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Cuffe Parade metro station

2026-05-05T09:06:30Z

Rrajani: new data...

{{Short description|Metro station in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}} {{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = {{white|Cuffe Parade}}
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|कफ परेड}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Aqua
| image = Cuffe Parade metro station platform level, 2025.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = Platform level of the station
| address = Ganesh Murti Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005
| coordinates = {{coord|18.914255669336498|N|72.82149976327267|E|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 3.png|12px|link=Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)]] Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.
| operator = {{rint|delhi|m}} [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<ref>{{cite news |title=DMRC wins contract to operate Mumbai Metro's Line 3: Officials |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/dmrc-wins-contract-to-operate-mumbai-metros-line-3-officials/99462230 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=12 April 2023 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|3|croute}}
| platform = 1 [[island platform]]
| connections =
| structure = Underground
| depth =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible = {{URL|1=https://mmrcl.com/station/CUP|2=Yes}}
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| status = Staffed, Operational
| code = CUP
| zone =
| opened = {{start date and age|2025|10|9|df=yes}}
| opening =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=3|left|right=Vidhan Bhavan}}
| route_map = {{Routemap
|inline=1
|legend=track
|map=
utSTR!~MFADEg\utSTR!~MFADEg ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Vidhan Bhavan}}
utKRWgl+l\utKRWgr+r
numN300\utSTRg\utSTRg\~~ ~~ ~~
utdSTR\dPLT!~d*2__align=bl\utdSTR
utdSTR\dPLT!~d*1__align=br\utdSTR
cd!~utPSTR(L)\c!~dPLT\utPSTR(R)
utSTRg\utSTRg~~ ~~ ~~
utENDEe\utENDEe}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Aqua Line}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = expanded
| baggage_check =
| wifi =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
}}
'''Cuffe Parade''' is an underground terminal metro station located in the [[Colaba]] neighborhood, on the North–South corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua Line]] of the [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. The station was opened to public on 9 October 2025, along with the remaining section of the Aqua Line from [[Acharya Atre Chowk metro station|Acharya Atre Chowk]] to Cuffe Parade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates final phase of Mumbai’s first fully underground Metro 3 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-final-phase-of-mumbais-first-fully-underground-metro-3/article70139141.ece}}</ref>

== Station Layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Ground level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Concourse
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Customer Service, Shops, Vending machine, ATMs
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2 Platforms'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85 height=45|'''Platform 2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=400|{{0|←}} Towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|3|right}} ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Vidhan Bhavan}}) →
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="400" |{{0|←}} Towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|3|right}} ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Vidhan Bhavan}}) →
|-
|}

== Entry/Exit ==
* '''A1''' - Backbay Bus Depot, [[Navy Nagar]]<ref name="map">{{cite web |title=Cuffe Parade metro station details |url=https://mmrcl.com/en/station/CUP |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=MMRC}}</ref>
* '''A2''' - [[World Trade Centre, Mumbai|World Trade Center]], Colaba Woods Garden<ref name="map" />
* '''B1''' - Machhimar Nagar, Wodehouse Road<ref name="map" />
* '''B2''' - President Hotel, GD Somani School<ref name="map" />

<gallery>
Cuffe Parade metro station Entrance A2.jpg|Exit A2
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Mumbai]]
* [[Transport in Mumbai]]
* [[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mmrcl.com/en/ The official site of Mumbai Metro]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net/ ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 3=yes}}

[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]

ESI - Basaidarapur metro station

2026-05-05T07:02:13Z

Rrajani:

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] ESI - Basaidarapur
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| image = ESI - Basaidarapur metro station (Delhi).jpg
| style = Delhi Metro
| address = Shivaji Park (opp. ESI Hospital), near Basai Dara Pur Village, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]] - 110015, [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|double-track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] {{font color|pink|Platform 1}} → "-" Circular Line {{font color|pink|Platform 2}} → "+" Circular Line
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2018|3|14|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Pink|left=Punjabi Bagh West|right=Rajouri Garden}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''ESI - Basaidarapur''' is a metro station located on the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]. As a part of Delhi Metro's [[Delhi Metro#Phase III|Phase III]], the station was opened on 14 March 2018, as '''ESI Hospital''', but it was later changed to its current name in the same year.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=12 July 2018 |title=Roads, metro stations, schools renamed in Delhi |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/barapullah-elevated-road-renamed-as-banda-bahadur-flyover-118071201094_1.html |access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3

|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Anticlockwise'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|"-" Circular Line (Anticlockwise) Via: [[Rajouri Garden metro station|Rajouri Garden]], [[Mayapuri metro station|Mayapuri]], [[Naraina Vihar metro station|Naraina Vihar]], [[Delhi Cantonment metro station|Delhi Cantonment]], [[Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus]], [[Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh metro station|Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh]], [[Sarojini Nagar metro station|Sarojini Nagar]], [[Dilli Haat - INA metro station|Dilli Haat - INA]], [[South Extension metro station|South Extension]], [[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]], [[Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin metro station|Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin]], [[Mayur Vihar-I metro station|Mayur Vihar-I]], [[Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar metro station|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar]], [[Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake metro station|Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake]], [[IP Extension metro station|IP Extension]], [[Anand Vihar metro station|Anand Vihar]], [[Karkarduma metro station|Karkarduma]], [[Welcome metro station|Welcome]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Rajouri Garden}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}''
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Clockwise'''
|"+" Circular Line (Clockwise) Via: [[Punjabi Bagh West metro station|Punjabi Bagh West]], [[Shakurpur metro station|Shakurpur]], [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]], [[Shalimar Bagh metro station|Shalimar Bagh]], [[Azadpur metro station|Azadpur]], [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]], [[Burari metro station|Burari]], [[Jagatpur - Wazirabad metro station|Jagatpur - Wazirabad]], [[Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar metro station|Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar]], [[Bhajanpura metro station|Bhajanpura]], [[Yamuna Vihar metro station|Yamuna Vihar]], [[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur - Babarpur]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Punjabi Bagh West}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Pink}};"| ESI - Basaidarpur metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No. 1 || Gate No. 2

|-
|Rajdhani College || ESI Hospital (adjacent Rajdhani College)
|-
|Shivaji College || Punjabi Bagh Club
|-
|DM Office, West Delhi || Punjabi Bagh Bus Terminal
|-
|Directorate General of Home Guards || Bharat Darshan Park
|-
|Chatrapati Shivaji Park || Basaidarapur
|-
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Inner Ring Road, Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy }}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/ESI+Basaidarapur/@28.6579865,77.1263114,314m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sHospital!3m4!1s0x390d030ae41c6901:0x453d51402be239d8!8m2!3d28.658155!4d77.1273226|title= ESI - Basaidarapur metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Railway stations in West Delhi district]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Delhi]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Tapan Bose

2026-05-04T10:44:21Z

Rrajani: info - done

{{Short description|Indian documentary filmmaker and peace activist (1946–2025)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Tapan Bose
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Tapan Kumar Bose
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|6|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|1|30|1946|6|8|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Filmmaker|journalist|human rights activist}}
| education = [[Delhi University]]{{sfn|Battaglia|2017|p=101}}
| notable_works ={{hlist|''An Indian Story''|''Bhopal: Beyond Genocide''|''Behind the Barricades — Punjab''}}
| awards = [[National Film Awards]] (in 1982 & 1987)
| known_for =
| organization =
}}

'''Tapan Kumar Bose''' (8 June 1946 – 30 January 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Srivastava |first1=Pragyan |last2=Sarwar |first2=Beena |date=31 January 2025 |title=Tapan K. Bose: A legacy of regional peace, justice, and solidarity |url=https://sapannews.com/2025/01/30/tapan-k-bose-a-legacy-of-regional-peace-justice-and-solidarity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304105418/https://sapannews.com/2025/01/30/tapan-k-bose-a-legacy-of-regional-peace-justice-and-solidarity/ |archive-date=4 March 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=Sapan News |language=en |quote=Born June 8, 1946, Tapan dedicated his life to exposing injustices through film and activism...(..) He passed away on 30 January 2025.}}</ref> was an Indian documentary filmmaker, human rights activist and journalist.{{Sfn|James|Venkatesan|2021|p=30, Known as a human rights activist and an interventionist writer, Tapan Kumar Bose is an independent documentary filmmaker from West Bengal. (..) A national and international award-winning filmmaker, his films majorly defend human and democratic rights.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Min |first=Sabber Kyaw |date=13 February 2025 |title=Remembering Tapan Kumar Bose, a Tireless Advocate for the Rohingya People |url=https://thewire.in/rights/tapan-kumar-bose-obituary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427201943/https://thewire.in/rights/tapan-kumar-bose-obituary |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> He was known for his work on issues such as [[social justice]], [[civil liberties]] and peace in South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Sumanta |date=24 February 2025 |title=Tapan Bose's Concern for Human Rights Was Not Confined Within the Boundaries of India |url=https://thewire.in/rights/tapan-bose-obituary-filmmaker-rights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224144505/https://thewire.in/rights/tapan-bose-obituary-filmmaker-rights |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en}}</ref> He was a founding member and secretary general of the [[South Asia Forum for Human Rights]] (SAFHR). He was also a co-founder of the Pakistan-India Peoples' Forum for Peace and Democracy (PIPFPD).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilani |first=Iftikhar |date=31 January 2025 |title=Tapan Bose: His Home Was a Refuge for Kashmiri Students |url=https://kashmirtimes.com/opinion/comment-articles/tapan-bose-his-home-was-a-refuge-for-kashmiri-students |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=Kashmir Times |language=en |quote=As a co-founder of the Pakistan-India Peoples' Forum for Peace and Democracy (PIPFPD) and a founding member of the South Asia Forum for Human Rights, he dedicated his life to fostering dialogue and reconciliation across borders.}}</ref>

Born in 1946, he started his career as a journalist and later turned to documentary filmmaking under the influence of filmmaker S. Sukhdev.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 January 2025 |title=Peace activist Tapan Bose dies at 78 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1888810 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210082040/https://www.dawn.com/news/1888810 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en |quote=Born in 1946, Bose began his career as a journalist before transitioning to filmmaking under the mentorship of S Sukhdev.}}</ref> During 1970s, his work centered on documenting issues related to human rights, state-led violences, and systemic injustices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=31 January 2025 |title=Documentary filmmaker, rights activist Tapan Kumar Bose passes away at 78 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Jan/31/documentary-filmmaker-rights-activist-tapan-kumar-bose-passes-away-at-78 |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |quote=He was staunch advocate of communities who were oppressed by jingoistic nationalism and militarisation. (..) Having started his activism during the Emergency in mid 1970s, and later filming the victims of Bhagalpur blindings, Bose was also well known for his films and activism around the Bhopal disaster and the advocacy for victims.}}</ref> His documentaries such as ''An Indian Story (1981)'', ''Bhopal: Beyond Genocide (1986)'', ''Behind the Barricades — Punjab (1993)'', ''The Vulnerable Road User (1999)'' and ''Jharkhand — The Struggle of the Indian Indigenous People (2003)'', explored themes of state violence and indigenous struggles and were screened at various international film festivals.

== Career and activism ==
In 1970s, Bose began his filmmaking career during emergency period. Using the documentary medium, he often covered political conflict regions such as Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir. His work gained recognition for its role in documenting human rights abuses and insurgent violence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Maktoob |date=31 January 2025 |title=Tapan Kumar Bose (1946-2025): A chronicle of resistance, a life of courage and struggle |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/tapan-kumar-bose-1946-2025-a-chronicle-of-resistance-a-life-of-courage-and-struggle/ |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1982, he directed documentary ''An Indian Story'' based on the [[1980 Bhagalpur blindings]] in which 31 men were blinded by police during under trial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalbag |first=Chaitanya |date=15 January 1982 |title=Bhagalpur blindings did not reduce spiralling crime rate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820115-bhagalpur-blindings-did-not-reduce-spiralling-crime-rate-771378-2013-10-19 |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en |quote=..a young documentary film maker, Tapan Bose, held a first private screening of his hour-long colour documentary, An Indian Story....}}</ref> His 1993 documentary ''Behind the Barricades – Punjab'' faced major censorship hurdles.{{Sfn|James|Venkatesan|2021|p=35}} Initially denied certification by the Examining Committee, the film was accused of promoting separatist agenda and of portraying security forces in a highly critical manner. Legal scholar [[A. G. Noorani]] criticized the process, arguing that the entire censorship system lacks transparency and tends to operate within a rigid, illiberal framework.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Noorani | first=A. G. | title=Censoring "Behind the Barricade" | journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] | publisher=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=28 | issue=36 | issn=0012-9976 | jstor=4400102 | pages=1843–1844 |date =4 September 1993|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4400102 | access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref>

Throughout his career, he made several documentaries that highlighted critical issues such as the social unrest in Jharkhand, the [[Bhopal gas tragedy]] survivors, [[2002 Gujarat violence|Godhra incident]] and the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]].<ref>{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=Veteran activist Tapan Bose passes away | website=The Hindu | date=30 January 2025 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/veteran-activist-tapan-bose-passes-away/article69161144.ece | access-date=9 June 2025|quote=Bose campaigned for dialogue in Kashmir, Naxal areas; made documentary films on Jharkhand situation, Bhopal gas tragedy victims, Bhagalpur blindings; stood against post-Godhra violence, Babri Masjid demolition}}</ref>

Apart from his filmmaking career, he actively involved in peace activism. He co-founded several key initiatives, including the Pakistan–India Peoples' Forum for Peace and Democracy, the South Asia Forum for Human Rights, and the Rohingya Human Rights Initiative.<ref>{{cite web | first= Sagari | last= Chhabra | title=Tribute to Tapan Bose | website=Mainstream Weekly | date=8 February 2025 | url=https://mainstreamweekly.net/article15464.html | access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref> He was also a founding member of the Southasia Peace Action Network (Sapan).

== Death ==
Bose died on 30 January 2025 at his residence in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Documentary filmmaker-activist Tapan K Bose dies at 78 | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=30 January 2025 | url=https://theprint.in/feature/documentary-filmmaker-activist-tapan-k-bose-dies-at-78/2470406/ | access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref> On his demise, the [[Naga Students' Federation]] (NSF) mourned his death and extended condolences to his family,<ref>{{cite web | first=Imna | last=Longchar | title=NSF mourns demise of visionary documentary filmmaker Tapan Kumar Bose | website=The Frontier Manipur | date=1 February 2025 | url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/nsf-mourns-demise-of-visionary-documentary-filmmaker-tapan-kumar-bose/ | access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Kohima|title=NSF condoles passing of filmmaker and human rights activist, Tapan Kumar Bose | website=Nagaland Tribune | date=31 January 2025 | url=https://nagalandtribune.in/nsf-condoles-passing-of-filmmaker-and-human-rights-activist-tapan-kumar-bose/ | access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref> the chairman of Hurriyat Conference, [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]], also expressed sorrow, calling him a fearless voice for justice and human rights, and a dear friend of Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web | title=Hurriyat Conference chief mourns demise of peace activist Tapan Bose | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=1 February 2025 | url=https://theprint.in/india/hurriyat-conference-chief-mourns-demise-of-peace-activist-tapan-bose/2475232/| access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref>

== Selected filmography ==
Bose selected documentaries are listed below:<ref>{{cite web | title=Tapan Kumar Bose | website=Bengal Film Archive | url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/new-documentary-3.php?i=NzI= | ref={{sfnref|Bengal Film Archive|1984}} | access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref>
* ''An Indian Story (1981)''
* ''Bhopal: Beyond Genocide (1986)''<ref>{{cite web | last=Ninan | first=Sevanti | title=The most comprehensive film on Bhopal | website=Down To Earth | date=10 January 2025 | url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/the-most-comprehensive-film-on-bhopal-30147 | access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref>
* ''Behind the Barricades — Punjab (1993)''
* ''The Vulnerable Road User (1999)''
* ''Jharkhand — The Struggle of the Indian Indigenous People (2003)''

== Awards and recognition ==
* ''An Indian Story'' received the [[30th National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for Best Information Film in 1982.<ref>{{cite web | title=National Awards Winners 1982: Complete list of winners of National Awards 1982 | website=The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1982/108 | access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref>
* In 1987 his documentary ''Beyond Genocide: Bhopal Gas Tragedy'' won the [[35th National Film Awards|35th National award]] in category of the Best Non-Fiction Film.

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian documentary films]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book | last1=James | first1=Rajesh | last2=Venkatesan | first2=Sathyaraj | title=India Retold: Dialogues with Independent Documentary Filmmakers in India | publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] | date=2021 | isbn=978-1-5013-5267-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtkxEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last=Battaglia | first=Giulia | title=Documentary Film in India: An Anthropological History | publisher=Routledge | date=2017 | isbn=978-1-351-37563-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YN5CDwAAQBAJ}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Tapan}}
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]

Deepak Agrawal

2026-05-04T10:10:39Z

Rrajani:

{{Short description|Indian neurosurgeon}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepak Agrawal
| image = Dr. Deepak Agrawal.jpg
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|11|10}}
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Neurosurgery]]<ref name="aiims1">{{cite web|url=https://www.aiims.edu/index.php/en/2014-12-19-04-37-04/neurology_surgery_faculty?id=1414 |title=Dr Deepak Agrawal |publisher=Aiims.edu |date= |accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|DrDeepakAiims.com}}
}}

'''Deepak Agrawal''',<ref name="youtube1">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=md9S4AimIK4 |title=Dr.Deepak Agrawal, Global Education Summit 2016 |publisher=YouTube |date= 7 November 2016|accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aitsc.org/about/dr-deepak-agrawal/ |title=Deepak Agrawal – Australia – India Trauma Systems Collaboration |publisher=Aitsc.org |date= |accessdate=2022-05-01 |archive-date=2021-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724174302/https://www.aitsc.org/about/dr-deepak-agrawal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> born 10 November 1970, is a professor of [[neurosurgery]] at [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]],<ref name="aiims1"/> and is often regarded as one of the most renowned and successful living neurosurgeons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/health-and-fitness/the-doctors-with-a-cutting-edge/story-2ceOY4uy1SJ2P8LeNCqNFJ.html |title=The doctors with a cutting edge | Health |publisher=Hindustan Times |date= 9 April 2011|accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref> During his stint as chairman of computerization,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/artificial-intelligence-boon-dr-deepak-agarwal-mail-today-healhcare-conclave-1098501-2017-12-01 |title=Artificial intelligence is a huge boon, says Dr Deepak Agarwal at Mail Today Healthcare Conclave | IndiaToday |website=www.indiatoday.in |date=December 2017 |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502071216/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/artificial-intelligence-boon-dr-deepak-agarwal-mail-today-healhcare-conclave-1098501-2017-12-01 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aiims.edu/images/newsletter/NewsLetter_Jan_16.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.aiims.edu |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502031242/https://www.aiims.edu/images/newsletter/NewsLetter_Jan_16.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aiims.edu/images/newsletter/current_News%20Letter.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.aiims.edu |access-date=1 May 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502074129/https://www.aiims.edu/images/newsletter/current_News%20Letter.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aiims.edu/images/newsletter/Aiims%20Technologists%20Newsletter.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.indiatoday.in |access-date=1 May 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502031645/https://www.aiims.edu/images/newsletter/Aiims%20Technologists%20Newsletter.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> he reformed the ICT processes at AIIMS, New Delhi, while also helping patients in the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]], to receive a Unique Health Identification (UHID), which documents their journey in the hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/without-aadhaar-patients-to-pay-10-times-more-for-registration-at-aiims-4430739/ |title=Without Aadhaar patients to pay 10 times more for registration at AIIMS |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2016-12-16 |accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/now-book-online-appointments-at-aiims-under-tatkal-scheme/story-vNjOSNbgvcw2UE3YxGTyoJ.html |title=Now, book online appointments at AIIMS under 'Tatkal' scheme | Latest News Delhi |publisher=Hindustan Times |date= 30 September 2015|accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref> Additionally, he also pioneered [[stem cell]] research in [[spinal cord injury]] in India and established the Stem Cell Translational Research in Neuroscience LAB at AIIMS, New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/hoping-against-hope/ |title=Hoping against hope |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2016-02-07 |accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Safety and feasibility of intramedullary injected bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells in acute complete spinal cord injury: Phase 1 trial|year=2022 |doi=10.3171/2022.2.SPINE211021 |pmid=35395638 |last1=Saini |first1=R. |last2=Pahwa |first2=B. |last3=Agrawal |first3=D. |last4=Singh |first4=P. |last5=Gurjar |first5=H. |last6=Mishra |first6=S. |last7=Jagdevan |first7=A. |last8=Misra |first8=M. C. |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery. Spine |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=331–338 |s2cid=248050473 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Efficacy and outcome of bone marrow derived stem cells transplanted via intramedullary route in acute complete spinal cord injury – A randomized placebo controlled trial|doi=10.1016/j.jocn.2022.03.033 |date=2022-03-31 |pmid=35367733 |last1=Saini |first1=R. |last2=Pahwa |first2=B. |last3=Agrawal |first3=D. |last4=Singh |first4=P. K. |last5=Gujjar |first5=H. |last6=Mishra |first6=S. |last7=Jagdevan |first7=A. |last8=Misra |first8=M. C. |journal=Journal of Clinical Neuroscience |volume=100 |pages=7–14 |s2cid=247846931 }}</ref> Moreover, he has also pioneered a new surgical technique—Expansive Duraplasty—for complete high cervical injury. This technique has shown improvement in a subset of patients, enabling them to regain the ability to walk again.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=D. |title=Expansive duraplasty improves outcomes in patients with complete traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: Analysis of 100 cases |journal=World Neurosurgery |volume=160 |pages=e480–e487 |year=2022 |doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2021.12.059 |pmid=35263904 }}</ref>

== Pain Surgery ==

Agrawal has pioneered the DREZotomy technique for [[neuropathic pain]] in [[India]] and has refined the procedure to make it safer and more accessible to patients.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=5;spage=1012;epage=1015;aulast=Meena;type=3|title = Dorsal Root Entry Zone (DREZ) Lesioning for Brachial Neuralgia |journal = Neurology India|date = 2020 |pmid = 33109843 |archive-date=2 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502070344/https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886%3Byear%3D2020%3Bvolume%3D68%3Bissue%3D5%3Bspage%3D1012%3Bepage%3D1015%3Baulast%3DMeena%3Btype%3D3|url-status=live |last1 = Meena |first1 = R. |last2 = Doddamani |first2 = R. S. |last3 = Agrawal |first3 = D. |last4 = Chandra |first4 = P. S. |volume = 68 |issue = 5 |pages = 1012–1015 |doi = 10.4103/0028-3886.299139 |doi-access=free|url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/my-curious-case-little-known-micro-drez-best-for-nerve-pain-treatment/|title = My Curious Case: Little-known micro DREZ best for nerve pain treatment|website = indianexpress.com| date=29 August 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502070310/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/my-curious-case-little-known-micro-drez-best-for-nerve-pain-treatment/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2019;volume=67;issue=5;spage=1320;epage=1322;aulast=Agrawal|title = Microscissor DREZotomy - A New Way for 'Atraumatic Lesioning' of DREZ|journal = Neurology India| date=2019 | pmid=31744967 |archive-date=2 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502070136/https://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886%3Byear%3D2019%3Bvolume%3D67%3Bissue%3D5%3Bspage%3D1320%3Bepage%3D1322%3Baulast%3DAgrawal|url-status=live | last1=Agrawal | first1=D. | last2=Garg | first2=K. | volume=67 | issue=5 | pages=1320–1322 | doi=10.4103/0028-3886.271271 | doi-access=free | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353682812|title = Microscissor DREZotomy for Post Brachial Plexus Avulsion Neuralgia: A Single Centre Experience| date=2021 |doi=10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106840 | last1=Doddamani | first1=Ramesh Sharanappa | last2=Garg | first2=Sharat | last3=Agrawal | first3=Deepak | last4=Meena | first4=Rajesh Kumar | last5=Sawarkar | first5=Dattaraj | last6=Singh | first6=Pankaj Kumar | last7=Verma | first7=Satish | last8=Chandra | first8=Sarat P. | journal=Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery | volume=208 | article-number=106840 | pmid=34418706 | s2cid=236906804 }}</ref> He has the largest series of Cervical DREZOTOMY in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Microscissor DREZotomy for post brachial plexus avulsion neuralgia: A single center experience|journal = Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery| year=2021 | pmid=34418706 | last1=Doddamani | first1=R. S. | last2=Garg | first2=S. | last3=Agrawal | first3=D. | last4=Meena | first4=R. K. | last5=Sawarkar | first5=D. | last6=Singh | first6=P. K. | last7=Verma | first7=S. | last8=Chandra | first8=S. P. | volume=208 | article-number=106840 | doi=10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106840 | s2cid=236906804 }}</ref> Furthermore, he is currently the only neurosurgeon in the world who is performing Lumbar DREZOTOMY for lower limb [[spasticity]] and pain.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thieme.in/thieme-e-Journals/jpnspdf/08-JPNS-19-12015-CR.pdf|title = Simultaneous Microsurgical DREZ-otomy of Cervical and Lumbosacral Spine for Tetra-Spastic Status with Double Hemiparesis|website = www.thieme.in|archive-date=2 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502070144/https://www.thieme.in/thieme-e-Journals/jpnspdf/08-JPNS-19-12015-CR.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Agrawal was responsible<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aiims-doctors-bid-final-adieu-to-baby-falak/239874-3.html |title=AIIMS doctors bid final adieu to Baby Falak - India News - IBNLive |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320024627/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aiims-doctors-bid-final-adieu-to-baby-falak/239874-3.html |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> for the care of [[Baby Falak]] and raising the issue in the media,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Abandoned-2-yr-old-battles-for-life-in-ICU/Article1-802284.aspx |title=Abandoned, 2-yr-old battles for life in ICU - Hindustan Times |website=www.hindustantimes.com |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316110629/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Abandoned-2-yr-old-battles-for-life-in-ICU/Article1-802284.aspx |archive-date=16 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which led to a national outcry against [[Child Abuse]] and [[Human trafficking]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/alerts-942-455967.html |title=Baby Falak dies of cardiac arrest at AIIMS |publisher=News18.com |date=2012-03-15 |accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medindia.net/news/battered-baby-falak-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-98882-1.htm |title=Battered Baby Falak Dies Of Cardiac Arrest |publisher=Medindia.net |date=2012-03-16 |accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|author=Anita |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2012/03/16/battered-baby-falak-dies-following-cardiac-arrest.html |title=Baby Falak dies | AIIMS | Cardiac arrest | New Delhi | Battered baby | - Oneindia News |publisher=Oneindia.com |date=2012-03-16 |accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/battered-baby-falak-dies-at-aiims-96067-2012-03-15 |title=Baby Falak dies of cardiac arrest at AIIMS - India News |publisher=Indiatoday.in |date= 15 March 2012|accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17395459 |title=Battered Indian girl Baby Falak dies in hospital - BBC News |work=BBC News |date= 16 March 2012|accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref>

Additionally, he developed a UHID system at AIIMS, enabling patients to be admitted at a doctor's appointment smoothly through the ors.gov.in [[web portal]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Nikita Mehta |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/dh4WbMQ5h6syjDOnEsZRnM/AIIMS-inaugurates-project-to-reduce-waiting-time-for-patient.html |title=Aiims Inaugurates Project To Reduce Waiting Time For Patients | Mint |publisher=Livemint.com |date= 25 December 2015|accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/now-an-app-to-book-aiims-appointment/articleshow/46268766.cms |title=Now, an app to book AIIMS appointment | Delhi News - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2015-02-17 |accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref>

