heart of IUPUI| publisher =IUPUI| url =http://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/campus-center/| access-date =April 17, 2014| archive-date =April 18, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140418234000/http://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/campus-center//| url-status =live}}</ref> (opened spring 2008) – The Campus Center is a {{convert|179|ft|m|adj=on}} bell tower made of limestone and glass. The Campus Center houses Enrollment Services and the Offices of Financial Aid and Student Scholarship, as well as a [[Barnes & Noble]] bookstore, cultural arts gallery, game room, movie theater, bank, food court, coffee shop, meeting rooms, study spaces, and more.

The IUPUI campus is home to several nationally renowned hospitals and research entities including Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Eskenazi Health, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Regenstrief Institute, and the Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute.

==Student life==
IUPUI offered student organizations, fraternities and sororities, cultural heritage month celebrations, as well as Division I athletics, Jagapalooza,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Traditions|url=https://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/get-involved/traditions/index.html|access-date=July 29, 2021|website=Division of Student Affairs|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and others including IUPUI's signature event, The IUPUI Regatta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IUPUI Regatta|url=https://regatta.iupui.edu/index.html|access-date=July 29, 2021|website=IUPUI Regatta|language=en}}</ref>

With an enrollment of more than 30,000 before its dissolution, IUPUI's student body (undergraduate, graduate/professional) consisted of 56% female and 44% male students, with 89% of students from Indiana. Demographically, the student body was 71% White, 10% African American, 4% Asian/Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 5% Hispanic, 6% International, 3% two or more races, less than 1% American Indiana/Alaska Native and 1% unknown.<ref name="Campus Demographics">{{cite web| title = Campus Demographics| publisher = IUPUI| url = http://reports.iupui.edu/render.aspx/INSTITUTIONAL%20DATA/HCBYDEMO/IUPUI| access-date = April 17, 2014| archive-date = April 19, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140419090937/http://reports.iupui.edu/render.aspx/INSTITUTIONAL%20DATA/HCBYDEMO/IUPUI| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Student organizations===
IUPUI offers more than 400 organizations in which students can get involved.<ref name="Get Involved">{{cite web| title = Get Involved at IUPUI| publisher =IUPUI
| url = http://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/involved/index.shtml | access-date =April 17, 2014}}</ref> The Spot is a one-stop-shop portal<ref name="My Involvement">{{cite web|title=The Spot|url=https://thespot.iupui.edu/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140417144638/http://myinvolvement.iupui.edu/|archive-date=April 17, 2014|access-date=April 17, 2014|publisher=IUPUI}}</ref> that contains a comprehensive list of student organizations, events, FAQs, and grant information.

=== Student government ===
At IUPUI, there are two recognized university student organizations representing graduate, professional, and undergraduate students.

* Undergraduate Student Government, which consists of elected executive officers and student representatives from student organizations serving as liaisons to the student body, campus partners, and university officials.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Undergraduate Student Government|url=https://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/get-involved/government/usg/index.html|access-date=July 29, 2021|website=Division of Student Affairs|language=en-US|archive-date=July 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728221446/https://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/get-involved/government/usg/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Graduate and Professional Student Government, are elected executive officers from the General Assembly and each academic school as representatives that serve the graduate and professional student experience.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Graduate and Professional Student Government: Student Government: Get Involved: Division of Student Affairs: IUPUI|url=https://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/get-involved/government/grad-student-government.html|access-date=July 29, 2021|website=Division of Student Affairs|language=en-US|archive-date=June 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615044717/https://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/get-involved/government/grad-student-government.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Fraternity and sorority life===
IUPUI is home to more than twenty fraternities and sororities. Student membership has tripled since fall 2010.<ref name="Fraternity & Sorority Life">{{cite web| title =Fraternity & Sorority Life| publisher =IUPUI| url =http://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/involved/fraternity-sorority/list-orgs.shtml| access-date =April 17, 2014| archive-date =April 18, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140418233957/http://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/involved/fraternity-sorority/list-orgs.shtml| url-status =live}}</ref>

===Service learning===
Through the Center for Service & Learning<ref name="CSL">{{cite web| title =Center for Service & Learning| publisher =IUPUI| url =http://csl.iupui.edu/| access-date =April 17, 2014| archive-date =April 18, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140418233901/http://csl.iupui.edu/| url-status =live}}</ref> and Division of Student Affairs,<ref name="OSI">{{cite web |title=Division of Student Affairs |url=https://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/get-involved/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 17, 2014 |publisher=IUPUI |archive-date=March 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311100229/https://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/get-involved/index.html }}</ref> IUPUI gives students the opportunity to volunteer on campus and in the Indianapolis community through numerous campus-wide service and civic engagement events. During the 2014–2015 academic year, 8,750 students participated in 303,061 hours of service to 438 community partners.<ref name="Civic Engagement">{{cite web| title =Volunteering, Community Service & Civic Engagement| publisher =IUPUI| url =http://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/involved/volunteering-engagement/get-involved/service-events/index.shtml| access-date =April 17, 2014| archive-date =April 18, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140418234110/http://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/involved/volunteering-engagement/get-involved/service-events/index.shtml| url-status =live}}</ref>

===Campus recreation===
Campus Recreation<ref name="Campus Recreation">{{cite web| title = Campus Recreation| publisher =IUPUI | url =http://studentaffairs.iupui.edu/health-wellness/campus-rec/index.shtml| access-date =April 17, 2014}}</ref> provides activities that facilitate healthy lifestyles for a diverse population of students, faculty, and staff at IUPUI. Membership provides access to swimming at the world-class IU Natatorium, fitness classes, three weight and fitness rooms, recreational open gym, access to the new IUPUI Outdoor Recreational Complex (outdoor basketball courts) and participation in the intramural program, which includes basketball, [[broomball]], dodgeball, flag football, golf, inner tube water polo, kickball, racquetball, soccer, softball, ultimate Frisbee and volleyball.

=== Athletics ===
{{Main|IU Indy Jaguars}}
Before IUPUI was dissolved, the IUPUI Jaguars competed at the NCAA Division I level in the Horizon League in 16 men's (7) and women's (9) sports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2017 |title=IUPUI to Join Horizon League |url=http://www.horizonleague.org/blog/iupui-to-join-horizon-league |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628183346/http://www.horizonleague.org/blog/iupui-to-join-horizon-league |archive-date=June 28, 2017 |access-date=June 28, 2017 |website=[[Horizon League]]}}</ref> The Jaguars have earned NCAA Tournament bids in volleyball,<ref name="IUPUI Volleyball">{{cite web| title =IUPUI Makes NCAA Tournament Xebut Friday at #4 Missouri| publisher =IUPUI Athletics| url =http://www.iupuijags.com/news/2013/12/4/WVB_1204133055.aspx| access-date =December 4, 2013| archive-date =April 18, 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140418235531/http://www.iupuijags.com/news/2013/12/4/WVB_1204133055.aspx| url-status =live}}</ref> [[NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship]], women's soccer, men's golf, [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship]] and women's tennis, as well as The Summit League championship in [[volleyball]], men's tennis and women's soccer. Nine athletes have been recognized as Summit League Athletes of the Year, with seven coaches earning Coach of the Year honors. Prior to 1995, IUPUI athletic teams were known as the Metros and competed in [[NCAA Division II]].

IUPUI is home to the [[Indiana University Natatorium]], host of numerous national swimming championships including the 2016 U.S. Olympic Team Trials-Diving, and the [[IU Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium]], host of the [[1987 Pan American Games]], the [[2006 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships|2006]] and [[2007 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships|2007 USA Outdoor Track & Field Championships]], and several NCAA Championships. Additionally, the stadium serves as the home field for the [[Indy Eleven]] soccer team of the [[USL Championship]].

Upon the split of IUPUI in 2024, the IUPUI athletic program transferred to the new IU Indianapolis<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/college/2022/08/12/what-does-indiana-university-purdue-split-mean-for-iupui-athletics-iu-indianapolis-2024-ncaa/65402214007/ |title=What's next for IUPUI athletics? Staying in the Horizon League and 'tough decisions' |first=Matthew |last=Tryon |newspaper=Indianapolis Star |date=August 12, 2022 |access-date=August 14, 2022}}</ref> with an athletic brand name of IU Indy.

==Indiana University–Purdue University Columbus (IUPUC)==
{{Main article|Indiana University Columbus}}
Closely affiliated with IUPUI, [[Indiana University–Purdue University Columbus]] was established in 1970 and is located one hour south of Indianapolis in [[Columbus, Indiana]]—an area known for its collection of modern architecture<ref name="Columbus, Ind.: A Midwestern Mecca of Architecture">{{cite web| last1 = Stamberg| first1 = Susan| title = Columbus, Ind.: A Midwestern Mecca of Architecture| website = NPR.org| date = July 31, 2012| publisher = NPR| url = https://www.npr.org/2012/08/04/157675872/columbus-ind-a-midwestern-mecca-of-architecture| access-date = July 31, 2012| archive-date = August 4, 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120804170631/http://www.npr.org/2012/08/04/157675872/columbus-ind-a-midwestern-mecca-of-architecture| url-status = live}}</ref> with an estimated population of more than 45,000. The growing campus serves more than 1,700 undergraduate and graduate students who live primarily in Bartholomew, Brown, Decatur, Jennings Jackson, Johnson, Ripley, and Shelby counties and offers a broad range of undergraduate degree programs in business, communication studies, elementary education, English, general studies, mechanical engineering, nursing, psychology, and sociology, as well as two graduate degree programs – Master of Business Administration and Master of Arts in Mental Health Counseling. IUPUC is administered through IUPUI as a regional campus.

By July 1, 2024, IUPUC transitioned completely to Indiana University Columbus (IUC) and is now administered through IU Indianapolis. The only two Purdue degree-granting programs at IUPUC were biology and mechanical engineering; the biology degree continues to be offered at IUC through Indiana University, but the engineering degree was discontinued.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IUPUC Transitioning to IU Columbus by July 1, 2024 : IUPUC Newsroom |url=https://apps.iupuc.edu/news/2023/release/948_iupuc-transitioning-to-iu-columbus-by-july-1-2024 |access-date=January 26, 2024 |website=apps.iupuc.edu |archive-date=December 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225053849/https://apps.iupuc.edu/news/2023/release/948_iupuc-transitioning-to-iu-columbus-by-july-1-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
{{Main|Category:Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis alumni}}

* [[Norman Bridwell]] (Herron 1950), author and illustrator of ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''
* [[Bettie Cadou]] (English 1957), journalist and photographer
* [[Julia Carson]] (Law 1963), former member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]]
* [[Vija Celmins]] (Herron 1961), fine art painter and printmaker
* [[Dan Coats]] (Law 1971), 5th [[Director of National Intelligence]], former member of the [[U.S. Senate]], U.S. House of Representatives, and [[U.S. Ambassador to Germany]]
* [[George Hill (basketball)|George Hill]], professional [[NBA]] [[basketball]] player
* [[Samuel D. Jackson]] (Law 1917), a former member of the U.S. Senate
* [[Mike Pence]] (Law 1986), 48th [[Vice President of the United States]], 50th [[Governor of Indiana]], and former member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
* [[Dan Quayle]] (Law 1974), 44th [[Vice President of the United States]], former member of the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate<ref name="IUPUI Notable Alumni">{{cite web | title =IUPUI Notable Alumni | publisher =IUPUI | url =http://www.iupui.edu/spirit/alumni/ | access-date =May 13, 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100527174939/http://www.iupui.edu/spirit/alumni/ | archive-date =2010-05-27 | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref name="Dan Quayle Biography">{{cite web | title =Dan Quayle: Biography | url =http://www.vicepresidentdanquayle.com/biography.html | access-date =May 14, 2010 | archive-date =December 6, 2018 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235313/http://www.vicepresidentdanquayle.com/biography.html | url-status =live }}</ref>
* [[Arthur Raymond Robinson]] (Law 1910), former member of the U.S. Senate
* [[Charles Stanley Ross]] (JD, 1994), Literary scholar
* [[Victoria Spartz]] (Master of Accountancy), member of the U.S. House of Representatives
* [[Frederick Van Nuys]] (Law 1900), former member of the U.S. Senate
* [[Samuel E Vázquez]] (Herron 2010), abstract expressionist painter
* [[David Wolf (astronaut)|David Wolf]], astronaut

