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Judicial activism

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{{Short description|Controversial judicial practice}}
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Judicial interpretation}}
'''Judicial activism''' is a judicial philosophy holding that courts can and should go beyond the applicable law to consider broader societal implications of their decisions. It is sometimes used as an antonym of [[judicial restraint]].<ref name="cwolfe">{{cite book|first = Christopher |last = Wolfe|title = Judicial activism|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. |isbn = 0-8476-8531-4|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OtQu8dnH9coC&q=0-8476-8531-4&pg=PR4|year= 1997}}</ref> The term usually implies that judges make rulings based on their own views rather than on [[precedent]].<ref>{{cite web|title=judicial activism {{!}} Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/judicial-activism|access-date=2022-02-18|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|quote=It is not pejorative, and studies suggest that it does not have a consistent political valence.}}</ref> The definition of judicial activism and the specific decisions that are activist are controversial political issues. The question of judicial activism is closely related to [[judicial interpretation]], [[statutory interpretation]], and [[separation of powers]].

==Etymology==
[[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] introduced the term "judicial activism" in a January 1947 [[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune'' magazine]] article titled "The Supreme Court: 1947".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kmiec|first=Keenan D.|title=The Origin and Current Meanings of 'Judicial Activism'|journal=Cal. L. Rev.|year=2004|volume=92|issue=5|pages=1441–1477|quote=Schlesinger's article profiled all nine Supreme Court justices on the Court at that time and explained the alliances and divisions among them. The article characterized Justices [[Hugo Black|Black]], [[William O. Douglas|Douglas]], [[Frank Murphy|Murphy]], and [[Wiley Blount Rutledge|Rutledge]] as the 'Judicial Activists' and Justices [[Felix Frankfurter|Frankfurter]], [[Robert H. Jackson|Jackson]], and [[Harold Hitz Burton|Burton]] as the 'Champions of Self Restraint.' Justice [[Stanley Forman Reed|Reed]] and Chief Justice [[Fred M. Vinson|Vinson]] {{sic|hide=y|comprised}} a middle group.|doi=10.2307/3481421|jstor=3481421|url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol92/iss5/4|archive-date=6 July 2017|access-date=12 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706134849/http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol92/iss5/4/|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The phrase has been controversial since its beginning. An article by Craig Green, "An Intellectual History of Judicial Activism," is critical of Schlesinger's use of the term; "Schlesinger's original introduction of judicial activism was doubly blurred: not only did he fail to explain what counts as activism, he also declined to say whether activism is good or bad."<ref>[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1410728 "An Intellectual History of Judicial Activism"] Craig Green, August 2008, p. 4</ref>

Even before this phrase was first used, the general concept already existed. For example, [[Thomas Jefferson]] dubbed the judiciary a "despotic branch" when it was composed mostly of [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] federal judges, notably referring to Chief Justice [[John Marshall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWlMgSqhRv4C&pg=PA254|title=The Role of the Supreme Court in American Government and Politics 1789–1835|first=Charles Grove|last=Haines|year=1944|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Definitions==
''[[Black's Law Dictionary]]'' defines judicial activism as a "philosophy of judicial decision-making whereby judges allow their personal views about public policy, among other factors, to guide their decisions."<ref>As quoted in "Takings Clause Jurisprudence: Muddled, Perhaps; Judicial Activism, No" DF O'Scannlain, ''Geo. JL & Pub. Pol'y'', 2002</ref>

Political science professor Bradley Canon has posited six dimensions along which judges or courts may be perceived as activist:<ref>{{cite journal |first=Bradley C. |last=Canon |title=Defining the Dimensions of Judicial Activism |journal=Judicature |volume=66 |issue=6 |year=1983 |pages=236–247 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/judica66&i=238 }}</ref> majoritarianism, interpretive stability, interpretive fidelity, substance/democratic process, specificity of policy, and availability of an alternate policymaker.

David A. Strauss has argued that judicial activism can be narrowly defined as one or more of three possible actions: overturning laws as unconstitutional, overturning [[case law|judicial precedent]], and ruling against a preferred interpretation of the constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.uchicago.edu/news/david-strauss-looks-history-and-future-activist-supreme-court|title=David Strauss Looks at History and Future of the 'Activist'Supreme Court | University of Chicago Law School|website=www.law.uchicago.edu|date=12 July 2010 }}</ref>

Others have been less confident of the term's meaning, finding it instead to be little more than a rhetorical shorthand. [[Kermit Roosevelt III]] has argued that "in practice 'activist' turns out to be little more than a rhetorically charged shorthand for decisions the speaker disagrees with". Roosevelt defines judicial activism as "an approach to the exercise of judicial review, or a description of a particular judicial decision, in which a judge is generally considered more willing to decide constitutional issues and to invalidate legislative or executive actions.";<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/judicial-activism|title=judicial activism | Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts | Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=29 December 2023 }}</ref><ref name="roosevelt">Kermit Roosevelt, III, ''The Myth of Judicial Activism: Making Sense of Supreme Court Decisions'', Yale University Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-300-12691-4}}.</ref> likewise, the [[Solicitor General of the United States|solicitor general]] under [[George W. Bush]], [[Theodore Olson]], said in an interview on ''[[Fox News Sunday]]'', with regard to [[Perry v. Schwarzenegger|a case for same-sex marriage he had successfully litigated]], that "most people use the term 'judicial activism' to explain decisions that they don't like."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/fox-news-sunday/transcript/ted-olson-debate-over-judicial-activism-and-same-sex-marriage|title=Ted Olson on Debate Over Judicial Activism and Same-Sex Marriage|work=Fox News Sunday|first1=Chris|last1=Wallace|first2=Theodore|last2=Olson|date=August 8, 2010|publisher=[[Fox News Channel]]}}</ref> Supreme Court Justice [[Anthony Kennedy]] said that, "An activist court is a court that makes a decision you don't like."<ref name="flewis">Frederick P. Lewis, ''The context of judicial activism: the endurance of the Warren Court legacy in a conservative age'', Rowman & Littlefield: 1999, {{ISBN|0-8476-8992-1}}</ref><ref>Matt Sedensky, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100605163057/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iWhwP-GmuptNw-uw8t8Z_lb1YV2QD9FMQKRG0 Justice questions way court nominees are grilled]," Associated Press, May 14, 2010, Retrieved 14 May 2010</ref>

==Indeterminacy debate in legal theory==
{{See also|Indeterminacy debate in legal theory|Legal formalism}}
Defenders of judicial activism say that in many cases it is a legitimate form of [[judicial review]] and that the [[judicial interpretation|interpretation]] of the law must change with changing times. [[Sunset provisions]] can limit the interpretation uncertainties in the law.<ref name="y665">{{cite journal | last=Davis | first=Lewis Anthony | title=Review Procedures And Public Accountability In Sunset Legislation: An Analysis And Proposal For Reform | journal=Administrative Law Review | publisher=American Bar Association | volume=33 | issue=4 | year=1981 | issn=0001-8368 | jstor=40709182 | pages=393–413 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40709182}}</ref>

According to law professor [[Brian Z. Tamanaha]], "Throughout the so-called formalist age, it turns out, many prominent judges and jurists acknowledged that there were gaps and uncertainties in the law and that judges must sometimes make choices."<ref>{{cite book |first=Brian Z. |last=Tamanaha |title=Beyond the Formalist-Realist Divide: The Role of Politics in Judging |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-691-14279-1 }}</ref><ref>See also, Alschuler, Albert W., ''Law Without Values: The Life, Work, and Legacy of Justice Holmes'' (University of Chicago Press, 2000), p. 98. ("Possibly some now-obscure German legal theorist fit Holmes's description [in ''The Common Law''] of the deductive formalist bogeyman, but I know of no American who did.")</ref> Under this view, any judge's use of [[judicial discretion]] will necessarily be shaped by that judge's personal and professional experience and his or her views on a wide range of matters, from legal and juridical philosophy to morals and ethics. This implies a tension between granting flexibility (to enable the dispensing of justice) and placing bounds on that flexibility (to hold judges to ruling from legal grounds rather than extralegal ones).

[[Critical legal studies]] argues that political argument and legal argument cannot be entirely separated.<ref name="Price">[https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008197300105318 Price, David Andrew. "Taking rights cynically: a review of critical legal studies." ''The Cambridge Law Journal'' 48.2 (1989): 271–301.]</ref>

==Judicial independence==
{{See also|Judicial independence}}
Some proponents of a stronger judiciary argue that the judiciary helps provide checks and balances and should grant itself an expanded role to counterbalance the effects of transient [[majoritarianism]], i.e., there should be an increase in the powers of a branch of government that is not directly subject to the electorate, so that the majority cannot dominate or oppress any particular minority through its elective powers.<ref>{{cite book |first=John Hart |last=Ely |title=Democracy and Distrust |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1980 |at=chapters 4–6 |isbn=0-674-19636-8 }}</ref> Other scholars have proposed that judicial activism is most appropriate when it restrains the tendency of democratic majorities to act out of passion and prejudice rather than after reasoned deliberation.<ref>Evan Zoldan, "Targeted Judicial Activism," 16 ''Green Bag'' 2d 465–466 (2014) {{SSRN|2310915}}</ref>

[[Richard H. Fallon Jr.]] quotes Justice Holmes "great cases... make bad law." in their explanation on presidential overreach. "Presidents frequently interpret their own powers without judicial review and where executive precedents play a large role in subsequent interpretive debates, some of the historical assertions of presidential authority that stretch constitutional and statutory language the furthest seem hard to condemn in light of the practical stakes."<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol63/iss2/2|title=Interpreting Presidential Powers|first=Richard|last=Fallon|date=November 1, 2013|journal=Duke Law Journal|volume=63|issue=2|pages=347–392}}</ref>

==Judicial accountability==
{{See also|Judicial independence#Judicial accountability}}
Detractors of judicial activism charge that it usurps the power of the elected branches of government and of legislatively created agencies, damaging the [[rule of law]] and democracy.<ref>Justice [[Antonin Scalia]]'s dissent in ''[[Romer v. Evans]]'', [https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/94-1039.ZD.html 517 U.S. 620 (1996)]</ref> One opponent of judicial activism wrote, "The courts have gradually abandoned their proper role of policing the structural limits on government and neutrally interpreting the laws and constitutional provisions without personal bias."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org/the-constitution/report/how-spot-judicial-activism-three-recent-examples|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210828171227/https://www.heritage.org/the-constitution/report/how-spot-judicial-activism-three-recent-examples|url-status=unfit|archive-date=28 August 2021|title=How to Spot Judicial Activism: Three Recent Examples|first=Elizabeth|last=Slattery|website=The Heritage Foundation}}</ref> Advocates of [[Democracy indices#Difficulties in measuring democracy|minimalist definitions of democracy]] focus on [[Accountability#Electoral accountability|electoral accountability]] as source of [[Legitimacy (political)|political legitimacy]], while maximalist definitions of democracy, include additional values typically enshrined in the constitutions.<ref name="s735">{{cite journal | last=Feldman | first=David | title=Democracy, the Rule of Law and Judicial Review | journal=Federal Law Review | volume=19 | issue=1 | date=1990 | issn=0067-205X | doi=10.1177/0067205X9001900101 | pages=1–30}}</ref> [[Parliamentary sovereignty]] views [[legislative bodies]] as supreme over [[judiciary]].<ref name="p672">{{cite journal | title=Statutory Interpretation and Legislative Supremacy | journal=78 Geo. L. J. 281 (1989–1990) | volume=78 | page=281 | url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/glj78&div=19&id=&page= | last1=Farber | first1=Daniel A. }}</ref> [[Constitutionalism]] views the constitution as supreme.<ref>Don E. Fehrenbacher, ''Constitutions and Constitutionalism in the Slaveholding South'' (University of Georgia Press, 1989), p. 1. {{ISBN|978-0-8203-1119-7}}.</ref>

==By country==
=== United States ===
{{See also|Criticism of the United States Supreme Court}}
The following rulings have been characterized as judicial activism.

* ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' - 1857 decision ruling that [[African Americans]] could not claim citizen rights even if they had resided in [[Free state (United States)|free states]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Kermit |title=Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1992 |isbn=9780195176612 |page=889 |quote=American legal and constitutional scholars consider the Dred Scott decision to be the worst ever rendered by the Supreme Court. Historians have abundantly documented its role in crystallizing attitudes that led to war. Taney's opinion stands as a model of censurable judicial craft and failed judicial statesmanship. |author-link=Kermit L. Hall}}</ref>
* ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' – 1954 Supreme Court ruling ordering the [[desegregation]] of public schools.<ref>Vincent Martin Bonventre, "Judicial activism, judges' speech, and merit selection: conventional wisdom and nonsense," ''Albany Law Review'', Summer 2005, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3243/is_3_68/ai_n29195145/ Judicial activism, judges' speech, and merit selection: conventional wisdom and nonsense] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125010044/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3243/is_3_68/ai_n29195145/ |date=2011-11-25 }} ''Albany Law Review'', 2005</ref>
* ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' – 1973 Supreme Court ruling creating the constitutional right to an abortion.<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|Greenhouse|2005|pp=135–36}}</ref>
* ''[[Harlow v. Fitzgerald]]'' – A 1982 decision that significantly expanded the scope of the controversial [[Qualified immunity|qualified immunity]] doctrine.<ref>https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=13555&context=journal_articles</ref>
* ''[[Bush v. Gore]]'' – The [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] case between the major-party candidates in the [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 presidential election]], [[George W. Bush]] and [[Al Gore]]. The justices voted 5–4 to halt the [[United States presidential election in Florida, 2000#Recount|recount of ballots in Florida]] and as a result Bush was chosen as president.<ref>[http://www.timesherald.com/articles/2009/06/02/opinion/doc4a235c6518fba759201011.txt The real case of judicial activism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307172315/http://www.timesherald.com/articles/2009/06/02/opinion/doc4a235c6518fba759201011.txt |date=2016-03-07 }} ''The Times Herald'', June 2, 2009</ref>
* ''[[Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission]]'' – 2010 Supreme Court decision declaring congressionally enacted limitations on [[corporate political spending]] and transparency as unconstitutional restrictions on free speech.<ref>{{cite web| last = Mann| first = Thomas E.| author-link = Thomas E. Mann| title = Commentary: Citizens United vs. FEC is an egregious exercise of judicial activism| publisher = [[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy News Service]]| date = January 26, 2010| url = http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/01/26/82982/commentary-citizens-united-is.html| access-date = April 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315054252/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/01/26/82982/commentary-citizens-united-is.html| archive-date = March 15, 2010| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2012/2/Stone.pdf|last=Stone|first=Geoffrey R.|title = Citizens United and Conservative Judicial Activism|journal = University of Illinois Law Review | volume = 2012|issue=2|pages=485–500|year=2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'' – 2015 Supreme Court decision declaring same-sex marriage as a right guaranteed under the [[Due Process Clause]] and the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment.]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.scotusblog.com/2015/06/symposium-ryan-anderson/|title=Symposium: Judicial activism on marriage causes harm: What does the future hold? |date=2015-06-26|work=SCOTUSblog|access-date=2017-04-03|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''[[Janus v. AFSCME]]'' – a 2018 Supreme Court decision addressing whether unions can require dues from all workers who benefit from collective bargaining agreements. The decision overturned the 41-year-old precedent of ''[[Abood v. Detroit Board of Education]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marvit|first=Moshe Z.|date=2018-02-26|title=Opinion {{!}} The Consequences of Judicial Activism on the Supreme Court |language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/26/opinion/judicial-activism-supreme-court.html|access-date=2020-10-25|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bruno|first=Robert|title=A Supreme Court ruling for Janus would be judicial activism at its worst|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-scotus-janus-afscme-unions-public-fair-share-0522-20180521-story.html|access-date=2020-10-25|website=chicagotribune.com|date=21 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chermerinsky|first=Edwin|date=July 9, 2018|title=The Supreme Court's Janus ruling was pure judicial activism. Unions, look out.|work=The Sacramento Bee|url=https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/california-forum/article214596740.html|access-date=October 25, 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California]]'' – a 2020 Supreme Court decision addressing whether the Department of Homeland Security under President [[Donald Trump]] had the authority to dismantle the [[Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals]] program initiated by Executive Order under former President [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/829858289/supreme-court-upholds-daca-in-blow-to-trump-administration|title=Supreme Court Rules For DREAMers, Against Trump|date=2020-06-18|work=NPR|access-date=2020-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lewisformn.com/2020/06/18/lewis-denounces-daca-ruling-as-judicial-activism/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811223016/https://lewisformn.com/2020/06/18/lewis-denounces-daca-ruling-as-judicial-activism/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 August 2020|title=Lewis Denounces DACA Ruling as Judicial Activism|date=2020-06-18|work=LewisForMN|access-date=2020-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]]'' – a 2022 Supreme Court ruling reversing the effects of ''Roe v. Wade'', allowing states once again to forbid abortion within their borders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Filipovic |first=Jill |date=2023 |title=Conservatives love judicial activism – as long as the law is moved in their favor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/apr/17/conservatives-judicial-activism-abortion-mifepristone |access-date= |website=The Guardian}}</ref>
* ''[[Trump v. United States (2024)|Trump v. United States]]'' – a 2024 Supreme Court case holding a President of the United States has immunity from criminal prosecution for "official acts" after [[Donald Trump]] and others engaged in election interference during the 2020 election, including events during the January 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-rules-trump-may-immunity-federal-election-inter-rcna149135 | title=Supreme Court gives win to Trump, ruling he has immunity for some acts in election interference indictment | website=[[NBC News]] | date=2 July 2024 }}</ref>

Some US Presidents have also commented on the idea. When President [[George W. Bush]] announced his first nominations for the federal bench, he declared:{{blockquote|Every judge I appoint will be a person who clearly understands the role of a judge is to interpret the law, not to legislate from the bench. To paraphrase [[James Madison|4th president of the United States James Madison Jr]] (hailed as the Father of the Constitution for his role in drafting the [[Constitution of the United States]] and the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]]) the courts exist to exercise not the will of men, but the judgment of law. My judicial nominees will know the difference.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/hot-topics-judicial-activism|title=Hot Topics: Judicial Activism|website=fedsoc.org|date=July 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rewirenewsgroup.com/article/2006/06/20/judicial-activism-bush-style/|title=Judicial Activism Bush Style|website=Rewire News Group|date=20 June 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/sctsuicide.html|title=Untitled|website=law2.umkc.edu}}</ref>}}

===Canada===
{{See also|Judicial activism in Canada}}
Judges in Canada are given the power to interpret law passed down from the legislature, discretionary power to resolve disputes, and the power to use [[common law]] and accepted judicial policy to render [[judgement]]. By the principle of [[separation of powers]], a strong tradition in Canada and accepted practice, judges should respect the role of the legislature to create law.{{according to whom|date=September 2020}} Judges are also charged to impartially apply the law as it is written.{{cn|date=September 2020}}

Canada has a [[Law of Canada|legal system]] that is derived from the British system of common law (and the French system in the province of [[Quebec]]). [[Court system of Canada|Canadian Courts]] have a structure that relies more heavily on the discretion of its judges, policy and common law to create a workable body of law.{{cn|date=September 2020}} Thus Canada's legal system may have more potential for conflicts with regards to the accusation of judicial activism, as compared to the United States.{{POV statement|date=September 2020}}

Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada [[Beverley McLachlin]] has stated that:

:''the charge of judicial activism may be understood as saying that judges are pursuing a particular political agenda, that they are allowing their political views to determine the outcome of cases before them. ... It is a serious matter to suggest that any branch of government is deliberately acting in a manner that is inconsistent with its constitutional role.''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060717004216/http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/aboutcourt/judges/speeches/DemocraticRoles_e.asp]

===European Union===
{{Expand section|date=July 2022}}
In the [[Cassis de Dijon Case]], the [[European Court of Justice]] ruled the German laws prohibiting sales of liquors with alcohol percentages between 15% and 25% conflicted with [[EU laws]]. This ruling confirmed that [[EU law]] has [[wikt:primacy|primacy]] over [[member-state law]].<ref>EUabc – Cassis de Djion case: http://en.euabc.com/word/140</ref>
When the [[treaties]] are unclear, they leave room for the Court to interpret them in different ways. When [[EU treaties]] are negotiated, it is difficult to get all governments to agree on a clear set of laws. In order to get a compromise, governments agree to leave a decision on an issue to the Court.{{sfn|Bache|George|2006}}{{Page needed|date=June 2022}}

The Court can only practice judicial activism to the extent the EU Governments leave room for interpretation in the [[treaties]].{{sfn|Moravcsik|2002}}{{Page needed|date=June 2022}}

The Court makes important rulings that set the agenda for further [[EU integration]], but it cannot happen without the consensual support of the [[member-states]].{{sfn|Moravcsik|2002}}{{Page needed|date=June 2022}}

In the [[Irish referendum on the Lisbon Treaty]] many issues not directly related to the treaty, such as [[abortion]] were included in the debate because of worries that the [[Lisbon Treaty]] will enable the [[European Court of Justice]] to make activist rulings in these areas.
After the rejection of the [[Lisbon Treaty]] in Ireland, the [[Irish Government]] received concessions from the rest of the [[member states of the European Union]] to make written guarantees that the EU will under no circumstances interfere with Irish abortion, taxation or military neutrality.<ref>Irish secure concessions on Lisbon Treaty: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2008/12/irish-secure-concessions-on-lisbon-treaty/63409.aspx</ref>
[[Ireland]] voted on the [[Lisbon Treaty]] a second time in 2009, with a 67.1% majority voting Yes to the treaty.

===India===
India has a recent history of judicial activism, originating after [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency in India]] which saw attempts by the Government to [[The Emergency (India)#Tendency to control Judiciary|control the judiciary.]] [[Public Interest Litigation]] was thus an instrument devised by the courts to reach out directly to the public, and take [[judicial notice|cognizance]] though the litigant may not be the victim. [[Sua sponte|"Suo motu"]] cognizance allows the courts to take up such cases on its own. The trend has been supported as well as criticized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-3311-tyranny-of-the-unelect-influencing-judiciary-.html|title=Tyranny Of The Unelect Influencing Judiciary?|website=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lloydlawcollege.edu.in/blog/judicial-supremacy-v-parliamentary-supremacy.html|title=judicial Supremacy v. Parliamentary Supremacy in India – Lloyd Law|website=www.lloydlawcollege.edu.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4412779|title=An Economic Analysis of Judicial Activism|author1=Anant, T. C. A.|author2=Jaivir Singh|year=2002|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=37|issue=43|pages=4433–4439|jstor=4412779 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/03/24/destruction-indias-judicial-independence-is-almost-complete/ |title=Opinion | Rana Ayyub: The destruction of India's judicial independence is almost complete |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2020-03-24 |accessdate=2022-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.ipleaders.in/indian-judiciary-inducing-activism-or-leading-towards-overreach/|title=Indian Judiciary - inducing activism or leading towards overreach|first=Diva|last=Rai|date=June 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1whm97c.12 | jstor=10.3138/j.ctt1whm97c.12 | chapter=The Supreme Court of India | last1=Tewari | first1=Manish | last2=Saxena | first2=Rekha | title=Courts in Federal Countries | year=2017 | pages=223–255 | publisher=University of Toronto Press | isbn=9781487500627 }}</ref> ''New York Times'' writer Gardiner Harris sums this up as<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/12/world/asia/court-restores-indias-ban-on-gay-sex.html?hp&_r=2& | work=The New York Times | first=Gardiner | last=Harris | title=India's Supreme Court Restores an 1861 Law Banning Gay Sex | date=December 11, 2013}}</ref>
{{Quote box
|quote = India's judges have sweeping powers and a long history of judicial activism that would be all but unimaginable in the United States. In recent years, judges required Delhi's auto-rickshaws to convert to natural gas to help cut down on pollution,<ref name = kankyoDelhiCNG>{{cite web |url=http://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/policy_others/attachement/Delhi-note%20on%20change%20over.doc |title=Note on change over to CNG in transport sector in Delhi |access-date=2013-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190307/http://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/policy_others/attachement/Delhi-note%20on%20change%20over.doc |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://causelists.nic.in/scnew/pollmatter.html |title=Supreme Court of India Cause List |publisher=Causelists.nic.in |access-date=2013-12-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119112244/http://causelists.nic.in/scnew/pollmatter.html |archive-date=2014-01-19 }}</ref> closed much of the country's iron-ore-mining industry to cut down on corruption and ruled that politicians facing criminal charges could not seek re-election.
Indeed, India's Supreme Court and Parliament have openly battled for decades, with Parliament passing multiple constitutional amendments to respond to various Supreme Court rulings.
}}

All such rulings carry the force of Article 39A of the [[Constitution of India]],<ref name="ConstitutionOfIndia">{{cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm |title=The Constitution Of India |publisher=Lawmin.nic.in |access-date=2013-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm |archive-date=2012-04-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> although before and during the Emergency the judiciary desisted from "wide and elastic" interpretations, termed [[John Austin (legal philosopher)|Austinian]], because [[Directive Principles of State Policy]] are non-justiciable. This despite the constitutional provisions for [[judicial review]] and [[B R Ambedkar]] arguing in the Constituent Assembly Debates that "judicial review, particularly writ jurisdiction, could provide quick relief against abridgment of Fundamental Rights and ought to be at the heart of the Constitution."<ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://www.academia.edu/1092288 |title=Where did the revolution go? The Supreme Court of India & Socio-economic rights since the end of Emergency Rule |first=Satbir |last=Singh |type=Masters thesis |publisher=University of Oxford |via=www.academia.edu}}</ref>{{bsn|date=September 2023|reason=per [[BP:SCHOLARSHIP]] master's thesis are not generally considered reliable sources}}

[[Fundamental Rights in India|Fundamental Rights]] as enshrined in the Constitution have been subjected to wide review, and have now been said to encompass a [[right to privacy]], right to livelihood and right to education, among others. The [[Basic structure doctrine|'basic structure']] of the Constitution has been mandated by the [[Indian Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] not to be alterable, notwithstanding the powers of the Legislature under [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|Article 368]].<ref name = ConstitutionOfIndia /> This doctrine has been recognized by several countries like [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Malaysia]] as part of their [[jurisprudence]]. Other countries such as [[Singapore]], [[Belize]] and [[Uganda]] has heard important cases regarding the use of this doctrine in their own countries.
The modern trend of judicial activism began in 1973 when the [[Allahabad High Court]] rejected the candidature of [[Indira Gandhi]] in ''[[State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain]]''. The introduction of [[public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] by Justice [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]] further expanded its scope.<ref>T. R. Andhyarujina, [https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Disturbing-trends-in-judicial-activism/article12680891.ece "Disturbing trends in judicial activism"], ''The Hindu'', 6 August 2012 Retrieved 21 December 2019</ref>
Recent examples quoted include the order to [[Government of Delhi|Delhi Government]] to convert the [[Auto rickshaw]] to CNG,<ref name = kankyoDelhiCNG/> a move believed to have reduced Delhi's erstwhile acute [[smog]] problem (it is now argued to be back)<ref>{{cite news|author=Neha Lalchandani, TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-enveloped-in-smog-back-to-pre-CNG-levels/articleshow/17070829.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105221359/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-03/delhi/34892597_1_pollution-levels-nitrogen-dioxide-levels-particulate-levels |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-11-05 |title=Delhi enveloped in smog, back to pre-CNG levels |date=2012-11-03 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-12-21}}</ref> and contrasted with that of Beijing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.2point6billion.com/news/2007/08/27/beijing-finally-learnt-from-new-delhi-the-cng-way-292.html |title=Beijing like Delhi, goes the CNG way!! |publisher=2point6billion.com |date=2007-08-27 |access-date=2013-12-21}}</ref>

===Israel===
{{Expand Hebrew|topic=gov|section=yes|date=January 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=January 2023}}
{{See also|2023 Israeli judicial reform}}
The Israeli approach to judicial activism has transformed significantly in the three decades since the [[Aharon Barak#Supreme Court of Israel|1992 Constitutional Revolution led by Aharon Barak]], and, as of 2022, presents an especially broad version of robust judicial review and intervention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/journals/INJlConLaw/2009/8.html|title=Barak-Erez, Daphne – 'Broadening the Scope of Judicial Review in Israel: Between Activism and Restraint' INJlConLaw 8; (2009) 3 ''Indian Journal of Constitutional Law'' 118|website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/9858|title=The Tal Law: Judicial Activism at its Height|date=20 April 2012|website=en.idi.org.il|accessdate=20 April 2024}}</ref> Additionally, taking into consideration the intensity of public life in Israel and the challenges that the country faces (including security threats), the case law of the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Israeli Supreme Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawofisrael.com/israeli-supreme-court-decisions/ |title=Israeli Supreme Court decisions search – Israeli Lawyers | Israeli Law Firm Golan & Co |access-date=2014-05-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505060543/http://www.lawofisrael.com/israeli-supreme-court-decisions/ |archive-date=2014-05-05 |publisher=Israeli Supreme Court Decisions database}}</ref> touches on diverse and controversial public matters.{{OR|date=January 2023}}

=== United Kingdom ===
One of the first cases was the ''Conway v Rimmer'' (1968); a [[Public-interest immunity]], previously known as Crown privilege.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conway v Rimmer {{!}} [1968] AC 910 {{!}} United Kingdom House of Lords {{!}} Judgment {{!}} Law {{!}} CaseMine|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5a8ff8ca60d03e7f57ecd78e|access-date=2021-01-22|website=www.casemine.com|language=en}}</ref> Previously, a claim like this would be defined as definitive, but the judges had slowly begun to adopt more of an activist line approach.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scarman|first=Leslie|title=English Law - The New Dimension|publisher=The Hamlyn Trust|year=1974|isbn=9780420446909|location=London|pages=48–49}}</ref> This had become more prominent in which government actions were overturned by the courts, as shown in the ''Miller'' case in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-09-25|title=Gina Miller: Who is campaigner behind Brexit court cases?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37861888|access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> The perceptions of judicial activism derived from the number of applications for judicial review made to the courts, which led to ''[[R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland]]'' in 2019, joint landmark constitutional law cases on the limits of the power of royal prerogative to [[prorogue]] the Parliament of the United Kingdom. This can be seen throughout the 1980s, where there were about 500 applications within a year.<ref>{{cite news|date=2011-10-23|title=Judicial review procedures to be made simpler|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/judicial-review-procedures-to-be-made-simpler-1445314.html|access-date=2021-01-22|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> This number dramatically increased as by 2013, there were 15,594 applications.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-03-23|title=The true statistics behind judicial review's success rates|url=https://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2015/03/23/the-true-statistics-behind-judicial-reviews-success-rates/|access-date=2021-01-22|website=UK Human Rights Blog|language=en-GB}}</ref> This trend has attracted media attention. For instance, in 1993, [[William Rees-Mogg]] had challenged the Conservative government to ratify the [[Maastricht Treaty]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord Rees-Mogg Loses Challenge to Maastricht Treaty|url=https://apnews.com/article/7262566535bbb11b633316f2d16a0e32|access-date=2021-01-23|website=AP News}}</ref> Ultimately, judicial activism is greatly established throughout the UK as the courts are becoming more prone to scrutinise at their own will.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scarman|first=Leslie|title=English Law - The New Dimension|publisher=The Hamlyn Trust|year=1974|isbn=9780420446909|location=London|pages=48–52}}</ref>

Obviously since the United Kingdom's judiciary powers do not come from electoral methods, they differ in strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats compared to a free and democratic system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Judicial_selection_in_the_states|title=Judicial selection in the states|website=Ballotpedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/law/2019/dec/18/lady-hale-warns-uk-not-to-select-top-judges-on-basis-of-political-views|title=Lady Hale warns UK not to select judges on basis of political views|date=December 18, 2019|website=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/the-judiciary-the-government-and-the-constitution/jud-acc-ind/judges-and-parliament/|title=Judges and Parliament|website=www.judiciary.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/the-judiciary-the-government-and-the-constitution/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/|title=The justice system and the constitution|website=www.judiciary.uk}}</ref> [[Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond|Baroness Hale of Richmond]] raises the popular concern that this system operates on a fundamentally different playbook to the United States of America's court of law, and personal bias can be inherited, through an 'old boys' club'.

Among critics of judicial activism in the United Kingdom are [[Richard Ekins]], [[John Finnis]], and [[Stephen Laws|Sir Stephen Laws]]. [[Policy Exchange]]'s Judicial Power Project, headed by Ekins, is dedicated to opposing judicial activism by British judges.

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Certiorari]]
* [[Constitutional economics]]
* ''[[Government by Judiciary]]''
* [[Impact litigation]]
* [[Judicial populism]]
* [[Kritarchy]]
* [[Letter and spirit of the law]]
* [[List of landmark court decisions in the United States]]
* [[Living Constitution]]
* [[Long march through the institutions]]
* [[Originalism]]
* [[Philosophy of law]]
* [[Rule according to higher law]]
* [[Unconstitutional constitutional amendment]]
* [[Political question]]
* [[Supreme Court Reform in the United States]]

{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* <cite style="font-style:normal;">''Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law'' (1996), Merriam-Webster. {{ISBN|0-87779-604-1}}</cite>
* {{cite book |last1=Bache |first1=Ian |last2=George |first2=Stephen |year=2006 |title=Politics in the European Union |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=2}}
* {{cite book|author=Bryan A. Garner|year=1999|title=Black's Law Dictionary, 8th Edition|publisher=West Group|isbn=0-314-15199-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Greenhouse |first=Linda |author-link=Linda Greenhouse |title=Becoming Justice Blackmun: Harry Blackmun's Supreme Court Journey |isbn=978-0-8050-7791-9 |year=2005 |publisher=[[Times Books]] |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfqUtsNqx0MC }}
* Ginsberg, Benjamin, et al. ''We the People: an Introduction to American Politics''. W.W. Norton & Company, 2017. {{ISBN?}}
*{{cite journal |last=Moravcsik |first=A. |year=2002 |title=In defense of the democratic deficit: reassessing legitimacy in the European Union |journal=Journal of Common Market Studies |volume=40 |issue=4 |doi=10.1111/1468-5965.00390 |s2cid=153441715}}

==Further reading==

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Sonja C. |title=Judicial Activism and the Democratic Rule of Law: Selected Case Studies |date=2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-35085-7 |isbn=978-3-030-35085-7 |s2cid=213018800 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-35085-7#about |language=en}}
* [[Kermit Roosevelt III|Kermit Roosevelt]], October 15, 2006. ''The Myth of Judicial Activism: Making Sense of Supreme Court Decisions'' ([[Yale University Press]] Publishers), 272pp. {{ISBN|0-300-11468-0}}
* [[James B. Kelly]], July 30, 2006. ''Governing With the Charter: Legislative And Judicial Activism And Framer's Intent (Law and Society Series)'' ([[UBC Press]] Publishers), 336pp. {{ISBN|0-7748-1212-5}}
* [[Rory Leishman]], May 2006. ''Against Judicial Activism: The Decline of Freedom And Democracy in Canada'' ([[McGill-Queen's University Press]] Publishers), 310pp. {{ISBN|0-7735-3054-1}}
{{div col end}}

{{Law}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Judicial Activism}}
[[Category:Judicial activism| ]]
[[Category:Constitutional law]]
[[Category:Activism by type]]
[[Category:Sociology of law]]
[[Category:Philosophy of law]]
[[Category:Conflict of interest]]
[[Category:Rhetoric]]

List of Telugu films of 2026

2026-05-08T17:22:19Z

Rsingh: article - done

{{Short description|none}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}

{{Tollywood films}}

This is a list of [[Telugu-language]] films produced in [[Telugu cinema]] in India that are released/scheduled to be released in the year 2026.

== Box office collection ==
The [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films]] released in 2026, by worldwide [[box office]] [[gross revenue]], are as follows: The rank of the films in the following table depends on the estimate of worldwide collections as reported by organizations classified as green by Wikipedia.{{efn|See [[WP:RSP]], [[WP:ICTFSOURCES]]}} There is no official tracking of [[List of highest-grossing films in India|domestic box office figures]] within India.


{{legend|#b6fcb6|''Background shading indicates that a film is currently showing in theatres worldwide.''}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"|'''#'''
|Indicates that the film is multilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version.
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Highest worldwide gross of 2026
! Rank
! Title
! Production company
! Worldwide gross
! {{refh}}
|-
!1
| ''[[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu]]''
| Shine Screens / Gold Box Entertainments
| style="text-align: right;" | {{INR|300{{ndash}}400 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{efn|''Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary around ₹300 crore (''[[The Indian Express]]'', which notes that although the headline cites ₹375 crore, that figure is producer-stated while the article text reports ₹300 crore)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-05 |title=Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu rewrites box office records, hits Rs 375 crore milestone in 25 days |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-box-office-records-chiranjeevi-film-earns-rs-375-crore-10515138/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> – ₹400 crore (''[[Cinema Express]]'' reports the film’s sustained run supporting its commercial performance)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-02 |title=Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu completes 50-day run in 109 centres |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/02/mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-completes-50-day-run-in-109-centres |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>|name="msvpg"}}
|-
!2
| ''[[The RajaSaab]]''
| People Media Factory / IVY Entertainment
| style="text-align:right; " | {{INR|208.38 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=19 January 2026 |title=Mana Shankara Varaprasad Garu worldwide box office collection day 7: Chiranjeevi film mints ₹242 cr; beats The Raja Saab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mana-shankara-varaprasad-garu-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-7-chiranjeevi-film-225-cr-beats-prabhas-the-raja-saab-101768794920537.html |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
!3
| ''[[Ustaad Bhagat Singh]]''
| [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{INR|97 crore}}
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aithagoni |first=Raju |date=30 March 2026 |title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh Day 11 Collections: ఉస్తాద్‌కి పెరిగిన కలెక్షన్లు.. హిట్‌ కావాలంటే ఇంకా ఎన్నో కోట్లు రావాలంటే? |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/ustaad-bhagat-singh-movie-11-days-box-office-collections-pawan-kalyan-film-sunday-rampage-in-telugu-dim5hv9 |access-date=30 March 2026 |website=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet News Telugu]] |language=te |quote=...ఇప్పటి వరకు దీనికి ప్రపంచ వ్యాప్తంగా రూ.94కోట్లు వచ్చాయి. ఇప్పటి వరకు ఇది ఇండియాలో రూ.82కోట్ల గ్రాస్‌, రూ.70కోట్ల నెట్‌ ని రాబట్టింది. ఓవర్సీస్‌ రూ.12కోట్ల వరకు వచ్చాయి |trans-quote=...so far, it has garnered ₹94 crores worldwide. To date, it has collected a gross of ₹82 crores and a net of ₹70 crores in India. Overseas collections have reached approximately ₹12 crores.}}</ref>
|-
!4
| ''[[Anaganaga Oka Raju]]''
| [[S. Radha Krishna#Sithara Entertainments|Sithara Entertainments]] / Fortune Four Cinemas
| style="text-align:right; " |{{INR|88.3 crore}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anaganaga Oka Raju Movie Total WW Collections!!|url=https://t2blive.com/anaganaga-oka-raju-movie-total-ww-collections|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!5
| style="text-align:left; background:#b6fcb6;"|''[[Dacoit: A Love Story]] #'' *
| Annapurna Studios / S.S. Creations / Suniel Narang Productions
| style="text-align: right;background:#ccc;" |{{INR|55 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2026 |title=Dacoit OTT: थिएटर में Flop होने के बाद ओटीटी पर आ रही ‘डकैत’, कब और कहां देखें मृणाल ठाकुर-अदिवि शेष की फिल्म? |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/dacoit-ott-release-date-and-platform-where-to-watch-mrunal-thakur-adivi-sesh-dacoit-movie-ek-prem-katha-ott-3773034.html |access-date=26 April 2026 |website=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]] |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
!6
| ''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari (2026 film)|Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]''
| {{ubl|AK Entertainments,|Adventures International Pvt Ltd}}
| style="text-align: right;" |{{INR|21 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangaiahgari |first=Bhanuprasad |date=19 January 2026 |title=Nari Nari Naduma Murari Movie: బ్రేక్ ఈవెన్ టార్గెట్ కంప్లీట్ చేసుకున్న 'నారీ నారీ నడుమ మురారీ' మూవీ.. కలెక్షన్లు ఎంతంటే? |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/nari-nari-naduma-murari-movie-collections-bh-3017719.html |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=[[News18 Telugu]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

==January–March==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! style="width:15%;" |Director
! style="width:35%;" |Cast
! style="width:30%;" |Production company
! style="width:1%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="18" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''J A N U A R Y'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''1'''
| ''[[Psych Siddhartha]]''
| Varun Reddy
| [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]], Yamini Bhaskar
| Spirit Media / Nanduness / Keep Rolling Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-10 |title=Psych Siddhartha release postponed to this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/10/psych-siddhartha-release-postponed-to-this-date |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Madham''
| Vamsee Krishna Malla
| Harsha Gangavarapu, Anuroop Katari, Inaya Sulthana
| Ekaiva Homes Pvt. Ltd
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-24 |title=Madham Hard-Hitting Drama Thriller for New Year Release |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/madham-hard-hitting-drama-thriller-for-new-year-release-1926294 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sahakutumbaanaam]]''
| Uday Sharma
| Raam Kiran, [[Megha Akash]]
| HNG Cinemas LLP
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=India|first=The Hans|date=2025-12-30|title='Sahakutumbanam' set for grand New Year release on January 1|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sahakutumbanam-set-for-grand-new-year-release-on-january-1-1034845|access-date=2026-01-23|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vanaveera]]''
| Avinash Thiruveedhula
| Avinash Thiruveedhula, [[Simran Choudhary]], [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]]
| Silver Screen Cinemas LLP
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-27 |title=Vanaveera director indirectly criticises Nandu for skipping promotions |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/27/vanaveera-director-indirectly-criticises-nandu-for-skipping-promotions |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''2'''
| ''[[Nilakanta (film)|Nilakanta]]''
| Rakesh Madhavan
| [[Master Mahendran]], Yashna Muthuluri, Anil Inamadugu
| RK Productions
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-28 |title=Nilakanta: మాస్టర్ మహేంద్రన్ 'నీలకంఠ'.. చివరి 20 నిమిషాలు హైలెట్..! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/hyderabad-city-news/master-mahendran-nilakanta-movie-trailer-launch-event-in-hyderabad-276506 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''9'''
| ''[[The RajaSaab]]''
| [[Maruthi]]
| [[Prabhas]], [[Nidhhi Agerwal]], [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| People Media Factory / IVY Entertainment
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=CONFIRMED: Prabhas' The Raja Saab to release on January 9, 2026 — face-off with Chiranjeevi & Vijay |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/confirmed-prabhas-raja-saab-release-january-9-2026-face-off-chiranjeevi-vijay/ |access-date=30 August 2025 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| ''Silent Screams''
| Arvind Menon
| [[Shruti Haasan]] (voice only)
| [[Sun NXT]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-01-09 |title='Silent Screams' brings unheard stories of violence against women to the forefront |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/silent-screams-brings-unheard-stories-of-violence-against-women-to-the-forefront-1038038 |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''12'''
| ''[[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu]]''
| [[Anil Ravipudi]]
| [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Venkatesh]]
| Shine Screens / Gold Box Entertainments
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-14 |title=Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu: Chiranjeevi locks Sankranthi release for his next |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-chiranjeevi-locks-sankranthi-release-for-his-next-2835660-2025-12-14 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''13'''
| ''[[Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi]]''
| [[Kishore Tirumala]]
| [[Ravi Teja]], [[Ashika Ranganath]], [[Dimple Hayathi]]
| SLV Cinemas
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi teaser: Ravi Teja navigates a messy love triangle |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/19/bhartha-mahasayulaku-wignyapthi-teaser-ravi-teja-navigates-a-messy-love-triangle |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''14'''
| ''[[Anaganaga Oka Raju]]''
| Maari
| [[Naveen Polishetty]], [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]
| Sithara Entertainments / Fortune Four Cinemas
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naveen Polishetty's 'Anaganaga Oka Raju' Locks A January 2026 Release Date |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/naveen-polishettys-anaganaga-oka-raju-locks-a-january-2026-release-date |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari (2026 film)|Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]''
| Ram Abbaraju
| [[Sharwanand]], [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]], [[Sakshi Vaidya]]
| AK Entertainments / Adventures International Pvt Ltd
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-10 |title=Nari Nari Naduma Murari makers set release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Dec/10/telugunews2025dec09nari-nari-naduma-murari-makers-set-release-date |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''23'''
| ''[[Cheekatilo]]''
| Sharan Koppisetty
| [[Sobhita Dhulipala]], [[Vishwadev Rachakonda]]
| [[Suresh Productions]] / [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sobhita Dhulipala's Telugu Crime Thriller 'Cheekatilo' Sets Premiere Date|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/prime-video-sets-january-premiere-for-telugu-crime-thriller-cheekatilo-starring-sobhita-dhulipala|access-date=2026-01-28|website=The Hollywood Reporter India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''30'''
| ''Devagudi''
| Bellam Ramakrishna Reddy
| [[Raghu Kunche]], Abhinav Saurya, Anushree
| Pushyami Film Makers
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Devagudi: A rural drama that questions caste barriers|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/devagudi-a-rural-drama-that-questions-caste-barriers-1043812|website=www.thehansindia.com|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|first=Suhas|last=Sistu}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dhrutarashtrudu''
| Suresh Gomathi
| [[Dhanraj Koranani]], Nene Shekar
| Geetha Sree Arts
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''[[Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi]]''
| A R Sajeev
| [[Tharun Bhascker]], [[Eesha Rebba]]
| S Originals / MovieVerse Studios
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=2026-01-21 |title=Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi {{!}} తరుణ్ భాస్కర్ 'ఓం శాంతి శాంతి శాంతిః' వాయిదా.. కొత్త విడుదల తేదీ ఫిక్స్! |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/tharun-bhascker-om-shanti-shanti-shantihi-releasing-on-30th-jan-2278420 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jagannath''
| Bharath Santhosh
| Bharath Peelam, Nitya Sri, Saara Achar
| Bharath Film Factory
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=హీరోగా రాయలసీమ భరత్... మంగళవారాన్ని గుర్తు చేసే మాస్క్... డిసెంబర్‌లో 'జగన్నాథ్'|url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/jagannath-movie-release-date-rayalaseema-bharat-hero-debut-set-for-december-19-229008|website=ABP Desam|date=2025-11-29|access-date=2026-01-30|language=te|first=S.|last=Niharika}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Trimukha]]''
| Razesh Naidu
| Akriti Agarwal, [[Sunny Leone]], Sahithi Dasari, Yogesh Kalle
| Akhira Dream Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title='Trimukha' set for multi-language release on Jan 30|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/trimukha-set-for-multi-language-release-on-jan-30-1042330|website=www.thehansindia.com|date=2026-01-25|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|first=Suhas|last=Sistu}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Zamana (2026 film)|Zamana]]''
| Bhaskar Jakkula
| [[Surya Srinivas]], Sanjeev, Swathi
| Sri Lakshmivallabha Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |title='Zamana' gears up for Jan 30 release; grand pre-release event held |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/zamana-gears-up-for-jan-30-release-grand-pre-release-event-held-1042932 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="23" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;" |'''F E B R U A R Y'''
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''6'''
| ''Barabar Premistha''
| Sampath Rudra
| Chandra Hass, Megna Mukharjee, Arjun Mahi
| CC Creations / AVR Movie Wonders
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-01-22 |title='Barabar Premistha' set for Feb 6 release, team kicks off promotions |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/barabar-premistha-set-for-feb-6-release-team-kicks-off-promotions-1041488 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Blood Roses (film)|Blood Roses]]''
| Mandati Guru Rajan
| [[Dharma Keerthiraj]], [[Apsara Rani]], Sreelu, Killi Kranthi
| TBR Cine Creations
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2026-02-04 |title=Babu Mohan: బ్లడ్ రోజస్.. ట్రైలర్ ఆసక్తికరంగా ఉంది {{!}} Babu Mohan Praises Blood Roses Movie Trailer srk |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2026/tollywood/babu-mohan-praises-blood-roses-movie-trailer-srk-69589.html |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dakshina Kali''
| Thota Krishna
| [[Archana Shastry]], Chandragiri Subbu, Priyanka Sree
| Sreenidhi Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=Dakshina Kali: గ్రామ దేవతల గొప్పదనం తెరపైకి.. 'దక్షిణ కాళీ' సినిమా రిలీజ్ డేట్ ఫిక్స్ |url=https://www.v6velugu.com/archana-starrer-dakshina-kali-movie-release-on-february-6th |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=V6 Velugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| ''Erracheera''
| Ch Suman Babu
| [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]], [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]], Baby Sai Tejaswini
| Sri Padmalaya Entertainments / Sri Suman Venkatadri Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Erra cheera: ఫిబ్రవరి 6న 'ఎర్రచీర' విడుదల! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/cinema-news/erra-cheera-movie-details-director-suman-babu-909297.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Euphoria (2026 film)|Euphoria]]''
| [[Gunasekhar]]
| [[Bhumika Chawla]], [[Sara Arjun]], Vignesh Gavireddy
| Guna Handmade Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-01 |title=Bhumika Chawla-starrer Euphoria gets new release date with official teaser |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/01/bhumika-chawla-starrer-euphoria-gets-new-release-date-with-official-teaser |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Honey (2026 film)|Honey]]''
| [[Karuna Kumar]]
| [[Naveen Chandra]], [[Divya Pillai]], Divi Vadthya
| Ova Entertainments
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-21 |title=Teaser for Naveen Chandra's Honey unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Jan/21/teaser-for-naveen-chandras-honey-unveiled |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Laggam Time]]''
| Prajoth K Vennam
| Rajesh Meru, Navya Chityala, [[Sudharshan]]
| 20th Century Entertainments
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-02 |title=Laggam Time producer: Small films are struggling for support amid re-release trend |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Feb/02/laggam-time-producer-small-films-are-struggling-for-support-amid-re-release-trend |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Operation Padma]]''
| Karthikeya V
| Naresh Medi, Rajitha Sandy, Ranadheer Beesu
| Krishav Cinemas / KVM Arts LLP
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-02 |title=7 South Films to Watch in Theaters This Week: Jayaram's Ashakal Aayiram, Sara Arjun's Euphoria to With Love, Rakkasapuradhol |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/7-south-films-to-watch-in-theaters-this-week-jayarams-ashakal-aayiram-sara-arjuns-euphoria-to-with-love-rakkasapuradhol-1400408 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sri Chidambaram Garu]]''
| Vinay Ratnam
| Vamsi Tummala, Sandhya Vasishta, [[Kalpa Latha]]
| Srichakraas Entertainments
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title='Sri Chidambaram Garu' locks Feb 6 release, team shares emotional journey|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sri-chidambaram-garu-locks-feb-6-release-team-shares-emotional-journey-1041761|website=www.thehansindia.com|date=2026-01-23|access-date=2026-01-24|language=en|first=Suhas|last=Sistu}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sumathi Sathakam''
| M. M. Nayudu
| Amardeep Chowdary, Sayli M Chaudhari
| Vision Movie Makers
| style="text-align: left;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2026-02-03 |title=Ravi Teja cheers team 'Sumathi Sathakam' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ravi-teja-cheers-team-sumathi-sathakam-1045190 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''13'''
| ''1+1 Offer''
| Amrutha Puri Sriram
| Nimmala Sreeram, Mounika Reddy, Rajesh Bhupathi
| Triveni Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''Amaravathiki Aahvanam''
| GVK
| [[Ester Noronha|Ester]], [[Dhanya Balakrishna|Dhanya]], Supritha, Siva Kantamaneni
| Light House Cine Magic
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-01-31 |title='Amaravathiki Aahwanam' teaser unveiled; film set for Feb 13 release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/amaravathiki-aahwanam-teaser-unveiled-film-set-for-feb-13-release-1044140 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Funky (film)|Funky]]''
| [[K. V. Anudeep]]
| {{Hlist|[[Vishwak Sen]]|[[Kayadu Lohar]]}}
| Sithara Entertainments / Fortune Four Cinemas
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-16 |title='Funky' release date: Makers shift release plans of Vishak Sen and Kayadu Lohar starrer comedy drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/funky-release-date-makers-shift-release-plans-of-vishak-sen-and-kayadu-lohar-starrer-comedy-drama/articleshow/126000190.cms |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Nilave''
| Sowmith Poladi{{ndash}}Sai K Vennam
| Sowmith Poladi, Shreyasi Sen, [[Harsha Chemudu]]
| Point Of View Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-02-13 |title=Nilave: Blends loneliness, love and healing |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/nilave-blends-loneliness-love-and-healing-1048127 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sky''
| Pridhvi Pericherla
| Murali Krishnam Raju, Shruti Shetty, [[Anand (actor)|Anand Bharathi]]
| Valour Entertainment Studios
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2026-02-13 |title=SKY Review: స్కై సినిమా రివ్యూ.. |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/sky-movie-review-935180.html |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''14'''
| ''[[Couple Friendly]]''
| Ashwin Chandrasekar
| [[Santosh Sobhan]], [[Manasa Varanasi]]
| VR Global Media / UV Concepts
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-07 |title=Couple Friendly set for Valentine's Day theatrical release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Jan/07/couple-friendly-set-for-valentines-day-theatrical-release |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Seetha Payanam]]''
| [[Arjun Sarja]]
| [[Niranjan Sudhindra]], [[Aishwarya Arjun]]
| [[Sree Raam Films International]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-07 |title=Arjun unveils 'Assalu Cinema' song from Seetha Payanam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Jan/07/arjun-unveils-assalu-cinema-song-from-seetha-payanam |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''20'''
| ''[[Hey Balwanth]]''
| Gopi Atchara
| [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]], Shivani Nagaram, [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
| Trishul Visionary Studios
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2026 |title=Actor Suhas: నేను ఈ సినిమాలో చచ్చిపోను.. నా లవర్‌కి ఇంకొకరితో పెళ్లి కాదు: సుహాస్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/hero-suhas-speech-at-hey-bhagawan-teaser-launch-event/articleshow/127725055.cms |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nawab Cafe]]''
| Pramod Harsha
| [[Shiva Kandukuri]], [[Rajeev Kanakala]], Teju Ashwini
| Harshika Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-10 |title=Chaiwala film title renamed Nawab Cafe |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Feb/10/chaiwala-film-title-renamed-nawab-cafe |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Trishanku''
| Srikrishna Gorle
| Aman, [[Prachi Tehlan]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Rashmi Gautam]]
| Ganesh Creations / U&I Entertainments
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/trishanku/movieshow/128503963.cms |title=Trishanku Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2026-02-19 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''27'''
| ''[[Son Of]]''
| Bathula Sateesh
| Sai Simhadri, [[Vinod Kumar Alva|Vinod Kumar]], [[Vasu Inturi]]
| Sai Simhadri Sainma
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘సన్ ఆఫ్’ మూవీ ప్రీ రిలీజ్ ఈవెంట్ (ఫొటోలు) {{!}} Son Of Movie Pre Release Event HD Photos {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/index.php/photos/movies/son-movie-pre-release-event-hd-photos-2718529 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Uttutta Herolu]]''
| Harsha Kodali
| Mahesh Vitta, Praveena Soni, Waltair Vinay
| MVM Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''[[Vishnu Vinyasam]]''
| Yadunaath Maruthi Rao
| [[Sree Vishnu]], [[Nayan Sarika]]
| Sree Subrahmanyeshwara Cinemas
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-23 |title=Sree Vishnu’s Vishnu Vinyasam gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Feb/23/sree-vishnus-vishnu-vinyasam-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A R C H'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''6'''
| ''Mension House Mallesh''
| Bala Satish
| Srinath Maganti, Gayathri Ramana, [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]]
| Kanakamedala Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2026-03-02 |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga launches ‘Mansion House Mallesh’ trailer |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandeep-reddy-vanga-launches-mansion-house-mallesh-trailer-1053115 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mrithyunjay]]''
| Hussain Sha Kiran
| [[Sree Vishnu]], [[Reba Monica John]]
| Light Box Media / Picture Perfect Entertainment
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-20 |title='Mrithunjay' release shifted; Sree Vishnu–Reba John thriller locks March 6 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mrithunjay-release-shifted-sree-vishnureba-john-thriller-locks-march-6/articleshow/128613015.cms |access-date=2026-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani]]''
| Sudheer Sriram
| [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]], Rohan Roy
| Sree Sivaji Productions / [[ETV Win]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-12 |title=Change of plans for Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Feb/12/change-of-plans-for-sampradayini-suppini-suddapoosani |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[S Saraswathi]]''
| [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
| Varalaxmi Sarathkumar, [[Prakash Raj]], [[Priyamani]]
| Dosa Diaries LLP
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2026-02-21 |title=Watch: Nani launches trailer of Varalaxmi’s first directorial venture ‘Saraswathi’ |url=https://telanganatoday.com/watch-nani-launches-trailer-of-varalaxmis-first-directorial-venture-saraswathi |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''14'''
| ''Repu Udayam 10 Gantalaku''
| Chendu Muddu
| [[Abhinav Gomatam]], [[Hebah Patel]], [[Chaitanya Rao Madadi|Chaitanya Rao]]
| Mango Mass Media
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2026-03-11 |title=ఆసక్తి రేకెత్తిస్తున్న 'రేపు ఉదయం 10 గంటలకు' ట్రైలర్ |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2026/videos/repu-udayam-10-gantalaku-trailer-released-ahead-of-march-14-release-70306.html |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''19'''
| ''[[Ustaad Bhagat Singh]]''
| [[Harish Shankar]]
| [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Sreeleela]], [[Raashii Khanna]]
| [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-05 |title=Pawan Kalyan’s Ustaad Bhagat Singh confirms release on March 19 as Yash’s Toxic postponed: The Ugadi box office shake-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pawan-kalyan-ustaad-bhagat-singh-moves-to-march-19-pawan-kalyans-film-claims-the-ugadi-slot-toxic-left-behind-10565539/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''26'''
| ''[[Band Melam]]''
| Sathish Javvaji
| Harsh Roshan, Sridevi Apalla
| [[Kona Film Corporation]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-09 |title=Sridevi and Harsh Roshan starrer Band Melam gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/09/sridevi-and-harsh-roshan-starrer-band-melam-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Lechindi Mahila Lokam''
| Arjun{{ndash}}Carthyk
| [[Lakshmi Manchu]], [[Sreerama Chandra]], [[Ananya Nagalla]]
| Brihaspathi Entertainments / Apparently Cinema / Story Factory
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-10 |title=Manchu Lakshmi: Lechindi Mahilalokam is not a film that preaches women to commit crimes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/10/manchu-lakshmi-lechindi-mahilalokam-is-not-a-film-that-preaches-women-to-commit-crimes |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''27'''
| ''Suyodhana''
| Y. S Madav Reddy
| [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]], Drishika Chander
| Prajwalaa Line Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2026-03-27 |title=Suyodhana: సుయోధన పాత్రకు ఆయన తప్ప మరో ప్రత్యామ్నాయం లేదు |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/suyodhana-movie-pre-release-event-priyadarshi-speech-release-date-details-951389.html |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref>
|-
|}