Agrawal developed the mechanical [[AgVa Ventilator]] in collaboration with Indian scientist [[Diwakar Vaish]] of A-SET Robotics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Raghu|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/features/how-med-tech-firms-are-disrupting-traditional-models/articleshow/74235745.cms|title=How med-tech firms are disrupting traditional models|date=2020-02-21|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/breathing-innovation-indian-researchers-develop-low-cost-portable-ventilator/1778625/|title=Breathing innovation! Indian researchers develop low-cost, portable ventilator|date=2019-11-29|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/health/2017/sep/12/aiims-develops-less-expensive-pocket-ventilator-in-collaboration-with-private-firm-1656256.html|title=AIIMS develops less expensive pocket ventilator in collaboration with private firm|website=The New Indian Express|date=12 September 2017 |access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://fit.thequint.com/fit/aiims-worlds-cheapest-portable-ventilator|title=Low-Cost Health Tech: Your Phone Can Now Function As a Ventilator|date=2019-02-21|website=Quint FIT|language=en|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] (2019-2023), more than 10,000 [[ventilator]]s were manufactured and sold to various public and private hospitals across the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Banerji |first1=Sumant |title=Battle against coronavirus: Maruti ties up with AgVA Healthcare to produce 10,000 ventilators per month |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/auto/story/battle-against-coronavirus-maruti-ties-up-with-agva-healthcare-to-produce-10000-ventilators-per-month-253271-2020-03-28 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=28 March 2020 |access-date=19 May 2024}}</ref>

Agrawal has been instrumental in setting up the most advanced Neurotrauma center in India (JPNATC). He equipped the department with India's first Intraoperative spine CT (O-arm) and portable CT scanner, which has benefited more than 20,000 patients in total.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=India |first1=Neurology |title=Use of O-arm for spinal surgery in academic institution in India |journal=[[Neurology India]] |date=17 August 2010 |volume=59 |issue=8 October 2010 |pages=590–593 |doi=10.4103/0028-3886.84343 |doi-access=free |pmid=21891939 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Journal |first1=Scholarly |title=Initial experience with mobile computed tomogram in neurosurgery intensive care unit in a level 1 trauma center in India - ProQuest |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/5e4fb1103f85a3a0f77ed685721d0037/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=28294 |website=www.proquest.com |access-date=19 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=Deepak |last2=Saini |first2=Renu |last3=Singh |first3=Pankaj Kumar |last4=Sinha |first4=Sumit |last5=Gupta |first5=Deepak Kumar |last6=Satyarthee |first6=Guru Dutta |last7=Misra |first7=Mahesh Chandra |title=Bedside computed tomography in traumatic brain injury: Experience of 10,000 consecutive cases in neurosurgery at a level 1 trauma center in India |journal=Neurology India |pages=62–65 |doi=10.4103/0028-3886.173649 |date=2016|volume=64 |issue=1 |doi-access=free |pmid=26754994 }}</ref>

He has been serving as editor-in-chief of the ''Journal of Peripheral Nerve Surgery'' since 2019<ref>[https://www.thieme.in/image/catalog/Edboard/03_JPNS_FMi.pdf www.thieme.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111193549/https://www.thieme.in/image/catalog/Edboard/03_JPNS_FMi.pdf |date=2021-11-11 }}, Journal of Peripheral Nerve Surgery</ref> and editor-in-chief of the ''Indian Journal of Neurotrauma'' since April 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thieme.com/edboards/IJNT_Editorial_Board.pdf |website=www.thieme.com|title=Indian Journal of Neurotrauma}}</ref>

He has 3,818 citations for his published research, with an [[h-index]] of 33 and an i10-index of 95 as of 10 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=mOV8-sUAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao |title=Deepak Agrawal - Google Scholar |website=scholar.google.com |access-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519145504/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=mOV8-sUAAAAJ |archive-date=19 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career in Gamma Knife ==
Agrawal has expertise in Gamma Knife (stereotactic radiosurgery), having treated more patients with this surgical method than any other neurosurgeon in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Tumor Control and Hearing Preservation After Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Vestibular Schwannomas in Neurofibromatosis Type 2-A Retrospective Analysis of 133 Tumors |journal=World Neurosurgery |pages=e820–e827 |pmid=36587894 |last1=Sri Krishna |first1=G. S. |last2=Pahwa |first2=B. |last3=Jagdevan |first3=A. |last4=Singh |first4=M. |last5=Kale |first5=S. |last6=Agrawal |first6=D. |volume=171 |doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2022.12.118 }}</ref> Secondly, he is considered the most experienced Indian surgeon in treating ocular malignancies by Gamma Knife Radiosurgery.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Health |first1=Somnath |title=Eye Cancer: गामा नाइफ से आंखों के कैंसर पर वार, रोशनी बरकरार; अब तक होती थी सामान्य सर्जरी, निकालनी पड़ती आंख |url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/eye-cancer-gamma-knife-attacks-eye-cancer-vision-remains-intact-2024-03-19 |access-date=5 April 2024 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=19 Mar 2024}}</ref> Agrawal is regarded as one of the greatest experts on Gamma Knife radiosurgery for [[brain tumor]]s and vascular malformations. Moreover, he has extensively compared Gamma Knife with other forms of radiotherapy, such as CyberKnife and proton beam, being a strong proponent of Gamma Knife vis-à-vis other modalities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Somnath |first1=Health |title=AIIMS New Delhi offering Gamma Knife surgery to treat eye tumour |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/aiims-new-delhi-offering-gamma-knife-surgery-to-treat-eye-tumour-124031800874_1.html |access-date=5 April 2024 |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=18 March 2024}}</ref>
He has published groundbreaking research on the Gamma Knife, including a policy paper on improving [[Neurosurgery|neurosurgical]] access in developing countries using the Gamma Knife.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Role of novel policy implementation for Gamma Knife (GK) procedures in improving access to neurosurgical care in lower middle income countries (LMICs) GK in LMICs |journal=World Neurosurgery: X |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.wnsx.2023.100166 |last1=Pahwa |first1=Bhavya |last2=Agrawal |first2=Deepak |volume=18 |article-number=100166 |pmid=36818736 |pmc=9929591 }}</ref>
He also wrote the book ''Mastering Gamma Knife Radiosurgery: Insights from Case-Based Learnings'', which presents innovative and evolving approaches to Gamma Knife treatment, highlighting AIIMS-based clinical experiences and novel neurosurgical applications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mastering Gamma Knife Radiosurgery |url=https://zenodo.org/records/15228256 |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>

== Awards ==
*'CNS-CSNS young neurosurgeon of the year' award by the US [[Congress of Neurological Surgeons]] (CNS) at the annual CNS meeting in September 2008 at [[San Diego, California]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Council of State Neurosurgical Societies, copyright 2004-2022 |url=https://csnsonline.org/awards.php?id=3 |title=CSNS - Fellowships & Awards | Awards - Council of State Neurosurgical Societies |publisher=Csnsonline.org |date= |accessdate=2022-05-01 |archive-date=2019-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909144949/http://www.csnsonline.org/awards.php?id=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/136/1/article-p307.xml |title=The Young Neurosurgeons Committee of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons: the first 30 years in: Journal of Neurosurgery Volume 136 Issue 1 (2021) Journals |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery |publisher=Thejns.org |date=2021-08-27 |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=307–313 |doi=10.3171/2021.2.JNS204311 |accessdate=2022-05-01 |last1=Huq |first1=Sakibul |last2=Philips |first2=Chris A. |last3=Sivakumar |first3=Walavan |last4=Dornbos |first4=David L. |last5=Graffeo |first5=Christopher S. |last6=Mukherjee |first6=Debraj |last7=Wolfe |first7=Stacey Q. |last8=Johnson |first8=Jeremiah N. |pmid=34450593 |s2cid=237339843 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*‘Tata Innovation Fellowship’ by DBT for 3 years from 2013, of Rs 22.5 lakhs.<ref>[https://www.aiims.edu/aiims/annual-report/2012-2013%20%28English%29%20%281%29.pdf PDF: aiims.edu], AIIMS 2012-2013/ 282</ref>
*"Dynamic CIO of the Year 2016" at the fifth Annual Healthcare Summit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indusem.org/blog/indusem-it-leader-dr-deepak-agrawal-is-2016-cio-of-the-year/ |title=INDUSEM-IT Leader Dr. Deepak Agrawal is 2016-CIO of the Year ! - INDUSEM Health and Medicine Collaborative |website=www.indiatoday.in |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502031743/http://www.indusem.org/blog/indusem-it-leader-dr-deepak-agrawal-is-2016-cio-of-the-year/ |archive-date=2 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*AAPI International research award (1st prize) in 'Healthcare Innovation' at Global Health Summit (2016).<ref name="youtube1"/>
*Award given by Birac under the [[Department of Biotechnology]] of 50 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 Nov 2023 |title=Final list of BIG 21 Awardees* |url=https://birac.nic.in/webcontent/1676014626_Final_list_of_BIG_21_Awardees.pdf |archive-date= |website=birac}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.drdeepakaiims.com/ Official website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Deepak}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian neurosurgeons]]

Rajeev Singh Parichha

2026-04-29T19:56:04Z

Rrajani: made a bio.

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajeev Singh Parichha
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|1|10}}
| birth_place = [[Jhansi]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Babina Assembly constituency|Babina]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Krishna Pal Singh Rajpoot]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Rajeev Singh Parichha''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Babina Assembly constituency]] of the [[Jhansi district]].<ref name="UPLA">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18222/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/candidates/rajeev-singh-(parichha)-bjp-2022-babina-257-uttar-pradesh |title=राजीव सिंह (परीछा) – बबीना विधानसभा चुनाव 2022 परिणाम |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="UPLA"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1709 |title=Rajeev Singh (Parichha)(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BABINA(JHANSI) |website=myneta.info |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Rajeev Singh Parichha was born on 10 January 1976 in [[Jhansi]], Uttar Pradesh, to a [[Hindu]] jadon rajput family of Kailash Singh.<ref name="UPLA"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/rajeev-singh-parichha/ |title=Rajeev Singh Parichha, BJP MLA from Babina |website=ourneta.com |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref> He married Kamli Singh, and they had three children.<ref name="UPLA"/>

==Positions held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Ref
|-
| 01 || March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/>
|-
| 02 || March 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/>
|}

== Controversy ==
In June 2025, while travelling on the [[New Delhi]]–[[Bhopal]] [[Vande Bharat Express]], Parichha reportedly asked a fellow passenger, Raj Prakash, to exchange seats so that Parichha could occupy the window seat for his family; Prakash refused the request.<ref name="Siasat">{{Cite news |url=https://www.siasat.com/vande-bharat-passenger-assaulted-after-refusing-seat-exchange-with-bjp-mla-3235992/ |title=Vande Bharat passenger assaulted after refusing seat exchange with BJP MLA |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |date=20 June 2025 |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="FE">{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/trending/bjp-mlas-goons-allegedly-attack-passenger-after-he-refused-to-exchange-seat/3888660/ |title=BJP MLAs 'goons' allegedly attack passenger after he refused to exchange seat |newspaper=The Financial Express |date=22 June 2025 |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref> According to eyewitnesses, when the train reached [[Jhansi Junction railway station|Jhansi station]], a group of around 15–20 men, alleged to be Parichha’s aides, boarded the coach and assaulted Prakash, leaving him bleeding from the nose, ears and mouth and with a fractured nose.<ref name="HT">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/vande-bharat-passenger-allegedly-assaulted-in-jhansi-after-dispute-with-bjp-mla-101750447614648.html |title=Vande Bharat passenger allegedly assaulted in Jhansi after dispute with BJP MLA |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=21 June 2025 |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>

Parichha subsequently filed a [[Non-cognizable offence|non-cognisable]] report (NCR) with the Government Railway Police at [[Jhansi]], alleging that Prakash had used abusive language and behaved indecently; no FIR has been registered as of 22 June 2025, pending either a formal complaint by the victim or a court order, and authorities have announced that CCTV footage from both the train and station will be examined as part of the probe.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/vande-bharat-train-scuffle-bjp-mla-rajeev-singh-files-complaint-over-indecent-behaviour-passenger-alleges-assault-by-his-associates/articleshow/121988216.cms |title=Vande Bharat train scuffle: BJP MLA Rajeev Singh files complaint over indecent behaviour; passenger alleges assault by his associates |newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 June 2025 |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>

In response, the BJP issued a show-cause notice to Parichha on June 23, 2025, seeking an explanation for the incident after the CCTV footage surfaced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-24 |title=BJP issues show-cause notice to UP MLA over attack on Vande Bharat passenger |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/bjp-issues-show-cause-notice-to-up-mla-over-attack-on-vande-bharat-passenger-10084186/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parichha, Rajeev Singh}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Jhansi]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Deoli-Uniara Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:46Z

Rrajani: new article...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deoli-Uniara
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-97-Deoli-Uniara.svg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 97
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Tonk district|Tonk]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]]
| reservation = None
| established = 2008
| mla = [[Rajendra Gurjar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:297316}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| latest_election_year = 2024
}}
'''Deoli-Uniara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 constituencies of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Tonk district|Tonk]] district and [[Tonk-Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Ramnarayan Meena|Ram Narayan Meena]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Rajendra Gurjar]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|rowspan =2|[[Harish Meena]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
| [[2024 elections in India#Rajasthan|2024^]]
| [[Rajendra Gurjar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

^By-Poll

== Election results ==
===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Rajasthan|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Deoli-Uniara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rajendra Gurjar]]|party=Bharatiya Janta Party|votes=100,599|percentage='''50.7'''|change={{increase}}'''11.88'''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Naresh Meena|party=Independent|votes=59,478|percentage=29.98|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kastoor Chand Meena|party=Indian National Congress|votes=31,385|percentage=15.82|change={{decrease}}31.67}}
{{Election box majority||votes=41,121|percentage=20.72|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=198402|percentage=''N/A''|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =Indian National Congress
|swing =BJP
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2023 elections in India#Rajasthan|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2023]]: Deoli-Uniara<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Harish Chandra Meena
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:105001}}
|percentage = 47.49
|change = {{decrease}}3.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vijay Bainsla
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:85826}}
|percentage = 38.82
|change = {{decrease}}0.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vikram Singh Gurjar
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|votes = {{formatnum:19773}}
|percentage = 8.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1475}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change = {{decrease}}0.69
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19175}}
|percentage = 8.67
|change = {{decrease}}2.75
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:221109}}
|percentage = 74.37
|change = {{increase}}3.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Deoli-Uniara<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Harish Chandra Meena
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:95540}}
|percentage = 50.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajendra Gurjar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:74064}}
|percentage = 39.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Uday Lal Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:8876}}
|percentage = 4.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Om Prakash Bairwa
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3724}}
|percentage = 1.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2566}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21476}}
|percentage = 11.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188125}}
|percentage = 71.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2013 elections in India#Rajasthan|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2013]]: Deoli-Uniara<ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajendra Gurjar
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|votes = 85,288
|percentage = 53.00
|change = {{increase}}13.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ram Narayan Meena
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 55,593
|percentage = 35.00
|change = {{decrease}}5.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Harakchand
|party = NPEP
|votes = 15,495
|percentage = 10.00
|change = New
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 29,635
|percentage = 18.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2013 elections in India#Rajasthan|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2008]]: Deoli-Uniara<ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ram Narayan Meena
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 55,085
|percentage = 40.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Nathu Singh Gurjar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 49,981
|percentage = 32.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Digvijay Singh
|party = Independent Candidate
|votes = 25,932
|percentage = 19.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 11,104
|percentage = 8.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tonk district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.87|75.7|display=title}}

[[Category:Tonk district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Delilah Lobo

2026-04-19T05:14:30Z

Rrajani: new a pg

{{Short description|Indian politician and businesswoman (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Delilah Michael Lobo
| caption = Lobo in 2024
| image = Delilah Lobo.png
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|4|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], India
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Siolim Assembly constituency|Siolim]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| predecessor = [[Vinoda Paliencar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2022–present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2022–2022)
| spouse = [[Michael Lobo (politician)|Michael Lobo]]
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Dnyanprassarak Mandal's College]] ([[B.Com]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|businesswoman}}
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/DelilahLoboofficial}}
}}

'''Delilah Michael Lobo''' (born 23 April 1977) is an Indian politician and businesswoman who serves as a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Siolim Assembly constituency]]. Lobo won the Siolim constituency on the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) ticket in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]. She defeated four-time MLA [[Dayanand Mandrekar]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 1,727 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delilah Michael Lobo from INC Won Siolim Assembly Election Result 2022: Candidates List and Winner in Siolim Constituency |url=https://indiatoday.in/know-your-candidatesgoa-assembly-election-2022/siolim-constituency-candidates-list/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref> On 14 September 2022, Lobo along with her husband and six other legislators of the [[Indian National Congress]] party quit to join the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=At centre of Goa defection storm, Michael Lobo returns to haunt Congress again |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/at-centre-of-goa-defection-storm-michael-lobo-returns-to-haunt-congress-again-8150392/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Delilah Michael Lobo was born on 23 April 1977<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=253 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref> in [[Goa]], India, to Almira and Melchiades Vincent Lobo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delilah Lobo, INC MLA from Siolim - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/smt-delailah-lobo/ |access-date=2023-11-24 |language=en}}</ref> She has been married to politician and businessman [[Michael Lobo (politician)|Michael Lobo]]. She completed her [[Higher Secondary School Certificate]] (HSSC) and graduation in [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (B.Com) from [[Dnyanprassarak Mandal's College]] in 1998.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Delilah Michael Lobo(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SIOLIM(NORTH GOA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=211 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Political career==
Lobo was a panch ([[village panchayat|panchayat]] member) for a period of five years prior to contesting the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]s. She is also a former ten-year [[sarpanch]] and former [[BJP Mahila Morcha]] state vice president, who resigned on 11 January 2022 to join the [[Indian National Congress party]] (INC) along with her husband, [[Michael Lobo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2022-01-19 |title=Goa Polls: Congress Fields Former BJP Leader Delilah Lobo From Siolim |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/goa-elections-congress-leader-delilah-lobo |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=Goa panchayat polls: CM Sawant claims clean sweep, says confident of 2024 victory |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/goa-panchayat-polls-cm-sawant-claims-clean-sweep-confident-2024-8087406/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 September 2022, Lobo along with her husband and six other legislators of the [[Indian National Congress]] party quit to join the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=At centre of Goa defection storm, Michael Lobo returns to haunt Congress again |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/at-centre-of-goa-defection-storm-michael-lobo-returns-to-haunt-congress-again-8150392/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==2022 illegal land filling==
On 5 May 2022, [[Mapusa]] police registered an [[First Information Report|FIR]] against Lobo and her husband for illegal land filling at [[Parra, Goa]]. The FIR was filed by complainant, North Goa planning and development authority (NGPDA), at the behest of Town & Country Planning (TCP) minister, [[Vishwajit Rane]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=5 May 2022 |title=Goa: FIR against Lobo duo for illegal land filling at Parra {{!}} Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fir-against-lobo-duo-for-illegal-land-filling-at-parra/articleshow/91326707.cms |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lobo, Delilah}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Goa]]
[[Category:Women members of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]

Eastern India Tribal Union

2026-04-16T14:02:32Z

Rrajani: new a details

{{Short description|Former political party in Northeast India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Eastern India Tribal Union
| logo =
| logo_alt =
| abbreviation = EITU
| colorcode = 
|leader1_title=President| leader1_name =
|leader2_title=|leader2_name=|leader3_title=|leader3_name=| founder = [[Williamson Sangma]]
| founded = 2 October 1954
| headquarters =
| ideology = [[Indigenism]]
| country = [[India]]
| dissolved =
| split =
| merged = [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]
}}
The '''Eastern India Tribal Union''' was a political party established in [[Assam]] to unite the hill tribes in their grievances against the Assamese government. It was the precursor to the [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]].

==History==
The Eastern India Tribal Union was established by [[Williamson Sangma]] on 2 October 1954 shortly after the states reorganization commission. The principal reason for the creation of the party was due to the Assam government appointing non tribal people to district councils of the hill districts. The sixth schedule in the [[Constitution of India]] permitted governments to nominate members for the district council. This became popular among the hill districts leading to Williamson Sangma to hold a meeting with delegates of the Hill districts. The party was formed in Tura.{{sfn|Zarzosanga|2024|p=52}}

The [[States Reorganisation Commission]] declined any possibility of forming separate hill states in the northeast. A recommendation of continuing autonomous hill districts under Assam was given in its outcome report. The commission also recorded that the hill districts of Mizoram, Mikir and North Cachar Hills held a view for the status quo. In Mizoram, the [[United Mizo Freedom Organization]] opposed this view. After the Assam language circulars were established, the EITU began to oppose the imposition of the [[Assamese language]] in their communities. The main ideology of the party was to strengthen the position of the tribals in the northeast and secure a hill state of all the autonomous hill districts of Assam. Reverend B.M. Pugh, president of the EITU and Sangma, vice president, made a visit to Aizawl to discuss their aims and ideology with local leaders and party members. As a result, the EITU established a branch in Mizoram on 30 May 1957. The Mizo right wing and the UMFO merged with the EITU on 2 October 1957.{{sfn|Zarzosanga|2024|p=53}}

In 1957, the EITU joined the Chaliha cabinet of Assam. This led to Lalmawia of the UMFO to become parliamentary secretary.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Volume 2|p=7}}

After the [[mautam]] famine in Mizoram, the EITU would be supportive of the Assam Government thus alienating the Mizos. In a conference held in Tura in 1960, the Mizoram branch of the EITU split, leaving only the Gharo and Khasi EITU. As a result, the EITU was weakened. Many of its members joined the [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] founded by Sangma.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=138}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Nunthara |first=C |date=1996 |title=Mizoram: Society and Polity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PA24 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |isbn=81-7387-059-4}}

*{{cite book |last1=Verghese |first1=C.G.|last2=Thanzawna|first2=R.L. |title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}

*{{cite book |last=Zarzosanga|date=5 January 2024 |title=Political parties in mizoram: A case study of the Mizo National Front |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WHvEAAAQBAJ|location=Newcastle Uupon Tyne |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-6259-2 |access-date=22 January 2025}}

[[Category:Defunct political parties in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Indian organisations established in 1954]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1946]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Assam]]

{{India-party-stub}}

Shruthi L

2026-04-14T23:05:33Z

Rrajani: new - done

{{Short description|Indian player of English billiards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox player of English billiards
| name = Shruthi L
| image = Shruthi L with trophies.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| Sport country = {{IND}}
| show-medals =
| Women's World Championships = 2024, 2025
}}

'''Shruthi L''' (born {{circa}} 2007) is an Indian player of [[English billiards]], [[snooker]] and [[Pool (cue sports)|pool]]. She won the 2024 [[World Women's Billiards Championship]] and retained it in 2025.

== Biography ==
Shruthi L was born {{circa}} 2007 in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="DNAT">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2023/Dec/25/double-delight-natasha-bags-snooker-and-billiard-titles-at-nationals-2644588.html|title=Double delight: Natasha bags snooker and billiard titles at nationals |work=The New Indian Express |date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425114217/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2023/Dec/25/double-delight-natasha-bags-snooker-and-billiard-titles-at-nationals-2644588.html |archive-date=25 April 2024}}</ref> She won the Indian girls' Sub-junior National Billiards Championship in 2022, defeating Saanvi Shah 112–106 in a one-hour match. Shuthi took the lead, but fell behind before securing victory in the final minute of the contest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shruti wins Sub-Junior Billiards title |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-sports-update-indore-academy-post-thrilling-win-over-hyderabad |newspaper=Free Press Journal |date=20 December 2022 |access-date=4 December 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324160557/https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-sports-update-indore-academy-post-thrilling-win-over-hyderabad |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shruthi shines in the sub-junior national billiards championship |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2022/dec/20/shruthi-wins-title-in-sub-junior-billiards-2253512.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 December 2022}}</ref>

The following year, she won the Indian Junior Girls' National Billiards Championship, defeating Aanya Patel with a score of 179–93 in the final.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shruthi secures first junior billiards title at nationals |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2023/dec/23/natasha-bags-snooker-and-billiards-title-at-nationals |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Cue sports nationals: Grand double for Natasha Chethan |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/cue-sports-nationals-grand-double-for-natasha-chethan/article67658952.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221015645/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/cue-sports-nationals-grand-double-for-natasha-chethan/article67658952.ece |date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

In 2024, she won the [[World Women's Billiards Championship]], which was held at the Landywood Snooker Club, [[Walsall]], England.<ref name="SCENE24"/> Starting as the lowest [[seed (sports)|seed]] in the competition, she won all three of her matches in the group stage, defeating 2019 champion [[Anna Lynch (billiards player)|Anna Lynch]] 256–203, Keerath Bhandaal 201–173, and Michelle Cohen 311–142.<ref name="SCENE24"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbeventsonline.com/?page_id=57&TID=321 |title=2019 World Women's Billiards Championship |website=wbeventsonline.com |publisher=World Billiards |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016174058/http://www.wbeventsonline.com/?page_id=57&TID=321 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=S. Dipak |last=Ragav |title=Shruthi clinches crown in Women's World Billiards Championship Title |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/shruthi-clinches-crown-in-womens-world-billiards-championship-title/article68859555.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116164019/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/shruthi-clinches-crown-in-womens-world-billiards-championship-title/article68859555.ece |date=13 November 2024 |archive-date=16 November 2024}}</ref> In her semi-final match, she elimated three-time finalist Eva Palmius 276–148.<ref name="SCENE24"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://world-billiards.com/?p=9757 |title=World Ladies Billiards Champions |website=world-billiards.com |publisher=World Billiards |date=22 June 2015 |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816182227/http://world-billiards.com/?p=9757 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the final, she faced Bhandaal again, and won 215–202 to take the title.<ref name="WB24">{{Cite news |title=Shruthi clinches 2024 Women's World Billiards Championship |url=https://www.world-billiards.com/2024-womens-world-championship/ |website=World Billiards |date=1 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="SCENE24">{{Cite magazine |last=Stead |first=Marcus |title=Women's World Championship |magazine=Snooker Scene |date=November 2024 |page=38}}</ref>

In November 2024, she competed in the World Junior [[Heyball]] Championship.<ref name="HB2024"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/india-hosts-inaugural-jr-heyball-championship/articleshow/115744206.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |title=India hosts inaugural Jr Heyball championship |date=3 December 2024 |access-date=4 December 2024 |archive-date=28 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128021405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/india-hosts-inaugural-jr-heyball-championship/articleshow/115744206.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> After defeating Cedar Gauthier 6-0 in the group stage, she lost 3-6 to Natasha Chetan in the quarter-finals.<ref name="HB2024">{{cite web|title=WPA Heyball Junior World Championship - Girls|website=Cuescore|url=https://cuescore.com/tournament/WPA+HEYBALL+JUNIOR+WORLD+CHAMPIONSHIP+-+GIRLS/52324318|access-date=5 August 2025|archive-date=6 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906080627/https://cuescore.com/tournament/WPA%20HEYBALL%20JUNIOR%20WORLD%20CHAMPIONSHIP%20-%20GIRLS/52324318|url-status=live}}</ref>

She won the 2025 English Open Challenge Cup, for players who did not reach the knockout stages of the English Open, winning the final by a single point against Adam Clarke after having eliminated world number 11 Terry Azor in the first round.<ref name="ECC25"/><ref name="2025WBR"/> At the 2025 [[World Billiards Championship (English billiards)|World Billiards Championship]] she qualified for the knockout stages after three wins in four matches in her qualifying group includting a 298-282 win against world number 12 Chris Mitchell.<ref>{{cite web |title=2025 World Billiards Championship: Groups |url=https://wbeventsonline.com/?page_id=197&TID=461 |publisher=World Billiards |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="2025WBR">{{cite web|title=Ranking List for Season 2026|url=https://wbeventsonline.com/?page_id=214&SeasonID=26&SeasonDesc=2026|publisher=World Billiards|access-date=14 October 2025|archive-date=14 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251014154601/https://wbeventsonline.com/?page_id=214&SeasonID=26&SeasonDesc=2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