== Chancellors ==
{{main|Indiana University Indianapolis#Chancellors}}
During its lifespan from 1969 until 2024, IUPUI was led by six chancellors. Its sixth and last chancellor was Latha Ramchand, who is also the first chancellor of its successor institution, Indiana University Indianapolis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecampuscitizen.com/article/2023/12/iui-announces-latha-ramchand-as-next-chancellor |title=IUI announces Latha Ramchand as next chancellor |date=December 11, 2023 |first1=Nathan |last1=Ensley |first2=Justin |last2=Haberstroh |newspaper=The Campus Citizen}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne]], a defunct co-campus in Indiana's second-largest city
* [[Indiana University Fort Wayne]], one of the successor institutions to IPFW that was administered by IUPUI and now by IU Indianapolis.
{{Portal bar|Indiana|Education}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://iuindyjags.com/ IU Indy athletics website] (includes historic IUPUI content)

{{IUPUI}}
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Aryamaan – Brahmaand Ka Yodha

2026-01-16T16:38:17Z

Rspalmora: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian Television Series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aryaman Still.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name = Aryamaan
| genre = [[Action fiction|Action]] [[Science fiction]] [[Superhero]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = [[Kamlesh Pandey]]<ref name="hindu2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/09/stories/2002080900910800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031106232052/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/09/stories/2002080900910800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2003 |title=Aaryamaan - Brahmaand Ka Yoddha |date=9 August 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref> Brij Mohan Pandey
| director = Dinker Jani<ref name="hindu1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/04/stories/2002070401360200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125114910/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/04/stories/2002070401360200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Aryamaan to go on air from 14 July |date=4 July 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref>
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Kiran Kumar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/july/july40.htm |title=Indiantelevision dot com's Breaking News: Aryamaan- Brahmaand Ka Yoddha to start telecast from 14 July |work=Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=6 July 2002 |accessdate=18 July 2012 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611142822/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/july/july40.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mukesh Khanna]] 
[[Shantipriya]]<ref name="hindu1"/> [[Manjeet Kullar]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 91
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Mukesh Khanna]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 45 minutes
| company = [[Bheeshm International]]
| budget = ₹15 crores<ref name="Movies: A lonesome melody">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/25music.htm |title=Movies: A lonesome melody |work=rediff.com |date=25 July 2002 |accessdate=18 July 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130600/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/25music.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| channel = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2002|07|14|df=yes}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}

'''''Aaryamaan - Brahmaand Ka Yoddha''''' is an Indian [[superhero]] [[space opera]] television series that aired on [[DD National]].<ref name="hindu1"/> It was produced under the banner of Bheeshm International by [[Mukesh Khanna]].<ref name="indiatimes2002">{{cite web|author=PTI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Aryamaan-to-upstage-Shaktimaan/articleshow/14855639.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103140345/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-03/news-interviews/27322598_1_adventure-millions-of-light-years-telecast |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Aryamaan to upstage Shaktimaan|date=3 July 2002 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> It held the record of the most expensive Indian television drama ever for a short period.<ref name="Movies: A lonesome melody"/>

==Premise==
The series follows the story of Aaryamaan (Mukesh Khanna), the warrior Prince of the human inhabited Thar Empire of the Aariyana [[galaxy]], situated millions of [[light year]]s away from Earth. Aaryamaan, son of Emperor Jarant and the Emperor's second wife Queen Rasa, is the rightful heir to the throne of the Thar Empire. When Aaryamaan was born, the drought-struck Aariyana experienced its first showers in many years. The distressed civilians looked up to the boy and believed that he is their saviour and will tide them over in all adverse situations.

However, Aaryamaan's step-mother and Emperor Jarant's first-wife queen Nasa gets extremely jealous of Rasa and Aaryamaan. She also gives birth to a mutated non-human child simultaneously when Rasa gives birth to Aaryamaan. A further jealous Nasa makes more than one attempt to kill the baby Aaryamaan. Queen Rasa realizes that as long as Aaryamaan lives with her in Thar, there is danger to his life. She instead instructs a helper robot called Tobo to take the child to planet Gurukshetra, where the 750-year-old Hoshin, a direct descendant of Aariyana would raise Aaryamaan. Hoshin trains Aaryamaan in fighting and other practices of a warrior. After learning all he has to learn from Hoshin, Aaryamaan receives a special armour suit, which can be opened from its showcase only by Aaryamaan's hand print. Aaryamaan first visits his Thar planet and finds out that Emperor Jarant has been overthrown by Nasa, appointing her half-human, half-beast son as a dummy king while making her the Royal Mother. Aaryamaan meets his parents, who have been imprisoned and chained to work in the mines of Thar. Unable to do anything at the moment, Aaryamaan sets out to various planets in search of a powerful weapon called Chandrahaas, to win back his lost kingdom.<ref name="hindu2002" /><ref name="indiatimes2002" /> Along the way, has to confront his stepmother Queen Nasa, Shukrant, Mahasamant Naarak and other evil villains.<ref name="hindu1" />

== Cast ==
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Mahan Hoshin (Aaryamaan's guru)
* [[Mukesh Khanna]] as Prince Aaryamaan
* [[Shantipriya]] as Tejaswini 【Teji】
* [[Manjeet Kullar]] as Queen Nasa
* [[Deep Dhillon]] as King Durdan
* [[Reshma Modi]] as Queen Rasa
* [[Sudhir Mittu]] as King Jarant
* [[Deepak Jethi]] as Mahasamant Naarak
* [[Murli Sharma]] as Shukrant
* [[Shalini Arora]] as Paap Shakti Rakshindra
* [[Tarakesh Chauhan]] as King Son
* [[Brownie Parashar]] as Kurbak

==Background and production==
[[File:Lightsaber blue.svg|thumb|left|Weapons similar to the [[lightsaber]] were used in the ''Aryamaan - Brahmaand Ka Yodha'']]
According to Mukesh Khanna, unlike [[Shaktimaan]], the drama had a wider appeal, targeting all sections of television viewers in [[India]] and its production values are ten times bigger than that of the ''Shaktimaan''. He also described the show as the "Indian version of the famous [[Star Wars]]".<ref name="indiatimes2002"/><ref name=fc>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/indias-answer-to-star-wars-inside-the-2002-doordarshan-space-fantasy-that-cost-17-lakhs-an-episode/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106165513/https://www.filmcompanion.in/indias-answer-to-star-wars-inside-the-2002-doordarshan-space-fantasy-that-cost-17-lakhs-an-episode/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2020|title='India's Answer To Star Wars': Inside The 2002 Doordarshan Space Fantasy That Cost ₹17 Lakh An Episode|first=Gayle|last=Sequeira|date=5 January 2020}}</ref> The special effects were created by Crest Communications. The cost of production is said to be about Rs. 15 lakhs-Rs. 20 lakhs per episode. The team chose RK Studios for a month and Natraj Film Studio "to put up massive sets, including a spaceship with detailed interiors, including fake switchboards and consoles".<ref name=fc /> The rest of the area was converted into a storage space for the costumes and props such as swords and lightsabers.<ref name=fc />

==Soundtrack==
The title song is given by Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma of the [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]].<ref name="hindu1"/> According to him, the opening theme contains a balanced fusion between Indian melody and Western music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/27pyare.htm |title=Movies: Music composer Pyarelal returns |work=rediff.com |accessdate=18 July 2012 |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917045550/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/27pyare.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Broadcast==
The drama started on 14 July 2002 on DD National. In the summer of 2006 reruns of the series aired on [[Jetix]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disney.in/corporate/pr_mark_2.htm |title=The Walt Disney Company |publisher=Disney.in |date=21 April 2006 |accessdate=18 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604123737/http://www.disney.in/corporate/pr_mark_2.htm |archivedate=4 June 2009 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Children television series in India}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|397120}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7JTSldWJ-mk8yEp-rWlhD1Va-AUtV6VY Aryaman episodes] on YouTube

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aryamaan - Brahmaand Ka Yodha}}
[[Category:Television superheroes]]
[[Category:2002 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's television series]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Science fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Space adventure television series]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Indian superhero television shows]]
[[Category:Jetix original programming]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]

Agaya Gangai

2026-01-16T09:14:06Z

Rspalmora: enhance content for consistency and corrected details based on references

{{short description|Waterfall in India}}
{{for|the 1982 Indian film|Agaya Gangai (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Agaya Gangai Falls
| photo = Kolli Malai Aagaya Gangai Falls.jpg
| photo_width = 180
| photo_caption =
| coords = {{Coord|11|16|1|N|78|23|38|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location =
| elevation =
| type =
| height = {{convert|300|ft|abbr=on}}
| height_longest =
| average_width =
| number_drops =
| average_flow =
| watercourse = [[Aiyaru river]]
| world_rank =
}}
'''Agaya Gangai''' ([[English language|English]]: [[Ganges]] of sky) is a [[waterfall]] located in [[Kolli Hills]] of the [[Eastern Ghats]], in [[Namakkal district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It falls from a height of {{convert|300|ft}} and is formed by the [[Aiyaru river]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Datta|first1=Rangan|title=Agaya Gangai Waterfalls in Kolli Hills of the Eastern Ghats — a nature lover's paradise|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/agaya-gangai-waterfalls-situated-in-kolli-hills-of-the-eastern-ghats-in-tamil-nadu-is-a-paradise-for-nature-lovers/cid/1932862|access-date=13 May 2023|work=The Telegraph|date=28 April 2023}}</ref> Agaya Gangai is also known as Peraruvi and can be reached by climbing down 1196 steps. The caves of sages [[Bogar]], [[Agastya]]r, [[Korakkar]] and [[Kalangi Nathar]] are located near the waterfalls inside the forest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/kolli-hills|title=Kolli Hills|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> [[Agaya Gangai dwarf gecko]] is a species of [[Diurnality|diurnal]], rock-dwelling, [[insectivorous]] [[gecko]] endemic to the region.<ref>{{Cite Q|Q115774703|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Aagai Gangai Falls 1.jpg|thumb|none|200px|waterfall basin]]

==See also==
* [[List of waterfalls]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Eastern Ghats|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Eastern Ghats]]
[[Category:Namakkal district]]

{{Namakkal-geo-stub}}
{{Waterfall-stub}}

Daiva Daśakam

2026-01-10T22:45:43Z

Rspalmora:

{{Short description|Prayer penned by Narayana Guru}}
{{italics title}}
[[File:Narayana Guru concept of Advaita Vedanta - 'Ripples are also Water'.png|thumb|Guru: Have you seen the water? Nataraja Guru: Yes Guru: Do you know that wave is also water? Nataraja Guru: I know Guru: Then there is nothing new to know. Vedanta is so.]]
'''''Daiva Daśakam''''' ''(Ten Verses To God: The Universal Prayer'') is a prayer penned by [[Narayana Guru]] circa 1914. The poem does not address any specific deity from any particular religion. Instead, it invokes a universal, compassionate concept of God rooted in Advaita philosophy. It emphasizes that God is not only the creator but also the creation itself and the material cause of the universe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sree Narayana Guru: sage, philosopher, humanist |last=Sreenivasan |first=Kochukannan |page=138 |year=1989 |publisher=Jayasree Publications |oclc=21969559 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Daiva Dasakam Painting |author=Guru Narayana Lokam|url=http://www.gurunarayanalokam.com/guru-devotees/daivadasakam_painting.jsp}}</ref> In 2009, the [[Kerala]] state government recommended that it should become the national prayer of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala recommends national prayer song to Centre |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/article30389.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 October 2009 |access-date=3 July 2010 }}</ref> It has been translated into at least 100 languages and scripts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2018/04/23/daiva-dasakam-released |title=Daiva Dasakam Released |work=The Arunachal Times}}</ref>
[[File:Daiva Daśakam by Ashfiya Anwar.webm|thumb|Daiva Daśakam by Ashfiya Anwar]]
This work consists of ten slokas based on [[Advaita|Advaita Vedanta]] philosophy. He composed it in the Aluva Advaita Ashram, for the students of various caste and religious groups.<ref>{{cite web|first=മുനി|last=നാരായണപ്രസാദ്‌|title=നൂറുവയസ്സ് തികഞ്ഞ ദൈവദശകം|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/article.php?id=2848592|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140405012740/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/article.php?id=2848592|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 5, 2014|website=www.mathrubhumi.com|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> The Guru has written this work in a relatively soft language, embodying the visions he had realized up to that point in his sixties, after completing many philosophical works that are very grand in terms of language and concept. Although the language is simple, the work is rich in meaningful expressions.<ref name=malayalasahithya>ആധുനിക മലയാള സാഹിത്യചരിത്രം പ്രസ്ഥാനങ്ങളിലൂടെ, ഡി.സി. ബുക്സ്, കോട്ടയം, 2009 ഏപ്രിൽ, പേജ് 766</ref> Daiva Dasakam is one of the most used poem in Kerala for community prayer.<ref name=anilkumar>ദൈവദശകദർശനം, ഡോ.ജി. അനിൽകുമാർ, കുരുക്ഷേത്ര പ്രകാശൻ, കൊച്ചി, 2010 ഏപ്രിൽ</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malayalam Literature}}
{{Narayana Guru}}
[[Category:Hindu devotional texts]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Kerala]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Daiva Daśakam}}

Muheet Shabir

2026-01-05T22:16:24Z

Rspalmora: started a details

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Muheet Shabir
| image = Muheet Shabir.jpg
| caption = Muheet with [[Real Kashmir FC]] in 2023
| image_size =
| fullname = Muheet Shabir Khan<ref>{{cite web |title=Player Profile |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/58309?type=club |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|08|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| height = 1.97 m
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| currentclub = [[Punjab FC]]
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters]]
| years1 = 2021–2022
| clubs1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
| caps1 = 0
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2023–2024
| clubs2 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| caps2 = 22
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2024–
| clubs3 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| caps3 = 0
| goals3 = 0
| club-update = 12:17, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
}}

'''Muheet Shabir Khan''' (born 7 August 2001), is an [[India|Indian]] professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Punjab FC]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madhavan |first1=Rahul |title=Punjab FC announce the signings of Vinit Rai and Muheet Shabir ahead of 2024-25 season |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-punjab-fc-announce-signings-vinit-rai-muheet-shabir-ahead-2024-25-season |website=Sportskeeda.com |date=5 July 2024 |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab FC Announces Midfielder Vinit Rai and Goalkeeper Muheet Shabir Khan as their first signings ahead of the new season |url=https://thepunjabfc.com/punjab-fc-announces-midfielder-vinit-rai-and-goalkeeper-muheet-shabir-khan-as-their-first-signings-ahead-of-the-new-season/ |website=Punjab FC |access-date=18 July 2024 |date=9 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News|title=Goalkeeper Muheet Shabir in Punjab FC |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/goalkeeper-muheet-shabir-in-punjab-fc-637100/ |website=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>

==Career==

Muheet began his career at the Kerala Blasters FC Academy, where he was scouted through their youth setup, the KBFC Young Blasters. He progressed to the club's Reserve squad but did not make it to the senior team. Later, he joined the I-League club [[Real Kashmir FC]], where he showcased his skills and earned the prestigious Golden Glove award for the 2023-24 season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real Kashmir Goalie Muheet Shabir Seals I-League Golden Glove |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2024/04/01/real-kashmir-goalie-muheet-shabir-seals-i-league-golden-glove/ |website=Kashmir Observer |access-date=9 April 2024 |date=1 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Abid |title=I-League Best Goalkeeper Award: Fans, players feel Muheet Shabir has been "Robbed" |url=https://ksportswatch.com/i-league-best-goalkeeper-award-fans-players-feel-muheet-shabir-has-been-robbed/ |website=KSportsWatch |access-date=18 April 2024 |date=18 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sportstar |first1=Team |title=I-League 2023-24: Delhi FC breaks Real Kashmir's unbeaten run as Hudson Dias scores winning goal |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/delhi-fc-beats-real-kashmir-i-league-2023-24-hudson-dias-goal-result-score-report-news/article67671617.ece |website=Sportstar |access-date=9 April 2024 |language=en |date=24 December 2023}}</ref> This achievement led to his return to the [[Indian Super League]], as he signed with [[Punjab FC]] for the 2024-25 season.

==Honors==

'''Individual'''
;Real Kashmir
**I League Golden Glove: 2023-24

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Soccerway|677836}}
* {{ESPN FC|309618}}
* {{WorldFootball|muheet-khan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shabir, Muheet}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]
[[Category:Real Kashmir FC players]]
[[Category:Punjab FC players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Footballers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-footy-goalkeeper-stub}}

Masʽud I

2025-12-28T03:45:58Z

Rspalmora: started new entry

{{Short description|Ghaznavid Sultan from 1030 to 1040}}
{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = '''Mas{{ayin}}ud I'''
| title = [[Ghaznavid Sultan]] (Deputy)
| succession = [[Sultan]] of [[Ghaznavid Empire]]
| image = Mas'udIGhaznavidCoin.jpg
| caption =
| reign = 1030 – 1040
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Mohammad of Ghazni|Mohammad]]
| successor = Mohammad
| queen = Daughter of [[Abu Kalijar]]
| issue = [[Mawdud of Ghazni|Mawdud]] [[Ali of Ghazna|Ali]] [[Farrukh-Zad of Ghazna|Farrukh-Zad]] [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]] Majdud Mardan-shah Izad-yar Sa'id
| full name = Mas'ud bin Mahmud
| royal house = [[Ghaznavid Dynasty]]
| father = [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]
| mother =
| birth_date = {{C.|998}}
| birth_place = [[Ghazni]] [[Ghaznavid Empire]]
| death_date = 17 January 1040 (aged 41–42)
| death_place = [[Shahbaz Garhi|Giri]], Ghaznavid Empire
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Mas{{ayin}}ud I of Ghazni''' ({{langx|fa|مسعود غزنوی}}), known as '''Amīr-i Shahīd''' ({{lang|fa|امیر شهید}}; "the martyr king") (b. 998 – d. 17 January 1040), was ''[[sultan]]'' of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] from 1030 to 1040. The eldest son of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], he rose to power by seizing the Ghaznavid throne from his younger twin brother, [[Muhammad of Ghazni|Mohammad]], who had been nominated as the heir upon the death of their father. Mohammad was shortly blinded and imprisoned. However, when much of Mas{{ayin}}ud's western domains had been wrested from his control, his troops rebelled against him and reinstated his brother to the throne.

==Early life==

===Campaigns===
Mas'ud was born along with his younger twin brother Mohammad in 998 at the Ghaznavid capital of [[Ghazni]]. In 1015, Mas'ud was appointed as heir of the Ghaznavid Empire by his father, and was also appointed as the governor of [[Herat]]. Five years later, he led an expedition in [[Ghur]], which was still a [[Paganism|pagan]] enclave. Mas'ud later participated in the campaigns of his father in [[Jibal]], where they managed to annex the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid amirate]] of [[Ray, Iran|Ray]] which was then under the rule of [[Majd al-Dawla]].

After Mas'ud's father left the region, Mas'ud was in charge of the Ghaznavid operations in western Iran; he continued his campaigns further west, where he managed to defeat the [[Kakuyids|Kakuyid]] ruler [[Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar]], who made a treaty where he agreed to recognize Ghaznavid authority.

However, Muhammad kept violating the treaty, and in 1030 wrested Ray from the Ghaznavids. During the same period, Mahmud, because of his bad relations with Mas'ud, changed his opinion, and appointed Mohammad as his heir,{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=187}} who was much less experienced in government and military affairs than Mas'ud. Mahmud shortly died, and was succeeded by Mohammad.

===Struggle for the throne===
[[File:MassudOfGhazniCoin.jpg|thumb|Coinage of Mas'ud I of Ghazni, derived from [[Hindu Shahi]] designs, with the name of Mas'ud ({{langx|fa|مسعود}}) around the head of the horserider.]]
However, his uncle [[Yusuf ibn Sabuktigin]], and the Ghaznavid army including prominent officers such as [[Ali Daya]], were in favor of Mas'ud, whose military campaigns had earned him a great reputation.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=187}} Mas'ud was also joined by his former assistant [[Abu Sahl Zawzani]], who in the words of the historian Yusofi, "became a sort of vizier and rose in prestige and influence. He also became feared, since he exercised his bent toward vengefulness, spite, and intrigue".{{sfn|Yusofi|1983a|pp=373–374}}

Nevertheless, in order to further strengthen his army, Mas'ud recruited a group of [[Turkmens]] which were head by their chiefs Yaghmur, Qizil, Bogha and Goktash.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=191}}

== Reign ==

===Consolidation of the Empire and war with the Kara-Khanids===
[[File:Transoxiana 8th century.svg|thumb|right|300px|Map of [[Khurasan]], [[Transoxiana]] and [[Tokharistan]]]]
Mas'ud then marched towards Ghazni, where he defeated his brother and had him imprisoned, while crowning himself as the new Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire. Mas'ud shortly released the disgraced statesman [[Ahmad Maymandi]] from prison, and appointed him as his ''[[vizier]]''. He also appointed Ali Daya as the commander-in-chief of the army of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], while another general named [[Ahmad Inaltigin]] was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the army in [[India]]{{sfn|Bosworth|1984|p=647}} who led expedition to [[Varanasi|Vanarasi]] in 1033 AD. Later Majdud was appointed in that position, after Inaltigin's deposition following a unsuccessful revolt against Mas'ud.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bosworth|1995|pp=30, 64}}</ref>

Although Mas'ud was a great military leader, he was heedless of advice from his officers, which would later result in disaster during his reign.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=188}} He also suspected the majority of his father's officers of treachery, and even had his own uncle Yusuf and the powerful statesman [[Ali ibn Il-Arslan]] imprisoned. In 1032, Ahmad Maymandi died and was succeeded by [[Ahmad Shirazi]] as Mas'ud's ''vizier''. Sometime later, Mas'ud's governor and ''[[de facto]]'' ruler of [[Khwarazm]], [[Altuntash (khwarazmshah)|Altun Tash]], was sent to invade the domains of the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Kara-Khanid]] ruler [[Ali Tigin Bughra Khan]], but was [[Battle of Dabusiyya|killed at Dabusiyya]], a town near [[Samarkand]]. He was then succeeded by his son [[Harun, Ghaznavid Governor of Khwarezm|Harun]].