== April–June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! style="width:15%;" |Director
! style="width:35%;" |Cast
! style="width:30%;" |Production company
! class="unsortable" style="width:1%;" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#F88379; textcolor:#000;" |A P R I L
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d88579;" ; |3
| ''[[Biker (film)|Biker]]''
| Abhilash Reddy
| [[Sharwanand]], [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Malvika Nair]]
| UV Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=Sharwanand starrer Biker gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Feb/03/sharwanand-starrer-biker-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raakaasa]]''
| Manasa Sharma
| [[Sangeeth Sobhan]], [[Nayan Sarika]]
| Pink Elephant Pictures / [[Zee Studios]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-23 |title=Makers of Sangeeth Shobhan's Raakaasaa release first glimpse |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Jan/23/makers-of-sangeeth-shobhans-raakaasaa-release-first-glimpse |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:#d88579;" ; |10
| ''[[Dacoit: A Love Story]]''{{efn-lg|name="TH"|The film was produced in both Telugu and Hindi simultaneously.}}
| Shaneil Deo
| [[Adivi Sesh]], [[Mrunal Thakur]], [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| [[Annapurna Studios]] / S. S. Creations
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guptha |first=Ganesh |date=2026-02-27 |title='ఈటీవీ విన్' జాతర - శివగామితో సినిమా... రాబోయే లైనప్ ఇదే |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/ott-webseries/etv-win-jathara-2026-from-ramya-krishnan-paakashala-pantham-to-papam-prathap-gurthukosthunnayi-jilledu-chettu-popular-telugu-ott-announces-lineup-239444 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=ABP Desam |language=te}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#d88579;" ; |17
| ''[[Bad Boy Karthik]]''
| Ramesh Desina
| [[Naga Shaurya]], [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]], Vidhi Yadav
| Sri Vaishnavi Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-28 |title='Bad Boy Karthik' release date: Naga Shaurya’s action entertainer to hit theatres on April |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bad-boy-karthik-release-date-naga-shauryas-action-entertainer-to-hit-theatres-on-april/articleshow/129859021.cms |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Gaali''
| T. Ramu
| Chanda Roja Rani
| Sandhya Films
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''[[Papam Prathap]]''
| S. P. Durga Naresh
| [[Thiruveer]], Payal Radhakrishna
| Krishi Entertainments / [[ETV Win]]
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-03-29 |title=Thiruveer: People still don’t recognise me as a hero |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Mar/29/telugunews2026mar26thiruveer-people-still-dont-recognise-me-as-a-hero |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Therachaapa''
| Joel George
| Naveenraj Sankarapu, Pooja Suhasini, Sreelu Dasari
| Ananya Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-04-14 |title=‘Therachaapa’ team hosts grand pre-release event ahead of release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/therachaapa-team-hosts-grand-pre-release-event-ahead-of-release-1065699 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thimmarajupalli TV]]''
| V. Muniraju
| Sai Tej, Vedha Jalandharr, Pradeep Kotte
| KA Productions / Sumaira Studios
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-03-22 |title=Kiran Abbavaram backed Thimmarajupalli TV locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/22/kiran-abbavaram-backed-thimmarajupalli-tv-locks-release-date |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#d88579;" ; |24
| ''[[Gedela Raju Kakinada Taluka]]''
| Chaitanya Moturi
| [[Raghu Kunche]], Vikas Muppala, Teena Sravya
| Moturi Talkies
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-03 |title=What To Watch This Week in Theatres: Michael, Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 and more |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2026/Apr/21/what-to-watch-this-week-in-theatres-michael-ginny-wedss-sunny-2-and-more |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Paramapadha Sopanam''
| Naga Shiva
| Ambati Arjun, Jenifer Emmanuel
| Swayambhu Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-04-09 |title=Arjun Ambati’s ‘Paramapada Sopanam’ locks April 24 release date |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/arjun-ambatis-paramapada-sopanam-locks-april-24-release-date-1064050 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sugriva''
| N. Chiranjeevi
| Balu Charan, Kajal Tiwari, [[Suman Setty]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2026-04-03 |title=What To Watch This Week in Theatres: Michael, Ginny Wedss Sunny 2 and more |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2026/Apr/21/what-to-watch-this-week-in-theatres-michael-ginny-wedss-sunny-2-and-more |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background: #9ACD32; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A Y'''
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" ; |1
| ''Gaayapadda Simham''
| Kasyap Sreenivas
| [[Tharun Bhascker]], [[Faria Abdullah]], Maanasa Choudhary
| Sapta Aswa Media Works / [[Zee Studios]] / POV Stories
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-03-24 |title=Gayapadda Simham gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Mar/24/telugunews2026mar23gayapadda-simham-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jetlee''
| Ritesh Rana
| [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]], [[Rhea Singha]], [[Vennela Kishore]]
| Clap Entertainment
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-04-18 |title=Satya’s Comedy Entertainer ‘Jetlee’ locks May 1st release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/satyas-comedy-entertainer-jetlee-locks-may-1st-release-1066967 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" ; |7
| ''[[Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam)]]''{{efn-lg|name="mn"|The film was produced in multiple languages}}
| Hardik Gajjar
| [[Siddharth Gupta]], Sanskruti Jayana, [[Sushmitha Bhat]], Nivaashiyni Krishnan
| Creativeland Studios Entertainment / Athashrikatha Motion Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-15 |title=Krishnavataram trailer unveiled at Krishna Janmabhoomi ahead of May 7 release, watch |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/krishnavataram-trailer-unveiled-at-krishna-janmabhoomi-ahead-of-may-7-release-watch/ |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" ; |8
| ''Godari Gattupaina''
| Subash Chandra
| Sumanth Prabhas, Nidhi Pradeep, [[Jagapathi Babu]]
| Red Puppet Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-14 |title=Sumanth Prabhas’ Godari Gattupaina locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Apr/14/sumanth-prabhas-godari-gattupaina-locks-release-date |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''M4M: Motive for Murder''
| Mohan Vadlapatla
| Sambeet Acharya, Jo Sharma, [[Subhalekha Sudhakar|Sudhakar]], [[Satya Krishnan]]
| Mohan Media Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-07 |title=‘M4M’ will be gripping 90-minute thriller experience: Director Mohan Vadlapatla |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/m4m-will-be-gripping-90-minute-thriller-experience-director-mohan-vadlapatla-1073196 |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Razor''
| [[Ravi Babu]]
| Ravi Babu
| Flying Frogs Production
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-18 |title=Ravi Babu turns violent in his next Razor, trailer unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Apr/18/ravi-babu-turns-violent-in-his-next-razor-trailer-unveiled |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sathi Leelavathi''
| [[Tatineni Satya]]
| [[Dev Mohan]], [[Lavanya Tripathi]]
| Durga Devi Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-25 |title=Sathi Leelavathi Locks May 8 Release Date |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/408016/sathi-leelavathi-locks-may-8-release-date |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=Gulte.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Vidhi Geesina V Chitram''
| Srinivas Markandeya
| Srinivas Markandeya, Prashanthi, Narendra Gullapalli
| Magnus Cineprime Pvt. Ltd.
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-07 |title=Vidhi Geesina V Chitram (UA) Times Movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/vidhi-geesina-v-chitram/movieshow/130895869.cms |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" ; |22
| ''Ugly Story''
| Pranava Swaroop
| [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]], [[Avika Gor]]
| Riya Jiya Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-05-05 |title=Shree Nandu’s Ugly Story locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/May/05/shree-nandus-ugly-story-locks-release-date |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" ; |'''J U N E'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''4'''
| ''[[Peddi]]''
| [[Buchi Babu Sana]]
| [[Ram Charan]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]], [[Shiva Rajkumar]]
| Vriddhi Cinemas / IVY Entertainment
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 May 2026 |title=Ram Charan’s Peddi locks June 4 release hours after Mythri’s Jetlee boycott statement |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ram-charans-peddi-locks-june-4-release-mythris-jetlee-boycott-statement-10666332/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''11'''
| ''Sing Geetham''
| [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
| Ayaan, Ahilya Bamroo, Shalini Kondepudi
| [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] / Swapna Cinema
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-02 |title=‘Sing Geetham’ teaser out: Filmmaker Singeetam Srinivasa Rao returns at 94 with magical village drama - Watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sing-geetham-teaser-out-filmmaker-singeetam-srinivasa-rao-returns-at-94-with-magical-village-drama-watch/articleshow/130710444.cms |access-date=2026-05-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''19'''
| ''Maa Inti Bangaaram''
| [[B. V. Nandini Reddy]]
| [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], [[Diganth Manchale]]
| Tralala Moving Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-06 |title=Samantha’s Maa Inti Bangaram release postponed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/May/06/samanthas-maa-inti-bangaram-release-postponed |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''26'''
| ''Lenin''
| Murali Kishor Abburu
| [[Akhil Akkineni]], [[Bhagyashri Borse]]
| [[Annapurna Studios]] / [[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-29 |title='Lenin' release: Akhil Akkineni, Bhagyashri Borse starrer postponed to THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lenin-release-akhil-akkineni-bhagyashri-borse-starrer-postponed-to-this-date/articleshow/129874364.cms |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

== July–September ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |Opening
!style="width:20%;" |Title
!style="width:15%;" |Director
!style="width:35%;" |Cast
!style="width:30%;" |Production company
!class="unsortable" style="width:1%;" |{{Refh}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f64a8a;" |J U L Y
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;" |'''3'''
| ''Nagabandham''
| Abhishek Nama
| Virat Karrna, [[Nabha Natesh]], [[Iswarya Menon]], [[Jagapathi Babu]]
| NIK Studios / Abhishek Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-26 |title='Nagabandham' UPDATE: Abhishek Nama and Virat Karna's epic film to release on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nagabandham-update-abhishek-nama-and-virat-karnas-epic-film-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/129818539.cms |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rao Bahadur (2026 film) |Rao Bahadur]]''
| [[Venkatesh Maha]]
| [[Satyadev (actor) |Satyadev]], Deepa Thomas, Anand Bharathi
| Srichakraas Entertainments / A+S Movies / G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#49daf6;" |'''A U G U S T'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#91e8f9;" |'''21'''
| ''The Paradise''
| [[Srikanth Odela]]
| [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Mohan Babu]], [[Kayadu Lohar]]
| Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Cinemas
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hindu |date=2026-02-18 |title=Nani's 'The Paradise' release postponed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nani-the-parasise-postponed-new-theatrical-date-announced-srikanth-odela-dhurandhar-2-toxic/article70627246.ece |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#91e8f9;" |'''28'''
| ''Bhogi''
| [[Sampath Nandi]]
| [[Sharwanand]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]], [[Dimple Hayathi]]
| Sri Sathya Sai Arts
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-06 |title=Sharwanand’s massy and intense look from Bhogi revealed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/06/sharwanands-massy-and-intense-look-from-bhogi-revealed |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#FFE5B4;" ; |'''S E P T E M B E R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#FFE5B4;" |'''11'''
| ''Ranabaali''
| Rahul Sankrityan
| [[Vijay Devarakonda]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
| [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ranabaali First Look: Vijay Deverakonda And Rashmika Mandanna Film To Hit Theatres On September 11 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rana-baali-vijay-deverakonda-unveils-fierce-avatar-film-to-hit-theatres-on-september-11-10889662 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260128091254/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rana-baali-vijay-deverakonda-unveils-fierce-avatar-film-to-hit-theatres-on-september-11-10889662 |archive-date=2026-01-28 |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== October–December ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |Opening
!style="width:20%;" |Title
!style="width:15%;" |Director
!style="width:35%;" |Cast
!style="width:30%;" |Production company
!class="unsortable" style="width:1%;" |{{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F4CA16; textcolor:#000;" |'''D E C E M B E R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;" |'''–'''
| ''Rowdy Janardhana''
| Ravi Kiran Kola
| [[Vijay Devarakonda]], [[Keerthy Suresh]]
| [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='Rowdy Janardhana': Vijay Deverakonda's Next Film Gets A Title Teaser |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/rowdy-janardhana-vijay-deverakondas-next-film-gets-a-title-teaser |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Lists of Telugu-language films]]
* [[List of Telugu films of 2025]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2026 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films|*]]
[[Category:2020s Indian films|*]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian cinema]]

Chirayinkeezhu Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T02:40:28Z

Rsingh: Done

{{short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chirayinkeezhu
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency|Attingal]]
| constituency_no = 129
| state = Kerala
| map_image = Anchutheng fort.jpg
| map_caption = [[Anchuthengu]] [[Anchuthengu Fort|Fort]]
| established = 2011
| reservation = SC
| electors = 1,99,220 (2021)
| mla = [[Ramya Haridas]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
}}
'''Chirayinkeezhu State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://trivandrum.nic.in/constituencies
|website = trivandrum.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district
|accessdate = 16 March 2020
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Ramya Haridas]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Chirayinkeezhu Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Thiruvananthapuram District
}}</ref>

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! width="100px" | Name
! width="130px" | Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
! width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| [[Anchuthengu]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]]
|-
| [[Azhoor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]]
|-
| [[Chirayinkeezhu]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]]
|-
| [[Kadakkavoor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]]
|-
| Kizhuvilam
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]]
|-
| [[Mudakkal]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]]
|-
| [[Kadinamkulam]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Taluk|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
| Mangalapuram
| Grama panchayat
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Taluk|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3" |[[V. Sasi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[Ramya Haridas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirayinkeezhu}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramya Haridas]]
|votes = 56,833
|percentage = 38.51
|change = {{gain}}5.0
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Manoj Edamana
|votes = 55,411
|percentage = 37.55
|change = {{loss}}5.62
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = B. S. Anoop
|votes = 32,920
|percentage = 22.31
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,042
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 1,422
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,47,566
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,99,220 registered voters in Chirayinkeezhu Assembly constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ceo.kerala.gov.in|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416184312/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2021 }}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirayinkeezhu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = V. Sasi
|votes = 62,634
|percentage = 43.17
|change = {{loss}}3.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = B. S. Anoop
|votes = 48,617
|percentage = 33.51
|change = {{loss}}2.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = G. S. Ashanath
|votes = 30,986
|percentage = 21.36
|change = {{gain}}7.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anil Mangalapuram
|votes = 1,097
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 758
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Welfare Party of India
|candidate = G. Anilkumar
|votes = 616
|percentage = 0.42
|change = {{loss}}0.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Anoop Gangan
|votes = 372
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 14,017
|percentage = 9.66
|change = {{loss}}0.69
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,45,080
|percentage = 72.82
|change = {{gain}}2.60
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{loss}}3.58
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,97,079 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirayinkeezhu}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=V. Sasi|votes=64,692|percentage=46.75|change={{decrease}}6.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. S. Ajith Kumar|votes=50,370|percentage=36.30|change={{decrease}}5.77}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. P. Vava|votes=19,478|percentage=14.08|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,092|percentage=0.79|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Sasi Panthalam|votes=955|percentage=0.69|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Santhini|votes=639|percentage=0.46|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Ambili V.|votes=589|percentage=0.43|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ajith Nandancode|votes=226|percentage=0.15|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shibu|votes=206|percentage=0.15|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ajith|votes=133|percentage=0.10|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=14,322|percentage=10.35|change={{decrease}}0.51}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,38,380|percentage=70.22|change={{increase}}3.98}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing={{decrease}}6.18}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,69,988 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirayinkeezhu}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=V. Sasi|votes=59,601|percentage=52.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. Vidyadharan|votes=47,376|percentage=42.07|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Aythiyoor Surendran|votes=2,078|percentage=1.85|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Anil Mangalapuram|votes=1,414|percentage=1.26|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sajimon Chelayam|votes=1,277|percentage=1.13|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=Anilkumar B.|votes=857|percentage=0.76|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=12,225|percentage=10.86|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,12,603|percentage=66.24|change=}}

{{Election box new seat win|winner=Communist Party of India}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chirayinkeezhu]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Arvind Pandya

2026-05-07T06:22:54Z

Rsingh: done...

{{Short description|Indian actor (1923–1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|3|21|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1980|7|22|1923|3|21}}
| death_place =
| birth_place = [[Bhadran, Gujarat|Bhadran]], [[Kaira district]], [[British India]]
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Jayaben
| children = 3 sons, 1 daughter
| relatives =
| occupation = Actor
}}
'''Arvind Pandya''' (21 March 1923 – 22 July 1980)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=પંડ્યા અરવિંદ – Gujarati Vishwakosh – ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref> was an Indian actor. In his career spanning 35 years, he acted in more than one hundred films including 73 [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati films]]. He also worked in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]] and [[Gujarati theatre]].

== Early life ==
Pandya was born on 21 March 1923 in [[Bhadran, Gujarat|Bhadran]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-03-23 |title=ગાયત્રીમાતાના પરમ ઉપાસક હતા:ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મના 'અશોક કુમાર' તરીકે જાણીતા બન્યા, 23 વર્ષની ઉંમરે ડેબ્યૂ કર્યું હતું |language=gu |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]]}}</ref> He spent his childhood in [[Khambhat]] and [[Baroda]] (now Vadodara). His father Ganpatrao was an executive manager in Mandvi branch of [[Bank of Baroda]]. His mother's name was Anandiben. He participated in the [[Indian independence movement]] and in [[Quit India Movement|1942 Quit India movement]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=Arvind Pandya Gujarati cinemana Ashokkumar Sha Mate Kahevaya? |script-title=gu:અરવિંદ પંડયા ગુજરાતી સિનેમાના અશોકકુમાર શા માટે કહેવાયા? |trans-title=Why Arvind Pandya was known as Ashok Kumar of Gujarati cinema? |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/chitralok/why-is-arvind-pandya-called-the-ashok-kumar-of-gujarati-cinema |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==Career==
Pandya went to [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) in 1937<ref name=":0" /> and joined [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]] where he studied [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[Sanskrit]].<ref name=":1" /> He studied music at Devdhar Classes and later under Pandharinath Kolhapure. After listening to him at an event at St. Xavier's College, he was selected as a playback singer in ''Mansarovar'' (1946) by [[S. N. Tripathi]] in which he sang a solo as well as a duet with [[Shamshad Begum]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

To enter Hindi film industry, he visited Fatelal Damle's studio several times in period of six months but was denied. He continued to work in the theatre. He came to an attention of Prakash Picture's director Shantikumar Dave who saw him in his role of [[Kacha (sage)|Kach]] in play ''Kach-Devyani''.<ref name=":0" />

Shantikumar cast him in lead role in Gujarati film ''Bhakta Surdas'' (1947) in which he also sang several songs. After some Gujarati films, he worked with [[Meena Kumari]] in Hindi film ''[[Naulakha Haar]]'' (1953).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He continued to play supporting roles as well as lead roles in Hindi and Gujarati films. He portrayed mostly historical, social and rural characters in these films.<ref name=":0" /> In 1960s, he portrayed negative characters.<ref name=":1" /> He had played saints as well as bandits in his films. In his career spanning 35 years, he acted in more than one hundred films including 73 Gujarati films. He was known as "[[Ashok Kumar]] of Gujarati cinema".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Due to his efforts, Laxmi Studio was established in Baroda in 1975.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

He continued acting in the [[Gujarati theatre]]. His successful plays included ''Sapnana Sathi'', ''Jesal Toral'', ''Unda Andharethi'', ''Gadh Juno Girnar'', ''Mari Venima Char Char Phool'', ''Swayamsiddha'', ''Major Chandrakant'', ''Pachhale Barane'' and ''Sambharana''. He received the prize from the [[Government of Maharashtra]] for his play ''Sapnana Sathi''.<ref name=":0" />

He was awarded several times for acting by the [[Government of Gujarat]]<ref name=":0" /> including in 1961 for ''Kadu Makrani'', in 1962 for ''Nandanvan'', in 1963-64 for ''Jivno Jugari'', in 1970 for ''Majiyara Haiya'' and in 1975 for ''Tanariri''.<ref name=":1" />

He died on 22 July 1980 following [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|brain hemorrhage]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Personal life ==
Pandya married Jayaben in 1950, and they had three sons – Hameer, Atri and Deval – and a daughter, Neela.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Filmography ==

=== Gujarati cinema ===
* ''Bhakta Surdas'' (1947)
* ''[[Jogidas Khuman (1948 film)|Jogidas Khuman]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Divadandi]]'' (1950)
* ''Bhakt Narsainyo'' (1952)
* ''[[Mulu Manek]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Kadu Makrani (film)|Kadu Makrani]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Jogidas Khuman (1962 film)|Jogidas Khuman]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Jivano Jugari]]'' (1963)
* ''Akhand Saubhagyavati'' (1963)
* ''Ramat Ramade Ram'' (1964)
* ''Kasumbino Rang'' (1965)
* ''Mare Javun Pele Par'' (1968)
* ''Majiyara Haiya'' (1969)
* ''Hasta Melap'' (1969)
* ''Sansar Leela'' (1969)
* ''Vidhina Lekh'' (1970)
* ''Veline Avya Phool'' (1970)
* ''Upar Gagan Vishal'' (1971)
* ''Kumkum Pagla'' (1972)
* ''[[Ranakdevi (1973 film)|Ranakdevi]]'' (1973)
* ''Valo Namori'' / ''Vala Taro Deshma Danko'' (1973)
* ''Amar Premi Sheni Vijanand'' (1974)
* ''Okha Haran'' (1975)
* ''[[Mena Gurjari]]'' (1975)
* [[Jogidas Khuman (1975 film)|''Jogidas Khuman'']] (1975)
* ''Jai Ranchhod'' (1975)
* ''Tana Riri'' (1975)
* ''Parbhav ni Preet'' (1975)
* ''Veer Champaraj Valo'' (1975)
* ''Ra'Navghan'' (1976)
* ''Jalamsang Jadeja'' (1976)
* ''Sati Jasma Odan'' (1976)
* ''Veer Abhal Vallo'' (1976)
* ''Daku Rani Ganga'' (1976)
* ''Ame Pardesi Paan'' (1976)
* ''Ver no Varas'' (1976)
* ''Gher Gher Matina Chula'' (1977)
* ''Mota Gharni Vahu'' (1978)
* ''Nari Tu Narayani'' (1978)
* ''Aapo Jadro'' (1979)
* ''Paraki Thapan'' (1979)
* ''Ganga Sati'' (1979)
* ''Jai Bhadrakali'' (1979)
* ''Vaya Viramgam'' (1980)
* ''Khordani Khandani'' (1980)
* ''Alakhne Otle'' (1980)

Sources:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Hindi cinema ===
* ''[[Naulakha Haar]]'' (1953)
* ''Tilottama'' (1954)
* ''Rani Rupmati'' (1959)
* ''Jai Chittod'' (1961)
* ''Tarzan Aur Jadugar'' (1963)
* ''Tere Dwar Khada Bhagwan'' (1964)
* ''Rustam-e-Rome'' (1964)
* ''Hameer Hath'' (1964)
* ''[[Mahabharat (1965 film)|Mahabharat]]'' (1965)
* ''Veer Chhatrasal'' (1971)
* ''Hari Darshan'' (1972)
* ''Mahasati Savitri'' (1973)
* ''[[Alam Ara (1973 film)|Alam Ara]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Andhera]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Toofan Aur Bijlee]]'' (1975)
* ''Jagadguru Shankaracharya''
* ''Rajpratigya''
* ''Priya''
* ''Bolo He Chakradhari''

Sources:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandya, Arvind}}
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:People from Kheda district]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]

Vadodara–Jamnagar Intercity Superfast Express

2026-04-30T22:49:20Z

Rsingh: Adding location

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 00FFFF
| name = Vadodara-Jamnagar Intercity Superfast Express
| image = File:ValsadVadnagarIntercityExpressBoard.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Gujarat]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1986|11|19}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| start = [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara]] (BRC)
| stops = 13
| end = [[Jamnagar railway station|Jamnagar]] (JAM)
| distance = {{convert|431|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 7 hrs 41 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC Chair Car, Second Class Seating, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = E-catering only
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22959 / 22960
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 22959 / 22960 '''Vadodara-Jamnagar Intercity Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast]] train owned and operated by [[Indian Railways]] - [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Vadodara Junction}} and {{rws|Jamnagar}} in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-surat-jamnagar-intercity-express-22959/599/65/1662 |title=22959/Surat - Jamnagar Intercity Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-jamnagar-surat-intercity-express-22960/801/1662/65 |title=22960/Jamnagar - Surat Intercity Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

The Service operates as train number 22959 from {{rws|Vadodara Junction}} to {{rws|Jamnagar}} and train number 22960 in the reverse direction serving the state of [[Gujarat]].

==Coaches==

22959/22960 '''Vadodara - Jamnagar Intercity Express''' currently has 3 AC Chair Car(CC), 1 First Class(FC), 6 2nd Class Seating(2S), 9 General Unreserved(GEN) & 2 SLR (Seating Luggage Rake) coaches.

Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

==Service==

22959 '''Vadodara - Jamnagar Intercity Superfast Express''' covers the distance of {{convert|426|km|mi|abbr=on}} in 7 hours 40 mins at around {{convert|55|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} and in 7 hours 40 mins as 22960 '''Jamnagar - Vadodara Intercity Superfast Express''' at around {{convert|55|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}.

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}, as per [[Indian Railways]] rules, the fares includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] surcharge.

==Route & halts==

The halts of the train are:

* '''{{rws|Vadodara Junction}}'''
* {{rws|Anand Junction}}
* {{rws|Nadiad Junction}}
* {{rws|Mahemadavad Kheda Road}}
* {{rws|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{rws|Sabarmati Junction}}
* {{rws|Chandlodiya}}
* Ambli Road
* {{rws|Viramgam Junction}}
* {{rws|Surendranagar Junction}}
* {{rws|Than}}
* {{rws|Wankaner Junction}}
* {{rws|Rajkot Junction}}
* {{rws|Paddhari}}
* {{rws|Jamwanthali}}
* {{rws|Hapa}}
* '''{{rws|Jamnagar}}'''

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-5]] / [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Vadodara to Jamnagar and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with;
* 12929/12930 [[Valsad-Vadodara Intercity Superfast Express]]
* 20959/20960 [[Valsad-Vadnagar Intercity Superfast Express]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |access-date=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archive-date= 8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in/|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05|archive-date=3 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=irfca.org|accessdate=2014-04-05}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1770&id=0,4,268|title=Western Railway|publisher=wr.indianrailways.gov.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Jamnagar-Surat-intercity-express-cancelled/articleshow/4536478.cms|title=Jamnagar-Surat intercity express cancelled - The Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 May 2009 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/trains-on-suratvadodara-route-cancelled-rescheduled-for-construction-work/556678/|title=Trains on Surat-Vadodara route cancelled, re-scheduled for construction work - Indian Express|publisher=archive.indianexpress.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surat - Jamnagar Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Surat]]
[[Category:Transport in Jamnagar]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]

Armur Assembly constituency

2026-04-28T05:29:55Z

Rsingh: done...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Armur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (11-Armur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Armur Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Paidi Rakesh Reddy]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| established = 1951
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
| electors = 1,61,826
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 11
}}

'''Armur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of the five constituencies in [[Nizamabad district]]. It is part of [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Paidi Rakesh Reddy]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] is representing the constituency.

==Mandals==
The assembly constituency presently comprises the following mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Armoor|Armur]]
|-
| [[Nandipet]]
|-
| [[Makloor]]
|-
| Aloor
|-
| Donkeshwar
|-
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || G. Raja Ram || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[T. Anjaiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="3" | Tummala Rangareddy
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | [[Sanigaram Santosh Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Aleti Mahipal Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Sanigaram Santosh Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[Aleti Annapurna Devi]] || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Bajireddy Goverdhan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Sanigaram Santosh Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|2008*
|[[Akula Lalitha]]
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Aleti Annapurna Devi]] || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan="2" | [[Asannagari Jeevan Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Paidi Rakesh Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
{{legend|#BB8ED0|{{small|Hyderabad State}}|invert=yes}}
{{legend|#c2f3d9|{{small|Andhra Pradesh}}|invert=yes}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Armur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Paidi Rakesh Reddy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 72,658 |percentage = 44.90% |change = {{increase}}30.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prodduturi Vinay Kumar Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,989 |percentage = 26.56% |change = {{decrease}}4.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Asannagari Jeevan Reddy]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 39,395 |percentage = 24.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,499 |percentage = 0.93% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Cheruku Prem Kumar |party = Dharma Samaj Party |votes = 1,477 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gandikota Rajanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,390 |percentage = 0.86% |change = {{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,669 |percentage = 18.33% |change = {{decrease}}2.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,991 |percentage = 77.01% |change = {{decrease}}2.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,826}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,341 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{decrease}}7.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Armur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Asannagari Jeevan Reddy]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 72,125 |percentage = 51.99% |change = {{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akula Lalitha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,330 |percentage = 31.23% |change = {{decrease}}8.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prodduturi Vinay Kumar Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,599 |percentage = 14.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Komirey Sudhakar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,724 |percentage = 1.24% |change = {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,657 |percentage = 1.19% |change = {{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,795 |percentage = 20.75% |change = {{increase}}10.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,420 |percentage = 79.09% |change = {{increase}}4.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 138,740}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,537 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Armur <ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01 |title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Result 2014 - Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=eciresults.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518213039/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Asannagari Jeevan Reddy]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 67,555 |percentage = 50.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Suresh Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,591 |percentage = 39.88% |change = {{increase}}10.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajaram Dodolla |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 7,528 |percentage = 5.60% |change = {{decrease}}34.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koppu Rajaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,456 |percentage = 1.08% |change = {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,445 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anjaiah Kondani |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 1,362 |percentage = 1.01% |change = {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxmi Prasanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,271 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Talari Satyam |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,135 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,964 |percentage = 10.39% |change = {{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,970 |percentage = 74.37% |change = {{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,383}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,821 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{increase}}9.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Armur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Aleti Annapurna Devi]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 49,009 |percentage = 40.56% |change = {{decrease}}3.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Suresh Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,950 |percentage = 29.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baddam Madhu Shekhar |party = Praja Rajyam Party |votes = 21,335 |percentage = 17.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aljapur Srinivas |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,544 |percentage = 6.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Bokkena |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 1,834 |percentage = 1.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay Kumar Gatadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,465 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukka Satyanarayana |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 1,240 |percentage = 1.03% |change = {{decrease}}3.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mothkuri Linga Goud |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 985 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Regulla Sathyanarayana |party = Independent politician |votes = 889 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,059 |percentage = 10.81% |change = {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,964 |percentage = 73.91% |change = {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 120,822}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,658 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}7.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{decrease}}8.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Armoor <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 4 Mar 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304113812/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanigaram Santosh Reddy]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 59,274 |percentage = 48.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Aleti Annapurna Devi]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 52,719 |percentage = 43.57% |change = {{increase}}3.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotapati Purna Chnadra Naidu |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 5,897 |percentage = 4.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Devaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,293 |percentage = 2.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,555 |percentage = 5.42% |change = {{decrease}}14.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,054 |percentage = 68.26% |change = {{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 120,994}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 60 |percentage = 0.05% |change = {{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,351 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Armoor <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bajireddy Goverdhan]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 72,378 |percentage = 59.57% |change = {{increase}}42.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Aleti Annapurna Devi]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 48,705 |percentage = 40.09% |change = {{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,673 |percentage = 19.48% |change = {{increase}}6.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,374 |percentage = 69.31% |change = {{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 121,499}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,875 |percentage = 3.09% |change = {{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,876 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{increase}}16.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Armoor <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Aleti Annapurna Devi]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 47,641 |percentage = 42.94% |change = {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bajireddy Goverdhan]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 33,598 |percentage = 30.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanigaram Santosh Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,077 |percentage = 17.19% |change = {{decrease}}36.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aljapur Srinivas |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,573 |percentage = 5.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Boliam Devaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,499 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pothnoor Gangagoud |party = Independent politician |votes = 998 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kokkula Gangadhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 800 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohd. Fashiruddin |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 774 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,043 |percentage = 12.66% |change = {{increase}}0.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,595 |percentage = 71.01% |change = {{increase}}5.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,960}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,635 |percentage = 2.32% |change = {{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,962 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Armoor <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanigaram Santosh Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,881 |percentage = 53.88% |change = {{increase}}11.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vemula Serender Reddy |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 40,460 |percentage = 42.02% |change = {{decrease}}8.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bompalli Sudershan |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,277 |percentage = 2.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Narayana |party = Independent politician |votes = 698 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pothnoor Gangagoud |party = Independent politician |votes = 597 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,421 |percentage = 11.86% |change = {{increase}}3.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,316 |percentage = 65.57% |change = {{decrease}}4.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,295}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,021 |percentage = 4.01% |change = {{increase}}2.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,986 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{increase}}3.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Armoor <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Aleti Mahipal Reddy |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 41,893 |percentage = 50.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanigaram Santosh Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,285 |percentage = 42.41% |change = {{decrease}}8.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karnati Yadagiri |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,658 |percentage = 4.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddam Erranna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,634 |percentage = 1.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagidi Ramuloo |party = Independent politician |votes = 733 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,608 |percentage = 7.94% |change = {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,776 |percentage = 69.98% |change = {{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,203}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,573 |percentage = 1.86% |change = {{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,137 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Armoor <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanigaram Santosh Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,053 |percentage = 51.31% |change = {{increase}}47.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aleti Mahipal Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 28,497 |percentage = 42.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Macherla Venkareshwar Reddy (Alias) Naveen |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,152 |percentage = 3.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddam Hanmandlu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,668 |percentage = 2.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,556 |percentage = 8.37% |change = {{decrease}}39.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,255 |percentage = 67.71% |change = {{decrease}}6.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,370}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,885 |percentage = 2.76% |change = {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,803 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}16.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Armoor <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanigaram Santosh Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 44,628 |percentage = 67.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govind Reddy. K. R |party = Janata Party |votes = 12,771 |percentage = 19.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudershan Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,940 |percentage = 5.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alla Rajveer |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,654 |percentage = 4.02% |change = {{decrease}}58.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jangiti Raja Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,980 |percentage = 3.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,857 |percentage = 48.29% |change = {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,068 |percentage = 74.13% |change = {{increase}}24.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,973}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,095 |percentage = 3.08% |change = {{increase}}3.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,821 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Armoor <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Tummala Rangareddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,952 |percentage = 62.83% |change = {{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudershan Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,910 |percentage = 20.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gadam Rajeshwar Reddy |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,032 |percentage = 16.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,042 |percentage = 42.06% |change = {{increase}}18.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,617 |percentage = 49.34% |change = {{decrease}}9.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,894}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,431 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Armoor <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Tummala Rangareddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,399 |percentage = 61.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,767 |percentage = 38.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,632 |percentage = 23.40% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,479 |percentage = 58.85% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,166}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,878 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Armoor <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link |candidate = Tummala Rangareddy |party = Indian National Congress |percentage = |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,009 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Armoor <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. Anjaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,454 |percentage = 48.65% |change = {{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayan Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,825 |percentage = 27.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsimha Reddy Dubbake |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,812 |percentage = 12.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsimloo |party = Praja Party |votes = 3,676 |percentage = 11.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,629 |percentage = 20.87% |change = {{increase}}1.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,767 |percentage = 60.86% |change = {{increase}}10.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,767}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,198 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Samajwadi Party |swing = {{decrease}}10.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Armoor <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Raja Ram |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 15,022 |percentage = 59.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Hanamanth Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,204 |percentage = 40.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,818 |percentage = 19.10% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,226 |percentage = 50.34% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,226}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,107 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Samajwadi Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|18.79|78.29|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Nizamabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Dadar–Solapur section

2026-04-26T15:19:44Z

Rsingh:

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Dadar–Solapur section
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Pune Junction.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Pune Junction, an important railway station on Dadar–Solapur section
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] Indian Railways Station
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Maharashtra]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Dadar}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Solapur}}
| stations =
| routes = [[Mumbai–Chennai line]]
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1860
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| character =
| depot = Kalyan, Badlapur, Pune, Lonavla
| stock = [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]], WDM-3A, WDM-3D, WDG-3A and [[WDG-4]] diesel locos. [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-2|WCAM-2]], [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-3|WCAM-3]], WCAG-1, [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]], WAG-7, [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]] and WCM-6 electric locos.
| linelength =
| tracklength = Main line:{{convert|446|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Branch lines: Kurduvadi-Latur {{convert|153|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Kurduvadi-Miraj {{convert|190|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks = 2/1
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Main line: [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV 50 Hz AC]] [[overhead line]]s
| speed = Main line: up to 130 km/h
| elevation = {{stnlnk|Lonavala}} {{convert|622|m|ft}}
| website =
| map = {{Dadar–Solapur section}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Dadar–Solapur section''' is part of the [[Mumbai–Chennai line]]. It connects {{stnlnk|Dadar}} and {{stnlnk|Solapur}} both in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].

==History==
The first passenger train in India from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] in Mumbai to [[Thane railway station|Thane]] ran on 16 April 1853 on the track laid by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]. The GIPR line was extended to [[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan Junction]] in 1854 and then on the south-east side to [[Khopoli railway station|Khopoli]] via [[Palasdhari railway station|Palasdhari]] at the foot of the [[Western Ghats]] in 1856. While construction work was in progress across the [[Bhor Ghat]], GIPR opened to public the [[Khandala railway station|Khandala]]–[[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Junction]] track in 1858.

The Bhor Ghat incline connecting Palasdari to Khandala was completed in 1862, thereby connecting Mumbai and Pune.<ref name="IR History: Early Days – I">{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|series= IR History: Early Days|title=Chronology of Railways: 1832 - 1869| publisher= IRFCA| access-date= 20 March 2014}}</ref> The Western Ghats presented a big obstacle to the railway engineers in the 1860s. The summit of the [[Bhor Ghat]] (earlier spelt as Bhore Ghat) incline being 2,027 feet. The maximum gradient was: 1 in 37 with extreme curvature. "The works on the Bhore ghat comprised 25 tunnels of a total length of nearly 4,000 yards, two of the longest being 435 yards and 341 yards respectively. The Bhore ghat have eight lofty viaducts having a total length of 2,961 feet. Two of the largest are more than 500 feet long with a maximum height of 1160 and 163 feet. There are 22 bridges of spans from 7 to 30 feet and 81 culverts of various sizes."<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.irfca.org/articles/eminent-railwaymen.html|title = Eminent Railwaymen of Yesteryears by R. R. Bhandari|work= James J. Berkley / Bhore Ghat | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 3 December 2013 }}</ref> The construction of the Bhor Ghat incline came at a high price: an estimated 24,000 builders died during the eight years of construction.<ref name="livehistoryindia">{{cite web | url = https://www.livehistoryindia.com/snapshort-histories/2019/05/09/bhor-ghat-incline-triumph-tragedy|title= Bhor Ghat Incline: Triumph & Tragedy |author= Aditi Shah |date=9 May 2019 |access-date= 30 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="bangaloremirror">{{cite web | url = https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/24000-dead-workers-ghats-have-a-hell-station-and-a-story-to-tell/articleshow/57621653.cms |title= 24,000 dead workers: Ghats have a hell station, and a story to tell |author= Kamal Mishra |date=14 March 2017 |access-date= 30 October 2020}}</ref> That is roughly one dead builder per meter of railway line - or an average of 8 dead builders per day for a time span of 8 years - an incredible death toll made possible by the neglect and carelessness of British colonialists.

The Pune–Raichur sector of the Mumbai–Chennai line was opened in stages: the portion from Pune to Barshi Road was opened in 1859, from Barshi Road to Mohol in 1860 and from Mohol to Solapur also in 1860. Work on the line from Solapur southwards was begun in 1865 and the line was extended to Raichur in 1871.<ref name="IR History: Early Days – II">{{cite web | url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | series= IR History 1870-1899| title = Chronology of Railways: 1870–1899| publisher= IRFCA| access-date= 3 December 2013}}</ref>

The {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} Manmad–Daund line was opened in 1878 and connected the two main sections (the south-east and north east) of GIPR.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ahmednagar.gov.in/gazetteer/comm_railways.html | title = Railways | publisher = Ahmadnagar District Gazetteer | access-date = 24 March 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130820192944/http://ahmednagar.gov.in/gazetteer/comm_railways.html | archive-date = 20 August 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Barsi Light Railway]] was a {{convert|202|mi|km|adj=on}} long, {{track gauge|2ft6in}}-wide railway from {{stnlnk|Kurduvadi Junction}} to {{stnlnk|Latur}}. It was opened in 1897 on a {{convert|22|mi|km|adj=on}} long railway track from Barsi Road to Barsi, and extended in stages.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Barsi_Light_Railway|title=Barsi Light Railway | publisher= fibis| access-date= 4 December 2013}}</ref> The narrow-gauge line from Barsi Road to Pandharpur was extended to Miraj in 1927.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title= IR History Part III (1900–1947)| access-date= 4 December 2013}}</ref> Gauge conversion from {{track gauge|2ft6in}} to {{track gauge|5ft6in}} of the Miraj-Latur track and extension of the new line to Latur Road was taken up in 1992 and completed in stages. The last phase of the {{convert|375|km|mi|adj=on}} long project was completed in 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=823:15.pdf| title=Miraj-Kurduwadi-Latur G.C. Work| publisher=IRICEN, Pune| access-date=4 December 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141709/http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=823:15.pdf| archive-date=4 March 2016| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Electrification==
Railway electrification in India began with the first electric train, between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Bombay Victoria Terminus]] and [[Kurla]] by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]'s (GIPR) on 3 February 1925, on 1.5 kV DC. The Kalyan–Pune section was electrified with 1.5 kV DC overhead system in 1930.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-elec.html|title= Electric Traction I |work= History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 20 March 2014}}</ref>

The previously used 1.5 kV DC was converted to 25 kV AC on 5 May 2013 from Kalyan to Khopoli and Kalyan to Kasara.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140116220742/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-30/mumbai/38929007_1_signalling-system-long-distance-trains-lokmanya-tilak-terminus "From May 5, faster Central Railway with AC power" - ''Times of India'']. The Times of India (30 April 2013). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.</ref> Conversion from 1.5 kV DC to 25 kV AC on the [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]-Thane-Kalyan section was completed on 12 January 2014.<ref name="indiatimes1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140115031241/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-13/mumbai/46148994_1_long-distance-trains-new-trains-faster-trains "Soon, faster trains on Kalyan-LTT route" - ''Times of India'']. The Times of India (13 January 2014). Retrieved on 2014-06-11.</ref> The CSMT to LTT section was converted from 1.5 kV DC to 25 kV AC on 8 June 2015.<ref name="indiatimes2">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Central-Railway-plans-DC/AC-switch-in-May/articleshow/32622006.cms "Central Railway plans DC/AC switch in May" - ''Times of India'']. The Times of India (25 March 2014). Retrieved on 2014-06-11.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=DC to AC conversion on Mumbai's Central Railways rail route completed|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/dc-to-ac-conversion-on-mumbais-central-railways-rail-route-completed/articleshow/47582271.cms|access-date=2 January 2016|work=The Economic Times|publisher=PTI|date=8 June 2015|location=Mumbai}}</ref> The Kasara-Pune section was also converted from 1.5 kV DC to 25 kV AC.

The Pune–Daund section as well as Daund-Bhigwan section was electrified in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/pune-daund-local-brings-respite-for-daily-commuters/articleshow/56631901.cms|title=Pune-Daund local brings respite for daily commuters|website=Pune Mirror|date=18 January 2017|access-date=26 November 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204140857/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/pune-daund-local-brings-respite-for-daily-commuters/articleshow/56631901.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> The electrification of the Bhigwan-Kalaburgi section was completed on 25 March 2022. With this, the Mumbai Chennai section is fully electrified.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railpost.in/march-2021-when-the-mumbai-chennai-railway-route-will-be-fully-doubled-electrified/|title=March 2021: When the Mumbai-Chennai Railway Route Will Be Fully Doubled, Electrified|date=1 September 2020}}</ref> In September 2022, the entire Mumbai-Chennai section was also doubled.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/indian-railways-announce-completion-of-doubling-electrification-in-mumbai-chennai-sector-23244042 | title=Indian Railways announce completion of doubling, electrification in Mumbai-Chennai sector | date=3 September 2022 }}</ref>

==Speed limit==
The Kalyan–Pune–Daund-Wadi line is classified as 'Group B' line and can take speeds up to 130 km/h.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |title = Chapter II – The Maintenance of Permanent Way| access-date = 3 December 2013}}</ref> However, the stretch between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] and [[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan Junction]] is classified as 'Group A' lines, where trains can take speed up to 160 km/h.

==Loco sheds==
Kalyan diesel loco shed houses [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]], WDM-3A, WDM-3D, WDP 4D, WDG-3A and [[WDG-4]] locos. Kalyan electric loco shed houses WAP-7, [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-2|WCAM-2]], [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-3|WCAM-3]], WCAG-1, [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]], WAG-7 and [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]] locos. Pune diesel loco shed houses 175+ locos. These include WDM-2, WDM-3A, WDM-3D, WDG-3A, WDP-4D and WDG-4 locos. Pune trip shed houses WAP-4, WAP-5, WAP-7, WCAM-2/2P, WCAM-3 and WCAG-1 locos. Pune has one trip shed for WDS-4 shunters and another for Pune–Lonavla EMUs. Lonavla has an AC trip shed for Bhor Ghat bankers. Kurduwadi had a narrow gauge diesel loco shed for Barsi Light Railway. The shed was closed down after conversion to the broad-gauge railway.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title = Sheds and Workshops| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 4 December 2013}}</ref> Historic stock included the WCG-2, WCM-1, WCM-2, WCM-3, WCM-4, WCM-5, WCP-1, WCP-2, WCP-3, and WCP-4 electric locomotives. Also a new loco shed is under construction in Daund.