She retained the women's world championship in 2025.<ref name="WBL25">{{cite web |url=https://world-billiards.com/shruthi-l-defends-womens-world-championship/ |title=Shruthi L Defends Women's World Championship |website=World Billiards |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref> She won all three of her matches in her qualifying group, against Eva Palmius, Michelle Cohen and Annette Newman, and made four half-century break including a 56, which was the highest of the competition.<ref name="WBL25"/> After defeating Bhandaal 308-176 in the semi-finals, Shruthi beat Lynch 347-222 in the final.<ref name="WBR25">{{Cite news |title=2025 Women's World Championship |url= https://wbeventsonline.com/?page_id=508&TID=460 |publisher=World Billiards |date=15 October 2025}}</ref> In January 2026 she finished third at the national billiards championship, losing 146-160 to [[Amee Kamani]] but then defeating [[R Umadevi Nagaraj|R. Umadevi]] 152-140 in the bronze medal playoff.<ref name="IWB26S">{{cite web |first=Ramendra |last=Singh |title=TN’s Anupama cues up a comeback, denies MP's Kamani double crown |website=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/tns-anupama-cues-up-a-comeback-denies-mps-kamani-double-crown/amp_articleshow/126491333.cms|date=13 January 2026 |access-date=13 January 2026 }}</ref>

Shruthi L took up cue sports during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], and is coached by Abinava Krishna at Buddys Billiards Academy in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |last=Surana |first=Neha |title=Chennai Cueist Shruthi Makes Strides |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-cueist-shruthi-makes-strides/articleshow/106234575.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 December 2023 |access-date=4 December 2024 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613214809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-cueist-shruthi-makes-strides/articleshow/106234575.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Achievements ==
===English Billiards===
{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+World Billiards finals contested by Shruthi L
!scope="col"|Outcome
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Championship
!scope="col"|Opponent in the final
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col" class=unsortable |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| 2024
| [[World Women's Billiards Championship]]
|{{flagathlete|Keerath Bhandaal|IND}}
| align="center"|215–202
| align="center" |<ref name="WB24"/>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| 2025
| English Open - Challenge Cup{{efn|For players who did not reach the knockout stage of the English Open}}
|{{flagathlete|Adam Clarke|ENG}}
| align="center"|179–178
| align="center" |<ref name="ECC25">{{cite web |title=2025 English Open Challenge Cup |url=https://wbeventsonline.com/?page_id=57&TID=459 |publisher=World Billairds |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| 2025
| [[World Women's Billiards Championship]]
|{{flagathlete|[[Anna Lynch (billiards player)|Anna Lynch]]|AUS}}
| align="center"|347-222
| align="center"|<ref name="WB25">{{cite web |title=Dominant Causier Defends World Billiards Championship Crown |url=https://world-billiards.com/dominant-causier-defends-world-billiards-championship-crown/ |website=WPBSA |date=17 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Indian national finals contested by Shruthi L
!scope="col"|Outcome
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Championship
!scope="col"|Opponent in the final
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col" class=unsortable |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| 2022
| Sub-Junior Billiards Championship
|{{flagathlete|Saanvi Shah|IND}}
| align="center"|112–106
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Prize Money Winner |publisher=Billiards and Snooker federation of India |url=https://bsfi.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Prize-money-winner.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618222123/https://bsfi.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Prize-money-winner.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2023 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| 2023
| Junior Billiards Championship
|{{flagathlete|Aanya Patel|IND}}
| align="center"|179–93
| align="center" |<ref name="JBC23">{{Cite news |title=Shruthi wins Junior National Billiards Championship |url=https://www.sportstoday.com/shruthi-wins-junior-billiards-title-2023 |work=Sports Today |date=23 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| 2024{{efn|name=AJ25|Actually played in January 2025}}
| Sub-Junior Billiards Championship
|{{flagathlete|Natasha Chetan|IND}}
| align="center"|210–116
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=buddyschennai |postid=DEmq8KASanp |title=Ms. Shruthi L won her second Sub-junior girls billiards National title beating Ms.Natasha Chetan 210/116 in the ongoing National Billiards & Snooker Championships 2024-25 being held at the Indore Tennis Club. This is her 3rd National Title.. many congratulations.... |date=9 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+State finals contested by Shruthi L
!scope="col"|Outcome
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Championship
!scope="col"|Opponent in the final
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col" class=unsortable |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| 2023
| Tamil Nadu Sub-Junior Billiards Championship
|{{flagathlete|Abel Maria Benny|IND}}
| align="center"|251–34
| align="center" |<ref name="HB23">{{cite news |title=Double for Shruthi |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 August 2023 |page=26}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| 2023
| Tamil Nadu Junior Billiards Championship
|{{flagathlete|Snethra Babu|IND}}
| align="center"|118–18
| align="center" |<ref name="HB23"/>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| 2023
| Tamil Nadu Billiards Championship
|
| align="center"|
| align="center" |<ref name="ACWBT"/>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up
| 2024
| Tamil Nadu Billiards Championship
|{{flagathlete|[[Anupama Ramachandran]]|IND}}
| align="center"|1-3 ''(sets of 75-up)''
| align="center" |<ref name="ACWBT">{{cite news |title=Anupama clinches women’s billiards title |website=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/india-sports-news-results-scores-july-29-schedule-latest-updates-highlights/article68460560.ece |date=29 July 2024 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Snooker===
{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Indian national finals contested by Shruthi L
!scope="col"|Outcome
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Championship
!scope="col"|Opponent in the final
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col" class=unsortable |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up
| 2024{{efn|name=AJ25}}
| Sub-Junior Snooker Championship
|{{flagathlete|Natasha Chetan|IND}}
| align="center"|0–2
| align="center" |
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up
| 2024{{efn|name=AJ25}}
| Junior Snooker Championship
|{{flagathlete|Aanya Patel|IND}}
| align="center"|2–3
| align="center" |
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| 2026
| Junior Snooker Championship
|{{flagathlete|Aanya Patel|IND}}
| align="center"|3–0
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu maiden Shruthi wears snooker crown, denies Gujarat cueist Aanya jr double |url=https://khelkhiladis.com/tn-cueist-shruthi-wears-snooker-crown-denies/ |website=kKel Khiladi |date=27 January 2026 |access-date=15 April 2026 }}</ref>
|-
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+State finals contested by Shruthi L
!scope="col"|Outcome
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Championship
!scope="col"|Opponent in the final
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col" class=unsortable |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up
| 2023
| Tamil Nadu Sub-Junior Snooker Championship
|{{flagathlete|Afeefa Thabassam|IND}}
| align="center"|0–2
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Afeefa takes the honours |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 August 2023 |page=21}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| 2023
| Tamil Nadu Junior Snooker Championship
|{{flagathlete|R.T. Mohitha|IND}}
| align="center"|2–0
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Shruthi wins her third title |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up
| 2024
| Tamil Nadu Snooker Championship
|{{flagathlete|[[Anupama Ramachandran]]|IND}}
| align="center"|1–3
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=TN State-ranking billiards and snooker c’ship: Anupama completes sweet double |website=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/india-sports-news-results-scores-july-30-schedule-latest-updates-highlights/article68463097.ece |date=30 July 2024 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Pool===
{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Indian national finals contested by Shruthi L
!scope="col"|Outcome
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Championship
!scope="col"|Opponent in the final
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col" class=unsortable |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#98FB98"|Winner
| 2026
| Indian Junior Girls' [[Nine-ball]] Championship
|{{flagathlete|Natasha Chethan|IND}}
| align="center"| 6-4
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=National 9-Ball Pool: Shruthi Beats Natasha For Junior Girls Title; Aarav Sancheti Wins Boys’ Crown |newspaper=The Free Press Journal |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/national-9-ball-pool-shruthi-beats-natasha-for-junior-girls-title-aarav-sancheti-wins-boys-crown |date=1 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260403011844/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/national-9-ball-pool-shruthi-beats-natasha-for-junior-girls-title-aarav-sancheti-wins-boys-crown |archive-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Women's world champions of English billiards}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cue sports players from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian players of English billiards]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Hukkeri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:40Z

Rrajani: new the info nd citations

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hukkeri
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 7
| map_image = 7-Hukkeri constituency.svg
| mla = [[Nikhil Umesh Katti]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Umesh Katti]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:208204}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}
'''Hukkeri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-2018/constituency/hukkeri-result |title=Hukkeri Assembly Election Result 2018: Hukkeri Candidates Lists, Winners and Votes |website=www.indiatoday.in |publisher=[[India Today]] |location=India |access-date=2020-01-25 |archive-date=26 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126173729/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-2018/constituency/hukkeri-result |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hukkeri is also part of [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/raibag.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Raibag Assembly Constituency|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008|website=www.eci.nic.in}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | Malgouda Punagouda Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| Bhogale Champabai Piraji
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Satigouda Satagouda Patil
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Appanngouda Bagewadi
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Virupaxappa Basappa Nooli || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Maha Janashetti Shivayogi Shivalingappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Desai Alagoud Basaprabhu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Vishwanath Mallappa Katti || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 elections in India#Karnataka|1985 By-election]] {{efn|Due to Death of Vishwanath Mallappa Katti}} || rowspan="4" | [[Umesh Katti]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Shashikanth Akkappa Naik]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="3" | [[Umesh Katti]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Nikhil Umesh Katti]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Nikhil Umesh Katti]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 103,574 |percentage = 61.69% |change = {{increase}}8.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appayyagouda Basagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,023 |percentage = 36.34% |change = {{decrease}}6.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,168 |percentage = 0.70% |change = {{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 42,551 |percentage = 25.34% |change = {{increase}}15.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,456 |percentage = 80.91% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,903}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 208,204 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}8.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Umesh Katti]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 83,588 |percentage = 52.94% |change = {{decrease}}8.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appayyagouda Basagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 68,203 |percentage = 43.20% |change = {{increase}}24.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,830 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjun Babagoud Patil |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,426 |percentage = 0.90% |change = {{decrease}}13.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjeev B. Magadum |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,064 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,385 |percentage = 9.74% |change = {{decrease}}33.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,891 |percentage = 81.02% |change = {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,887}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,888 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Umesh Katti]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 81,810 |percentage = 61.53% |change = {{increase}}52.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravi Basavaraj Karale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,484 |percentage = 18.41% |change = {{decrease}}17.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Kashappa Matagar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 19,501 |percentage = 14.67% |change = {{decrease}}35.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ningappa Basanaik Barigidad |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 3,058 |percentage = 2.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Kallappa Manavaddar |party = National People's Party |votes = 1,780 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajendra Babu Moshi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,354 |percentage = 1.02% |change = {{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Virupakshi Basappa Marennavar |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 974 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 57,326 |percentage = 43.11% |change = {{increase}}29.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,196 |percentage = 75.87% |change = {{decrease}}4.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,961}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,565 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.80 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}11.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Umesh Katti]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 63,328 |percentage = 50.20% |change = {{increase}}48.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appayyagouda Basagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,692 |percentage = 36.22% |change = {{decrease}}10.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shashikanth Akkappa Naik]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,463 |percentage = 9.09% |change = {{decrease}}38.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Malagouda Patil |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,886 |percentage = 1.49% |change = {{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhakar Lagamanna Megenni |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,470 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Panduranga Laxman Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 886 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,636 |percentage = 13.98% |change = {{increase}}13.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,230 |percentage = 80.38% |change = {{increase}}3.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,155}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,040 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.72 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shashikanth Akkappa Naik]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,969 |percentage = 47.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umesh Vishwanath Hatti |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,148 |percentage = 46.43% |change = {{increase}}2.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivagouda Ramagouda Patil |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,855 |percentage = 2.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malagouda Basappa Nerali |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,659 |percentage = 1.67% |change = {{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjun Jayaram |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,061 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Udoshi Mohan Basavanneppa |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 698 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 821 |percentage = 0.83% |change = {{decrease}}10.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,390 |percentage = 77.04% |change = {{decrease}}2.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,390}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,017 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.57 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{decrease}}7.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Umesh Katti]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 49,699 |percentage = 54.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil. D. T |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,717 |percentage = 43.60% |change = {{increase}}33.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagappa Auvappa Awubaigol |party = Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 879 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shakunthala Kariappa Naik |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 806 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,982 |percentage = 10.96% |change = {{decrease}}18.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,924 |percentage = 79.04% |change = {{increase}}2.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,101}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,823 |percentage = 3.01% |change = {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,828 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.78 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Umesh Katti]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 39,294 |percentage = 49.55% |change = {{increase}}10.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shashikanth Akkappa Naik]] |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 16,231 |percentage = 20.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amarasinh Vasantarao Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,240 |percentage = 15.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muragesh Rudrappa Dhapalapur |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,774 |percentage = 9.80% |change = {{decrease}}18.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathan Paraveenabi Kashimaab |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,203 |percentage = 2.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Fazal Rehaman |party = Samajwadi Janata Party |votes = 642 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,063 |percentage = 29.08% |change = {{increase}}18.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,085 |percentage = 76.96% |change = {{increase}}3.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,299}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,715 |percentage = 2.12% |change = {{decrease}}4.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,359 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}10.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Umesh Katti]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 27,056 |percentage = 39.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murugesh Rudrappa Dhapalapur (Tarali) |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,685 |percentage = 28.71% |change = {{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shashikanth Akkappa Naik]] |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 19,644 |percentage = 28.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Attar Abdul Salam Sultan Sab |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,122 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Shivappa Donwad |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,050 |percentage = 1.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,371 |percentage = 10.75% |change = {{decrease}}30.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,178 |percentage = 73.11% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,557}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,621 |percentage = 6.31% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,090 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}30.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 elections in India#Karnataka|1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Umesh Katti]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 37,234 |percentage = 69.85% |change = {{increase}}13.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. S. Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,066 |percentage = 28.26% |change = {{decrease}}5.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. K. Balappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 503 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,168 |percentage = 41.59% |change = {{increase}}19.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,305}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwanath Mallappa Katti |party = Janata Party |votes = 32,713 |percentage = 56.17% |change = {{increase}}13.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balagoud Goudappa Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,936 |percentage = 34.23% |change = {{decrease}}10.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. V. Gopalasetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,958 |percentage = 6.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangappa Sambappa Chambar (Kambale) |party = Independent politician |votes = 713 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotabagi Kempanna Balappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 422 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,777 |percentage = 21.94% |change = {{increase}}20.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,289 |percentage = 75.04% |change = {{increase}}9.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,239}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,050 |percentage = 1.77% |change = {{decrease}}1.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,011 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.63 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Alagoud Basaprabhu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,855 |percentage = 44.29% |change = {{increase}}38.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maha Janashetti Shivayogi Shivalingappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,034 |percentage = 42.55% |change = {{increase}}2.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mastiholi Mahaninagappa Chigappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,992 |percentage = 4.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaputra Basappa Katti |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,909 |percentage = 4.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nadaf Nabisab Moulasab |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 1,417 |percentage = 3.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 821 |percentage = 1.74% |change = {{decrease}}10.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,480 |percentage = 66.04% |change = {{decrease}}5.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,084}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,396 |percentage = 2.88% |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,411 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.16 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}8.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Maha Janashetti Shivayogi Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 25,471 |percentage = 52.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Virupaxappa Basappa Nooli |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,547 |percentage = 40.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sollapure Appann Nemanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,559 |percentage = 5.31% |change = {{decrease}}39.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotabagi Kempanna Balappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 643 |percentage = 1.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,924 |percentage = 12.29% |change = {{increase}}8.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,748 |percentage = 71.94% |change = {{increase}}8.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,220}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,528 |percentage = 3.07% |change = {{increase}}3.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,150 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.21 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{increase}}4.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Virupaxappa Basappa Nooli |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 19,079 |percentage = 48.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Utubuddi Peepzade |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,629 |percentage = 44.55% |change = {{decrease}}7.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Getannavar |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 1,243 |percentage = 3.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lagama Rama Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 889 |percentage = 2.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Mathapati |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 729 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,450 |percentage = 3.66% |change = {{decrease}}4.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,784 |percentage = 63.82% |change = {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,569}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,903 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.85 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Appanngouda Bagewadi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,933 |percentage = 51.82% |change = {{decrease}}17.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. S. Shivalingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,345 |percentage = 43.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. B. Ghulappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,469 |percentage = 4.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,588 |percentage = 8.42% |change = {{decrease}}30.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,567 |percentage = 60.57% |change = {{increase}}6.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,747}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,768 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Satigouda Satagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,161 |percentage = 69.36% |change = {{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Virupaxappa Chanabasappa Heddurshetti |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 7,139 |percentage = 30.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,022 |percentage = 38.72% |change = {{increase}}23.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,880 |percentage = 54.01% |change = {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,300}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,068 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}46.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}35.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Malgouda Punagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,716 |percentage = 33.69% |change = {{decrease}}35.53 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhogale Champabai Piraji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,097 |percentage = 29.59% |change = {{decrease}}39.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bapusaheb Nanasaheb Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,172 |percentage = 18.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tipakurle Bandopant Dhondiram |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 13,812 |percentage = 15.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malange Appaji Lagama |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,407 |percentage = 2.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,544 |percentage = 15.36% |change = {{decrease}}28.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,204 |percentage = 51.43% |change = {{decrease}}15.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,204}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,751 |ref = |change = {{increase}}62.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}35.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hukkeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Malgouda Punagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,568 |percentage = 69.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalagouda Balasaheb Patil |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 8,990 |percentage = 25.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sidramgouda Satagouda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,934 |percentage = 5.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,578 |percentage = 43.89% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,492 |percentage = 67.18% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,492}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,831 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Hukkeri]]
* [[Belagavi district]]
* [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|16.23|74.60|display=title}}

Tarksheel Society

2026-04-13T15:00:00Z

Rrajani: done - done

{{Short description|Indian rationalist organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''Tarksheel Society Punjab''' (Rationalist Society) is a [[rationalist]] group based in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]].

==The beginning==

Founded in 1984 under the leadership of [[Megh Raj Mitter]]<ref name="Ohmy">{{Citation | url=http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?at_code=328911 | title=Man With a Mission: Indian teaches science to locals to overcome superstitions | last=Nagar |first=Munish | newspaper=[[OhmyNews]] | date=8 May 2006 | accessdate=18 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001758/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?at_code=328911 | archive-date=7 August 2018}}</ref> & [[Sarjit Talwar]]. Tarksheel Society aims to disseminate [[rationalist]] ideas and scientific temper among the Indian people in order to eradicate [[religious fanaticism]], [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]], [[caste system]], [[untouchability]] and [[superstitions]].<ref>{{Citation | title=Bhoot hai, say villagers, cops find no clue - Members of Tarksheel Society are educating residents too | url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=96979 | work=expressindia.com | publisher=[[The Indian Express]] | date=25 August 2004 | accessdate=18 August 2009 }}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Bhoot talk continues in village - Tarksheel member gets a ghost call. | url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=97271 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828195627/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=97271 | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 August 2004 | work=expressindia.com | publisher=[[The Indian Express]] | date=27 August 2004 | accessdate=18 August 2009 }}</ref> Affiliated to [[Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations]],<ref name="FIRA">{{Citation | title= National Conference to fight communalisation. | url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-20934922_ITM | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 April 2004 | accessdate=18 August 2009 }}</ref> Tarksheel Society advocates the separation of religion and education.<ref>{{Citation | title=Separation of religion and politics demanded. | url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-20888777_ITM | author=Garg, Balwant | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=1 April 2004 | accessdate=18 August 2009 }}</ref> The society has units in almost all the villages and towns of Punjab.

Though mainly confined to the state of Punjab, the Society now operates in the neighboring states of [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] also. Due to its high South-Asian population, the Society is also active in three major cities in Canada: Vancouver, Calgary and Toronto.<ref>{{Citation | title=Tarksheel Society in Canada. | url=http://www.tarksheel.com/page.php?aid=13&pn=Tarksheel_Society_in_Canada | author=Tarksheel Society | accessdate=11 August 2010 }}</ref>

==Campaigns==



To accomplish its mission, the society organizes public meetings, conferences, study camps, seminars and publishes rationalist literature. The society undertakes campaigns to expose the so-called [[miracle]]s and charlatanry of [[Godman (Hindu ascetic)|godmen]] who claim [[supernatural]] powers.<ref name="Ohmy"/> Towards this the Society has announced a cash award of rupees five lakh (US$8,000) for anybody who demonstrates supernatural powers or miracles under fraud-proof conditions. The Society has so far published about 50 books in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Hindi]] on rationalism and science to inculcate scientific temper among people.

In 2004 Tarksheel organized the three-day national conference for Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations.<ref name="FIRA"/>

==Periodicals==

First book of the society was 'Te Dev Pursh Har Gaye' original author Dr. T. Kapoor was translated in Punjabi by Sarjit Talwar & Meghraj Mitter. The society publishes its own journals in Punjabi and Hindi. ''Tarak Bodh'' (Logical Cognition) and ''Taraksheel'' (Rationalist) are brought out in Punjabi and ''Tarak Jyoti'' (Logical Enlightenment) in Hindi.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tarksheel.org/ Website of Tarksheel Society Punjab]
* [http://www.tarksheel.in/ Website of Tarksheel Society]
* [https://www.tarksheel.co.in/ Student Awareness Exam Portal of Tarksheel Society Punjab]
* [https://t.me/tarksheelsociety/ Telegram of Tarksheel Society]
* [https://www.whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va6vK5nDjiOW6VV6H91k/ WhatsApp Channel of Tarksheel Society]
* [https://www.facebook.com/tarksheelsociety/ Facebook of Tarksheel Society]

{{Skeptic Organizations}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rationalist groups based in India]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1984]]
[[Category:Scientific skepticism organizations]]

Murmur (2025 film)

2026-04-07T23:52:56Z

Rrajani: Stub

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language found footage horror film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Murmur (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Hemnath Narayanan
| writer = Hemnath Narayanan
| producer = Prabakaran .S
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Richie Kapoor
*Devaraj Arumugam
*Suganya Shanmugam
*Yuvikha Rajendran
*Aria Selvaraj
}}
| cinematography = Jason Williams
| editing = Rohith.V
| studio = Spk Pictures Private Limited Stand Alone Pictures International Private Limited.
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|07}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Murmur''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Found footage (film technique)|found footage]] [[horror film]] written and directed by Hemnath Narayanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Sneha |date=8 March 2025 |title=Murmur public review, cast, plot and other details about new Tamil horror film |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/murmur-public-review-cast-plot-and-other-details-about-new-tamil-horror-film-11741444738067.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> The film stars Richie Kapoor and Devaraj Arumugam in the lead roles, alongside Yuvikha Rajendran, Suganya Shanmugam and Aria Selvaraj. The film was produced by Prabakaran S. under the banner of Spk Pictures Private Limited, and Stand Alone Pictures International Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-28 |title=முதல் திகில் முயற்சி! {{!}} இயக்குநரின் குரல் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/1352526-interview-with-murmur-horror-movie-director-hemnath-narayanan.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta |archive-date=2025-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228103019/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/1352526-interview-with-murmur-horror-movie-director-hemnath-narayanan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released on 7 March 2025 to mixed reviews.

== Plot ==
A group of [[Chennai]]-based Paranormal YouTubers ventures into a cursed forest in [[Javvadhu Hills]] in search of "Seven Saptha Kannigal" and the cursed spirit to record the real time paranormal experiences inside the cursed forest and got lost. Then The police force entered into the forest in search of YouTubers but they only found their broken cameras with the paranormal recordings, and that recorded footage forms the film's storyline.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Devaraj Arumugam as Melvin
* Richie Kapoor as Rishi
* Suganya Shanmugam as Ankitha
* Aria Selvaraj as Jenifer
* Yuvikha Rajendran as Kaantha
* Parkavi Prabakaran as Villager
* Mangai Arasi as Sungupaati
* Rajkumar as Villager
* Ananadhan as Villager
* Navaneela Ray as Villager
* Yuva Shree Shanmugam
* Humera
* Arjun
* Harish Kumar
* Revathi Dharan
}}

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by Hemnath Narayanan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=தமிழ் திரையுலகில் முதல்முறை..! வேற லெவல் அனுபவம் கொடுக்கும் மர்மர் டிரெய்லர்! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/tamil-cinema-different-genre-movie-murmur-trailer-out-now-564269 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> Jason Williams is the cinematographer, editing is done by Rohith V. and Kewyn Frederick is the sound designer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Kalyani Pandiyan |title=Found Footage: பயமுறுத்தும் லுக்குகள்' 'தமிழின் முதல் ஃபவுண்ட் ஃபுட்டேஜ் படமா வருது..' - மர்மர் டீம் பேட்டி! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-first-found-footage-horror-movie-marmar-murmur-2-look-photo-viral-on-social-media-131739793308698.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Streaming rights ===
The streaming rights of this movie were acquired by [[Lionsgate Play]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 17 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spooky horror-thrillers on Lionsgate Play: Murmur, Late Night with the Devil, and more...|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/listicle/spooky-horror-thrillers-to-watch-on-lionsgate-play/7198ede353318|work=OTTplay|accessdate=17 April 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Watching Murmur feels like sitting through someone’s endless vacation footage – if their holiday destination happened to be a cursed forest with an invisible ghoul. This pioneering attempt at horror told entirely through character-operated cameras deserves recognition for its ambition, but delivers more monotony than menace."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Murmur Movie Review : Camera-perspective chiller struggles to raise goosebumps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/murmur/movie-review/118775434.cms |access-date=2025-03-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Ashwin S of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated two point five out of five star and wrote that "A good horror film sets itself up well and delivers a knockout punch—''Murmur'' lacks the latter but still has much to admire."<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-03-08 |title=Murmur movie review: A technically proficient found footage film with horror compromises |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Mar/08/murmur-movie-review-a-technically-proficient-found-footage-film-with-horror-compromises |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic gave three out of five star and noted that "Unlike the usual ghost films, he has shown a difference in this one. What is special is that it is shot using scenes recorded directly on camera".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2025 |title=மர்மர் திரைவிமர்சனம் | Murmur Review in Tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/murmur-161490 |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=[[Maalai Malar]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|35889161}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Horror films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pranshu Dutt Dwivedi

2026-04-05T07:43:13Z

Rrajani: made new entry.