===War in western Iran and clash with Turkic nomads===
In 1033, Mas'ud captured the fortress of Sarsut, and defeated the Tomara ruler in [[Siege of Hansi]] in 1037 and shortly invaded [[Kerman]], which was then under the rule of the Buyid ruler [[Abu Kalijar]]. Mas'ud shortly managed to conquer the region, but the inhabitants of Kerman, who preferred Buyid rule, rallied to Abu Kalijar, and, under his vizier [[Bahram ibn Mafinna]], re-conquered Kerman.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=189}} During the same period, Ahmad Inaltigin rebelled and defeated an army sent by Mas'ud, who shortly sent another army under an Indian statesman named Tilak. The latter managed to rout Ahmad Inaltigin, who drowned while trying to escape.{{sfn|Bosworth|1984|p=647}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=188}} In 1033, Mas'ud married the daughter of the [[Ziyarid]] [[Anushirvan Sharaf al-Ma'ali]]'s relative Abu Kalijar, the real ruler of the Ziyarid state. The same year, in order to keep control over his unreliable vassal, the Kakuyid ruler Muhammad, Mas'ud I appointed [[Abu Sahl Hamduwi]] as the governor of Jibal.{{sfn|Yusofi|1983b|pp=369–370}}

In 1034, Harun declared independence from the Ghaznavids, and allied himself with the Kara-Khanid ruler Ali Tigin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=192}} Mas'ud, however, managed to have Harun assassinated, and Ali Tigin shortly died. Harun was succeeded by his brother [[Ismail Khandan]], who maintained the alliance with the Kara-Khanids. Meanwhile, the [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq Turks]], under the leadership of [[Tughril]], asked Mas'ud for asylum. Mas'ud, however, considered the Turkic nomads dangerous and sent an army under [[Begtoghdi]], the newly appointed commander-in-chief in Khorasan. The army was shortly defeated by the Seljuqs, who forced Mas'ud to cede Nasa, Farava and [[Dahae|Dihistan]] in return for Seljuq recognition of Ghaznavid authority. In 1034, Mas'ud marched an army to [[Türkmenabat|Amul]] to collect tribute, sacking Amul for four days and later burning it to the ground.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=91}}

[[Image:Gaznaly-seljuk Dandanaqan.jpg|right|thumb|Artwork of the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]]]]
In 1035, Mas'ud I launched another invasion of western Iran, where he defeated the rebellious Abu Kalijar. Mas'ud then marched towards Jibal, where he once again defeated the Kakuyid ruler Muhammad, who fled to the Buyids of [[Ahvaz]], and then to northwestern Iran, where he raised a Turkmen army. In 1037/8, while Mas'ud was campaigning in India, Muhammad once again occupied Ray. Meanwhile, another Kara-Khanid ruler named [[Böritigin]] invaded the Ghaznavid territories and plundered [[Khuttal]] and [[Vakhsh, Tajikistan|Vakhsh]].{{sfn|Davidovich|1996|pp=134–135}} He also managed to conquer [[Chaghaniyan]] and expel the local [[Muhtajid|Muhtajid dynasty]] from the region.

===War with the Seljuqs and downfall===
Furthermore, the Seljuqs had begun to gradually subdue the cities of Khorasan, and when they captured [[Nishapur]], Tughril proclaimed himself the ruler of Khorasan. Mas'ud, after having returned to Khorasan, tried to re-conquer Chaghaniyan but was defeated by Böritigin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=195}} However, he expelled the Seljuqs from [[Herat]] and Nishapur. He soon marched towards [[Merv]] to completely remove the Seljuq threat from Khorasan. His army included 50,000 men and 60 or 12 [[war elephants]]. He was accompanied by his vizier Ahmad Shirazi, his chief secretary Abu Sahl Zawzani, his generals Ali Daya, Begtoghdi and Subashi, and [[Abd al-Razzaq Maymandi]], the son of Ahmad Maymandi.

A battle shortly took place near Merv, known as the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]], where the army of Mas'ud was defeated by a much smaller army under Tughril, his brother [[Chaghri Beg]], and the Kakuyid prince [[Faramurz]]. Mas'ud thus permanently lost control of all of western Khorasan. Although Mas'ud managed to retain his capital Ghazni, he chose to leave the city, and set up a capital in [[India]]. Mas'ud, who blamed Ali Daya and other generals for the disastrous Ghaznavid defeat near Merv, had them imprisoned in [[Lahore]]. However, the army of Mas'ud, which used to hold him in high esteem, revolted against him, and had his brother [[Mohammad Ghaznavi|Mohammad]] reinstated to the throne.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=19}}

===Death and aftermath===
Mohammad then had Mas'ud imprisoned at [[Shahbaz Garhi|Giri]], where he was killed either on the orders of Mohammad or Mohammad's son Ahmed.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=20}} Mas'ud had a son named [[Maw'dud Ghaznavi]], who later avenged his father by killing Mohammad, and then crowned himself as the new ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire. He also had other sons named [[Sa'id ibn Mas'ud|Sa'id]], [[Izad-yar]], [[Mardan-shah]], [[Majdud]], [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]], [[Ali of Ghazna|Ali]], and [[Farrukh-Zad of Ghazna|Farrukh-Zad]]. The last three sons also ruled the Ghaznavid Empire in later periods.

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | chapter = The early Ghaznavids | pages = 162–198 | isbn = 0-521-20093-8 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&q=false}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = AḤMAD INALTIGIN | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-inaltigin-in-the-sources-usually-spelt-yenaltegin-or-erroneously-nialtegin-turkish-commander-and-rebel-under- | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6 | pages = 647 | location = London et al. | publisher = C. Edmund Bosworth | year = 1984 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=The Ghaznavids, 994–1040 |url=https://archive.org/details/ghaznavids0000unse |url-access=registration |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1963 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Maymandī | first = C. E | last = Bosworth | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden and New York | year = 2012 | isbn = 9789004161214 | url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/maymandi-SIM_5072?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Maymandi }}
*{{cite encyclopedia | last = Bosworth | first = C. E | title = The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040–1186 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YhHVPQAACAAJ&q=The+Later+Ghaznavids | year = 1995 | publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Private, Limited | access-date = 9 May 2014| isbn = 9788121505772 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ABŪ SAHL ZŪZANĪ | last = Yusofi | first = G. H. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-sahl-mohammad-b | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 4 | pages = 373–374 | year = 1983a }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ABŪ SAHL ḤAMDOWĪ | last = Yusofi | first = G. H. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-sahl-hamdowi-or-hamdui-ahmad-b | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 4 | pages = 369–370 | year = 1983b }}
* {{cite book | title = History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. | year = 1996 | publisher = UNESCO | location = Paris | last = Davidovich | first = E. A. | chapter = The Karakhanids | pages = 119–145 | isbn = 92-3-103211-9 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC&q=false}}
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods | year = 1968 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | chapter = The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217) | pages = 1–202 | isbn = 0-521-06936-X | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&pg=PA1}}
{{refend}}
{| align=center border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:95%"
|-
|width="30%" align="center"|Preceded by: '''[[Mohammad Ghaznavi]]'''
|width="40%" align="center"|'''[[Sultan]] of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]]''' 1030–1040
|width="30%" align="center"|Followed by: '''[[Mohammad Ghaznavi]]'''
|}
{{Ghaznavid sultans}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1040 deaths]]
[[Category:Ghaznavid sultans]]
[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:11th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:998 births]]
[[Category:Twin people]]

Bufoides meghalayanus

2025-12-18T04:14:19Z

Rspalmora: started

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{speciesbox
| status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite journal | author = IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group | title = ''Bufoides meghalayanus'' | journal = [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume= 2022 | page = e.T194960468A166097124 | year = 2022 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/194960468/166097124 }}</ref>
| taxon = Bufoides meghalayanus
| authority = (Yazdani and Chanda, 1971)
| synonyms = ''Ansonia meghalayana'' Yazdani and Chanda, 1971
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/>
}}

'''''Bufoides meghalayanus''''' is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae, the [[true toad]]s. It is also known as the '''Mawblang toad''', '''rock toad''', or '''Khasi Hills toad'''.<ref name=Frost/> It is [[endemic]] to northeastern India<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=Frost/> where it is known from [[Meghalaya]] and [[Mizoram]]. However, records from Mizoram may represent an undescribed species, and this species might have a very restricted range in the [[Khasi Hills]] near [[Cherrapunji]].<ref name=IUCN/>

''Bufoides meghalayanus'' occur in montane forests dominated by screw pines ''[[Pandanus furcatus]]''. They can be found in crevices of sandstone boulders and in rocky ravines near wet seasonal streams at elevations of {{convert|1084|–|1192|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]]. Breeding takes place in leaf axils of screw pines and in boulder pot-holes.<ref name=IUCN/>

This species is threatened by rock quarrying and use of forest resources (logging and extraction of firewood and timber). The populations representing the undescribed form occur in [[Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Dampa Tiger Reserve]].<ref name=IUCN/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/index.php//Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Bufoides/Bufoides-meghalayanus |title=''Bufoides meghalayanus'' (Yazdani and Chanda, 1971) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2018 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=8 March 2018}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2218412}}

[[Category:Bufoides|meghalayanus]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1971]]

{{Bufonidae-stub}}

Premananda Dutta

2025-12-17T09:05:02Z

Rspalmora: starting page

{{short description|Indian revolutionary}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Premananda Dutta
| image = Revolutionary Premananda Dutta.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Premananda Dutta
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chittagong]], British India
| death_date = 1950s
| death_place = [[Ranchi]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Port Preventive Officer, [[Chittagong Port]]
| known_for = Indian Freedom Struggle
| spouse =
| parents = Harish Chandra Dutta (father)
}}

'''Premananda Dutta''' was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] revolutionary and activist of [[Indian freedom struggle]] attached with [[Chittagong armoury raid|Chittagong Rebellion]] against the British Government in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|last=1st Part|first=Subodhchandra Sengupta & Anjali Basu|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|location=Kolkata|pages=320}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Dutta was born in [[Chittagong]] (Chattagram) in [[British India]] presently in [[Bangladesh]]. His father Harish Chandra Dutta was an ''Acharya'' of [[Brahmo Samaj]]. After passing from [[Chittagong College]] he joined in the post of Port Preventive Officer in [[Port of Chittagong]]. In the call of ''Deshbandhu'' [[Chittaranjan Das]] he left the job and took part in [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] subsequently became imprisoned for this. Dutta also took active part in the strike of [[Assam Bengal Railway]] in support of the movement of tea garden labours against British atrocities. For such nationalist political activities he went to the jail several times. In 1923, Dutta along with some youth fellows made a gymnasium and club in Chittagong town which was actually the secret den of freedom fighters.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Agnigarbha Chattagram (Part I)|last=Ananta Singha|publisher=Vidyadoy Library Private Limited|year=1968|isbn=|location=Kolkata|pages=184}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Revolutionary activities ==
In 1930 he attracted to the line armed revolution led by ''Masterda'' [[Surya Sen]] in Chittagong region. Since Dutta was a school friend of veteran activist [[Ananta Singh]] he joined in revolutionary action group with Singh's guidance. Mainly he took charge to keep the arms, bomb in safe custody hiding from the eye of police intelligence. In the meanwhile one sub-inspector of Intelligence Branch, Prafulla Chakrabarty caught Ananta Singha and causes repeated disturbance of the works of revolutionary group. Dutta with intention to take revenge, befriended with Prafulla and on 24 May 1924 he met that inspector in Chittagong Paltan Field and killed him by a [[Revolver]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chittagong Summer 1930|last=Manasi Bhattacharya|publisher=HarperCollins publishers|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=Timeline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Samanta |first=Amiya K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4_aAAAAMAAJ&q=Premananda+Dutta++Chittagong |title=Terrorism in Bengal: General trend of the terrorist movement in Bengal from 1907-1939 |date=1995 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |language=en}}</ref>

== Trial ==
Before death the sub inspector was able to give a [[Dying declaration]] to local influential person named Roy Bahadur Satish Roy.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcGyAAAAIAAJ&q=Premananda+Dutta++Chittagong |title=The Indian Law Reports: Containing Cases Determined by the High Court at Calcutta. Calcutta series |date=1925 |publisher=West Bengal Government Press |language=en}}</ref> But at the time of trial in the court [[Barrister]] [[Jatindra Mohan Sengupta]] defended the case on behalf of the accused Dutta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kānunago |first=Sunīti Bhūshaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQluAAAAMAAJ&q=Premananda+Dutta |title=The Chittagong Revolt, 1930-34 |date=1994 |publisher=Dipankar Qanungo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dastidar |first=Purnendu |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Sv%C4%81dh%C4%ABnat%C4%81_sa%E1%B9%83gr%C4%81me_Ca%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADagr%C4%81m/k_URAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6+%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4&dq=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6+%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4&printsec=frontcover |title=Svādhīnatā saṃgrāme Caṭṭagrāma |date=1969 |publisher=Bai Ghara |language=bn}}</ref> While cross examination the Defense counsel established that Dutta was not guilty at all, in the Appeal case of [[Calcutta High Court]] he became released also.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Agnigarbha Chattagram (Bengali)|last=1st Part|first=Ananta Singha|publisher=Bidyoday Library Pvt. Ltd.|year=1968|isbn=|location=Kolkata|pages=215, 216}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Emperor vs Premananda Dutt |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1673754/ |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=Calcutta High Court}}</ref>

== Death ==
Dutta was again arrested in No. 1 Bengal Ordinance Act and sent behind the bars. In the prison, he suffered from mental and psychological disorder due to negligence and torture by the jail authority. For treatment, the government sent him to [[Ranchi]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali activists]]
[[Category:Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Chittagong]]

Cyrtodactylus bengkhuaiai

2025-12-16T03:52:00Z

Rspalmora: done.