==Workshop==
Kurduwadi Workshop was set up for repair of narrow-gauge steam locomotives, coaches and wagons by Barsi Light Railway in 1930. After conversion to the broad gauge, Kurduwadi Workshop now undertakes rehabilitation of 20 broad-gauge wagons per month.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,287,389,677,685 |title = Mechanical Department – Kurduwadi Workshop| publisher= Central Railway | access-date = 4 December 2013}}</ref>

==Passenger movement==
Dadar, Pune and Solapur on this line, are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/mumbai-dadar-central-dr/712 Trains at Dadar]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/kalyan-junction-kyn/72 Trains at Kalyan]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/pune-junction-pune/76 Trains at Pune]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/solapur-sur/147 Trains at Solapur]

{{Central Railway}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dadar-Solapur section}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division|*]]
[[Category:Pune railway division|*]]
[[Category:Solapur railway division|*]]

Inunganbi Takhellambam

2026-04-26T04:47:07Z

Rsingh: Creating Stub

{{Short description|Indian judoka (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
'''Inunganbi Takhellambam''' (born 24 January 1999) is an Indian judoka from [[Manipur]]. She competes in the middleweight −70 kg weight class.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inunganbi TAKHELLAMBAM / IJF.org |url=https://www.ijf.org/judoka/40499 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.ijf.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-22 |title=Takhellambam Inunganbi Ends 13-Year Drought with Historic Bronze at Asian Judo Championships |url=https://thebrighterworld.com/detail/Takhellambam-Inunganbi-Ends-13-Year-Drought-with-Historic-Bronze-at-Asian-Judo-Championships/MTAxMjU |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Brighter World |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In April 2026, Takhellambam won a bronze medal in -70 kg division in the Asian Judo Championships at in [[Ordos City]], the People's Republic of China.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Utathya |date=17 April 2026 |title=Asian Judo Championships 2026: Inunganbi Takhellambam wins India's first continental medal after 13 years |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asian-judo-championships-2026-india-takhellambam-inunganbi-medal-report |access-date=22 April 2026 |website=Olympics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-07 |title=Linthoi Chanambam wins India's first-ever medal at Junior Judo World C'ships |url=https://thebridge.in/judo/linthoi-chanambam-india-first-ever-medal-world-cships-junior-54842 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> She defeated Mongolia's Lkhagvadulam Sarantsetseg by ippon in the bronze medal match.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2026-04-18 |title=Indian sports wrap, April 18: Takhellambam Inunganbi wins bronze, India's first medal at Asian Judo Championships in 13 years |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/india-sports-news-today-18-april-2026-scores-results-highlights-updates/article70876792.ece |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> It was the first medal for India in 13 years in the continental championship after the bronze won by [[Angom Anita Chanu]] in the women's -52 kg category in 2013 at [[Bangkok]], Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-18 |title=Takhellambam Inunganbi wins bronze at Asian Judo C'ships; ends 13 year drought |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/takhellambam-inunganbi-wins-bronze-at-asian-judo-cships-10642379/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernández |first=Lucía |date=2026-04-22 |title=Indian Sports Wrap, April 18: Takhellambam Inunganbi wins bronze, India's first medal at Asian Judo Championships in 13 years |url=https://www.archivoprisma.com.ar/noticias/indian-sports-wrap-april-18-takhellambam-inunganbi-wins-bronze-indias-first-medal-at-asian-judo-championships-in-13-years/244753/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Archivo Histórico RTA |language=es}}</ref>

In August 2025, she won a gold medal in the Amman Asian Open in [[Jordan]].<ref name=":0" />

In 2026, she won a bronze medal at the 2026 Asian Judo Championships in the category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2025 |title=Takhellambam Inunganbi clinches Amman Asian Open Judo gold |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/8/21/by-our-staff-reporter-imphal-aug-20-takhellambam-inunganbi-made-the-nation-proud-by-winning-a-gold-medal-at-th.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://judotv.com/judoka/40499 Inunganbi Takhellambam on Judo TV]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Takhellambam, Inunganbi}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female judoka]]
[[Category:Indian female martial artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]

Dasarahalli Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:38Z

Rsingh: Added

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Dasarahalli
|type = SLA
| constituency_no = 155
| map_image = 155-Dasarahalli constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]
|established = 2002
|electors = {{formatnum:457187}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
|reservation = None
|mla = [[S. Muniraju]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|preceded_by = R. Manjunatha
}}
'''Dasarahalli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 9, 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | [[S. Muniraju]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || R. Manjunath || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[S. Muniraju]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Dasarahalli <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Dasarahalli">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Dasarahalli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10155.htm?ac=155 |access-date=11 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411074155/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10155.htm?ac=155 |archive-date=11 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. Muniraju]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 91,289 |percentage = 39.75% |change = {{increase}}1.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Manjunath |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 82,095 |percentage = 35.75% |change = {{decrease}}7.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Dhananjaya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,519 |percentage = 18.95% |change = {{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kirthan Kumar Manjappa |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 4,486 |percentage = 1.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashwath Kumar |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 3,365 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,179 |percentage = 0.95% |change = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,194 |percentage = 4.00% |change = {{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 229,765 |percentage = 50.26% |change = {{increase}}2.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 229,641}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 457,187 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}3.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Dasarahalli <ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |accessdate=7 September 2021 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Lost BBMP election, but victorious in Assembly election">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Lost BBMP election, but victorious in Assembly election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-2018/lost-bbmp-election-but-victorious-in-assembly-election/article23895939.ece |accessdate=11 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=15 May 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411081402/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-2018/lost-bbmp-election-but-victorious-in-assembly-election/article23895939.ece |archivedate=11 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Manjunath |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 94,044 |percentage = 43.48% |change = {{increase}}14.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. Muniraju]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 83,369 |percentage = 38.55% |change = {{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. N. Krishnamurthy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,711 |percentage = 14.66% |change = {{decrease}}16.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,011 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Prathap Simha |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,674 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,675 |percentage = 4.94% |change = {{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 216,316 |percentage = 48.08% |change = {{decrease}}7.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 216,285}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 449,950 |ref = |change = {{increase}}30.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Dasarahalli <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. Muniraju]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 57,562 |percentage = 38.93% |change = {{decrease}}7.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. L. Shankar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,734 |percentage = 31.61% |change = {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Andanappa. B |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 43,049 |percentage = 29.12% |change = {{increase}}7.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Mariswamy |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 18,238 |percentage = 12.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindegowda. M. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,206 |percentage = 10.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Gangadhar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,422 |percentage = 0.96% |change = {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kemparaju. P. N |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,331 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Muniraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,174 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Manjunath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,155 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,828 |percentage = 7.32% |change = {{decrease}}10.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 191,395 |percentage = 55.54% |change = {{increase}}11.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,849}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 344,633 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Dasarahalli <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. Muniraju]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,004 |percentage = 46.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. C. Ashoka |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,849 |percentage = 28.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Andanappa. B |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 28,024 |percentage = 21.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shambhulinge Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,651 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. K. Naveen |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,255 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,155 |percentage = 17.38% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,457 |percentage = 43.80% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,447}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 290,998 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bangalore Urban district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]
{{coord|13.05|77.51|display=title}}

Gohad Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:40:40Z

Rsingh: Added

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gohad
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 13
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| map_image = 13-Gohad.svg
| district = [[Bhind district|Bhind]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency|Bhind]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Keshav Desai]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Mevaram Jatav]]
}}
'''Gohad''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It came into existence in 1951, as Gohad Mehgaon, one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=6|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=2011-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Overview==
Gohad (constituency number 13) is one of the 5 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Bhind district]]. This constituency covers the entire Mau Tehsil and Gohad [[tehsil]] of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

Gohad is part of [[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Ater Assembly constituency|Ater]], [[Bhind Assembly constituency|Bhind]], [[Lahar Assembly constituency|Lahar]] and [[Mehgaon Assembly constituency|Mehgaon]] in this district and [[Sewda Assembly constituency|Sewda]], [[Bhander Assembly constituency|Bhander]] and [[Datia Assembly constituency|Datia]] in [[Datia district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+[[Madhya Bharat]]: Gohad Mehgaon
!Year
!MLA
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|1951
|Ram Dhan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="eci2" />
|}
{{Pie chart
| caption = [[Indian National Congress]] is the most successful political party in [[Gohad Assembly constituency]] (Madhya Pradesh) elections.
| value1 = 41.18
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (7 terms)
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value2 = 41.18
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] / [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (7 terms)
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value3 = 5.88
| label3 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|'''BSP''']] (1 term)
| color3 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| value4 = 5.88
| label4 = [[Praja Socialist Party|'''PSP''']] (1 term)
| color4 = #ff69b4
| value5 = 5.88
| label5 = [[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''']] (1 term)
| color5 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
!Year
!MLA
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Sushila Devi Bhadoriya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Ramcharanlal Thapak
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Kanhaiyalal Mahor
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Rowspan="2" | Bhurelal Firojiya
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Shriram Jatav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Chaturbhuj Bhadkariya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1988^
|Sopat Jatav
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Shriram Jatav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Chaturilal Barahadiya
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Lal Singh Arya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Makhan Lal Jatav
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=ceom>{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi)|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=10 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
|2009^
|[[Ranvir Jatav]]<ref name="election2009">{{cite news|title=BJP increases its tally in MP assembly|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/sep/140909-BJP-increases-its-tally-in-MP-assembly.htm|access-date=4 February 2011|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=14 September 2009}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Lal Singh Arya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Ranvir Jatav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2020]]^
|[[Mevaram Jatav]]
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Keshav Desai|Keshav Desai Jatav]]
|}
^ byelection

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohad<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Keshav Desai| Keshav Desai (Jatav)]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:69941}}
|percentage = 47.32
|change = {{decrease}}4.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Lal Singh Arya]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:69334}}|percentage=46.91|change={{increase}}4.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suresh Singh Solanki|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:2919}}|percentage=1.98|change={{decrease}}0.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Yashwant Patwari|votes={{formatnum:1366}}|percentage=0.92|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Anita Kamal Nagar
|party=Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|votes=1245
|percentage=0.8
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:790}}|percentage=0.53|change={{decrease}}0.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Mohan Lal Mahor
|party=Samajwadi Party
|votes=444
|percentage=0.3
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:607}}|percentage=0.41|change={{decrease}}9.23}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:147796}}|percentage=61.65|change={{increase}}6.99}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 By-polls ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Gohad<ref name=byelection2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mevaram Jatav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 63,643
|percentage = 51.57
|change = +2.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ranvir Jatav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 51,744
|percentage = 41.93
|change = +11.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Yashwant Patwari
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3,614
|percentage = 2.93
|change = -9.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 991
|percentage = 0.8
|change = +0.04
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11,899
|percentage = 9.64
|change = -8.87
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 123,408
|percentage = 54.66
|change = -4.60
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohad<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2018 Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ranvir Jatav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:62981}}
|percentage = 48.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Lal Singh Arya]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:38992}}|percentage=30.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Jagdish Sagar|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:15477}}|percentage=11.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gulab Singh Jatav|party=Bahujan Sangharsh Dal|votes={{formatnum:4386}}|percentage=3.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Prem Narayan Mahor|votes={{formatnum:1734}}|percentage=1.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Guddu Valmik|votes={{formatnum:1173}}|percentage=0.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:982}}|percentage=0.76|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:23989}}|percentage=18.51|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:129656}}|percentage=59.26|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohad<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Lal Singh Arya]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=51711|percentage=45.65|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mevaram Jatav|votes=31897|percentage=28.16|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate||candidate=[[Phool Singh Baraiya]]|party=BSD|votes=14633|percentage=12.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Krishnagopal Chaurasiya (Jatav)|votes=5890|percentage=5.20|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Premnarayan Mahor|votes=4748|percentage=4.19|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=19814|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=108879|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box swing with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 By-polls ===
{{Election box begin|title=2009 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election: Gohad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ranvir Jatav]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=55442|percentage=60.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Master Sobaran Jatav|votes=32871|percentage=35.85|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Keshav Desai]]|votes=955|percentage=1.04|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Hariom Jatav|votes=595|percentage=0.65|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=B. S. Lodheki Pali|votes=468|percentage=0.51|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=22571|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=90331|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box swing with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Makhan Lal Jatav|party=Indian National Congress|votes=27751|percentage=30.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Lal Singh Arya]]|votes=26198|percentage=28.67|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mevaram Jatav|votes=18603|percentage=20.36|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Prem Narayan Mahaur|votes=7541|percentage=8.25|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Jan Shakti Party|candidate=Chaturilal Barahdiya|votes=6429|percentage=7.04|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Oumprakash Baba|votes=866|percentage=0.95|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1553|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=87388|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box swing with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Lal Singh Arya]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=27646|percentage=32.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Shriram Jatav|votes=16997|percentage=20.03|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Chaturilal Barahdiya|votes=9719|percentage=11.45|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Yashwant (ex Patawari)|votes=8817|percentage=10.39|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Prem Narayan Mahor|votes=7962|percentage=9.38|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Mevaram Jatav]]|votes=5426|percentage=6.39|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=10649|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=76567|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box swing with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}
===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Lal Singh Arya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 18869
|percentage = 31.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Chaturilal Barahdiya
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 14531
|percentage = 24.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dataram Bansal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 12737
|percentage = 21.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Premnarayan Mahor (Kori)
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 11548
|percentage = 19.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 4338
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 57685
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Chaturilal Barahdiya|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=21235|percentage=35.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Barelal Mandeliya|votes=18013|percentage=29.83|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Shriram Jatav|votes=14611|percentage=24.20|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Hariram Jatav|votes=3931|percentage=6.51|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=3222|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=57790|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box swing with party link||winner=Bahujan Samaj Party|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Gohad]]
* [[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency|Bhind Lok Sabha Constituency]]
* [[Fourth Mayawati ministry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.45|78.43|display=title}}

[[Category:Bhind district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]

Bilha Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T02:44:03Z

Rsingh: New

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bilha
| mla = [[Dharam Lal Kaushik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bilaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:306473}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 29
| map_image= Bilha Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Bilha''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency|website=CEO CG|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> It is in [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] district.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="5" |Chitrakant Jaiswal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Ashok Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Dharamlal Kaushik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Siyaram Kaushik
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Dharamlal Kaushik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Siyaram Kaushik
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dharamlal Kaushik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Bilha<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dharam Lal Kaushik
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 100346
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}<ref name="election2018" />

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Bilha, India|Bilha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|21.97|82.05|display=title}}

[[Category:Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]

Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil

2026-04-18T23:00:09Z

Rsingh: bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Babasaheb Jadhav Patil
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Third Fadnavis ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Third Fadnavis ministry]]
| minister = [[Ministry of Co-operation (Maharashtra)|Co-operation]]
| term_start = 15 December 2024
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 2blankname = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy CM]]
| 2namedata = *[[Eknath Shinde]]
*[[Ajit Pawar]] (till his demise in 2026) [[Sunetra Pawar]] (from 2026)
| 3blankname = Guardian Minister
| 3namedata = NA
| governor = [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] [[Acharya Devvrat]]
| predecessor = [[Dilip Walse Patil]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 27 November 2019
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency|Ahmedpur]]
| predecessor1 = [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil|Vinayakrao Jadhav]]
| successor1 =
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2014
| constituency2 = [[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency|Ahmedpur]]
| predecessor2 = [[Babruwan Khandade]]
| successor2 = [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil|Vinayak Kishanrao Jadhav]]
| birth_place = Shirur (Taj)
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSP]], [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| alma_mater = B.A.
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Babasaheb Mohanrao Jadhav''' (Patil) (born 5 December 1958) is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from [[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Latur district|Latur District]]. He won the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmadpur (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2022: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-Up, Latest News and Updates, Videos, Photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/ahmadpur-election-results-in-maharashtra/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmadpur Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Ahmadpur Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/maharashtra-election/ahmadpur-assembly-election-result-2019-236.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Jadhav is from Shirur (Taj.), [[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmedpur]], [[Latur District]], Maharashtra. His father Mohanrao Kishanrao Jadhav is a farmer. He completed his BA in 2000 at Swami Vivekanand College, Shirur Tajband, Ahmedpur, which is affiliated with [[Swami Ramanand Tirtha Marathwada University|Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University]], Nanded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- AHMEDPUR(LATUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7802 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==

Jadhav won the Ahmedpur Assembly constituency representing the Nationalist Congress Party in the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 84,636 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 29,191 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Ahmadpur Election Results 2019 Live Updates( Ahmedpur): Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil of NCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ahmadpur-election-results-2019-live-updates-ahmedpur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359533.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=AHMEDPUR Assembly Election Results 2019: AHMEDPUR Maharashtra Election Schedule, Vote share and Results - India News |url=https://www.loksatta.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election/ahmedpur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]. In 2009, he polled 69,460 votes and defeated his closest opponent, [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 2,252 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Ahmadpur Election Results 2019 Live Updates( Ahmedpur): Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil of NCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ahmadpur-election-results-2019-live-updates-ahmedpur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359533.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanrao Patil, Babasaheb}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Latur district]]

Shoba Narayan (writer)

2026-04-15T05:11:16Z

Rsingh:

{{Short description|Indian author}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
'''Shoba Narayan''' is an Indian author, [[journalist]] and columnist. She wrote the award-winning ''Monsoon Diary: A Memoir with Recipes'' (2003). She is the author of four books.

== Biography ==
She received her Bachelor of Science in Psychology from [[Women's Christian College, Chennai|Women's Christian College]]. She studied fine arts as a Foreign Fellow at [[Mount Holyoke College]] and received a Master of Arts from the [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism]].

She has published four books. She contributes to a regular column for the ''Hindustan Times Brunch'' magazine. She has previously contributed to Indian financial daily, [[Mint (newspaper)|''Mint'']]<ref>{{cite web |title=Shoba Narayan |url=https://www.livemint.com/Search/Link/Keyword/Shoba%20Narayan |website=www.livemint.com |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003074127/https://www.livemint.com/Search/Link/Keyword/Shoba%20Narayan |archive-date=October 3, 2012 |language=en}}</ref> and Abu Dhabi daily, [[The National (Abu Dhabi)|''The National'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/topics/Author/Shoba%20Narayan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916080929/https://www.thenational.ae/topics/Author/Shoba%20Narayan|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2019|title=Topics|website=The National|language=en|access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
*''The Milk Lady of Bangalore: an unexpected adventure''<ref>{{Citation|last=Narayan, Shoba.|title=The milk lady of Bangalore : an unexpected adventure|date=2018|publisher=Recorded Books|isbn=9781501985461|oclc=1021071613}}</ref>
*''Katha: Tell a Story; Sell a Dream (the Art of Corporate Storytelling)''<ref>{{Citation|last=Narayan, Shoba. Ramanee, Sankuntala|title=Katha Tell a Story, Sell a Dream.|date=2017|publisher=Audible Studios on Brilliance audio|isbn=9781536683349|oclc=969827517}}</ref>
*''Monsoon Diary: a memoir with recipes''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Monsoon diary : a memoir with recipes|last=Narayan, Shoba.|date=2004|orig-date=2003|publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks|isbn=9780307431486|oclc=708260805}}</ref>
*''Return to India: an immigrant memoir'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=Return to India : a memoir|last=Narayan, Shoba, author.|year=2012|publisher=Rain Tree |isbn=9788129119285|oclc=827849505}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* M. F. K. Fisher Award for Distinguished Writing (2001)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/awards/search?keyword=shoba+narayan|title=Awards Search {{!}} James Beard Foundation|website=www.jamesbeard.org|language=en|access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.shobanarayan.com/ Official Website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060511084727/http://littleindia.com/november2003/Author%20Speak.htm Interview]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Shoba}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mount Holyoke College alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women's Christian College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:James Beard Foundation Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:Indian women memoirists]]
[[Category:21st-century memoirists]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Rajeet Mitter

2026-04-11T20:33:10Z

Rsingh: added new data

{{short description|Indian diplomat and former High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office1 = High Commissioner of India to Botswana
| term_start1 = September 1998
| term_end1 = June 2001
| predecessor1 = [[Cherry George]]
| successor1 = [[L. T. Munna]]
| office2 = [[List of high commissioners of India to Bangladesh|High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh]]
| term_start2 = December 2009
| term_end2 = October 2011
| predecessor2 = [[Pinak Ranjan Chakravarty]]
| successor2 = [[Pankaj Saran]]
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
}}
'''Pinak Ranjan Chakravarty''' is a retired Indian diplomat and former [[List of high commissioners of India to Bangladesh|High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Address by Shri Harsh V Shringla, Foreign Secretary, MEA on 'Maitri Diwas: 50th Anniversary of India-Bangladesh Diplomatic Relations', 6 December 2021. - Indian Council of World Affairs (Government of India) |url=https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=1&ls_id=6654&lid=4564 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.icwa.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Moitri Dibosh' to be observed in New Delhi tomorrow {{!}} News Flash |url=https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/31870 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=BSS}}</ref>

==Career==
Mitter served as the High Commissioner of India to Botswana from September 1998 to June 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Commission of India, Gaborone, Botswana : Former High Commissioners |url=https://www.hcigaborone.gov.in/page/former-high-commissioners/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.hcigaborone.gov.in}}</ref>

In October 2009, Mitter was appointed the High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2009 |title=Shri Rajeet Mitter to be the next High Commissioner to Bangladesh |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/1264/Shri+Rajeet+Mitter+to+be+the+next+High+Commissioner+to+Bangladesh |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref> He had been serving as the ambassador of India to the Philippines.<ref name=":0" /> He succeeded [[Pinak Ranjan Chakravarty]] as High Commissioner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-27 |title=Rajeet replaces Pinak |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-111701 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He worked with the government of Bangladesh to resolve the [[India–Bangladesh enclaves]] issue.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rashid |first=Mamun |date=13 May 2015 |title=Heroes behind the scene |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/100839/heroes-behind-the-scene |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> He signed the treaty to exchange the enclaves on behalf of the government of India while Bangladesh was represented by [[Tariq Ahmed Karim|Tariq Ahmad Karim]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh, India ink strip maps to demarcate international border |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bangladesh-india-ink-strip-maps-to-demarcate-international-border-1577964/amp |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref>

Mitter pushed for low transit fees from Bangladesh and warned the government charging high fees would be detrimental to the interests of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitter cautions against high transit fees |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/mitter-cautions-against-high-transit-fees |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Mitter cautions against high transit fees |language=en}}</ref>

Mitter met former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia before returning to India in October 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-27 |title=Rajeet Mitter meets Khaleda |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-208182 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He led an Indian research team looking at a proposed corridor between Bangladesh, China, India, and Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |title=Assam rues India's stand on World War II road |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/9/1/assam-rues-indias-stand-on-world-war-ii-road |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

Mitter is a member of the Association of Indian Diplomats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Association of Indian Diplomats, New Delhi |url=https://www.associationdiplomats.org/listofmembers/listofmembers.htm |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.associationdiplomats.org}}</ref> He has proposed the creation of Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news|title=India proposes BCIM film fest to foster people to people relations|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/india-proposes-bcim-film-fest-to-foster-people-to-people-relations-119061201183_1.html|access-date=2025-12-01|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190912015534/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/india-proposes-bcim-film-fest-to-foster-people-to-people-relations-119061201183_1.html|archive-date=2019-09-12|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitter, Rajeet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Bangladesh]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Botswana]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the Philippines]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ayyappa P. Sharma

2026-04-04T10:06:38Z

Rsingh: new

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Family name hatnote|Pudipeddi|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Ayyappa P. Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Pudipeddi Ayyappa Sharma
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|01|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director|voice actor}}
| years_active = 1996{{ndash}}present
| spouse = Kavitha
| children = 2
| father = [[P. J. Sarma]]
| relatives = {{plainlist|
* [[P. Sai Kumar]] (brother)
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] (brother)
* [[Aadi Saikumar|Aadi]] (nephew)
}}
}}

'''Pudipeddi Ayyappa Sharma''' (born 22 January 1969), known professionally as '''Ayyappa P. Sharma''', is an Indian actor, director and voice actor who primarily works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-06 |title=Tollywood: ఈ నటుడు ఆ స్టార్ హీరో తమ్ముడని తెలుసా? కుమారుడు కూడా టాలీవుడ్‌లో క్రేజీ హీరో |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/do-you-know-kgf-actor-ayyappa-p-sharma-brothers-son-aadi-saikumar-is-also-a-hero-in-tollywood-1391285.html |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref> Sharma made directorial debut with the Kannada film ''Aayudha'' (1996) and later gained critical acclaim for the Telugu film ''[[Eshwar Alla]]'' (1998) which won him a [[Sarojini Devi Award for a Film on National Integration|Nandi Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/BFXV|title=Eswar Allah (1998)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref>

He expanded to lead acting with ''[[Gharshane]]'' (2014) and has since appeared in supporting roles in ''[[KGF: Chapter 1]] ''(2018), ''[[Akhanda]]'' (2021), [[Bimbisara (film)|''Bimbisara'']] (2022),'' [[Shivam Bhaje]]'' (2024) and [[Kingdom (2025 film)|''Kingdom'']] (2025)''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-29 |title=Director Ayyappa turns villain for Gharshane |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/director-ayyappa-turns-villain-for-gharshane/articleshow/28047852.cms |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=వీరమల్లు, కింగ్‌డమ్ సినిమాల్లో మెరిసిన ఈ నటుడు డైరెక్టర్ అని తెలుసా? కుమారుడు కూడా టాలీవుడ్‌ క్రేజీ హీరో |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/do-you-know-kingdom-actor-ayyappa-p-sharma-son-also-crazy-hero-in-tollywood-he-is-aadi-saikumar-1613870.html |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref>''

== Early life ==
Ayyappa P. Sharma was born into a family with a film background in [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is the younger son of renowned Telugu actors [[P. J. Sarma]] and Krishna Jyothi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-08 |title=Brothers Saikumar, Ravishankar and Ayyappa together in Bharaate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/brothers-saikumar-ravishankar-and-ayyappa-together-in-bharaate/articleshow/67433952.cms |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He has two elder brothers, [[P. Sai Kumar]] and [[P. Ravi Shankar]], both of whom are prominent actors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2019-10-08 |title='Bringing Sai Kumar, Ravi Shankar, and Ayyappa P Sharma in one frame was an achievement' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/Oct/08/bringing-the-brothers-sai-kumar-ravi-shankar-ayyappa-p-sharma-in-one-frame-was-an-achievement-14784.html |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> He also has two sisters – Priya and Kamala.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-14 |title=Dubbing artist Sai Kumar's father P.J. Sarma no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Dubbing-artist-Sai-Kumars-father-P.J.-Sarma-no-more/article10944059.ece |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sharma began his career as a director with the Kannada film ''Aayudha'' (1996).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Aayudha (1996) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/aayudha-1996 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref> Subsequently, his debut Telugu film ''[[Eshwar Alla]]'' (1998) gained critical acclaim and won the [[Sarojini Devi Award for a Film on National Integration|Nandi Award for a Film on National Integration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/BFXV|title=Eswar Allah (1998)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref> He also served as the producer of the film. Kannada film ''[[Varadhanayaka]]'' (2013) was his major successful film at the box-office received the award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಸ್ಯಾಂಡಲ್‌ವುಡ್‌ ಸಿನಿ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರ ಕಷ್ಟಕ್ಕೆ ಮಿಡಿದ ಸಾಯಿಕುಮಾರ್ ಸಹೋದರರು |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/sai-kumar-ravi-shankar-and-ayyappa-p-sharma-help-to-sandalwood-film-workers/articleshow/83567103.cms |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref> He became a full-fledged actor, playing the lead role in the Kannada film ''[[Gharshane]]'' (2014).<ref name=":0" /> Since then, he has been active as an actor and dubbing artist. He received critical acclaim for his role as Vanaram in the Kannada film [[KGF: Chapter 1|''KGF: Chapter 1'']] (2018). His performance as Ketu in the Telugu film ''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]'' (2022) was also appreciated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavati |first=Ravali |date=2022-08-02 |title=Bimbisara: The Makers Introduced Ayyappa Sharma And Samyukta Menon From This Periodic Drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/bimbisara-the-makers-introduced-ayyappa-sharma-and-samyukta-menon-from-this-periodic-drama-756126 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== As an actor ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2001
|''Hyderabad''
|Das
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Also director and writer<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Hyderabad - Siva Charan, Ravali - Ayyappa Sharma - Raj - Fight Master Raju, Narsing |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-hyderabad.html |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
|''[[Hrudayavantha]]''
|
| rowspan="3" |[[Kannada]]
|
|-
|''[[Partha (film)|Partha]]''
|Krishna
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Bhagawan (2004 film)|Bhagawan]]''
|
|
|-
|2005
|''Slokam''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Gharshane]]''
|ACP Ganesh
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|Debut in lead role
|-
|''[[Masterpiece (2015 film)|Masterpiece]]''
|Danny
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Lacchimdeviki O Lekkundi]]''
|
| rowspan="4" |Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Manamantha]]''
|Dass
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Katamarayudu]]''
|Juttu Ranga
|
|-
|''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|Royal Priest
|
|-
|''[[Tiger Galli]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]''
|Vanaram
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''[[Bharaate]]''
|Veerappa Nayaka
|
|-
|''[[Tenali Ramakrishna BA. BL]]'' || Simhadri Naidu || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Annaatthe]]''
|Manoj's henchman
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|''[[Akhanda]]''
|Prachanda
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''
|Prisoner
|Cameo appearance in the song "Bheemla Nayak"
|-
|''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''
|Vanaram
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Avatara Purusha (2022 film)|Avatara Purusha]]''
|Brahma Jois
|
|-
|''[[Bhala Thandanana]]''
|Chakri
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]''
|Kethu
|
|-
|''[[Thaggedele]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
|''[[Mr. Bachelor]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Michael (2023 film)|Michael]]''
|Swamy
|Telugu
|
|-
|''Gadayuddha''
|
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Marakastra]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-04-25 |title=Telugu version of 'Markasthra' titled 'Maranayudham' to release this week |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Apr/25/telugu-version-of-markasthra-titled-maranayudham-to-release-this-week |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chandramukhi 2]]''
|Rudraiyya
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Avatara Purusha 2]]''
|Brahma Jois
|Kannada
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-03-06 |title='Avatara Purusha 2' gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Mar/06/avatara-purusha-2-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shivam Bhaje]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Kanguva]]''
|Vijuran
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
|''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]''
|Abdullah
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Kingdom (2025 film)|Kingdom]]''
|Bhairagi
|
|-
|''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''
|Ayyappan
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]''
|Royal Priest
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|Combined recut version of ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|The Beginning]]'' and ''The Conclusion''
|-
|''[[Akhanda 2: Thaandavam]]''
|Prachanda
|
|-
|''[[Vrusshabha]]''
|
|Telugu Malayalam
|
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Mrithyunjay]]'' || Jay’s friend || Telugu || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mrityunjay-movie-review-an-illogical-and-implausible-crime-thriller-1941896|title=Mrityunjay Movie Review: An Illogical and Implausible Crime Thriller|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=March 6, 2026|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref>

|-
|}

=== As director and writer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! colspan="2" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Language
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Director
!Writer
|-
|1996
|''Aayudha''
|{{yes}}
|{{partial|Story}}
|[[Kannada]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1998
|''[[Eshwar Alla]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Also producer; [[Sarojini Devi Award for a Film on National Integration|Nandi Award for a Film on National Integration]]
|-
|2000
|''Durgada Huli''
|{{yes}}
|{{partial|Screenplay}}
|Kannada
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durgada Huli (2000) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/durgada-huli-2000 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref>
|-
|2001
|''Hyderabad''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|Also actor<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2002
|''Janam''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Janam - Vani Viswanath, Sai Kumar, Thriller Manju, Dasari Arun Kumar |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-janam.html |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Varadhanayaka]]''
| {{yes}}
|{{no}}
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasa |first=Srikanth |title=Review: Varadanayaka is for action lovers |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-varadanayaka-is-for-action-lovers/20130125.htm |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Veera (2013 film)|Veera]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{partial|Screenplay}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-30 |title=Malashree’s back in action |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Network
|-
|2023
|''[[Mansion 24]]''
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=5697538}}

{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyappa P. Sharma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]

Bakthi Super Singer

2026-04-03T23:29:32Z

Rsingh: new...

{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Music competition|singing]]
* Reality
* [[Talent show]]
}}
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anuradha Sriram]]
* Akshatha Das
}}
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mahathi]]
* [[T. L. Maharajan]]
* [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| location = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
| runtime = approx.60-70 minutes per episode
| network = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Star Vijay]]|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|5|31|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2025|7|27|df=y}}
| related = [[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]]
}}

'''Bakthi Super Singer''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language reality television devotional [[Music competition|singing competition]] show, which aired on [[Star Vijay]]. The show is part of ''[[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]]'' and focus exclusively on [[Shaivism|Tamil devotional]] songs, bringing spiritual music to television screens across [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Bakthi Super Singer">{{cite web|author=vigneshpv94|url=https://www.thenewsmedium.com/television/bakthi-super-singer-contestants/|title=Bakthi Super Singer Contestants Name & Judges|website=www.thenewsmedium.com|date=30 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sreeja kumar|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/vijay-tv-super-singer-show-going-next-step-searching-a-voice-for-spiritual-songs-here-watch-the-new-super-singer-bakthi-promo-article-151654038|title=Super Singer: முடிவுக்கு வரும் சூப்பர் சிங்கர் நிகழ்ச்சி? ஷாக்கில் ரசிகர்கள்! புரமோ போட்டு உறுதி செய்த விஜய் டிவி|website=tamil.timesnownews.com|date=16 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

[[Anuradha Sriram]] and Akshatha Das were hosts of the show which was judged by [[Mahathi]], [[T. L. Maharajan]] and [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]] are the judges of the show. The show has 12 singers. The show was aired from 31 May to 27 July 2025 and ended with 18 Episodes.

The Grand Finale was held on 26 July and 27 July 2025 on Saturday and Sunday at 18:30. The show was won by Shravan Narayan, while Alaina Sajith emerged as the first runner up of the show.<ref>{{cite web|author=vigneshpv94|url=https://www.thenewsmedium.com/television/bakthi-super-singer-winner-runner-up-details/|title=Bakthi Super Singer Winner|website=www.thenewsmedium.com|date=27 July 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Judges ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Judges
!Description
!Ref
|-
|[[Mahathi]]
|She is an [[Carnatic music]]ian and [[playback singer]] for film songs in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages.
| rowspan=2 |<ref name="Bakthi Super Singer" />
|-
|[[T. L. Maharajan]]
|He is a Tamil classical and Tamil playback singer.
|-
|[[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]]
|He is a Tamil folk singer, playback singer, lyricist, writer and music composer.
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/transcending-boundaries/article637877.ece|title=Transcending boundaries|date=6 July 2009|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-28}}</ref>
|}

== Host ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Judges
!Description
!Ref
|-
|[[Anuradha Sriram]]
|She is an Indian carnatic and playback singer and child actress who hails from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
|-
|Akshatha Das
| She is an Indian model and television anchor.
|}

== Contestants ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%"
! scope="col" |#
! scope="col" |Name
! scope="col" |Sautes
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
| 1
| Shravan Narayan
|{{won|Winner}}
|<ref>{{cite web|author=மு.இந்துமதி|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/final-performance-on-stage-thats-what-happened-bakthi-super-singer-title-winner-shravan|title=Bakthi Super Singer: "Final perfomance [sic] அப்ப stage-ல அப்படி நடக்கவும்..." - Title Winner Shravan|website=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|date=28 July 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| Alaina Sajith
|{{Runner-up}}
|<ref>{{cite web|author=மு.இந்துமதி|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/bakthi-super-singer-alaina-exclusive|title=கச்சேரியில் யாரும் எனக்கு பக்தி பாடல்கள் கொடுத்ததே இல்ல…! - 'Bakthi Super Singer' Alaina Exclusive|website=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|date=29 July 2025 |access-date=29 July 2025|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| Karthik Narayanan
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
| rowspan=2 |<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/bhakthi-super-singer-contestants-gets-movie-chance-1752099328#google_vignette|title=பக்தி சூப்பர் சிங்கர் ஃபைனலுக்கு முன்னரே கிடைத்த திரைப்பட வாய்ப்புகள் |website=cineulagam.com|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| Pavithra
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|-
| 5
| Akila Ravindran
|style="background: #DDA0DD" | 3rd runner-up
|-
| 6
| Moushmi
|style="background:#FF69B4"|4th runner-up
|-
| 7
| Devakottai Abirami
|{{evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Gopika
|{{evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Shruthi Hareesh
|{{evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Tejaswini Krishnaswamy
|{{evicted}}
|-
| 11
| Vigneshvaran
|{{evicted}}
|-
| 12
| Yamini Srinivasan
|{{evicted}}
|}

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="width:10pt; | Week
!style="width:10pt; | Episodes
!style="width:60pt; | Airing
!style="width:100pt;| Round
!style="width:100pt;| Notes
|-
|rowspan="2" | 1
|1
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|5|31}}
|rowspan="2" | Grand Launch
|-
|2
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|1}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2
|3
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|7}}
|rowspan="2" | Isai Thiruvizha
|-
|4
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|8}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | 3
|5
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|14}}
|rowspan="2" | Legends Hits Round
|rowspan="2" | Carnatic musician [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] as Special Judge<ref>{{cite web|author=Karthik|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/singer-nithyasree-mahadevan-in-bakthi-super-singer-1749722065|title=பின்னணி பாடகி நித்யஸ்ரீ மகாதேவனை நினைவு இருக்கா.. இப்போது எப்படி இருக்கிறார் பாருங்க |website=cineulagam.com|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|6
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|15}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | 4
|7
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|21}}
|rowspan="2" | Amman Bakthi Songs
|-
|8
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|22}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | 5
|9
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|28}}
|rowspan="2" | Mrugan Bakthi Songs
|-
|10
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|29}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | 6
|11
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|7|5}}
|rowspan="2" | Thiruthalam Bakthi Song Round
|-
|12
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|7|6}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | 7
|13
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|7|12}}
|rowspan="2" | Ishda Deiva Bakthi Song Round
|-
|14
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|7|13}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | 8
|15
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|7|19}}
|rowspan="2" | Semi Final Round
|-
|16
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|7|20}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | 9
|17
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|7|26}}
|rowspan="2" | Grand Finale
|-
|18
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|7|27}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Airtel Super Singer}}
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singing talent shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Super Singer]]
[[Category:Singing competitions]]
[[Category:Indian singing talent shows]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Maharao Raja

2026-04-03T19:00:59Z

Rsingh:

{{Short description|Indian princely title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

'''Maharao Raja''' ({{lit|Supreme [[Raja]] or [[King]]}}; feminine: '''Maharani''') is a royal title in the [[Indian subcontinent]] of [[Sanskrit]] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Roper |url=http://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft |title=The golden book of India, a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire |date=1893 |publisher=London Macmillan |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=xxi}}</ref> It is one degree higher than [[Maharao]]. The word Maharao is a combination of ''Maha'' (meaning 'great') and [[Rao (title)|Rao]], which is a variation on [[Raja]].

== History ==
The title of Maharao Raja was used by the rulers of [[Bundi State|Bundi]] and [[Kota state|Kotah]]. [[Budh Singh]] of Bundi received this title from the eighth [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah I]] in 1707.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=154,215 |language=en}}</ref> Bhim Singh of Kotah was granted the title of Maharao by the tenth Mughal Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] in 1713 and began to use it by combining it with the title of [[Raja]], which was granted to his ancestor Madho Singh by the third Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=R. S. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Relations_of_Hadas_with_Mughal_Emperors/kHYtAAAAMAAJ |title=Relations of Hadas with Mughal Emperors, 1568-1720 A.D. |date=1985 |publisher=Deputy Publications |pages=107 |language=en}}</ref> This title was used by the rulers of [[State of Alwar|Alwar]] for some time as well. The first ruler of Alwar to assume this title was [[Sawai Pratap Singh Naruka|Pratap Singh]], and he began to use it in 1770, when he announced his independence from [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutchinson |first=Henry Neville |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Living_Rulers_of_Mankind/760aAAAAYAAJ |title=The Living Rulers of Mankind |date=1902 |publisher=G. Allen |pages=169 |language=en}}</ref>

When the title of Maharaja was conferred by the [[British government of India|British Government]] as a hereditary distinction on [[Mangal Singh Prabhakar|Mangal Singh]] on 1 January 1889, from that date onwards the rulers of Alwar stopped using the title of Maharao Raja and began using the newly conferred title.<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_collection_of_treaties_engagements_and/m9Ck1BUI_JUC |title=A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds relating to India and neighbouring countries, compiled by C.U. Aitchison, revised and continued by A.C. Talbot. [With] An index, compiled by M. Belletty. revised |date=1892 |pages=286–287 |language=en}}</ref>

== Usage ==

=== Bundi ===
The ruler of [[Bundi State|Bundi]] bore the following styles and titles: ''His Highness Hadendra Shiromani Deo Sar Buland Rai Maharajadhiraj Maharao Raja Shri (personal name) Singhji Sahib Bahadur, Maharao Raja of Bundi''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59601 |title=The Indian Year Book 1945-46 Vol.xxxii |pages=1292}}</ref>

=== Kotah ===
The ruler of [[Kota state|Kotah]] bore the following styles and titles: ''His Highness Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Mahimahendra Maharao Raja Shri (personal name) Singhji Sahib Bahadur, Maharao Raja of Kotah''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Princely_States_in/qPYvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=4–5 |language=en}}</ref> His consort bore the following: ''Her Highness Maharani (personal name) Sahiba''.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Maharajas]]
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]

Neeraj

2026-04-02T17:47:27Z

Rsingh: stub - done

{{about|the name|the writer|Gopaldas Neeraj|other uses|Neeraj (disambiguation) }}
{{Infobox given name
| name = Neeraj
| gender = Male
| meaning = [[Lotus flower]]
| alternative spelling = Niraj
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| language = {{ubl|[[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Malayalam]]|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Dogri language|Dogri]]|[[Maithili language|Maithili]]}}
| origin = [[Sanskrit]]
}}

'''Neeraj''' ({{lang-Deva|नीरज}}) is an Indian masculine given name common in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The meaning of Neeraj is "lotus flower" in the [[Sanskrit language]]. Neeraj is a name of [[Sanskrit]] origin and it is a very common name for [[Hindu]] men.

==See also==
*{{Lookfrom|Neeraj}}
*{{Lookfrom|Niraj}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{given name|cat=none|type=both}}
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Sanskrit-language names]]

Government Museum, Kalaburagi

2026-03-31T21:08:23Z

Rsingh: Data

{{Short description|Museum in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox museum
| image = ©India.Karnataka.Gulbarga.Government Museum.JPG
| caption = Two [[Bahmani]] tombs house galleries of the museum.
| established = {{Start date|1964}}
}}
[[File:Government Museum, Gulbarga housed in a Bahmani-era tomb.jpg|thumb|Government Museum, Gulbarga housed in a Bahmani-era tomb]]
'''Government Museum, Kalaburagi''' is a museum in [[Kalaburagi]], in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is run by the state government.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=Government Museum Kalaburagi |url=https://archaeology.karnataka.gov.in/page/Government+Museums/Government+Museum+Kalaburagi/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201154827/https://archaeology.karnataka.gov.in/page/Government+Museums/Government+Museum+Kalaburagi/en |archive-date=2022-12-01 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Department of Archaeology, Museums, and Heritage, Government of Karnataka}}</ref>

== History ==
The museum was established in 1964, and expanded in 1997 when a third gallery was added.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Buradikatti |first=Kumar |date=2018-11-30 |title=Kalaburagi museum cries for attention |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/govt-museum-in-kalaburagi-cries-for-attention/article25628566.ece |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Buildings ==
Two of the museum's galleries are housed in tombs dating back to the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani]] period. A third gallery is situated in a newly constructed building.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2017-12-11|title=A museum soaked in history|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/647528/a-museum-soaked-history.html|access-date=2024-12-25|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

== Collections ==
The museum's collections include sculptures excavated from the [[Sannati]] stupa.<ref name=":1" /> It also includes more than a hundred coins, including coins from the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] and Bahmani period.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|17.3303|76.8416|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Museums in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological museums in India]]
[[Category:Tombs in Karnataka]]

Sahibganj Junction railway station

2026-03-29T02:46:26Z

Rsingh: Adding new page!

{{Short description|Railway station in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|SAHIBGANJ JUNCTION}}
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Sahibganj railway station.jpg
| caption = View from the sahibganj railway station foot-over-bridge in 2008.
| address = [[National Highway 33 (India)|National Highway 33]], [[Sahebganj]], [[Sahebganj district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.241392|N|87.634577|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = 40
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| line = *[[Sahibganj loop|Rampurhat-Sahibganj Section]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}} Available
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SBG
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Malda}}
}}
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| closed =
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| classification = '''NSG-4'''
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_type = India#India Jharkhand#
| map_dot_label = '''Sahibganj Junction'''
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in [[Sahebganj]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Sahibganj Junction
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| route_map = {{Sahibganj loop}}
}}

'''Sahibganj Junction''' (station code: '''SBG''') is an important railway station on the [[Sahibganj loop|Rampurhat-Sahibganj section]] of [[Sahibganj loop]] line under the [[Malda railway division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to Reach {{!}} District Sahibganj, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India|url=https://sahibganj.nic.in/how-to-reach/|access-date=2021-06-04|language=en-US}}</ref> It is situated beside [[National Highway 33 (India)|National Highway 33]] at [[Sahebganj]] in [[Sahebganj district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=roy|first=Joydeep|title=31 COVID-19 Special Arrivals at Sahibganj ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/sahibganj-sbg/1382|access-date=2021-06-04|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahibganj Jn Railway Station (SBG) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/sahibganj-jn-sbg-station|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Sakrigali|right=Karamtola|type=[[Sahibganj loop]]
|line2=Eastern Railway zone|left2=|right2=Sakrigali Ghat|type2=Sakrigali branch line}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Sahibganj district]]
[[Category:Malda railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Jharkhand]]

Nellore Municipal Corporation

2026-03-24T20:48:48Z

Rsingh:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Nellore Municipal Corporation<hr />{{small|Nellūru nagara pālaka Sanstha నెల్లూరు నగర పాలక సంస్థ}}
| coa_pic = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Galigopuram, Nellore (8).jpg
|photo1b = Barashadid darga-front view.nellore.JPG
|photo2a = Udayagiri Fort (16).jpg
|photo2b = Pinakini satygraha Aasram, in rainy.jpg
|photo3a = Mypadu beach-sunrise.jpg
}}
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_alt = Nellore Municipal Corporation
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Nellore
| foundation = 2004
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| members =
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = 11 November 2021
| next_election1 = ''TBH''
| seats = '''54'''
| structure1_res = 250px

| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL|https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-nellore-municipal-corporation/}}
| footnotes =
| leader3 = K. Dinesh
| leader3_type = Municipal Commissioner
}}

'''Nellore Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body of [[Nellore]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It has a population of 6,00,869 (2011 census). It is located 279km from the capital city. It was established as Nellore Municipality in 1884 and was constituted as a municipal corporation in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NELLORE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION | Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District, Government of Andhra Pradesh | India |url=https://spsnellore.ap.gov.in/nellore-municipal-corporation/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=spsnellore.ap.gov.in}}</ref> There are two zones and 54 election wards in this municipality. Primacy of Nellore City accounts for 65% of the urban population of Nellore district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NELLORE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION | Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District, Government of Andhra Pradesh | India |url=https://spsnellore.ap.gov.in/nellore-municipal-corporation/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=spsnellore.ap.gov.in}}</ref>

== Jurisdiction ==

The corporation is spread over an area of {{convert|48.39|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=area>{{cite web|title=Name of the Region/ULB|url=http://apmdp.gov.in/apmdp/pdfs/TOR-25.06.2012.pdf|website=Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=14 November 2015|page=21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617144735/http://apmdp.gov.in/apmdp/pdfs/TOR-25.06.2012.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== List of mayors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="8" |Nellore Municipal Corporation (NMC)
|-
!Sno.
!Mayor
!DY Mayor
!Term start
!Term end
!colspan=2 |Party
!Notes
|-
|1.
|P.Sailaja
|M.Dwarakanadh
|2005
|2010
|rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|First Mayor of NMC
|-
|2.
|A.Aziz
|M.Dwarakanadh
|2014
|2019
|rowspan="1" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
|-
|3.
|P.Sravanthi
|P.Roopkumar Yadav, Md.Kaleel
|2022
|2025
|rowspan="1" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
|}
=== 2022 general elections ===
{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!colspan=2|Party name
!Symbol
!Won
!Change
|-
!1
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling Fan.svg|105px]]
|54
|{{no change}}
|-
!2
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]
|0
|{{no change}}
|-
|}

== Functions ==

Nellore Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="ne9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="ne10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .

* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.

* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.

* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial,residential and industrial purposes.

* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.

* Creation of solid waste management,public health system and sanitary services.

* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.

* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped,old age and gender biased people.

* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="ne11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ne12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ne13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===

Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.

* Profession tax.

* Entertainment tax.

* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.

* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.

* Fees from Documentation services.

* Rent received from municipal property.

* Funds from municipal bonds.

== Administration ==

The corporation is administered by an elected body, headed by the [[mayor]]. The present [[commissioner]] of the city is K. Dinesh and the [[mayor]] is P. Sravanthi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=Nellore: Civic body presents Rs 843 cr Budget for 2022-23 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/nellore-civic-body-presents-rs-843-cr-budget-for-2022-23-735882 |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Nellore Municipal Elections ==

=== 2021 elections ===
After 2014, third Nellore Municipal Corporation elections were held in November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-17 |title=YSRCP clean sweeps Nellore Corporation election, YS Jagan congratulates minister Anil Kumar |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-clean-sweeps-nellore-corporation-election-ys-jagan-congratulates-minister-anil-kumar-715742 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|Party Name
!Symbol
!Won
!Change
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling Fan.svg|105px]]
|54
|{{no change}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]
|0
|{{no change}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jana Sena Party}}"|
|[[Jana Sena Party]]
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_glass_tumbler.svg|45px]]
|0
|{{no change}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP election symbol.png|50px]]
|0
|{{no change}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nellore]]

Madathara

2026-03-22T20:06:50Z

Rsingh: update details and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2010}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madathara
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Madathara is a place.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Madathara
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.817755|N|77.013259|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 500
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 691541
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Madathara''' is a major town junction located in [[Kollam district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. Madathara is the town in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]-[[Thenmala]] -[[Sengottai|Shenkottai]] [[State Highway 2 (Kerala)]] and SH-64 Parippally - Madathara road intersection, Madathara is a junction town.It is nestled in [[Kulathupuzha]] hills of [[Western Ghats|Western ghats]].The [[Kallada River|Kallada river]] originates from Madathara hills.

==Nearby towns==
Madathara is well connected by major towns in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

* [[Thiruvananthapuram]] city 48 km (30 mi)
* [[Nedumangad]] 30 km (19 mi)
* [[Kollam]] 53 km (33 mi)
* [[Palode]] 13 km (9 mi)
* [[Kulathupuzha]] 15 km (10 mi)
* [[Thenmala]] 25 km (16 mi)
* [[Tenkasi]] 62 km (39 mi)
* [[Madurai]] 217 km (136 mi)
* [[Thoothukudi]] 177 km (110 mi)
* [[Kadakkal]] 13 km (9 mi)
* [[Punalur]] 32 km (20 mi)
* [[Pathanamthitta]] 82 km (51 mi)

==Educational institutions==

*Travancore Arts And Science College, Madathara
*Government High School Madatharakkani
*SNHSS Paruthi, Chithara

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kollam district]]

Khadija bint Khuwaylid

2026-03-21T20:12:18Z

Rsingh: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|First wife of Muhammad (554–619)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Khadija bint Khuwaylid {{small|[[Muhammad's wives|Mother of the Believers]]}}
| native_name = {{lang|ar|خَدِيجَة بِنْت خُوَيْلِد}}
| birth_date = {{circa|554}}
| birth_place = [[Makkah]], [[Hejaz]], [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia]] {{small|(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}}
| death_date = 10 Ramadan [[Islamic Calendar|BH]] 3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/birth-muhammad-and-early-years-his|last=Sayyid Ali Ashgar Razwy|title=The Birth of Muhammad and the Early Years of his Life|date=10 November 2013 |access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010085550/https://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/birth-muhammad-and-early-years-his|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Circa}} {{Death date and age|619|554|df=yes}}
| death_place = Makkah
| resting_place = [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]], Makkah
| title = {{ubl|Ameerat-Quraysh|al-Tahirah}}
| known_for = [[Wives of Muhammad|First wife]] of [[Muhammad]]
| caption =
| other_names = Khadīja al-Kubra
| spouse = [[Muhammad|Muhammad ibn Abdullah]]
| children = '''''Sons'':'''{{bulleted list|[[Qasim ibn Muhammad|Qasim]]
|[[Abd Allah ibn Muhammad|Abdullah]]}}'''''Daughters'':'''{{bulleted list|[[Fatima bint Muhammad|Fatima]]
|[[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]]
|[[Ruqayya bint Muhammad|Ruqayya]]|
[[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]]}}
| father = [[Khuwaylid ibn Asad]]
| mother = Fatimah bint Za'idah
| relatives = '''''Grandsons'':'''{{bulleted list|[[Hasan ibn Ali]]|[[Husayn ibn Ali]]|[[Abd Allah ibn Uthman]]|[[Ali ibn Abi al-As]]}}
 '''''Granddaughters'':'''{{bulleted list|[[Umama bint Abi al-As]]||[[Zaynab bint Ali]]|[[Umm Kulthum bint Ali]]}}
 '''''Cousin'':'''{{ubl|[[Waraqah ibn Nawfal]]}}
| family = [[Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza|Banu Asad]] (by birth) [[Ahl al-Bayt]] (by marriage)
}}

'''Khadija bint Khuwaylid''' ({{langx|ar|خَدِيجَة بِنْت خُوَيْلِد|}}){{Efn|{{langx|ar|خَدِيجَة بِنْت خُوَيْلِد|translit=Khadīja bint Khuwaylid}}}} ({{circa|554}}{{Snd}}November 619) was the first [[Muhammad's wives|wife]] of [[Muhammad]]. Born into an aristocratic clan of the [[Quraysh]], she was an affluent merchant in her own right and was known to have a noble personality within her tribe. She employed Muhammad to manage a trade caravan to [[Syria]] and, impressed by his skills, subsequently offered him marriage, which he accepted.