{{Short description|Indian Politician (born 1983)}}

{{Multiple issue|{{One source|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}{{BLP sources|date=June 2022|Indian Politician|reason=He is a [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council]]}}}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pranshu Dutt Diwedi
| father =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|04|15}}
| source =
| birth_place = [[Farrukhabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency =
| office = [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha|President Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor = Subhash Yaduvansh
| mother =
| image =
| office1 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| constituency1 = ''Etawah-Farrukhabad Local authorities''
| term_start1 = {{birth date|2022|04|12}}
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| nickname =
| predecessor1 = Pushpraj Jain
| term_start = {{birth date|2021|06|21}}
| relations = [[Brahm Dutt Dwivedi]] (uncle)
[[Sunil Dutt Dwivedi]] (cousin)
| parents = Hari Dutt Dwivedi (Father)
}}

'''Pranshu Dutt Diwedi''' is an Indian politician who is currently serving as a [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] and the State President of [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha|BJP Yuva Morcha]]. He is from [[Farrukhabad]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजयुमो प्रदेश अध्यक्ष एवं एमएलसी प्रांशु दत्त द्विवेदी बोले, पत्थर चलेगा तो बुलडोजर भी कार्रवाई के लिए तैयार - BJYM State President and MLC Pranshu Dutt Dwivedi commented on violence and action of bulldozer |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-bjym-state-president-and-mlc-pranshu-dutt-dwivedi-commented-on-violence-and-action-of-bulldozer-22808571.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwivedi, Pranshu Dutt}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Farrukhabad]]

Muhammad Uvais

2026-04-03T00:53:40Z

Rrajani: Done

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Muhammed Uvais
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Muhammad Uvais Moyikkal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|7|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nilambur]], [[Kerala]], India
| height = 1.87 m
| currentclub = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| clubnumber = 2
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|Centre-back]], [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|Left-back]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva]]
| years1 = 2017–2018
| clubs1 = [[FC Kerala]]
| caps1 = 8
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2018–2019
| clubs2 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| caps2 = 6
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2019–2020
| clubs3 = [[Ozone FC|Ozone]]
| caps3 = 13
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2020
| clubs4 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| caps4 = 7
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2021
| clubs5 = [[KSEB]]
| caps5 = 7
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2021–2022
| clubs6 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps6 = 18
| goals6 = 1
| years7 = 2022–2025
| clubs7 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps7 = 44
| goals7 = 1
| years8 = 2025–
| clubs8 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| caps8 = 0
| goals8 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2025–
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 5
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[CAFA Nations Cup]]}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup|2025 Tajikistan–Uzbekistan]]|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup squads#India|Team]]}}
| club-update = 16:10, 7 April 2025 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 22:00, 9 October 2025 (UTC)
}}

'''Muhammed Uvais Moyikkal''' (born 31 July 1998) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Punjab FC|Punjab]] and the [[India national football team|India national team]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Head Coach Khalid Jamil announces his squad for the CAFA Nations Cup 2025 |url=https://x.com/IndianFootball/status/1959867674315587986 |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

== Club career ==
=== Gokulam Kerala ===
On 7 June 2021, Uvais joined [[I-League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2021 |title=Gokulam Kerala announce squad for IFA Shield 2021 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/ifl-shield-2021-gokualm-kerala-fc-announce-squad/}}</ref> on a two-year contract.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/i-league-gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-young-kerala-defender-muhammed-uvais20210608093222/|title=I-League: Gokulam Kerala FC sign young Kerala defender Muhammed Uvais|website=ANI News}}</ref>

=== Jamshedpur ===
Indian Super League (ISL) shield winner Jamshedpur FC has secured the services of Muhammed Uvais ahead of the upcoming season. the club announced . The Defender has joined the Red Miners on a three-year deal, which will keep him at JFC until 2025.<ref>https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/indian-football/news-isl-transfer-news-jamshedpur-fc-rope-young-full-back-muhammed-uvais</ref>

=== Punjab ===
Indian Super League Club Punjab announced That they are signing Jamshedpur left back Muhammad Uvais on Free transfer which will start his journey with them in ISL 25-26.<ref>https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/punjab-fc-signs-uvais-ahead-of-isl-2025-26/article69574681.ece</ref>

== International career ==

On August 25, Uvais was called up to the India squad for the first time by manager [[Khalid Jamil]] for the [[2025 CAFA Nations Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/football-news/punjab-fcs-muhammed-uvais-on-maiden-call-up-to-indian-football-team-13928414.html|title=Surreal to be called up': Punjab FC's Muhammed Uvais on maiden call-up to Indian football team|date=25 August 2025|website=firstpost}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|3 May 2025}}<ref>{{soccerway|muhammed-uvais/809490}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|[[2020 I-League Qualifiers|2019–20]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|7||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||7||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[2021–22 Gokulam Kerala FC season|2021–22]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League]]
|18||1||8{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}{{efn|name=IFAS|Appearance(s) in [[IFA Shield]]}}||0||3{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||0||29||1
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|{{nowrap|[[2022–23 Jamshedpur FC season|2022–23]]}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Super League]]
|6||0||1{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||7||0
|-
|[[2023–24 Jamshedpur FC season|2023–24]]
|11||0||4{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||15||0
|-
|[[2024–25 Jamshedpur FC season|2024–25]]
|27||1||7{{efn|name=DurandCup}}{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||34||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!44!!1!!12!!0!!0!!0!!56!!1
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|[[2025–26 Punjab FC season|2025–26]]
| [[Indian Super League]]
|0||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0||0||0||3||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!69!!2!!23!!0!!3!!0!!95!!2
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|9 October 2025}}<ref name=NFTGSS>{{NFT player|id=100759|name=Muhammed Uvais Moyikkal|accessdate=5 September 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2025||5||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!5!!0
|}

== Honours ==
'''Gokulam Kerala'''
* [[I-League]]: [[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/gokulam-kerala-vs-mohammedan-sc-i-league-final-live-gkfc-vs-mdsc-live-score-indian-football/article38490975.ece|title=Gokulam Kerala 2-1 Mohammedan SC Highlights: GKFC becomes 1st club in 15 years to defend the I-League|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=14 May 2022|access-date=14 May 2022|last=TEAM SPORTSTAR|first=21:22 IST|location=[[Kolkata]], West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514160659/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/gokulam-kerala-vs-mohammedan-sc-i-league-final-live-gkfc-vs-mdsc-live-score-indian-football/article38490975.ece|archive-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uvais, Muhammad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Men's association football central defenders]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:FC Bengaluru United players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC players]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur FC players]]
[[Category:Punjab FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]

{{India-footy-defender-stub}}

National Translation Mission

2026-03-25T10:05:25Z

Rrajani: improved article

{{Short description|To provide texts accessible in all 22 languages of India}}
{{See also|Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2015}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2020}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=July 2020}}
{{promotional|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
'''National Translation Mission (NTM)''' is a [[Government of India]] initiative to make knowledge texts accessible, in all [[22 official languages of the Indian Republic]] listed in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|VIII schedule of the Constitution]], through [[translation]]. NTM was set up on the recommendation of the [[National Knowledge Commission]]. The [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] has designated [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]] as the nodal organization for the operationalization of NTM.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntm.org.in/ |title=Home |website=ntm.org.in}}</ref>

==Origins==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
[[English language|English]], the primary medium of higher education in India, remains inaccessible to even the literate majority of the country. Therefore, there is an urgent need to translate material in all fields like literary, technical, scientific and business etc. so that such material is accessible to a wide range of different language speaking population across the country. Translation, thus, is seen not just as an instrument of democratizing and secularizing knowledge, but also of empowering languages and speech communities.

NTM intends to establish translation as an industry in the country. Its main objectives include generation of translation tools such as [[dictionaries]] and [[thesaurus|thesauri]]; development of software for translation, memory, etc.; promotion of [[machine translation]] and machine aided translation; translator education through orientation programs & courses; fellowships & grants for research projects, etc. Bringing visibility to translators and translation activities by organizing book launches for translations; instituting prizes and fellowships; organizing Regional Festivals of Translation; book exhibitions, etc. also are part of the activities of NTM.

Project Advisory Committee (NTM-PAC) of NTM is the highest decision-making body of NTM. It is a committee of 25 members representing various sections of the academic community, ministerial bodies and publishing houses related to translation. NTM-PAC is supported by four sub-committees in matters related to [[copyrights]] and legal matters; selecting knowledge texts; fixing rates for translators, copy editors etc.; and Grant in Aid schemes of NTM.

==NTM Website in 23 languages==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
NTM is in the process of establishing itself as the clearing house of all translation related activities in the country. Interaction with the public is a requisite and NTM has developed its website (www.ntm.org.in) in 22 scheduled languages as well as English for the purpose. NTM website introduces the Mission, its objectives, beneficiaries, and structure etc. Updates on list of books selected for translation, experts consulted, announcement of translation assignments etc. are available for the public here. The Discussion Forum facilitates the users to discuss various topics like the books selected for translation in a subject, an existing translation, and terminology issues in Indian languages etc.

==Translation & Publication of Pedagogic Material==

105 titles have been approved for translations in 21 disciplines (Botany, Chemistry, Computer Science, Economics, History, Law, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology and Zoology) so far.

To know more about the books taken up for translation, visit - www.ntm.org.in

==NTM Databases==

NTM also maintains National Register of Translators(NRT) through its website. NRT is a databank wherein [[translators]] register themselves online. NRT is a searchable directory of translators, evaluators and discipline experts with classified information on profession, experience, languages known and expertise in translation, etc.

Lists of the most prescribed texts in Indian universities in various disciplines are generated out of the Knowledge Text Module, another major facet of NTM-databases. Two searchable database components have been created under it: Indian Universities Database and Knowledge Text Database. Indian Universities Database furnishes information on courses, syllabi and textbooks etc. of over 350 Union Grants Commission (UGC) accredited universities and institutions. Knowledge Text [[Database]] provides complete details of the prescribed books. When made public, this would become one of the first [[Sovereign state|state]] initiatives to provide information about all the universities/institutions and courses which can be accessed through a single window. It would help scholars and academicians from various regions to access the latest information on courses and syllabi of any university/institution of the country. [[University]] Boards can review the course details and syllabi structure of other universities before revising their curriculum. This may help in creating parity among universities of rural and urban regions.

NTM-databases, created in [[Microsoft SQL Server|Microsoft SQL 2005]], can contain a maximum of 2^31 objects and span multiple Operating System-level files with a maximum file size of 220 [[Terabyte]]. Control mechanisms have been incorporated to the database for concurrent access to shared data, for ensuring [[data integrity]]. NTM aims to increase the usability of the databases by making them both as web and standalone applications.

==Translation Tools==

===Basic Bilingual Dictionaries===

The [[bilingual]] dictionaries are modelled after the hugely popular Longman Corpus Network - based Basic English-English dictionary. Six bilingual dictionaries developed by the NTM in collaboration Pearson Education, India were launched on 10 March 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://overseasindian.in/2012/mar/news/20121203-133959.shtml|title=Overseas Indian - Latest Science & Technology Updates|date=31 January 2023 }}</ref>

The dictionaries are the first publications from the NTM stable. In fact, the project had begun before the coming of NTM. Dorling Kindersley India Pvt Ltd (publishing as Pearson Education) and the [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]] (CIIL) had agreed to develop bilingual dictionaries in 11 languages. The work started in 2006. Later when NTM was launched in the year 2008, the lexical build activities were merged with NTM. The dictionaries are modeled on the British National Corpus based hugely popular Longman Basic English Dictionary. Following are the dictionaries that were launched:(listed alphabetically)

* Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Bangla Dictionary
* Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Hindi Dictionary
* Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Kannada Dictionary
* Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Malayalam Dictionary
* Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Oriya Dictionary
* Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Tamil Dictionary

The dictionaries can be bought from popular online retailers like www.flipkart.com, www.homeshop18.com, www.pearson.vrvbookshop.com etc. or book sellers across the country.

Work is under progress in other Indian languages - [[Assamese language|Assamese]], Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], Marathi, [[Nepali language|Nepali]], Punjabi, [[Sanskrit]], [[Santali language|Santali]], Telugu, and [[Urdu]].

===Bilingual e-dictionaries===

e-dictionaries of NTM are based on ‘Longman Advanced Bilingual Framework’(LABF). LABF Dataset will be used through the Dictionary Production System(DPS), originally developed by Longman and marketed by Ingenierie Diffusion Multimedia(IDM), France. The NTM-Longman e-dictionary deals with 338,000 words, phrases and meanings; 78,000 head entries, 5,400 encyclopaedic entries, 54,000 phrases, over 515,000 examples and 26,000 synonyms, antonyms and related words.

===Machine Translation===

An English-Kannada Machine Translation(MT) package which bids to break new ground on the MT scene in India is being developed under NTM. The main aim of this project is to automate the translation of a given English sentence into Kannada. This Package is divided into 3 main modules– Parallel Aligned Corpora, Digitization of Source Language(SL) resources and Architecture. The Architecture is divided into 8 modules and implemented using Java with Netbeans Integrated Development Environment(IDE). The front end is designed using Swings and back-end SQL. The dictionary is put into action using random access file. Since Hash tables are particularly efficient when the maximum number of entries can be predicted, this technique is used to accomplish searching. Collection classes are used as data storage structures.
NTM has been interacting with several teams (like C-DAC, Pune, Noida, Mumbai; LTRC, ILMT, EILMT, Anusaaraka, Shakti—all at IIIT, Hyderabad) engaged in developing Machine Translation software to explore the extent to which the MT research and NTM can interface for mutual benefit.

===Dictionary of Translation Studies===

Dictionary of Translation Studies being prepared by NTM intends to serve as a companion to students and scholars interested in and associated with the discipline of Translation Studies. It is a compilation of the technically charged terms used in the discipline. It endeavours to be a comprehensive dictionary, exhausting the technical terms used in Indian as well as western discourse of translation and also the terms used in the sub-domains of Translation Studies like Interpreting, Machine Translation, etc.

==Training and Certification of Translators==

With an aim to train and orient translators, NTM has been organising 3 weeks Intensive Training Programme – ‘Introduction to Translation’. Translation theoreticians & academicians, eminent translators, linguists and language scholars from across the country have been delivering talks on various theoretical and practical aspects of translation. All the details are available in [http://www.ntm.org.in NTM website]

NTM has also started piloting the methods and means of its nationwide Certification of Translators Programme. The certification module is being developed in collaboration with the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB) of the Quality Council of India (QCI) along the lines of the international standards set for Personnel Certification. Training of evaluators will be a major component of the Certification of Translators Programme as a new system of grading translators will be introduced.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==NTM Surveys==

<big>Knowledge Text Scenario Survey</big>

NTM conducted a survey with the following objectives:
* To find out the availability of original and translated knowledge texts
* To find whether the books suggested by discipline experts are already available in the regional languages or not, so as to avoid duplicity.
* To find out whether original books written in regional languages are prescribed in the syllabi or not
* To analyze the general publication scenario in regional languages, in order to formulate strategies for productive interventions by NTM
* To assess the need and demand of translation of knowledge texts in regional languages

17 languages are covered in the survey and they are Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Konkani, Malayalam, Maithili, Meitei, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. All the finding of the survey are compiled in a report titled ''Regional Language Knowledge Text Scenario – An Assessment''.

<big>Royalty: Industry Practice across India</big>

NTM conducted a nationwide survey so as to find out the prevalent practice among some of the major as well as regional publishers towards the payment of royalty to authors/copyright holders, translators etc. In all, NTM has gathered information from over 100 publishers, which is essential in framing NTM-policies, especially in case of turnkey projects. A detailed report titled ''Royalty: Industry Practice Across India'' has been prepared.

<big>Royalty: Lexicography in India</big>

NTM conducted a survey to study the past and present scenario of lexicographic activities in 16 Indian Languages. The languages are - Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Meitei, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Sanskrit, Santhali, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. A detailed report titled Lexicography in Indian Languages: a brief report has been prepared explaining the finding.

<big>Medium of Instruction & Medium of Examination (MoI & MoE) in Higher Education in India</big>

NTM has collected data from 239 Universities/Colleges etc., then categorized, analyzed and a detailed report has been prepared and compared with survey report prepared by UPSC. Data provided by UGC on MoI/MoE are also categorized, analyzed and prepared a report.

==Workshops and Seminars==

NTM has organised workshops in regional languages in different parts of the country involving discipline experts and translators to chalk out strategies for NTM translation assignments. A few seminal knowledge texts formed the focus of discussions in these workshops. NTM has been conducting workshops to assess the existing knowledge text translations in regional languages. These assessment workshops also aim to bring about collaboration between NTM and eminent scholars, writers, translators and publishers in different fields which will help in forming expert panels for its translations. NTM has also been organizing seminars on various aspects of translation with special reference to regional languages in different parts of the country. Apart from these, Translator Orientation Programmes; Publishers, Media and Translators Meet; Book Festivals; Workshops on Literary and Linguistic Terms; programmes on Classical Text and Literary Text Translation have been organized across the country by NTM. These workshops help NTM to popularize its initiatives among beneficiaries.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==Publications==

===Dictionaries===
* '''[http://www.pearsoned.co.in/web/books/9788131731260_LongmanCIIL-EnglishEnglishBangla-Dictionary_-Longman.aspx Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Bangla Dictionary]'''
{{ISBN|978-81-317-3126-0}} (Hardback), {{ISBN|978-81-317-3125-3}} (Paperback)
* '''[http://www.pearsoned.co.in/web/books/9788131731321_LongmanCIIL-EnglishEnglishHindi-Dictionary_-Longman.aspx Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Hindi Dictionary]'''
{{ISBN|978-81-317-3132-1}} (Hardback), {{ISBN|978-81-317-3131-4}} (Paperback)
* '''[http://www.pearsoned.co.in/web/books/9788131731345_LongmanCIIL-EnglishEnglishKannada-Dictionary_-Longman.aspx Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Kannada Dictionary]'''
{{ISBN|978-81-317-3134-5}} (Hardback), {{ISBN|978-81-317-3133-8}} (Paperback)
* '''[http://www.pearsoned.co.in/web/books/9788131731277_LongmanNTMCIIL-EnglishEnglishMalayalam-Dictionary_-National-Translation-Mission-NTM.aspx Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Malayalam Dictionary]'''
{{ISBN|978-81-317-3128-4}} (Hardback), {{ISBN|978-81-317-3127-7}} (Paperback)
* '''[http://www.pearsoned.co.in/web/books/9788131731369_LongmanNTMCIIL-EnglishEnglishOriya-Dictionary_-National-Translation-Mission-NTM.aspx Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Oriya Dictionary]'''
{{ISBN|978-81-317-3136-9}} (Hardback), {{ISBN|978-81-317-3135-2}} (Paperback)
* '''[http://www.pearsoned.co.in/web/books/9788131731291_LongmanNTMCIIL-EnglishEnglishTamil-Dictionary_-National-Translation-Mission-NTM.aspx Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Tamil Dictionary]'''
{{ISBN|978-81-317-3130-7}} (Hardback), {{ISBN|978-81-317-3129-1}} (Paperback)

The Longman-NTM-CIIL English English [Indian Languages] Dictionary Series has been published by [http://www.pearsoned.co.in/Web/Home.aspx Pearson Education India]

===Knowledge Text Translations===
===Bengali===
* '''Samajtatter Mulsutra'''; {{ISBN|978-93-8409-926-8}}
Translation of "Fundamentals of Sociology" by Gisbert P., Translator: Himangshu Ghosh, Publisher: Suhrid Publications, Kolkata, West Bengal

===Bodo===
* '''Gibi bharatni jarimin: Sigangnifrai AD 1300 sim'''; {{ISBN|978-93-8287-749-3}}
Translation of "The Penguin History of Early India From the Origins to AD 1300" by Thapar R., Translator: Kameswar Brahma, Publisher: Bodo Sahitya Sabha, Kokrajhar, Assam

===Dogri===
* '''Bharti Itihaas Da Adhyan: Ik Parichey'''; {{ISBN|978-81-9281-089-8}}
Translation of "An Introduction to the Study of Indian History" by Kosambi D. D., Translator: PChandu Bhau, Yashpal Nirmal, Publisher: Nidhi Publications, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir.

===Hindi===
* '''भारतीय संविधान: राष्ट्र की आधारशीला (Bhartiya Samvidhan: Rashtra Ki Aadarshila)'''; {{ISBN|978-93-5000-852-2}}
Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by Granville Austin. Translator: Naresh Goswami, Publisher: Vani Prakashan.

* '''असामान्य मनोविज्ञान (Asaamaanya Manovigyan)'''; {{ISBN|978-81-3179-369-5}}
Translation of "Abnormal Psychology" by Carson, Robert C.; Butcher, James Neal; Mineka, Susan. Translator: Pallavi Bhatnagar, Jaya Chauhan, Prateeksha Shrivastava, Publisher: Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

* '''कार्बनिक रसायन विज्ञान -खंड १ (Karbanic Rasayan Vigyan - Khand 1)'''; {{ISBN|978-81-3179-139-4}}
Translation of "Organic Chemistry - Vol.1" by I. L. Finar. Translator: Kaushal Kishore Shrivastava and Shubha Shrivastava, Publisher: Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

===Kannada===
* '''ಅಣು ರೋಹಿತ ದರ್ಶನದ ಮೂಲಾಂಶಗಳು (Anu Rohitha Darshanada Mulamshagalu)'''; {{ISBN|978-93-82877-04-2}}
Translation of "Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy" by Colin N Banwell and Elaine M MaCash. Translator: H.S. Umesha and M.K. Ramaswamy, Publisher: Vismaya Prakashana, Mysore, Karnataka.

* '''ಶಾಖ ವರ್ಗಾವಣೆ (Shakha Vargaavane)'''; {{ISBN|978-81-9243-314-1}}
Translation of "Heat Transfer" by J.P. Holman, Translator: K.P. Srikantha, Publisher: K.S.M. Trust, Bengaluru, Karnataka

* '''ಪೆಂಗ್ವಿನ್ ಅವರ ಪ್ರಾಚಿನ ಭಾರತದ ಇತಿಹಾಸ (Penguin avara Pracheena Bharatada Ithihasa)'''; {{ISBN|978-93-8287-749-3}}
Translation of "The Penguin History of Early India From the Origins to AD 1300" by R. Thapar, Translator: H.S. Umesha, ShashiKumar J. and Deepa, Publisher: Vismaya Prakashana, Mysuru, Karnataka

* '''ಹಿಂದೂ ಸಮಾಜ- ಒಂದು ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನ (Hindu Samaja- Ondu Vyakhyana)'''; {{ISBN|978-81-7343-281-1}}
Translation of "Hindu Society- An Interpretation" by Irawati Karve, Translator: Jnana Murthy B.R., NTM, CIIL, Mysuru, Karnataka

* '''ಆಧುನಿಕ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ (Adhunika Bharatadalli Samajika Badalaavane)'''; {{ISBN|978-81-7343-280-4}}
Translation of "Social Change in Modern India" by M.N. Srinivas, Chief Editor: Prof. R. Indira, Editors: Dr. Manjulakshi L. and Jnana Murthy B.R., Translators: Chandrashekhara Damle, Gururaja Bidikar, Tippiswamy B., Sowmya Kumar, Mahesha Tippeswamy, Ashok Kumar U.B., Chandrashekhar and B. Gopal Singh, NTM, CIIL, Mysuru, Karnataka

* '''ಅಕಶೇರುಕ ಪ್ರಾಣಿಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ (Akasheruka Pranishastra)'''; {{ISBN|9789382877004}}
Translation of "Invertebrate Zoology" by E.L. Jordan & P.S. Verma, Translators: H.S. Umesh, S. Basavarajappa, P. Umadevi, Kollegal Sharma, Sathanur Devaraju and C.N. Sunitha, Publisher: Vismaya Prakashana, Mysuru, Karnataka

* '''ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಮತ್ತು ಮಾನವ ಸಂಪನ್ಮೂಲ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ (Shikshaṇa mattu Maanava Sampanmoola Abhivruddhi)'''; {{ISBN|978-81-7343-298-9}}
Translation of "Education and Human Resource Development" by V.K.R.V. Rao, Translator: Girijamma M. V., NTM, CIIL, Mysuru, Karnataka

* '''ಉದಯೋನ್ಮುಖ ಸಮಾಜದಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ (Udayonmukha Samaajadalli Bharateeya Shikshana)'''; {{ISBN|978-81-943849-3-9}}
Translation of "Indian Education in the Emerging Society" by J. Mohanty, Translator: Manjulakshi L., NTM, CIIL, Mysuru, Karnataka

* '''ಆಧುನಿಕ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಜಾತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಇತರ ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳು (Aadhunika Bhaaratadalli Jaati mattu itara Prabandhagalu)'''; {{ISBN|978-81-7343-294-1}}
Translation of "Caste in Modern India and Other Essays" by M.N. Srinivas, Translator: Sandya G., NTM, CIIL, Mysuru, Karnataka

===Maithili===
* '''Adhunik Bharatme Jati o anya Nibandh'''; {{ISBN|978-81-7343-191-3}}
Translation of "Cast in Modern India and other Essays" by M N Srinivas. Translator: Shambhu Kumar Singh, Publisher:[http://www.ntm.org.in/ National Translation Mission], [http://www.ciil.org/ Central Institute of Indian Languages], [[Mysuru]], [[Karnataka]]

===Malayalam===
* '''ഇന്ത്യൻ ഭരണഘടന: രാഷ്ട്രത്തിന്റെ അധരശ്ശില (Intyan Bharaṇaghaṭana Rāṣṭrattinṟe Adharaśśila)''', {{ISBN|978-81-2004-235-3}}
Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by Granville Austin. Translator: Govindan S Thampi, Publisher:[http://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/ State Institute of Language], Kerala

* '''ഭാരതതീയ ദർശന സംഗ്രഹം (Bhaaratheeyadarsana Samgraham)''', {{ISBN|978-81-7638-675-3}}
Translation of "Outlines of Indian Philosophy"; M Hiriyanna, Translator: R. Parvathikutty, Publisher: [http://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/ State Institute of Language], Kerala

===Marathi===
* '''भारतीय राज्यघटनाः राष्ट्राची कोनशीला (Bhaaratiiya Raajyaghatanaa: Raashtraachi Khonshiilaa)''', {{ISBN|978-81-8483-512-0}}
Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by Granville Austin, Translator: भारती केळकर (Bharati Kelkar), Publisher: [http://www.diamondbookspune.com/ Diamond Publications], Pune, Maharashtra

* '''Ushmantaran''', {{ISBN|978-81-8483-568-7}}
Translation of "Heat Transfer" by J P Holman, Translator: Subash Phadke, Publisher: [http://www.diamondbookspune.com/ Diamond Publications], Pune, Maharashtra

===Nepali===
* '''Bharatiya sambidhan-rashtrako aadharsilaa'''; {{ISBN|978-81-7343-186-9}}
Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by Granville Austin. Translator: Rajendra Dhakal, Publisher: Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru
* '''Bharatiya darsanko ruprekha'''; {{ISBN|978-81-7343-175-3}}
Translation of "Outlines of Indian Philosophy" by M Hiriyanna, Translator: Ghanashyam Nepal, Publisher: Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru, Karnataka

===Odia===
* '''ଆଦ୍ୟକାଳୀନ ଭାରତ ଇତିହାସ:ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭରୁ ୧୩୦୦ ମସିହା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ (Adyakaalina Bharat Itihaasa:Praarambharu 1300 Masiha Paryanta)''', {{ISBN|978-93-82550-43-3}}
Translation of "The Penguin History of Early India: From Origins to AD 1300" by [[Romila Thapar]], Translator: ପ୍ରୀତିଶ ଆଚାର୍ଯ୍ୟ (Pritish Acharya), Publisher: A K Mishra Publishers Pvt Ltd, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha

* '''Bharatiya Darshanara Ruparekha'''; {{ISBN|978-93-8255-004-4}}
Translation of "Outlines of Indian Philosophy" by M Hiriyanna, Translator: Banbihari Choudhury, Publisher: A K Mishra Publishers Pvt Ltd, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha

* '''ଭାରତୀୟ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ଏକ ଦେଶର ଭିତ୍ତିପ୍ରସ୍ତର (Bharatiya Sambidhana Eka Deshara Bhittiprastara)''', {{ISBN|978-93-82550-44-0}}
Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by [[Granville Austin]], Translator: Arun Kumar Behera, Publisher: A K Mishra Publishers Pvt Ltd, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha

===Punjabi===
* '''ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਭਾਰਤ: ਮੁੱਢ ਤੋਂ 1300 ਈਸਵੀ ਤੱਕ (Praachiin Bhaarat: Mudd Ton 1300 Isvi Tak)''', {{ISBN|978-93-5113-029-1}}
Translation of "The Penguin History of Early India: From Origins to AD 1300" by Romila Thapar, Translator: ਕਰਮਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ (Karminder Singh), Publisher: [http://www.unistarbooks.com/ Lokgeet Parkashan (Unistar Books Pvt. Ltd.)], Chandigarh