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status =
| taxon = Cyrtodactylus bengkhuaiai
| authority = Purkayastha, Lalremsanga, Bohra, Biakzuala, Decemson, Muansanga, Vabeiryureilai, & Rathee, 2021
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Cyrtodactylus bengkhuaiai''''' is a species of [[gecko]] endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{NRDB species |genus=Cyrtodactylus |species= bengkhuaiai |accessdate=22 March 2021}}</ref>

The lizard was named in 2021 after a [[Mizo people|Mizo]] chieftain who had fought the [[British Empire]] over 150 years before.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Karmakar|first=Rahul|date=2021-06-02|title=Gecko named after Mizo chieftain who fought British 150 years ago|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gecko-named-after-mizo-chieftain-who-fought-british-150-years-ago/article34707664.ece|access-date=2021-11-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q109974016}}

[[Category:Cyrtodactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2021]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Cyrtodactylus-stub}}

Abd al-Karim Kashmiri

2025-12-08T17:04:02Z

Rspalmora: Put up entry - done

{{Short description|18th century Indo-Persian historian}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Abd al-Karim Kashmiri
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kashmir]]
| death_date = 1784
| death_place =
| pseudonym =
| movement =
| occupation = Historian
| notable_works = ''Bayan-e vaqe''
| children =
| relatives =
}}
'''Abd al-Karim Kashmiri''' (died 1784) was an [[Indo-Persian]] historian who wrote the ''Bayan-e vaqe'', a [[Persian literature|Persian]] chronicle mostly focused on the life of the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]] [[shah]] (king) of [[Afsharid Iran|Iran]], [[Nader Shah]] ({{reign|1736|1747}}).

== Biography ==
Abd al-Karim Kashmiri's early life is largely unknown.{{sfn|Kia|2009|p=211 (see note 4)}} An [[Indo-Persian]]{{sfn|Shafi|1960}} from [[Kashmir]], Abd al-Karim Kashmiri was a resident of [[Shahjahanabad]] (Old Delhi) when the [[Afsharid Iran|Iranian]] [[shah]] (king) [[Nader Shah]] ({{reign|1736|1747}}) of the [[Afsharid dynasty]] [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invaded the city]] in 1739. He started working for Nader Shah as a clerk and traveled with him back to Iran in order to make the pilgrimage to [[Mecca]] and see the tombs of Muslim saints. Following multiple expeditions in the [[Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Transoxania]], [[Khwarazm]], and other regions, Nader Shah eventually arrived in the city of [[Qazvin]] in 1741.{{sfn|Maqbul Ahmad|1982|p=125}} At that point, Abd al-Karim Kashmiri along with Nader Shah's physician [[Alavi Shirazi]] left travel to Mecca.{{sfn|Maqbul Ahmad|1982|p=125}}{{sfn|Kia|2009|p=226}} He stopped at [[Aleppo]], [[Karbala]], and other locations along the route. After making the pilgrimage, he traveled by water from [[Jeddah]] to the port of [[Calcutta]], arriving back in Delhi in 1743. He died in 1784.{{sfn|Maqbul Ahmad|1982|p=125}}

== ''Bayan-e vaqe'' ==
It was after his return to Delhi that Abd al-Karim Kashmiri started writing his ''Bayan-e vaqe'',{{sfn|Kia|2020|p=xix}} which mostly focused on the life of Nader Shah, but also mentions events during his travels.{{sfn|Maqbul Ahmad|1982|p=125}} His work is based on his personal observations as well as previously published histories from figures such as the Iranian historian [[Hazin Lahiji]], and oral accounts from people Abd al-Karim Kashmiri considered trustworthy, including Alavi Shirazi, Mirza Ali Akbar, and other members of Nader Shah's entourage.{{sfn|Kia|2009|p=212}} Numerous [[Persian language|Persian]] manuscript copies in India, Iran, and Britain, as well as an English translation shortly after the text's publication, attest to the widespread circulation of the ''Bayan-e vaqe'' in both Persian and English language societies.{{sfn|Kia|2009|p=211}}

Although not a poet, a Persian Hindustani like Abd al-Karim Kashmiri was exposed to the same literary collection of tropes and figures as Hazin, despite [[Persian literature]] being increasingly focused on a smaller selection of classical works considered essential or authoritative from the late 18th-century. Persian literary characters and figures—from poets to heroes, monarchs, statesmen, mystics, and lovers—appear in both of their works. Abd al-Karim Kashmiri illustrates his arguments with couplets from many poets, including [[Saadi Shirazi]], [[Rumi]], and [[Hafez]], and with references to the ''[[Shahnameh]]'' and ''[[Khosrow and Shirin]]'' legends.{{sfn|Kia|2009|pp=232–233}}

Abd al-Karim Kashmiri and Hazin held many of the same opinions despite their differences. They both considered the invasion of their own kingdoms and cities to be tragedies. They both hold similar historical assessments, including a dislike and contempt for Nader Shah, a feeling of political disintegration in their own kingdoms, disaster in the surrounding areas, and an appreciation of Europeans. Abd al-Karim Kashmiri and Hazin expressed similar cultural values and used historical comparisons to make ethical and recurring judgments about politics and culture, often emphasizing themes of loyalty and friendship. Because they shared a common Persian cultural tradition, they could use and adapt the same literary texts to reflect different or even opposing views on cultural values and historical interpretations.{{sfn|Kia|2009|p=235}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Sources ==
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFMaqbul_Ahmad1982}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kia|first=Mana|title=Accounting for Difference: A Comparative Look at the Autobiographical Travel Narratives of Hazin Lāhiji and 'Abd-al-Karim Kashmiri
|journal=[[Journal of Persianate Studies]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |date=2009|volume=2|issue=2 |pages=210–236|doi=10.1163/187470909X12535030823814 }}
* {{cite book |title= Persianate Selves: Memories of Place and Origin Before Nationalism |first=Mana |last=Kia|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gufeDwAAQBAJ|year=2020|isbn=978-1503611955}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIRO/COM-4315.xml|title=ʿAbd-al-Karīm Kašmīrī|first=S.|last=Maqbul Ahmad|year=1982}}
* {{EI2|last=Shafi|first=Muhammad|volume=1|title=ʿAbd al-Karīm Kas̲h̲mīrī|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-0100.xml}}

[[Category:18th-century Persian-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Kashmir]]
[[Category:1784 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian historians]]

Dayawati Modi

2025-12-06T06:40:59Z

Rspalmora: new.

{{Short description|Indian philanthropist (1915–1994)}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dayawati Modi
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| birth_place = [[Kasganj]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| birth_date = 1915
| death_date = {{death year and age|1994|1915}}
| occupation = Philanthropist
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Gujarmal Modi]]|1932}}
| children = 11, including [[Krishan Kumar Modi|Krishan]] and [[Bhupendra Kumar Modi|Bhupendra]]
}}

'''Dayawati Modi''' (1915–1994) was an Indian philanthropist. She was the wife of industrialist [[Gujarmal Modi]]. She was referred to as ''Maji'' as a sign of respect and gratitude. She provided educational opportunities to women and children in [[Modinagar]] and elsewhere. She is the grandmother of [[Lalit Modi]], the founder of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL).<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web|last=Schwartz|first=Peter|title=The World's Hottest Sports League|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/08/27/cricket-india-ipl-business-sports-ipl.html|work=Forbes|accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Shubham|title=Lalit will head family flagship, says father|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/lalit-will-head-family-flagship-says-father/articleshow/5862278.cms|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Dayawati Modi was born in [[Kasganj]], a small town in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Her father was Chheda Lal. She lost her mother at the age of three.<ref>{{cite web|title=DAYAWATI MODI (1915–1994)|url=http://www.streeshakti.com/bookD.aspx?author=2|publisher=Stree Shakti- The Parallel Force|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref> She was not formally educated, however she had a penchant for literature, which led to her reading many books stored in her uncle's attic. This contributed to her work with philanthropy in the education sector. On 19 June 1932, Dayawati Modi married [[Gujarmal Modi]] at the age of seventeen. This was Gujarmal Modi's second marriage, after his first wife died due a prolonged illness. Dayawati lived with her father initially, as Gujarmal set about establishing his business in erstwhile Begumabad. Thereafter, the couple had eleven children, five boys and six girls.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jha|first=Rama|title=Choice India|date=November 1985|publisher=Rama Jha|location=Delhi|pages=3–7|url=http://issuu.com/modigroup/docs/choice_india}}</ref> - K.K Modi, V.K Modi, S.K Modi, B.K Modi ([[Bhupendra Kumar Modi|Dr. M]]), U.K Modi.

==Awards and recognition==

* 1982– Shiromani Award for Sikh Studies<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Dayawati Modi Public School|url=http://dmpsraebareli.in/|publisher=Dayawati Modi Public School|accessdate=4 March 2014}}</ref>
* 1983– Kala Sangam Award
* 1986– Bharat Seva Ratna by World Religious Parliament
* 1978– Included by Cambridge University in their Who's Who of Intellectuals for the year.<ref>{{cite web|title=DAYAWATI MODI (1915–1994)|url=http://www.streeshakti.com/bookD.aspx?author=2|publisher=Stree Shakti- The Parallel Force|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==

Modi catered to women and children's issues in the mid-1950s. In 1954, she founded the ''Samaj Kalyan Parishad'' at [[Modinagar]], which provided welfare services to women and children, such as giving them access to education, vocational training and other allied support services.<ref>{{cite book|title=Samaj Kalyan Parishad|location=Modinagar|url=http://issuu.com/modigroup/docs/samaj_kalyan_parishad}}</ref> In honour of her philanthropic contribution to society, her family instituted three awards: ''Dayawati Modi Kavi Shekhar Samman'', the ''Dayawati Modi Award for Art, Culture and Education'' and the ''Dayawati Modi Stree Shakti Samman''. Recipients of these awards include the [[Dalai Lama]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Ayesha|title=Dalai Lama honoured with Dayawati Modi Award|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/article229985.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308152510/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/article229985.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2014|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=The Sunday Standard|date=4 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dalai Lama honoured with the Dayawati Modi Award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/dalai-lama-honoured-with-the-dayawati-modi-award-147808-2011-12-04|access-date=3 March 2014|newspaper=India Today|date=5 December 2011}}</ref> Kent Walwin,<ref>{{cite news|title=Dayawati Modi Award to Kent Walwin |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/dayawatimodiawardtokentwalwin/539681 |accessdate=3 March 2014 |newspaper=The Financial Express |date=10 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303161559/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/dayawatimodiawardtokentwalwin/539681 |archivedate=3 March 2014 }}</ref> and [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dayawati Modi Award for Art, Culture & Education|url=http://www.iifaindia.org/award_dayawati.html|publisher=International Institute of Fine Arts|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dayawati Modi award for Menon|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/dayawati-modi-award-for-menon|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=The Sunday Guardian|date=16 November 2013|archive-date=3 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303173216/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/dayawati-modi-award-for-menon|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dayawati Modi Award For Art, Culture And Education For 2013|url=http://www.moneyindices.com/detail_news.php?id=1665|publisher=Money Indices|accessdate=3 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095749/http://www.moneyindices.com/detail_news.php?id=1665|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dayawati Modi Foundation Honours Paresh Maity |url=http://www.businessworld.in/news/after-hours/art/dayawati-modi-foundation-honours-paresh-maity/653842/page-1.html |publisher=Business World |accessdate=3 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303160813/http://www.businessworld.in/news/after-hours/art/dayawati-modi-foundation-honours-paresh-maity/653842/page-1.html |archivedate=3 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dayawati Modi Award for Padamsee|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/18/stories/2007111854520800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120102123/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/18/stories/2007111854520800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2007|accessdate=3 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 November 2007}}</ref>

After her death in 1994, the philanthropic work has been continued by the Dayawati Modi Foundation.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Modi Enterprises}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modi, Dayawati}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kasganj]]
[[Category:People from Modinagar]]
[[Category:Modi family|Dayawati]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]

Rafiganj, Bihar

2025-11-29T18:03:00Z

Rspalmora: starting new data

{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rafiganj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Rafiganj station nameplate.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rafiganj railway station nameplate
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.82|N|84.65|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Magadh division|Magadh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Aurangabad District, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1889
| founder =
| named_for = Rafiganj
| government_type = Nagar Panchayat
| governing_body = Rafiganj Nagar Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 2
| area_total_km2 = 18
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 10000

| population_total = 35,536
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India search details Rafiganj (town)|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=286649|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=8 July 2019}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 824125
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rafiganj''' is a town and a [[notified area]] in [[Aurangabad District, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is the district's second-largest town in terms of population after [[Aurangabad]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Rafiganj is located 25 kilometres away from Aurangabad and 36 kilometres from [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].