The couple had two sons, [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|Qasim]] and [[Abd Allah ibn Muhammad|Abd Allah]], and four daughters, [[Zaynab bint Muhammad|Zaynab]], [[Ruqayya bint Muhammad|Ruqayya]], [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] and [[Fatima bint Muhammad|Fatima]]. In the aftermath of [[Muhammad's first revelation]], Khadija is credited to have been the [[Early Muslims|first convert to Islam]]. She continued to support her husband throughout her life and died in November 619 ([[Ramadan]] [[Before Hijra|BH]] 3); the year was reportedly termed the "[[Year of Sorrow]]" by Muhammad. Her remains are located at the [[Jannat al-Mu'alla|al-Mu'alla]] in Mecca and attract many Muslims for {{Transliteration|ar|[[ziyarat]]}}.

Honored by [[Muslim]]s as one of the "[[The Mother of Believers|Mother of the Believers]]", Khadija is considered as one of the four "ladies of heaven" alongside Fatima, [[Asiya]], the wife of the [[Pharaoh in Islam|Pharaoh]], and [[Mary in Islam|Mary]], mother of Jesus. According to [[Sunni Muslim]] tradition, Khadija had married thrice before Muhammad.[[File:Ancestors Khadija (AS).jpg|thumb|Ancestors of Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid]]

== Profession ==
Khadija's mother, Fatima bint Za'idah, who died in 575,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hendrix |first1=Scott E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__9KDwAAQBAJ&q=Fatima+bint+Za%27idah%2C+who+died+around+575&pg=PA452 |title=The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History |last2=Okeja |first2=Uchenna |date=2018 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781440841385 |page=452 |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> was a member of the Amir ibn Luayy clan of the Quraysh<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 2: Early Life |url=http://www.al-islam.org/khadija/5.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020504161810/http://www.al-islam.org/khadija/5.htm |archive-date=2002-05-04 |access-date=2009-09-09 |website=Al-Islam.org}}</ref> and a third cousin of Muhammad's mother, Amina.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haq |first=S.M. |title=Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, vol. 1. |page=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Women of Madina |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |page=9}}</ref>

Khadija's father, [[Khuwaylid ibn Asad]], was a merchant<ref name="Benedikt 2014">{{Cite book |last=Benedikt |first=Koehler |title=Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2014}}</ref> and leader. According to some accounts, he died {{Circa|585}} in the [[Fijar Wars|Sacrilegious War]], but according to others, he was still alive when Khadija married Muhammad in 595.<ref>{{cite book |last=Guillaume |title=The Life of Muhammad |publisher=Oxford |page=83}}</ref><ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 1. Translated by Haq, S. M. ''Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'', pp. 148–149. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.</ref> Khuwaylid also had a sister named Ume Habib binte Asad.<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 1. Translated by Haq, S. M. ''Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'', p. 54. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.</ref>

Khadija was a very successful merchant.<ref name="DOB">{{cite web |last=Cheema |first=Waqar Akbar |date=4 December 2017 |title=The Age of Khadija at the Time of her Marriage with the Prophet: Abstract |url=http://icraa.org/the-age-of-khadija-at-the-time-of-her-marriage-with-the-prophet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415013002/http://icraa.org/the-age-of-khadija-at-the-time-of-her-marriage-with-the-prophet/ |archive-date=15 April 2019 |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> It is said that when the Quraysh's trade caravan travellers gathered to embark upon their summer journey to [[Syria (region)|Syria]] or winter journey to [[Yemen]], Khadija's caravan equaled the caravans of all other traders of the Quraysh put together.<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina'', p. 10. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> Khadija was given many honorifics, including 'The Pious One', 'Princess of Quraysh' (''Ameerat-Quraysh''), and 'Khadija the Great' (''Khadija al-Kubra'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZbFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|last = van Gorder|first = A Christian|title = Islam, Peace and Social Justice: A Christian Perspective|date = 2014|location = Cambridge|page = 162|isbn = 978-0-227-17422-7|access-date = 2017-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202736/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EZbFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|archive-date = 2018-02-17|url-status = live}}</ref> It is said that she fed and clothed the poor, assisted her relatives financially, and provided marriage portions for poor relations.<ref name=":0" /> Khadija was said to have [[Hanif|neither believed in nor worshipped]] [[Taghut|idols]], which was atypical for [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n culture.<ref name="Yasin T. al-Jibouri">{{cite web|author=Yasin T. al-Jibouri|title=Khadijah, Daughter of Khuwaylid, Wife of Prophet Muhammad|date=20 January 2013 |url=https://www.al-islam.org/articles/khadijah-daughter-khuwaylid-wife-prophet-muhammad-yasin-t-al-jibouri|publisher=[[Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project]]|access-date=23 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042147/https://www.al-islam.org/articles/khadijah-daughter-khuwaylid-wife-prophet-muhammad-yasin-t-al-jibouri|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}} "One particular quality in Khadija was quite interesting, probably more so than any of her other qualities mentioned above: She believed in nor worshipped idols."</ref>

Khadija did not travel with her trade caravans; instead, she employed others to trade on her behalf for a commission. Khadija needed a co-worker for a transaction in Syria. She hired young [[Muhammad]], who was in his early twenties at that time, for the trade in Syria, sending word that she would pay to double her usual commission.<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 1. Translated by Haq, S. M. ''Ibn Sa'ad's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'', p. 145–146. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.</ref> With the permission of [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib ibn Muttalib]], his uncle, Muhammad was sent to Syria with one of Khadija's servants. This caravan experience earned Muhammad the honorifics of ''al-Sadiq'' ('the Truthful') and ''al-Amin'' ('the Trustworthy').

She sent one of her servants, Maysarah, to assist him. Upon returning, Maysarah gave accounts of the honourable way in which Muhammad had conducted his business, bringing back twice as much profit as Khadija had expected.<ref name="Guillaume">{{cite book|last=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1955|publisher=Oxford|page=83}}</ref>

== Differing views on previous marriages ==

=== Sunni version ===
Most Sunnis accept that Khadija married three times and had children from all her marriages. While the order of her marriages is debated, it is generally believed that she first married Atiq ibn 'A'idh ibn' Abdullah Al-Makhzumi, followed by Malik ibn Nabash ibn Zargari ibn at-Tamimi.<ref name="al-Tabari 1990">{{cite book|url=http://www.muslim-library.com/books/2019/05/en_Tabari_Volume_09.pdf|last=al-Tabari (trans. Ismail K Poona Walla)|title=Volume 9: The Last Years of the Prophet|year=1990|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-88706-691-7|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206172208/http://www.muslim-library.com/books/2019/05/en_Tabari_Volume_09.pdf|archive-date=2020-02-06|url-status=live}}</ref> To Atiq, Khadija bore a daughter named Hindah. This marriage left Khadija a widow.<ref name="trof">{{cite web |title=Khadija bint Khuwaylid |url=http://treeoffaith.com/#/khadijah-bint-khuwaylid/4537884462 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407055050/http://treeoffaith.com/#/khadijah-bint-khuwaylid/4537884462 |archive-date=2012-04-07 |website=Tree of Faith}}</ref> With Malik, she had two sons, who were named Hala and Hind.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Khadija |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/khadidja-SIM_4116 |last=Watt |first=Montgomery W. |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor=P. Bearman |display-editors=etal |date=2012 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626165132/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/khadidja-SIM_4116 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=live }} (First print edition: {{ISBN|9789004161214}}, 1960-2007).</ref> Malik also left Khadija a widow, dying before his business became a success.<ref name="womanislam">{{cite web |website=Islam's Women |url=http://www.islamswomen.com/articles/khadijah_bint_khuwaylid.php|title=Khadijah bint Khuwaylid |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318150741/http://islamswomen.com/articles/khadijah_bint_khuwaylid.php|archive-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> Khadija subsequently proposed to Muhammad. Her respect for him had taken a place in her heart.<ref name="Guillaume" />

=== Shia version ===
Ibn Shahrashub quoted from al-Sayyid al-Murtada in ''al-Shafi'' and al-Shaykh al-Tusi in ''al-Talkhis'', that Khadija was a virgin when she married Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Manaqib Al Abi Talib|last=Ibn Shahrashub|pages=Vol. 1, P. 159}}</ref> Considering the cultural and intellectual situation in Hijaz, and the high position and status Khadija al-Kubra enjoyed, among other people, it is improbable that she would have married men from Banu Tamim or Banu Makhzum tribes (the two 'low'; see the Sunni version above).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Sahih Min Sirat Al Nabi|last=Amili|pages=Vol. 2, P. 123}}</ref> Some believe the two children attributed to Khadija were the children of Hala, Khadija's sister. After the death of Hala's husband, Khadija took care of Hala and (after Hala's own death) Hala's children.<ref>{{Cite book| title=Al Sahih Min Sirat Al Nabi| last=Amili| pages=Vol. 2, P. 125}}</ref>

==Marriage to Muhammad==
[[File:Siyer-i Nebi - Muhammad und Chadidscha () führen die ersten rituelle Waschung -wudhu- durch.jpg|left|thumb|Islamic miniature depicting Muhammad and Khadija performing [[wudu]]]]
Khadija entrusted a friend named Nafisa to approach Muhammad and ask if he would consider marriage.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lings|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest iiiiSources|year=1983|publisher=Inner Traditions Internationalist|location=New York|page=83}}</ref> When Muhammad hesitated because he had no money to support a wife, Nafisa asked if he would consider marriage to a woman who had the means to provide for herself.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lings|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=1983|publisher=Inner Traditions Internationalist}}</ref> Muhammad agreed to meet with Khadija, and after this meeting they consulted their respective uncles. The uncles agreed to the marriage, and Muhammad's uncles accompanied him to make a formal proposal to Khadija.<ref name="Guillaume" /> It is disputed whether it was [[Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib]], Abu Talib, or both who accompanied Muhammad on this errand.<ref name="trof" /> Khadija's uncle accepted the proposal, and the marriage took place. At the time of the marriage, Muhammad was around 22 to 25 years old.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ibn Ishaq|author-link1=Ibn Ishaq|title=Mustadrak Al-Hakim|page=182|volume=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ibn Sa'd|author-link1=Ibn Sa'd|title=Tabaqat al-Kubra|language=ar|volume=8|quote=أخبرنا هشام بن محمد بن السائب عن أبيه عن أبي صالح عن ابن عباس قال:كانت خديجة يوم تزوجها رسول الله – صلى الله عليه وسلم – ابنة ثمان وعشرين سنة}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Abu ‘Abdullah Al-Hakim|author-link1=Al-Hakim Nishapuri|title=al-Mustadrak|language=ar|volume=3|quote=عن محمد بن إسحاق، أن أبا طالب وخديجة بنت خويلد هلكا في عام واحد، وذلك قبل مهاجر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إلى المدينة بثلاث سنين، ودفنت خديجة بالحجون، ونزل في قبرها رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، وكان لها يوم تزوجها ثمان وعشرون سنة}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Ibn Sa’d|title=Tabaqat al-Kubra|pages=Vol.8, 13}}</ref>
Khadija was 40 years old at that time according to some sources.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Sahih Min Sirat Al Nabi|last=Amili|pages=Vol. 2, P. 114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mustadrak Al Hakim|last=Ibn Ishaq|pages=3. p. 182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Tabaqat Al Kubra|last=Ibn Saad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Mustadarak|last=Abo Abdullah Al Hakim}}</ref> However, other sources claim that she was approximately 28 years old during the marriage.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Tabaqat Al Kubra|last=Ibn Saad|pages=Vol.8 page 13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=al-Mustadrak |last= Al-Hakim Abu‘Abdullah|pages= Vol.3, 200 No. 4837}}</ref> Muhammad's father and grandfather had died before Muhammad reached the age of maturity, leaving him without financial resources. With this proposal, Muhammad moved into Khadija's house.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Rahemtulla |first1=Shadaab |last2=Ababneh |first2=Sara |author-link2= |date=Fall 2021 |title=Reclaiming Khadija's and Muhammad's Marriage as an Islamic Paradigm: Toward a New History of the Muslim Present |journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=91–96|doi=10.2979/jfemistudreli.37.2.06 |s2cid=239073763 }}</ref>

===Children===
{{Main|Children of Muhammad}}

Muhammad and Khadija may have had six or eight children.<ref name="womanislam" /> Sources disagree about the number of children: [[Al-Tabari]] names eight; the earliest biography of Muhammad by [[Ibn Ishaq]], names seven children; most sources only identify six.<ref name="al-Tabari 1990" />

Their first son was [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|Qasim]], who died after his third birthday<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gw.geneanet.org/gilenob?lang=en&n=muhammad&oc=0&p=qasim+ibn|last=Barboza|first=Gileno|title=Qasim ibn Muhammad|website=Geneanet|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.kalamullah.com/Books/Noble%20Life%20of%20The%20Prophet.pdf|last=As-Sallaabee|first=Dr 'Ali Muhammad (trans. Faisal Shafeeq|title=The noble life of the Prophet|volume=1|date=2001|page=107|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325072916/http://kalamullah.com/Books/Noble%20Life%20of%20The%20Prophet.pdf|archive-date=2015-03-25|url-status=live}}</ref> (hence Muhammad's ''[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]'' Abu Qasim). Khadija then gave birth to their daughters Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Kulthum and Fatima; and lastly to their son [[Abd Allah ibn Muhammad|Abd Allah]]. Abd Allah was known as ''at-Tayyib'' ('the Good') and ''at-Tahir'' ('the Pure'). Abd-Allah also died in childhood.<ref name="womanislam" />

Two other children also lived in Khadija's household: [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the son of Muhammad's uncle; and [[Zayd ibn Harithah]], a boy from the [[Kalb]] tribe who had been kidnapped and sold into slavery. Zayd was a slave in Khadija's household for several years, until his father came to Mecca to take him home. Muhammad insisted that Zayd be given a choice about where he lived, and Zayd decided to remain.<ref name="trof" />

==Becoming the first follower of Muhammad==
According to the traditional Sunni narrative, when Muhammad reported his first revelation from the [[Angel]] [[Gabriel]] ([[Holy Spirit (Islam)|Jibril]]), Khadija was the [[Timing of Sahaba becoming Muslims|first person]] to accept Al-Haqq (The Truth), i.e. she accepted Islam.<ref name="Guillaume 111">{{cite book|last=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford|page=111}}</ref> After his experience in the cave of [[Cave of Hira|Hira]], Muhammad returned home to Khadija in a state of terror, pleading for her to cover him with a blanket. After calming down, he described the encounter to Khadija, who comforted him with the words that Allah would surely protect him from any danger and would never allow anyone to revile him as he was a man of peace and reconciliation and always extended the hand of friendship to all.<ref name="womanislam"/> According to some sources, it was Khadija's [[Christians|Christian]] cousin, [[Waraqah ibn Nawfal]], who confirmed Muhammad's [[prophethood]] soon afterwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/articles/khadijah-daughter-khuwaylid-wife-prophet-muhammad-yasin-t-al-jibouri|last=Al-Jibouri|first=Yasin T|title=Khadijah, Daughter of Khuwaylid, Wife of Prophet Muhammad|website=Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project|date=2020|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424182620/https://www.al-islam.org/articles/khadijah-daughter-khuwaylid-wife-prophet-muhammad-yasin-t-al-jibouri|archive-date=24 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Yahya ibn 'Afeef is quoted saying that he once came, during the period of ''[[Jahiliyyah]]'' (before the advent of Islam), to Makkah to be hosted by [['Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib]], one of Muhammad's uncles mentioned above. "'When the sun started rising', he said, 'I saw a man who came out of a place not far from us, faced the [[Kaaba]] and started performing his prayers. He hardly started before being joined by a young boy who stood on his right side, then by a woman who stood behind them. When he bowed down, the young boy and the woman bowed, and when he stood up straight, they, too, did likewise. When he prostrated, they, too, prostrated.' He expressed his amazement at that, saying to Abbas: 'This is quite strange, O Abbas!' 'Is it, really?' responded al-Abbas. 'Do you know who he is?' Abbas asked his guest, who answered in the negative. 'He is Muhammad ibn Abdullah, my nephew. Do you know who the young boy is?' he asked again. 'No, indeed', answered the guest. 'He is Ali, son of Abu Talib. Do you know who the woman is?' The answer came again in the negative, to which Abbas said, 'She is Khadija bint Khuwaylid, my nephew's wife.'" This incident is included in the books of both [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] and [[Tirmidhi|Al-Tirmidhi]], each detailing it in his own [[Hadith terminology#Ṣaḥīḥ|Ṣaḥīḥ]].

Khadija was supportive of Muhammad's prophetic mission, always helping in his work, proclaiming his message and belittling any opposition to his prophecies.<ref name="Guillaume 111"/> It was her encouragement that helped Muhammad believe in his mission and spread Islam.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abbott|first=Nabia|author-link=Nabia Abbott|title=Women and the State in Early Islam|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=1|issue=1|year=1942|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|pages=106–109|jstor=542352|doi=10.1086/370632|s2cid=162188874}}</ref> Khadija also invested her wealth in the mission. When the [[Polytheism|polytheists]] and aristocrats of the Quraysh harassed the Muslims, she used her money to ransom Muslim slaves and feed the Muslim community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/14.htm|title=The Economic and Social Boycott of the Banu Hashim|website=Al-Islam.org|access-date=2009-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109182031/http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/14.htm|archive-date=2010-01-09|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/15.htm|title=The Deaths of Khadija and Abu Talib|website=Al-Islam.org|access-date=2009-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109182113/http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/15.htm|archive-date=2010-01-09|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 616, the Quraysh declared a trade boycott against the Hashim Clan. They attacked, imprisoned and beat the Muslims, who sometimes went for days without food or drink.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford|page=143}}</ref> Khadija continued to maintain the community until the boycott was lifted in late 619 or early 620.<ref name="trof"/>

==Death==
[[File:Khadija tomb.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Khadija in [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]] in Makkah, before its destruction by [[Ibn Saud]] in the 1920s]]

Khadija died in [[Ramadan]] 10 years after Prophethood was revealed,<ref>{{Cite book|last=[[al-Tabari]]|url=https://archive.org/details/tabarivolume39/page/n191/mode/2up|title=History of Al-Tabari, Vol. 39|date=January 1998 |pages=161}}</ref> i.e., November 619 A.D. Muhammad later called this tenth year the "[[Year of Sorrow]]", as his favorite uncle and protector, Abu Talib, also died at this time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford|page=191}}</ref> Khadija is said to have been about 65 years old at the time of her death.<ref name="The Death">{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/khadija/15.htm|title=Chapter 12: The Death|website=Al-Islam.org|access-date=2009-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610084210/http://www.al-islam.org/khadija/15.htm|archive-date=2011-06-10|url-status=live}}</ref> She was buried in [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]] cemetery, in Makkah, [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="islamiat">Muhammad, Farkhanda Noor.[http://www.tomfolio.com/bookdetailssu.asp?b=81811&m=101 Islamiat for Students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315005805/http://www.tomfolio.com/bookdetailssu.asp?b=81811&m=101 |date=2009-03-15 }}. Revised Edition 2000: pp. 74–75.</ref>

Another report from Muhammad bin Ishaq says that "Abu Talib and Khadija bint Khuwaylid died in the same year. This was three years before the emigration of the Messenger of Allah (Muhammad) to Medina. Khadija was buried in al-Hajun. The Messenger of Allah buried her in her grave. She was 40 years old when the Messenger of Allah married her."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Al-Hakim|first=Abu ‘Abdullah|title=al-Mustadrak|pages=Vol.3, 200 No. 4837}}</ref>

In the years immediately following Khadija's death, Muhammad faced persecution from opponents of his message and also from some who originally followed him but had now turned back. Hostile tribes ridiculed and stoned him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Qasimi|first=Ja'Far|title=The Life, Traditions, and Sayings of the Prophet|year=1987|publisher=New York: Crossroad|pages=77–78}}</ref> Muhammad migrated to Yathrib, later named [[Medina]], after Khadija's death. Khadija is praised as being one of the four best women of the world, alongside her daughter Fatima, [[Mary in Islam|Mary]] the mother of [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]], and [[Asiya]] the wife of the [[Pharaoh in Islam|Fir'aun (Pharaoh)]].<ref name=":1" />

{{Shia Islam}}

==Children and relatives==

===Sons===
* [[Qasim ibn Muhammad]], died in 601, after his third birthday.
* [[Abd Allah ibn Muhammad]], died in childhood in 615

===Daughters===
* [[Fatima]] (605–632), although it is sometimes asserted that she was born during the first year of Muhammad's mission (610–611). She had the by-name 'The mother of her father', as she took over, caring for her father and being a support to her father once her mother died.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shariati|first=Ali|title=Ali Shariati's Fatima Is Fatima|year=1981|publisher=Shariati Foundation|location=Tehran, Iran}}</ref> She married Ali, who became the fourth caliph in 656. (According to early debate after the death of Muhammad, some would argue that Ali would be the proper succession to Muhammad).<ref>{{cite book|last=Madelung|first=Wilferd|title=The Succession to Muhammad|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=52–53}}</ref> Ali and Fatima moved to a small village in Ghoba after the marriage, but later moved back to Medina to live next door to Muhammad.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shariati|first=Ali|title=Ali Shariati's Fatima is Fatima|year=1981|publisher=Shariati Foundation|location=Tehran, Iran|page=148}}</ref> Muhammad gently advised Ali not to take additional wives, because 'What caused pain to his daughter grieved him as well.'<ref name="wiebke108">{{cite book|last=Walther|first=Wiebke|title=Women in Islam|year=1993|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing Princeton & New York|page=108}}</ref> Fatima died six months after her father died. All of Muhammad's surviving descendants are by Fatima's children, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]].<ref name="wiebke108" />
* [[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]] (599–629). She married her maternal cousin [[Abu al-As]] before [[Islamic New Year|al-Hijra]].<ref name="womanislam"/> Later lived with Muhammad. Her husband accepted Islam before her death in 629.
* [[Ruqayya bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]] (601–624). She then married the future third [[caliph]], [[Uthman]].<ref name="womanislam"/>
* [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] (603–630). She was first engaged to [[Utaybah bin Abi Lahab]] but it was broken off after Muhammad revealed his prophethood. After the death of her sister Ruqayyah, she married Uthman. She was childless.

====Sunni view====
The [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholar [[Yusuf ibn abd al-Barr]] says: "[[Children of Muhammad|His children]] born of Khadīja are four daughters; there is no difference of opinion about that."<ref name="Isti'ab_Yusuf">{{cite book |title=Al-Istī'āb fī Ma'rifat al-Aşĥāb Yusuf ibn Abd al-Barr (The Comprehensive Compilation of the Names of the Prophet's Companions) |volume=1 |page=50 |language=ar}}</ref>

The [[Quran]] (33:59)<ref>{{cite quran|33|59|s=nosup}}</ref> says: {{blockquote|"O Prophet! Say to ''azwājika'' ({{langx|ar|أَزْوَاجِكَ}}, your wives) and ''banātika'' ({{langx|ar|بَنَاتِكَ}}, your daughters) and the ''nisāʾil-muʾminīn'' ({{langx|ar|نِسَاءِ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِيْن}}, women of the believers) ..."}}

====Shia view====
According to some [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite]] sources, Khadija and Muhammad adopted two daughters of Halah, a sister of Khadija.<ref name="Al-Tijani">[[Muhammad al-Tijani|Al-Tijani]] in his [[The Shi'ah are (the real) Ahl al-Sunnah (book)|The Shi'ah are (the real) Ahl al-Sunnah]] on Al-Islam.org [http://www.rafed.net/books/other-lang/the-shia/18.html note 274] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504064909/http://www.rafed.net/books/other-lang/the-shia/18.html |date=2006-05-04 }}</ref> The Shi'i scholar Abu'l-Qasim al-Kufi writes:

{{blockquote|When the Messenger of Allah married Khadija, then some time thereafter Halah died leaving two daughters, one named Zaynab and the other named Ruqayyah and both of them were brought up by Muhammad and Khadija and they maintained them, and it was the custom before Islam that a child was assigned to whoever brought him up.<ref>al-Istighathah, p. 69.</ref>}}

# Hind bint Atiq. She married her paternal cousin, Sayfi ibn Umayya, and they had one son, Muhammad ibn Sayfi.<ref name="Saad, 1995 p. 9">Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina'' p. 9. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref><ref>Tabari, ''Tarik al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). ''Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors'' vol. 39 p. 161. New York: SUNY Press.</ref>
# Zaynab bint Abi Hala, who probably died in infancy.<ref name="Guillaume 792">{{cite book|last=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford|page=792}}</ref>
The adopted daughters attributed to Muhammad, by Shia sources, are:
# [[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zaynab]] (599–629). She married her maternal cousin [[Abu al-Aas ibn al-Rabee]] before [[Islamic New Year|al-Hijra]].<ref name="womanislam"/> Later lived with Muhammad. Her husband accepted Islam before her death in 629
# [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]] (601–624). She married the future third [[caliph]] [[Uthman ibn Affan]].<ref name="womanislam"/>
# [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] (603–630). She was first engaged to [[Utaybah bin Abu Lahab]] and then, after the death of her sister Ruqayyah, to Uthman ibn Affan. She was childless.<ref name="womanislam"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Buhl|title=UmmKulthum|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/umm-kulthum-SIM_7719|access-date=2012-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/umm-kulthum-SIM_7719|archive-date=2014-05-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cousins===
* [[Ibn Umm Maktum]]
* [[Waraqah ibn Nawfal]] was the son of Nawfal b. Asad b. ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā b. Ḳuṣayy and Hind bt. Abī Kat̲h̲īr. Waraqah had been proposed to marry Khadija bint Khuwaylid, but the marriage never took place. Waraqah is noteworthy because he converted from polytheism to Christianity before [[Muhammad]]'s revelation.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=C. F.|title=Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition|date=2012|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004161214|url=http://fulla.augustana.edu:2177/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/waraka-b-nawfal-SIM_7863?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Waraka|access-date=25 April 2017|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311041005/https://proxy.augustana.edu/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Faustincollege.worldcat.org%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fwaraka-b-nawfal-SIM_7863%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2%26s.q%3DWaraka|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ibn Ishaq]] claims that Waraqah is also important because he plays a role in legitimizing [[Muhammad]]'s revelation.

It is stated that Waraqah said, "There has come to him the greatest law that came to Moses; surely he is the prophet of this people."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ishaq|first1=Ibn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Karachi; New York|isbn=0196360331|edition=Reprint}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|Biography}}
* [[Asiya]]
* [[Muhammad's wives]]
* [[Sumayyah bint Khayyat]]

==Her important descendants==
{{Quraysh tree}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

{{Wives of Muhammad}}
{{Honoured women in Islam}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khuwaylid, Khadija Bint}}
[[Category:Khadija bint Khuwaylid| ]]
[[Category:555 births]]
[[Category:619 deaths]]
[[Category:Wives of Muhammad]]
[[Category:6th-century women]]
[[Category:7th-century merchants]]
[[Category:Banu Asad (Quraysh)]]
[[Category:Medieval businesswomen]]
[[Category:Asian businesspeople]]
[[Category:People from Mecca]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:6th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Muslim female saints]]
[[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Mu'alla]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab women]]

Million Dollar Listing India

2026-03-19T23:06:45Z

Rsingh: done - done

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Million_Dollar_Listing_India.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Reality
| based_on = ''[[Million Dollar Listing]]'' (U.S. franchise)
| developer = Banijay / Endemol Shine India
| starring = Ankush Sayal Hem Batra Navdeep Khanuja Karuna Gidwani Deepti Malik Prajesh Bhatia
| country = India
| language = Hindi / English
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 27
| executive_producer = Endemol Shine India (Banijay Asia)
| company = Endemol Shine India
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|10|25}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''Million Dollar Listing India''' is an Indian [[reality television]] series and the [[Second International|second international]] adaptation of the Emmy-nominated ''[[Million Dollar Listing]]'' franchise.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sony LIV to present the Indian adaptation of US reality television series 'Million Dollar Listing' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sony-liv-to-present-the-indian-adaptation-of-us-reality-television-series-million-dollar-listing-101726573514305.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-18 |title='Million Dollar Listing India': A sneak peek at the realtors who will shape the market |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/million-dollar-listing-india-real-estate-moguls-dc85224a |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> Produced by Endemol Shine India ([[Banijay Asia]]), the series premiered on [[SonyLIV]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Million Dollar Listing India OTT release: Where to watch this reality show |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/million-dollar-listing-india-ott-release-where-to-watch-this-reality-show-on-the-countrys-real-estate-scene/articleshow/122660350.html |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=7 must-watch OTT films releasing this week |url=https://www.india.com/webstories/entertainment/7-must-watch-ott-films-releasing-this-week-7350386/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref> on 25 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-09-17 |title='Million Dollar Listing: India' to Launch on SonyLIV (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/million-dollar-listing-india-sonyliv-1236145855/ |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Million Dollar Listing India: Know premiere date, time and streaming platform |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/million-dollar-listing-india-know-premiere-date-time-and-streaming-platform-article-12844997.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Million Dollar Listing India' makers announce six realtors |url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/million-dollar-listing-india-makers-announce-six-realtors |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=www.easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en}}</ref> It follows six luxury [[real estate]] agents working in India's high-end property market.<ref name="NBCU">{{cite web |title=Million Dollar Listing India to launch on SonyLIV |url=https://www.nbcuniformats.com/news/13041/million-dollar-listing-india-to-launch-on-sonyliv |website=NBCUniversal Formats |date=22 October 2024 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/all-you-need-to-know-about-sonyliv-s-million-dollar-listing-india/ar-AA1sIt7f |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=Million Dollar...: Sony LIV's next BIG show after 'Shark Tank' and 'Masterchef' - Details |url=https://www.etnownews.com/entertainment/million-dollar-sony-livs-next-big-show-after-shark-tank-and-masterchef-details-article-113432099 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Format ==
The show is based on the American ''[[Million Dollar Listing]]'' format, which chronicles real estate agents negotiating high-stakes property deals.<ref name="Banijay">{{cite web |title=Million Dollar Listing India |url=https://banijayasia.com/Shows/million-dollar-listing-india/ |website=Banijay Asia |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref> The Indian version highlights luxury properties in cities such as Delhi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=indiatribune |date=2024-09-17 |title='Million Dollar Listing: India' to explore real estate ecosystem of New Delhi in first episode |url=https://indiatribune.com/public/million-dollar-listing-india-to-explore-real-estate-ecosystem-of-new-delhi-in-first-episode |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=India Tribune - Chicago - |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title='Million Dollar Listing: India' to explore real estate ecosystem of New Delhi in first episode - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/million-dollar-listing-india-to-explore-real-estate-ecosystem-of-new-delhi-in-first-episode/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref> Gurgaon, and Mumbai, while portraying the personal and professional lives of the agents.<ref name="LifestyleAsia">{{cite web |title=Sony LIV's Million Dollar Listing India: Release date, cast, and more |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/streaming/million-dollar-listing-india-on-sony-liv-release-date-cast-reality-show-real-estate/ |website=Lifestyle Asia India |date=24 October 2024 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref>

== Production ==
The series was produced by Endemol Shine India in association with Banijay Asia. SonyLIV acquired the digital streaming rights, releasing the show as an original series in October 2024.<ref name="LifestyleAsia" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Million Dollar Listing India on SonyLIV: When to watch, 6 realtors' details, format and more |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/million-dollar-listing-india-on-sonyliv-when-to-watch-who-are-6-realtors-shows-format-and-more-you-must-know/articleshow/122662103.html |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref>

== Realtors==
The first season features six real estate agents.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-18 |title=Million Dollar Listing: Meet the six charismatic realtors all set to make million-dollar deals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/million-dollar-listing-meet-the-top-realtors-behind-indias-luxurious-real-estate-deals/articleshow/114349524.cms |access-date=2025-09-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/realestate/realtor-cast-unveiled-for-sony-livs-million-dollar-listing-india/ar-AA1su6qH?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittock |first=Jesse |date=2024-10-18 |title=Realtor Cast Unveiled For Sony LIV's 'Million Dollar Listing India' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/million-dollar-listing-india-sony-liv-cast-revealed-1236118586/ |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-10-18 |title=Realtor cast unveiled for Sony LIV's upcoming series Million Dollar Listing India |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Oct/18/realtor-cast-unveiled-for-sony-livs-upcoming-series-million-dollar-listing-india |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=What to watch on OTT this weekend: Do Patti, The Legend of Hanuman Season 5, The Miranda Brothers and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/what-to-watch-on-ott-this-weekend-do-patti-the-legend-of-hanuman-season-5-the-miranda-brothers-and-more-9638015/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=G. Q. |date=2024-10-25 |title=New OTT releases to watch this weekend (25th October – 27th October): 19 new movies and shows that released on Amazon Prime Video, SonyLIV, ZEE5 and more |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/new-ott-releases-watch-weekend-25th-october-27th-october-19-new-movies-shows-released-amazon-prime-video-sonyliv-zee5 |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref> The second season features the return of real estate agents Hem Batra and Ankuch Sayal from Season 1, and Joined by new real estate agents Indu Dahiya, Kajal Bhalla and Ashima Aggarwal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newsdesk |first=M. I. |date=2025-09-04 |title=Bigger Deals Bolder Dreams Million Dollar Listing India Returns For Season 2 On Sony LIV |url=https://www.mediainfoline.com/uncategorized/bigger-deals-bolder-dreams-million-dollar-listing-india-returns-for-season-2-on-sony-liv |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=Media Infoline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-04 |title=Million Dollar Listing India returns for season 2, streaming exclusively on Sony LIV |url=https://mediabrief.com/million-dollar-listing-india-returns-for-season-2/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref> Season 2 also features guest appearances by [[Uorfi Javed]] and Shalini Passi, who collaborate with the realtors during the season.<ref name="IANS">{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-09-11 |title=Shalini Passi: For me, a home should be as thoughtfully curated as an art installation |url=https://ianslive.in/shalini-passi-for-me-a-home-should-be-as-thoughtfully-curated-as-an-art-installation--20250911105133 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shalini Passi: For me, a home should be as thoughtfully curated as an art installation |url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/showbiz/shalini-passi-for-me-a-home-should-be-as-thoughtfully-curated-as-an-art-installation |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=www.thehawk.in |language=en}}</ref>

===Realtor timeline===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:60%"
|-
! scope=col rowspan=2 style=width:18% | Realtor
! scope=col colspan=2 | Seasons
|-
! scope=col style=width:5% | 1
! scope=col style=width:5% | 2
|-
| Ankush Sayal
| {{Aye}}
| {{Aye}}
|-
| Hem Batra
| {{Aye}}
| {{Aye}}
|-
| Navdeep Khanuja
| {{Aye}}
|
|-
| Karuna Gidwani
| {{Aye}}
|
|-
| Deepti Malik
| {{Aye}}
|
|-
| Prajesh Bhatia
| {{Aye}}
|
|-
| Inddu Dahiya
|
| {{Aye}}
|-
| Kajal Bhalla
|
| {{Aye}}
|-
| Ashima Aggarwal
|
| {{Aye}}
|}

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 (2024) ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|+ Season 1 episodes of ''Million Dollar Listing India''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Million Dollar Listing India |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/million-dollar-listing-india-1700001536 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Sony LIV |language=en}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | No.
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:20%;" | Original air date
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| "Junoon Ka Dhanda"
| 25 October 2024
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| "From Bare Shell to Value Creation"
| 1 November 2024
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| "Limited Edition Properties"
| 8 November 2024
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| "Dream Homes"
| 15 November 2024
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| "Potential Buyers and Sellers"
| 22 November 2024
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| "Exclusive Deals for Exclusive Clients"
| 29 November 2024
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| "Bringing a Project to the Table"
| 6 December 2024
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| "From Staging to Finalising"
| 13 December 2024
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| "On the Lookout for Exclusive Properties"
| 20 December 2024
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| "Cracking a Million Dollar Deal"
| 27 December 2024
|-
! scope="row" | 11
| "Right Place, Right Time, Right Location"
| 3 January 2025
|-
! scope="row" | 12
| "Striking Deals and Making Strategies"
| 10 January 2025
|}

=== Season 2 (2025) ===
A second season will be released on 22 September 2025 on SonyLIV.<ref name="IANS"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=News Bigger deals. Bolder dreams. Million Dollar ... |url=https://www.nbcuniformats.com/news/13052/bigger-deals-bolder-dreams-million-dollar-listing-india-returns-for-season-2-on-sony-liv |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=www.nbcuniformats.com}}</ref> Returning cast members include Hem Batra and Ankuch Sayal.<ref name="IANS"/>

The second season of ''Million Dollar Listing India'' premiered on Sony LIV had 15 episodes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/million-dollar-listing-india/season/2 |title=Million Dollar Listing India Season 2 – episodes list |publisher=SonyLIV |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Season 2 (2025)'''
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | No.
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" | Duration
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" | Release date
|-
| 1
| ''Wheels, Deals & High-Rise Dreams''
| 30 min
| 22 September 2025
|-
| 2
| ''Deal Or No Deal''
| 28 min
| 23 September 2025
|-
| 3
| ''Size Does Matter''
| 31 min
| 24 September 2025
|-
| 4
| ''Location. Location. Location.''
| 31 min
| 29 September 2025
|-
| 5
| ''Deals And Distractions''
| 31 min
| 30 September 2025
|-
| 6
| ''Demands, Deals And Drama''
| 30 min
| 1 October 2025
|-
| 7
| ''Vastu Or Not, The Listing Is Hot''
| 31 min
| 6 October 2025
|-
| 8
| ''Everything That Can Go Wrong''
| 31 min
| 7 October 2025
|-
| 9
| ''More Commissions, More Problems''
| 32 min
| 8 October 2025
|-
|10
|''Open House Open Drama''
|30 min
|13 October 2025
|-
|11
|''Surprise Birthdays & Surprise Alliances''
|30 min
|14 October 2025
|-
|12
|''Appreciation Vs Desperation''
|28 min
|15 October 2025
|-
|13
|''Vaastu Check, Price Uncheck''
|29 min
|20 October 2025
|-
|14
|''Closing Deals & Chaos''
|28 min
|21 October 2025
|-
|15
|''Wheels, Deals & Bigger Dreams''
|36 min
|22 October 2025
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt33272367/ ''Million Dollar Listing India''] at IMDb
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/million-dollar-listing-india-1700001536 ''Million Dollar Listing India''] at Sony LIV

[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in India]]

Hasan Mohammed Jinnah

2026-03-04T18:59:29Z

Rsingh: Creating A Details

{{Short description|State public prosecutor of Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Promotional|date=July 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}}}
'''Hasan Mohamed Jinnah''' (born 1977) is an Indian lawyer, human rights activist, and author.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Solutions for a progressive prison system in India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2024/Feb/14/solutions-for-a-progressive-prison-system-in-india |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AI-powered courts can rewrite future of judiciary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2023/nov/03/ai-powered-courts-can-rewrite-future-of-judiciary-2629474.html |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=The New Indian Express|date=2 November 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Qatar Death Row and India's Options |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-qatar-death-row-and-indias-options/article67532143.ece |newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 November 2023 |last1=Jinnah |first1=Hasan Mohammed }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/78-not-out-how-indias-constitution-keeps-us-steady |title=78 not out: How India's Constitution keeps us steady |date=23 August 2024 }}</ref> He currently holds the position of Tamil Nadu State Public Prosecutor since 2021 <ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-04 |title=Hasan Mohamed Jinnah appointed as State Public Prosecutor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hasan-mohamed-jinnah-appointedas-state-public-prosecutor/article34731045.ece |access-date=2023-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinakaran.com/asanmuhammadjinnah-senioradvocate-appointed-directorcrimedepartment-government-of-tamil-nadu/#google_vignette |title=தமிழ்நாடு அரசின் குற்றவியல்துறை இயக்குநராக மூத்த வழக்கறிஞர் அசன் முகமது ஜின்னா நியமனம் |date=23 July 2024 }}</ref> He is a criminal lawyer in South India<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2021-06-06 |title=தமிழக அரசின் தலைமை குற்றவியல் வக்கீலாக அசன் முகமது ஜின்னா நியமனம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/district/2021/06/06003137/2707555/Tamil-News-Hasan-Mohamed-Jinnah-has-been-appointed.vpf |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> and has served as a regional advisor to [[UNESCO Center for Peace|UNESCO CENTRE]].

Jinnah practiced law at [[Madras High Court]] after graduating from Tamil Nadu [[Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University|Dr. Ambedkar Law University]]. He often takes up [[Public interest law|public interest litigation]]. Jinnah has frequently placed gender issues on the radar of human rights violations.<ref>{{Citation |title=Video {{!}} On the election trail: HM Jinnah to contest from Thousand Lights |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/on-the-election-trail-hm-jinnah-to-contest-from-thousand-lights-195794 |access-date=2023-11-09}}</ref> The Sarika Shah case was an important moment in his career. It involved an incident of eve-teasing at [[Ethiraj College for Women|Ethiraj College]] and set a precedent for the Tamil Nadu Protection of [[Eve teasing|Eve Teasing]] Act in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murugan & Others v. State Through Inspector Of Police, F2 Police Station Egmore, Chennai-8, Madras High Court, Judgment, Law, casemine.com |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56ea7b0c607dba36e9456bd0 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.casemine.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Hasan Mohamed Jinnah was born in [[Tiruvarur district|Atthikadai, Thiruvarur district]] in 1977. He completed his schooling in [[Thiruvarur]] and [[Nagapattinam]]. In 1999, he received his law degree from [[Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University]] and also completed his post-graduation in law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/who-is-tn-government-criminal-lawyers-head-hassan-mohmed-jinnah |website=Vikatan|date=11 June 2021 }}</ref>

Jinnah is known for his public interest legal lawsuits that for the youth's cause. He filed a Public Interest Litigation in the same year he started his professional career as a lawyer, demanding the reinstallation of the [[Kannagi statue]] at the same location from which it was dethroned, at the [[Marina Beach|Marina beach]], Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Re-Installation Of Kannagi Statue |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/who-is-tn-government-criminal-lawyers-head-hassan-mohmed-jinnah |website=Vikatan|date=11 June 2021 }}</ref> He successfully persuaded the Madras High Court to issue an interim order to place the statue in safe custody at the Government Museum in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanagi Statue Reinstallation |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/who-is-tn-government-criminal-lawyers-head-hassan-mohmed-jinnah |website=Vikatan|date=11 June 2021 }}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early legal practice ===
Hasan Mohammed Jinnah enrolled as an advocate in June 1999. He began his practice under his father, who was serving as Public Prosecutor and Government Pleader. At the age of 21, he appeared in several criminal cases, including murder trials, on behalf of the police prosecution. In 2000, he began practicing independently at the Madras High Court.

In 2001, he filed a Public Interest Litigation before the Madras High Court seeking the reinstallation of the Kannagi statue at Marina Beach.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopinath |first=By E. R. |date=2019-07-23 |title=Letter from Chennai: Tussle over Kannagi statue rages in TN |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/letter-from-chennai-tussle-over-kannagi-statue-rages-in-tn-1.433076 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref> The statue was put in the custody of the Government Museum and later reinstalled at the beach in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=2018-03-12 |title=From Kannagi to Col Neil: A brief history of Chennai's statue conflicts |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/kannagi-col-neil-brief-history-chennais-statute-conflicts-77871 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

=== Public appointment ===
From 2006 to 2009, Jinnah served as Government Advocate (Criminal Side) in the Madras High Court. In 2009, he was appointed as Additional Public Prosecutor. He also served as Standing Counsel for the [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] (CMDA) and the Tamil Nadu Waqf Board. In the CMDA matters, he worked alongside senior law officers, including the then Additional Advocate General.

In 2004, he participated in the American Council of Young Political Leaders delegation to the United States. During the visit, he met with then U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell and discussed India's candidature for permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council.

He later served as a member of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] and was part of the regional board that reviewed the film Vishwaroopam. The certification process was conducted by a panel comprising members from multiple communities, as per the standard procedures of the board.

=== Tenure as State Public Prosecutor ===
In 2021, Jinnah was appointed as the State Public Prosecutor of Tamil Nadu. In this role, he introduced a system to communicate court orders from the High Court and Supreme Court to relevant authorities, and monitored compliance with judicial directions. He cleared backlogged files and implemented a process for issuing legal opinions within a one-week timeframe. Infrastructure upgrades were made to the offices in Chennai and Madurai during his tenure.

He advocated for maintaining cooperative engagement between the police and prosecutors, and for recognizing occupational stress experienced by law enforcement personnel. He also opposed the use of legal mechanisms for personal retaliation through improper FIRs and supported procedural integrity in criminal prosecutions.

In 2024, he held additional charge as Director of Prosecution in charge. During this period, pending promotion panels were finalized, vacant posts were addressed, and administrative delays in the Directorate were reduced.

=== Legal reforms ===
During his tenure as State Public Prosecutor, Hasan Mohammed Jinnah contributed to structural and procedural legal reforms. He proposed the separation of investigation and prosecution functions within the police force to enhance institutional clarity. He was involved in drafting the Tamil Nadu Model Prison Rules, 2024, aimed at standardizing prison administration practices. In 2024, he submitted a draft policy before the Madras High Court for the inclusion of transgender and gender-diverse persons in state welfare, education, and public employment, which the court acknowledged and directed the government to finalise within three months. In relation to the safety of female athletes, Jinnah submitted interim guidelines to the Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court, which appreciated the state's intention to introduce legislation for protecting women in sports.<ref name=":2" /> The Court recorded appreciation of both the Chief Secretary and Jinnah, and posted the matter for further orders.

In the Kaniyamoor arson case, Jinnah informed the Madras High Court that the investigation was progressing systematically, with 56 arrests and digital evidence being analysed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Probe in Kaniyamoor arson case moving fast in right direction: TN govt. tells HC |url=https://theprint.in/india/probe-in-kaniyamoor-arson-case-moving-fast-in-right-direction-tn-govt-tells-hc/1106383/}}</ref> He also submitted status reports from the CB-CID and School Education Department. In 2023, he issued a recommendation suggesting that FIRs under Section 498A IPC include only the husband's name unless others were specifically implicated. He advised that public prosecutors treat police personnel with dignity and professionalism, citing concerns about disrespectful conduct. Circulars were issued to ensure humane treatment, emphasising that flaws in investigation should not result in mistreatment. In 2025, he reiterated that prosecutors should avoid summoning police unnecessarily and instead use electronic communication or video conferencing.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Treat police personnel with utmost dignity, T.N. State Public Prosecutor tells government advocates, prosecutors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/treat-police-personnel-with-utmost-dignity-tn-state-public-prosecutor-tells-government-advocates-prosecutors/article67528017.ece}}</ref> He also suggested appointing designated officers in district units to handle digital case documentation and interaction.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Police Use Digital Devices to Ease the Case External Complications |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/1371678-state-public-prosecutor-hasan-mohammed-jinnah-lays-down-guidelines-to-ease-police-workload.html}}</ref>

In 2025, Jinnah appeared before the Madras High Court in connection with the Karur Velusamypuram stampede incident during actor-politician Vijay’s roadshow.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Madras HC tears Into actor Vijay over Karur stampede negligence |title= 'Vanished': Madras HC tears into actor Vijay over Karur stampede negligence|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2025/10/03/vanished-madras-hc-tears-into-actor-vijay-over-karur-stampede-negligence.html}}</ref> Representing the State government, he informed the Court that an FIR had been registered and five individuals, including senior party officials, were named and arrested. He stated that investigations were progressing and that the government was not shielding any party members. <ref>{{Cite news |title= Madras HC constitutes SIT to probe Karur stampede, says Vijay 'vanished'; slams 'leadership of poor quality'|date=3 October 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Oct/03/madras-hc-constitutes-sit-on-karur-stampede-says-vijay-vanished-slams-leadership-of-poor-quality}}</ref>

== Notable cases ==

* Kannagi Statue PIL (2001): Filed a Public Interest Litigation in the Madras High Court seeking reinstallation of the Kannagi statue on Marina Beach after it was removed by the state government.<ref name=":1" />
* Qatari Death Row Case (2010): Provided legal assistance in drafting petitions and representation concerning Indian nationals facing death sentences in Qatar.<ref name=":0" />
* Eve-Teasing PIL (1999): Filed a PIL advocating for stricter legal response to eve-teasing, referencing the Sarika Shah case. The initiative contributed to the enactment of specific state laws against harassment.
* Property Subletting Regulation: Raised concerns on unauthorized subletting, prompting FIR registration orders and a public awareness campaign led by the DGP.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unauthorised subletting of properties in T.N. will be registered as criminal cases: DGP at Madras High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/unauthorised-subletting-of-properties-in-tn-will-be-registered-as-criminal-cases-dgp-at-madras-high-court/article69478024.ece}}</ref>
* Transgender Policy Draft (2024): As State Public Prosecutor, submitted a draft policy to the Madras High Court for the inclusion of transgender and gender-diverse individuals in education, employment, and welfare schemes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Madras High Court grants three months' time to Tamil Nadu govt. to finalize a policy for transgender community |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-grants-three-months-time-to-tamil-nadu-govt-to-finalise-a-policy-for-transgender-community/article68274056.ece}}</ref>
* Sexual Harassment Guidelines in Sports (2025): Represented the government in a case concerning athlete safety. The court acknowledged his role in presenting interim guidelines to prevent harassment of women athletes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Madras High Court Lauds TN Govt For Trying To Bring Law To Protect Female Athletes In Sports Contests |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/madras-hc-lauds-tn-govt-for-trying-to-bring-law-to-protect-female-students-in-sports-contests-enn25072106584}}</ref>
* FIR Reform in Dowry Cases (2023): Wrote to the DGP of Tamil Nadu, suggesting that only the husband's name be included in FIRs under Section 498A, unless there is direct evidence against relatives.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dowry cases: Ask cops not to name kin in FIR, Tamil Nadu DGP told |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Aug/06/dowry-cases-ask-cops-not-to-name-kin-in-fir-tamil-nadu-dgp-told-2602467.html}}</ref>
* Shivashankar Baba Case (2022): Argued for the recall of a quashing order in a child sexual abuse case. The court reinstated the FIR following his submissions on procedural lapses and lack of victim representation.
* POCSO & Minor Rape Cases (2023–2025): Represented the State in high-profile child sexual abuse cases, including one where the death penalty was reduced to life imprisonment by the Madras High Court.
* Karur Stampede Case (2025): Appeared before the Madras High Court representing the State government following the death of 41 persons during a political roadshow, and confirmed arrests in connection with the case. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Karur Stampede Case 2025: TVK leaders abandoned their Victims |title= Karur stampede: Madras High Court constitutes SIT, condemns TVK leaders for 'abandoning' victims|work= The Hindu|date= 3 October 2025|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karur-stampede-madras-high-court-constitutes-sit-condemns-tvk-leaders-for-abandoning-victims/article70120915.ece}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jinnah, Hasan Mohammed}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvarur]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2023}}
[[Category:Indian prosecutors]]

Dhurala

2026-03-04T09:36:33Z

Rsingh: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhurala
| image = Dhurala poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sameer Vidwans]]
| producer = Anish Jog
| writer = [[Kshitij Patwardhan]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ankush Chaudhari]]
*[[Alka Kubal]]
*[[Sai Tamhankar]]
*[[Siddhartha Jadhav]]
*[[Sonalee Kulkarni]]
}}
| music = [[AV Prafullachandra]]
| cinematography = Akash Agarwal
| editing = Faisal Mahadik
| studio = {{plainlist|
*[[Zee Studios]]
*Pratisaad Production
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|1|3}}
| runtime = 169 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR convert|8.7|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-22 |title=Dhurala Box Office Collection {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Worldwide - Sacnilk |url=https://www.sacnilk.com/news/Dhurala_2020_Box_Office_Collection_Day_Wise_Worldwide |access-date= |website=www.sacnilk.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
}}

'''''Dhurala''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[political drama]] film directed by [[Sameer Vidwans]]. It stars an ensemble cast including starring [[Ankush Chaudhari]], [[Alka Kubal]], [[Sai Tamhankar]], [[Siddhartha Jadhav]], [[Sonalee Kulkarni]], [[Amey Wagh]], [[Umesh Kamat]] and [[Prasad Oak]]. The film is and written by [[Kshitij Patwardhan]] and revolves around the story of [[gram panchayat]] elections in a small village in [[Maharashtra]].