* '''ਭਾਰਤੀ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ ਦੀ ਰੂਪ-ਰੇਖਾ (Bharti Darshan Di Roop-Rekha)''', {{ISBN|978-93-5113-240-0}}
Translation of "Outlines of Indian Philosophy" by M Hiriyanna, Translator: ਪ੍ਰਭਕੀਰਤਨ ਸਿੰਘ (Prabhkirtan Singh), Publisher: [http://www.unistarbooks.com/ Lokgeet Parkashan (Unistar Books Pvt. Ltd.)], Chandigarh

* '''ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨ: ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ ਦੀ ਬੁਨਿਆਦ (Bharti Sanvidhan: Rashatar Di Buniad)''', {{ISBN|978-93-5113-239-4}}
Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by Granville Austin, Translator: ਕਰਮਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ (Karminder Singh), Publisher: [http://www.unistarbooks.com/ Lokgeet Parkashan (Unistar Books Pvt. Ltd.)], Chandigarh

===Tamil===
* '''சமூகவியலின் அடிப்படைகள் (samuuhaviyalin aDippaDaihal)'''; {{ISBN|978-81-7343-169-2}}
Translation of "Fundamentals of Sociology" by Gisbert P, Translator: Poornachandran G., Publisher: Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru, Karnataka

===Telugu===
* '''[http://hyderabadbooktrust.blogspot.in/2013/05/blog-post.html భారత రాజ్యాంగం - దేశానికి మూల స్తంభం (Bhaarata Raajyaangm: Deshaaniki Muulastambham)]''', {{ISBN|978-81-907377-3-9}}
Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by Granville Austin, Translator: ప్రభాకర్ మందార (Prabhakar Mandhara), Publisher: [http://hyderabadbooktrust.blogspot.in/ Hyderabad Book Trust], Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

* '''[http://hyderabadbooktrust.blogspot.in/2015/01/blog-post_71.html భారత చరిత్ర అధ్యయనానికి ఒక పరిచయం (Bhaarata Caritra Adhyayanaaniki Oka ParicayaM)]''', {{ISBN|978-81-907377-5-3}}
Translation of "An Introduction to the Study of Indian History" by D D Kosambi, Translator: ఎన్ వేణుగోపాల్ (N. Venugopal), Publisher: [http://hyderabadbooktrust.blogspot.in/ Hyderabad Book Trust], Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

===Thematic Volumes===
===English===
* '''History of Translation in India'''; {{ISBN|978-81-7343-189-0}}

Editor: Tariq Khan, Publisher:[http://www.ntm.org.in/ National Translation Mission], [http://www.ciil.org/ Central Institute of Indian Languages], [[Mysuru]], [[Karnataka]]

==Upcoming Publications==

===Dictionaries===
* '''Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Punjabi Dictionary'''
* '''Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Gujarati Dictionary'''
* '''Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Marathi Dictionary'''
* '''Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Telugu Dictionary'''

===Assamese===
* Translation of '''Mechanical Engineering Design'''; Joseph E Shigley
* Translation of '''Structure and Function in [[Urgesellschaft|primitive society]]'''; A R Radcliffe-Brown

===Kannada===
* Translation of '''Invertebrate Zoology'''; Jordan & Verma
* Translation of '''Mechanical Engineering Design'''; Joseph Shigley
* Translation of '''Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics'''; Satoskar, Bhandarkar, Nirmala Rege

===Malayalam===
* Translation of '''Heat Transfer'''; J P Holman
* Translation of '''Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy'''; J P Holman

===Nepali===
* Translation of '''An Introduction to the Study of Indian History'''; D D Kosambi
* Translation of '''The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation'''; Granville Austin

===Tamil===
* Translation of '''Heat Transfer'''; J P Holman
* Translation of '''A Grammar of Politics'''; H J Laski

== See also ==

* [[List of government schemes in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
# {{Cite news |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1540663 |publisher=Press Information Bureau GoI |date=30 July 2018 |title=India Language Stack needed to overcome the barriers of communication: IT Secretary }}
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# {{Cite news |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2013/01/orientation-program-on-translation/ |publisher=Kanla Online |date=4 January 2013 |title=Orientation program on translation }}
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==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Translation organizations]]
[[Category:Education policy in India]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]
[[Category:Ministry of Education (India)]]
[[Category:Linguistic research in India]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:Indian missions]]

Maha Shivaratri

2026-03-23T18:09:47Z

Rrajani: quick adjusted content after review also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Hindu festival dedicated to the god Shiva}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Maha Shivaratri
| type = Hindu
| image = 02 Mahashivratree festival.JPG
| caption = Meditating Shiva statue on Maha-Shivaratri
| observances = {{Bulleted_list|Fasting|Self-study|[[Jagran|Jagarana]]||[[Lingam]] [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]|[[Yoga]]<ref name="Melton2011p541">{{cite book|first=J. Gordon|last=Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-206-7|pages=541–542}}</ref>}}
| observedby = [[Hindus]]
| longtype = Religious
| date = Maha Krishna Chaturdashi
| significance = Commemoration of the wedding of Shiva and Parvati
 Veneration of the Tandava dance of Shiva Manifestation of the lingam<ref name = "SK" >Stephen Knapp (2012), Hindu Gods & Goddesses, Jaico Publishing House, India, {{ISBN|9788184953664}}, page 110</ref>
| frequency = Annual
| duration = 1 day
| date2026 = 15 February (Sunday)<ref>[https://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/maha-shivaratri/maha-shivaratri-date-time.html?year=2026 15th February 2026, Sunday]</ref>
}}
{{Hindu festival date info}}
{{Saivism}}
'''Maha Shivaratri''' is a [[Hindu festival]] celebrated annually to worship the deity [[Shiva]], between February and March.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnmPzgEACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4 |pages=637 |language=en}}</ref> According to the [[Hindu calendar]], The festival is observed on the chaturdashi (14th lunar day) of krishna paksha (waning moon) of the month of Magha or Phalguna.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="JonesRyan2006p269" /> The month may vary from month of magh or Phalguna as per Purnimata and Amanta Calendar but is observed on the same lunar night across the regions. The festival commemorates the marriage of Shiva and [[Parvati]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Coulter |first1=Charles Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEJUEAAAQBAJ&dq=shivaratri+wedding&pg=PA428 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities |last2=Turner |first2=Patricia |date=6 December 2021 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9179-7 |pages=428 |language=en}}</ref> and the occasion of Shiva performing his [[Sacred dance|ritual dance]] called [[tandava]].<ref name="Dhoraisingam35">{{cite book|first=Samuel S. | last=Dhoraisingam|title=Peranakan Indians of Singapore and Melaka |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QHwcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35| year= 2006|publisher =Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn= 978-981-230-346-2|page=35}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book|author1=Om Prakash Juneja|author2=Chandra Mohan|title=Ambivalence: Studies in Canadian Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39FHAAAAYAAJ |year=1990|publisher=Allied|isbn=978-81-7023-109-7|pages=156–157}}</ref>

It is a notable festival in [[Hinduism]], marking a remembrance of "overcoming darkness and ignorance" in life and the world. It is observed by remembering Shiva and chanting prayers, [[vrata|fasting]], and meditating on ethics and virtues such as honesty, non-injury to others, charity, forgiveness, and the discovery of Shiva.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p269" /> Ardent devotees stay awake throughout this night. Others visit one of the [[Shiva|Shiva temples]] or go on a pilgrimage to the [[Jyotirlingam]]s. The festival is believed to have originated in 5th century BCE.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p269">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA269 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=D. Ryan |first2=James |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |page=269}}</ref>

In [[Kashmir Shaivism]], the festival is called Har-ratri or phonetically simpler Haerath or Herath by Shiva devotees of the Kashmir region.<ref name="brunn402">{{cite book|first=Stanley D. | last=Brunn|title=The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGh-BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA403| year= 2015|publisher= Springer|isbn= 978-94-017-9376-6|pages= 402–403}}</ref><ref name="maitra125">{{cite book|first=Asim | last=Maitra|title=Religious Life of the Brahman: A Case Study of Maithil Brahmans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3LXAAAAMAAJ|year= 1986|publisher= Munshilal|isbn= 978-81-210-0171-7|page= 125}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term Maha Shivaratri is a compound of three Sanskrit elements: ''maha (महा) meaning'' "great", Shiva (शिव), the Hindu deity, and ratri (रात्रि), meaning "night". The literal meaning is "the Great Night of Shiva." The festival is observed annually on the ''krishna paksha'' (waning moon) ''chaturdashi'' (14th lunar day) of the month of [[Magha (month)|Magha]] or [[Phalguna]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allard |first=Syama |date=2021-03-10 |title=5 things to know about Maha Shivaratri |url=https://hinduamerican.org/blog/5-things-to-know-about-maha-shivaratri/ |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Hindu American Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> In the ''Amanta'' lunar calendar, where a lunar month ends on the new moon day (''Amavasiya''), the date falls in the month of Magha. In the ''Purnimanta'' lunar calendar, where a lunar month ends on the full moon day (''Purnima''), the same lunar day of Maha Shivaratri is reckoned as occurring in Phalguna. Despite the difference in month name, the festival is observed on the same lunar night across India.<ref>TEMPORAL CONCEPTS and PERCEPTION OF TIME in the Ancient Orient. Proceedings of the Workshop “Calendar Festivals of the Ancient Orient” held in St. Petersburg 20th–21th November 2020 edited by Vladimir V. Emelianov St. Petersburg 2021 </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lunar months - Purnimanta and Amanta system |url=https://www.ekohumm.com/lunar-months-purnimanta-and-amanta-system |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=ekohumm.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Other names ===
In [[Kashmir]], Shivaratri is referred to as Herath (Kashmiri: हेरथ / ہیرَتھ). The name is commonly understood to derive from "Har Ratri" ("Night of Hara"), Hara being a name of Shiva. In the Kashmiri Pandit tradition, the observance of Herath expands beyond a single night and spans approximately twenty-three days, beginning with Hur-e-Okdoh (the first day of the dark fortnight of the ''Purnimanta'' month of Phaguna) and concluding on Teel-e-aetham (the eighth day of the bright fortnight of Phagun).<ref>{{Cite web |title=MahaShivratri-Herath: The cultural code of Kashmir |url=https://hindupost.in/dharma-religion/mahashivratri-herath-the-cultural-code-of-kashmir/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307095524/https://hindupost.in/dharma-religion/mahashivratri-herath-the-cultural-code-of-kashmir/ |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=hindupost.in |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivratri Puja (Vatak Puja / Herath Puja) |url=https://www.kashmiribooks.com/kashmiri-shivratri-puja-vatak-puja-herath-puja-book |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.kashmiribooks.com}}</ref>

Maha Shivratri is also known as Padmarajarathri (पद्मराजरात्रि), a sacred night dedicated to Lord Shiva, observed with fasting, prayers, and night-long worship by devotees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Puja |date=2020-02-20 |title=Maha Shivratri 2020: Date, day, significance, puja time, importance and why celebrate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/maha-shivratri-2020-date-day-significance-puja-time-importance-and-why-celebrate-1648338-2020-02-20 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=PTI |date=2013-03-09 |title=Know why Mahashivratri is celebrated |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/know-why-mahashivratri-is-celebrated-20645.html |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=[[India TV News]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Origins ==

=== Textual origins ===
The origin of Maha Shivaratri is mentioned mainly in Puranic literature. One of the first mentions appears in the Shiva Purana, which links the story of the hunter Gurudruha with Shivaratri.<ref>SIVA PURANAM Published by Sri L.V. Subrahmanyam, I.A.S., Executive Officer, T.T.Devasthanams, Tirupati and Printed at T.T.D. Press, Tirupati.</ref> The story of Gurudruha, who is also referred to as Lubdhaka, is later found in the Javanese didactic text [[Śiwarātrikalpa|Siwaratrikalpa]], which is dated to being composed between 1466 and 1478.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/kakawin-siwaratri-kalpa |title=Kakawin Siwaratri Kalpa}}</ref> The festival is also mentioned in the Linga Purana and the Skanda Purana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-31 |title=Maha Shivratri 2025: Significance, History & Rituals of the Great Nigh |url=https://gayatriheritage.com/blogs/our-blogs/maha-shivratri-2024-significance-history-rituals-of-the-great-night-of-shiva |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Gayatri Heritage |language=en}}</ref>

=== Archeological origins ===
[[File:Man in a tree fleeing a tiger. Mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|One of eighteen seals depicting the "human and tiger" motif from the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley Civilization]].<ref>Possehl, Gregory L. "Indus folklore: an unknown story on some Harappan objects." ''Intercultural relations between South and Southwest Asia. Studies in commemoration of ECL during Caspers (1934–1996). BAR International Series'' (1826): 140-144.</ref> These seals closely resemble the story of Gurudruha (Lubdhaka) that is associated with Maha Shivaratri.]]
According to some scholars, the Lubdhaka (hunter) legend associated with Maha Shivaratri may find its roots in the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley Civilization.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kahoor |first=Khan, Shahbaig |date=2024-07-19 |title=Deciphering Indus script and Pashupati Seal of Indus Valley Civilization |ssrn=4900721 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4900721 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530154201/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4900721 |archive-date=30 May 2025 |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2026 }}</ref> Archaeological evidence such as the [[Pashupati seal]] has been widely interpreted by researchers as indicating early forms of Shiva or proto-Shaiva worship.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris |date=1975 |title=The So-Called Proto-śiva Seal from Mohenjo-Daro: An Iconological Assessment |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20062578 |journal=Archives of Asian Art |volume=29 |pages=47–58 |jstor=20062578 |issn=0066-6637}}</ref> Archaeologist Gregory Possehl identified at least eighteen examples of a recurring "human and tiger" motif in Harappan glyptic art from sites including Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and Chanhu-daro. These seals closely resemble the story of Gurudruha (Lubdhaka) that appears in the Shiva Purana.<ref>Possehl, Gregory L. "Indus folklore: an unknown story on some Harappan objects." ''Intercultural relations between South and Southwest Asia. Studies in commemoration of ECL during Caspers (1934–1996). BAR International Series'' (1826): 140-144.</ref>

== Rituals and observances ==
{{Quote box
|quote = '''A festival of contemplation'''
<poem>
During the Vigil Night of Shiva, Mahashivaratri,
we are brought to the moment of interval
between destruction and regeneration;
it symbolizes the night
when we must contemplate on that which
watches the growth out of the decay.
During Mahashivaratri we have to be alone
with our sword, the Shiva out of us.
We have to look behind and before,
to see what evil needs eradicating from our heart,
what growth of virtue we need to encourage.
Shiva is not only outside of us but within us.
To unite ourselves with the One Self
is to recognize the Shiva in us.
</poem>
|source = —''The Theosophical Movement, Volume 72''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Shiva|journal=The Theosophical Movement|volume=72|number=4|url=http://www.ultindia.org/tm_magazine/7204shiva.html|year=2002|orig-year=February 1962|type=reprint|publisher=TEOS, Theosophy Company, Mumbai|page=137|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=15 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215001305/https://www.ultindia.org/tm_magazine/7204shiva.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
Maha Shivaratri is particularly important in the [[Shaivism]] tradition of [[Hinduism]]. Shivaratri ("Night of Shiva") refers to the monthly observance that falls on the 14th night (''chaturdashi'') of every lunar fortnight during the waning phase of the moon. Each lunar month therefore contains one Shivaratri. Devotees observe fasting, night vigil (''jagarana''), and worship of the linga on these days. Thus, Maha Shivaratri may be understood as the "great" or preeminent Shivaratri among the twelve monthly Shivaratris in a lunar year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monthly Shivratri Fast - How to dp Masik ShivaRatri Fasting |url=https://pujayagna.com/blogs/hindu-fasting-days/masik-shivratri |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Eshwar Bhakti |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Bhavya |date=2025-02-26 |title=Maha Shivratri |url=https://cohna.org/maha-shivratri/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Coalition of Hindus of North America |language=en-US}}</ref> Unlike most Hindu festivals that are celebrated during the day, Maha Shivaratri is celebrated at night. It is a festival notable for its fasting and meditation on Shiva and an all-night vigil at Shiva temples.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p269"/>

=== Night vigil ''(jagarana)'' ===
The celebration includes maintaining a [[Jagran|''jagarana'']], an all-night vigil and prayers, because Shaiva Hindus mark this night as "overcoming darkness and ignorance" in one's life and the world through Shiva. In temples, the night is divided into four quarters (p''raharas''), each with its own ritual worship and singing of mantras.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Selva J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h80yOTwlAUcC&q=vigil&pg=PA147 |title=Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia |last2=Harman |first2=William P. |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8200-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mahashivratri 2026: Timings And Puja Rituals Explained, Nikhil Pandey NDTV. </ref> Offerings of fruits, leaves, sweets and milk are made to Shiva, some perform all-day fasting with Vedic or Tantric worship of Shiva, and some perform meditative [[yoga]].<ref>[http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/150MAHA_SHIVA_RATRI.pdf Mahashivaratri] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327171257/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/150MAHA_SHIVA_RATRI.pdf |date=27 March 2014 }}, Government of Orissa; [http://publicholidays.in/maha-shivaratri/ Maha Shivaratri], Public Holidays</ref> The injunctions from the Kalanirnaya of Madhvacharya are also followed during the ''jagarana.''<ref>'''Vanlaltlani, T''' and Patmury, Joseph (1994) ''Sivaratri: An Indian festival of Repentance''. Doing theology with the festivals and customs of Asia, Singapore. pp 59-68</ref>

=== Fasting ===
In [[Shaivism]], fasting is traditionally associated with [[Shiva]] worship. It is customary for the devotees of [[Shiva]] not to eat anything until they worship him and make him offerings. On most of the days, devotees do not fast for a whole day because the worship is performed in the early morning. However, on the day of Maha Shivaratri, they wait because the worship continues late into the night.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahashivratri 2022: 5 Foods You Can Have While Observing Mahashivratri Vrat (Fast) |url=https://www.ndtv.com/food/mahashivratri-2018-5-foods-you-can-have-while-observing-mahashivratri-vrat-fast-1811808}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2021 |title=Maha Shivaratri Fasting Rules and Vrat Vidhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/maha-shivaratri-fasting-rules-and-vrat-vidhi/articleshow/81434471.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maha Shivaratri 2023: What to eat if you are fasting |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/maha-shivaratri-2023-what-to-eat-if-you-are-fasting/articleshow/98028141.cms}}</ref>

During the fast, Iodized salt is completely avoided, and instead, food is prepared using rock salt or unrefined sea salt ''(sendha namak)''. Those fasting may do "nirjala vrat," (fasting from all food and water), or fast from meat, eating only fruits and milk during the day.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/recipe/cleanse-your-body-this-maha-shivratri-101646031274662.html|title =Cleanse your body this Maha Shivratri|date =28 February 2022}}</ref> Eating food made from rice, wheat, or pulses is also discouraged.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Mahashivratri 2023 fasting rules: Dos and don'ts to keep in mind while worshipping Lord Shiva |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/mahashivratri-2023-fasting-rules-dos-and-don-ts-to-keep-in-mind-while-worshipping-lord-shiva-101676468072865.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> ''Tamasik'' foods such as onion, garlic, and alcohol are also avoided as they are believed to increase lethargy.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Trending Desk |date=2026-02-15 |title=Mahashivratri 2026 fasting do's and don'ts: What to do and what to avoid while observing a fast for Lord Shiva |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/maha-shivratri-2026-vrat-vidhi-lord-shiva-fasting-rules-timings-dos-and-donts-lord-shiva/articleshow/128341903.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The fast is broken on the next day ''(chaturdashi)'' after taking a bath.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=Mahashivratri 2023 fasting rules: Dos and don'ts to keep in mind while worshipping Lord Shiva |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/mahashivratri-2023-fasting-rules-dos-and-don-ts-to-keep-in-mind-while-worshipping-lord-shiva-101676468072865.html}}</ref>

=== Puja and abhisheka ===
Ritual worship (puja) of the [[lingam]] is the central religious act of Maha Shivaratri. Devotees offer water, milk, yogurt, honey, ghee, and other sacred substances in the ritual known as abhisheka.<ref name=":1" /> Coconut water is generally avoided for the abhisheka, as it becomes ''"nirmalaya"'' (leftover of an offering) after being offered, and therefore becomes unconsumable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Mahashivratri 2023 fasting rules: Dos and don'ts to keep in mind while worshipping Lord Shiva |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/mahashivratri-2023-fasting-rules-dos-and-don-ts-to-keep-in-mind-while-worshipping-lord-shiva-101676468072865.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>USHA, B., K. VASANTHI, and C. ESAIVANI. "BIOREMEDIATION OF TEMPLE WASTES (NIRMALAYA) BY EMPLOYING EUDRILUS EUGENIAE."</ref> More than 49 types of plant species from 34 families are used as offerings to the deity throughout various regions of India on Maha Shivaratri. However, leaves of the bilva (Aegle marmelos), considered sacred to Shiva, are the most commonly offered plants.<ref>Mandal, Ushashee, et al. "Significance of Utilizing Plant Resource in Maha Shivratri For The Adoration of Lord Shiva, Odisha, India." ''Purakala, 31 (33)'' (2020): 0971-2143.</ref> In Kashmir, walnuts are soaked in water in earthen pots and buried in the ground for four to five days before Shivaratri. On the day of the festival, they are retrieved, offered to Lord Shiva, and distributed to devotees as [[Prasada|prasada.]]<ref>Ayub, Humeera, Touseef Hussain Trak, and Ravi Upadhayay. "Inventorization of Ethnosacred plants of Kishtwar district." ''World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research'' 3.1 (2013): 1160.</ref>

=== Fairs (Melas) ===
Many regions in India and Nepal observe Maha Shivaratri not only through temple worship and fasting, but also through large public fairs (melas) and pilgrimage gatherings at important Shaiva sacred sites.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=L. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oThuRcNAaN4C&dq=shivaratri+fair&pg=PA164 |title=Quality of Life in the Himalayan Region |date=2005 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-173-3 |language=en}}</ref> One of the most prominent gatherings takes place at the Pashupatinath Temple in Kathmandu, where Maha Shivaratri is among the largest annual religious festivals. Thousands of devotees, including ascetics and sadhus from across South Asia, assemble at the temple complex to perform night vigils, offer bilva leaves, and participate in ritual bathing in the nearby [[Bagmati River]].<ref>Sivananda, Swami, and Swami Sahajananda. ''Hindu fasts and festivals''. Vol. 5. Divine Life Society, 1983.</ref> The [[Mandi Shivaratri Fair]] held in the town of [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] is also famous as a venue for Maha Shivaratri celebrations. It is believed that all gods and goddesses of the area, said to number more than 200, assemble here on the day of Maha Shivaratri.<ref name="mandi">{{cite web|title=International Shivaratri fair in Mandi|url=http://himachaltourism.gov.in/post/Mandi.aspx|publisher=Himachal tourism|access-date=8 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414002705/http://himachaltourism.gov.in/post/Mandi.aspx|archive-date=14 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="shiv">{{Cite web|url=http://mandishivratri.com/about-mandi.html|title=The International Festival|access-date=7 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401052653/http://mandishivratri.com/about-mandi.html|archive-date=1 April 2009}}</ref>

=== Dance (Nrutya) ===
The significance of the dance tradition to this festival has historical roots. Maha Shivaratri has served as a historic confluence of artists for annual dance festivals at major Hindu temples such as at [[Konark Sun Temple|Konark]], [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]], [[Pattadakal]], [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Modhera]] and [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Tracy | last=Pintchman|title=Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lOc8ZoLV0wC&pg=PA194|year=2007|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-803934-1|pages=194–195}}</ref> This event is called ''[[Natyanjali]]'', literally "worship through dance", at the Chidambaram temple which is famous for its sculpture depicting all dance mudras in the ancient Hindu text of performance arts called ''[[Natya Shastra]]''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Tracy | last=Pintchman|title=Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lOc8ZoLV0wC&pg=PA194|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803934-1|pages=194–196}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Brenda | last=Pugh McCutchen |title=Teaching Dance as Art in Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0yjXGJ3EEoC |year=2006|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=978-0-7360-5188-0 |pages=450 }}</ref> Similarly, at Khajuraho Shiva temples, a major fair and dance festival on Maha Shivaratri, involving Shaiva pilgrims camped over miles around the temple complex, was documented by Alexander Cunningham in 1864.<ref>{{cite book|author= Shobita Punja|title= Khajuraho: the first thousand years|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CwfWAAAAMAAJ|year= 1999|publisher= Penguin Books|pages= 71–74|isbn= 9780670891900}}</ref>

=== Pilgrimage ===
On Maha Shivaratri, many devotees perform pilgrimages to the major [[Jyotirlinga]] Shiva temples of India, such as [[Varanasi]] and [[Somanatha]]. They also serve as sites for fairs and special events.<ref>{{cite book|first=Diana L. | last=Eck|title=Banras, City of Light|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkkqAAAAYAAJ |year=1982|publisher=Knopf|pages=113, 256, 276| isbn=9780394519715}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/maha-shivratri/|title=🔱Shivaratri - Shivaratri Dates, Schedule and Timing 2023 | Next Shivaratri festival on 18 February 2023|website=varanasiguru.com|date=25 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref> In Tamil Nadu, pilgrimages are also made to the [[Arunachalesvara Temple|Annamalaiyar]] temple located in [[Tiruvannamalai]] district. The special process of worship on this day is Girivalam or Giri Pradakshina, a 14-kilometer barefoot walk around Shiva's temple on top of the hill. A huge lamp of oil and [[camphor]] is lit on the hilltop at sunset, not to be confused with [[Karthigai Deepam|Karthigai Deepam.]]<ref>da Fonseca, Fátima Barahona. "NARRATIVES OF A SACRED MOUNTAIN. ARUNACHALA, TAMIL NADU, SOUTH OF INDIA." ''URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING'': 17.</ref> A ritual marathon is undertaken by the devotees to the 12 Shiva shrines in the district of [[Kanyakumari]] on the day of Shivaratri called [[Sivalaya Ottam]]. During this period, the rope used for hoisting the temple flag is coated with turmeric powder.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-18 |title=FAIRS AND FESTIVALS AT THIRUVITHAMCODE SHIVA AND VISHNU TEMPLES – AN OVERVIEW {{!}} rjisacjournal.com |url=https://www.rjisacjournal.com/fairs-and-festivals-at-thiruvithamcode-shiva-and-vishnu-temples-an-overview/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Shobha Yatras would be organised by various Hindu organisations in different cities. It is a grand festival for [[Punjabi Hindus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiv Sena Punjab organises grand Shobha Yatra on Mahashivratri |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/shiv-sena-punjab-organises-grand-shobha-yatra-on-mahashivratri/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==Legends==
Maha Shivaratri is mentioned in several [[Puranas]], particularly the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', ''[[Linga Purana]],'' and ''[[Padma Purana]]''. These medieval era Shaiva texts present different versions associated with this festival, such as fasting, and offering reverence to a [[lingam]]{{em-dash}}an emblematic figure of Shiva.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p269" />