==Geography==
[[File:Borassus flabellifer trees at Rafiganj.JPG|thumb|Asian palmyra palm in Rafiganj]]
[[File:Dhava River.JPG|thumb|Dhava River in Rafiganj]]
Rafiganj has an average elevation of 89 metres (291 feet) above sea level. The town is located on the bank of Dhava River.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Rafiganj.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Rafiganj]</ref>

==Demographics==
{{pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religious groups in Rafiganj
| value1 = 68.93
| label1 = Hindus
| color1 = Orange
| value2 = 29.26
| label2 = Muslims
| color2 = Green
| value3 = 1.80
| label3 = Others
| color3 = Grey
}}
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], the town Rafiganj had a population of 35,536 with a literacy rate of 66.8 percent.<ref name="2011 census data" /> In Rafiganj, 16.7 percent of the population is between 0 and 6 years of age.<ref name="2011 census data" />

==Transportation==
Local inhabitants generally travel by city bus services, auto- and cycle [[Rickshaw|rickshaws]], and private transportation. The town is regularly served by bus services connecting Rafiganj to Kasma, [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]], [[Daudnagar]], [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Ramgarh (community development block)|Ramgarh]], [[Ranchi]], and [[Kolkata]].[[File:Rafiganj Rail Station.JPG|thumb|right|Rafiganj railway station]]
The Rafiganj Railway Station provides access numerous express train services, such as the [[Grand Chord]] railway line which connects [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] and [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]].

Rafiganj is also traversed by the SH-68 highway which connects the two cities [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] with three other towns of the [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]]: Goh, Obra, and [[Daudnagar]].

==Economy==
{{Expand section|date=July 2025}}
The town of Rafiganj has a local market.

==Schools and Colleges==
{{Proseline section|date=July 2025}}
* Sanjay Singh Yadav college Rafiganj Aurangabad
* Government Engineering College, Arthua
* Shivam Kidzee School
* Aqsa National Public School
* Govt Urdu Middle School Quazichak (Urdu Middle school)
* Govt Urdu Middle School, Rampur
* B.S.R Public School, Block Road
* British Academy
* The Greenview International School
* R. B. R. High school
* Ambika Public School
* Dr. V. K.Singh College, Rafiganj
* Government High School, Karma
* God's Grace Public School, Noniya Tilha
* Heaven's Blossom, Raja Bagicha
* B.L. Indo Anglian Public School, Aurangabad
* Saraswati Shishu Mandir
* Mount Carmel School Shikshak Colony, Babuganj
* DAV Public School
* Dawn Public School, Uchali
* Tender heart school
* Lakshyadeep International School
* Bosco International Public School
* Bright Life Public School
* Government Middle school
* Government Primary school
* Government Girls High School
* Gyan Bharti Public School
* Shri Ram Krishna Hindi Vidya Pith (Charkawan Market, Main Road Rafiganj)

==Entertainment==
Local cinema theatres include "Laxmi Talkies" and "Lalita Talkies", where Bollywood, Hollywood and Bhojpuri movies are shown. There are two large sports grounds in Rafiganj: the R.B.R. High School stadium and the Charwaha School playground, mainly used for cricket and football.

==Tourism==
Important buildings in Rafinganj include: a [[Jain temple]], a Hindu temple near the main road of the town, and a police station. Other temples in Rafiganj are Dihwar Sthaan, situated near the railway station, and the temple of Parashnath, located on the top of Pachar Pahar, a hill in the outskirts of the town, and where a 30ft painting of [[Mahavira]] is kept.

Jama Masjid, a mosque built in 1912, is located in the centre of the town, next to which stands a [[Madrasa|Madarsa]], Jamea Sharfia, which provides education in Urdu Medium. The Madina Masjid mosque is located in Raja Bagicha.{{Clarify|reason=Relevance to previous sentences not clear|date=July 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Magadh Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Aurangabad district, Bihar]]

K. Gangavaram, Konaseema district

2025-11-24T05:32:25Z

Rspalmora: Created place - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gangavaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.734708|N|82.047572|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Gangavaram
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Ganagavaram''' is a village and mandal located in [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=mandal>{{cite web |title=Sub-Districts of East Godavari District |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf|website=Census of India |accessdate=1 September 2015|pages=353, 407|format=PDF}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gangavaram mandal]]

{{Konaseema-geo-stub}}

Chachaura, India

2025-11-15T09:28:58Z

Rspalmora:

{{Short description| City & Municipal council in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = '''Chachaura'''
| other_name = Chachoda
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Champavati Fort (2).jpg
| image_caption = '''View of Champavati Fort in Chachaura'''
| image_map1 =
| map_caption1 = '''Position of Chachaura City in a Map'''
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = '''(Chachaura City in Madhya Pradesh, India)'''
| coordinates = {{coord|24|10|38|N|77|00|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gwalior division|Gwalior]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = Council
| leader_title =
| leader_title2 = s.i.
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 475
| population_total = 21,860
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 1850
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

| postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
| postal_code = 473118
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = 07546
| geocode =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP08]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Guna district|Guna]]
| subdivision_type4 = Lok Sabha constituency
| subdivision_name4 = [[Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency| Rajgarh]]
| subdivision_type5 = Vidhansabha Constituency
| subdivision_name5 = [[Chachoura Assembly constituency| Chachoura]]
| subdivision_type6 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name6 = [[Chachaura tehsil|Chachaura]]
}}

'''Chachaura''' is a city and Municipal council in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]], situated on the border with [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28|title=Chachoda Nagar Parishad Meeting |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/madhya-pradesh/state/guna/guna-chachoda-nagar-parishad-councilor-husband-in-meeting-congress-mla-laxman-singh-objected/mp20221020173712363363773
|access-date=2024-11-16 |website=etvbharat.com/Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> The primary language spoken in the city is [[Hindi]]. Chachaura is one of seven tehsil<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehsil |url=https://guna.nic.in/en/tehsil_eng/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=District Guna, Government of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |language=en-US}}</ref> and one of five subdivisions in the [[Guna district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blocks |url=https://guna.nic.in/en/blocks/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=District Guna, Government of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |language=en-US}}</ref> Chachaura is also an [[Chachoura Assembly constituency|assembly constituency]] of Madhya Pradesh. Chachaura is divided into 15 wards for which elections are held every 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-10 |title= नगर परिषद् अध्यक्ष की कुर्सी
|url= https://thesootr.com/state/madhya-pradesh/chachoda-binaganj-municipal-council-president-against-noconfidence-motion-preparation-5740431 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=thesootr.com हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

Chachaura is a proposed district of Madhya pradesh, which was approved by cabinet on 18 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-18 |title=MP में अब होंगे 55 ज़िले : कमलनाथ केबिनेट ने चाचौड़ा, नागदा और मैहर को दी मंज़ूरी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-chachoda-nagda-and-maihar-become-new-districts-of-madhya-pradesh-mpsg-2942665.html |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the [[2001 Census of India]], 17,303 people lived in Chachaura.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archivedate=2004-06-16 |accessdate=2008-11-01 |publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref>

As of the [[2011 Census of India]], 21,860 people live in Chachaura, out of which 11,502 are males and 10,358 are females. In 2024, Chachaura's population was estimated at approximately 30,900.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Population|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/3683-chachaura-guna-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-07-26 |website= Population Census 2011 India|language=en-US}}</ref>
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Chachaura City (2011)
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|9.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|brown|2.08}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.16}}
}}

Major castes found in this region are [[Meena]], [[Gurjar|Gujjar]], [[Bhil]], and [[Lodha people]].{{Cn|date=June 2024}}

==Places==
* Shri Baag Bageshwar Dhaam
* Shri Hanuman Temple Chhan
* Shri Ambala Dhaam (Guruji Ashram)
* Shri Bade Ganesh Temple (Dundalaji)
* Shri Bharat Lal Temple
* Shri Digamber Jain Temple
* Gayatri Shakti Peeth
* Maa Mahishasur Mardini Temple (Near of Fort)
* Shri Hanuman Temple (Near of Lake)
* Shri Satya Narayan Temple
* Shri Bhakt Maliji Temple
* Shri Ram Janki Temple (Sadar Bazar)
* Nearest places-
Sita Bawri Place, Choudareshwar Mahadev Temple

== Transportation ==

* [[Bhopal Airport]] and [[Gwalior Airport]] are the nearest airport
* [[Chachaura Binaganj railway station]] and [[Indore-Gwalior line|Indore-Gwalior railway line]] serve the city
* Agra-Mumbai National highway passes nearby
==See also==
* [[Chachaura district]]
* [[Champavati Fort|Chachaura Fort]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gwalior Division}}

[[Category:Internal borders of India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Guna district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}

Ficus benghalensis

2025-11-14T15:36:52Z

Rspalmora: minor update

{{short description|Species of fig tree}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Banyan
|image = Great banyan tree kol.jpg
|image_caption = [[The Great Banyan]] in [[Howrah]], [[Kolkata]]
|image2= Banyan fruit Ficusbenghalensis IGZoopark Visakhapatnam.JPG
|image2_caption = Banyan figs at [[Indira Gandhi Zoological Park|Indira Gandhi Zoo Park]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
|genus = Ficus
|parent = Ficus subg. Urostigma
|species = benghalensis
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753
|synonyms = *''Ficus banyana'' Oken 
*''Ficus benghalensis var. benghalensis''
*''Ficus benghalensis var. krishnae'' (C. D. C.) Corner
*''Ficus chauvieri'' G. Nicholson
*''Ficus cotoneifolia'' Vahl
*''Ficus cotonifolia'' Stokes
*''Ficus crassinervia'' Kunth & C. D. Bouché
*''Ficus indica'' L.
*''Ficus karet'' Baill.
*''Ficus lancifolia'' Moench
*''Ficus lasiophylla'' Link
*''Ficus procera'' Salisb.
*''Ficus pubescens'' B. Heyne ex Roth
*''Ficus umbrosa'' Salisb.
*''Perula benghalensis'' Raf.
*''Urostigma benghalense'' (L.) Gasp.
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Ficus benghalensis L. |url=https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000687501 |website=www.worldfloraonline.org |access-date=14 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ficus benghalensis''''', '''''Ficus indica''''', or '''''Ficus audrey''''' commonly known as the '''[[banyan]]''', '''banyan fig''', '''audrey fig''' and '''Indian banyan''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | name = ''Ficus benghalensis'' L. | id = 16783 | access-date = 8 May 2016 }}</ref> is a tree native to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Specimens in India are among the largest trees in the world by canopy coverage. It is also known as a "[[strangler fig]]" because like many other trees in the genus ''[[Ficus]]'' it starts out as [[epiphyte]], that is, leaning on another tree that it ends up enveloping.