== Plot ==
Ambegaon is a small village in Maharashtra and the [[sarpanch]] Nivrutti "Anna" Ubhe, of the gram panchayat, dies while the new elections are approaching. His eldest son Navnath "Dada" Ubhe runs their family business and considers himself as heir apparent for the sarpanch position and decides to run in the elections. Opposition leader, Harish Gadhwe, is furious over his last loss; but now thinks he has good chance of winning since Dada is new to politics. But the battle gets a new turn when [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Prithviraj Shinde convinces Jyoti Tai Ubhe to also run in the elections as women empowerment is necessary at grassroot. Jyoti Tai is step-mother of Dada and their relationship has not been very cordial. Dada also inducts his wife Harshada in his newly formed party to give a female face to his team. Hanumantha, the second son of Anna, has a cement business. But his wife Monica sees the power-play going on in the family and persuades Hanumantha also to fight in the elections. The drama continues as the fight for the position intensifies and also disturbs their familial bond.

== Cast ==
* [[Ankush Chaudhari]] as Navnath "Dada" Ubhe, eldest son of Anna Ubhe
* [[Alka Kubal]] as Jyoti Tai Ubhe (Akka), second wife of Anna Ubhe
* [[Siddhartha Jadhav]] as Hanumantha Ubhe, second son of Anna Ubhe
* [[Amey Wagh]] as Nilesh Ubhe, youngest son of Anna Ubhe
* [[Sai Tamhankar]] as Harshada Ubhe, wife of Dada
* [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] as Monica Ubhe, wife of Hanumantha
* [[Umesh Kamat]] as Atul
* [[Prasad Oak]] as Harish Gadhwe
* Sunil Tawde as Baharmal Kaka
* [[Sulekha Talwalkar]] as Sunaina Babar
* [[Uday Sabnis]] as Prithviraj Shinde (Bhaiyyasaheb)
* [[Dnyanada Ramtirthkar]] as Divya Babar
* Prajakta Hanamghar as Lata Harish Gadhwe
* [[Priyadarshan Jadhav]] as PR person in Gadhwe team

== Production ==
The film is directed by Sameer Vidwans based on the story written by [[Kshitij Patwardhan]]. They both have earlier collaborated for films: ''[[Time Please]]'' (2013), ''[[Double Seat]]'' (2015), ''[[YZ (film)|YZ]]'' (2016) and ''Mala Kahich Problem Nahi'' (2017). In 2013, the storyline was adapted as a play by Vidwans and Patwardhan and was presented under the title ''Saglech Ubhe Aahet''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://maharashtratimes.com/drama/-/articleshow/19137428.cms | title=सावळ्या गोंधळात ‘सगळे उभे!’ | publisher=Maharashtra Times |language=Marathi | date=23 March 2013 | accessdate=30 September 2022 | author=Pawar, Jayant}}</ref> However, due to poor script writing and a low response from the audience, the play did not do well. The script was then re-written and presented in the film.<ref name="Lokmat">{{cite web | url=https://www.lokmat.com/reviews/marathi-cinema/dhurala-film-review-kasanaakasanaalaa-utakanthaa-vaadhavanaaraa-dhauralaa/ | title=Dhurala Film Review: क्षणाक्षणाला उत्कंठा वाढवणारा धुरळा | publisher=Lokmat |language=Marathi | date=4 January 2020 | accessdate=30 September 2022 | author=Parchure, Ajay}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:42
| all_music = [[AV Prafullachandra]]
| title1 = Naad Kara
| extra1 = [[Adarsh Shinde]], Anand Shinde
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 2:53
| title2 = Rada Dhurala
| extra2 = Adarsh Shinde, Manish Rajgire, Rupali Moghe
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 4:07
| title3 = Jalmachi Vaari
| extra3 = Manish Rajgire, Sahil Kulkarni
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 3:28
| title4 = Baari Baari
| extra4 = Urmila Dhangar
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 3:10
| title5 = Kaakana Kinkin
| extra5 = Aanandi Joshi
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 4:04
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
In their review, ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' compared the films with older Marathi films based on politics like ''[[Sinhasan]]'' (1979), ''[[Vazir (film)|Vazir]]'' (1994), ''[[Sarkarnama]]'' (1998), ''Saubhagyavati Sarpanch'' (1999) and ''Sattadhish'' (2000) and appreciated the modernization of politics shown in the film while still keeping the major core same to the old one. The review by Madhura Nerurkar highlights the notable work done in story writing, dialogues, and Tamhankar's portrayal of her lead role.<ref name="MaTa">{{cite web | url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/moviereview/73086491.cms | title=सिनेरिव्ह्यू - धुरळा | publisher=Maharashtra Times | date=3 January 2020 | accessdate=30 September 2022 | author=Nerurkar, Madhura |language=Marathi}}</ref> ''[[Lokmat]]'' compared the film with its play version released in 2013 and noted the tremendous improvement in storyline and scriptwriting.<ref name="Lokmat"/>

At the [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]], 2021, the film won seven awards from 16 nominations. Chaudhari won the award in Best Actor category and Tamhankar won award in Best Actress category. She shared the award with [[Neha Pendse]] for the film ''[[June (2021 film)|June]]''. The Best Supporting Actor award was presented to Jadhav and Best Supporting Actress award to Kulkarni. She shared the award with [[Geetanjali Kulkarni]] for the film ''Karkhanisanchi Waari''. [[Adarsh Shinde]] won the award for Best Playback Singer (Male) and AV Prafullachandra received it for Best Background Score. The award for Best Dialogues was shared by Irawati Karnik for ''[[Jhimma]]'' and Kshitij Patwardhan for ''Dhurala''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/6th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2021-complete-winners-list/articleshow/90561300.cms | title=6th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2021: Complete winners’ list | newspaper=Times of India | date=1 April 2022 | accessdate=16 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 6th edition of Filmfare Awards Marathi 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-6th-edition-of-filmfare-awards-marathi-2021_-52905-1.html |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=Filmfare |date=28 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards Marathi 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-filmfare-awards-marathi-2021_-52948-1.html |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=Filmfare |date=31 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The film also received three awards at Ma Ta Sanman ceremony, organized by ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' in March 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/impressions-of-dithi-dhurala/articleshow/90435312.cms | title='दिठी', 'धुरळा'ची छाप | publisher=Maharashtra Times | date=25 March 2022 | accessdate=2 November 2022}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Awards !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="16" | 2021 || rowspan="16" | [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]] || Best Film || ''Dhurala'' || {{nom}} ||
|-
| Best Director || Sameer Vidhwans|| {{nom}} ||
|-
| Best Actor || [[Ankush Chaudhari]] || {{won}} ||
|-
| Best Actress || Sai Tamhankar || {{won}} || Shared with [[Neha Pendse]] (film ''[[June (2021 film)|June]]'')
|-
| Best Supporting Actor || [[Siddhartha Jadhav]] || {{won}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Supporting Actress || [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] || {{won}} || Shared with [[Geetanjali Kulkarni]] (film ''[[Karkhanisanchi Waari]]'')
|-
| [[Alka Kubal]] || {{nom}} ||
|-
| Best Music Album || AV Prafullachandra || {{nom}} ||
|-
| Best Playback Singer (Male) || [[Adarsh Shinde]] || {{won}} || For the song "Rada Dhurala"
|-
| Best Background Score || AV Prafullachandra || {{won}} ||
|-
| Best Story || [[Kshitij Patwardhan]] || {{nom}} ||
|-
| Best Dialogues || Kshitij Patwardhan || {{won}} || Shared with Irawati Karnik (film ''[[Jhimma]]'')
|-
| Best Production Design || Nilesh Wagh || {{nom}} ||
|-
| Best Cinematography || Akash Agarwal || {{nom}} ||
|-
| Best Editing || Faisal Imran || {{nom}} ||
|-
| Best Sound Design || Avinash Sonawane || {{nom}} ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2022 || rowspan="6" | [[Maharashtra Times|Ma Ta Sanmaan]] || Best Film || ''Dhurala'' || {{won}} || Shared with film ''[[Dithee]]''
|-
| Best Actor || Ankush Chaudhari || {{won}} || Shared with [[Kishor Kadam]] (film ''[[Dithee]]'')
|-
| Best Supporting Actor || Siddhartha Jadhav || {{won}} ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=11318044}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sameer Vidwans]]
[[Category:Films scored by AV Prafullachandra]]

Maa (1991 film)

2026-03-03T23:38:06Z

Rsingh: new - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maa
| image = Maa 1991 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ajay Kashyap]]
| producer = [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
| writer = [[Shyam Goel]]
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Jaya Prada]]
| music = [[Anu Malik]]
| cinematography = K.V. Ramanna
| editing = Fruitee Glaadmaa
| studio = Shatketan Associates
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|12|13}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Maa''''' ({{translation|Mother}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[horror drama film]], produced by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] under the Shatketan Associates banner and directed by [[Ajay Kashyap]]. It stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Jaya Prada]] in the pivotal roles and music composed by [[Anu Malik]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539804 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001233648/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539804 | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 October 2012 | title=Maa Movie Overview | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref>.The movie was remade in [[Odia language|Odia]] language as Matru Shakti (2003) starring Sidhanth Mohapatra.

==Plot==
Ram Khanna is a wealthy industrialist with a trusting soul. Unknown to him, his elder brother Murli Manohar and his sister-in-law Maya are after his money. Their greed gets the better of them and they make an astrologer lie to him that a woman whose name starts with letter "M" will enter his life. As luck would have it, Ram spots a dancer named Mamta and is instantly smitten by her. What Ram doesn't know is that Mamta is the daughter of Heerabai, a prostitute. Ram learns Mamta's truth but is also convinced that Mamta's roots do not make her a bad person. Ram decides to marry Mamta, much to the chagrin of Murli and Maya. Ram weds Mamta and brings her home, where she slowly realizes the true nature of Murli and Maya, upon which Mamta takes control of Ram's life to thwart the duo. Later, Mamta gives birth to a baby boy, which makes the villains even more desperate.

One day, Ram gives Mamta a suitcase full of cash before leaving the town. Taking advantage of the situation, Murli and Maya hire a goon named Gullu Goli to kill Mamta. Gullu sees that Mamta and her son Munna are alone in the home. He tricks her out of the house and traps her. After brutally killing Mamta, Gullu hides her body in a secret location and steals the money. However, Mamta's ghost comes back, bent on revenge. Mamta soon finds out that Murli and Maya have taken control back in their hands. Everybody believes that Mamta fled with the money, abandoning her son and husband. Ram is unable to believe that Mamta could do this and drowns his sorrow in alcohol. Mamta is disheartened to see that Munna is the one who is suffering most. Only Dobby, the pet dog, is able to see Mamta, who is powerless. Despite being powerless, Mamta tries to do what she can.

One day Gullu Goli comes to Mamta's house. Mamta knows the true nature of Murli and Maya. Gullu Goli creates the idea that they must kill Munna by soaking him in the sun. While Mamta sends Dobby to save Munna, Dobby breaks out of an iron gate that he was caged in and saves Munna. Mamta tells Dobby the truth of Murli and Maya's evil idea. Dobby then goes to attack Murli and Maya. One day Murli tells Ram to go to Puna with Mona, Ram agrees and goes with Mona. Murli plans to kill Munna by starving him for 12 hours. Mamta's ghost wants to touch him, but she is unable. As Munna cries from hunger, Mamta goes to Mandir, where she is blessed with the power to touch everything and then saves Munna. Murli and Maya realize that Mamta's ghost is here. With the help of a ''Kaapalik'' (black magic practitioner), they trap Mamta. Happy that they are finally about to get what they sought out to get, the villains unwittingly spill all the beans in front of Ram and Mona. Now, it is revealed that Mona is actually an undercover cop brought to investigate the case. Mona explains that Mamta's sudden disappearance was found suspicious, which is why Mona went undercover and forged the friendship with the villains. It is also explained that Mona had already explained this to Ram, who was playing along. An enraged Ram attacks Murli, but the villains take him, Mona and Munna as prisoners. Ram is forced to sign over his property to Murli and Maya or Munna will be killed.

Here, Mamta is helplessly watching the drama, unable to escape the trap set by the Kapalik. She makes the Kapalik realize what he is doing. The Kapalik sets her free and grants her the power to avenge the wrongs. Here, the villains are about to kill Ram, Mona, and Munna, when Mamta appears and stops them. Realizing what has happened, the goons try to flee, but Mamta takes her revenge. Ram, who is still unable to see her, tries to talk to her. The Kapalik arrives on the scene and gives Ram the ability to see Mamta. Ram is happy to see her if only for one last time. He proclaims his love for her. Mamta too tells him that she knows everything and tells him to take care of Munna. With her purpose achieved, Mamta's soul is finally set free and she vanishes.

==Cast==
* [[Jeetendra]] as Ram Khanna
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Mamta Khanna
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Maya Khanna
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Murli Manohar Khanna
* [[Kader Khan]] as CBI Officer Ravikant
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Gullu Goli
* [[Birbal]] as Hotel Manager
* [[Viju Khote]] as the Cook
* [[Guddi Maruti]] as Julie
* [[Ishrat Ali]] as Sajan
* [[Sushma Seth]] as Heerabai
* [[Sahila Chadha]] as Mona
*[[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as Temple Priest
* [[B. M. Vyas]] as Shaktimaan Baba
* Dobby as Dog<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the most heroic dogs of Bollywood |url=https://flashbackbollywood.in/2022/10/07/most-heroic-dogs-of-bollywood/#:~:text=Moti%20in%20Sachaa%20Jhutha%20(1970,for%20her%20missing%20brother%2C%20Bhola. |website=Flashback Bollywood |language=en |date=7 October 2022}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Anu Malik]], The lyrics were written by [[Dev Kohli]], Ikram Rajasthani, Rani Malik, [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]. Most popular song in album "Aaine Ke Sau Tukde" sang by [[Kumar Sanu]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
! Song !! Singer
|-
|1.
| "Aaine Ke Sau Tukde"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
|2.
| "Chanda Ne Di Chandni"
| Kumar Sanu, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
|3.
| "Barsaat Mein Jab Aayega"
| [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
|-
|4.
| "Maa Hi Mandir Maa Hi Pooja"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
|5.
| "Anjan Ki Seeti"
| [[Anu Malik]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0246766}}

[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990s horror drama films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Indian horror drama films]]
[[Category:Films about dogs]]
[[Category:Films about pets]]

Premikulu

2026-03-03T21:56:42Z

Rsingh: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Premikulu
| image = Premikulu poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[B. Jaya (director)|B. Jaya]]
| writer = B. Jaya Ganesh Ravuri Veligonda Srinivas (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = BA Raju
| starring = Yuvaraj [[Kamna Jethmalani]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Vijaya Sri
| editing =
| music = Sajan
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|8|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Premikulu''''' ({{Translation|Lovers}}) is a 2005 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by [[B. Jaya (director)|B. Jaya]] and starring Yuvaraj and [[Kamna Jethmalani]].

==Plot==
Chandu and Vennela fall in love against their parents' wishes, so they jump from the top of a building. They both lose their memory of each other. How they reunite forms the rest of the plot.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*Yuvaraj as Chandu
*[[Kamna Jethmalani]] as Vennela
*Rishi Girish
*[[Rajiv Kanakala]]
*Abhinaya Krishna
* Phani
* Manu
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]
*[[Ahuti Prasad]] as Chandu's father
*Rambabu
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*[[Chittajalu Lakshmipati|Lakshmipati]]
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]]
*Sai Suresh
*TP Gopal
*Viswanath Reddy
*Suribabu
*[[Sudhakar (Telugu actor)|Sudhakar]]
*[[Rajyalakshmi]]
*[[Suma Kanakala]]
*Sheela Singh
*[[Abhinayashree]] (item number)
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
The film is produced by magazine editor BA Raju, who also produced the films ''[[Premalo Pavani Kalyan]]'' (2002) and ''[[Chantigadu]]'' (2003; also directed by Jaya).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audiocd-premikulu.html|title=Audio CD release - Premikulu|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=1 June 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-jaya.html|title=Chitchat with Jaya|date=2 August 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The film began production in January of 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-superhit3.html|title=Muhurat: Superhit Friends Production No3|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=19 January 2005}}</ref> Newcomer Yuvaraj, a Telugu guy from Mumbai, and [[Kamna Jethmalani]] made their debut with this film.<ref name=:0>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-premikulu.html|title=Pressmeet: Premikulu (But they dont know each other)|date=2 March 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet1-premikulu.html|title=Pressmeet: Premikulu (But they dont know each other)|date=16 March 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Kamna Jethmalani was cast in the film after director Jaya convinced Jethmalani's parents to let her star in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150519/entertainment-sandalwood/article/kamna-jethmalani-kathak-mode|title=Kamna Jethmalani in Kathak mode|first=Shashiprasad|last=SM|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=20 March 2015}}</ref> The music is composed by Raveendran's son, Sajan.<ref name=:0/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Sajan Madhav. The audio rights were bagged by [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-premikulu.html|title=Audio release - Premikulu|date=27 March 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
{{empty section|date=April 2023}}

==Reception==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "On a whole, ''Premikulu'' - made with a novel point - does not live it up".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-premikulu.html|title=Movie review - Premikulu|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|date=4 August 2005}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "Despite choosing a plot with some potential (lovers failing to identify themselves due to amnesia), she [Jaya] is unable to hold an audience with interesting narration, relying on clichéd comedy instead".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/09pre.htm|title=Premikulu: Unusual, unsatisfying|first=B.|last=Anuradha|date=9 August 2005|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "Eminently worth a miss, and if it's the songs you want to watch it for, there are always the cassettes and CDs".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/premikulu/telugu/premikulu-movie-reviews-229-2.html|title=Premikulu Review|last=Pulla|first=Priyanka|work=Full Hyderabad}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2005 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Lucia (film)

2026-03-03T21:28:02Z

Rsingh: page

{{for|the 1968 Cuban film|Lucía}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lucia
| image = Lucia kannada film poster1.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]
| producer = Audience films Home Talkies
| writer = Pawan Kumar
| starring = [[Sathish Ninasam]] [[Sruthi Hariharan]] [[Achyuth Kumar]]
| music = Poornachandra Tejaswi Monish Kumar M. K. [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| cinematography = [[Siddhartha Nuni]]
| studio = Audience films
| distributor = Home Talkies
| editing = Sanath–Suresh Pawan Kumar
| released = {{Film date|2013|07|20|[[London Film Festival]]|2013|9|6|India|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INRConvert|50|l}}<ref name="th1" />
| gross = {{INRConvert|3.06|c}} <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/actor-director-rakshit-shetty-feels-the-challenge-ahead-is-to-keep-the-audience-occupied/articleshow/52684042.cms|title=Actor-director Rakshit Shetty feels the challenge ahead is to keep the audience occupied|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Shekhar|first1=Divya}}</ref>
}}

'''''Lucia''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[psychological thriller]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written, co-edited and directed by [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Crowd-funding show gains pace with Kannada movie Lucia, over 100 people invest through Facebook & blog |url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-13/news/38511296_1_kannada-film-industry-lifeu-ishtene-first-kannada-movie |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130416053143/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-13/news/38511296_1_kannada-film-industry-lifeu-ishtene-first-kannada-movie |url-status= dead |archive-date= 16 April 2013 |newspaper= The Economic Times |date= 13 April 2013}}</ref> It stars [[Sathish Ninasam]] in a [[double role]] as Nikki and Nikhil.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130629025952/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-12/news-and-interviews/35049155_1_double-role-kannada-flick Sruthi gets busy – The Times of India]</ref>

The plot revolves around Nikki, an usher in theatre who has [[insomnia]]. After consuming a special pill, he gets entangled in a different kind of a dream.

''Lucia'' was the first Kannada film to be [[crowdfunded]] by the people. The soundtrack was composed by Poornachandra Tejaswi and cinematography was handled by [[Siddhartha Nuni]]. It was premiered at the [[London Indian Film Festival]] on 20 July 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title= Lucia to premiere at LIFF |url= http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Lucia-to-premiere-at-LIFF/2013/07/02/article1662455.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055131/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Lucia-to-premiere-at-LIFF/2013/07/02/article1662455.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 21 September 2013 |newspaper= The Indian Express |date= 2 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Indian Film Festival 2013 – London |url= http://www.britishsouthindians.co.uk/indian-film-festival-2013-london/ |publisher= britishsouthindians |access-date= 5 July 2013 |archive-date= 6 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134554/http://www.britishsouthindians.co.uk/indian-film-festival-2013-london/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> It won the Best Film Audience Choice award at the festival.<ref>{{cite news |title= Crowd-funded 'Lucia' wins smash hit 4th edition of LIFF |url= http://www.londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/cgi-bin/template.pl?t=npd&ID=130 |publisher= London Indian Film Festival |access-date= 15 August 2013 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130815032638/http://www.londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/cgi-bin/template.pl?t=npd&ID=130 |archive-date= 15 August 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> It was also among the films shortlisted by the FFI to become India's submission for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for the year 2013.

The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]'' in 2015. The movie was credited for inspiring a new wave in the Kannada film industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/kannada-features/best-kannada-movies-thriller-on-amazon-prime-video-youtube-zee5-mx-player-dr-rajkumar-lucia-accident-kavaludaari|title = Best Kannada Thrillers from Different Eras Now Available on OTT|date = 24 September 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=January 2022}}
There are two main roles, one that is played out in the dream, and the other one, in reality, called respectively Nikhil and Nikki.<ref name=fiction>{{cite news|title=Stranger than fiction|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/stranger-than-fiction/article5149845.ece|accessdate=4 November 2013|newspaper=TheHindu|date=20 September 2013}}</ref> The plot starts with the protagonist being in a state of coma and continuing only on life support. The film, from the beginning, tells two stories of the same person, one in colour and the other in black and white.<ref name=sarit>{{cite news|title=Sarit Ray's review: Lucia|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Sarit-Ray-s-review-Lucia/Article1-1119075.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911025915/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Sarit-Ray-s-review-Lucia/Article1-1119075.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2013|accessdate=4 November 2013|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|date=8 September 2013}}</ref>

Sanjay, a detective from the Mumbai police Crime Branch starts investigating the incident that caused the protagonist's ([[Sathish Ninasam]]) current state. While Sanjay is going through the protagonist's belongings he stumbles upon some scribbled notes and a mysterious pill. Meanwhile, the police capture two suspects and interrogate them.

The story starts with Nikki in a village near Mandya, working as an usher/"torch-shiner" in a Bengaluru movie theatre owned by Shankranna (Achyuth Kumar). Nikki has insomnia and yearns for a companion. On one of his sleepless nights, Nikki is contacted by a drug dealer who gives him Lucia pills as a solution to his sleeping problems. This drug is said to have the capacity to help one dream the life they want but has the side-effect that upon discontinuation the same dreams turn into nightmares.

With the help of the Lucia pills, Nikki starts seeing himself as being a successful actor called Nikhil surrounded by people he knows in the real world. Film actor Nikhil's life is depicted in black-and-white. Shankranna, the owner of the theater where Nikki works, had starred in a film in his youth funded by the leader of some goons who now want Shankranna to sign off his theatre for his debt. More events from the dream are followed by similar events in reality as Nikki falls in love with Shwetha ([[Sruthi Hariharan]]) who is a model in the dream and a waitress in reality.

In the dream, Nikhil and Shwetha hit it off easily at the beginning but later friction arises when Nikhil expresses his discontent about Shwetha working in the film industry. Meanwhile, in reality, Nikki struggles to win Shwetha's heart, who rejects him first due to his low salary but later falls for his humble character. Shwetha's attempts to get Nikki educated and lead him to find a better paying job turns out to be futile and also result in the death of Shankranna in the hands of goons. Frustrated, Nikki chooses to leave Shwetha and continue to work in the theatre, despite the threats. Nikki redecorates the theatre and releases Shankranna's film to the audience. He later reconciles with Shwetha, who agrees to marry him.

In the dream, Shankranna is kidnapped, and Nikhil rescues him with the help of the police. In the process, all of the goons are either arrested or killed except for the contract killer. Nikhil feels Shankranna is not safe with him and decides to fire him. Nikhil breaks up with Shwetha and sends off all his servants so as to be alone. Later, a visibly disturbed Nikhil finds himself in a trashed room. Nikhil gets hold of a torch and through its light sees his life as a "torch-shiner" projected on the walls of the room.

Shwetha is now distraught with being in the limelight and understands what Nikhil had tried to tell her. Nikhil, the actor, meets Shwetha and tells her that he cannot decide if the present moment is a dream or reality but he is ultimately happy. Asking Shwetha to close her eyes, Nikhil jumps off the roof to the confusion of everyone present, including the contract killer waiting to kill him.

At present, Sanjay with the help of the suspects performs a sting operation on the drug dealer and learns more about the Lucia pills. Meanwhile, Shwetha is caught in an attempt to kill Nikhil by pulling him off life support. During her interrogation, the whole investigating team along with Shwetha watches a re-run of an interview of the film star Nikhil. In the interview, Nikhil expresses his dissatisfaction of the stardom and reveals that he is actually color blind from an accident in his childhood. He tells the interviewer that he dreams of being a normal person and in fact, in one of his dreams he is a "torch-shiner" who gets no attention from people and is happily in love with the dream of his life. It also revealed that Nikhil and Nikki both had insomnia and both consumed the Lucia pill.

Sanjay is now convinced that Nikhil is living in his own version of reality and chose to live in that dream rather than in the real world by attempting suicide. Sanjay gets Shwetha to act and behave like she was in Nikhil's dream, and acts himself as if he was a contract killer and shoots the comatose Nikhil in the head with an empty gun. Simultaneously, Nikhil, aware and alive in his dream world finds everything disappearing around him and is killed by a shot to the head. Nikhi wakes up from his coma to see the astonished doctors and Shwetha's relieved face. Thus, revealing that the character Nikki was an illusion whereas Nikhil was reality.

At the end, we can see Nikhil, Swetha and Shankaranna (who was dead in Nikhil's dream) enjoying pizza (Swetha worked as pizza waitress in Nikhil's dream) while they operate the projector of an old theater. Thus revealing that it was film star Nikhil's dream to be a commoner like Nikki, and he achieved it through Lucid dreams.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sathish Ninasam]] in a [[double role]] as
** Nikki
** Nikhil
* [[Sruthi Hariharan]] as Shwetha
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Shankranna
* Balaji Manohar as a drug dealer
* Hardika Shetty as Kamini
* Bharath
* Satish Kumar
* Sanjay as Sanjay (Mumbai police)
*[[Rishab Shetty]] as a police inspector
* Krishna as Deepak (Crime branch officer)
* Aaryan Achukatla as Aryan (second lead/model)
* [[Poornachandra Mysore]] as a drug peddler
* Ram Manjjonaath as a lawyer
*[[Prashanth Siddi]] as a suspect
* Pia
* [[Gaurish Akki]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2014/jul/18/ಅಕ್ಕಿ-ಕೈಗೆ-ಲಾಂಗು!-230739.html|title=ಅಕ್ಕಿ ಕೈಗೆ ಲಾಂಗು!|website=Kannadaprabha}}</ref>
{{Colend}}

==Production==
In December 2011 [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]] announced on the Web that his next project, after the success of his directorial debut film ''[[Lifeu Ishtene]]'', was going to be ''Lucia''. For the next two months, he met quite a few producers and top actors and found it difficult to fund his film. That led Pawan Kumar to write a post titled Making Enemies on his blog. Three days after it was published, the response was so overwhelming that he decided to pitch the idea of inviting people to produce the film and Pawan Kumar initiated Project Lucia. Aditya Vikram Thoomati was crucial in making the bandwagon work. Fellow writer to Pawan, a newbie to Kannada cinema, Sai Prasad did his writing expertise through it.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://postnoon.com/2013/05/26/swimming-against-thetide/127211 |title=Swimming Against TheTide : Postnoon |access-date=5 July 2013 |archive-date=7 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607214604/http://postnoon.com/2013/05/26/swimming-against-thetide/127211 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://pawantheactor.com/?page_id=1653 Project Lucia | Pawan Kumar]</ref> Lucia is notable for its use of [[crowdfunding]]. It was funded by 110 investors who contributed to the project through a [[Facebook]] page and a blog run by director-actor Pawan Kumar. It was the first [[Kannada]] movie to bypass the traditional film financing model.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130926111303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-03/mangalore/40350594_1_crowd-funding-pawan-kumar-yogaraj Gen Y filmmakers home in on crowdfunding]</ref> The director initially offered the lead role to model turned actor [[Diganth]] but he was later replaced by [[Sathish Ninasam]], who has played supporting roles in many Kannada films.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120525120724/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satish-replaces-diganth-in-kannada-film-lucia/259597-71-205.html Satish replaces Diganth in Kannada film 'Lucia']</ref> ''Lucia'' was made at a budget of {{INRConvert|50|l}}.<ref name="th1">{{cite news |author= Khajane, Muralidhara |title= Lucia goes to Pakistan |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/lucia-goes-to-pakistan/article7118095.ece |work= The Hindu |publisher= thehindu.com |date= 19 April 2015 |accessdate= 19 April 2015}}</ref> Kannada language television channel [[Udaya TV]] bought the satellite rights of the film for {{INRConvert|0.95|c}}.<ref>[http://dearcinema.com/news/kannada-indie-lucia-grosses-56-lakhs-opening-weekend/0258 Kannada indie Lucia collects 56 lakhs in its opening weekend | DearCinema.com]</ref> Actor Sathish Ninasam along with the music director Poornachandra Tejaswi visited colleges in Davangere to promote ''Lucia''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083458/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-14/news-interviews/42061593_1_first-crowd-funded-movie-movie-lucia-shruti-hariharan Satish promotes Lucia in Davangere – The Times of India]</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Lucia
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Poornachandra Tejaswi (composer)|Poornachandra Tejaswi]]
| cover = Lucia audio.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|2013|06|10|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2012–13
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=27|s=40}}
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = Valerie
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music for the film and soundtracks were composed by debutant Poornachandra Tejaswi, and background score composed by Poornachandra Tejaswi, Monish Kumar M.K. and [[Santhosh Narayanan]]. The lyrics were penned by Poornachandra Tejaswi, [[Yogaraj Bhat]] and Raghu Shastri.<ref>{{cite web |title= Lucia (2013) songs |url= http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/lucia-K0001922 |website= raaga.com |accessdate= 21 August 2014}}</ref> The album has seven tracks.<ref>{{cite web |title= Lucia (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url= https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/lucia-original-motion-picture/id657759898 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141002193024/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/lucia-original-motion-picture/id657759898 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2 October 2014 |publisher= iTunes |date= 10 June 2013|accessdate= 20 August 2014}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:40
| title1 = Thinbedakami 1
| extra1 = Poornachandra Tejaswi, Arun M. C., Bappi Blossom
| music1 = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| lyrics1 = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Nee Thoreda Galigeyali
| extra2 = Udith Haritas, [[Ananya Bhat]]
| music2 = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| lyrics2 = Raghu Shastri
| length2 = 4:19
| title3 = Jamma Jamma
| extra3 = [[Naveen Sajju]]
| music3 = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| lyrics3 = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| length3 = 4:13
| title4 = Yako Barlilla
| extra4 = Naveen Sajju
| music4 = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| lyrics4 = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| length4 = 4:13
| title5 = Helu Shiva
| extra5 = Naveen Sajju, [[Yogaraj Bhat]], Rakshith Nagarle
| music5 = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| lyrics5 = Yogaraj Bhat
| length5 = 4:01
| title6 = Jamma Jamma Patho
| extra6 = Naveen Sajju
| music6 = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| lyrics6 = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| length6 = 3:03
| title7 = Thinbedakami 2
| extra7 = [[Sangeetha Rajeev]], Nithin Acharya, Sparsha R. K.
| music7 = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| lyrics7 = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| length7 = 3:56
}}

==Release==
The trailer of Lucia was released in February 2013, with the film releasing on 6 September 2013.<ref>[https://archive.today/20131015221927/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-08/news-interviews/36992090_1_kannada-film-industry-lucia-gadda-vijay Lucia trailer released – The Times of India]</ref> PVR released the film on 6 September 2013 under their "Director’s Rare" category all over India. It was released across [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Kochi]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Surat]], and [[Delhi]] with English subtitles.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-kannada-film-lucia-to-have-a-nationwide-release/20130826.htm Kannada film Lucia to have a nationwide release - Rediff.com Movies]</ref> ''Lucia'' was also set to be released in [[Pakistan]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005111039/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pawan-kumars-kannada-film-lucia-to-be-released-in-pakistan/426154-71-205.html Pawan Kumar's Kannada film 'Lucia' to be released in Pakistan - IBNLive]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005121536/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-02/news-interviews/42614864_1_london-indian-film-festival-sathish-neenasam-lucia Lucia to be released in Pakistan? - The Times of India]</ref>

==Critical reception==
{{Music ratings

| rev1 =[[Times of India]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/movie-reviews/Lucia/movie-review/22398095.cms Lucia movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India]</ref>
| rev2 =Wogma
| rev2Score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref>[http://wogma.com/movie/lucia-review/ Lucia – Review]</ref>
| rev3 =[[Deccan Herald]]
| rev3Score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/355771/it039s-all-mind.html It's all in the mind]</ref>
||}}
The critics praised the film.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Anurag-Kashyap-tweets-about-Lucia/articleshow/22413053.cms Anurag Kashyap tweets about Lucia – The Times of India]</ref> Anurag Kashyap tweeted "My birthday gift to myself would be lucia...".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/ankash1009/status/377270748362326016 |title=Twitter / Ankash1009: My birthday gift to myself |accessdate=2013-09-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060803/https://twitter.com/ankash1009/status/377270748362326016 |archivedate=21 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Actor [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] was "blown away" after watching the movie. He immediately called the director Pawan Kumar and praised him. ''Lucia'' was also in the race for India's official entry to the Oscars.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130920031432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-16/news-interviews/42113195_1_oscar-entry-kannada-films-star Kannada films for the Oscars? - The Times of India]</ref>

The movie received positive reviews from critics. Well-known critic Baradwaj Rangan remarked, "An entertaining new Kannada film pushes the envelope even as it pays homage to the old way of doing things".<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/stranger-than-fiction/article5208712.ece Stranger than fiction ]</ref> Bookmyshow website said it is a landmark film for Indian cinema.<ref>[http://in.bookmyshow.com/entertainment/lucia-film-review/25845 Lucia: Film Review]</ref> Tribune praised the film story.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/609642/movie-review-lucia-a-pill-worth-a-debate/ Movie review: Lucia – a pill worth a debate – The Express Tribune]</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] writing for [[The Hindu]] stated that ''Lucia'' is a new type of Kannada film calling it "An entertaining new Kannada film pushes the envelope even as it pays homage to the old way of doing things".<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/stranger-than-fiction/article5149845.ece Stranger than fiction – The Hindu]</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-shift-in-alt-cinema/1180512/ A Shift in Alt Cinema – Indian Express]</ref>

==Box office==
''Lucia'' earned {{INRConvert|0.95|c}} in satellite rights and {{INRConvert|3.06|c}} in ticket sales through its entire run in cinemas, far surpassing its production budget of around {{INRConvert|0.50|c}}. ''Lucia'' was also released by PVR Pictures in some cinemas outside Karnataka, fetching around {{INRConvert|8|l}} from 13 screens in the first three days.

==Influences and cultural references==
Director [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]] admitted to have taken influence from [[Christopher Nolan]] and [[David Lynch]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chasing new frontiers|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/chasing-new-frontiers/article5121242.ece|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The dream and real sequences being shot in [[Black and white|monochrome]] and in color to differentiate between the two stories, like the [[Memento (film)|Memento]] and [[Open Your Eyes (1997 film)|Open Your Eyes]] to alternate between two plot-lines. The movie's relation with dream and reality and the interrelation between the two. There is also a scene where Nolan's movie [[Following (film)|Following]] is seen playing on a TV screen. [[Requiem for a Dream]] is also seen playing on a TV in the same scene which is also an influence as the movie deals with addiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imdb.com/title/tt2358592/trivia|title = Lucia (2013) - IMDb|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref> Apart from the cinematic influences, the theme of dream and illusion is also shown as an influence of the poem Nee Mayeyolago by [[Kanaka Dasa]] which is quoted at the beginning of the movie. The poem is also partially contained in the lyrics of the song Nee Toreda Galigeyali in the soundtrack.

==Awards==
; [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] 2013
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] — [[Poornachandra Tejaswi (composer)|Poornachandra Tejaswi]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] — [[Naveen Sajju]]

;[[61st Filmfare Awards South]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiasnaps.com/61st-idea-south-filmfare-awards-are-announced/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810175523/http://indiasnaps.com/61st-idea-south-filmfare-awards-are-announced/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 August 2014|title=61st Idea South Filmfare Awards|publisher=Indiasnaps.com|date=12 July 2014}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]] — [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor]] — [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] — Poornachandra Tejaswi – "Thinbedakammi"

;[[London Indian Film Festival]] 2013
* Audience Choice Award<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130729170007/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Regional/Kannada-film-Lucia-wins-at-London-Indian-Film-Festival/Article1-1100289.aspx Kannada film Lucia wins at London Indian Film Festival – Hindustan Times]</ref><ref name=london1>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Kannada film Lucia wins at London Indian Film Festival|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Regional/Kannada-film-Lucia-wins-at-London-Indian-Film-Festival/Article1-1100289.aspx|access-date=3 November 2013|newspaper=TheHindustan Times|date=29 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024021636/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Regional/Kannada-film-Lucia-wins-at-London-Indian-Film-Festival/Article1-1100289.aspx|archive-date=24 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

;Karnataka International Music Awards
* Best Background Score — Poornachandra Tejaswi, Monish Kumar M. K., Santhosh Narayanan

; [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|title=And-the-SIIMA-Awards-go-to|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/And-the-SIIMA-Awards-go-to-/articleshow/42532423.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|publisher=timesofindia|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref>
* Best Cinematographer — [[Siddhartha Nuni]] (Nominated)
* Best Director - Pawan Kumar

==Home media==
The film was released in Blu-ray, HD DVD, DVD 5.1, VCD Version From Anand Video Studio. It is the first Kannada film to be released in Blu-ray. The director, an advocate of alternative distribution strategies for indie filmmakers, said, "It’s time to set up your own virtual movie theaters on the World Wide Web which will be open 24×7 across the globe."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dearcinema.com/article/pawan-kumar/3143 |title=Indie filmmakers need to think beyond the Big Screen, says Pawan Kumar|first=Pawan|last=Kumar|date=7 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808171018/http://dearcinema.com/article/pawan-kumar/3143 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Open Your Eyes (1997 film)|''Open Your Eyes'' (1997 film)]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2358592|Lucia}}

{{Pawan Kumar}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:Crowdfunded films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about dreams]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:2010s avant-garde and experimental films]]

Eparchaean Unconformity

2026-02-27T07:00:11Z

Rsingh: enhance structure for consistency and fixed typos

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{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
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'''Tirupati Eparchaean Unconformity''', a notified [[National Geological Monument|National Geo-heritage Monument]]<ref name=gsi1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website |access-date=2017-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712055947/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=2017-07-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=gsi2>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573 Geo-Heritage Sites, Minister of Mines Press release, 09-March-2016]</ref><ref name=gsi3>[http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf national geo-heritage of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111120428/http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf |date=11 January 2017 }}, [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]]</ref> is a major discontinuity of [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] significance that represents a period of remarkable serenity in the geological history of the Earth i.e. sudden changes and discontinuity in the rock layers in Earth's crust. It is seen at the steep natural slopes, road scars and ravines in the [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]] – [[Tirumala]] [[Ghat]] [[road]] in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name=Monument>{{Cite web|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/pls/portal/url/page/GSI_STATIC/GSI_STAT_GEO_TOURISM_MONUMENTS|title=Eparchaean Unconformity, Tirumala Ghat section|access-date=2009-09-20|publisher=Geological Survey of India|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419091251/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/pls/portal/url/page/GSI_STATIC/GSI_STAT_GEO_TOURISM_MONUMENTS|archive-date=2013-04-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GSI">{{cite book|title= Geological Monuments of India| pages=5–8, 95|work=Eparchaean Unconformity (Tirupati Tirupati Road|publisher=Geological Survey of India|year=2001}}</ref>

In 2001, the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI) declared the unconformity to be one of the 26 "Geological Monuments of India". GSI's commemoration document, published on the occasion of the 150 years anniversary celebration, provides an insight into the formation of the subcontinent, the [[orogeny]], the [[Paleoecology|paleoenvironment]] and the exotic collection of paleo-[[flora]] and [[fauna]]. The details provided for the Eparchaean Unconformity monument indicate that this feature forms the boundary surface between [[Proterozoic]] Nagari Quartzites and [[Archean|Archaean]] granite. The time gap between the formation of the two units is at least 500 [[mya (unit)|Ma]].<ref name="GSI"/>

At this location, the boundary is between sedimentary rocks of the [[Cudappah]] Supergroup, 1600 million years in age, and Archaean rocks comprising [[granites]], [[gneisses]] and [[dolerite]] [[dyke (geology)|dykes]] that are more than 2100 million years old. This unconformity gives an indication of the enormous time gap in the creation of the Earth's crust.<ref name="GSI"/>

==Topography==
The geological monument is located in the Tirupati valley, which is bounded between ({{coord|13.50|N|79.375|E}}) and ({{coord|13.45|N|79.75|E}}). The basin is delimited between the [[Palakonda]]-[[Velikonda Range|Velikonda]] and Sanambatla-[[Srikalahasti]] and [[Nagari, Andhra Pradesh|Nagari]] ranges of the [[Eastern Ghats]]. [[Tirupati Temple]], the most famous pilgrimage centre in [[South India]] is in the midst of the range of hills. The hills enclose the temple town to give it a form of an amphitheatre setting.<ref name=Jivraj>{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/stream/earlyhuntergathe019426mbp/earlyhuntergathe019426mbp_djvu.txt|title= Early hunter - Gatherers adaptations in the Tirupati valley by Jacob S. Java Raj, pages 5-12, 112|publisher= Sri Venkateswara University T1rupati|access-date=2009-09-20}}</ref>

==Geology==
[[File:Plaque at Tirumal hills on Eparchean Unconformity.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Plaque gives brief details of Eparchaen Unconformity]]
The Tirupati hills are situated at the foot of a range of hills known by several names, including 'Seshachala', 'Venkatachala' and 'Balaji'. There are four geological units:
:(1) Archaean rocks of the eastern Dharwar Craton (the granites and gneisses)
:(2) the Eparchean unconformity (Quartzose sandstones overlying the granite with a distinct unconformity)
:(3) Puranas (a general name for Proterozoic sedimentary sequences found in a series of basins deposited on the Indian Shield; including the Cuddapah Basin)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9Ziw7-SG2UC&dq=%22cuddapah+basin%22+nagari+quartzite&pg=PA99 Balasubrahmanyan, M.N. 2006. Geology and tectonics of India: an overview, Memoir No.9, International Association for Gondwana Research]</ref>
:(4) Quaternary deposits
The Tirumala hills essentially of [[precambrian]] period are composed of [[sedimentary rocks]] – [[quartzites]] and intercalated [[shales]], which are referred to as the Nagari quartzites, which forms part of the Cuddapah Supergroup. It is a subset of the Purana rock succession that rests above the archaean rocks.<ref name="GSI"/><ref name=Jivraj/><ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aKEcAAAAMAAJ&q=Eparchaean+Unconformity,+Tirumala+hills|title= The Tirumala Temple by N. Ramesan|year= 1981|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Davasthanams, 1981|access-date= 2009-09-20}}</ref>

The hill ranges of the Tirumala rise to a height of {{convert|900|m|ft}} (at Tirumala) from the average height of {{convert|150|m|ft}} in the plains at Tirupati. The steep scarp of the ranges shows the Eparchian Unconformity's topographic, structural and denudational features.<ref name="GSI"/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/currsci/45/00000149.pdf |title=Eparchian Unconformity at Tirumalai – A Study by K.V.Suraynarayana|publisher=Venkateshwara University, Tirupati|access-date=2009-09-20}}</ref>
The sedimentary thickness of the Cudappah basin is of the order of {{convert|12|km|mi}}, and includes [[volcanic]] sequences in the form of [[Sill (geology)|sills]] and [[Dike (geology)|dykes]]. A prominent Eparchaean Unconformity of the formation resting on the archaean [[peninsular]] gneissic complex is noted. Rocks of the Cuddapah Supergroup, and the overlying [[Kurnool]] Group, comprise the stratigraphic sequence of the basin. This feature is contiguous all along the defined Archaean-Cuddapah contact zone even though its age may vary along its traced path.<ref name="GSI"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dae.gov.in/amd/regions/sr.htm |title=General information, Southern Region, Broad Geological features |publisher=Department of Atomic energy Atomic Minerals directorate for exploration and research GOI |access-date=2009-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204130800/http://www.dae.gov.in/amd/regions/sr.htm |archive-date=4 December 2008 }}</ref>

==Access==
The location of the Geological Monument is well connected by road, rail and air routes.
The nearest railhead to Tirumala hills is [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]]. The geological monument is located {{convert|10|km|mi}} northwest of Tirupati town, at the {{convert|12|km|mi}} point on the Tirupati – Tirumala Ghat road. From Tirupati railway station the approach to the Tirumala temple is only by road, a distance of {{convert|10|km|mi}}.<ref name="GSI"/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiainfoweb.com/andhra-pradesh/excavations/silathoranam.html|title= Silathoranam|access-date= 2009-09-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090106031143/http://www.indiainfoweb.com/andhra-pradesh/excavations/silathoranam.html|archive-date= 2009-01-06|url-status= dead}}</ref>
The nearest airport is located at [[Renigunta]], in [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]] city, which connects to [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] and [[Bangalore]] airports. Regular bus services (both private and government) are operated by all the states bordering Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=Monument/><ref name="GSI"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mustseeindia.com/Tirupati/how-to-reach|title=must see India|access-date=2009-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202132247/http://www.mustseeindia.com/Tirupati/how-to-reach|archive-date=2009-02-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths=160px heights=160px perrow=4>
File:Detrital rocks of Tirumala Hills Ghatroad Tirupati.JPG
File:Sandstone of detrital quartz rocks at Kapilatheertham Tirupati.JPG
File:Garuda cliff in Tirumala.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}
{{Tirupati topics}}
{{Andhra Pradesh|collapsed=true}}

[[Category:National Geological Monuments in India]]
[[Category:Geology of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tirupati]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Geography of Tirupati district]]

United Nations General Assembly

2026-02-18T21:46:48Z

Rsingh:

{{Short description|One of the six principal organs of the UN}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
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| type = Principal organ
| abbreviation = {{hlist |UNGA|GA|AGNU|AG}}
| leader_title = [[President of the United Nations General Assembly|President]]
| leader_name = [[Annalena Baerbock]]
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{{leftlegend|#0000ff|African Group (54)}}
{{leftlegend|#339900|Asia and the Pacific Group (54)}}
{{leftlegend|#cc0000|Eastern European Group (23)}}
{{leftlegend|#cc3399|Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC) (33)}}
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{{United Nations series}}
The '''United Nations General Assembly''' ('''UNGA''' or '''GA'''){{efn|'''AGNU''' or '''AG''' in {{langx|fr|link=no|Assemblée générale des Nations Unies}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Assemblée générale des Nations Unies|url=https://www.un.org/fr/ga/|date=18 April 2025|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>}} is one of the [[United Nations System#Six principal organs|six principal organs]] of the [[United Nations]] (UN), serving as its main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ. Currently in its [[Eightieth session of the United Nations General Assembly|80th session]], its powers, composition, functions, and procedures are set out in [[Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter]].

The United Nations General Assembly is responsible for the United Nations budget, appointing the non-permanent members to the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]], appointing the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|secretary-general of the United Nations]], receiving reports from other parts of the [[United Nations System]], and making recommendations through [[United Nations General Assembly resolution|resolution]]s.<ref>[https://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/chapter4.htm Charter of the United Nations: Chapter IV] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012044607/http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/chapter4.htm |date=12 October 2007 }}. United Nations.</ref> It also establishes numerous [[:Category:United Nations General Assembly subsidiary organs|subsidiary organs]] to advance or assist in its broad mandate.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://www.un.org/ga/subsidiary/ |website=United Nations General Assembly |title=Subsidiary Organs of the General Assembly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715035834/http://www.un.org/ga/subsidiary.shtml |archive-date=Jul 15, 2018}}</ref> The United Nations General Assembly is the only United Nations organ where all member states have equal representation.

The General Assembly meets under [[President of the United Nations General Assembly|its president]] or the United Nations secretary-general in annual sessions at the [[United Nations General Assembly Building|General Assembly Building]], within the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations headquarters]] in New York City. The primary phase of these meetings generally runs from September through part of January until all issues are addressed, which is often before the next session starts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=United Nations Official Document |title=The annual session convenes on Tuesday of the third week in September per Resolution 57/301, Para. 1. The opening debate begins the following Tuesday |url=http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/INF/70/1 |website=United Nations |access-date=13 September 2016 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523100514/https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/INF/70/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions. The [[First session of the United Nations General Assembly|first session]] was convened on 10 January 1946 in the [[Methodist Central Hall, Westminster|Methodist Central Hall]] in [[London]] and included representatives of the 51 founding nations.

Most questions are decided in the General Assembly by a simple [[majority]]. Each member country has one vote. Voting on certain important questions—namely recommendations on peace and security; budgetary concerns; and the election, admission, suspension, or expulsion of members—is by a [[Supermajority|two-thirds majority]] of those present and voting. Apart from the approval of budgetary matters, including the adoption of a scale of assessment, Assembly resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the United Nations, except matters of peace and security under the Security Council's consideration.

During the 1980s, the Assembly became a forum for "North–South dialogue" between industrialized nations and developing countries on a range of international issues. These issues came to the fore because of the phenomenal growth and changing makeup of the United Nations membership. In 1945, the United Nations had 51 members, which by the 21st century nearly quadrupled to 193, of which more than two-thirds are [[developing country|developing countries]]. Because of their numbers, developing countries are often able to determine the agenda of the Assembly (using coordinating groups like the [[Group of 77|G77]]), the character of its debates, and the nature of its decisions. For many developing countries, the UN is the source of much of their diplomatic influence and the principal outlet for their foreign relations initiatives.

Although the resolutions passed by the General Assembly do not have binding forces over the member nations (apart from budgetary measures), pursuant to its [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 377|Uniting for Peace]] resolution of November 1950 (resolution 377 (V)), the Assembly may also take action if the Security Council fails to act, owing to [[United Nations Security Council veto power|the negative vote]] of a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member]], in a case where there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression. The Assembly can consider the matter immediately with a view to making recommendations to Members for collective measures to maintain or restore international peace and security.<ref name="General Assembly of the United Nations Archived 29 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine">[https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/background.shtml General Assembly of the United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329222658/http://www.un.org/en/ga/about/background.shtml |date=29 March 2018 }}. United Nations. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Methodist.central.hall.london.arp.jpg|thumb|[[Methodist Central Hall, Westminster|Methodist Central Hall]], London, the location of the first meeting of the United Nations General Assembly in 1946<ref name=UN_hist_1941>{{cite web|title=History of United Nations 1941 – 1950 |url=https://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/1941-1950.shtml |publisher=United Nations |access-date=12 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312020304/http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/1941-1950.shtml |archive-date=12 March 2015}}</ref>]]

The [[First session of the United Nations General Assembly|first session of the UN General Assembly]] was convened on 10 January 1946 in the [[Methodist Central Hall, Westminster|Methodist Central Hall]] in [[London]] and included representatives of 51 nations.<ref name=UN_hist_1941 /> Subsequently, until moving to its permanent home in Manhattan in 1951, the Assembly convened at the former [[Queens Museum#Building history|New York City Pavilion]] of the [[1939 New York World's Fair]] in [[Flushing, New York]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalarchives.queenslibrary.org/|title=Queens Public Library Digital|website=digitalarchives.queenslibrary.org|access-date=6 December 2022|archive-date=10 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210042536/http://digitalarchives.queenslibrary.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> On November 29, 1947, the Assembly voted to adopt the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]] at this venue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centerforthehumanities.org/programming/united-nations-queens-a-local-history-of-the-1947-israel-palestine-partition|title=United Nations, Queens: A Local History of the 1947 Israel-Palestine Partition|website=The Center for the Humanities|access-date=6 December 2022|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206092505/https://centerforthehumanities.org/programming/united-nations-queens-a-local-history-of-the-1947-israel-palestine-partition|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:A-Local-History-of-the-1947-Israel-Palestine-Partition.jpg|thumb|The 1947 meeting at the General Assembly meeting place between 1946 and 1951 in Flushing, New York]]

During the 1946–1951 period the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic Social Council also conducted proceedings at the United Nations interim headquarters at [[Lake Success, New York]].<ref name="nyt-1951-05-19">{{Cite news |last=Rosenthal |first=A. M. |date=May 19, 1951 |title=U.N. Vacates Site at Lake Success; Peace Building Back to War Output |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/05/19/archives/un-vacates-site-at-lake-success-peace-building-back-to-war-output.html |access-date=July 26, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726230531/https://www.nytimes.com/1951/05/19/archives/un-vacates-site-at-lake-success-peace-building-back-to-war-output.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://untappedcities.com/2021/05/19/united-nations-lake-success/|title=The United Nations Headquarters in Long Island's Lake Success|first=Bella|last=Druckman|date=19 May 2021|website=Untapped New York|access-date=16 January 2023|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519170543/https://untappedcities.com/2021/05/19/united-nations-lake-success/|url-status=live}}</ref> During this time in 1949, the CBS Television network provided live coverage of these sessions on its ''United Nations in Action'' broadcast series which was produced by the journalist [[Edmund Chester]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/television-broadcast-of-a-new-series-reporting-the-sessions-news-photo/647173796|title=CBS television broadcast of a new series reporting the sessions and...|website=Getty Images|date=2 March 2017 |access-date=16 January 2023|archive-date=13 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113182014/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/television-broadcast-of-a-new-series-reporting-the-sessions-news-photo/647173796|url-status=live}}</ref>

It moved to the permanent [[Headquarters of the United Nations]] in New York City at the start of its seventh regular annual session, on 14 October 1952. In December 1988, in order to hear [[Yasser Arafat]], the General Assembly organized its 43rd session in the [[Palace of Nations]], in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{in lang|fr}} "[https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/geneve-renoue-tradition-ville-paix Genève renoue avec sa tradition de ville de paix], {{Lang|fr|[[Le Temps]]}}, 16 January 2014. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416124704/https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/geneve-renoue-tradition-ville-paix |date=16 April 2022 }}".</ref>

== Membership ==
{{main|Member states of the United Nations}}
All 193 members of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly, with the addition of the [[Holy See]] and [[Palestine]] as observer states as well as the European Union (since 1974). Further, the United Nations General Assembly may grant [[United Nations General Assembly observers|observer status]] to an international organization or entity, which entitles the entity to participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations.