Different legends describe the significance of Maha Shivaratri. According to one legend in the [[Shaivism]] tradition, this is the night when Shiva performs the heavenly dance of creation, preservation and destruction.<ref name="Dhoraisingam35" /><ref name="auto1" /> The chanting of hymns, the reading of Shiva scriptures and the chorus of devotees joins this cosmic dance and remembers Shiva's presence everywhere. According to another legend, this is the night when Shiva and Parvati got married.<ref name="Dhoraisingam35" /><ref>{{cite book|first=Steven | last=Leuthold|title=Cross-Cultural Issues in Art: Frames for Understanding |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9GsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-85455-2|pages=142–143}}</ref> It is also believed that on this particular day, Shiva gulped the [[Halahala]] produced during the [[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]] and held it in his neck, which bruised and turned blue. As a result, he acquired the epithet [[Nilakanta (Hinduism)|Nilakantha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Vaishali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7KhDwAAQBAJ&dq=did+shiva+drink+poison+on+mahashivratri&pg=PT9 |title=Hindu Culture and Lifestyle: Living Indian Traditions in the age of Artificial Intelligence |date=2019-07-11 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64587-608-3 |language=en}}</ref>

=== The Lingodbhava legend ===
The Linga Purana describes another legend known as ''Lingodbhava'' (the emergence of the linga) in connection with Maha Shivaratri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=Shantha N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4Od9pWMXCsC&q=shivaratri&pg=PT19 |title=The Lord Shiva |date=2009-02-21 |publisher=Pustak Mahal |isbn=978-81-223-1039-9 |language=en}}</ref> In this account, Brahma and Vishnu dispute their supremacy. To settle the debate, a luminous pillar of fire suddenly appeared in front of them. This event was known as ''lingodbhava'' (the birth of the Linga). Brahma took the form of a swan and ascended, trying to find its top, while Vishnu took the form of a boar and descended, seeking its bottom. After thousands of years of fruitless search, both conceded that neither could find an end. At that moment, Shiva emerged from within the flame, and the first Linga was born. The day Shiva appeared and declared his eternal nature is believed to be the day of Maha Shivaratri.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Boer |first1=Lucas den |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrH8DwAAQBAJ&q=lingodbhava&pg=PA75 |title=Framing Intellectual and Lived Spaces in Early South Asia: Sources and Boundaries |last2=Cecil |first2=Elizabeth A. |date=2020-09-21 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-055717-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Achuthananda |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9FqDwAAQBAJ&dq=+Brahma+took+the+form+of+a+swan+and+ascended,+trying+to+find+its+top,+while+Vishnu+took+the+form+of+a+boar+and+descended,+seeking+its+bottom.++lingodbhava&pg=PA1 |title=The Ascent of Vishnu and the Fall of Brahma |date=2018-08-27 |publisher=Relianz Communications Pty Ltd |isbn=978-0-9757883-3-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Romano |first1=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5p1EAAAQBAJ&dq=lingodbhava+maha+shivaratri&pg=PA1923 |title=Ancient India and the Vedic Gods |last2=Publications |first2=DTTV |publisher=Dttv Publications |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Flickr - dalbera - Shiva Natarâdja, Seigneur de la Danse (musée Guimet).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|Many legends explain the significance of Maha Shivaratri, one being it is the night of [[Nataraja|Shiva's dance]](Tandava)]]
[[File:Aegle marmelosleaf 05.JPG|thumb|Bilva (Aegle marmelos) leaves mentioned in the Legend of Gurudruha and traditionally offered to Shiva during Maha Shivaratri]]

=== The legend of Gurudruha (Lubdhaka) ===
The [[Shiva Purana]] contains the popular and detailed story of a forest hunter named Gurudruha (also called Lubdhaka in Balineese texts), which narrates one of the earliest textual explanations for the ritual practice of bilipatra (bilva) leaf offerings during Maha Shivaratri. On one Maha Shivaratri night, Gurudruha, a hunter with no formal religious background, went to the forest to hunt and bring home food for his parents. To escape the threat of wild animals, he climbed a bilva tree. During the first quarter of the night, a hind deer came to drink from the lake. Gurudruha aimed his bow at her. The frightened deer pleaded for her life, explaining that she had young fawns at home and requesting permission to entrust them to her husband before returning to face death. After some hesitation, he agreed. While waiting for the deer to return and to keep himself awake the whole night, he plucked bilva leaves and dropped them to the forest floor. Unknown to Gurudruha, a Shiva linga rested directly beneath the tree. When dawn arrived, thousands of leaves lay upon the linga.<ref>Clifton, Wolf Gordon. "Sustainability policy and the stage of divine play: Hindu philosophy at the nexus of animal welfare, environment, and sustainable development." ''Journal of Animal Ethics'' 13.2 (2023): 169-183.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tanakuṅ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXXoCAAAQBAJ&dq=story+of+lubdhaka&pg=PR5 |title=Śiwarātrikalpa of MPU Tanakuṅ: An Old Javanese poem, its Indian source and Balinese illustrations |date=2013-06-29 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9429-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Teeuw |first1=A. |title=Four Balinese Illustrations of the Tale of Lubdhaka |date=1969 |work=Śiwarātrikalpa of MPU Tanakuṅ: An Old Javanese poem, its Indian source and Balinese illustrations |pages=215–308 |editor-last=Teeuw |editor-first=A. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9429-7_3 |access-date=2026-02-25 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-011-9429-7_3 |isbn=978-94-011-9429-7 |last2=Galestin |first2=Th. P. |last3=Robson |first3=S. O. |last4=Worsley |first4=P. J. |last5=Zoetmulder |first5=P. J. |editor2-last=Galestin |editor2-first=Th. P. |editor3-last=Robson |editor3-first=S. O. |editor4-last=Worsley |editor4-first=P. J.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

At dawn, the deer returned with her family and told the hunter that if he wished to kill her, he would also have to take their lives. As he raised his bow once more, additional bilva leaves fell upon the Shiva linga. The accumulated punya (spiritual merit) from the worship he had unknowingly performed throughout the night had destroyed his sins and transformed his heart. Thus, he released the deer. Pleased by Lubdhaka's accidental vigil and devotion, Shiva appeared before him and granted a boon, declaring that he would be reborn as the king of the town of Shrungaverapura and that [[Rama|Lord Rama]] would visit his home and ultimately grant him liberation. In his next life, Gurudruha was born as [[Guha (Ramayana)|Guha.]]<ref>Siva Purana - English Translation - J. L. Shastri - Part 3. Pg. 1431 - 1439</ref>

==Global worship ==
{{multiple image
| align =
| direction = vertical
| width = 180
| image1 = Prabha 09.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Kotappakonda.jpg
| caption2 =
| image3 =
| width3 = Lighting the holy big lamp on top of the annamalai hill with oil and camphor
| footer = Mahashivaratri Celebrations of Kotappakonda ([[Palnadu district|Palnadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]) observed at night, usually in lighted temples or specially prepared ''prabha'' (above).
}}
=== Nepal ===
[[File:108 Night View Of Pashupatinath Temple.jpg|thumb|Pashupatinath Temple]]
Maha Shivaratri is a national holiday in Nepal and celebrated widely in temples all over the country, especially in the [[Pashupatinath temple]]. Thousands of devotees visit the famous [[Shakta pitha|Shiva Shakti Peetham]] nearby as well. Maha Shivaratri is celebrated as Nepali Army Day amid a spectacular ceremony held at the Army Pavilion, [[Tundikhel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/viewnews/379 |title = Nepali Army {{!}} नेपाली सेना}}</ref> Crowds of sadhus and saints travel to Pashupatinath Temple located in Kathmandu from all of Nepal and neighbouring India to celebrate the day and perform puja on this day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=About 10 lakh visitors expected to throng Pashupatinath temple on Maha Shivratri |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/about-10-lakh-visitors-expected-to-throng-pashupatinath-temple-on-maha-shivratri-2928017 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
In Pakistan, Maha Shivaratri is observed by Hindu communities at several historic temple sites, including the Katas Raj Temples in Punjab. The festival is typically celebrated for one day and one night. In 2006, approximately 300 Indian pilgrims attended the festival at the site, and subsequent years saw participation by both Indian and Pakistani Hindus. In 2010 and 2011, around 2,000 Pakistani Hindus from various regions reportedly gathered at Katas Raj for Shivaratri observances. In 2005, Lal Krishna Advani visited the temple complex and publicly expressed concern over its deteriorated condition. The site is opened to the public only during Shivaratri celebrations, but restricted by the government for the rest of the year.<ref>Gondal, N. A., and S. Arif. "The Dying Temples of Hindus and Sikhs in Potohar Plateau: A Case." (2021): 241-250.</ref>

Another major temple where Shivaratri is celebrated is the [[Shree Ratneshwar Mahadev Temple, Karachi|Shree Ratneshwar Mahadev Temple in Karachi]] whose Shivaratri festival is attended by 25,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/pakistan/story/shri-ratneshwar-mahadev-temple-karachi-overpass-pakistani-hindus-hrcp-187674-2014-04-04|title=150-year-old Hindu temple under threat in Karachi|date=4 April 2014|newspaper=Indiatoday|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> On the Shivaratri night, Hindus in Karachi fast and visit the temple. Later, devotees from the [[Chanesar Goth]] come to the temple carrying water from the holy river [[Ganges]], in order to bathe the idol of [[Lord Shiva|Shiva]]. [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] is performed until 5 am, followed by an [[aarti]]. Devotees then walk barefoot with women carrying a [[pooja thali]] containing flowers, incense sticks, rice, coconut and a [[Diya (lamp)|diya]] to the sea after which they are free to break their fast. Breakfast is served in the temple kitchen.<ref name="Shazia Hasan">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1243973|title=Hindus celebrate Maha Shivratri festival in Karachi|author=Shazia Hasan|date=7 March 2016|newspaper=Dawn|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref>

=== Caribbean ===
Maha Shivaratri is the main Hindu festival among the [[Shaivite|Shaiva Hindu diaspora]] from [[Nepal]] and [[India]]. In [[Indo-Caribbean]] communities, thousands of Hindus spend the festival night in over four hundred temples across multiple countries, offering special ''jhalls'' (milk and curd, flowers, sugarcane and sweets) to Shiva.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trinidad Hindus observe Shivratri amid Carnival Celebration|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2014/03/01/trinidad-hindus-observe-shivratri-amid-carnival-celebration/|publisher=Repeating Islands|access-date=31 August 2016|date=2 March 2014|archive-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921150332/https://repeatingislands.com/2014/03/01/trinidad-hindus-observe-shivratri-amid-carnival-celebration/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2026, the PM of Trinidad and Tobago, [[Kamla Persad-Bissessar]], celebrated Maha Shivaratri by visiting nine Hindu temples across her constituency overnight, joining devotees in the night vigil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-16 |title=PM observes Maha Shivaratri with overnight temple visits |url=https://trinidadexpress.com/newsextra/pm-observes-maha-shivaratri-with-overnight-temple-visits/article_ab5e34c0-ec4b-4588-ac29-f085c19c5c4c.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Trinidad Express Newspapers |language=en}}</ref>

=== Oman ===
In Oman, Maha Shivaratri is observed by the Hindu diaspora at the historic [[Motishwar Mandir]] in the Muttrah area of Muscat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pattnaik |first=Jajati K. |last2=Panda |first2=Chandan K. |date=2022-06-30 |title=INDIAN DIASPORA IN OMAN |url=https://doi.org/10.37867/te1402116 |journal=Towards Excellence |pages=1401–1414 |doi=10.37867/te1402116 |issn=0974-035X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=Sandhya Rao |date=2022-10-02 |title=Strategic Belonging: Hindu Identity and Performance in Oman |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25765949.2022.2151741 |journal=Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=402–416 |doi=10.1080/25765949.2022.2151741 |issn=2576-5949|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The temple, dedicated to Shiva, was built in 1909 by the Bhatia merchant community from Sindh and Gujarat, whose trading networks had been present in Muscat since the early 16th century. The complex contains shrines to Adi Motishwar Mahadev and [[Hanuman]], and serves as one of the oldest Hindu temples in the Persian Gulf region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=M2vu7Odjz6kC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=The+Global+World+of+Indian+Merchants,+1750%E2%80%931947:+Traders+of+Sind+from+...&ots=G-9UBfwKy6&sig=SeI6muYSU9Sx1PwSoE9XOYbvJ0k#v=onepage&q=The%20Global%20World%20of%20Indian%20Merchants,%201750%E2%80%931947:%20Traders%20of%20Sind%20from%20...&f=false |title=The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama |date=2000-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-43127-9 |language=en}}</ref> During Maha Shivaratri, more than 20,000 devotees gather at the temple to perform prayers and night-long worship dedicated to Shiva.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-12 |title=PM Narendra Modi visits Shiva temple in Oman |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-visits-shiva-temple-in-oman/articleshow/62884919.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Outside the Indian subcontinent ===

In [[Mauritius]], Hindus go on pilgrimage to [[Ganga Talao]], a crater-lake.<ref>{{cite web|title=The sacred lake of Ganga Talao|date=3 May 2016|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/05/03/africa/maha-shivaratri-mauritius/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=12 June 2018}}</ref>

Maha Shivaratri is known as Siwa Ratri in [[Indonesia]] and is celebrated by Hindus in [[Bali]] and [[Java]] as a major festival.<ref>https://thebalisun.com/incredible-hindu-festival-in-java-is-an-essential-add-on-adventure-for-bali-tourists/</ref>[[File:Lord Shiva devotees offering milk, flowers, fruits and bel leaves on a Shivaling for seeking divine blessings, in a city temple at the celebration of Maha Shivaratri, in New Delhi on February 23, 2009 (1).jpg|thumb|A family worshipping [[Shiva Linga]] during fasting period.]]

==See also==
* [[Pradosha]]
* [[Rudraksha]]
* [[Vibhuti]]
* [[Rudra]]
* [[Linga]]
* [[Rudrabhisheka]]
* [[Jalabhisheka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://pluralism.org/religions/hinduism/the-hindu-experience/the-great-night-of-shiva/ Maha Shivaratri celebrations in the USA by The Pluralism Project]
* [https://www.ibc24.in/maha-shivratri-2022/full-hd-shivratri-images-780887.html Mahashivratri images]

{{Shaivism}}
{{Shaktism}}
{{Sindhi festivals}}
{{HinduFestivals}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Public holidays in Sri Lanka}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Hindu holy days]]
[[Category:February observances]]
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Nepal]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Vrata]]

Lepcha language

2026-03-21T04:38:55Z

Rrajani: improved citations per sources additionally and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Tibeto-Burman language of Sikkim, Nepal and Bhutan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Lepcha
| altname = | nativename = {{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰛᰩᰵᰛᰧᰵᰶ}}}} {{lang|lep|Róng ríng}}

| region = [[Sikkim]], [[India]]; parts of [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]]
| speakers = 66,500
| date = 2011-2013
| ref = <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lep|title=Lepcha|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-08-08|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| script = [[Lepcha script]] [[Tibetan script]]
| nation = {{flag|India}}
* [[Sikkim]]
| iso3 = lep
| notice = IPA
| glotto = lepc1244
| glottorefname = Lepcha
| image = File:Róng ríng in Lepcha language script.svg
| imagecaption = The word 'Róng ríng' written in Lepcha (Róng) Script
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = Lepcha characters
| fix = Help:Multilingual support
| error = question marks, boxes, or other symbols
| image = LEPCHA_LETTER_FLA.svg
| link = Lepcha (Unicode block)
| alt = <?>
| compact =
}}

'''Lepcha''', also called '''Róng''' ([[Lepcha script|Lepcha]]: {{Lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰛᰩᰵᰛᰧᰵᰶ}}}}; ''Róng ríng''), is a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman language]] spoken by the [[Lepcha people]] in [[Sikkim]], [[India]] and parts of [[West Bengal]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bhutan]].

==Population==
Lepcha is spoken by minorities in the Indian states of [[Sikkim]] and [[West Bengal]], as well as parts of [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]]. Where it is spoken, it is considered to be an aboriginal language, pre-dating the arrival of the [[Tibetan languages]] ([[Sikkimese Tibetan language|Sikkimese]], [[Dzongkha]], and others) and more recent [[Nepali language]]. Lepcha speakers comprise four distinct communities: the Renjóngmú of [[Sikkim]]; the Támsángmú of [[Kalimpong]], [[Kurseong]], and [[Mirik]]; the ʔilámmú of [[Ilam District]], [[Nepal]]; and the Promú of southwestern [[Bhutan]]. Lepcha-speaking groups in India are larger than those in Nepal and Bhutan.<ref name=Plaisier2007>{{cite book|title=A grammar of Lepcha |volume=5 |series=Tibetan studies library: Languages of the greater Himalayan region |first=Heleen |last=Plaisier |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-15525-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpCXEc_9RWcC}}</ref><ref name=NIL/>

The Indian census reported 50,000 Lepcha speakers,<ref name=e18>{{Ethnologue18|lep}}</ref> however the number of native Lepcha speakers in India may be closer to 30,000.<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

===Endangerment===
Since the 1650s, Lepcha has been an endangered language due to the encroachment of Lepcha spheres of life by [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] and later [[Nepali language|Nepali]]. By 1951, 72% of Lepchas were bilingual in Lepcha and Nepali, the latter of which had become the [[lingua franca]] of the community. No monolingual Lepcha speakers were recorded, and 20% of Lepchas could only speak Nepali. Transmission of Lepcha to younger generations has been hindered by primary schools teaching exclusively in Nepali, leading to Lepcha only being learned later in life.<ref name=change>{{cite journal|journal=The Linguistics Journal|title=Language change in Lepcha: An assessment|first=Satarupa|last=Dattamajumdar|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717041627if_/https://www.linguistics-journal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Volume-6-Issue-1-2012.pdf|year=2012|volume=6|issue=1|pages=185-204}}</ref>

Marriages into Nepali-speaking families, central government promotion of [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and an increasing interest in [[English language|English]] among the younger generations have also been cited as significant pressures against Lepcha.<ref name=Rai>{{cite journal|first=Bishwas Mani |last=Rai|doi=10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i01.13333|journal=International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research|title=Examining Transformation in Lepcha Culture and Language within Dzongu, Upper Sikkim: A Reflective Analysis|year=2024|volume=6|issue=1|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Classification==
Lepcha is difficult to classify, but [[George van Driem]] (2001) suggests that it may be closest to the [[Mahakiranti languages]], a subfamily of the [[Himalayish languages]].<ref name=vanDriem2001>{{cite book|first=George |last=van Driem |year=2001 |title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-12062-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC}}</ref>

Lepcha is internally diverse, showing lexical influences from different majority language groups across the four main Lepcha communities. According to Plaisier (2007), these [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Sikkimese Tibetan language|Sikkimese Tibetan]] influences do not amount to a dialectal difference.<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

[[Roger Blench]] (2013) suggests that Lepcha has [[Austroasiatic languages#Possible extinct branches|an Austroasiatic substratum]], which originated from a now-extinct branch of Austroasiatic that he calls "Rongic".<ref>{{cite web |last=Blench |first=Roger |date=2013-12-31 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5562335/Rongic_a_vanished_branch_of_Austroasiatic |title=Rongic: a vanished branch of Austroasiatic |website=Academia.edu}}</ref>

==Features==
Lepcha is a non-[[tone (linguistics)|tonal]] Sino-Tibetan language, although it does have phonemic stress or pitch that may be marked in the [[Lepcha script]].<ref name=Plaisier2007/>{{rp|37}} Much of its lexicon is composed of monosyllabic elements.<ref name=NIL>{{cite web |url=http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm |title=Lepchas and their Tradition |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Sikkim |work=Official Portal of NIC Sikkim State Centre |date=2002-01-25 |access-date=2011-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203541/http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm |archive-date=17 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Notably, words that are commonly considered [[obscenity|obscene]] or [[taboo]] in other languages are not treated as such by native speakers.<ref name=NIL/>

==Script and romanization==
{{main|Lepcha script}}
The [[Lepcha script]] is a [[syllabary|syllabic]] script featuring a variety of special marks and [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]]. Its genealogy is unclear. Early Lepcha manuscripts were written vertically, a sign of [[chinese writing system|Chinese]] influence.<ref name=Coulmas>{{cite book|last=Coulmas |first=Florian |title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems |publisher=Blackwell |year=1996 |isbn=0-631-21481-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3KdxBqjg5cC}}</ref> Prior to the development of the Lepcha script, Lepcha literary works were composed in the [[Tibetan script]].<ref name=NIL/>

Lepcha language is romanized according to varying schemes, the prevailing system being that of [[George Byers Mainwaring|Mainwaring]] (1876). Most linguists, including Plaisier (2007), whose system is used in this article, have followed modified versions of Mainwaring's system. Other linguists and historians have used systems based on European languages such as English, French, and German.<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
Lepcha consonants appear in the chart below, following Plaisier (2007):<ref name=Plaisier2007/>{{rp|21–32}}
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato- alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align=center
!colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}} {{angbr|m}} ||{{IPAlink|n}} {{angbr|n}} || || || ||{{IPAlink|ɲ}} {{angbr|ny}} ||{{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{angbr|ng}} ||
|- align=center
!rowspan=3|[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
![[voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPAlink|p}} {{angbr|p}} ||{{IPAlink|t}} {{angbr|t}} || ||{{IPAlink|ʈ}} {{angbr|tr}} || ||{{IPAlink|c}} {{angbr|c}} ||{{IPAlink|k}} {{angbr|k}} ||{{IPAlink|ʔ}} {{angbr|ʔ}}
|- align=center
![[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}} {{angbr|ph}} ||{{IPAlink|tʰ}} {{angbr|th}} || ||{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}} {{angbr|thr}} || ||{{IPAlink|cʰ}} {{angbr|ch}} ||{{IPAlink|kʰ}} {{angbr|kh}} ||
|- align=center
![[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPAlink|b}} {{angbr|b}} ||{{IPAlink|d}} {{angbr|d}} || ||{{IPAlink|ɖ}} {{angbr|dr}} || || ||{{IPAlink|ɡ}} {{angbr|g}} ||
|- align=center
!rowspan=3|[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
![[voicelessness|voiceless]]
| || ||{{IPAlink|ts}} {{angbr|ts}} || || || || ||
|- align=center
![[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
| || ||{{IPAlink|tsʰ}} {{angbr|tsh}} || || || || ||
|- align=center
![[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| || ||rowspan="2"|{{IPAlink|z}}~{{IPAlink|dz}} {{angbr|z}} || || || || ||
|- align=center
!rowspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPAlink|v}} {{angbr|v}} || || ||{{IPAlink|ʒ}} {{angbr|j}}|| || ||
|- align=center
![[voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPAlink|f}} {{angbr|f}} || ||{{IPAlink|s}} {{angbr|s}} || || {{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{angbr|sh}}|| || ||
|- align=center
!colspan=2|[[Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|w}} {{angbr|w}}||{{IPAlink|l}} {{angbr|l}}|| || || ||{{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|y}}|| ||{{IPAlink|h}} {{angbr|h}}
|- align=center
!colspan=2|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| || ||{{IPAlink|r}} {{angbr|r}}|| || || || ||
|}
Retroflex phonemes /ʈ/, /ʈʰ/, and /ɖ/ are written in [[Lepcha script]] as {{lang|lep|ᰀᰥ}} {{transliteration|lep|kr}}, {{lang|lep|ᰝᰥ}} {{transliteration|lep|hr}}, and {{lang|lep|ᰃᰥ}} {{transliteration|lep|gr}}, respectively. Most, though not all, instances of retroflex consonants indicate a word is of [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] origin. To distinguish this retroflex sound in [[Lepcha script]], a dot may be written underneath: {{lang|lep|ᰀᰥ᰷}}, {{lang|lep|ᰝᰥ᰷}}, and {{lang|lep|ᰃᰥ᰷}}. Native instances of non-retroflex {{lang|lep|ᰀᰥ}} {{transliteration|lep|kr}}, {{lang|lep|ᰝᰥ}} {{transliteration|lep|hr}}, and {{lang|lep|ᰃᰥ}} {{transliteration|lep|gr}} may either be pronounced as written or as {{angbr|tr}}, {{angbr|thr}}, and {{angbr|dr}}. For example, {{transliteration|lep|tagrikup}}, {{gloss|boy}}, may be said either {{IPA|[ta ɡri kɯʔp̚]}} or {{IPA|[ta ɖi kɯʔp̚]}}.<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

Lepcha has three glide consonants that may occur after certain initial consonants: {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, and {{IPA|/l/}}. When the phoneme {{IPA|/r/}} operates as a glide, it can combine with {{IPA|/j/}} as a double-glide: {{lang|lep|ᰕᰥᰤᰩᰮ}} {{transliteration|lep|mryóm}}, {{gloss|to spread over the ground, creep}}. Notably, syllables with the glide {{IPA|/l/}} are given their own independent forms in the [[Lepcha script]].<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

Velar consonants {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} preceding front vowels {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/e/}} are palatalized as {{IPA|[kʲ]}} and {{IPA|[ɡʲ]}}, respectively. Fricatives {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} are merged before {{IPA|/i/}}.<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

Lepcha speakers tend not to distinguish between {{IPA|/z/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, pronouncing both as {{IPA|[z]}}~{{IPA|[dz]}}~{{IPA|[ʒ]}}. Additionally, initial {{IPA|/ŋ/}} is occasionally realized as {{IPA|[ɦ]}}. Under the influence of [[Nepali language|Nepali]], some Lepcha speakers have lost the distinction between {{IPA|/pʰ/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}, and between {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/w/}}.<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

Of the above phonemes, only {{IPA|/m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /k/, /t/, /p/, /r/}}, and {{IPA|/l/}} may be syllable-final. Native speakers tend to neutralize the difference between final {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|/ŋ/}}. In syllable-final position, stops are realized as an unreleased stop, usually pronounced with a simultaneous {{IPA|/ʔ/}}: for example, {{IPA|/k/}} becomes {{IPA|[ʔk̚]}}.<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

===Vowels===
According to Plaisier (2007), Lepcha has eight vowels:<ref name=Plaisier2007/>{{rp|17–21}}
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan="2"| !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !!colspan="2"| [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!colspan="3"| [[Unrounded vowel|Unrounded]]
! [[Rounded vowel|Rounded]]
|-
|- align=center
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}}, {{angbr|í}} || || {{IPA link|ɯ}} {{angbr|u}} || {{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|ú}}
|- align=center
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| rowspan="3"|{{IPA link|e}}~{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{angbr|e}}|| || || {{IPA link|o}} {{angbr|o}}
|- align=center
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|ə}} {{angbr|a}}, {{angbr|â}} || ||
|- align=center
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| || || {{IPA link|ɔ}} {{angbr|ó}}
|- align=center
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| || {{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|á}} || ||
|}
The phoneme denoted by {{angbr|í}} is shortened and appears in closed syllables; {{angbr|i}} is longer and appears in open syllables. The phoneme /e/ is realized as {{IPA|[e]}} in open syllables and in closed syllables before {{IPA|/ŋ/}} or {{IPA|/k/}}. Closed syllables ending in {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}, and {{IPA|/t/}} show free variation between {{IPA|[e]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, and even {{IPA|[ɪ]}}. Distinctions between {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} are often lost among non-literate speakers, particularly those highly fluent in [[Nepali language]], which does not contrast the sounds.<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

==Grammar==
Lepcha grammar features nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. Word order is typically [[subject–object–verb]] (SOV). Lepcha morphology is somewhat [[agglutination|agglutinative]], though most bare Lepcha lexicon is made up of one- or two-syllable words. Nouns are arranged into either head-first or head-last noun phrases. Relative clauses and genitive phrases precede nouns, whereas markers for demonstratives, definiteness, number, case, and other particles follow the noun. Lepcha is an [[ergative language]], where the ergative case indicates transitivity and completedness of the event. There is no grammatical agreement between different parts of speech (i.e. verb conjugation). Adjectives follow nouns they modify, function as predicates, or stand independently as nominal heads. Adverbs generally directly precede verbs, and [[reduplication]] is generally productive for adverbs of time (e.g. {{transliteration|lep|nám}} {{gloss|year}} → {{transliteration|lep|nám-nám}} {{gloss|yearly}}).<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

===Syntax===
Some basics of Lepcha syntax are outlined in Mainwaring (1876).<ref name=Mainwaring1876>{{cite book|year=1876|last=Mainwaring|first=George Byres|title=Grammr of the Rong (Lepcha) Language|location=Calcutta|publisher=Baptist Mission Press}}</ref>{{rp|119-130}}

The basic word order in Lepcha is [[subject–object–verb]]. Adjectives follow the noun they modify.