==Description==
[[File:Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften - Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe (1858) (20665373299), Ficus benghalensis.jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[Nature printing|Nature printed]] leaves, showing shape and venation]]

''Ficus benghalensis'' is an evergreen, [[Monoecy| monoecious]], fast-growing tree found mainly in monsoon and rainforests, that can reach a height of up to 30 meters.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Ficus benghalensis|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:852482-1|access-date=19 June 2022|website=Royal Botanic Gardens KEW Plants of the World Online|language=en-UK}}</ref> It is resistant to drought and mild frost. It produces propagating [[aerial root]]s that grow downward. Once these roots reach the ground, they take root and become supportive woody trunks.

The figs produced by the tree are eaten by birds such as the [[Indian myna]]. Fig seeds that have passed through the digestive system of birds are more likely to germinate than those that have not.<ref>Midya, S.; Brahmachary, R. L. (1991) "The Effect of Birds Upon Germination of Banyan (''Ficus bengalensis'') Seeds". ''Journal of Tropical Ecology''. 7(4):537-538.</ref>

==Reproduction==
{{original research|section|date=December 2023}}
Banyan trees reproduce easily by seed or by stake, and they often spread from the original place by means of aerial roots that anchor in the ground and begin to grow and thicken to the point that they "become independent" from the original trunk, thus managing to "emigrate" sometimes at great distances. The figs are eaten by all kinds of [[frugivorous]] birds such as the [[coppersmith barbet]] and the [[common myna]]. Seeds that have passed through the [[digestive system]] of birds are more likely to [[germinate]] and grow faster.

Banyan seeds can fall and grow near a tree, sometimes from the very tree from which they come, and they also usually germinate in a hollow in a trunk or in a wall or rock. Gradually they begin to grow as they have plenty of support as epiphytes on any object they can use to climb in search of [[sunlight]]. Under normal conditions, the tree grows until it reaches a level where it gets the most sunlight, so its height can vary considerably. For this reason, where this tree predominates in a place, rather than growing in height, they spread on the surface, looking for the gaps that are left without vegetation. In general, the crown of this tree extends over a diameter well above its height.

==Cultural significance==
''Ficus benghalensis'' is the [[national tree]] of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Tree|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=5|publisher=Govt. of India Official website|access-date=2019-04-26|archive-date=2020-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119072753/https://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=5|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The tree is considered sacred in India,<ref>{{cite book|title=Plants of Life, Plants of Death|author=Simoons, F.J.|isbn=9780299159047|year=1998|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press}}</ref> and temples are often built nearby. Due to the large size of the tree's canopy, it provides useful shade in hot climates.

In [[Theravada Buddhism]], this tree is said to have been used as the tree for achieved enlightenment, or Bodhi by the twenty fourth [[Buddhahood|buddha]] called "[[Kassapa Buddha|Kassapa - කස්සප]]". The sacred plant is known as "Nuga - නුග" or "Maha nuga - මහ නුග" in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.plantsmap.com/organizations/25177/plants/54264|title=Ficus benghalensis (Banyan Tree) - Zone J|date=2018-05-01|author=Bali Hai|publisher=Plants Map|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>

It is the tree under which Adhinath the first Jain Tirthankara attained Kewal Gyan or spiritual enlightenment.

==Notable specimens==
{{For|a more complete list|List of Banyan trees in India}}
The giant banyans of [[India]] are the largest trees in the world by area of canopy coverage. Notable individual trees include:
*[[Thimmamma Marrimanu]]
*[[Kabirvad]]
*[[The Great Banyan]]

The largest known tree in the world in terms of the two dimensional area covered by its canopy is [[Thimmamma Marrimanu]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]], which covers {{convert|19107|sqm}}. Its perimeter, {{convert|846|m}}, is also the greatest of any known tree.<ref name=Bar-Ness>{{cite journal|author=Bar-Ness, YD|title=The World's Largest Trees? Cataloguing India's Giant Banyans|url=https://www.outreachecology.com/portfolio/The%20Worlds%20Largest%20Trees%20Cataloguing%20Indias%20Giant%20Banyans-by%20YD%20Bar-Ness-Outreach%20Ecology%20Report-Jun10.pdf|date=June 2010|publisher=Outreach Ecology|access-date=2018-01-04|archive-date=2018-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192327/https://www.outreachecology.com/portfolio/The%20Worlds%20Largest%20Trees%20Cataloguing%20Indias%20Giant%20Banyans-by%20YD%20Bar-Ness-Outreach%20Ecology%20Report-Jun10.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Nearchus]], an admiral of [[Alexander the Great]], described a large specimen on the banks of the [[Narmada River]] in contemporary [[Bharuch]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]; he may have described the tree presently named "[[Kabirvad]]". The canopy of the tree that [[Nearchus]] described was said to be so extensive that it sheltered 7,000 men. James Forbes later described it in his ''Oriental Memoirs'' (1813–5) as almost {{convert|2000|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} in circumference and having more than 3,000 trunks.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Fig}}</ref> Currently its canopy has an area of {{convert|17520|sqm}} and a perimeter of {{convert|641|m}}.<ref name=Bar-Ness/>

Other notable [[India]]n specimens include [[The Great Banyan]] in the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden|Jagadish Chandra Bose Botanic Garden]] in [[Shibpur]], [[Howrah]], which has a canopy area of {{convert|18918|sqm}} and is about 250 years old, and [[Dodda Aladha Mara]] in Kettohalli, [[Karnataka]], which has a canopy area of {{convert|12000|sqm}} and is about 400 years old.

==Gallery==
{{gallery
|Fruits of Indian banyan Suhrawardi Udyan Dhaka .jpg|Ripe fruits of Indian banyan. [[Suhrawardy Udyan]], [[Dhaka]]
|Banyantree.jpg|In front of the [[Edison and Ford Winter Estates|Edison museum]] in [[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]], [[Florida]], US
|Sarkaradevi Temple Ficus Tree.jpg|Ficus tree in front of [[Sarkaradevi Temple]], [[Chirayinkeezhu]], Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline}}
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/ficus.html Bar or Bargad ''Ficus benghalensis'' L.], Horticulture, Purdue University
*[http://www.himalaya-foto.ru/himalayas-banyan-nepal.htm ''Ficus benghalensis'' in Himalayas, Nepal.] Himalayas (Himalaya): photos, images, pictures
*http://www.phytopharmajournal.com/V1issue2.6.pdf
*http://rjpponline.org/HTMLPaper.aspx?Journal=Research%20Journal%20of%20Pharmacognosy%20and%20Phytochemistry;PID=2014-6-3-9

{{Symbols of India}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1405636}}

[[Category:Ficus|benghalensis]]
[[Category:National symbols of India]]
[[Category:Symbols of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Trees in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Sacred trees in Hinduism]]
[[Category:House plants]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]

Surju Prasad

2025-11-13T21:40:45Z

Rspalmora: adding new info...

{{short description|Thakur of Bijairaghogarh (1845 – 1865)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]
| succession = [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Bijairaghogarh]]
| reign = {{circa|1845}} – {{circa|1858}}
| predecessor = [[Prag Das]]
| successor = ''State confisticated by [[East India Company|EIC]]''
| death_date = {{circa|1865}}
| father = [[Prag Das]]
}}
'''Surju Prasad''' was the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Bijairaghogarh]] from 1845 until his death in 1858.

== Biography ==
He was born to [[Prag Das]] and, upon his father's death in 1845, succeeded him as the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Bijairaghogarh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh_District_Gazetteers_Raise/gIVhAAAAIAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh, District Gazetteers: Raisen |date=1968 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=107–110 |language=en}}</ref> At the time of his accession, he was only five years old.<ref name=":0" /> Due to his minority, [[Bijairaghogarh]] was placed under the [[Court of Wards (India)|court of wards]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_Freedom_Movement_in_Madhy/qsdAAAAAMAAJ |title=The History of Freedom Movement in Madhya Pradesh |date=1956 |publisher=Government Print., Madhya Pradesh |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref> When the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] broke out against the rule of the [[East India Company]], he was seventeen, and his state was still under the management of the [[Deputy commissioner|Deputy Commissioner]] of [[Jabalpur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=A. U. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_Freedom_Movement_in_Princely_Stat/_Ps1_lvyBxMC |title=Indian Freedom Movement in Princely States of Vindhya Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-150-2 |pages=49–50 |language=en}}</ref> By this time, he had become an expert horse rider and had learned to wield swords and use guns.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Srikrishan 'Sarala' |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_Revolutionaries_1757_1961_Vol_1_A/1UggIjEuBaAC |title=Indian Revolutionaries 1757-1961 (Vol-1): A Comprehensive Study, 1757-1961: A Comprehensive Study, 1757-1961 |date=1999-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-87100-16-4 |pages=140–142 |language=en}}</ref> By late October 1857, as the public remained unsettled by events in [[Jabalpur]] following the execution of Raja Shankar Shah, he rose in revolt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukharya |first=Pratap Singh |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Revolt_of_1857/RnhuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Revolt of 1857: Saugor and Nerbudda Territories |date=2001 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85616-02-5 |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref> He with the support of his relatives, including those of Kanchanpur and Chaura, raised an army of 3,000 well-trained soldiers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He was later joined by the Rajas of Shahgarh, Bakhtbali, and many other chiefs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Surjan |first=Lalit |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Reference_De%C5%9Babandhu_Madhya_Pradesh/nyRuAAAAMAAJ |title=Reference Deśabandhu Madhya Pradesh |last2=Verma |first2=Vinod |date=1996 |publisher=Deshbandhu Publication Division |isbn=978-81-900733-1-8 |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> He killed Mir Sabit Ali, a tehsildar, and his kinsmen in [[Maihar State|Maihar]], then began robbing travelers on the Great Deccan Road.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Princely_Historian/3XsMAQAAMAAJ |title=Princely Historian: Commemoration Volume of Maharajkumar Dr. Raghubir Sinh |date=1994 |publisher=Shri Natnagar Shodh-Samsthan, Sitamau, and Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-85263-88-5 |pages=428–435 |language=hi}}</ref> He had the postal horses captured, and a large body of armed men secured strategic points along the [[Jabalpur]]-[[Mirzapur]] road so that neither mail nor travelers could pass.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=S. L. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_Freedom_Struggle_Centenary_1857_1/jpkBAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian Freedom Struggle Centenary, 1857-1957: Souvenir |date=1957 |publisher=S. L. Sharma |pages=324 |language=en}}</ref> He had bamboo barriers set up at village entrances, guarded by sepoys.<ref name=":0" /> Officials fluent in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Hindi]], and [[English language|English]] searched travelers for documents.<ref name=":0" /> In January 1858, the British, aided by the forces of Raghuraj Singh, [[Maharaja]] of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]], marched against him.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> The British captured the fort of [[Bijairaghogarh]] and immediately dismantled it.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> [[Bijairaghogarh]] was placed under the charge of Osborne, the then Political Agent for [[Bundelkhand]].<ref name=":0" /> He managed to escape with a group of loyal followers and wandered in disguise as a [[fakir]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> However, in 1864, he was captured by the British and taken to [[Jabalpur]], where he was confined.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> He was sentenced to life transportation and all his property was confiscated.<ref name=":0" /> While in confinement, he preferred death to dishonor and committed suicide with a dagger in 1865.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:1865 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Suicides by sharp instrument in India]]
[[Category:Heads of state who died by suicide]]

Sports in West Bengal

2025-11-02T17:53:59Z

Rspalmora: fix citations after review and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Salt Lake Stadium - Yuva Bharati Krirangan, Kolkata - Calcutta 5.jpg|thumb|right|Salt Lake Stadium – Yuva Bharati Krirangan, Kolkata]]
'''Sports in West Bengal''' has its own importance. [[Cricket]] and [[Association football|football]] are the most popular sports in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