== Agenda ==
The agenda for each session is planned up to seven months in advance and begins with the release of a preliminary list of items to be included in the provisional agenda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/gasess.htm#gaagen |title=Introduction - UN Documentation: General Assembly |publisher=United Nations Research Guides and Resources at United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021004337/http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/gasess.htm |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}</ref> This is refined into a provisional agenda 60 days before the opening of the session. After the session begins, the final agenda is adopted in a plenary meeting which allocates the work to the various main committees, who later submit reports back to the Assembly for adoption by consensus or by vote.

Items on the agenda are numbered. Regular plenary sessions of the General Assembly in recent years have initially been scheduled to be held over the course of just three months; however, additional workloads have extended these sessions until just short of the next session. The routinely scheduled portions of the sessions normally commence on "the Tuesday of the third week in September, counting from the first week that contains at least one working day," per the UN Rules of Procedure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/sessions.shtml|title=Sessions, Rules of Procedure |website=General Assembly of the United Nations |access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106213735/https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/sessions.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The last two of these Regular sessions were routinely scheduled to recess exactly three months afterward<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/ga10859.doc.htm |title=General Assembly Adopts Work Programme for Sixty-Fourth Session |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102210630/https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/ga10859.doc.htm |archive-date=2 November 2012 |website= UN General Assembly }}</ref> in early December but were resumed in January and extended until just before the beginning of the following sessions.<ref>"[https://www.un.org/en/ga/64/meetings/index.shtml#sep10 High-level meetings of the 64th Session]", General Assembly of the UN. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726044220/https://www.un.org/en/ga/64/meetings/index.shtml#sep10 |date=26 July 2018 }}.</ref>

== Resolutions ==
{{See also|United Nations General Assembly resolution|United Nations Document Codes}}
[[File:Jimmy Carter addresses the United Nation - NARA - 176383.jpg|thumb|[[President of the United States]] [[Jimmy Carter]] addresses the 32nd session of the UN General Assembly on 4 October 1977.]]
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad addressing the United Nations General Assembly (September 25 2003).jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of Malaysia]] [[Mahathir Mohamad]] addresses the 58th session of the UN General Assembly on 25 September 2003.]]
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in the United States 24 September 2009-5.jpg|thumb|[[President of Russia]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] [[General debate of the sixty-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly|addresses]] the [[Sixty-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly|64th session of the UN General Assembly on 24 September 2009]].]]
The General Assembly votes on many resolutions brought forth by sponsoring states. These are generally statements symbolizing the sense of the international community about an array of world issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ask.un.org/faq/15010|title=Are UN resolutions binding? – Ask DAG!|website=ask.un.org|language=en|access-date=2020-02-01|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201031154/http://ask.un.org/faq/15010|url-status=live}}</ref> Most General Assembly resolutions are not enforceable as a legal or practical matter, because the General Assembly lacks enforcement powers with respect to most issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Nations-General-Assembly|title=United Nations General Assembly|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-01|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214202343/https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Nations-General-Assembly|url-status=live}}</ref> The General Assembly has the authority to make final decisions in some areas such as the United Nations budget.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-iv/index.html|title=Article 17 (1) of Charter of the United Nations|date=17 June 2015|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501150040/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-iv/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The General Assembly can also refer an issue to the Security Council to put in place a binding resolution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Articles 11 (2) and 11 (3) of Charter of the United Nations|date=15 April 2016|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Resolution numbering scheme ===
From the First to the Thirtieth General Assembly sessions, all General Assembly resolutions were numbered consecutively, with the resolution number followed by the session number in Roman numbers (for example, [[:s:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514|Resolution 1514 (XV)]], which was the 1514th numbered resolution adopted by the Assembly and was adopted at the Fifteenth Regular Session (1960)). Beginning in the Thirty-First Session, resolutions are numbered by individual session (for example Resolution 41/10 represents the 10th resolution adopted at the Forty-First Session).<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017-08-02 |title=Annexes |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/a9a4aeed-en |journal=Resolutions and Decisions Adopted by the General Assembly |doi=10.18356/a9a4aeed-en |isbn=9789210605991 |issn=2412-0898|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Budget ==
The General Assembly also approves the budget of the United Nations and decides how much money each member state must pay to run the organization.<ref name="population">[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?order=wbapi_data_value_2011+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc Population, total | Data | Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620231947/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?order=wbapi_data_value_2011+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc |date=20 June 2018 }}. World Bank. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref>

The Charter of the United Nations gives responsibility for approving the budget to the General Assembly (Chapter IV, Article 17) and for preparing the budget to the secretary-general, as "chief administrative officer" (Chapter XV, Article 97). The Charter also addresses the non-payment of assessed contributions (Chapter IV, Article 19).
The planning, programming, budgeting, monitoring, and evaluation cycle of the United Nations has evolved over the years; major resolutions on the process include General Assembly resolutions: 41/213 of 19 December 1986, 42/211 of 21 December 1987, and 45/248 of 21 December 1990.<ref>[https://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/specrb.html#intro UN Security Council : Resolutions, Presidential Statements, Meeting Records, SC Press Releases] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202215845/http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/specrb.html#intro |date=2 December 2012 }}. United Nations. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref>

The budget covers the costs of United Nations programmes in areas such as political affairs, international justice and law, international cooperation for development, public information, human rights, and humanitarian affairs.

The main source of funds for the regular budget is the contributions of member states. The scale of assessments is based on the capacity of countries to pay. This is determined by considering their relative shares of total gross national product, adjusted to take into account a number of factors, including their per capita incomes.

In addition to the regular budget, member states are assessed for the costs of the international tribunals and, in accordance with a modified version of the basic scale, for the costs of peacekeeping operations.<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/hq/dm/budget.shtml United Nations Department of Management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204060632/http://www.un.org/en/hq/dm/budget.shtml |date=4 February 2018 }}. United Nations. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref>

== Elections ==
The General Assembly is entrusted in the United Nations Charter with electing members to various organs within the United Nations system. The procedure for these elections can be found in Section 15 of the Rules of Procedure for the General Assembly. The most important elections for the General Assembly include those for the upcoming [[President of the United Nations General Assembly|President of the General Assembly]], the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]], the [[Economic and Social Council of the United Nations|Economic and Social Council]], the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|Human Rights Council]], the [[International Court of Justice]], judges of the [[United Nations Dispute Tribunal]], and [[United Nations Appeals Tribunal]]. Most elections are held annually, with the exception of the election of judges to the ICJ, which happens triennially.<ref name="RULES/PROCEDURE"/><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Statute of the International Court of Justice |wslink=Charter of the United Nations |date=26 June 1945 |publisher=United Nations |location=San Francisco}}</ref>

The Assembly annually elects five non-permanent members of the Security Council for two-year terms, 18 members of the Economic and Social Council for three-year terms, and 14–18 members of the Human Rights Council for three-year terms. It also elects the leadership of the next General Assembly session, i.e. the next President of the General Assembly, the 21 vice presidents, and the bureaux of the six main committees.<ref name="RULES/PROCEDURE"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ga12204.doc.htm |title=General Assembly Elects 14 Member States to Human Rights Council, Appoints New Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services |author=United Nations |date=17 October 2019 |website=United Nations Meetings Coverage & Press Releases |publisher=United Nations |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102013024/https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ga12204.doc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ELECTION">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ga12149.doc.htm |title=Delegates Elect Permanent Representative of Nigeria President of Seventy-Fourth General Assembly by Acclamation, Also Choosing 20 Vice-Presidents |author=United Nations |date=4 June 2019 |website=United Nations Meetings Coverage & Press Releases |publisher=United Nations |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915081324/https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ga12149.doc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Elections to the International Court of Justice take place every three years in order to ensure continuity within the court. In these elections, five judges are elected for nine-year terms. These elections are held jointly with the Security Council, with candidates needing to receive an absolute majority of the votes in both bodies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/en/members |title=Members of the Court |author= |date=n.d. |website=International Court of Justice |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124120311/https://www.icj-cij.org/en/members |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Assembly also, in conjunction with the Security Council, [[United Nations Secretary-General selection|selects the next secretary-general]] of the United Nations. The main part of these elections is held in the Security Council, with the General Assembly simply appointing the candidate that receives the Council's nomination.<ref name="SWISS HANDBOOK">{{cite book |last1=Ruder |first1=Nicole |last2=Nakano |first2=Kenji |last3=Aeschlimann |first3=Johann |editor1-last=Aeschlimann |editor1-first=Johann |editor2-last=Regan |editor2-first=Mary |date=2017 |title=The GA Handbook: A practical guide to the United Nations General Assembly |url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/mission-new-york/en/documents/UN_GA__Final.pdf |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations |pages=61–65 |isbn=978-0-615-49660-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005435/https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/mission-new-york/en/documents/UN_GA__Final.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Regional groups ===
[[File:United Nations Economic and Social Council Membership.svg|thumb|275px|Division of seats of the Economic and Social Council based on regional grouping:
{{legend|#0000ff|African States (14)}}
{{legend|#339900|Asia-Pacific States (11)}}
{{legend|#cc0000|Eastern European States (6)}}
{{legend|#cc3399|Latin American and Caribbean States (10)}}
{{legend|#cc9900|Western European and Other States (13)}}]]

The [[United Nations Regional Groups]] were created in order to facilitate the equitable geographical distribution of seats among the Member States in different United Nations bodies. Resolution 33/138 of the General Assembly states that "the composition of the various organs of the United Nations should be so constituted as to ensure their representative character." Thus, member states of the United Nations are informally divided into five regions, with most bodies in the United Nations system having a specific number of seats allocated for each regional group. Additionally, the leadership of most bodies also rotates between the regional groups, such as the presidency of the General Assembly and the chairmanship of the six main committees.<ref name="SWISS HANDBOOK"/><ref>{{UN doc |docid=A/RES/33/138 |body=A |session=33 |type=E |resolution_number=138 |title=Question of the composition of the relevant organs of the United Nations: amendments to rules 31 and 28 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly to rules |date=19 December 1978 |access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="UN ENCYCLOPEDIA">{{cite book |last=Winkelmann |first=Ingo |s2cid=159105596 |date=2010 |title=A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations |editor1-last=Volger |editor1-first=Helmut |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |pages=592–96 |isbn=978-90-04-18004-8 }}</ref>

The regional groups work according to the consensus principle. Candidates who are endorsed by them are, as a rule, elected by the General Assembly in any subsequent elections.<ref name="UN ENCYCLOPEDIA"/>

== Sessions ==
=== Regular sessions ===
{{See also|List of UN General Assembly sessions}}
The General Assembly meets annually in a regular [[Meeting (parliamentary procedure)#Session|session]] that opens on the third Tuesday of September, and runs until the following September. Sessions are held at United Nations Headquarters in New York unless changed by the General Assembly by a majority vote.<ref name="RULES/PROCEDURE"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/sessions/regular.shtml |title=Ordinary sessions |date=n.d. |website=United Nations General Assembly |publisher=United Nations |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216172421/https://www.un.org/en/ga/sessions/regular.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

The regular session is split into two distinct periods, the main and resumed parts of the session. During the main part of the session, which runs from the opening of the session until Christmas break in December, most of the work of the Assembly is done. This period is the Assembly's most intense period of work and includes the general debate and the bulk of the work of the six Main Committees. The resumed part of the session, however, which runs from January until the beginning of the new session, includes more thematic debates, consultation processes and working group meetings.<ref name="Swiss Handbook"/>

==== General debate ====
{{See also|List of General debates of the United Nations General Assembly}}
[[File:General Assembly of the United Nations.jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of Spain]] [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] addresses the 60th session of the UN General Assembly on 20 September 2005.]]
[[File:Rousseff UN General Debate.jpg|thumb|[[President of Brazil]] [[Dilma Rousseff]] delivers the [[General debate of the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly|opening speech]] at the [[Sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly|66th session of the UN General Assembly on 21 September 2011]], marking the first time a woman opened a United Nations session.<ref>{{cite news |last=Llenas |first=Bryan |date=4 January 2017 |title=Brazil's President Rousseff to be First Woman to Open United Nations |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/brazils-president-rousseff-to-be-first-woman-to-open-united-nations |work=Fox News |location=New York |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106001639/https://www.foxnews.com/world/brazils-president-rousseff-to-be-first-woman-to-open-united-nations |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The general debate of each new session of the General Assembly is held the week following the official opening of the session, typically the following Tuesday, and is held without interruption for nine working days. The general debate is a high-level event, typically attended by Member States' [[heads of state]] or [[Head of government|government]], government ministers and United Nations delegates. At the general debate, Member States are given the opportunity to raise attention to topics or issues that they feel are important. In addition to the general debate, there are also many other high-level thematic meetings, summits and informal events held during general debate week.<ref name="UN HANDBOOK">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Manhire |editor1-first=Vanessa |date=2019 |title=United Nations Handbook 2019–20 |journal=United Nations Handbook (Wellington, N.z.). |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/Peace-Rights-and-Security/Our-work-with-the-UN/UN-Handbook-2019-20.pdf |edition=57th |location=Wellington |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of New Zealand |page=17 |issn=0110-1951 |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308131305/https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/Peace-Rights-and-Security/Our-work-with-the-UN/UN-Handbook-2019-20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ask.un.org/faq/154658 |title=What is the general debate of the General Assembly? What is the order of speakers at the general debate? |date=10 July 2019 |website=Dag Hammarskjöld Library |publisher=United Nations |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523100429/http://ask.un.org/faq/154658 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gadebate.un.org/en/faq |title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) |date=n.d. |website=United Nations General Assembly |publisher=United Nations |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927205513/https://gadebate.un.org/en/faq |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the 80 general debates between 23 October 1946 and 29 September 2025 there were in total 11,127 speeches; 3,356 of them were held by heads of state or government. Since 2008 (except 2010) the majority of speeches was given by heads of state or government. In average, ca 6% of the member countries were not attending the general debate, among them Nicaragua (23 of 80 times absent), Saudi-Arabia, Luxembourg (each 21 of 80 times absent) and Ivory Coast (20 of 66 times absent).<ref>The special case of South Africa with 24 absences is not counted, since the country was suspended (not excluded) from the General Assembly between 1974 and 1993. So there were only four real absences.</ref> There were only two general debates with all member states participating: 2017 and 2018. In recent years, for example Afghanistan and Myanmar did not take part because of the unrecognized status of their government.

=== Special sessions ===
{{Main|Special session of the United Nations General Assembly}}

Special sessions, or UNGASS, may be convened in three different ways, at the request of the Security Council, at the request of a majority of United Nations member States or by a single member, as long as a majority concurs. Special sessions typically cover one single topic and end with the adoption of one or two outcome documents, such as a political declaration, action plan or strategy to combat said topic. They are also typically high-level events with participation from heads of state and government, as well as by government ministers. There have been 32 special sessions in the history of the United Nations.<ref name="Swiss Handbook">{{cite book |last1=Ruder |first1=Nicole |last2=Nakano |first2=Kenji |last3=Aeschlimann |first3=Johann |editor1-last=Aeschlimann |editor1-first=Johann |editor2-last=Regan |editor2-first=Mary |date=2017 |title=The GA Handbook: A practical guide to the United Nations General Assembly |url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/mission-new-york/en/documents/UN_GA__Final.pdf |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations |pages=14–15 |isbn=978-0-615-49660-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005435/https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/mission-new-york/en/documents/UN_GA__Final.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CHARTER">{{cite wikisource |title=Charter of the United Nations |wslink=Charter of the United Nations |date=26 June 1945 |publisher=United Nations |location=San Francisco}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/sessions/special.shtml |title=Special sessions |date=n.d. |website=United Nations General Assembly |publisher=United Nations |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408163620/https://www.un.org/en/ga/sessions/special.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Emergency special sessions ===
{{Main|Emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly}}

If the Security Council is unable, usually due to disagreement among the permanent members, to come to a decision on a threat to international peace and security, then emergency special sessions can be convened in order to make appropriate recommendations to member states for collective measures. This power was given to the Assembly in [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 377|Resolution 377(V)]] of 3 November 1950.<ref name="Swiss Handbook"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/sessions/emergency.shtml |title=Emergency Special sessions |date=n.d. |website=United Nations General Assembly |publisher=United Nations |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228023148/https://www.un.org/en/ga/sessions/emergency.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{UN doc |docid=A/RES/377(V) |body=A |session=5 |type=R |resolution_number=377 |title=Uniting for Peace |date=3 November 1950 |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref>

Emergency special sessions can be called by the Security Council if supported by at least seven members, or by a majority of Member States of the United Nations. If enough votes are had, the Assembly must meet within 24 hours, with Members being notified at least twelve hours before the opening of the session. There have been 11 emergency special sessions in the history of the United Nations.<ref name="RULES/PROCEDURE">{{Cite web |title=General Assembly of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/prez.shtml |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=United Nations |language=EN |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726221234/https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/prez.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Subsidiary organs ==
[[File:UN General Assembly building.jpg|thumb|upright=1.45|The United Nations General Assembly building]]
[[File:Panorama of the United Nations General Assembly, Oct 2012.jpg|thumb|upright=1.45|Panorama of the UNGA]]
The General Assembly subsidiary organs are divided into five categories: committees (30 total, six main), commissions (six), boards (seven), councils (four) and panels (one), working groups, and "other."

=== Committees ===

==== Main committees ====
The main committees are [[ordinal number|ordinally numbered]], 1–6:<ref name="main" />
*The First Committee: [[United Nations General Assembly First Committee|Disarmament and International Security]] is concerned with disarmament and related international security questions
*The Second Committee: [[United Nations General Assembly Second Committee|Economic and Financial]] is concerned with economic questions
*The Third Committee: [[United Nations General Assembly Third Committee|Social, Cultural, and Humanitarian]] deals with social and humanitarian issues
*The Fourth Committee: [[United Nations General Assembly Fourth Committee|Special Political and Decolonization]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Assembly of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/fourth/index.shtml |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> deals with a variety of political subjects not dealt with by the First Committee, as well as with decolonization
*The Fifth Committee: [[United Nations General Assembly Fifth Committee|Administrative and Budgetary]] deals with the administration and budget of the United Nations
*The Sixth Committee: [[United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee|Legal]] deals with legal matters

The roles of many of the main committees have changed over time. Until the late 1970s, the First Committee was the Political and Security Committee and there was also a sufficient number of additional "political" matters that an additional, unnumbered main committee, called the Special Political Committee, also sat. The Fourth Committee formerly handled Trusteeship and Decolonization matters. With the decreasing number of such matters to be addressed as the [[United Nations Trust Territories|trust territories]] attained independence and the [[decolonization]] movement progressed, the functions of the Special Political Committee were merged into the Fourth Committee during the 1990s.

Each main committee consists of all the members of the General Assembly. Each elects a chairman, three vice chairmen, and a [[rapporteur]] at the outset of each regular General Assembly session.

==== Other committees ====
[[File:RIAN archive 828797 Mikhail Gorbachev addressing UN General Assembly session.jpg|thumb|[[List of leaders of the Soviet Union|Leader of the Soviet Union]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] addressing the UN General Assembly in December 1988]]
These are not numbered. According to the General Assembly website, the most important are:<ref name="main">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/maincommittees/index.shtml |title=Main Committees |website=United Nations General Assembly |publisher=United Nations |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023120644/http://www.un.org/en/ga/maincommittees/index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[United nations credentials committee|Credentials Committee]]{{spaced ndash}}This committee is charged with ensuring that the [[credential#Diplomacy|diplomatic credentials]] of all UN representatives are in order. The Credentials Committee consists of nine Member States elected early in each regular General Assembly session.
* [[United Nations General Committee|General Committee]]{{spaced ndash}}This is a supervisory committee entrusted with ensuring that the whole meeting of the Assembly goes smoothly. The General Committee consists of the president and vice presidents of the current General Assembly session and the chairman of each of the six Main Committees.

Other committees of the General Assembly are [[Enumeration|enumerated]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/subsidiary/committees.shtml |title=Subsidiary Organs of the General Assembly: Committees |website=United Nations General Assembly |publisher=United Nations |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104171508/http://www.un.org/en/ga/about/subsidiary/committees.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Commissions ===
There are six commissions:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/subsidiary/commissions.shtml |title=Subsidiary Organs of the General Assembly: Commissions |website=United Nations General Assembly |publisher=United Nations |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=17 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022710/http://www.un.org/en/ga/about/subsidiary/commissions.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[United Nations Disarmament Commission]], established by GA Resolution 502 (VI) and S-10/2
*[[International Civil Service Commission]], established by GA Resolution 3357 (XXIX)
*[[International Law Commission]], established by GA Resolution 174 (II)
*[[United Nations Commission on International Trade Law]] (UNCITRAL), established by GA Resolution 2205 (XXI)
*[[United Nations Conciliation Commission]] for Palestine, established by GA Resolution 194 (III)
*[[Peacebuilding Commission|United Nations Peacebuilding Commission]], established by GA Resolution 60/180 and UN Security Council [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1645|Resolutions 1645]] (2005) and 1646 (2005)

Despite its name, the former [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] (UNCHR) was actually a subsidiary body of [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|ECOSOC]].

=== Boards ===
There are seven boards which are categorized into two groups:
a) Executive Boards and b) Boards<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/subsidiary/boards.shtml |title=Subsidiary Organs of the General Assembly: Boards |website=United Nations General Assembly |publisher=United Nations |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022172240/http://www.un.org/en/ga/about/subsidiary/boards.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Executive Boards ====
#Executive Board of the United Nations Children's Fund, established by GA Resolution 57 (I) and 48/162
#Executive Board of the United Nations Development Programme and of the United Nations Population Fund, established by GA Resolution 2029 (XX) and 48/162
#Executive Board of the World Food Programme, established by GA Resolution 50/8

==== Boards ====
#Board of Auditors, established by GA Resolution 74 (I)
#Trade and Development Board, established by GA Resolution 1995 (XIX)
#United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board, established by GA Resolution 248 (III)
#Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, established by GA Resolution 37/99 K

=== Councils and panels ===
The newest council is the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], which replaced the aforementioned UNCHR in March 2006.

There are a total of four councils and one panel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/subsidiary/councils.shtml |title=Subsidiary Organs of the General Assembly: Assemblies and Councils |website=United Nations General Assembly |publisher=United Nations |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022154303/http://www.un.org/en/ga/about/subsidiary/councils.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Working Groups and other ===
There is a varied group of working groups and other subsidiary bodies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/subsidiary/other.shtml |title=Subsidiary Organs of the General Assembly: Working Groups |website=United Nations General Assembly |publisher=United Nations |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031141922/http://www.un.org/en/ga/about/subsidiary/other.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Seating ==
Countries are seated alphabetically in the General Assembly according to English translations of the countries' names. The country which occupies the front-most left position is determined annually by the secretary-general via ballot draw. The remaining countries follow alphabetically after it.<ref>{{cite book |title=The PGA Handbook: A practical guide to the United Nations General Assembly |publisher=Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations |language=en |date=2011 |url=https://www.unitar.org/ny/sites/unitar.org.ny/files/UN_PGA_Handbook.pdf |isbn=978-0-615-49660-3 |page=18 |access-date=14 July 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927085510/https://www.unitar.org/ny/sites/unitar.org.ny/files/UN_PGA_Handbook.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Reform and UNPA ==
{{main|Reform of the United Nations}}

{{See also|United Nations Parliamentary Assembly}}
On 21 March 2005, [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] [[Kofi Annan]] presented a report, ''In Larger Freedom'', that criticized the General Assembly for focusing so much on consensus that it was passing watered-down resolutions reflecting "the lowest common denominator of widely different opinions."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/59/2005|title=Report of the Secretary-General in Larger Freedom towards development, security and human rights for all|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=25 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125121231/https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/59/2005|url-status=live}}</ref> He also criticized the Assembly for trying to address too broad an agenda, instead of focusing on "the major substantive issues of the day, such as international [[human migration|migration]] and the long-debated comprehensive convention on terrorism." Annan recommended streamlining the General Assembly's agenda, committee structure, and procedures; strengthening the role and authority of its [[President of the United Nations General Assembly|president]]; enhancing the role of [[civil society]]; and establishing a mechanism to review the decisions of its committees, in order to minimize [[unfunded mandate]]s and [[micromanagement]] of the [[United Nations Secretariat]]. Annan reminded UN members of their responsibility to implement reforms, if they expect to realize improvements in UN effectiveness.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/largerfreedom/chap5.htm|title=In Larger Freedom, Chapter 5|publisher=United Nations|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726035111/http://www.un.org/largerfreedom/chap5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The reform proposals were not taken up by the United Nations World Summit in September 2005. Instead, the Summit solely affirmed the central position of the General Assembly as the chief deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations, as well as the advisory role of the Assembly in the process of standard-setting and the codification of international law. The Summit also called for strengthening the relationship between the General Assembly and the other principal organs to ensure better coordination on topical issues that required coordinated action by the United Nations, in accordance with their respective mandates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnstone|first=Ian|date=2008|title=Legislation and Adjudication in the UN Security Council: Bringing down the Deliberative Deficit|journal=American Journal of International Law|volume=102. No 2|issue=2|pages=275–308|doi=10.2307/30034539|jstor=30034539|s2cid=144268191}}</ref>

A United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, or United Nations People's Assembly (UNPA), is a proposed addition to the United Nations System that eventually could allow for direct election of UN parliament members by citizens all over the world.

In the General Debate of the 65th General Assembly, [[Jorge Valero]], representing [[Venezuela]], said "The United Nations has exhausted its model and it is not simply a matter of proceeding with reform, the twenty-first century demands deep changes that are only possible with a rebuilding of this organisation." He pointed to the futility of resolutions concerning the [[United States embargo against Cuba|Cuban embargo]] and the [[List of modern conflicts in the Middle East|Middle East conflict]] as reasons for the UN model having failed. Venezuela also called for the suspension of veto rights in the Security Council because it was a "remnant of the Second World War [it] is incompatible with the principle of sovereign equality of States."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Assembly |first1=General |title=Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of H.E. Mr. Jorge Valero Briceño, Chairman of the Delegation |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/65/meetings/generaldebate/View/SpeechView/tabid/85/smid/411/ArticleID/297/reftab/235/t/Venezuela-Bolivarian-Republic-of/Default.html |website=United Nations |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914193208/http://www.un.org/en/ga/65/meetings/generaldebate/View/SpeechView/tabid/85/smid/411/ArticleID/297/reftab/235/t/Venezuela-Bolivarian-Republic-of/Default.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Reform of the United Nations General Assembly includes proposals to change the powers and composition of the U.N. General Assembly. This could include, for example, tasking the Assembly with evaluating how well member states implement UNGA resolutions,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/04revitalization.pdf|title= Revitalization of the Work of the General Assembly |publisher=Globalpolicy.org|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715221519/https://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/04revitalization.pdf|archive-date=15 July 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> increasing the power of the assembly vis-à-vis the [[United Nations Security Council]], or making debates more constructive and less repetitive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/international-organizations-and-alliances/role-un-general-assembly/p13490|title=The Role of the UN General Assembly|work=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-date=9 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509111927/http://www.cfr.org/international-organizations-and-alliances/role-un-general-assembly/p13490|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The U.N. General Assembly approved the "Pact for the Future," a plan to address global challenges including climate change, AI regulation, inequality, and conflicts. It calls for reforms to the Security Council, nuclear disarmament, and greater inclusion of youth and women in decision-making. U.N. Secretary-General Guterres urged leaders to act on these commitments.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.N. General Assembly approves blueprint to foster global unity|date=21 September 2024|url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/09/23/un-general-assembly-approves-blueprint-to-foster-global-unity/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923064857/https://www.africanews.com/2024/09/23/un-general-assembly-approves-blueprint-to-foster-global-unity/|archive-date=23 September 2024|access-date=24 September 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sidelines of the General Assembly==
The annual session of the United Nations General Assembly is accompanied by independent meetings between world leaders, better known as meetings taking place on the ''sidelines'' of the Assembly meeting. The diplomatic congregation has also since evolved into a week attracting wealthy and influential individuals from around the world to New York City to address various agendas, ranging from humanitarian and environmental to business and political.<ref name=NYCGlobalMeeting>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/21/business/ceos-un-week.html|title=It's the U.N.'s Week, but Executives Make It a High-Minded Mingle|author=David Gelles|newspaper=The New York Times|date=21 September 2017|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002813/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/21/business/ceos-un-week.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Politics|World}}
*[[History of the United Nations]]
*[[List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations]]
*[[List of UN General Assembly sessions]]
*[[List of General debates of the United Nations General Assembly]]
*[[Reform of the United Nations]]
*[[United Nations Interpretation Service]]
*[[United Nations System]]
*[[Passblue|PassBlue]]

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q47423|c=Category:United Nations General Assembly|n=Category:United Nations General Assembly|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Category:United Nations General Assembly|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[https://www.un.org/ga United Nations General Assembly]
**[https://www.un.org/webcast/ga.html Webcast archive for the UN General Assembly]
**[https://www.un.org/webcast Subsection of the overall UN webcast site]
*[http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/1 Verbatim record of the 1st session of the UN General Assembly, Jan. 1946]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080302195522/http://www.undemocracy.com/ UN Democracy: hyper linked transcripts of the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council]
*[http://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/ UN General Assembly – Documentation Research Guide]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704085839/http://www.cfr.org/publication/13490/ Council on Foreign Relations: The Role of the UN General Assembly]

{{United Nations General Assembly}}
{{Presidents of the UN General Assembly}}
{{United Nations}}
{{Permanent Representatives to the United Nations}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:United Nations General Assembly| ]]
[[Category:United Nations organs]]
[[Category:Political organizations established in 1945]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in New York City]]

Satish Ramnath Shetye

2026-02-11T07:13:08Z

Rsingh: Adding new page!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Satish Ramnath Shetye
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|10|25}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Geophysics]] | [[Oceanography]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]] | [[University of Goa]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Mumbai]] | [[University of Washington]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on the monsoon-driven currents along the Indian coast
| awards = {{ublist | 1984 [[Indian Academy of Sciences|IAS]] Young Associate Award | 1992 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2006 [[IIT Mumbai]] Distinguished Alumnus Award | 2012 [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|MoES]] National award for Ocean Science and Technology }}
}}
'''Satish Ramnath Shetye''' (born 1950) is an Indian [[geophysicist]], [[oceanographer]] and a former vice chancellor of the [[University of Goa]].<ref name="Dr. Satish Shetye, Vice-Chancellor, Goa University">{{Cite web |url=http://dmscollege.ac.in/prominent-visitors/dr-satish-shetye-vice-chancellor-goa-university/ |title=Dr. Satish Shetye, Vice-Chancellor, Goa University |date=2016 |publisher=Dnyanprassarak Mandal’s College And Research Center |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224030515/http://dmscollege.ac.in/prominent-visitors/dr-satish-shetye-vice-chancellor-goa-university/ |archive-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
He is a former director of the [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]] (NIO)<ref name="Dr. Shetye is NIO's New Director">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nio.org/index/option/com_newsdisplay/task/view/tid/4/sid/23/nid/29 |title=Dr. Shetye is NIO's New Director |date=2004 |publisher=CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography}}</ref> and is known for his researches on the monsoon-driven currents along the Indian coast.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=52 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N98-1241 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Shetye,_Dr_Satish_Ramnath |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as the [[Indian Geophysical Union]].<ref name="Shetye, S.R. - Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nio.org/?option=com_researcherdisplay&task=show&rid=847&title=Director&tid=1&sid=.. |title=Shetye, S.R. - Faculty profile |date=2016 |publisher=National Institute of Oceanography}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 1992.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Nio arabian sea.jpg|thumb|235px|left|National Institute of Oceanography]]
[[File:Goa University Reception.jpg|thumb|235px|Goa University]]
Satish Ramnath Shetye, born on 25 October 1950 in the Indian state of [[Goa]],<ref name="Goa News Clips">{{Cite web |url=http://www.goanvoice.ca/2004/issue7/goanewsclips.htm |title=Goa News Clips |date=3 April 2004 |publisher=Goan Voice}}</ref> did his master's degree in physics from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai]] in 1973 and moved to the US to secure a PhD in [[Physical Oceanography]] from the [[University of Washington]] in 1982.<ref name="Distinguished Alumnus 2006">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/alumni/en/awards/2006/distinguished-alumnus/dr-satish-ramnath-shetye |title=Distinguished Alumnus 2006 |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Bombay}}</ref> He continued in the US to complete his post-doctoral work at the same university during 1975–82 and returned to India to join the [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]] (NIO) in 1982 as a research associate.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He served the institute in various capacities; as Scientist-Grade C (1984–89), Scientist-Grade E-I (1989–92), Scientist-Grade E-II (1992–97) and Scientist-Grade F (1997–2004) before becoming the director in 2004.<ref name="Dr. Shetye is NIO's New Director" /> In 2012, he was appointed as the vice chancellor of the [[University of Goa]] with his tenure running till 2015, but was given an extension of one year.<ref name="Goa University row: Govt faces flak for extending V-C’s term through ordinance">{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/goa-university-row-govt-faces-flak-for-extending-v-cs-term-through-ordinance/ |title=Goa University row: Govt faces flak for extending V-C's term through ordinance |date=28 October 2015 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> He retired from service in 2016, succeeded by Varun Sahni.<ref name="JNU's Varun Sahni named GU's new VC">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/JNUs-Varun-Sahni-named-GUs-new-VC/articleshow/53291444.cms |title=JNU's Varun Sahni named GU's new VC |date=20 July 2016 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Shetye's researches cover the physical oceanography of the [[Arabian Sea]], [[Bay of Bengal]] and the [[Indian Ocean]] and he is known to have undertaken several ocean expeditions in the Indian coastal waters for his studies.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> His work on the [[Indian Monsoon Current|monsoon-driven currents]] along the Indian coast enhanced the understanding of the phenomena and assisted him in proposing mechanisms impacting their existence.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=23 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He elucidated annual variations in the [[sea surface temperature]] in the Arabian Sea by developing a mixed-layer model, reportedly for the first time. His other studies included the coastal circulation of the entire North Indian Ocean, especially around India, the thermal fields in the North Indian Ocean and their relationship with the Indian summer monsoon, variability of sea levels along Indian coasts, dynamics of Indian [[estuaries]] and a first-time study of the [[hydrology]] of rivers feeding those estuaries.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> His studies have been detailed in several peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Shetye=3ASatish_Ramnath=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles, has listed 95 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sr_Shetye |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref>

Shetye has been associated with the Earth Commission, a body constituted by the [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] for policy formulations, and their implementation, where he sat during 2007–09.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Earlier, he had been a member of the council of Indian Academy of Sciences (1998–2003),<ref name="Fellow profile" /> the council of the Indian National Science Academy (2005–07) and the Governing Body of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (2004–07). He is also a former member of the council of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (2006) and a former editor of the Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Earth & Planetary Sciences) and the [[Journal of Earth System Science]]. He is an incumbent member of the Peer Team of [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]], a national body of the [[University Grants Commission of India]] overseeing the accreditation and assessment of institutions of higher education in India.<ref name="Visit of NAAC Peer Team to CUSAT">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cusat.ac.in/view_press_release.php?id=1191 |title=Visit of NAAC Peer Team to CUSAT |date=2016 |publisher=Cochin University of Science and Technology}}</ref><ref name="Cusat gets ‘A’ grade in NAAC assessment">{{Cite web |url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/education/news/news-updates/cusat-gets-%E2%80%98a%E2%80%99-grade-in-naac-assessment-english-news-1.1360542 |title=Cusat gets 'A' grade in NAAC assessment |date=17 September 2016 |publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> He has delivered several featured lectures and plenary addresses which include the IX Kumari L. A. Meera Memorial Lecture of 2000.<ref name="The Indian Summer Monsoon and the Waters around India">{{Cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/1716/Ninth_Kum_L_A_Meera_Mem_Lec_2000_6.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |title=The Indian Summer Monsoon and the Waters around India |last=S. R. Shetye |date=2 December 2000 |publisher=National Institute of Oceanography}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The Indian Academy of Sciences chose Shetye as a Young Associate in 1984;<ref name="Associate Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/associate/Shetye,_Dr._Satish_R. |title=Associate Profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> the academy would honor him again with an elected fellowship in 1992.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, the same year.<ref name="Earth Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |title=Earth Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200915/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> The Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Geophysical Union<ref name="Shetye, S.R. - Faculty profile" /> elected him as their fellows in 1998 and the National Academy of Sciences, India followed suit in 2000,<ref name="NASI fellows" /> the same year as he received the New Millennium Science Medal of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]].<ref name="Dr. Shetye is NIO's New Director" /> He received the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai]] in 2006<ref name="Distinguished Alumnus 2006" /> and the [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] awarded him the National award for Ocean Science and Technology in 2012.<ref name="Earth Sciences Foundation Day Celebrated Today">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=85565 |title=Earth Sciences Foundation Day Celebrated Today |date=27 July 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Earth Sciences}}</ref><ref name="Annual Awards 2012">{{Cite web |url=http://moes.gov.in/writereaddata/files/archive/awrd.pdf |title=Annual Awards 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Ministry of Earth Sciences}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Durand, F. |author2=Shetye, S. R. |author3=Vialard, J. |author4=Shankar, D. |author5=Shenoi, S. S. C. |author6=Ethe, C. |author7=Madec, G. |title=Impact of temperature inversions on SST evolution in the South-Eastern Arabian sea during the pre-summer monsoon season |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=2004 |volume=31 |issue=1 |doi=10.1029/2003GL018906|bibcode=2004GeoRL..31.1305D |url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00203/31424/29815.pdf |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Aparna, M. |author2=Shetye, S. R. |author3=Shankar, D. |author4=Shenoi, S. S. C. |author5=Mehra, P. |author6=Desai, R. G. P. |title=Estimating the seaward extent of sea breeze from QuikSCAT scatterometry |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=2005 |volume=32 |issue=13 |doi=10.1029/2005GL023107|bibcode=2005GeoRL..3213601A |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Suresh, I. |author2=Neetu, S. |author3=Shankar, D. |author4=Shenoi, S. S. C. |author5=Shetye, S. R. |author6=Sundar, D. |author7=Shankar, R. |author8=Nagarajan, B. |title=The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: description of the event and estimation of length of the tsunami source region based on data from Indian tide gauge |journal=Proceedings of the Eleventh Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics |date=2006 |pages=1–6}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Shetye, S. R. |author2=Suresh, I. |author3=Shankar, D. |author4=Sundar, D. |author5=Jayakumar, S. |author6=Mehra, P. |author7=Prabhudesai, R. G. |author8=Pednekar, P. S. |title=Observational evidence for remote forcing of the West India coastal current |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2008 |volume=113 |issue=C11 |doi=10.1029/2008JC004874|bibcode=2008JGRC..11311001S |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Vialard, J. |author2=Shenoi, S. S. C. |author3=McCreary, J. P. |author4=Shankar, D. |author5=Durand, F. |author6=Fernando, V. |author7=Shetye, S. R. |title=Intraseasonal response of the Northern Indian Ocean coastal waveguide to the Madden-Julian Oscillation |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=2009 |volume=36 |issue=14 |doi=10.1029/2009GL038450|bibcode=2009GeoRL..3614606V |s2cid=53573075 |url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00185/29631/27993.pdf }}

== See also ==
* [[Indian Monsoon Current]]
* [[Hydrology]]
* [[Monsoon of South Asia]]
{{portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/goa/ChemicalEngineering/IIChEGRC |title=Lamp Lighting by Guest of Honor |date=2016 |publisher=BITS, Pilani|work=Dr. Satish Ramnath Shetye, Vice Chancellor, Goa University, Goa Lighting lamp during Inauguration}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/1716/Ninth_Kum_L_A_Meera_Mem_Lec_2000_6.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |title=The Indian Summer Monsoon and the Waters around India |last=S. R. Shetye |date=2 December 2000 |publisher=National Institute of Oceanography |work=Ninth Kumari L. A. Meera Memorial Lecture (full text)}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetye, Satish Ramnath}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Indian geophysicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Geophysical Union]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:University of Washington College of the Environment alumni]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Hrishikesh Joshi

2026-02-10T01:34:43Z

Rsingh:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hrishikesh Joshi
| image =
| alt = 
| caption = Hishikesh Joshi at the screening of Poshter Boyz in Mumbai
| birthname =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = Film, Theater and Television Actor, Writer
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}
'''Hrishikesh Joshi''', born in [[Kolhapur]], is a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] actor. He has acted in numerous Hindi, Marathi Movies, tele-serials and theater and has won applauds from many noted professionals.
He has acted in award-winning films like [[Harishchandrachi Factory]], [[Yellow (2014 film)]], [[Aajcha Divas Majha]], [[Vishnupant Damle (film)|Vishnupant Damle : The Unsung Hero Of Talkies]], [[Deool]]

Hrishikesh Joshi completed his post graduation from [[National School of Drama]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nsd.gov.in/delhi/index.php/alumni/|title = Alumni}}</ref> in 1997 Acted in more than 50 plays in Hindi, Marathi and Sanskrit
Represented India for Sri Lankan Theatre Festival in which performed ‘ Abhigyan Shakuntalam’ <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bharat-rang-mahotsav-to-stage-71-indian-foreign-plays-113122700999_1.html|title = Bharat Rang Mahotsav to stage 71 Indian, foreign plays|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 27 December 2013}}</ref> in Sanskrit in Columbo and Candy.

Best Actor Award from Maharashtra state government for Commercial Play State Competition (1999-2000) for the play Shobhayatra, (2006-2007) for Love story and (2007-2008) for 'Ye Bhau Doka Nako Khau' More than 400 shows for commercial play Mukkampost Bombilwadi <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bollyduniya.com/index.php?url=marathi-natak/watch/5150/mukkam-post-bombilwadi-2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031245/http://www.bollyduniya.com/index.php?url=marathi-natak/watch/5150/mukkam-post-bombilwadi-2003| title=Watch Mukkam Post Bombilwadi Online|archivedate=4 March 2016|website=www.bollyduniya.com}}</ref> More than 150 shows for commercial play Sangeet Lagnakallol. More than 150 shows for commercial play Marathi play Love Story

He also writes for a column in the famous Marathi newspaper, [[Loksatta]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokprabha/god-and-human-1052548/|title=दुसरी बाजू : देव आणि माणूस - Marathi News | God And Human - Latest Lokprabha News at Loksatta.com|date=19 December 2014}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2024
|''[[Phullwanti]]''
|Pant Chitnis
|
|-
|Rowspan="2"|2024
|''1234''
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=1234 Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} एक दोन तीन चार Movie {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/1234-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=31 May 2024 |date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Paani Puri''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Teen Adkun Sitaram]]''
|Picaso
|
|-
|''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Jaggu Ani Juliet Marathi Movie Trailer, Release Date, Cast |url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2023/01/jaggu-ani-juliet-trailer-release-date-cast.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Bhirkit''
|Popat
|
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Cycle (2017 film)|Cycle]]'' || Keshav ||
|-
|2019
|''[[Miss U Mister]]''
|Friend of Kaveri's father
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014 ||''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]'' || || At the [[61st National Film Awards]], it won the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web| url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf | title=61st National film awards for 2013 - Feature films | access-date=22 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf | archive-date=16 April 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-movie-review-yellow-marathi-1975936|title = DNA India | Latest News, Live Breaking News on India, Politics, World, Business, Sports, Bollywood}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aajcha Divas Majha]]'' || || At the [[61st National Film Awards]], it won the National Film Award for Best Marathi Film 2014 <ref name="auto"/>
|-
|''[[Poshter Boyz]]'' || || [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actor]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Hrishikesh-Joshi-doesnt-fear-being-over-shadowed/articleshow/39129815.cms|title = Hrishikesh Joshi doesn't fear being over-shadowed - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ajoba]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-review-marathi-film-ajoba-1986984|title = DNA India | Latest News, Live Breaking News on India, Politics, World, Business, Sports, Bollywood}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''[[Vishnupant Damle (film)|Vishnupant Damle : The Unsung Hero Of Talkies]]'' || || The film won award for best biographical/historical reconstruction at the [[59th National Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-docudrama-on-vg-damle-wins-national-award-1659753|title = Docudrama on VG Damle wins National Award}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://article.wn.com/view/2014/04/16/2014_Hrishikesh_Joshis_most_important_year/|title=2014 Hrishikesh Joshi's most important year? - Worldnews.com|website=article.wn.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNPUN45245 |title=Documenting an unsung hero - DNA - English News & Features - Cinema & Entertainment - dnasyndication.com< |website=dnasyndication.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122231156/http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNPUN45245 |archive-date=2015-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eventot.com/bolpatacha-mooknayak-vishnupant-damle-the-unsung-hero-of-talkies/2082823 |title=Bolpatacha Mooknayak - Vishnupant Damle: The Unsung Hero ... | eventot |accessdate=2015-01-21 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122224446/http://eventot.com/bolpatacha-mooknayak-vishnupant-damle-the-unsung-hero-of-talkies/2082823 |archivedate=22 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| ''Bhartiya'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Masala (The Film)|Masala]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-masala-marathi-1678428|title = Review: 'Masala' (Marathi)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moifightclub.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/film-recco-sandesh-kulkarnis-masala-the-adventures-of-revan-man/|title = Film Recco : Sandesh Kulkarni's Masala – the Adventures of Revan-man|date = 25 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Deool]]'' || || The film won the 59th [[National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 ||''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]''|| || [[56th National Film Awards]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]] it was selected as India's [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|official entry]] to [[Academy Award]] in the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] Category
|-
| ''[[Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge?]]'' || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kaminey]]'' || ||
|-
| || ''Takkar'' || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[De Dhakka]]'' || ||
|-
| || ''Nirmala Machhindra Kamble'' || ||
|-
| || ''Kal Ka Admi'' || ||
|-
| || ''Devi Ahilya'' || ||
|-
| || ''Agabai Arechya'' || ||
|-
| || ''Wrong Mauritius'' || ||
|-
| || ''Jagajjanani Mahalaxmi'' || ||
|-
| 2000 ||''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]''|| || The film won three [[National Film Awards]] (India) in 1999.
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English|Best feature film in English]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - [[Mammootty]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]] - [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]
|-
| || ''Nishani Daava Angtha '' || ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Sutradhar'' || ||
|-
|}

===Marathi Serials===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Role !! TV Channel !! Notes
|-
| ''Ghadlay Bighadlay''|| || [[Alpha Marathi]] ||
|-
| ''Shi. Gangadhar Tipare''|| || [[Alpha Marathi]] ||
|-
| ''Hasa Chakat fu'' || || [[Alpha Marathi]] ||
|-
| ''Spandan'' || || [[Alpha Marathi]]||
|-
| ''Eka Lagnachi Dusri Gosht'' || || [[Zee Marathi]]||
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 1)|Bigg Boss Marathi 1]]''
|Himself
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|Guest
|}

==Awards==
* Best Actor Award from Maharashtra state government for Commercial Play State Competition (1999-2000) for Shobhayatra
* Best Actor Award from Maharashtra state government for Commercial Play State Competition (2006-2007) for Love story
* Best Actor Award from Maharashtra state government for Commercial Play State Competition (2007-2008) for Ey bhau doka nako khau

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:joshi, Hrishikesh}}
[[Category:Male actors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}
{{India-stage-actor-stub}}

Hubert Winthrop Young

2026-02-07T22:53:20Z

Rsingh: Updated formatting and sections

{{Short description|British Colonial Governor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific-prefix = [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| name = Sir Hubert Winthrop Young
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]] [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]]
| image = Hubert_Winthrop_Young.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1885|7|6}}
| birth_place = [[Wrexham, Denbighshire]], Wales
| death_date = {{death date and age|1950|4| df=yes|20|1885|7|6}}
| death_place = [[Evora|Evora, Portugal]]
| known_for =
| occupation = Soldier, diplomat and colonial governor
| awards = [[Order of St Michael and St George|Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (1934) [[Distinguished Service Order]] (1919) Order of El Nahda, 3rd Class ([[Kingdom of Hejaz]]) (1920)
}}
[[Major (rank)|Major]] '''Sir Hubert Winthrop Young''', [[Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (6 July 1885 – 20 April 1950)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Young, Major Sir Hubert Winthrop, (1885–20 April 1950), late Indian Army; Chairman, Royal Free Hospital and West Wilts Hospital Management Committee; Chairman Consultative Council, Southern Electricity Area|url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-233830|access-date=2021-06-12|website=WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO|year=2007 |language=en|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u233830|isbn=978-0-19-954089-1 }}</ref> was an [[England|English]] soldier in [[British Army]] and [[British Indian Army]], [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] politician, diplomat and colonial governor.

==Early life and army==
Born on 6 July 1885, Young was the second son of colonial administrator [[William Mackworth Young]] and his second wife, Frances Mary, daughter of Sir [[Robert Eyles Egerton]], KCSI, JP, Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1877 to 1882,<ref name=":1">{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-37077|doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/37077|title = The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year = 2004}}</ref><ref name="Burke's Peerage 2003">Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1164</ref> Sir Robert Egerton was nephew of the 8th and 9th [[Grey Egerton baronets]].<ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 2, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1674</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p56785.htm | title=Person Page}}</ref> Gerard's paternal grandfather was [[Young baronets#Young baronets, of Formosa Place (1813)|Sir George Young, 2nd Baronet]].<ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 3, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 4274</ref> He was educated at [[Eton College|Eton]] before being commissioned into the [[Royal Artillery]] in 1904.<ref name=ah>http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/news/0300you.html Major Hubert Young at Archives Hub</ref><ref name=":1" /> After four year he was transferred to the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] as an officer in the [[116th Mahrattas]].<ref name="obit" /> Young served on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North West Frontier]] becoming an assistant political officer in Mesopotamia during the First World War.<ref name="obit" /> He was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] for gallantry in [[Muzayrib|Mezerib]], [[Syria]] in September 1918.<ref name=ah />

==Diplomat==
In 1919 Young joined the Foreign Office in London, after three years he was transferred to the Colonial Office as an assistant secretary in the Middle East Department.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="obit" /> He was later appointed Colonial Secretary at Gibraltar.<ref name="obit" /> In 1929 he moved to Iraq and in 1932 was appointed the first Minister of Baghdad.<ref name="obit" /> He advocated for the creation of an independent [[Kurdistan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kareem |first=Mohammad Sabah |date=2022 |title=Winston Churchill's Middle Eastern Strategy and the Idea of a Kurdish Buffer State, 1921–1922 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2022.2058056 |journal=The International History Review |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1211–1229 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2022.2058056 |s2cid=257431064 |issn=0707-5332|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

After a few months he was appointed Governor of Nyasaland, the first of three governorships:
*[[Malawi]] (Nyasaland) - Governor (22 November 1932 to 9 April 1934)
*[[Northern Rhodesia]] - Governor (1935–1938)
*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] - Governor (8 July 1938 - 1942)

Young had been knighted in 1934 and in 1942 he returned to London where he organised European relief work until he retired in 1945.<ref name="obit" />

He wrote the sympathetic book ''The Independent Arab'', a part-[[memoir]], part-[[Travel literature|travelogue]] detailing his diplomatic and military time in the [[Middle East]].

==Politics==
Following his retirement he took an interest in politics and stood twice as a candidate in the 1945 general election at [[Harrow West (UK Parliament constituency)|Harrow West]] for the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] and again at a [[1947 Liverpool Edge Hill by-election|by-election]] in [[Liverpool Edge Hill (UK Parliament constituency)|Edge Hill, Liverpool]] in 1947 without success.<ref name="obit" /> In February 1947 he was part of a group of Liberal candidates from the 1945 elections who signed up in support of the pamphlet 'Design For Freedom' which sought a merger of Liberals with Conservatives creating a new centre party.