Possessors precede the nouns they possess.

===Nouns===
According to Plaisier (2007), Lepcha has only two true "[[grammatical case|cases]]" that modify the noun morphologically: the [[definite article]] {{transliteration|lep|-re}} and the [[dative case]] marker {{transliteration|lep|-m}}. All other noun markers, including for example the genitive marker, are actually invariable postpositions. A series noun markers may follow a single noun. Together, these cases and postpositions are:<ref name=Plaisier2007/>
{| class="wikitable"
! Postposition !! Meaning
|-
| {{lang|lep|-ᰠᰴ}} {{transliteration|lep|-sang}} || human plural
|-
| {{lang|lep|-ᰎᰴ}} {{transliteration|lep|-pong}} || non-human plural
|-
| {{lang|lep|-ᰛᰬ}} {{transliteration|lep|-re}} || definite, topic
|-
| {{lang|lep|-ᰍᰪ}}/{{lang|lep|-ᰍᰪᰰ}} {{transliteration|lep|-nu}}/{{transliteration|lep|nun}} || ergative, ablative
|-
| {{lang|lep|- ᰮ}} {{transliteration|lep|-m}} || dative
|-
| {{lang|lep|-ᰠᰦ}} {{transliteration|lep|-sá}} || genitive
|-
| {{lang|lep|-ᰀᰦ}} {{transliteration|lep|-ká}} || locative
|-
| {{lang|lep|-ᰕᰪ}} {{transliteration|lep|-mu}} || only
|-
| {{lang|lep|-ᰉᰬᰳ}} {{transliteration|lep|-nyet}} || both
|}

Plurals are marked differently according to whether they are human ({{transliteration|lep|-sang}}) or non-human ({{transliteration|lep|-pong}}) nouns. Notably, the plural is not used when the noun is followed by a number.<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

According to Plaisier (2007), Lepcha [[personal pronoun]]s are as follows:<ref name=Plaisier2007/>
{| class="wikitable"
! !! Singular (Oblique) !! Dual !! Plural
|-
! First person
| {{lang|lep|ᰃᰨ}} {{transliteration|lep|go}} ({{lang|lep|ᰀᰠᰪ}} {{transliteration|lep|kasu}}) || {{lang|lep|ᰀᰦᰉᰧᰶ}} {{transliteration|lep|kányí}} || {{lang|lep|ᰀᰦᰚᰫ}} {{transliteration|lep|káyú}}
|-
! Second person
|{{lang|lep|ᰝᰩ}} {{transliteration|lep|hó}} ({{lang|lep|ᰣᰦᰌᰨ}} {{transliteration|lep|ʔádo}}) || {{lang|lep|ᰣᰦᰉᰧᰶ}} {{transliteration|lep|ʔányí}} || {{lang|lep|ᰣᰦᰚᰫ}} {{transliteration|lep|ʔáyú}}
|-
! Third person
| {{lang|lep|ᰝᰪ}} {{transliteration|lep|hu}} ({{lang|lep|ᰝᰪᰌᰨ}} {{transliteration|lep|hudo}}) || {{lang|lep|ᰝᰪᰉᰧᰶ}} {{transliteration|lep|hunyí}} || {{lang|lep|ᰝᰪᰚᰫ}} {{transliteration|lep|huyú}}
|}
Oblique forms appear in parentheses above. Lepcha personal pronouns can refer only to humans; otherwise demonstratives are used. Personal pronouns may take the definite article {{transliteration|lep|-re}}.<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

====Thematic classes====
Many Lepcha nouns can be grouped into one of several classes based on associated characteristics. For example, many animal names begin with the [[Lepcha script]] syllabic {{angbr|sâ}}, e.g., {{lang|lep|ᰠᰲᰶ}} {{transliteration|lep|sâr}} {{gloss|goat}}, {{lang|lep|ᰠᰶᰛᰤᰨᰮ}} {{transliteration|lep|sâryom}} {{gloss|otter}}, {{lang|lep|ᰠᰶᰜᰩᰭ}} {{transliteration|lep|sâlók}} {{gloss|rhinoceros}}, and {{lang|lep|ᰠᰝᰪ}} {{transliteration|lep|sâhu}} {{gloss|monkey}}. Other noun classes include {{angbr|sâ}} and {{angbr|ka}} for plants, and {{angbr|pe}} or {{angbr|pâ}} for snakes and bamboo products.<ref name=NIL/><ref name=dictionary>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of the Lepcha-language
|editor-first=Albert |editor-last=Grünwedel |first=George Byres |last=Mainwaring |publisher=Unger bros. |year=1898 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023194198}}</ref>

===Verbs===
Lepcha verbs generally function as [[predicate (grammar)|predicate]]s or, in [[relative clause]]s, as modifiers before a head-noun. Verbs may also be nominalized by a combination of suffixes. For example, {{transliteration|lep|zo}} {{gloss|eat}} may be suffixed to produce {{transliteration|lep|zo-shang-re}} {{gloss|eating}}.<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

Many [[intransitive verb]]s incorporate a [[causative]] {{transliteration|lep|-y-}} [[infix]], sometimes followed by a {{transliteration|lep|-t}} suffix, to take a [[transitive verb|transitive]] sense:
* {{lang|lep|ᰕᰦᰭ}} {{transliteration|lep|mák}} {{gloss|die}} → {{lang|lep|ᰕᰤᰦᰭ}} {{transliteration|lep|myák}} {{gloss|kill}};
* {{lang|lep|ᰏᰶ}} {{transliteration|lep|plâ}} {{gloss|come forth}} → {{lang|lep|ᰏᰤᰶ}} {{transliteration|lep|plyâ}} {{gloss|bring forth}};
* {{lang|lep|ᰄᰫ}} {{transliteration|lep|glú}} {{gloss|fall down}} → {{lang|lep|ᰄᰤᰳ/ᰄᰤᰬᰳ}} {{transliteration|lep|glyat/glyet}} {{gloss|drop}}.<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

Verbs are followed by grammatical suffixes and particles. Verbal particles indicating sureness, polite requests, authoritativeness, dubiousness, and other nonlexical information follow clauses. Below is a chart of such verb- and clause-final suffixes and particles largely following Plaisier (2007):<ref name=Plaisier2007/>
{| class="wikitable"
! Suffix or Particle !! Meaning
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|-wám/-ʔám/-bám}} || progressive
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|-tho}} || exhaustive
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|-hát}} || perfective
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|-shang}} || infinitive
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|-bú}} || factual
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|-re}} || definite
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|nón}} || resultant
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|ká}} || [[adhortative]]
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|gó}} || question
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|le}} || polite request
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|ma}} || assertive
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|ce}} || authoritative
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|te}} || dubiousness
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|pá}} || certainty
|-
| {{transliteration|lep|lyók}} || inference
|}

Verbs are negated by a [[circumfix]], {{transliteration|lep|ma-{{circumfix|...}}-n(e)}}, e.g., {{transliteration|lep|khut}} {{gloss|to be able}} becomes {{transliteration|lep|ma-khut-ne}} {{gloss|to be unable}}.<ref name=Plaisier2007/>

== Vocabulary ==
These are some sample words published in Renato Figuerido's Lepcha dictionary.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freelang.net/online/lepcha.php?lg=gb |title=Freelang Lepcha-English dictionary |last=Figuerido |first=Renato B. |date=2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Caption text
|-
! English !! Lepcha (Latin) !! Lepcha (Róng/Lepcha script)
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Lady || Ku-mo || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{script|Lepc|ᰀᰪᰕᰨ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Let || kón || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰀᰩᰰ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Proceed || Dí || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰌᰧᰶ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Reach a height || Thók || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰋᰩᰭ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Riverbank || Klóp || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰁᰩᰱ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| A cut || Mó || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰕᰩ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| To pull || Krút || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰀᰥᰫᰳ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Go || Nóng || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰍᰩᰵ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Flabby || Thyor || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰋᰤᰨᰲ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Reflective Light || Lóng || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰜᰩᰵ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Palm || Lyók || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰜᰤᰩᰭ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| To be short || Tan || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰊᰰ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Meat || Ke-rung || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰀᰬᰛᰪᰵ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Overclouded || Muk || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰕᰪᰭ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| What comes first || Ták || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰊᰦᰭ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Mother || A-mo || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰣᰕᰨ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| To knot || Tyep || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰊᰤᰬᰱ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| A spec of Sterculia || Ke-hlyám kun || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰀᰬᰞᰤᰮ ᰀᰪᰰ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Be on strong legs || Krang || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰀᰥᰴ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Dirt || Me-ri || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰕᰬᰛᰧ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| To slice || Líp || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰜᰧᰶ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Entire || Shem || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰡᰬᰮ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Cold || Hyáng || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰝᰤᰦᰵ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| To be drawn together || Chom || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰇᰨᰮ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| One's Self || Te-do || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰊᰬᰌᰨ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Wide || Veng || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰟᰬᰵ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| To arrest || Tho || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰋᰨ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| To crush || Shíp || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰡᰧᰶ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Mouth || A-bong || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰣᰓᰨᰵ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| To twist || Kar || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰀᰲ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Arrow || Sa-li || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰠᰜᰧ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Egg || Tí || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰊᰧᰶ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| To sit || Ngan || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰅᰰ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Flow round || Kyúl || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰀᰤᰫᰯ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Overclouded || Pe-mang || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰎᰬᰕᰴ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| House || A-dóng || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰣᰌᰩᰵ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Carry || Bú || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰓᰫ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Dream || Mong || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰕᰨᰵ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| A corner || Tung-kyang || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰊᰪᰵᰀᰤᰴ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Basket || Dyóng || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰌᰤᰩᰵ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Large || Túng || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰊᰫᰵ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Husband || Evo || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰣᰬᰟᰨ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Grain || Gró || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰃᰥᰩ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Rice basket || Ku-mu || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰀᰪᰕᰪ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Placenta || A-yeng-tyol || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰣᰚᰬᰵᰊᰤᰨᰯ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Quick || Rem || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰛᰬᰮ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| Sew || Hrap || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰝᰥᰱ}}}}}}
|-
|style="padding:30px;"| A spec of Solanum || Ke-lim-bi || {{huge|{{lang|lep|{{Script|Lepc|ᰀᰬᰜᰧᰮᰓᰧ}}}}}}
|}

==Sample text==
The following text is Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in Lepcha:<ref name="UDHR_Lepcha">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/lep.pdf |trans-title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Lepcha translation |title=ᰀᰪᰵᰶᰛᰦᰵ ᰝᰦᰵ ᰜᰦᰵ ᰝᰥᰪᰵ ᰠᰦᰵᰶ ᰛᰦᰵᰶᰊᰦᰵ ᰜᰦᰵ ᰀᰪᰵᰶ ᰛᰦᰵ ᰝᰦᰵ ᰜᰦᰵ|website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |language=Lepcha |page=1|access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Lepcha in Róng Script ===
{{Block indent|{{Lang|lep-Lepc|ᰠᰕᰆᰪ ᰍᰬᰊ: ᰠᰕᰆᰪ-ᰍᰬᰊ ᰀᰪᰃᰧᰊ ᰎᰦᰆᰎᰛᰌᰨᰅ, ᰣᰦᰓᰪᰣᰦᰕᰨᰊ, ᰣᰦᰈᰤᰀ, ᰠᰅᰃᰤᰨ ᰃᰬᰍᰎᰍ ᰣᰰ ᰠᰕᰠᰕᰆᰨ ᰜᰤᰦᰅᰌᰬ ᰣᰰ ᰕᰎᰬᰜᰟᰪ ᰏᰤᰨᰍᰰ ᰍᰪᰛ, ᰣᰧᰊ ᰣᰍ ᰠᰈᰨᰅᰌᰨᱏᰨᰈᰨᰅ ᰠᰤᰪᰋᰨ ᰠᰪᰈᰨᰅᰌᰨ ᰋᰨ ᰕᰪᰌᰪᰀᰕᰪᰌᰪᰀ ᰣᰦᰓᰥᰬᰊ ᰕᰃᰦᰊ ᰀᰦᰊ ᰍᰰ ᰀᰦᰊ ᰠᰕᰤᰪᰛᰬᰕ ᰣᰦᰛᰬ ᰇᰤᰨᰛᰧᰶᰀᰦ ᰎᰧᰋᰨ ᰋᰨᰅᰎᰨᰅᰠᰦ ᰋᰨᰅ ᰍᰧᰠᰧᰶᰕᰣᰨ ᰻ ᰣᰦᰛᰬᰓᰬᰀ ᰃᰬᰍᰎᰍ, ᰜᰤᰦᰅ ᰋᰨᰀᰦ ᰣᰦᰎᰧᰶᰍ ᰣᰦᰟᰨᰍ ᰜᰤᰦᰅ ᰌᰬᰎ ᰝᰦᰌᰨ ᰠᰮᰕᰪ ᰠᰛᰬᰌᰨ ᰋᰨ, ᰆᰰᱏᰧᰀ ᰈᰤᰫᰅᰕᰃᰦᰊ ᰣᰰ ᰜᰤᰦᰅ ᰈᰤᰫᰅᰠᰦ ᰈᰤᰫᰅ ᰜᰤᰦᰅ ᰜᰧᰈᰨᰅ ᰠᰳᰌᰨᰜᰦ ᰋᰨᰀᰦ ᰣᰦᰓᰥᰬᰊ ᰕᰈᰪᰀᰕᰣᰨ ᰻}}}}
=== Lepcha in Devanagari Script ===
{{Block indent|{{Lang|lep-Deva|समचु-नेत: कुगित पाचपरदोङ, आबुआमोत, आज्यक, सङग्यो गेनपन अन् समसमचो ल्याङदे अन् मपेलवु प्ल्योनन् नुर, इत अन सजोङदोडोजोङ स्युथो सुजोङदो थो मुदुकमुदुक आब्रेत मगात कात नन् कात सम्युरेम आरे छ्योरीका पिथो थोङपोङसा थोङ निसीमओ । आरेबेक गेनपन, ल्याङ थोका आपीन आवोन ल्याङ देप हादो सम्मु सरेदो थो, चण्डिक ज्यूङमगात अन् ल्याङ ज्यूङसा ज्यूङ ल्याङ लिजोङ सत्दोला थोका आब्रेत मजुकमओ ।}}}}

=== Romanisation ===
{{Block indent|{{translit|lep|ISO|samcu net: samcu-net kugit pācaparadong, ābuāmota, ājyaka, sanggyo genpan an samsamco lyāngde an mapelwu plyonn nur, it an sajongdoḍḍojong syutho sujongdo tho mudukmuduk ābret magāt kāt nan kāt samyurem āre chyoriíkā pitho thongpongsā thong nisímao | ārebek genpan, lyāng thokā āpín āwon lyāng dep hādo sammu saredo tho, canḍḍik jyúngmagāt an lyāng jyúngsā jyúng lyāng lijong satdolā thokā ābret majukmao}}}}
=== IPA Transcription ===
{{Block indent|{{IPA|/sam.cu net । sam.cu net ku.git paː.ca.pa.ra.doŋ, aː.bu.aː.mo.ta, aː.d͡ʒja.ka, saŋ.gjo gen.pan an sam.sam.co ljaːŋ.de an ma.pel.wu pljonn nur, it an sa.d͡ʒoŋ.doɖ.ɖo.d͡ʒoŋ sju.tʰo su.d͡ʒoŋ.do tʰo mu.duk.mu.duk aː.bret ma.gaːt kaːt nan kaːt sam.ju.rem aː.re cʰjo.riː.ka pi.tʰo tʰoŋ.poŋ.sa tʰoŋ ni.siː.ma.o । aː.re.bek gen.pan, ljaːŋ tʰo.ka aː.piːn aː.won ljaːŋ dep haː.do sam.mu sa.re.do tʰo, can.ɖɖik d͡ʒjuːŋ.ma.gaːt an ljaːŋ d͡ʒjuːŋ.sa d͡ʒjuːŋ ljaːŋ li.d͡ʒoŋ sat.do.la tʰo.ka aː.bret ma.d͡ʒuk.ma.o/}}}}
=== Translation ===
{{Block indent|'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<ref>{{UDHR|code=en|label=English}}</ref>}}

==See also==
{{Incubator|code= lep}}
*[[Lepcha script]]
*[[Sikkimese Tibetan language]]
*[[Languages of Nepal]]
*[[Languages of India]]
*[[Languages of Bhutan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.lepcha.info/ |title=Information on Lepcha Language and Culture |first=Heleen |last=Plaisier |date=2010-11-13 |access-date=2011-04-16}}
*{{cite book|first=George Byres |last=Mainwaring |title=A grammar of the Róng (Lepcha) language, as it exists in the Dorjeling and Sikim hills |publisher=Printed by C. B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press |place=Calcutta |year=1876 }}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Languages of Bhutan}}
{{Languages of Nepal}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lepcha Language}}
[[Category:Bodish languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Unclassified Sino-Tibetan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Koshi Province]]

Jayakumari

2026-03-20T00:31:30Z

Rrajani: adjusted section per standard format and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayakumari
| image=
| occupation = Actor
| years_active= 1960-1982
| birth_place =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Jayakumari''' is an Indian actress in South Indian films. She was born in 1952 and was a prominent [[lead actress]] during the 1960s and 1970s in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] films. She was noted for her glamorous roles. She has acted around 50 Malayalam movies. She hails from [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nthwall.com/ml/Jayakumari/celebrities/4564103886 |title=Jayakumari's Movies, Latest News, Video Songs, wallpapers, New Images, Photos, Biography, Upcoming Movies.- NTH Wall |access-date=15 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315041145/http://www.nthwall.com/ml/Jayakumari/celebrities/4564103886 |archive-date=15 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She made her debut through 1968 Malayalam movie ''Collector Malathi''. She had acted opposite famous actors like [[Prem Nazir]] in ''[[Football Champion]]'', [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] in ''[[Nootrukku Nooru]]'' and [[Dr. Rajkumar]] in ''Mannina Maga ''. She acted more than 200 films in variety roles.

==Partial filmography==
''This list is incomplete, you may expand it''

===Tamil===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Nadodi]]'' (1966) - Debut in Tamil
*''[[Chakkaram]]'' (1968)
*''Sathiyam Thavaradhey'' (1968)
*''[[CID Shankar]]'' (1970)
*''[[Engirundho Vandhaal]]'' (1970)
*''[[Patham Pasali]]'' (1970)
*''[[Anadhai Anandhan]]'' (1970)
*''[[Maanavan]]'' (1970)
*''[[Thabalkaran Thangai]]'' (1970)
*''[[Maanavan]]'' (1970)
*''Malathi'' (1970)
*''[[Meendum Vazhven]]'' (1971)
*''[[Nootrukku Nooru]]'' (1971)
*''[[Kettikaran]]'' (1971)
*''[[Rickshawkaran]]'' (1971)
*''[[Arunodhayam]]'' (1971)
*''[[Thirumagal (1971 film)|Thriumagal]]'' (1971)
*''[[Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' (1972)
*''Kannamma'' (1972)
*''Varaverpu'' (1972)
*''[[Bathilukku Bathil]]'' (1972)
*''[[Ganga (1972 film)|Ganga]]'' (1972)
*''[[Gauravam (1973 film)|Gauravam]]'' (1973) as Kalpana
*''[[Thedi Vandha Lakshmi]]'' (1973) as Pattuma
*''[[Amman Arul]]'' (1973)
*''[[Ponvandu]]'' (1973)
*''[[Pookkari]]'' (1973)
*''[[Maanikka Thottil]]'' (1974)
*''Kalyanamam Kalyanam'' (1974)
*''Idhayam Parkiradhu'' (1974)
*''Pandhattam'' (1974)
*''[[Vairam]]'' (1974)
*''Pinju Manam'' (1975)
*''Thiyaga Ullam'' (1975)
*''[[Chitra Pournami (film)|Chitra Pournami]]'' (1976)
*''Ival Oru Seethai'' (1978)
*''[[Mullum Malarum]]'' (1978)
*''Thunaivi'' (1982)
{{div col end}}

===Malayalam===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Kanalkattakal]]'' (1978)
*''Yakshagaanam'' (1976)
*''[[Kalyana Sougandhikam (1975 film)|Kalyana Sougandhikam]]'' (1975)
*''[[Chattambikkalyaani]]'' (1975) as Devi
*''Rahasyaraathri'' (1974)
*''Bhoomidevi Pushpiniyaayi'' (1974)
*''Nadeenadanmaare Aavasyamundu'' (1974)
*''[[Pancha Thanthram|Panchathanthram]]'' (1974)
*''[[Football Champion]]'' (1973)
*''Nrithasaala'' (1972)
*''[[Kandavarundo]]'' (1972)
*[[Naadan Premam (film)|Naadan Premam]] (1972)
*''[[Agnimrigam]]'' (1971)
*''[[Rathri Vandi]]'' (1971)
*''Collector Malathi'' (1967)
{{div col end}}

===Telugu===
*''[[Bala Mitrula Katha]]'' (1972)
*''[[Manavudu Danavudu]]'' (1972)
*''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1971 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' (1971)
*''[[Kalyana Mandapam]]'' (1971)
*''[[Rangeli Raja]]'' (1971) as Gowri
*''Inti Gowravam'' (1970)

===Kannada===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Makkala Rajya]]'' (1960) as Uncredited debut in Kannada, child artist
*''[[Mannina Maga]]'' (1968)
*''[[Hoovu Mullu]]'' (1968)
*''[[Choori Chikkanna]]'' (1969)
*''[[Bhale Raja]]'' (1969)
*''Bhale Bhaskar'' (1971)
*''[[Kranti Veera]]'' (1972)
*''[[Hrudaya Sangama]]'' (1972)
*''[[Professor Huchuraya]]'' (1974)
*''Nanoo Balabeku'' (1974)
*''Chamundeshwari Mahime'' (1974)
*''Bangalore Bhootha'' (1976)
*''[[Bhale Huduga]]'' (1978)
{{div col end}}

===Hindi===
*''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'' (1971)
*''Yeh Chor Yeh Lutere'' (1974)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3174184}}
*[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Jayakumari&limit=9 Jayakumari at MSI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315041319/http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Jayakumari&limit=9 |date=15 March 2014 }}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]

Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon

2026-03-19T06:58:55Z

Rrajani: add details for consistency

{{Short description|Indian Air Force officer; Param Vir Chakra recipient}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Flying Officer]]
| name = Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|size=100%|country=IND|PVC}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1945|7|17}}<ref name=OfficialDoB>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/10877/|title=Service Record for Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon|publisher=bharat-rakshak.com|date=December 2017|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1971|12|14|1945|7|17}}<ref name=OfficialDoB/>
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref name="The Tribune Chandigarh">{{cite news|last1=Vasdev|first1=Kanchan|title=Sekhon's hamlet to be 'adarsh village'|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030130/ldh1.htm|access-date=11 April 2016|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|date=30 January 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040301172120/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030130/ldh1.htm|archive-date=1 March 2004}}</ref> (now in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])
| death_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| image = Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon 2000 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = A 2000 Indian postage stamp featuring a portrait of gallantry award winner Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon, PVC, in military uniform. To his right is a line drawing of a jet aircraft in flight. The stamp includes the Indian Air Force crest and text commemorating 50 years of the Republic of India.
| caption = Sekhon on a 2000 stamp of India
| birth_name = Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon
| other_name = N.J.S. Sekhon
| nickname = Nimmy Brother
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{air force|India}}
| serviceyears = 1967–1971{{KIA}}
| rank = [[File:Flying Officer of IAF.png|20px]] [[Flying Officer]]
| servicenumber = 10877 F(P)<ref name=OfficialDoB/>
| unit = [[File:Roundel of India.svg|20px]] [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|No. 18 Squadron]] ([[No. 18 Squadron IAF|Flying Bullets]])
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
**[[Operation Chengiz Khan]]{{KIA}}
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[Image:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Param Vir Chakra]] (posthumous)
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[File:National Defence Academy NDA.png|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]]
* [[File:Badge of the Indian Air Force.png|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Air Force Academy (India)|Indian Air Force Academy]]
}}
}}

[[Indian Air Force ranks and insignia#Commissioned Officers|Flying Officer]] '''Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon''', {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVC}} (17 July 1945 – 14 December 1971)<ref name=OfficialDoB/> was an officer of the [[Indian Air Force]]. He was [[Posthumous award|posthumously awarded]] the [[Param Vir Chakra]], India's highest military honour, in recognition of his lone defence of [[Srinagar]] Air Base against a [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) air raid during the [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-05|title=Batchmates remember of IAF's lone Param Vir Chakra awardee recall his valour|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/batch-mates-of-iaf-lone-param-vir-chakra-awardee-nirmal-jit-singh-sekhon-recall-his-valour-on-50th-anniversary-of-passing-out-4688184/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He is the only member of the Indian Air Force to be honoured with the PVC.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/IAF-scales-3-virgin-peaks-in-Ladakh-region/Article1-902882.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313012301/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/IAF-scales-3-virgin-peaks-in-Ladakh-region/Article1-902882.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2014 |title=IAF scales 3 virgin peaks in Ladakh region |publisher=Hindustan Times |date= 27 July 2012|access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref>

Flying Officer Sekhon's remains as well as the exact location of the crash site of his aircraft are still unknown.

[[File:FO Nirmal Jit Singh.jpg|thumb|[[File:Indian Air Force - Pilot Badge.png|35px]] [[Indian Air Force ranks and insignia#Commissioned Officers|Fg Offr]] Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon, [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]]]

[[File:Statue of Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon and his aircraft, 10 sep 2013.jpg|thumb|Statue of Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon and his aircraft]]

[[File:No. 18 Squadron IAF, a few before the India-Pakistan War of 1971. Colorized.jpg|thumb|Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon in a colorized photograph of the [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|No. 18 Squadron]] just a few months before the [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]]. He is sitting in the 2nd row from the bottom, 4th from the right.]]

==Early life==
Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon was born in a [[Jat Sikh]] family on 17 July 1945<ref name=OfficialDoB/> in the village of [[Isewal]], [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name="The Tribune Chandigarh"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Param Vir Chakra winners since 1950 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Param-Vir-Chakra-winners-since-1950/articleshow/2731710.cms |access-date=14 November 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Indiatimes News Network |date=25 January 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161018224154/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Param-Vir-Chakra-winners-since-1950/articleshow/2731710.cms |archive-date=18 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> His father was an Indian Air Force’s [[Junior commissioned officer|Master Warrant Officer]], Honorary [[Flight lieutenant|Flight Lieutenant]] Tarlochan Singh Sekhon<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030131/ldh1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Ludhiana Stories - ‘Nirmal did us all proud’|publisher=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref> and his mother was Harbans Kaur Sekhon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/content/stories-gallantry-award|title=Stories of Gallantry Award | Indian Air Force | Government of India|website=indianairforce.nic.in}}</ref> He was commissioned into the [[Indian Air Force]] on 4 June 1967 as a [[Pilot Officer]].