== Football ==
{{Main|Football in West Bengal}}

Unlike in other Indian states where cricket is considered as the most popular game with some exceptions, football is the most popular game in West Bengal.<ref name="dineo foot">{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: empire, nation, diaspora |year=2001 |publisher= Frank Cass Publishers|location=London |isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2 |page=71 |last=Dineo |first= Paul |last2=Mills |first2= James}}</ref><ref name="bose foot">{{cite book|title=The magic of Indian cricket: cricket and society in India|year=2006 |publisher= Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-35691-6 |page=240 |last=Bose|first= Mihir}}</ref><ref name="das foot">{{cite journal |last= Das Sharma|first=Amitabha |year=2002 |title=Football and the big fight in Kolkata |journal=Football Studies |volume= 5|issue=2 |page=57 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/FootballStudies/2002/FS0502g.pdf|format=PDF |accessdate=5 April 2012}}</ref> It can be considered as the football hub of India and houses many clubs like [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]], [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting Club]].<ref name="iloveindia1">{{cite web| url = http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/football/clubs/index.html| title = Indian Football Clubs| accessdate =26 October 2006| publisher = Iloveindia.com}}</ref><ref name="soccercenter">{{cite web|url=http://www.longlivesoccer.com/indiafootball.htm |title=Football in India – A Fact File |access-date=26 October 2006 |last=Prabhakaran |first=Shaji |date=18 January 2003 |publisher=LongLiveSoccer.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023135720/http://www.longlivesoccer.com/indiafootball.htm |archive-date=23 October 2006 }}</ref>

== Cricket ==
As mostly in India, cricket is immensely popular among the masses of west Bengal. It houses the [[Eden Gardens|Eden Gardens stadium]] which is the largest cricket stadium in India. Eden gardens can house more than 100,000 people and is one of the only two 100,000-seat cricket amphitheaters in the world.<ref name="edenstats">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketweb.net/country/venue.php?CategoryIDAuto=12&VenueIDAuto=26 |title=India – Eden Gardens (Kolkata) |access-date=26 October 2006 |publisher=Cricket Web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070531223033/http://www.cricketweb.net/country/venue.php?CategoryIDAuto=12&VenueIDAuto=26 |archive-date=31 May 2007 }}</ref> Eden gardens is also the home for the [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]] and Bengal Cricket team. It also houses the [[Indian Premier League]] team [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] bought by [[Shah Rukh Khan]] which uses Eden gardens as its home turf. [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club]] is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.<ref name="ccfcdate">{{cite news
| first = Mukherji | last = Raju | title = Seven Years? Head Start
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050314/asp/opinion/story_4428341.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014559/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050314/asp/opinion/story_4428341.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 30 September 2007 | publisher = The Telegraph | date = 14 March 2005 | accessdate =26 October 2006 | location=Calcutta, India
}}</ref>

{{wide image|Eden Gardens Kolkata.jpg|680px|Panoramic view of the [[Eden Gardens]] Stadium during [[IPL 2008]]}}

== Other games ==
[[Traditional games of India|Indian sports]] like [[kho kho]] and [[kabaddi]] are also popular among the masses here.

=== Polo ===
The oldest polo club of the world, [[Calcutta Polo Club]] is also present here.<ref name="Kolpolo">{{cite web|url=http://www.hpa-polo.co.uk/about/history_polo.asp |title=History of Polo |access-date=30 August 2007 |publisher=Hurlingham Polo Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818130245/http://www.hpa-polo.co.uk/about/history_polo.asp |archive-date=18 August 2007 }}</ref>

=== Golf ===
Outside Great Britain the [[Royal Calcutta Golf Club]] is the oldest of its kind.<ref name="royalgolf">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-511285/Royal-Calcutta-Golf-Club |title=Royal Calcutta Golf Club |access-date=30 August 2007 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133425/http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-511285/Royal-Calcutta-Golf-Club |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>

== Stadiums ==
* [[Eden Gardens]] is used mainly for [[cricket]].
* [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], a multi-use stadium, is the world's second [[List of association football stadia by capacity|highest-capacity]] football stadium.<ref name="stadiarank">{{cite web
| url = http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/stadium_list/100000.shtml
| title = 100 000+ Stadiums| accessdate =26 October 2006| publisher = World Stadiums
}}</ref><ref name="stadiarank2">{{cite web
| url = http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/listeafc.html| title = The Asian Football Stadiums (30.000+ capacity)| accessdate =26 October 2006| publisher = Gunther Lades
}}</ref>
* [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]], a multi-purpose stadium, used mainly for football.
* [[Kanchenjunga Stadium]], a multi-purpose stadium in Siliguri, West Bengal.
* [[Durgapur]], [[Siliguri]] and [[Kharagpur]] also hold various national and international sports events.<ref name="wbtoursports">{{cite web|url=http://www.wbtourism.com/sports_adventure/index.htm |title=Sports & Adventure |access-date=22 October 2006 |publisher=West Bengal Tourism |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128182520/http://www.wbtourism.com/sports_adventure/index.htm |archive-date=28 November 2006 }}</ref>

== Notable persons ==
* [[Dola Banerjee]] - archer
* [[P. K. Banerjee|Pradip Kumar Banerjee]] - footballer
* [[Rahul Banerjee (archer)|Rahul Banerjee]] - archer
* [[Swapna Barman]] - gold medal winner of heptathlon in [[2018 Asian Games]] in Jakarta, Indonesia
* [[Dibyendu Barua]] - chess [[International Grandmaster|grand master]]
* [[Sourav Ganguly]] - former [[Indian national cricket captains|Indian national cricket captain]]
* [[Chuni Goswami]] - footballer
* [[Sailen Manna]] - footballer
* [[Leander Paes]] - Olympic tennis [[bronze medal]]list
* [[Pankaj Roy]] - former Indian cricketer
* [[Mohammed Ali Qamar]] - the first Indian to win a gold medal in the discipline of boxing in the Commonwealth Games
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] - Indian cricketer <ref name="iloveindia">{{cite web| url = http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/football/players/index.html| title = Famous Indian Football Players| accessdate =26 October 2006| publisher = Iloveindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Richa Ghosh]] - Indian cricketer
* [[Mihir Sen]] - swimmer
* [[Masudur Rahman Baidya]] - swimmer
* [[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]] - athlete and winner of gold medals at the Asian Games
* [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]] - Indian cricketer
* [[Jhulan Goswami]] - former captain of [[India national women's cricket team]]
* [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] - former Indian national team footballer
* [[Saurav Ghosal]] - Squash player
* [[Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar]] - former Indian national team footballer
* [[Achinta Sheuli]] - Indian Weightlifter
* [[Mehtab Hossain]] - former footballer

== See also ==

* [[Bengali traditional games]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Sport in India}}

[[Category:Sport in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-stub}}

Awa Khaled Rashid Uddin Ahmad

2025-10-27T04:50:04Z

Rspalmora: Put up a entry

{{Short description|Bengali islamic scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
'''Awa Khaled Rashid Uddin Ahmad''' ({{langx|bn|আবা খালেদ রশীদ উদ্দিন আহমদ}}, {{langx|ur|ابا خالد رشید الدین احمد}}; 1884–1959) was a prominent Islamic scholar, politician, social reformer, and spiritual leader; he was also known as '''Pir Badshah Miah'''. A fourth-generation descendant of [[Haji Shariatullah]], he assumed responsibility for the Bahadurpur [[sufi lodge]] and the [[Faraizi movement]] after his father's death in 1906.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.chandpur-kantho.com/islamin-kantho/2016/02/12/19077/print|title=সত্য ও ন্যায়ের সাথে কাজের মিল রেখে করেছেন বাদশাহী|language=bn|first=Muhammad Abdur Rahman |last=Gazi|newspaper=Chandpur Kantho|date=12 February 2016|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724125936/http://www.chandpur-kantho.com/islamin-kantho/2016/02/12/19077/print|archive-date=24 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Badshah Miah was born in 1884 in the village of Bahadurpur, under [[Shibchar Upazila|Shibchar Thana]], in the [[Madaripur District|Madaripur Mahakuma]] of the then [[Bengal Presidency]], British India, to Khan Bahadur Syed Uddin.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=মাদারীপুর জেলা পরিচিতি|language=bn|last=Mia|first=Abdul Jabbar|year=1994|publisher=Mrs. Leena Jabbar|location=Madaripur|pages=164|isbn=}}</ref>

In 1887, Badshah Miah began learning the Arabic language from his father and studied Qaida Baghdadi under Qari Syed Ahmad at his home. He learned the recitation of the Quran from Qari Mohammad Shaheb at the madrasa founded by his father. Later, he continued his studies up to the eighth grade under Babu Gurudev Poddar at his home. In 1897, he enrolled in [[Dhaka Mohsinia Madrasa]], where he completed the Jamiaat-e-Fazil degree. He mastered Arabic, Urdu, Persian, and English.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
On 26 December 1906, to promote modern education among Muslims, Badshah Miah attended the [[All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference]] held at [[Nawab of Dhaka]]'s garden house in [[Shahbagh]], under the leadership of Nawab [[Khwaja Salimullah]] of Dhaka and Nawab [[Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury]] of Bogra. When Salimullah proposed the formation of the [[All-India Muslim League]], he supported it and attended the session on 30 December 1906, where the party was officially established. In 1907, at a conference held in [[Munshiganj District|Munshiganj Thana]]'s Rekabi Bazaar in [[Dhaka Division|Dacca District]], to strengthen the Muslim League, Salimullah presided over the event, while Badshah Miah was the chief speaker.<ref name=":0" /> After the annulment of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1911, he took an anti-government stance.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Faraizi Movement|author=Muin-ud-Din Ahmed Khan}}</ref>

On 7 September 1921, he was arrested on charges of sedition for delivering an anti-British speech at a public meeting in [[Bakerganj District]]. Initially taken to police station in [[Madaripur]], the authorities deemed it unsafe to keep him there, so he was transferred to [[Faridpur District Jail]]. Later, in 15 August 1922, he was released from [[Alipore Central Jail]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1926, he contributed as a patron of [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]'s [[Krishak Praja Party]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1940, he founded the [[Bahadurpur Shariatiya Alia Madrasa]] in Shibchar.<ref name=":1" /> After the [[independence of Pakistan]] in 1947, he demanded a ban on prostitution in the country. When the government refused, he launched an anti-prostitution movement and, with public support, successfully eradicated brothels in Barhamganj and [[Chandpur, Bangladesh|Chandpur]].<ref name=বই>{{cite book|title=বাংলাদেশের সংগ্রামী ওলামা পীর-মাশায়েখ|language=bn|first=Zulfikar Ahmad|last=Qismati|pages=1, 29|publisher=Pragati Prakashani|year=1987}}</ref> He joined the [[Nizam-e-Islam Party]] and was elected as a member of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":1" /> To develop education in the newly formed province of [[East Pakistan]], he instructed the Faraizis to establish at least one mosque-based Quranic madrasa in every village and cluster several villages together to set up junior secondary schools and madrasas. He also authored a book titled ''Khutba-ye Sadarat''.<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life ==
On 15 August 1907, Badshah Miah married Saleha Begum, daughter of Khwaja Rasul Baksh of the Dhaka Nawab family.<ref name=":0" /> Together, they had six children—two sons, [[Abul Hafez Mohsen Uddin Ahmad]] and Muhi Uddin Ahmad, and four daughters.<ref name=বই/>

== Death and legacy ==
On 14 December 1959, at the age of 75, Badshah Miah died at his residence in Bahadurpur village.<ref name=প>{{cite news|title=Pir Badshah Miah dead|page=5|date=16 December 1959|newspaper=[[Bangladesh Observer|The Pakistan Observer]]}}</ref> His legacy endures through numerous madrasas, schools, and colleges established in his name across Bangladesh. Additionally, several landmarks honour his memory, including Koraliya Pir Badshah Miah Road, Pir Badshah Miah Jame Mosque, and Pir Badshah Miah Sufi Lodge.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:East Pakistan MLAs 1954–1958]]
[[Category:Haji Shariatullah family]]
[[Category:Nizam-e-Islam Party politicians]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:People from Madaripur District]]