==Family life==
Young had married Margaret Rose Mary Reynold (d.1981) in London in 1924. Lady Young Road from [[Port of Spain]] to [[Barataria, Trinidad and Tobago|Barataria]], Trinidad is named after her. They had three sons, Nicholas, Martin and Simon. Young died in Portugal on 20 April 1950.<ref name="obit" />

His elder brother was archaeologist and colonial official [[Gerard Mackworth Young]], director of the [[British School at Athens]]; their younger brother was [[Mark Aitchison Young]], twice Governor of Hong Kong.<ref name="Burke's Peerage 2003"/>

==References==
<references>

<ref name="obit">{{Cite newspaper The Times
|title=Major Sir H. Winthrop Young - An Able Colonial Administrator
|author=
|department=Obituaries
|date=22 April 1950
|page=8
|issue=51672
|column=F
}}</ref>

</references>

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Young, Hubert Winthrop}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Wrexham]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Denbighshire]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Governors of Nyasaland]]
[[Category:Governors of Northern Rhodesia]]
[[Category:Governors of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People educated at Summer Fields School]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates]]
[[Category:Colonial secretaries of Gibraltar]]
[[Category:People from Mandatory Iraq]]

Bhojpuri people

2026-02-05T20:55:46Z

Rsingh: new

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bhojpuri people
| native_name = भोजपुरिया सब 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲𑂨𑂰 𑂮𑂥
| native_name_lang = bh
| image =
| flag =
| caption =
| population = '''{{Circa|51 million|lk=yes}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref>
| popplace = [[India]] ([[Bhojpuri region]]; Western [[Bihar]], [[Purvanchal|Eastern Uttar Pradesh]], Northwestern [[Jharkhand]]) and [[Nepal]] (Western [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh]], Eastern [[Lumbini]])
| pop1 = {{Flagcountry|Nepal}} 1,820,795
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite report |date=2021 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report |author=National Statistics Office |work=Government of Nepal |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity}}</ref>
| rels = '''Majority:''' [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] 
'''Minority:''' {{hlist
|[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]|[[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]]|[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]|[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Jainism]]}}
| langs = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| related_groups = other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
}}

The '''Bhojpuri people''', also known as '''''Bhojpuriya-sawb''''' ([[Devanagari]]: भोजपुरिया सब; [[Kaithi]]: 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲𑂨𑂰 𑂮𑂥; [[Romanized]]: bhojapuriyā sab) are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] ethnic group from the [[Indian subcontinent]] who speak the [[Bhojpuri language]] and inhabit the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]]-[[Purvanchal]] region. This area is now divided between the western part of the Indian state of [[Bihar]], the eastern part of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], western part of the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]], along with some neighbouring districts in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] as well as the [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh province]] and [[Lumbini Province|Lumbini province]] of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2e3kAAAAMAAJ&q=bhojpuri+ethno | title=Economic and Socio-cultural Dimensions of Regionalisation: An Indo-U.S.S.R. Collaborative Study | accessdate=18 March 2017 | pages=392–409| last1=Roy Burman | first1=B. K. | last2=Chandra Sekhar | first2=A. | year=1972 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&dq=Bhojpuri+ethnic+group&pg=PA69 | title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India | accessdate=18 March 2017 | page=69| isbn=9780595343942 | last1=Brass | first1=Paul R. | year=2005 }}</ref> A significant population of the [[Bihari diaspora]] of Bhojpuris can be found in [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], other parts of the [[Caribbean]], [[Fiji]], [[Natal (province)|South Africa (Natal)]], [[Seychelles]], [[Mauritius]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Netherlands]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yH8MAQAAMAAJ&q=Bhojpuri+ethnic+group | title=Journal of Mauritian Studies, Volume 2, Issue 1 | year=2003 | accessdate=18 March 2017 | pages=34–37}}</ref>

==Culture==
===''Language and literature''===
{{Main|Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri literature}}
'''Bhojpuri language''' is spoken by around 50 million people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref> It is native to the [[Bhojpuri region]] of [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]] as well as the [[Terai|Terai region]] of [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh]] and [[Lumbini Province|Lumbini]] in [[Nepal]]. Bhojpuri is sociolinguistically considered as one of the "[[Hindi dialects]]" although it linguistically belongs to the geographic [[Bihari languages]] branch derived from the larger branch of [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]. The first Bhojpuri novel ''Bindiyã'' was written by [[Ram Nath Pandey]] in 1955. It was published by Bhojpuri Sansad, Jagatganj, [[Varanasi]]. [[Bhikhari Thakur]] was a famous writer of Bhojpuri language and founder of [[Bhojpuri music|Bhojpuri songs]]. His famous book is ''Bidesiya''.<ref>Dr. [[Viveki Rai]], ''Bhojpuri Katha Sahity ke vikaas''</ref><ref>[http://hindi.webdunia.com/literature-remembrance/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF-1140616058_1.htm भोजपुरी साहित्य के संत-रामनाथ पांडेय] Webduniya.</ref>

===''Cuisine''===
{{Main|Bhojpuri cuisine}}

'''Bhojpuri cuisine''' is part of [[North Indian cuisine]]. It is mild and spice is less used, [[Awadhi cuisine]] and [[Mughlai cuisine]] have largely influenced it. On the other side, it has majorly influenced cuisines of the [[Caribbean]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], and [[South Africa]].

==Influence and reputation==
According to [[G.A. Grierson]], Bhojpuri people have influence all over India and called them people from energetic race and also the ''Civilizer of Hindostan''. In order to compare Bhojpuriyas with [[Maithils]] and [[Magahi people|Magahis]] he writes:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Linguistic Survey of India |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/18/mode/1up |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

{{Quote box |width=300px |align=right |quoted=true |
|salign=right
|quote={{lang|en|Maithili and Magahi are the dialects of nationalities which have carried conservatism to excess of uncouthness, while Bhojpuri is the practical language of an energetic race, which is ever ready to accommodate itself to circumstances, and has made it influence felt all over the Indian. Bengali and Bhojpuri are the two civilizer of Hindostan, the former with his pen and latter with his cudgel.

George Abraham Grierson
Linguistic Survey of India
Vol V. Part II
}}
}}
He further writes that Bhojpuri people form the fighting nation of Hindostan, and has praised for grab any opportunity. He writes:<ref name=":0" />

{{Quote box
| width = 300px
| align = right
| quoted = true|
| salign = right
| quote = {{lang|en|The Bhojpuri-speaking country is inhabited by a people curiously different from people who speak Bihari dialects. They form the fighting nation of Hindostan. An alert and active nationality, with few scruples, and considerable abilities, dearly loving a fight for fighting's sake, they have spread all over Aryan India, each men ready to carve his fortune out of any opportunity which may present itself to him. They furnish a rich mine of recruitments to the Hindostani Army, and on the other hand they took a prominent part in the mutiny of 1857. As fond as an Irishman, is of a stick, the long-boned, stalwart, Bhojpuri, with a staff in hand, is a familiar object striding over fields far from his home. Thousands of them emigrated to british colonies and have returned rich-men, every year still larger numbers wander over Northern Bengal and seek employment, either honestly, as palki bearers, or otherwise as dacoits. Every Bengali Zamindar keeps a pose of these men, eumphistically termed 'darwans', to keep his tenants in order.

George Abraham Grierson
Linguistic Survey of India
Vol V. Part II
}}
}}

==Notable people==
{{See also|List of Bhojpuri people}}
*[[Mangal Pandey]], Freedom fighter from Ballia
*[[Anand Satyanand]], First ethnic Indian, non-white, non-Maori, Roman Catholic, Asian and ethnic minority [[Governor General of New Zealand]] from 2006 to 2011
*[[Kabir]]das, Poet and saint
*[[Ravidas]], Poet and saint
*[[Ravindra Kishore Sinha]], Billionaire businessman and politician
*[[Suryakumar Yadav]], Indian Cricketer
*[[Yashasvi Jaiswal]], Indian Cricketer
*[[Krushna Abhishek]], Bollywood actor and comedian
*[[Manoj Bajpayee]], Bollywood actor
*[[Vinay Pathak]], Bollywood actor
*[[Pankaj Tripathi]], Bollywood actor
*[[Rajpal Yadav]], Bollywood actor
*[[Akhilendra Mishra]], Actor and comedian
*[[Daya Shankar Pandey]], Actor
*[[Aditya Lakhia]], Actor
*[[Raghubir Yadav]], Actor and singer
*[[Rajesh Vivek]], Actor and comedian
*[[Ravi Kishan]], Actor and politician
*[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]], Actor, singer and politician
*[[Pawan Singh]], Actor, singer and politician
*[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]], Actor, singer, producer and politician
*[[Khesari Lal Yadav]], Actor, singer, dancer and model
*[[Sudhanshu Pandey]], Actor, singer, writer, producer and model
*[[Siddhant Chaturvedi]], Bollywood actor
*[[Amita Suman]], Actress
*[[Vindhya Tiwari]], Actress
*[[Rati Pandey]], Actress
*[[Divyanka Tripathi]], Actress
*[[Surbhi Tiwari]], Actress
*[[Jayaprakash Narayan]], Indian independence activist and politician (Bharat Ratna)
*[[Dr. Rajendra Prasad]], First [[President of India]]
*[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], Second [[Prime Minister of India]]
*[[Chandra Shekhar]], Former [[Prime Ministers of India|Prime Minister of India]]
*[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], Politician and former [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]]
*[[Bhikhari Thakur]], Author
*[[Heera Dom]], Poet
*[[Raj Mohan]], Singer
*[[Dinesh Bhramar]], Poet
*[[Bindeshwari Dubey]], Freedom fighter and politician
*[[Om Prakash Rajbhar]], Politician
*[[Saryu Rai]], Politician
*[[Medini Ray]], King of Palamu in 17th century
*[[Kunwar Singh|Babu Veer Kunwar Singh]], [[Maharaja]] of [[Jagdishpur estate]]
*[[Parichay Das]], Author
*[[Manoj Bhawuk]], Poet
*[[Anjana Om Kashyap]], Journalist
*[[Chandan Tiwari]], Folk singer
*[[Nitish Kumar]], [[Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]] and politician
*[[Munshi Premchand]], Author
*[[Bahadur Prasad]], Olympian
*[[Manoj Sinha]], Former Member of Parliament, Lt. Governor of Jammu and Kashmir
*[[Ajay Rai]], Politician
*[[Seewoosagur Ramgoolam]], Doctor, first Prime Minister of [[Mauritius]]
*[[Aneerood Jugnauth]], Barrister, second Prime Minister of [[Mauritius]]

== See also ==
* [[Indo-Caribbeans]]
**[[Indo-Trinidadians]]
**[[Indo-Surinamese]]
**[[Indo-Guyanese]]
**[[Indo-Jamaicans]]
* [[Indo-Fijians]]
* [[Mauritians of Indian origin]]
**[[Bihari Mauritians]]
* [[Indo-Seychellois]]
* [[Indian South Africans]]
** [[Natal (province)|Natalians]] ([[:fr:Sud-Africains_indiens|Natal Indians]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]

Vadde Ramesh

2026-02-04T21:34:57Z

Rsingh: Adding a data!

{{Short description|Indian film producer (1947–2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vadde Ramesh
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1947|7|7}}
| birth_place = Yelamarru, [[Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|11|21|1947|10|11}}
| death_place = KIMS [[Hyderabad]]
| occupation = Producer
| spouse =
| children = [[Vadde Naveen]] (son)
| relatives =
| awards =
}}

'''Vadde Ramesh ''' (11 October 1947 – 21 November 2013) was an Indian film producer who produced movies in the [[Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages.

==Background==
Ramesh was born on 11 October 1947 in Elamarru Village of [[Krishna District]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tollywoodandhra.in/telugu-cinema-news/producer-vadde-ramesh-died/ |title=Producer Vadde Ramesh died |publisher=TollywoodAndhra.in |date= |accessdate=2013-11-23 |archive-date=25 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125001325/http://www.tollywoodandhra.in/telugu-cinema-news/producer-vadde-ramesh-died/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his debut in Telugu Film Industry in 1976 with the film ''Padavoi Bharateeyuda'' which was directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Shekhar |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/telugu-film-producer-vadde-ramesh-died-125447.html |title=Telugu Film Producer Vadde Ramesh Dies Of Cancer - Oneindia Entertainment |publisher=Oneindia |date=22 November 2013 |access-date=2013-11-23 |archive-date=24 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124104223/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2013/telugu-film-producer-vadde-ramesh-died-125447.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Death==
Ramesh died on 21 November 2013 at KIMS hospital, [[Hyderabad]], following cancer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-11-22 |title=Producer Vadde Ramesh passes away |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Producer-Vadde-Ramesh-passes-away/articleshow/26170587.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sakshipost.com/index.php/news/state/30328-telugu-producer-vadde-ramesh-passes-away.html |title=Telugu producer Vadde Ramesh passes away |publisher=Sakshi Post |date= |accessdate=2013-11-23 |archive-date=24 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124070307/http://www.sakshipost.com/index.php/news/state/30328-telugu-producer-vadde-ramesh-passes-away.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Published Date : 20-Nov-2013 22:00:00 GMT |url=http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/noted-producer-vadde-ramesh-passes-away-51635.html |title=Noted Producer Vadde Ramesh Passes Away |publisher=Greatandhra.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-23 |archive-date=23 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123060512/http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/noted-producer-vadde-ramesh-passes-away-51635.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''[[Katakatala Rudrayya]]'' (1978)
*''[[Rangoon Rowdy]]'' (1979)
*''[[Bobbili Puli]]'' (1982)
*''[[Sur Sangam]]'' (1985) (Hindi)
*''[[Viswanatha Nayakudu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Lankeswarudu]]'' (1989)
*''Sri Edu Kondala Swami'' (1991)
*''[[Karnaa]]'' (1995) (Tamil)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0708189}}
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Producer-Vadde-Ramesh-passes-away/articleshow/26170587.cms Times Of India News - Producer Vadde Ramesh Passes away]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131125014432/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/100186.html Vadde Ramesh Dies of Cancer]
*[http://v6news.tv/telugu-film-producer-vadde-ramesh-dies-of-cancer Telugu Film Producer Vadde Ramesh Dies of Cancer]
*[http://english.tupaki.com/enews/view/Hero-Vadde-Naveen-father-is-no-more/44244 Hero Vadde Naveen father is no more]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesh, Vadde}}
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Film people from Krishna district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]

Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin

2026-01-25T05:22:31Z

Rsingh:

{{Short description|Indian TV soap opera series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mona Singh as in Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin.jpg
| caption =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| creator =
| director = [[Tony Singh (director)|Tony Singh]] Deeya Singh [[Rajan Shahi]]
| music = Abhijeet Hegdepatil
| starring = [[Mona Singh]]
| opentheme = ''Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin'' by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| writer = Jay Verma
| story = [[Fernando Gaitán]]
| country = India
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| company = [[DJ's a Creative Unit]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2003|9|1|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2006|5|4|df=y}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 550
}}

'''''Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin''''' ({{translation|''There is no one like Jassi''}}) is an [[Indian soap opera]] which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] from 1 September 2003 to 4 May 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jerriblank.com/betty/india.html |title=Ugly is the New Beautiful: India's "Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin" |last=IV |first=Antonio Lopes Lagarto |website=www.jerriblank.com |access-date=2018-02-25}}</ref> The series was an adaptation of the Colombian drama ''[[Yo soy Betty, la fea]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080608/spectrum/tv.htm |title=Television: Dream duo |date=8 June 2008 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Based largely on the show, ''[[Yo soy Betty, la fea]]'', the show follows the life of Jasmeet Walia known as Jassi ([[Mona Singh]]) who is a plain-looking young woman from a middle-class family in [[Mumbai]]. Jassi is a sincere worker and has been working to support her family. She is naive but intelligent. She has always been supported and encouraged by her father, grandmother (Bebe), and her close friend Nandu ([[Gaurav Gera]]) but she has faced rejection largely from society simply because of her looks. Jassi somehow lands her dream job at Gulmohur, a big fashion empire. She is appointed as the secretary to Armaan Suri ([[Apurva Agnihotri]]) and after a rough start soon becomes indispensable at work. She falls in love with Armaan but keeps her feelings to herself.

The show follows how Jassi becomes successful at Gulmohur but must face difficulties and trouble created by several people unhappy with her success, one of whom is Armaan's arrogant girlfriend Mallika ([[Rakshanda Khan]]). She is forced to disappear when things get too murky and is saved by businessman Purab Mehra ([[Samir Soni]]) who eventually becomes responsible for Jassi's makeover so she can hide her real identity and avenge the wrongs done to her and her family. Meanwhile, Armaan falls in love with Jassi, and while mourning her disappearance, is inexplicably attracted to her alter ego Jessica Bedi. In the end, Armaan and Jassi unite and gain control of Gulmohur.

== Cast ==
* [[Mona Singh]] as Jasmeet Walia (Jassi) also called Chasmish Chuhiya in negative tone / Jessica Bedi (Model of Gulmohar & Jasmin Collection)/ Neha Shastri (History & Drama Teacher) / Vedika's Adoptive Mother-She is an economist and Chairman Personal assistant with secretary in Gulmohar . Apparently ugly woman but very skilled in economics with a good CV. She is the pride of her father. She is in love with Armaan Suri but when she gets a new look, Armaan marries her, Armaan’s wife
* [[Apurva Agnihotri]] as Armaan Suri, the heir to the Gulmohar business empire who starts out as a rich and arrogant businessman, Jassi's lover/husband & Vedika's Adoptive Father.He is a chairman of Gulmohar. Inept playboy with only knowledge in industrial engineering who presents a risky and ambitious proposal with which he wins the presidency of Gulmohar. Managing it brings the company to the brink of bankruptcy.
* [[Rakshanda Khan]] as Mallika Seth-She is fashionista and Armaan's girlfriend from a well to do business family, main antagonist, Armaan's fiancée and Gulmohar's stockholder and point-of-sale manager. She is not really bad but a woman full of dignity who loves Armaan and hates lovers of Armaan. She hates Jassi as she covers up his constant infidelities.
* [[Parmeet Sethi]] as Raj Malhotra-He is Armaan's best friend and Gulmohar's commercial vice president. Playboy inveterate enemy of commitments and fatherhood.
* [[Gaurav Gera]] as Nandan Verma (Nandu), Jassi's best friend
* [[Manini Mishra]] as Pari Kapadia-She is antagonist; Mallika's best friend and secretary. Divorced woman, refined and superficial, as well as a materialist who is looking for a rich husband. Armaan hates her because she is a silly blonde and knows that Mallika wants her as Armaan's secretary to watch over her infidelities.
* [[Jayati Bhatia]] as Bindiya, Jassi's friend
* [[Pushtiie Shakti]] as Maithili, Jassi's friend
* [[Pubali Sanyal]] as Nazneen, Jassi's friend
* [[Shabnam Sayed]] as Maria, Jassi's friend
* [[Trishala]] as Trishala, Jassi's friend
* [[Uttara Baokar]] as Jassi's grandmother who she fondly calls Bebe
* [[Virendra Saxena]] as Balwant Walia (Billoo), Jassi's father who has always encouraged her
* Surinder Kaur as Amrit Walia, Jassi's mother
* [[Amar Talwar]] as Purushottam Suri, Armaan's father
* [[Mahru Sheikh]] as Ila Suri, Armaan's mother
* [[Samir Soni]] as Purab Mehra, a successful businessman who helps Jassi overcome her fears and knows her identity all along (Dead in Episode 388)
* [[Zain Khan]] as Rohan
* [[Shyam Pathak]] (episode 186) as Raddiwala
* [[Vinay Jain]] as Aryan Seth, Mallika's brother and Armaan's nemesis who will go to any lengths to get control of the Gulmohar empire Vedika's Father (Dead)(Negative Role)
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as Maddy, Gulmohar's fashion designer
* [[Navneet Nishan]] as Hansmukhi
* [[Shweta Salve]] as Arundhati Roy
* [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as Computer Hacker
* [[Raman Trikha]] as Lucky
* [[Sandhya Mridul]] as Yaana
* [[Sandhya Shetty]] as Kareena Modi
* [[Anupama Verma]] as Sheetal Ambuja
* [[Mandira Bedi]] as herself
* [[Divya Dutta]] as herself
* [[Karan Oberoi (singer)]] as himself & Raghav Oberoi
* [[Vikas Bhalla]] as Chiranjeev (CJ) Oberoi in antagonist
* [[Neena Gupta]] as Nandini
* [[Rakhee Tandon (actress)|Rakhee Tandon]] as Anjali (Angel) Suri, Armaan's sister
* [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Advocate Thakral
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]] as Advocate Indira Bhargav
* [[Rohit Bakshi (actor)|Rohit Bakshi]] as Rahul
* [[Shilpa Saklani]] as Vidhi Vedika's Mother
* [[Chinky Jaiswal]] as Vedika Vidhi's Daughter / Jassi & Armaan's Adoptive Daughter
* [[Nitin Arora]] as Detective
* [[Gauri Pradhan Tejwani]] as Gauri Pradhan
* [[Vikram Sahu]] as Dhanraj
* [[Shweta Kawatra]] as Meenakshi
* [[Niyati Joshi]] as Jyoti (Jo) Khatri
* [[Pooja Ghai Rawal]] as Riya
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Father Rodricks
* [[Sanjay Batra]] as Public Prosecutor
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] as Shiv Pratap Oberoi
* [[Shubhavi Choksey]] as Meera Oberoi
* [[Salil Acharya]] as Armaan's cousin
* [[Kishori Shahane]] as Doctor
* [[Ketki Dave]] as Vrinda Khatri
* [[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani|Sooraj Thapar]] as Charles
* [[Rajesh Khattar]] as Parvatlal Singh
* [[Apara Mehta]] as Naseem Aapa
* [[Sanjay Batra]] as Advocate Rajkumar Jha
* [[Neeru Bajwa]] as Neha Shastri

===Guest appearances===
* [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Karan Kapoor: To promote his film ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''<ref>{{Cite news|title=TV promotes products, NGOs and B'wood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/TV-promotes-products-NGOs-and-Bwood/articleshow/696496.cms|website=The Times of India|date=25 May 2004 }}</ref> (In May 2004)
* [[Malaika Arora]] for Loreal Paris Fashion Fiesta Advertisement in episode no 275
* [[Vandana Luthra]] as herself in Episode 306
* [[Rupali Tiwari]] as herself from NDTV News Host in Episode 343
* [[Neeta Lulla]] Designed Jassi's Bridal Outfit
* [[Neelam Kothari]] Designed Jassi's Bridal Jewellery

== Development ==
Jassi Jaisi Koi Nahi is also known for its remarkable campaigning and marketing done by the channel to attract a huge audience before its launch. The main protagonist 'Jasmeet Walia' was hidden completely from the audience in promotions although the campaigning was focused on the character's uniqueness. This generated a lot of curiosity among its audience to know about the character. This was the first an Indian Television Channel took such a big risk to keep its series protagonist under wraps and still promoting it heavily. The risk paid off and the show opened with a bumper response on its premiere episode. The TV show was well received and it went on to run for three years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/7889_Jassi-Jaissi-Koi-Nahin-Lessons-in-marketing|title=Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin: Lessons in marketing|date=15 December 2003 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
A special episode aired on 5 March 2005 garnered 10.9 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Indian Idol' shakes up TRP muster; rockets into third|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar110.htm|website=Indian Television dot com|date=11 March 2005}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Role !! Result
|-
| rowspan="4" | '''2003'''
| rowspan="4" | [[Apsara Awards]]
| ''Best Actress in Drama Series''
| [[Mona Singh]]
| Jasmeet Walia
| rowspan="4" {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apsaraawards.org/1st_apsara_awards_winners.html |title=Winners of 1st Apsara Awards}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Drama Series''
| Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin
|
|-
| ''Best Director-Drama Series''
| Rohit Khanna
|
|-
| ''Outstanding Debut''
| [[Mona Singh]]
| Jasmeet Walia
|-
| rowspan="8" | '''2004'''
| rowspan="6" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| ''Best Child Artiste (Male)''
| Zain (Indian child artist)|Zain Khan
| Rohan
| rowspan="6" {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm |title=Winners of 4th Indian Telly Awards |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175611/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm |archive-date=17 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Comic Actor (Female)''
| [[Manini De]]
| Pari
|-
| ''Best Actor in Supporting Role (Female)''
| [[Rakshanda Khan]]
| Mallika Seth
|-
| ''Television Personality of The Year (Female)''
| [[Mona Singh]]
| Jasmeet Walia
|-
| ''Best Actress (Female)''
| [[Mona Singh]]
| Jasmeet Walia
|-
| ''TV Programme of The Year''
| Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| ''Best Serial – Drama (Jury)''
| Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin
|
| rowspan="2" {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2004 |title=Winners of Indian Television Academy Awards, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526071531/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2004 |archive-date=26 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Actress (Popular)''
| [[Mona Singh]]
| Jasmeet Walia
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''2005'''
| rowspan="4" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| ''Best Actress (Female)''
| [[Mona Singh]]
| Jasmeet Walia
| rowspan="4" {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm |title=Winners of 5th Indian Telly Awards |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175616/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm |archive-date=17 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Actor (Male)''
| Apurva Agnihotri
| Arman Suri
|-
| ''Best Actor in Negative Role (Female)''
| [[Rakshanda Khan]]
| Mallika Seth
|-
| ''Best Daily Serial''
| Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin
|
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| ''Best Actress – Drama (Jury)''
| [[Mona Singh]]
| Jasmeet Walia
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2005 |title=Winners of Indian Television Academy Awards, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504215552/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2005 |archive-date=4 May 2012}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0401949}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/4682377880001/Jassi Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} on [[Sony Liv]]

{{SET Shows}}
{{Ugly Betty series}}

[[Category:2000s comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:2000s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2000s LGBTQ-related comedy television series]]
[[Category:2000s LGBTQ-related drama television series]]
[[Category:2000s romance television series]]
[[Category:2000s romantic comedy television series]]
[[Category:2000s romantic drama television series]]
[[Category:2000s sitcoms]]
[[Category:2000s workplace comedy television series]]
[[Category:2000s workplace drama television series]]
[[Category:2003 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2003 telenovelas]]
[[Category:2004 telenovelas]]
[[Category:2005 telenovelas]]
[[Category:2006 telenovelas]]
[[Category:Beauty]]
[[Category:Comedy telenovelas]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:Fashion-themed television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian children's television series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian television shows]]
[[Category:Mass media portrayals of the working class]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Television franchises]]
[[Category:Television series about children]]
[[Category:Television series about families]]
[[Category:Television series about journalism]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transgender-related television shows]]
[[Category:Works about fashion magazine publishing]]
[[Category:Yo soy Betty, la fea]]
[[Category:Ugly Betty]]

Swami Smaranananda

2026-01-18T10:18:31Z

Rsingh:

{{Short description|Indian monk (1929–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name = Swami Smaranananda
|image = Swami Smaranananda in 2014.jpg
|caption = Smaranananda in 2014
|guru = [[Shankarananda (Ramakrishna monk)|Swami Shankarananda]]
|predecessor = [[Swami Atmasthananda]]
|successor = Swami Gautamananda
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_date = {{birth year|25 December 1929}}
|birth_place = [[Andami]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and given age|2024|03|26|94|df=y}} <ref name="The Times of India 2024 q212">{{cite web | title=Ramakrishna Mission president Swami Smaranananda dies at 95, PM Modi pays tribute | website=The Times of India | date=27 March 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ramakrishna-mission-president-swami-smaranananda-dies-at-95-pm-modi-pays-tribute/articleshow/108799608.cms | access-date=27 March 2024 | archive-date=27 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327185025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ramakrishna-mission-president-swami-smaranananda-dies-at-95-pm-modi-pays-tribute/articleshow/108799608.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
|death_place = [[Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
|philosophy = [[Vedanta]]
|order = [[Ramakrishna Mission]]
|honors =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Swami Smaranananda''' (25 December 1929 – 26 March 2024) was an Indian senior [[Monasticism#Hinduism|Hindu monk]] of the [[Ramakrishna Math]] and [[Ramakrishna Mission]], and its 16th president.<ref name="Zee News">{{cite web | title=রামকৃষ্ণ মঠ ও মিশনের ষোলোতম অধ্যক্ষ হলেন স্বামী স্মরণানন্দ | language=bn | website=Zee News India | date=17 July 2017 | url=http://zeenews.india.com/bengali/state/swami-smaranananda-is-became-the-16th-president-of-ramkrishna-math_170686.html | access-date=13 January 2018 | archive-date=14 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114130704/http://zeenews.india.com/bengali/state/swami-smaranananda-is-became-the-16th-president-of-ramkrishna-math_170686.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Times of India 2017">{{cite web | title=RKM helm to see a 'generational' change | website=The Times of India | date=17 July 2017 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rkm-helm-to-see-a-generational-change/articleshow/59625224.cms | access-date=12 January 2018 | archive-date=7 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907115330/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rkm-helm-to-see-a-generational-change/articleshow/59625224.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=84852|title=Swami Smaranananda new president of Ramakrishna Mission - City News - observerbd.com|website=observerbd.com|accessdate=12 January 2018|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114183831/http://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=84852|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha(BSS) 2017">{{cite web | title=News Details | website=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha(BSS) | date=18 July 2017 | url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=676660&date=2017-07-18 | access-date=12 January 2018 | archive-date=14 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114131013/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=676660&date=2017-07-18 | url-status=live }}</ref> He joined the organization in 1952, and was elected president on 17 July 2017.<ref name="The Telegraph">{{cite web | title=RKM gets its 16th head | website=The Telegraph | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1170718/jsp/calcutta/story_162500.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184436/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170718/jsp/calcutta/story_162500.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 January 2018 | access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="The New Nation 2018">{{cite web | author=The New Nation | title=Swami Smaranananda new president of Ramakrishna Mission | website=The New Nation | date=12 January 2018 | url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/140983/swami-smaranananda-new-president-of-ramakrishna-mission.html | access-date=12 January 2018 | archive-date=14 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114235327/http://thedailynewnation.com/news/140983/swami-smaranananda-new-president-of-ramakrishna-mission.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Anandabazar Patrika">{{cite web | title=হৃদয়ে রামকৃষ্ণ, আচরণে কর্মযোগী | language=bn | website=Anandabazar Patrika | date=18 July 2017 | url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/swami-smarananandaji-becomes-new-president-of-ramakrishna-mission-1.643996 | access-date=13 January 2018 | archive-date=14 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114183827/http://www.anandabazar.com/state/swami-smarananandaji-becomes-new-president-of-ramakrishna-mission-1.643996 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Smaranananda was born in 1929 in the village of Andami, in the [[Tanjavur]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]], India, to a [[Tamil people|Tamil Hindu]] family with [[joint family|joint identity]]. Real name Jayram Venkatraman. He was raised by his aunt, and finished secondary school in [[Chennai]] in 1946.<ref name="~ Belur Math Media Gallery ~ 2017">{{cite web | title=Swami Smarananandaji Maharaj : New President of the Ramakrishna Order 2017~ Belur Math Media Gallery ~ | website=~ Belur Math Media Gallery ~ | date=17 July 2017 | url=http://media.belurmath.org/swami-smarananandaji-maharaj-new-president-ramakrishna-order-2017-1227 | access-date=13 January 2018 | archive-date=26 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226063910/https://media.belurmath.org/swami-smarananandaji-maharaj-new-president-ramakrishna-order-2017-1227/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Religious career==
Smaranananda received [[diksha|initiation]] from Swami Shankarananda in 1952, and joined the Ramakrishna Order that same year at its Mumbai centre. He was granted vows of [[Brahmacharya]] in 1956 and [[Sannyasa]] in 1960, both by [[Shankarananda (Ramakrishna monk)|Swami Shankarananda]].<ref name="The Telegraph"/>

In 1958, he was posted to [[Advaita Ashrama]] in [[Kolkata]], and served there for 18 years in various capacities, including some years as assistant editor of [[Prabuddha Bharata]], the English-language journal founded by [[Swami Vivekananda]]. In 1976, he became the secretary of the Ramakrishna Mission Saradapitha, a large educational institution located next to [[Belur Math]], where he served for nearly 15 years. In 1991, he became the head of [[Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai]].<ref name="Anandabazar Patrika 2">{{cite web | title=রামকৃষ্ণ মঠ ও মিশনের নতুন অধ্যক্ষ পদে দায়িত্ব নিলেন স্বামী স্মরণানন্দ | website=Anandabazar Patrika | date=21 July 2017 | url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/the-16th-president-of-the-ramakrishna-math-revered-swami-smarananandaji-maharaj-dgtl-1.645717 | access-date=13 January 2018 | archive-date=29 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029145626/http://www.anandabazar.com/state/the-16th-president-of-the-ramakrishna-math-revered-swami-smarananandaji-maharaj-dgtl-1.645717? | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1983, he was appointed a trustee of the Ramakrishna Math and a member of the governing body of the Ramakrishna Mission. In 1997, he became the general secretary of the organization, and was made a vice-president in 2007.<ref name="The Telegraph"/>

The 15th president, [[Swami Atmasthananda]], took samadhi on 18 June 2017. Swami Smaranananda, who had been the most senior vice president, was elected to the post of president on 17 July 2017.<ref name="The Telegraph"/>

Being the president, he played the role of the spiritual head of the organization and relating to that, he granted spiritual initiation to those who sought spiritual association.<ref name="The Times of India 2017"/>

==Later life and death==
In April 2017, Swami Smaranananda inaugurated a toy train at an event at Belur Math. The toy train will pick up and take people around the Math campus. However, the service was discontinued. As of 2024, the service has not resumed, and there have been no official announcements regarding its revival.<ref name="Millenium Post 2017">{{cite web | author=Agencies | title=Ramakrishna Mission introduces toy train for the elderly | website=Millennium Post | date=16 April 2017 | url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/ramakrishna-mission-introduces-toy-train-for-the-elderly-236975 | access-date=13 January 2018 | archive-date=6 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706154145/http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/ramakrishna-mission-introduces-toy-train-for-the-elderly-236975 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2017, he opened the newly renamed headquarters building of the Ramakrishna Mission at Belur Math, now named for its first general secretary, [[Swami Saradananda]].<ref name="The Telegraph 2">{{cite web | title=Tribute to Monk
| website=The Telegraph | date=25 December 2017 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/calcutta/tribute-to-monk-196085 | access-date=13 January 2018}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Srimat Swami Smarananandaji Maharaj attained Mahasamadhi (died) on Tuesday, March 26, 2024, at 8:14 pm at the Ramakrishna Mission Sevapratishthan, Kolkata at the age of 94.<ref>{{cite news |title=রামকৃষ্ণালোকে স্বামী স্মরণানন্দ – Swami Smaranananda Maharaj |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!state/swami-smaranananda-president-of-belur-ramakrishna-math-passes-away-in-kolkata-wbs24032607022 |access-date=26 March 2024 |publisher=ETV Bharat |date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327184855/https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!state/swami-smaranananda-president-of-belur-ramakrishna-math-passes-away-in-kolkata-wbs24032607022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Works ==
* ''Musings of a Monk'' ({{ISBN|9789381325902}}): This book is a collection of 68 articles on a variety of subjects, from spiritual writings to a travelog of his many trips around India and to the west.
** ''Smriti Smaran Anudhyan'' ({{ISBN|9788180405990}}): Bengali version of the book ''Musings of a Monk''.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Swami Smaranananda}}
* [http://www.belurmath.org/Presidentmaharaj.htm Belurmath.org]

{{Presidents of the Ramakrishna Order}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smaranananda, Swami}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Ramakrishna Order]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]

Aishmuquam

2026-01-14T13:45:31Z

Rsingh:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aishmuqam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.86|N|75.27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1900
| population_total = 6,519
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], English<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Aishmuqam''' is a municipal committee city in [[Anantnag district|district of Anantnag]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is one of the most prominent tourist spots in Anantnag and is located {{convert|15|km}} from the town of [[Anantnag]] and {{convert|77|km}} from [[Srinagar]] on the route to [[Pahalgam]]. The Aishmuqam shrine is located in Aishmuqam.

==Geography==
The town is located on both sides of the [[Shah Kul]] The Canal which was constructed by Zain ul Abidin one of the better rulers of [[Kashmir]] Aishmuqam is located at {{coord|33.86|N|75.27|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{cvt|1900|m}}.

==Religion==

===Karkoot Nag Hindu site===
{{anchor | KT | Karkoot Temple}}

[[Karkota dynasty]] (c. 625 − 855 CE) era idols of Hindu deities and [[Shiva]] [[Lingam]] were found at Karkoot Nag spring in Salia area of Aishmuqam during renovation, which will be sent to [[SPS Museum]] in Srinagar. Since this [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|spring and pound site]] is scared to the [[Kashmiri Pandits]], they have demanded the construction of new temple at the site to house idols and sculptures.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/ancient-hindu-idols-recovered-during-excavation-in-j-ks-anantnag/ Ancient Hindu idols recovered during excavation in J-K’s Anantnag], he Tribune, 3 Aug 2025.</ref>

=== Aishmuqam Shrine ===
[[File:Shrine of Hadrat Zainuddin Wali, Aishmuqam, 1898.jpg|thumb|Shrine of Hadrat Zainuddin Wali, Aishmuqam, 1898.]]

The shrine is considered as one of the most visited and prominent shrines in [[Kashmir]]. It was constructed in the honour of Sakhi [[Zain ud-Din Wali]], who was one among the chief disciples of [[Nund Rishi]] and is the 2nd spiritual seccessor of [[Rishi order|The Rishi order]]. It is considered sacred by many people from different religions.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} [[Zain ud-Din Wali]] spent most of his time preaching about [[Allah]]. For this purpose{{clarify|For what purpose?|date=August 2022}} he decided to always restrict himself to this cave. The shrine is thronged by thousands of devotees during the annual Urs and Zool festival.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aishmuqam Shrine, Anantnag|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/anantnag/attractions/aishmuqam-shrine/|access-date=2021-01-20|website=www.nativeplanet.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Road===
Aishmuquam is 22 km from Anantnag on The [[National Highway 501 (India)|NH 501]] The distances of some other [[town]]s from Anantnag are: [[Achabal]] 28 km, [[Kokarnag]] 45 km, [[Martand]] 19 km and [[Pahalgam]] 20 km.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Aishmuqam had a population of 6,519.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800029-aishmuqam-jammu-and-kashmir.html |title=Aishmuquam Municipal Committee City Population Census 2011-2019 |website=www.census2011.co.in |access-date=2019-05-19}}</ref>

{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title= Religion in Aishmuqam
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|100}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|#FF6600|0.00}}}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Anantnag district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Wynk Music

2026-01-05T19:19:12Z

Rsingh: Adding article!

{{short description|Indian music streaming service}}
{{Independent sources|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox online service
| name = Wynk Music
| logo = Wynk music logo.png
| logo_size = 240px
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| launched = {{Start date and age|2014|9|1|df=yes}}
| discontinued = 2025 partnered with [[Apple Music]]
| developer = [[Bharti Airtel]]
| status = Defunct
| pricing = 130 per month ₹800 per year on Android and iOS
| key_people = {{ubl|Sundeep Sahi|Sameer Batra (CEO)|Adarsh Nair}}
| platform = {{flatlist|
* [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
* [[iOS]]
* [[watchOS]]
* [[Amazon Alexa|Alexa]]
* [[Google Home (platform)|Google Home]]
* [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]
}}
| availability = India, Sri Lanka, Parts of Africa
| website = {{URL|wynk.in}}
}}
'''Wynk Music''' was an Indian music streaming service and a digital distributor in 14 languages. Launched on 1 September 2014 by Airtel Digital Limited, and the digital wing of [[Bharti Airtel Limited]]. It was available in India, Sri Lanka, and 15 African countries. It had a program that helped independent artists launch their music. It provided mentorship, distribution support, and the ability to earn from every stream.<ref>{{cite press release |author=|url=https://www.airtel.in/press-release/08-2022/introducing-wynk-studio-indias-largest-music-distribution-ecosystem-for-independent-artists|title=Wynk Studio, India's largest music distribution ecosystem for independent artists| date=11 August 2022|publisher=airtel|access-date=2023-10-28}}</ref>

In late August 2024, Bharti Airtel decided to partner with [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] to offer [[Apple Music]] as their replacement for their current Premium subscription, thus they decided to shut down Wynk Music while all of the staff has relocated to their telecom division.<ref>{{cite news |last=De |first=Anushka |date=28 August 2024 |title=Airtel To Shut Down Wynk App, Offer Users This App To Stream Music |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/airtel-to-shut-down-wynk-app-offer-users-this-app-to-stream-music-6434229 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref> In December 2024, the app was shut down.

==History==
{{promotional|section|date=January 2025}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}
Wynk Music was launched in 2014 by Bharti Airtel. The app was initially available only to Airtel subscribers and also other subscriber, but it was later made available to everyone in 2017.

==Product and service==
Wynk Music provides a range of music streaming features, including access to a licensed catalog of over 24 million songs, playlist creation and sharing, and multi-device playback. Certain features, such as offline listening and ad-free access, are available to premium subscribers.

Wynk Music’s premium service is bundled with select Airtel subscription plans in India and is also offered alongside other subscription-based music streaming services in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Akolawala |first=Tasneem |date=20 January 2021 |title=Airtel Rs. 78, Rs. 248 Data Add-On Pack Launched With Bundled Wynk Premium Subscription |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/telecom/news/airtel-rs-78-248-data-add-on-pack-launched-wynk-premium-music-subscription-airtel-thanks-digital-store-2355470 |publisher=gadgets360}}</ref>

==Partnership==
The company has partnered with [[Dolby Laboratories]], through which it offers users [[Dolby Atmos|Dolby Atmos technolog's]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/apps/airtel-wynk-music-streaming-app-gets-dolby-atmos-on-android-ios-details-123081000242_1.html |title=Airtel Wynk music streaming app gets Dolby Atmos on Android, iOS| publisher=www.business-standard.com | first=BS|last=web team|date=10 August 2023|access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@prasenjit.1994/product-adoption-life-cycle-of-wynk-8465f876c6fe|title=Product Adoption Life Cycle Of - Wynk|last=Prasenjit| date=4 September 2019| website=medium.com }}</ref> immersive audio of Dolby Atmos without additional charges.

== See also ==
*[[JioSaavn]]
*[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]
*[[Spotify]]
*[[YouTube Music]]
*[[Apple Music]]
*[[yMusic]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.wynk.in/}}

{{Music streaming services}}
{{Bharti Enterprises}}

[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Online music stores of India]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Online music and lyrics databases]]
[[Category:Online music database clients]]
[[Category:Music streaming services]]
[[Category:Bharti Airtel]]

Sunwar language

2026-01-01T23:09:19Z

Rsingh: brief cleanup references per sources as per guidelines

{{Short description|Kiranti language of Nepal and India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Sunuwar
| nativename = {{lang|suz|सुनुवार, कोइँच, किराँती-कोइँच, मुखिया}}
| region = [[Nepal]]; [[India]] ([[Sikkim]] and [[West Bengal]])
| ethnicity = [[Sunuwar people|Sunuwar]]
| speakers = 37,898
| imagecaption = 'Kõica' in Jenticha script; 'Sunuwar' in Tikamuli and Devanagari script
| image = {{Photomontage|position=center
| photo1a = Shukla Sunuwar.svg
| photo2a = Shukla Sunuwar II.svg
| photo3a = Shukla Sunuwar III.svg
| size = 200
| spacing = 2
| color = 0
| border = 0
| foot_montage =}}
| date = 2011
| ref = <ref>[https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf 2011 Nepal Census, Social Characteristics Tables]</ref>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman language|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] (?)
| fam4 = [[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]]
| fam5 = Western
| fam6 = Northwestern
| script = [[Devanagari]] [[Sunuwar script|Sunuwar]] (Sikkim, India) [[Tikamuli script|Tikamuli]] (2005)
| nation = {{flag|India}}
* [[Sikkim]]<ref name="sikkimofficial">{{cite web |title=The Sikkim Official Languages Act |url=https://www.sikkim.gov.in/uploads/Gazette/1977_THE_SIKKIM_OFFICIAL_LANGUAGES_ACT_20221029.pdf |website=sikkim.gov.in |publisher=Government of Sikkim |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
| iso3 = suz
| glotto = sunw1242
| glottorefname = Sunwar
| dia1 = Surel
| altname = Kiranti-Kõits
}}

[[File:Namsewal.ogg|thumb|right|Sunwar greeting]]

'''Sunuwar''', or '''Koinch''' ({{Lang|suz|कोइँच}}; {{Transliteration|suz|ISO|kõich}}; other spellings are Koinch and Koincha), is a [[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]] language of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language family spoken in [[Nepal]] and [[India]] by the [[Sunuwar people]]. It was first comprehensively attested by the [[Himalayan Languages Project]]. It is also known as '''Kõits Lo''' ({{Lang|suz|कोइँच लो}} ; {{Transliteration|suz|ISO|kõica lo}}), '''Kiranti-Kõits''' ({{Lang|suz|किराँती-कोइँच}} ; {{Transliteration|suz|ISO|kirā̃tī-kõich}}), and '''Mukhiya''' ({{Lang|suz|मुखिया}} ; {{Transliteration|suz|ISO|mukhiyā}}).<ref name="OG-Sunuwar">{{Cite web|last1=Ager|first1=Simon|title=Sunuwar alphabet|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sunuwar.htm|publisher=Omniglot|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Borchers 1–2">{{Cite book|last1=Borchers|first1=Dörte|title=A grammar of Sunwar: descriptive grammar, paradigms, texts and glossary|date=2008|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-16709-4|pages=1–2|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}</ref>

The Sunuwar language is one of the smaller members of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language family. About 40,000 speakers are residing in eastern Nepal.

== Names ==
The language is commonly known as ''Koic,'' for many ethnic Sunuwar speakers also refer to the language as “''Sunuwar, Koinch''<ref name="OG-Sunwar">{{Cite web|last1=Ager|first1=Simon|title=Sunwar Language and Alphabet|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sunwar.htm|publisher=Omniglot|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> '', Koinch'' or ''Koincha'' (कोइँच); ''Kõits Lo'' (कोइँच लो), ''Kiranti-Kõits'' (किराँती-कोइँच) or ''Mukhiya'' (मुखिया).”

Moreover, most Sunwar speakers have the surname (सुनुवार), ''Sunuvār'' in [[Latin script]].<ref name="Borchers-2008">{{Cite book|last=Borchers|first=Dörte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYA7CpILphoC|title=A Grammar of Sunwar: Descriptive Grammar, Paradigms, Texts and Glossary|date=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-16709-4|language=en}}</ref>

== Geographic distribution ==
[[File:Nepal-ethnic-groups-map.jpg|left|thumb|317x317px|Small groups of Sunwar speakers located in Nepal]]
[[File:Likhu-khola.JPG|thumb|Likhu Khola river]]

The Sunuwar language is commonly spoken in a cluster of Sunuwar villages, located around the region of the core spoken language. These villages are scattered alongside the river banks of [[Likhu Khola]], in two bordering central-eastern districts of Nepal, distant from the main Nepalese road system:<ref name="Borchers-2008"/> in the [[Okhaldhunga District|Okhaldhū۠ngā District]] (part of [[Koshi Province]]), around the village of Vacul; and in the [[Ramechhap District|Rāmechāp District]] (part of [[Bagmati Province]]), around the villages of [[Paharilotar|Pahare]] and of [[Kubukasthali|Kũbhu Kãsthālī]] for a smaller group of Sunwar speakers. The majority of the Sunwar speakers live on the southern border area of this region, between the villages of Pahare and Vacul.

Located 1,800 meters above sea level, their fields aren’t all fallow from year round cultivation<ref name="Borchers-2008"/> (Borchers, 2008). Therefore, many Sunwar households are farmers, own a small lot of land and livestock. Moreover, each village often visits their neighboring village markets to purchase inaccessible goods such as spices, sugar, tea, and salt. In the winter, they experience no snow but freezing temperatures. In warmer weather, they experience a lot of rainfall, in the summer, monsoon rainfall. Especially between June and August, it is when they experience the most rain, more so monsoon rainfall.

According to Borchers, there are other villages located outside of the core region. The Surel are claimed to be Sunwar speakers however there are no certainties that it is true.
{{Clear}}

==Written language==
{{Further|Sunuwar alphabet}}

=== {{Anchor|Sunuwar-script}} Sunuwar (or Koĩts) native alphabet in Nepal & Sikkim, India ===
Sunuwar speakers from Nepal and [[Sikkim]], northeastern [[India]], use the Sunuwar alphabet ([[ISO 15924]] script code: <kbd>Sunu</kbd>) for printed materials such as newspapers and literature. The alphabet, also known as Sunuwar alphabet, Sunuwar Lipi, Koĩts Lipi, was promoted in 1932 by Karna Bahadur Sunuwar (1926-1991), and got official recognition in Sikkim and Eastern Nepal where it is taught in schools. The Sunuwar script, is unrelated to any other scripts (even if some letter shapes have some resemblance to Latin and Limbu letter forms with similar phonetic value), and behaves like an alphabet with 35 base letters, written left-to-right, with syllabic features, extended with combining diacritics. The script also features its own set of decimal digits.

Unlike other Indic scripts derived from Brahmic, the Sunuwar alphabet includes no combining vowel signs: the script was initially a pure alphabet and the base consonants initially did not have any inherent vowel. But a second version of the script modified the orthographic rules to imply its presence, where the inherent vowel would be altered when appending any independent vowel letters, or suppressed by using a virama (or halant) sign in some consonant clusters or for consonants in final position of syllables. The independent letter form for the inherent vowel is now removed in most cases from the normal orthography in the middle of words, only used in isolation (i.e. no longer written when following a leading consonant, unless it is at end of words). A number of glyphic forms (conjuncts using consonants in half forms) were added to the script after this orthographic change for more easily writing consonant clusters, instead of writing multiple consonants with virama signs.<ref name="OG-Sunuwar"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Jenticha|url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&uid=ssw8skfwtg|publisher=ScriptSource.org|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Devanagari-based abugida for the Sunuwar language in Nepal ===
Although Sunwar has no traditional written language in Nepal, most literate speakers use the [[Devanagari]] abugida,<ref name="Borchers-2008"/><ref name="OG-Sunwar"/> also used for writing [[Nepali language|Nepali]].

; Independent vowels and diphthongs
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = अ | iso = a | ipa = [ə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = आ | iso = ā | ipa = [aː] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = इ | iso = i | ipa = [i] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = उ | iso = u | ipa = [u] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = ए | iso = e | ipa = [e] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = ओ | iso = o | ipa = [o] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = ऐ | iso = ai | ipa = [ai] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = औ | iso = au | ipa = [au] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = एउ | iso = eu | ipa = [eu] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = उइ | iso = ui | ipa = [ui] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = ओइ | iso = oi | ipa = [oi] }}
|}

; Consonants with inherent vowel
{| class="wikitable
|-
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = क | iso = ka | ipa = [kə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = ख | iso = kha | ipa = [kʰə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = ग | iso = ga | ipa = [ɡə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = ङ | iso = nga | ipa = [ŋə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = अ् | iso = ’ | ipa = [ʔ] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = च | iso = ca | ipa = [t͡ʃə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = ज | iso = ja | ipa = [d͡ʒə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = ट | iso = ṭa | ipa = [ʈə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = ठ | iso = ṭha | ipa = [ʈʰə] }}
|-
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = त | iso = ta | ipa = [tə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = थ | iso = tha | ipa = [tʰə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = द | iso = da | ipa = [də] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = न | iso = na | ipa = [nə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = प | iso = pa | ipa = [pə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = फ | iso = pha | ipa = [pʰə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = ब | iso = ba | ipa = [bə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = म | iso = ma | ipa = [mə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = य | iso = ya | ipa = [jə] }}
|-
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = र | iso = ra | ipa = [rə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = ल | iso = la | ipa = [lə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = व | iso = va | ipa = [və] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch1 = श | ch2 = ष | iso = sha | ipa = [ʃə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = स | iso = sa | ipa = [ sə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch = ह | iso = ha | ipa = [hə] }}
| {{letter | s = Deva | l = suz | ch1 = व्ही | ch2 = ह्व | iso = hha | ipa = [ɦə] }}
|}

; Combining diacritics
: The sign '''्''', known in Sunuwar as ''sangmilu'', represents a [[virama]] or halant; it is used to silent the inherent [[vowel]] after the [[consonant]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2011/11218-n4028-jenticha.pdf |access-date=11 March 2024 |title=Proposal to Encode the Jenticha Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |website=Unicode |date=31 May 2011 |first=Anshuman |last=Pandey}}</ref>
: The sign '''ँ''', known in Sunuwar as ''taslathenk'', corresponds to the [[candrabindu]] in [[Devanagari]]; it is used to nasalize the vowel.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''<big>्</big>'''
|'''<big>ँ</big>'''
|-
|''sangmilu'' (virama or halant)
|''taslathenk'' (cadrabindu)
|-
|mutes the inherent vowel
|indicates nasalization of the vowel
|}

=== Tikamuli native abugida (since 2005) ===
In 2005, another syllabic alphabet or abugida was developed for Sunuwar; it is known as Tikamuli.<ref name="OG-Tikamuli">{{Cite web|last1=Ager|first1=Simon|title=Tikamuli alphabet|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tikamuli.htm|publisher=Omniglot|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
Sunwar [[phonology]] is significantly influenced by the language of [[Nepali language|Nepali]].

=== Consonants ===
The Sunwar language has a mid-sized arrangement of thirty-two [[consonant]]al [[phoneme]]s:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ṅ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="5" | [[Plosive]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}} {{angbr|t}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʈ}} {{angbr|ṭ}}
| {{IPA link|c}} {{angbr|c}}
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|k}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|ʔ}}
|-
! {{small|aspirated}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}~{{IPA link|ɸ}} {{angbr|ph}}
| {{IPA link|t̪ʰ}} {{angbr|th}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}} {{angbr|ṭh}}
| ({{IPA link|cʰ}} {{angbr|ch}})
| {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angbr|kh}}
|
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}} {{angbr|d}}
|
| ({{IPA link|ɖ}} {{angbr|ḍ}})
| {{IPA link|ɟ}} {{angbr|j}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|g}}
|
|-
!{{small|breathy}}
|({{IPA link|bʱ}} {{angbr|bh}})
|({{IPA link|d̪ʱ}} {{angbr|dh}})
|
|({{IPA link|ɖʱ}} {{angbr|ḍh}})
|({{IPA link|ɟʱ}} {{angbr|jh}})
|({{IPA link|ɡʱ}} {{angbr|gh}})
|
|-
! {{small|implosive}}
| {{IPA link|w}}~{{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|ɓ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
!{{small|sibilant}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|s}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|ʃ}}
|
|
|-
!{{small|plain}}
|
|
|
|
|[{{IPA link|ç}}]
|[{{IPA link|x}}]
|{{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|w}}~{{IPA|wʱ}} {{angbr|w}}
| {{IPA link|l̪}} {{angbr|l}}
|
| [{{IPA link|ɭ}}]
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}} {{angbr|r}}
|
|
|
|
|}

* Sound in parentheses only are heard in words borrowed from Nepali. Sounds in brackets are only heard as allophones.<ref name="Borchers-2008" />
* The implosive sound [{{IPA link|ɓ}}] was heard phonemically until recently among dialects. It is now heard as a plosive [{{IPA link|b}}] in the village of Saipu, and as an approximant [{{IPA link|w}}] in the village of Kũbhu. It is only heard rarely in word-initial position among the speakers of Saipu.<ref name="Borchers-2008" />

=== Vowels ===
According to Borchers,<ref name="Borchers-2008"/> there are eleven vowel phonemes in Sunwar:

{{angbr|a}} [a~ɑ], /ā / [aː], /e/ [e~ɛ], /i/ [i], /o/ [o], /u/ [u], / ū/ [uː~y], /ã/ [ã~ɑ̃], /ã̄/ [ãː], /ẽ/ [ẽ~ɛ̃], /ĩ/ [ĩ]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
!scope="col"| [[Front vowel|Front]]
!scope="col"| [[Central vowel|Central]]
!scope="col"| [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[High vowel|High]]
| /i/ [i], /ū/ [y] /ĩ/ [ĩ]
|
| /ū/ [uː~y], /u/ [u] (ũ)
|-
!scope="row"| [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| /e/ [e~ɛ] /ẽ/ [ẽ~ɛ̃]
|
| /o/ [o] (õ)
|-
!scope="row"| [[Low vowel|Low]]
|
| /a/ [a~ɑ], /ā / [aː] /ã/ [ã~ɑ̃], /ã̄/ [ãː]
|
|}
* Vowels with bar - Represents long vowels
* Vowels with tilde - Represents short nasalized vowels
* Vowels with bar and tilde - Represents long and nasalized vowels

=== Diphthongs ===
There are a total of eight [[diphthong]]s in Sunuwar: /ai/ [aɪ], /aĩ/ [aɪ̃], /au/ [au], /eu/ [eu], /oi/ [oi], /oĩ/ [oĩ], /ui/ [ui], /uĩ/ [uĩ]

According to Borchers,<ref name="Borchers-2008"/> a principled way to distinguish diphthongs from a sequence of two [[monophthong]]s does not exist in the Sunwar language.

As exemplified by Borchers,<ref name="Borchers-2008"/> this table consists of examples of contrasts between [[diphthong]]s:
{| class="wikitable"
|/joi/
|[ɟoi]
|‘tiger’
|-
|/joĩ/
|[ɟoĩ]
|‘younger sister’s husband’
|-
|/muicā/
|[muicaː]
|‘wear shoes’
|-
|/puĩcā/
|[puĩcaː]
|‘ask for, beg’
|-
|/goi/
|[ɡoi]
|‘you’
|-
|/gui/
|[ɡui]
|‘hand’
|-
|/reu/
|[ɾeu]
|‘rain’
|-
|/roi/
|[ɾoi]
|‘ill’
|}

=== Syllable structure ===
Syllable Structure of Sunuwar: C(C)V(V)(C)(C)

== Morphology ==

=== Markers ===

==== Case-marking suffixes ====
According to Borchers,<ref name="Borchers-2008"/> “all [[case marker]]s in the Sunuwar language are [[suffix]]es.”

As exemplified by Borchers,<ref name="Borchers-2008"/> this table consists of the noun case markers.
{| class="wikitable"
![[Morpheme]]:
!Gloss:
!Marks:
!Occurs suffixed to denotions of:
|-
|<nowiki>-mī ~ </nowiki>

-amī ~-ī

m ~ -m
|INS/L

OC
|agents, instruments, locations
|persons,

things,

locations
|-
|<nowiki>-kali ~ </nowiki>

-kal
|OBJ
|patients
|persons,

animals
|-
|<nowiki>-ke</nowiki>
|POSS
|possessions of animate beings
|persons,

animals
|-
|<nowiki>-ṅā</nowiki>
|GEN
|belongings of inanimate items
|things,

locations
|-
|<nowiki>-lā/-le</nowiki>
|FROM
|place of departure of persons or items that changed places (ABL); time of begin of action
|locations,

time
|-
|<nowiki>-re</nowiki>
|FROM
|place of departure of persons or items that changed places (ABL); time of begin of action
|locations,

time
|-
|<nowiki>-au</nowiki>
|VOC
|name of person called
|persons
|}

==== Dual marker ====
A dual marker can be associated with dual/pair or the cardinal number ‘two’.<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Morpheme]]:
|{{angbr|-niʃi}}
|-
|Gloss:
|Dual (DU)
|}

Example of dual marker by Borchers:<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|iciṅā āl.'''niʃi''' chan
|Now child.'''DU''' exist-NPT.3P
|Now I have two children.}}

==== Plural marker ====
In the Sunuwar language, both [[noun]]s and [[pronoun]]s can be marked as dual or plural.

In addition items in a group can be marked plural.<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Morpheme]]:
|{{angbr|-paki ~ -puki ~ -piki}}
|-
|Gloss:
|Plural (PL)
|}

Examples of the plural marker used to point at items in a group by Borchers:<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>
{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|pujā dum pachi rãga po.'''paki''' sai.ni.mī
|worship happen after buffalo pig.'''PL''' kill.NPT-23D/-P.3P/SVI
|After worship, they kill the buffalo, pig and so on.}}

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|sāg.'''paki''' acā.'''paki''' ho.ʃa.ṅāmin ʃam cai thupro dum.ba thupro tu.ni.miิ
|sāg.'''PL''' pickle.'''PL''' keep.PF.then beer SNG much happen.NPT+3S much drink.NPT-23D/-P.3P/SVI
|Having stored away sāg (green leafy vegetable) and so on and pickle and so on and, there has to be much beer, they drink a lot.}}

==== Absent marker ====
According to Borchers,<ref name="Borchers-2008"/> the Sunuwar language does not have a zero morpheme, but it can still indicate the number amount of something through verbal agreement markers or numerals.

Example of the absent marker by Borchers:<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|go khame jāʔi.na.sku
|I rice eat.NPT-1D.1D
|Wed eat rice.}}

=== Suffixes ===

==== Possessive suffix: {{angbr|-ke}} (Animate Agent) ====
According to Borchers,<ref name="Borchers-2008"/> the possessive [[suffix]] {{angbr|-ke}} is attached to a human or animate agent to indicate a possessive relationship.

{| class="wikitable"
|[[Morpheme]]:
|{{angbr|-ke}}
|-
|Gloss:
|Possessive (POSS)
|}

Examples of the possessive {{angbr|-ke}} by Borchers:<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>
{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|nāso.'''ke''' dui.ta dhol bā.ba dhanu.kan nāso.'''ke''' bā.ba
|priest.'''POSS''' two.piece drum stay.NPT+3S bow.arrow priest.'''POSS''' stay.NPT+3S
|The priest has two drums. The priest has bow and arrow.}}

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|ne ʃo.'''ke''' bhāg ho
|nose face.'''POSS''' part be-NPT.3S
|The nose is part of the face.}}

==== Possessive suffix: {{angbr|-ke}} (inanimate subject) ====
According to Borchers,<ref name="Borchers-2008"/> inanimate subjects are marked with the possessive [[suffix]] {{angbr|-ke}} to indicate what it is "made of".
Example of possessive {{angbr|-ke}} indicating what it is "made of" by Borchers:<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|jasi.'''ke''' bā.b meko jasi ā.kilā
|Jasi.'''POSS''' stay.NPT+3S that Jasi its.peg
|It is made of Jasi wood. This is a peg made of Jasi wood. (Jasi is the tree Bauhinia variegata)}}

=== Quantifiers ===
Quantifiers in the Sunwar language are loaned from Nepali. Quantifiers are used for amounts or masses.<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>
As exemplified by Borchers,<ref name="Borchers-2008"/> this table consists of quantifiers; including some that are loaned from Nepali.

{| class="wikitable"
!From:
!Translation:
!
|-
|aic
|small
|
|-
|sappa
|very much
|[<Nep. besarī ‘very much’]
|-
|ʃuʃi
|many, very, much
|[<Nep. dherai]
|-
|sappa pan
|very
|[<Nep. ekdam]
|-
|ici oci
|a little
|
|-
|imci
|some, a bit
|
|-
|la:
|only
|[<Nep. mātra]
|-
|ʃūʃ ʃūs
|much, very, expensive
|
|-
|oci
|some, little
|[<Nep. thorai]
|-
|i:ʃika
|much, a lot
|[<Nep. thupro]
|-
|umcili
|small
|
|}

Examples of [[Quantifiers (linguistics)|quantifiers]] that indicate amounts or masses by Borchers:<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|go ʃūʃ ma.jai.nu.ṅ
|I much NEG.eat.NPT+1S.1S
|I don’t eat much.}}

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|disā matrei tui.nu.ṅ
|tomorrow only know.NPT+1S.1S
|I won’t know until tomorrow.}}

== Syntax ==

=== Adjectives: {{angbr|-ʃo}} ===
According to Borchers,<ref name="Borchers-2008"/> [[adjective]]s can belong to the verbal noun form, with an attached {{angbr|ʃo}}. In the Sunwar language, some [[adjective]]s are borrowed from [[Nepali language|Nepali]].

==== Adjectives: Color forms ====
Borchers also notes that [[adjective]]s can belong to the form/term color.<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>
As exemplified by Borchers, this table consists of the color form/terms.<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>

{| class="wikitable"
!Form:
!Translation:
|-
|jirjir
|colorful
|-
|giิk
|light green, light blue
|-
|nilo
|dark blue [<Nep. nilo]
|-
|buʃ
|white
|-
|kher
|black
|-
|lal
|red
|-
|ojela
|brilliant
|}

==== Adjectives: Non-verbal nouns without {{angbr|-ʃo}} attached ====
The Sunwar language has a category for [[adjective]]s under the form ‘others’, that are not [[verbal noun]]s. In addition, some adjectives may be interchangeable as an [[adverb]].<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>
As exemplified by Borchers, this table consists of the adjectives that are not verbal nouns ending in {{angbr|-ʃo}} form/terms.<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>

{| class="wikitable"
!Form:
!Translation:
|-
|umcili/ici
|small, little
|-
|ʃūʃ
|much, many, very, expensive
|-
|theb
|big, great (idea, thing)
|-
|wan
|far
|-
|netha
|near
|}

Examples of adjectives that are not [[verbal noun]]s ending in {{angbr|-ʃo}} by Borchers:<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|ɓak besā.n '''wan''' cha
|water very-much.REIN '''far''' exist-NPT.3S
|Water is far away.}}

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|go '''umcili''' thiẽ bara bars.ṅā
|I '''small''' exist-PT.1S twelve year.GEN
|I was small, twelve years old.}}

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|nepāli.puki '''ʃūʃ''' choto bā.ni.m
|Nepali.PL '''very''' small stay.NPT-23D/-P.3P/SVI
|Nepalese people are very small.}}

=== Particles ===
As exemplified by Borchers, this table consists of [[Particle (linguistics)|particles]] in correlation to various relationships.<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>

{| class="wikitable"
!Conjunction:
!Translation:
|-
|de
|or
|-
|hana
|if
|-
|ṅana
|if
|-
|dopā
|that
|-
|meklāpāṅāmin
|and then
|-
|pāṅāmin
|and then
|-
|minu {{angbr|-nu}}
|and then
|-
|mapatke
|because of
|}

==== Postpositional particles ====
According to Borchers, the Sunwar language borrows particles from Nepali that indicate the relationship between clauses.<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>
Examples of postpositional [[Particle (linguistics)|particles]] by Borchers:<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>

{| class="wikitable"
!Postpotion:
!Gloss:
|-
|<lā>
|‘only’
|-
|{{angbr|-bhandā}}: A comparison.
|‘than’
|-
|<cai>: Singling out or can be seen as “exactly this one”.
|SNG
|-
|<yo>: Inclusive focus.
|‘also’
|-
|<kõ>: A tag on questions asking for affirmation or negation of a statement.
|OR
|-
|<da ~ ta>: Sunwar focus marker
|IFOC
|}

=== My stomach v.s. your stomach ===
Example by Borchers:<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|iิ koʔj
|your stomach
|your stomach}}

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|ā koʔj
|my stomach
|my stomach}}

=== Order: Subject-object-verb ===
Examples of order: [[Subject–object–verb|Subject]]/[[Object (linguistics)|Object]]/[[Verb]] by Borchers.<ref name="Borchers-2008"/>

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|kuṣulanoʔbam.mī pani pher.ni.m
|shoemaker.INS/LOC shoes sew.NPT-23D/-P.3P
|subject object verb|style3=font-variant: small-caps;
|Shoemakers make shoes.}}

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|Kocombo.mī buʔs sāʔī.b
|mongoose.INS/LOC snake kill.NPT+3S
|subject object verb|style3=font-variant: small-caps;
|The mongoose kills a snake.}}

==Vocabulary==
Seu+wa+la (Sewala)
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! Sunwar !! English
|-
| {{IAST|''Namsewal''}} || Hello / Good Bye
|-
| {{IAST|''Sew''}} || (Respect) / (Greeting) / I bow to you
|-
| {{IAST|''Maahr''}} || What
|-
| {{IAST|''Dohpachaa''}} || How to
|-
| {{IAST|''Dohshow''}} || How much
|-
| {{IAST|''Dohmoh''}} || How big
|-
| {{IAST|''Go''}} || I
|-
| {{IAST|''Gopuki''}} || We are
|-
| {{IAST|''Ge''}} || You (informal)
|-
| {{IAST|''Gepukhi''}} || You are (informal)
|-
| {{IAST|''Goi''}} || we (formal)
|-
| {{IAST|''GoiPuki''}} || we are (formal)
|-
| {{IAST|''Daarshow''}} || Beautiful
|-
| {{IAST|''Rimso''}} || Good
|-
| {{IAST|''MaDarshow''}} || Ugly
|}

==Language structure==
In [[linguistic typology]], a '''subject+object+verb''' ('''SOV''') language is one in which the [[subject (grammar)|subject]], [[object (grammar)|object]], and [[verb]] of a sentence always or usually appear in that order. If [[English language|English]] were SOV, "Sam oranges ate" would be an ordinary sentence, as opposed to the actual [[Standard English]] "Sam ate oranges". (A Grammar of Sunwar)
<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYA7CpILphoC | title=A Grammar of Sunwar | year=2008 |publisher=Dörte Borchers | isbn=978-9004167094 | access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref>

{{interlinear|lang=suz|indent=3
|Go khamay jainu
|I rice eat
|subject object verb|style3=font-variant: small-caps;
|"I eat rice."}}

Sunwar people called "Khangsa" sign language with voice and direct action, for foreign people who don't understand a sunuwar language.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}<ref name="Borchers 1–2" />

<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Anshuman |title=Proposal to Encode the Jenticha Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n4028.pdf |access-date=18 December 2019 |date=31 May 2011}}</ref>

==Numerals (Devanagari)==

{| class="wikitable"
! 1
| {{IAST|ichi/kaa}}
|-
! 2
| {{IAST|ni/nishi}}
|-
! 3
| {{IAST|sa/saam}}
|-
! 4
| {{IAST|le}}
|-
! 5
| {{IAST|nga}}
|-
! 6
| {{IAST|ruku/roku}}
|-
! 7
| {{IAST|chani}}
|-
! 8
| {{IAST|sasi}}
|-
! 9
| {{IAST|van}}
|-
! 10
| {{IAST|gau}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|suz}}
*[http://www.sunuwar.org Sunwar language website]

<section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/><div style="display:none;">
REIN: reinforcement marker
NPT: non-preterite
SNG: postposition of singularity
PF: perfective gerund marker
P: patient (of transitive verb)
SVI: singular intransitive verb
23D: second and third person, dual
</div><section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kiranti languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Languages of Nepal}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Kiranti languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Languages of Koshi Province]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Ranchi Royals

2025-12-28T14:28:24Z

Rsingh: added new pg

{{Short description|Jharkhand based field hockey franchise team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox field hockey club
| clubname = Ranchi Royals
| image = Ranchi Royals.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Ranchi Royals
| nickname = Royals
| short name =
| league = [[Hockey India League]]
| founded = [[2025–26 Hockey India League|2025]]
| dissolved =
| color = {{color box|#000000}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| ground =
| capacity =
| captain =
| coach = [[Tushar Khandker]] [[Harendra Singh]]
| mentor =
| owner =
| ceo =
| chairman =
| manager =
| members =
| winners =
| runnerup =
| website = {{url|https://ranchiroyals.com/|Website}}
| kit_alt1 =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 =
| body1 =
| rightarm1 =
| shorts1 =
| socks1 =
| kit_alt2 =
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 =
| body2 =
| rightarm2 =
| shorts2 =
| socks2 =
| kit_alt3 =
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_sh3 =
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 =
| body3 =
| rightarm3 =
| shorts3 =
| socks3 =
}}
'''Ranchi Royals''' is a professional [[field hockey]] franchise team based in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] that competes in the [[Hockey India League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-09-24 |title=Ranchi Royals updated squad after HIL auction: Full players list |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/ranchi-royal-tuskers-hil-2026-full-squads-updates-players-list-mini-auction-hockey-india-league/article70088148.ece |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> It joined the [[2025–26 Hockey India League|2025–26 edition]] and absorbed the men's and women's squads of defunct teams [[Team Gonasika]] and [[Odisha Warriors]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-09-24 |title=Ranchi Royals (formerly Odisha Warriors) updated squad after women's HIL 2026 auction: Full players list |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/ranchi-royals-womens-hil-2025-full-squad-retained-players-major-picks/article70089693.ece |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Men's squad==
===2026===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background: #4169E1; color:#FFFFFF"|Player
!style="background: #4169E1; color:#FFFFFF"|Nationality
|-
! colspan=2|Goalkeepers
|-
| [[Pankaj Kumar Rajak]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Suraj Karkera]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Defenders
|-
| [[Ashish Purty]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Ravneet Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Tim Howard (field hockey)|Tim Howard]]
| {{AUS}}
|-
| [[Loïck Luypaert]]
| {{BEL}}
|-
| [[Nilam Sanjeep Xess]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Anmol Eeka]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Amir Ali (field hockey)|Amir Ali]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Midfielders
|-
| [[Manmeet Singh Rai]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Yashdeep Siwach]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Jack Waller (field hockey)|Jack Waller]]
| {{GBR}}
|-
| [[Vishnukant Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Mustaphaa Cassiem]]
| {{RSA}}
|-
| [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Forwards
|-
| [[Timothée Clément]]
| {{FRA}}
|-
| [[Tom Boon]]
| {{BEL}}
|-
| [[Sam Lane (field hockey)|Sam Lane]]
| {{NZL}}
|-
| [[Araijeet Singh Hundal]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|}

==Women's squad==
===2025–26===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background: #4169E1; color:#FFFFFF"|Player
!style="background: #4169E1; color:#FFFFFF"|Nationality
|-
! colspan=2|Goalkeepers
|-
| [[Madhuri Kuro]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Bichu Devi Kharibam]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Defenders
|-
| [[Valerie Magis]]
| {{NED}}
|-
| [[Lucina von der Heyde]]
| {{ARG}}
|-
| [[Claire Colwill]]
| {{AUS}}
|-
| [[Lalthantluangi]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Nikki Pradhan]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Ishika Chaudhary]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Midfielders
|-
| [[Neha Goyal]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Paula Ortiz (field hockey)|Paula Ortiz]]
| {{ARG}}
|-
| [[Nandini Galuja]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Agostina Alonso]]
| {{ARG}}
|-
! colspan=2|Forwards
|-
| [[Agustina Albertarrio]]
| {{ARG}}
|-
| [[Beauty Dungdung]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Sakshi Rana]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Kanika Siwach]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Deepika Soreng]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Sangita Kumari (field hockey)|Sangita Kumari]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Rutuja Pisal]]
| {{IND}}
|}

==Personnel record==
===Coaches record===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Coach
! Nationality
! Team
! Duration
! Ref
|-
| [[Tushar Khandker]]
| {{IND}}
| M
| 2026–present
|
|-
| [[Harendra Singh]]
| {{IND}}
| W
| 2025–present
|
|}

==Player statistics==
===Men's team===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Nationality
!Goals
|-
!
|TBA
|
|
|}

Source: [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/teams/2703#players HIL]

===Women's team===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Nationality
!Goals
|-
!
|TBA
|
|
|}

Source: [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/teams/2694#players HIL]

==Performance record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Season
!rowspan=2|Team
!rowspan=2|Standing
!rowspan=2|Result
!rowspan=2|Matches
!rowspan=2|Won
!rowspan=2|Draw
!rowspan=2|Lost
!colspan=2|Shootout
!rowspan=2|Most Goals
|-
!W
!L
|-
!{{nowrap|[[2025–26 Hockey India League|2025–26]]}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!colspan=10|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
TBA

{{Hockey India League}}

[[Category:Hockey India League teams]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs in India]]
[[Category:Field hockey in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs established in 2025]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Jharkhand]]

Bahujan

2025-12-26T14:54:02Z

Rsingh: stub...

{{Short description|Buddhist term related to Indian politics}}

'''''Bahujan''''' is a [[Pali language|Pali]] term frequently found in [[Buddhist literature|Buddhist texts]], with a literal meaning of "the many", or "the majority". In a modern context, it refers to the combined population of the [[Scheduled Castes]], [[Scheduled Tribes]], [[Other Backward Classes]], [[Indian Muslims|Muslims]], and minorities, who together constitute the demographic majority of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-22 |title=What is Bahujan, Mandal, and Kamandal Politics in India? |url=https://justicemirror.com/bahujan-meaning-and-mandal-kamandal-politics/ |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=The Justice Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chishti |first=Seema |date=2022-01-27 |title=The substance of the U.P. elections |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-substance-of-the-up-elections/article38330553.ece |access-date=2022-03-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The word ''bahujan'' appears in the dictum "[[Bahujana sukhaya bahujana hitaya cha]]" ("for the happiness of the many, for the welfare of the many"), articulated by [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Madan|first=Gurmukh Ram|title=Buddhism: Its Various Manifestations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqhhR-hY7VQC&pg=PA47|year=1999|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-728-3|page=47}}</ref><ref name=India>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparencyindia.org/resource/survey_study/Towards%20Improving%20Governance.pdf |format=PDF |title=Governance in Classic India |page=13 |access-date=19 September 2013 |publisher=Transparency India organization |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928055223/http://www.transparencyindia.org/resource/survey_study/Towards%20Improving%20Governance.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref>

In the post-independence era, the term ''bahujan'' was introduced into Indian political discourse and given its modern definition by [[Caste_system_in_India#Criticism|anti-caste]] [[social movements]] inspired by the work of [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and [[Jyotirao Phule]],<ref name="Roy2015">{{cite encyclopedia|editor-first1=Uday|editor-last1=Chandra|editor-first2=Geir|editor-last2=Heierstad|editor-first3=Kenneth Bo|editor-last3=Nielsen|encyclopedia=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177|title=Transformative politics: The imaginary of the Mulnibasi in West Bengal|first=Indrajit|last=Roy|pages=169–192|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot2003">{{cite book|first=Christophe|last=Jaffrelot|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJZp5tDuY-gC|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12786-8|page=153}}</ref> and often associated with [[Dalit Buddhist movement|Dalit Buddhism]]. The outlook of these movements is sometimes referred to in English as '''Bahujanism''', and is positioned by its proponents as a [[majoritarian]] philosophy demanding social equality for backward castes, religious minorities, and other disadvantaged communities, [[Anti-Brahminism|in opposition to the dominance of the Forward Castes]]. Similarly, the term '''bahujanisation''' has been used to refer to the coalescence of various movements advancing the interests of particular backward castes and communities into a broad united front seeking comprehensive social change.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42761438 |format=PDF |title=Transformation of Bahujan Power in Telangana: The Concept of “Bahujanization” is to Construct the Bahujan Identity |page= 529-536 |access-date=11 May 2022 |publisher=Indian Political Science Association}}</ref>

The word ''bahujan'' features prominently in the names of political parties basing their political programme on this philosophy and campaigning as advocates for groups included under the ''bahujan'' umbrella, such as the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], [[Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi]], [[Bahujan Mukti Party]], and the [[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]] of India, as well as the [[Bahujan Shakti Party]] of Nepal.

==See also==
*[[Caste politics]]
*[[Ahinda]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{wiktionary|बहुजन}}

[[Category:Pali words and phrases]]

Telugu cuisine

2025-12-12T08:46:25Z

Rsingh: fix content additionally and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Andhra cuisine]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from alternative name}}
}}

Sogariya

2025-12-01T07:12:48Z

Rsingh: Page updated with additional details

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sogaria
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.2252|N|75.8971|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kota district|Kota]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8832
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Sogaria''' is a [[census town]] in [[Kota District]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sogaria had a population of 8,832. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Sogaria has an average literacy rate of 74%, equal to the national average of 74%: male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 62%. In Sogaria, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kota district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kota district]]

{{Kotadivision-geo-stub}}

2017 Bihar flood

2025-11-25T05:19:45Z

Rsingh: new

{{short description|Flood in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox flood
| native_name = 2017 उत्तर बिहार बाढ़
| duration = August 2017
| image =
| name = 2017 North Bihar Flood
| total affected = 17.18 Million
| total fatalities = 514 people
| areas affected = [[North Bihar]], [[India]]
}}

'''2017 Bihar floods''' affected 19 districts of [[North Bihar]] causing death of 514 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/press+notes/PR07092017Evening.pdf|title=Disaster Management|website=disastermgmt.bih.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910125920/http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/press%20notes/PR07092017Evening.pdf|archive-date=2017-09-10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ddinews.gov.in/national/flood-situation-bihar-constantly-improving|title=Flood situation in Bihar constantly improving|publisher=DD News|date=2 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/flood-situation-improves-in-bihar-number-of-dead-at-514-1743155|title=Flood Situation Improves In Bihar, Number Of Dead At 514|publisher=NDTV|date=28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-flood-toll-reaches-418-1-67-crore-affected-in-19-districts/articleshow/60225425.cms|title=Bihar flood toll reaches 418; 1.67 crore affected in 19 districts|work=The Times of India|date=25 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-floods-number-of-deaths-rises-to-341-1740717|title=Bihar Floods: Number Of Deaths Rises To 341|publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-floods-119-dead-rains-likely-to-continue-for-a-week/articleshow/60113191.cms|title=Bihar floods: 119 dead; bridge collapse caught on camera|work=The Times of India|date=18 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/bihar-floods-death-toll-rises-to-202-in-18-districts-thundershowers-likely-to-continue-today-3951357.html|title=Bihar floods: Death toll rises to 202 in 18 districts; thundershowers likely to continue today|date=20 August 2017|publisher=Firstpost}}</ref> 2,371 panchayats (settlement councils) under 187 blocks of 19 districts of Northern Bihar have been affected in the flood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/number-of-deaths-in-bihar-flood-rises-to-482-101-dead-in-up-1742702|title=Number Of Deaths In Bihar Flood Rises To 482, 101 Dead In UP|publisher=NDTV|date=22 August 2017}}</ref> Around 1.71 crore (17.1 million) people were hit by the floods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-flood-deaths-rise-to-440-prime-minister-announces-rs-500-crore-relief-1742458|title=Bihar Flood Deaths Rise To 440; Prime Minister Announces Rs 500 Crore Relief|publisher=NDTV|date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Q0VX3xLI4jLwhnX5hfQWpI/Bihar-floods-death-toll-touches-440-171-crore-people-stil.html|title=Bihar floods’ death toll touches 440, 1.71 crore people still affected|date=26 August 2017|publisher=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bihar-floods-cost-39-more-lives-up-staggers/article9831334.ece|title=Bihar floods cost 39 more lives, UP staggers|date=25 August 2017|work=BusinessLine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/bihar-floods-death-toll-rises-to-304-1-38-crore-people-still-battling-deluge-in-18-districts-3958457.html|title=Bihar floods: Death toll rises to 304, 1.38 crore people still battling deluge in 18 districts|date=21 August 2017|publisher=Firstpost}}</ref> Over 8.5 lakhs of people have lost their homes, with [[Araria district]] alone accounting for 2.2 lakh homeless people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/849796/a-long-road-to-recovery-why-flood-victims-in-bihar-are-not-hopeful-of-speedy-compensation|title=A long road to recovery: Why flood victims in Bihar are not hopeful of speedy compensation|first=Aritra|last=Bhattacharya|website=scroll.in|date=30 October 2017}}</ref> 2017 Flood has broken [[2008 Bihar flood|9-Year record of deaths]] In Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/bihar-floods-2017/|title=Bihar's scary new flood}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/47-more-die-in-bihar-up-floods-situation-in-assam-west-bengal-improves/articleshow/60179733.cms|title=47 more die in Bihar, UP floods; situation in Assam, West Bengal improves|work=The Times of India|date=22 August 2017}}</ref> [[Bihar]] is India's most flood-prone State, with 76% of the population in the [[North Bihar]] living under the recurring threat of [[flood]] devastation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fmis.bih.nic.in/history.html|title=FMIS|website=fmis.bih.nic.in}}</ref> Devastating flood was caused due to excess heavy rainfall in monsoon season.

==Events==
This flood was result of sudden increase in water discharge due to torrential rain in the foothill of the Himalayas in Nepal and adjoining areas in Bihar between August 12 and 20 led to [[flash flood]] in various rivers<ref>{{cite news|first=Aman|last=Sethi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/changing-patterns-of-bihar-floods-a-cause-for-concern-for-the-state-authorities/story-YADcMZeZiAR7heywaucSoJ.html|title=Araria to Kishanganj, Bihar’s decades-old flood tragedy has a worrying new trend|date=10 September 2017|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> — [[Gandaki River|Gandak]], Burhi Gandak and [[Bagmati River|Bagmati]], [[Kamala River|Kamla]], [[Koshi River|Kosi]] and [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]] — due to heavy rain in the catchment areas of the major rivers of North Bihar in Nepal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/alert-sounded-in-north-bihar-plains/articleshow/60026125.cms|title=Alert sounded in north Bihar plains|work=The Times of India|date=12 August 2017}}</ref>

The floods have affected in 19 districts of [[North Bihar]]- [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]], Araria, Purnia, Katihar, Eastern Champaran, Western Champaran, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Muzaffarpur, Sitamadhi, Shivar, Samastipur, Gopalganj, [[Saran district|Saran]], Siwan, Supaul, Madhepura, Saharsa and Khagaria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bihar/bihar-floods-death-toll-rises-to-482-1742698|title=बिहार में बाढ़ से मरने वालों की संख्या 482 हुई, 1.71 करोड़ की आबादी प्रभावित|publisher=NDTV (in Hindi)|date=25 August 2017|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828104935/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bihar/bihar-floods-death-toll-rises-to-482-1742698|url-status=dead}}</ref> The casualties in four districts of [[Purnia division]] (Araria Katihar, Kishanganj and Purnia) stands at 160 deaths.<ref>{{cite news|first=Abhay|last=Singh|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/pm-narendra-modi-to-make-aerial-survey-of-flood-hit-purnia-today/articleshow/60226590.cms|title=PM Narendra Modi to make aerial survey of flood-hit Purnia today|work=The Times of India|date=26 August 2017}}</ref> [[Araria district]] accounted for 95 deaths alone,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/bihar-flood-toll-mounts-to-379-nitish-visits-flood-hit-areas-1020887-2017-08-24|title=Bihar flood toll mounts to 379, Nitish visits flood-hit areas|publisher=India Today|date=24 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-floods-death-toll-mounts-to-304/articleshow/60163110.cms|title=Death toll in Bihar floods mounts to 304; situation grim in UP|work=The Times of India|date=21 August 2017}}</ref> followed by Sitamarhi (43), West Champaran (36), Katihar (40), East Champaran (19) while 25 have died in Madhubani, Supaul (13) and Madhepura (15). 24 deaths were reported in Kishanganj, while Darbhanga accounted for 19 deaths, Purnea (9), Gopalganj (9), Sheohar (4), Muzaffarpur (7), Samastipur (1) and Saharsa (4) registered four deaths each while Khagaria and [[Saran district|Saran]] accounted for 13 deaths each. No deaths were reported from Siwan. Bihar government records put animal deaths in the State at 192; it announced compensation of ₹30,000 for the loss of every milch cow and buffalo and ₹3,000 for a goat.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/when-home-is-a-highway/article19562305.ece|title=Bihar floods: when home is a highway|first=Amarnath|last=Tewary|date=26 August 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The swollen [[Gandak]] engulfed about 168 villages and 44 panchayats under 8 blocks of [[Saran district]]- Panapur, Taraiya, Parsa, Maker, [[Dariapur community development block|Dariapur]], Amnour, Marhoura and Masrakh.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/thousands-displaced-in-samastipur-khagaria-saran/articleshow/60137164.cms|title=Thousands displaced in Samastipur, Khagaria, Saran|work=The Times of India|date=20 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/marooned-villagers-in-saran-wait-for-relief/articleshow/60125696.cms|title=Marooned villagers in Saran wait for relief|work=The Times of India|date=19 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="saranflood">{{cite news|first=HK|last=Verma|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/saran-administration-distributes-rs-48-lakh-as-ex-gratia/articleshow/60297175.cms|title=Saran administration distributes Rs 48 lakh as ex gratia|work=The Times of India|date=31 August 2017}}</ref>

[[East Central Railway]] (ECR) division suffers Rs 47 crore (7.3 million USD) loss due to floods in Bihar, in which Rs 26.60 crore (4.1 million USD) has been lost to infrastructure damage of railway property, while more than Rs 20 crore (3.1 million USD) has been lost in passenger revenue due to cancellation of trains.<ref>{{cite news|first=Rajesh Kumar|last=Thakur|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/18-trains-cancelled-as-railways-suffers-rs-47-crore-loss-due-to-floods-in-bihar-toll-up-to-514/story-UO3C0GovKPWdcLLOILLfgM.html|title=18 trains cancelled, as railways suffers Rs 47 crore loss due to floods in Bihar; toll up to 514|date=29 August 2017|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/bihar-floods-2017-a-human-curse/20170829.htm|title=Bihar Floods 2017: A human curse!|publisher=Rediff|date=29 August 2017}}</ref>

==Relief operation==
On 26 August 2017, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced a Rs 500 crore (78 million USD) central assistance for flood hit areas of Bihar and ex gratia of Rs 2 lakh to the next of kin of each of the deceased from the PM Relief Fund,

[[AIMIM]] Chief [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] party donated over ₹ 5 crores aid to the victims in August 2017 and sent medicines worth Rs 50 lakh and a medical team to Bihar's flood-affected region

after he conducted an aerial survey of the four districts of [[Purnia division]], including [[Araria district]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-leaves-for-bihar-to-conduct-aerial-survey-of-flood-affected-regions-4814090/|title=Bihar floods: PM Modi announces Rs 500 cr relief, conducts aerial survey of flood-affected areas|date=26 August 2017|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The Centre would finally sanction more funds for flood relief measures based on the report submitted by the central team.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Jharkhand donated Rs 5 crore each to Bihar flood relief fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170908/jsp/frontpage/story_171525.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917033158/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170908/jsp/frontpage/story_171525.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 17, 2017|title=Cheque taken but hush, no ads please|publisher=Telegraph India|date=8 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170906/jsp/frontpage/story_171003.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032823/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170906/jsp/frontpage/story_171003.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 17, 2017|title=Flood aid to Nitish (& a pinch)|publisher=Telegraph India|date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Madan|last=Kumar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/madhya-pradesh-donates-rs-5-crore-to-bihar-flood-relief-fund/articleshow/60279181.cms|title=Madhya Pradesh donates Rs 5 crore to Bihar flood relief fund|work=The Times of India|date=29 August 2017}}</ref> On 29 August 2017, Bihar cabinet sanctioned Rs 1,935 crore under Bihar Contingency Fund for relief and restoration work in the flood-hit districts in the state:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cabinet-oks-rs1935-crore-for-flood-relief/articleshow/60282440.cms|title=Cabinet OKs Rs 1,935 crore for flood relief|work=The Times of India|date=30 August 2017}}</ref>
* payment of relief amount to the flood-affected families and differently-abled persons- Rs 900 crore
* supply of food material - Rs 947 crore
* ex- gratia payment to the next of kin of the deceased - Rs 8 crore
* rehabilitation - Rs 50 crore
* repair of houses damaged in the floods - Rs 10 crore
* agriculture input loans - Rs 20 crore
Bihar cabinet sanctioned the amount when the toll was 400. Rs 6,000 will be given as gratuitous relief to every flood-affected person. The money would be deposited in the beneficiaries' bank accounts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/flood-situation-improving-in-bihar-117082901315_1.html|title=Flood situation improving in Bihar|date=29 August 2017|work=Business Standard}}</ref> [[Aamir Khan]] donated Rs 25 lakh to the Bihar Chief Minister’s Relief fund for a smoother relief operations for Bihar floods victims.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-donates-rs-25-lakh-to-bihar-flood-victims/story-lOoCTGQtqlMYD8jXjDVouM.html|title=Aamir Khan donates Rs. 25 lakh to Bihar Flood victims|date=31 August 2017|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Saran district]] administration distributed Rs 48 lakh as ex gratia to the kin of 12 deceased in the floods.<ref name="saranflood"/>

Bihar Government sought a central assistance of Rs 7,636.51 crore for the post-flood repair and restoration work, which included Rs 1091.34 crore for crop compensation, a sum of Rs 2,900 crore has been sought to repair the 512 km damaged roads, among others. In October 2017, officials of an inter-ministerial team of the Centre Government held discussions in Bihar for assessing the damages caused by the floods in the state.<ref>{{cite news|first=Piyush|last=Tripathi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/central-team-in-state-to-assess-flood-damages/articleshow/60961924.cms|title=Central team in state to assess flood damages|work=The Times of India|date=6 October 2017}}</ref>

==NGOs Response==
*[http://rapidresponse.org.in Rapid Response] providing relief in the affected areas.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Disasters in India in 2017}}
{{Natural disasters in India}}

[[Category:Floods in Bihar]]
[[Category:2017 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2017 floods in Asia|Bihar flood]]

Avadh Kishore Jadia

2025-11-06T06:20:16Z

Rsingh: new

{{Short description|Indian poet and writer}}
'''Avadh Kishore Jadia''' (or, '''Awadh Kishor Jadia''') (born on 17 August 1948) is a poet and author in the [[Bundeli language]] and the [[Braj language]] from the [[Chhatarpur district]] in the [[India]]n State of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He was also an [[Ayurveda]] medical practitioner in the Madhya Pradesh Govt Service. In the year 2022, Govt of India honored him by conferring the [[Padma Shri]] award for his contributions as an author in the Bundeli and Braj languages.

==Early life==
Avadh Kishore Jadia was born on 17 August 1948 in the [[Chhatarpur district]] in the present day [[India]]n State of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. His father Brijlal Jadia was the royal physician in the princely state of [[Alipura State|Alipura]], which was in the present day Chhatarpur district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Brajlal was also interested in literature and also was an astrologer. Avadh Kishore Jadia secured the [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery]] (BAMS) degree in 1970 from [[Jiwaji University|Gwalior Jiwaji University]] and joined the Madhya Pradesh Govt Service as an Ayurveda physician and retired from government service in 2009.<ref name="AmarUjala"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Smita |title=Bhopal: Padma Shri award winners to be feted by chief minister today |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-padma-shri-award-winners-to-be-feted-by-chief-minister-today |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>

==Recognition: Padma Shri==

*In the year 2022, Govt of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Avadh Kishore Jadia for his distinguished service in the field of literature and education.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service as a "Respected [[Bundeli]] and [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] author from [[Chhatarpur]] credited with several books and poetry collections".<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

==Other recognitions and awards==
The awards and recognitions conferred on Avadh Kishore Jadia include:<ref name="AmarUjala">{{cite web |last1=Dinesh Sharma |title=छतरपुर: बुंदेली कवि डॉ. अवध किशोर जड़िया को उत्कृष्ट साहित्य सृजन के लिए मिला पद्मश्री पुरस्कार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/chhatarpur-bundeli-poet-dr-awadh-kishore-jadia-received-the-padma-shri-award-for-outstanding-literary-creation |website=Amar Ujala |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>

*"Sahitya Alankar" by Kala Sanskriti Sahitya Vidyapeeth, Mathura
*"Udyman Manas Mani" from Shri Ram Ramayana Sanskriti Trust Gwalior
*"Bundeli Gaurav" from All India Brij Sahitya Faculty Agra
*"Kavi Shiromani" from All India Brij Sahitya Sangam Mathura
*"Kavyaratna" from Sahityanand Parishad Gola Gokarnath
*Raja Santosh Singh Bundela Award
*"Lok Bhushan Samman", Uttar Pradesh (2012)

==Books==
Poetry collections:
*Vandaniy Bundelkhand
*Uddhav Shatak
*Kare Kanhai Ke Kan Lagi Hai
*Biragmala

==See also==
*[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)#Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022|Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLIDODYArdCdtW9abfvOkeg YouTube Channel on Avadh Kishore Jadia]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:People from Chhatarpur district]]
[[Category:Writers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Suvir Saran

2025-09-29T14:45:04Z

Rsingh: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Indian-American chef (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox chef 
| name = Suvir Saran
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|11|29}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| style = Indian / American
| restaurants =
| television = [[Top Chef]] Season 3
| prevrests =
| awards =
| website = http://www.suvir.com
}}

'''Suvir Saran''', (Born 29 November 1972 in [[New Delhi, India]]) is a chef, cookbook author, educator as well as a farmer who specializes in bringing Indian cooking to the American kitchen.

He studied visual arts at [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] in Bombay<ref>{{cite web|last=Gupte|first=Pranay|title=A Genie of Cuisine Brings Fresh Discoveries to America|url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/genie-of-cuisine-brings-fresh-discoveries/31072/|work=Article|publisher=The New York Sun}}</ref> before leaving India in 1993 to study in New York City at the [[School of Visual Arts]]. During this time he enjoyed cooking and entertaining friends when he was not working or going to school. He quickly took what was a hobby and turned it into a catering business Rasoi, The Indian Kitchen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Suvir Saran|url=http://www.hub-uk.com/chefsbios/suvirsaran.htm|work=Article|publisher=Hub-UK.com}}</ref> In 1997 joined the staff at Department of Food and Nutrition at New York University's Professional Development and Continuing Education Program. Later becoming an executive chef at Dévi on East 18th Street in New York City, appearing on [[Bravo (U.S. TV channel)|Bravo]]'s [[Top Chef: Masters (season 3)]] and writing several best selling cookbooks. On 10 November 2015, Suvir Saran hosted an evening of Indian cuisine as part of the University of Notre Dame's celebrity chef series.

==''Top Chef Masters''==
Suvir appeared as a contestant on the third season of [[Bravo (U.S. TV channel)|Bravo]]'s ''[[Top Chef Masters]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Chef: Masters Season 3|url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/season-3/bio/suvir-saran|publisher=BravoTV.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305093347/http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/season-3/bio/suvir-saran|archivedate=2011-03-05}}</ref> making it to the fourth round. Eliminated during "The Biggest Loser" episode, he chose to create a vegetarian burger rather than the requested bacon cheese burger and did a monologue about the health impacts of red meat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Suvir Saran Only Got Five Minutes to Save The World | date=27 April 2011| url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/season-3/blogs/burning-questions/suvir-saran-only-got-five-minutes-to-save-the-worl|publisher=BravoTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Where's The Beef?|date=27 April 2011 |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/season-3/blogs/team-top-chef/wheres-the-beef|publisher=BravoTV.com}}</ref> During the exit interview on the show he stated he had no regrets about his choices and what he had said.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Chef Masters: Suvir Saran's Exit Interview|date=28 October 2014 |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/season-3/videos/an-elimination-by-the-powers-above|publisher=BravoTV.com}}</ref>

==Cookbooks==
'''Masala Farm''' (Chronicle Books, 2011)

'''American Masala''' (Clarkson Potter, 2007)

'''Indian Home Cooking''' (Clarkson Potter, 2004)

==Dévi==
Dévi, located in [[New York City]], specialized in the flavors of Indian home cooking. The 75-seat restaurant got its name from the mother goddess. Recipient of a two star rating from New York Times,<ref>{{cite news|title=Devi Receives Two Stars|url=https://www.nytimes.com/restaurants/1100598613338/d-and-eacute-vi/details.html?scp=1&sq=Devi%20Restaurant&st=cse|work=New York Times| date=21 March 2023 }}</ref> a three star rating from New York Magazine<ref>{{cite web|title=Devi Receives Three Stars|url=http://nymag.com/listings/restaurant/devi/|publisher=New York Magazine}}</ref> and the first Indian restaurant in the US to have earned a [[Michelin Star]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Press|url=http://devinyc.com/press.html|publisher=Devi}}</ref> Suvir left Devi in March 2012, and it closed 1 April 2012.

==American Masala Farm==
Saran operated a farm, which he named American Masala Farm, in [[Hebron, New York]] for a period of time, before selling the property in order to move on to new projects.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Conversation with Charlie Burd and Suvir Saran of The American Masala Farm |url=https://www.lilliekteam.com/blog/in-conversation-with-charlie-burd-and-suvir-saran-of-the-american-masala-farm |website=lilliekteam.com |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>

==Resources==
*[http://www.suvir.com/ Suvir Saran - Official Site]
*[http://suvirsaran.typepad.com/ Suvir Saran - Official Blog]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saran, Suvir}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chefs]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Hebron, New York]]

DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research

2025-07-18T22:20:57Z

Rsingh: quick add citations and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Dental college in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{notability|date=May 2011}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

'''DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research''' is a [[dental college]] located in [[Modinagar]] in the [[nagar panchayat]] of [[Niwari, Uttar Pradesh|Niwari]] in [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The founder and chairman is Ajit Singh Jassar. It has students from 17 different nations and is affiliated to [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]] of [[Agra]].<ref name=careerindia>{{Cite web |url=http://www.careerindia.com/colleges/dj-college-of-dental-sciences-research |title=Career India |access-date=11 April 2015 |archive-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415130001/http://www.careerindia.com/colleges/dj-college-of-dental-sciences-research |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is recognised by the [[Dental Council of India]] (DCI), New Delhi.<ref name=careerindia /> The college was established in 1999<ref name=careerindia /> by Jassar Dental Medical Education Health foundation, which is a registered Public Charitable society.<ref name=heindia>[http://www.highereducationinindia.com/institutes/dj-college-of-dental-sciences--research-743.php Higher Education in India]</ref> It is a [[Sikh]] minority institute.<ref name=heindia />

The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the field of dentistry – Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS), Master of Dental Surgery (MDS), Diploma level courses and a course in Nursing.

The college publishes the Journal of Orofacial & Health Sciences.<ref>[http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:johs&type=home Indian Journals]</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of dental colleges in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://djdental.org/index.html College website]

{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Coord|25.352229|78.801565|region:IN_type:edu|display=title}}

[[Category:Dental colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-university-stub}}

Safarnama (TV series)

2025-05-05T09:58:22Z

Rsingh: Adding new stub!

{{distinguish|Safarnama|text=the [[Safarnama|11th-century book]] about the Persian poet Nasir Khusraw's travels through the Islamic world}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Non-fiction]], [[Travel show]]
| starring =
| based_on =
| director = Ashish Dubey Ishan Jacob
| writer = Ashish Dubey
| producer = Ashish Dubey Ishan Jacob Ankit Siwach
| composer = Umang Pandya
| cinematography = Abhishek Kashyap
| editor = Lokesh Mahajan
| company = Sinashh films
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| presenter = [[Ankit Siwach]]
| runtime = 20 minutes
| network = [[Epic (TV channel)|Epic]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2020|08|03}}
}}

'''Safarnama''' ({{Translation|Travelogue}})<ref>Syamasundara Dasa (1965–1975), “[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/dasa-hindi_query.py?page=4952 सफर]”, in Hindi Sabdasagara [Comprehensive Hindi Dictionary] (in [[Hindi]]), Kashi [[Varanasi]]: [[Nagari Pracarini Sabha]]</ref> is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[travel documentary]] television series produced by Sinashh Films that has aired on [[Epic TV]] since August 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ankit Siwach to Take Viewers on Visual Trip in His Travel Show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankit-siwach-to-take-viewers-on-a-visual-trip-on-his-travel-show/articleshow/77235120.cms |website=[[Times of India]]|date=29 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="itv">{{cite web |title=A Safarnama with TV actor Ankit Siwach on EPIC TV |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/specialised-and-niche/a-safarnama-with-tv-actor-ankit-siwach-on-epic-tv-200730 |website=indiantelevision.com |language=en |date=30 July 2020}}</ref> The show is hosted by television actor [[Ankit Siwach]] and is based on his [[travel]] journey starting from [[Mumbai]] and ending in [[Ladakh]], covering other parts of [[India]] in between.<ref name="itv"/><ref name="koimoi">{{cite web |title=Ankit Siwach Is All Set With His Travel Show On Epic Channel |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/ankit-siwach-is-all-set-with-his-travel-show-on-epic-channel-read-deets/ |website=Koimoi |date=28 July 2020|via=[[IANS]]}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
*Episode 01 - [[Mumbai]]<ref name="koimoi"/>
*Episode 02 - [[Manali, India|Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]<ref name="koimoi"/>
*Episode 03 - [[Kullu]]<ref name="koimoi"/>
*Episode 04 - Kullu Part-02
*Episode 05 - [[Sarchu]] and [[Leh]]<ref name="koimoi"/>
*Episode 06 - Leh and [[Ladakh]] - 01<ref name="koimoi"/>
*Episode 07 - Leh and Ladakh - 02
*Episode 08 - [[Turtuk]] and [[Thang, Ladakh|Thang]]
*Episode 09 - [[Kargil]]<ref name="koimoi"/>

Source:<ref name="epicon">{{cite web |title=Safarnama - Season 1 |url=https://www.epicon.in/tv-shows/safarnama |website=[[Epic TV|EPIC ON]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
The show was produced by Sinashh films and Siwach, and was shot on location in the various places shown in the series through a [[road trip]]. Siwach relating himself as an avid traveler described the show as a personal journey he wanted highlight for viewers.<ref name="itv"/><ref>{{cite web |title=A Journey worthwhile. |url=https://tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/a-journey-worthwhile-121489|website=[[Tribune India]]}}</ref>

== Broadcast ==
It has aired in India on the [[Epic TV]] television channel and is also available on its online [[streaming service]] Epic ON.<ref name="koimoi"/><ref name="epicon"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.epicon.in/tv-shows/safarnama}}
*{{IMDb title|tt12794502|Safarnama}}

[[Category:Indian travel television series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Epic TV original programming]]