==Param Vir Chakra Award==
During the India–Pakistan war of 1971, he was stationed at the [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|No.18 Squadron]], "Flying Bullets" of IAF, flying the [[Folland Gnat]] [[fighter aircraft]] based at Srinagar. On 14 December 1971 Srinagar airfield was attacked – as part of [[Operation Chengiz Khan]] – by six [[Pakistan Air Force]] [[F-86 Sabre|F-86]] jets of [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|26 Squadron]] from [[Peshawar Airport|PAF Base Peshawar]]. [[Indian_Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia#Commissioned_Officers|Fg Offr]] Sekhon was on readiness duty at that time. As soon as the first aircraft attacked, Sekhon rolled for take-off as No 2 in a two-Gnat formation, with Flt. Lt. Ghumman in lead, just as the first bombs were falling on the runway. Only delayed due to dust kicked up by and threw bomb on Pakistan military camp and killed 47 the preceding Gnat, Sekhon lost no time in singling out the first Sabre pair, which was re-forming after the bombing run. The Gnat Leader, Flt. Lt. Ghumman lost visual with his wingman just after take-off, remained out of the fight leaving Sekhon to handle the muddle all by himself. In the ensuing air battle, Sekhon scored a direct hit on one Sabre and set another ablaze. The latter was seen heading away towards Rajauri, trailing smoke.

Sekhon, after being hit, was advised to return to the base by ATC Squadron Leader [[Virendera Singh Pathania]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Air Force Day 2020 : Story Of Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon|url=https://yourviews.mindstick.com/view/82005/indian-air-force-day-2020-story-of-flying-officer-nirmal-jit-singh-sekhon|publisher=Mind Stick|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> He is said to have flown in straight, wings level for some time, then going inverted and plummeting down, probably due to failure of control system. He attempted a last-minute ejection, which did not prove successful, as his canopy was seen to fly off. The wreckage of the Gnat was found in a gorge near the road coming from Srinagar town to the base, a few miles from the base. Despite many efforts by Army and Air Force, his remains were never found due to the mountainous terrain where his fighter went down.

A detailed story of his effort has been mentioned in fairly detailed account by Air Cmde [[Kaiser Tufail]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kaiser-aeronaut.blogspot.com/2008/11/hard-nut-to-crack.html|title=A Hard Nut to Crack |date=21 November 2008 |publisher=kaiser-aeronaut.blogspot.com/ |access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> His skill has been praised in an article by Salim Baig Mirza, the pilot who downed his aircraft during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/sept/air-battles.htm |title=Air Battles December 1971-My Experience |publisher=Defencejournal.com |date=September 2000 |access-date=27 July 2012 |author=Baig, Salim |archive-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728125634/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/sept/air-battles.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The bravery, flying skill and determination displayed by Flying Officer Sekhon, against odds of 1:6, earned him India's highest wartime medal for gallantry, the Param Vir Chakra.

== Citation ==

The [[Param Vir Chakra]] citation reads as follows:
{{Blockquote|{{center|'''CITATION ''' 
'''FG OFFR NIRMAL JIT SINGH SEKHON''' 
'''18 SQUADRON 10877 F(P)'''}}

Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon was a pilot of a Gnat detachment based at Srinagar for the air defence of the valley against Pakistani air attacks. From the very outbreak of the hostilities he and his colleagues fought successive waves of intruding Pakistani aircraft with valour and determination, maintaining the high reputation of the Gnat aircraft. On 14 December 1971, Srinagar airfield was attacked by a wave of enemy Sabre aircraft. Flying Officer Sekhon was on readiness duty at the time. Immediately, however, no fewer than six enemy aircraft were overhead, and they began bombing and strafing the airfield. In spite of the mortal danger of attempting to take off during the attack, Flying Officer Sekhon took off and immediately engaged a pair of the attacking Sabres. In the fight that ensued, he secured hits on one aircraft and damaged another. By this time the other Sabre aircraft came to the aid of their hard-pressed companions and Flying Officer Sekhon's Gnat was again outnumbered, this time by four to one.

Even though alone, Flying Officer Sekhon engaged the enemy in an unequal combat. In the fight that followed, at treetop height, he almost held his own, but was eventually overcome by the sheer weight of numbers. His aircraft was shot down by a gunfire of one of the Sabres and he was killed.

The sublime heroism, supreme gallantry, flying skill and determination above and beyond the call of duty displayed by Flying Officer Sekhon in the face of certain death have set new heights in Air Force traditions.<ref name=PVC>{{citation|url=http://twdi.in/node/1073|access-date=1 September 2014|title=Param Vir Chakra (PVC) Awardee: Fg Offr Nirmaljit Singh Sekhon, PVC |publisher=The War Decorated India & Trust}}</ref>}}

==Honours==
*Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon is remembered for his gallantry and statues of him have also been erected in many cities in India.
*A marine tanker built in 1985 was named ''Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon, PVC''.
*Indian Army converted the room once used by Sekhon, into a museum called ''PVC Abode'' at [[Badami Bagh]] in [[Srinagar]]. It was unveiled on his 80th birth anniversary in July 2025, to preserve his legacy of courage and bravery during the 1971 War.

==Statues and a bust==
[[File:N J Sekhon statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg|250px|thumb|Sekhon's statue at ''Param Yodha Sthal'', [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], New Delhi]]
A statue in tribute of Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon was erected at the district court of [[Ludhiana]] (first erected at Samrala Chowk, Ludhiana) in the courtyard next to the flagpole. A decommissioned [[Folland Gnat]] fighter is part of the memorial and serves as a [[gate guardian]].

His statue along with a decommissioned [[Folland Gnat]] fighter has been placed in the Indian Air Force Museum, Palam.

[[File:Relief Mural Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon.jpg|thumb|Relief Mural at [[Balidan Stambh]] Jammu]]
[[Balidan Stambh]], the war memorial in Jammu, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 2009 paid tribute to him by inscribing his name on the pillars alongside the martyrs of the 1971 war. His name is displayed near the [[Amar Jawan Jyoti]] (Eternal Flame) and as relief mural on the outside background wall with the [[Param Vir Chakra]] awardees who attained martyrdom in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Monument of Sacrifice|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/a-monument-of-sacrifice-2/|publisher=Daily Excelsior|access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Sculpture of Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of N.J.S. Sekhon at ''Shaheedi Park'', New Delhi]]
Air Marshal BR Krishna unveiled Sekhon's bust in 2021 at Govt. Senior Sec. School, Issewal in Ludhiana, his birthplace.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bust of Flying Officer Nirmal Jeet Sekhon PVC unveiled, IAF holds airshow|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/bust-of-flying-officer-nirmal-jeet-sekhon-pvc-unveiled-iaf-holds-airshow|access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Statue of Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon and his aircraft, 10 sep 2013.jpg|thumb| This memorial with his aircraft model is located at the District Court Complex Ludhiana.]]

==In popular culture==
* The thirteenth episode of [[Param Vir Chakra (TV series)|TV Series Param Vir Chakra]], aired on [[DD National]] was on him in 1988. He was protrayed by actor [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] <ref>{{Cite news |title=Independence Day Special: 8 Patriotic Indian TV Serials That Were Way Better Than the Present Saas-Bahu Saga |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/independence-day-2021-top-5-tv-patriotic-shows-to-watch-on-this-special-day/ |work=Lokmat Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Mandi House hardsells Kashmir in its serial 'Gul Gulshan Gulfam'| newspaper = [[India Today]]| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19900815-mandi-house-hardsells-kashmir-in-its-serial-gul-gulshan-gulfam-812914-1990-08-14| author = Madhu Jain| date = 15 August 1990| access-date = 13 August 2014| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140814124434/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mandi-house-hardsells-kashmir-in-its-serial-gul-gulshan-gulfam/1/315475.html| archive-date = 14 August 2014| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
*A [[graphic novel]] titled ''Param Vir Chakra by Amar Chitra Katha'' dedicated their thirteenth story written by Sanjana Kapur and drawn by Durgesh Velhal in 2015.<ref>{{cite book|last=Puri|first=Reena|title=Param Vir Chakra|url=https://us.amarchitrakatha.com/products/param-vir-chakra?srsltid=AfmBOoqWTSyUiI7Eg2DFYy6uviDWA_GL1zCjrXvBMIo1-wpCmS6UZKg7|year=2015|publisher=Amar Chitra Katha|pages=38–47|isbn=9789350858424|access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref>
*A [[graphic novel]] titled ''Param Vir Chakra Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon'' by Roli Books written by [[Ian Cardozo]] and drawn by Rishi Kumar in 2019.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardozo|first=Ian|title=Param Vir Chakra Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon |url=https://rolibooks.com/product/param-vir-chakra-nirmal-jit-singh-sekhon/|publisher=Lotus|isbn=9788174369246|access-date= 30 December 2024}}</ref>
* In Bollywood film ''[[Border 2]]'', [[Diljit Dosanjh]] played the role of Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Border2: Diljit Dosanjh to Play Param Vir Chakra Awardee Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon in ‘Border 2’ |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/diljit-dosanjh-to-play-param-vir-chakra-awardee-nirmal-jit-singh-sekhon-in-border-2 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon}}
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/awards/war/301-pvc.html Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon's citation of the Param Vir Chakra at Bharat-Rakshak.com.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218075946/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/awards/war/301-pvc.html |date=18 February 2017 }}
* [http://samariaf0.tripod.com/other455.html File Photo of Marine Tanker Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Shekhon, PVC]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125091755/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/HEROISM/Sekhon.html A tribute on Bharat-Rakshak]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010501233938/http://www.geocities.com/siafdu/sekhon.html A tribute to Nirmal Jit]
* [http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/military/sekhon.html At Sikh History]
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021213/ldh1.htm#7 Profile of Sekhon on Tribune India]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110305135746/http://jaihindjaibharat.com/?p=108 Jai Hind Jai Bharat]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101103234927/http://shaheednjssekhon.com/]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V97vHieGvIQ&t=13m31s YouTube Video by Headlines today which, at 13:31, shows animated account of Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon's PVC Action.]

{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}

{{Param Vir Chakra recipients}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sekhon, Nirmal Jit Singh}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Indian military aviators]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Pilots of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Aviators killed by being shot down]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Ludhiana]]

Rupert Momin

2026-03-14T16:01:48Z

Rrajani:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Rupert Momin''' (born 8 March 1974)<ref>{{Cite web| title=Shri Rupert Momin | url=https://megassembly.gov.in/storage/Biodata/Rupert_Momin.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225172233/https://megassembly.gov.in/storage/Biodata/Rupert_Momin.pdf | archive-date=2024-12-25}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He is a member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from Kharkutta Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[North Garo Hills district]]. He won the [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCTV Elections: Winning candidates |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/meghalaya/winning-candidates-2023 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Momin is from Kharkutta village, North Garo Hills district, Meghalaya. He completed his Master of Library and Information Science in 1998 at [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]], [[Shillong]] and also did LLB at [[Tura Law College]], Tura in 2011. His wife works as an assistant lecturer at [[Mendipathar College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupert Momin(NPP):Constituency- KHARKUTTA (ST)(NORTH GARO HILLS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Meghalaya2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6959 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Momin won from [[Kharkutta Assembly constituency]] representing the National People's Party (India) in the 2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election. He polled 17,426 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Cherak Watre Momin of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], by a margin of 1,530 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS1537.htm?ac=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401172337/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS1537.htm?ac=37 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya Winning Candidates List 2023: Full list of winners from BJP, NPP, UDP and TMC - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/meghalaya-winning-candidates-list-2023-full-list-winners-conrad-sangma-bjp-npp-udp-congress-tmc-16076651.htm |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Cherak Watre Momin of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 809 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kharkutta Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: NPP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/kharkutta-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7194199.html |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he contested as an independent candidate in the [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013 Assembly election]] and finished third behind Congress candidate Cherak Momin, winner, and Omillo K. Sangma of NPP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kharkutta Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kharkutta-meghalaya-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Momin, Rupert}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from North Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]

Rajit Kapur

2026-03-05T14:53:51Z

Rrajani: add information further and added references

{{Short description|Indian actor (b. 1963)}}
{{distinguish|Rajat Kapoor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajit Kapur
| image = Rajit Kapur.jpg
| alt = Kapur in 2011
| caption = Kapur in 2011
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|05|22}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[Sydenham College]] ([[BCom]])
| occupation = [[Actor]], director, writer, producer
| known_for = ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (TV series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]'', ''[[The Making of the Mahatma]]'', ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]'', ''[[Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda]]''
| spouse =
| signature =
}}
'''Rajit Kapur''' (born 22 May 1963) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film and theatre actor and director. He is known for his portrayal of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in the 1996 film, ''[[The Making of the Mahatma]]'' for which he won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]]. Other notable roles are as the protagonist Unni in the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]'', and the fictional detective [[Byomkesh Bakshi]] in the eponymous ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (1993 TV series)|television series]]'', directed by [[Basu Chatterjee]] and broadcast on [[Doordarshan]]. His debut film was ''[[Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda]]'' (1992), directed by [[Shyam Benegal]].

==Life==
Rajit Kapur was born in [[Amritsar]], India on 22 May 1963 in a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family.<ref>{{cite web |title=My Intriguing Conversation With The Only Actor To Have Played Modi, Nehru and Gandhi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjodhqJVFtE&t=270s |website=YouTube |publisher=UNFILTERED by Samdish |date=24 August 2024 |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="ff"/><ref name=c/> He received his [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from [[Sydenham College]].<ref name=c>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/personal-agenda-with-rajit-kapur-i-danced-to-hindi-pop-tunes-in-an-all-gold-outfit-on-my-40th-birthday/story-41SCxmJAOBTVgdT3y75k2K.html|title=Personal Agenda with Rajit Kapur: "I danced to Hindi pop tunes in an all-gold outfit on my 40th birthday!"|first=Ananya|last=Ghosh|date=17 August 2019|access-date=14 October 2023|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818153326/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/personal-agenda-with-rajit-kapur-i-danced-to-hindi-pop-tunes-in-an-all-gold-outfit-on-my-40th-birthday/story-41SCxmJAOBTVgdT3y75k2K.html|archive-date=18 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guftagoo with Rajit Kapur |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyjn0SbnAxM |website=YouTube | date=22 June 2012 |publisher=Sansad TV |access-date=28 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Kapur is unmarried and has no children.<ref name=dh>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/i-am-married-theatre-2366908|title='I am married to theatre'|date=17 October 2022|access-date=13 October 2023|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

==Career==
When Rajit Kapur was 12 years old, he acted in a children's TV drama on [[Doordarshan]]. After 10 years, while working as a stage manager, he acted in the TV series ''Ghar Jamai'', which was his first acting role in a TV series.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/nostalgia-with-rajit-kapur-i-only-had-some-pocket-money-no-bank-balance-101659713959923.html|title=Nostalgia with Rajit Kapur, "I only had some pocket money, no bank balance"|first=Ananya|last=Ghosh|date=5 August 2022|access-date=13 October 2023|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805154143/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/nostalgia-with-rajit-kapur-i-only-had-some-pocket-money-no-bank-balance-101659713959923.html|archive-date=5 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1992 film titled ''[[Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda]]'' directed by [[Shyam Benegal]] was his debut film.<ref name="ff">{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-rajit-kapur-from-ghulam-to-raazi-a-look-at-the-actors-notable-performances-10701201.html |title=Happy Birthday Rajit Kapur: From Ghulam to Raazi, a look at the actor's notable performances |newspaper=[[Firstpost]] |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522021417/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-rajit-kapur-from-ghulam-to-raazi-a-look-at-the-actors-notable-performances-10701201.html |archive-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> Kapur played the role of the famous [[Bengalis|Bengali]] detective [[Byomkesh Bakshi]] in the eponymously named TV series, ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (1993 TV series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]'' (1993). Byomkesh Bakshi is a fictitious character created by the popular Bengali writer [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]. [[Basu Chatterjee]] directed a TV show based on the stories of Bandyopadhyay, and Rajit Kapur played the lead role. The show was very popular and Rajit Kapur achieved his first media recognition through this show. Kapur is also a very prominent theatre actor and director in India. He acted in Malayalam film ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]'' in 1999 which won numerous acclodes including [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]], and he was awarded [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref name=koimoi>{{Cite web|date=10 March 2021|title=Koimoi Recommends The Threshold: Neena Gupta - Rajit Kapoor Starrer Talks About The Moment A Woman Walks Out & The Male Privilege Crashes|url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/koimoi-recommends-the-threshold-neena-gupta-rajit-kapoor-starrer-talks-about-the-moment-a-woman-walks-out-the-male-privilege-crashes/|access-date=15 May 2021|website=Koimoi|language=en-US}}</ref>

He has also acted in several commercially successful movies like ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'', ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]'' and ''[[Raazi]]''. His latest work is ''The Threshold''.<ref name=koimoi/> Kapur starred in [[Deepti Naval|Deepti Naval's]] film titled ''[[Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish]]'' which was supposed to release in 2012 in India<ref name=dh/> but was released on [[Netflix]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whatsnewonnetflix.com/singapore/1833009/do-paise-ki-dhoop-chaar-aane-ki-baarish-2009|title=Is Do Paise Ki Dhoop Chaar Aane Ki Baarish (2009) on Netflix Singapore?|website=whatsnewonnetflix.com}}</ref> In 2022, Kapur acted in his first [[Punjabi language]] film ''Birha – The Journey Back Home''. The short won the ‘Best film award’ at Amsterdam International Film Festival, Hollywood Shorts FEST, Los Angeles Film Awards (LAFA), New York Indian Film Festival, Calcutta International Cult Film Festival and at the Gangtok International Film Festival.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajit Kapur, Manav Vij's Birha gets selected at The Ottawa Indian Film Festival Awards |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rajit-kapur-manav-vijs-birha-gets-selected-at-the-ottawa-indian-film-festival-awards-12726962.html |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=Firstpost |date=12 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Birha/> 2023 saw the release of ''[[Mission Majnu]]'' and ''[[Mujib: The Making of a Nation]]'' and in both films he played the role of Pakistan's Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].<ref name=z1>{{cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/469093-mission-majnu-an-over-clichd-flick-that-oozes-filmic-flaws|title=Mission Majnu: Threadbare thriller about Indian tailor-spy in Pakistan 'needs stitches'|first=Farheen|last=Jawaid|date=5 February 2023|access-date=10 October 2023|work=[[Jang Media Group|Geo TV]]}}</ref><ref name=z2>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/mujib-the-making-of-a-nation-trailer-shyam-benegal-film-arifin-shuvoo-mujibur-rahman-1971-war-bangladesh-101696146514771.html|title=Mujib The Making of a Nation trailer: Shyam Benegal's film shows Arifin Shuvoo as Mujibur Rahman leading 1971 war|date=1 October 2023|access-date=10 October 2023|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Director
!Notes
|-
|1989
|Jazeere
|Raul
|[[Govind Nihalani]]
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda]]''
|Manik Mulla
|[[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1994
|''[[Mammo]]''
|Riyaz (Adult)
|[[Shyam Benegal]]
|First film in "Shyam Benegal's Muslim Trilogy"
|-
|''[[Charachar]]''
|Lakhinder
|[[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
|
|-
|1995
|''Limited Manuski''
|Sadanand Borse
|Jayoo Patwardhan
Nachiket Patwardhan
|Marathi film
|-
| rowspan="2" |1996
|''[[The Making of the Mahatma]]''
|[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]
|Shyam Benegal
|Won [[National Film Award for Best Actor]]
|-
|''[[Sardari Begum]]''
|Sadiq Moosvi
|Shyam Benegal
|Second film in "Shyam Benegal's Muslim Trilogy"
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
|''[[Train to Pakistan (film)|Train to Pakistan]]''
|Iqbal
|[[Pamela Rooks]]
|
|-
|''[[Ghulam (film)|Ghulam]]''
|Jai
|[[Vikram Bhatt]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
|''[[Samar (1999 film)|Samar]]''
|
|Shyam Benegal
|
|-
|''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''
|Unni
|[[Shyamaprasad]]
|Malayalam film, [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]]
|-
|2000
|''[[Hari-Bhari]]''
|Khurshid
|Shyam Benegal
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
|''[[Dattak]]''
|Sunil
|[[Gul Bahar Singh]]
|
|-
|''[[Censor (2001 film)|Censor]]''
|
|[[Dev Anand]]
|
|-
|''[[Zubeidaa]]''
|Riyaz Masud
|Shyam Benegal
|Third film in "Shyam Benegal's Muslim Trilogy"
|-
| rowspan="4" |2002
|''Octave''
|Dr. Gujaral
|[[Shaji N. Karun]]
|
|-
|''[[Nishad (2002 film)|Nishad]]''
|Dr. Gopi Gujaral
|[[Shaji N. Karun]]
|
|-
|''[[Zindagi Khoobsoorat Hai]]''
|Prakash
|[[Manoj Punj]]
|
|-
|''[[Abaidha]]''
|
|[[Gul Bahar Singh]]
|Bengali film
|-
|2003
|''[[Ek Alag Mausam]]''
|George
|[[K.P. Sasi]]
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Rok Sako To Rok Lo]]''
|Sweety's husband
|[[Arindam Chaudhuri]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]''
|[[Abid Hasan]]
|Shyam Benegal
|
|-
|''[[Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara]]''
|Ronu Chaudhary
|[[Jahnu Barua]]
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Deadline: Sirf 24 Ghante]]''
|Dr. Viren Goenka
|Tanveer Khan
|
|-
|2007
|''Dahek - A Restless Mind''
|Ajay Mathur
|Aroop Adhikari
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Welcome to Sajjanpur]]''
|Collector
|Shyam Benegal
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2009
|''[[Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish]]''
|Debu
|[[Deepti Naval]]
|Premiered at [[2009 Cannes Film Festival]]
Direct-to-video
|-
|''[[Gulmohar (2009 film)|Gulmohar]]''
|Deven
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|
|-
|''[[Yeh Mera India]]''
|Arun Talreja
|[[N. Chandra]]
|
|-
|''[[Blue Oranges]]''
|Nilesh
|Rajesh Ganguly
|
|-
|''[[Morning Walk]]''
|Indra
|Arup Dutta
|
|-
|''[[Marega Salaa]]''
|Rahul Awasthi
|Devang Dholakia
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]''
|Public Prosecutor, Vipin Patel
|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
|
|-
|''[[Well Done Abba]]''
|Inspector Rishab Reddy
|[[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|''[[Shaitan (film)|Shaitan]]''
|Amy's Father
|[[Bejoy Nambiar]]
|
|-
|''[[Dam 999]]''
|Shankaran
|Sohan roy
|UAE–Indian co-production film
|-
|''[[Monica (2011 film)|Monica]]''
|Raj Jaitley
|Sushen Bhatnagar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Singh Saab the Great]]''
|Iqbal
|[[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
|
|-
|''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]''
|Al Mamun
|[[Srijit Mukherji]]
|Bengali film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Dishkiyaoon]]''
|Viki's Dad
|Sanamjit Singhalwar
|
|-
|''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]''
|Dr. Jayant Verma
|[[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Uvaa]]''
|Principal
|Jasbir Bhaati
|
|-
|''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]''
|Detective Wadia
|Vikramjit Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Anna (2016 film)|Anna: Kisan Baburao Hazare]]''
|
|Shashank Udapurkara
|
|-
|''[[Baar Baar Dekho]]''
|Panditji
|[[Nitya Mehra]]
|Special appearance
|-
|''[[Ki & Ka]]''
|Mr. Kumar Bansal
|[[R. Balki]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[A Gentleman]]''
|Kavya's father
|[[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.]]
|
|-
|''The Wishing Tree''
|Fatima's Father
|Manika Sharma
|
|-
|''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]''
|Ilias Khan
|Srijit Mukherji
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Raazi]]''
|Hidayat Khan
|[[Meghna Gulzar]]
|
|-
|''[[Phir Se...]]''
|Krish
|[[Kunal Kohli]]Ajay Bhuyan
|
|-
|''Mehram''
|Ikhlaque Siddiqui
|Zain Anwar
|Short film released on [[ZEE5]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 August 2018|title=Mehram actor Farida Jalal: Today's films lack soul|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farida-jalal-films-mehram-5321808/|access-date=8 April 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''[[Bypass Road (film)|Bypass Road]]''
|Pratap
|Naman Nitin Mukesh
|<ref>{{Cite news|title='Bypass Road': Neil Nitin Mukesh is all praise for senior actor Rajit Kapur - Movies to look forward to|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/movies-to-look-forward-to/bypass-road-neil-nitin-mukesh-is-all-praise-for-senior-actor-rajit-kapur/photostory/69514673.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[22 Yards]]''
|
|Mitali Ghoshal
|
|-
|''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]''
|Prime Minister of India
|[[Aditya Dhar]]
|
|-
|''[[Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish]]''
|Debu
|[[Deepti Naval]]
|
|-
|2020
|''Fitrat''
|
|[[Taher Ali Baig]]
|Short film<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 April 2020|title=FITRAT BY TAHER ALI BAIG|url=https://www.hlc-cultcritic.com/fitrat-by-taher-ali-baig/}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Nail Polish (film)|Nail Polish]]''
|Judge Kishore Bhushan
|Bugs Bhargava Krishna
|A legal thriller, a [[List of ZEE5 original films|ZEE5 originals film]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''[[Attack: Part 1]]''
|Home Minister Digvijay Singh
|Lakshya Raj Anand
|
|-
|''[[Life's Good (film)|Life's Good]]''
|
|[[Anant Mahadevan]]
|
|-
|''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''
|[[Vikram Sarabhai]]
|[[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]]
|A [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title='Rocketry – The Nambi Effect' teaser: Madhavan presents scientist Nambi Narayanan's story|url=https://scroll.in/reel/900365/rocketry-the-nambi-effect-teaser-madhavan-presents-scientist-nambi-narayans-story|website=Scroll.in|date=31 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 November 2018|title=R. Madhavan: 95 per cent of Indians don't know about Nambi Narayanan, which I think is a crime|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/madhavan-nambi-narayanan-rocketry-the-nambi-effec-5428666/}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Code Name: Tiranga]]''
| Kabir Ali
| [[Ribhu Dasgupta]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/parineeti-chopra-harrdy-sandhu-quietly-begin-shooting-ribhu-dasguptas-action-thriller-turkey/|title=Parineeti Chopra and Harrdy Sandhu quietly begin shooting for Ribhu Dasgupta's action thriller in Turkey |date=21 April 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Birha – The Journey Back Home''
|
| Puneet Prakash
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] short film released in [[JioCinema]]<ref name=Birha>{{cite news |title=Punjabi short film 'Birha' wins hearts at international film fests |url=https://telanganatoday.com/punjabi-short-film-birha-wins-hearts-at-international-film-fests |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=Telangana Today |date=13 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Mission Majnu]]'' ||[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] || Shantanu Bagchi ||<ref name=z1/>
|-
| ''[[Mujib: The Making of a Nation]]'' ||Zulfikar Ali Bhutto || Shyam Benegal || <ref name=z2/>
|-
|2024
|''[[Chhatrapati Sambhaji (2024 film)|Chhatrapati Sambhaji]]''
|[[Aurangzeb]]
|Rakesh Subesingh Dulgaj
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=More |first=Priya |date=1 February 2024 |title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji Movie: 'छत्रपती संभाजी' २ फेब्रुवारीला येणार भेटीला, 'या' ५ भाषांमध्ये होणार रिलीज |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/marathi-film-chhatrapati-sambhaji-movie-release-2-february-in-5-language-pvm91 |work=Saam TV Marathi News |language=mr |access-date=1 March 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Paani (film)|Paani]]''
|
|
|Marathi film
|-
|2025
|''Kaisi Ye Paheli''
| Detective Bondo
| Ananyabrata Chakravorty
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhirani |first1=Garvit |date=4 June 2025 |title=This Hindi movie to have world premiere at New York Indian Film Festival; director reveals why he chose dark comedy |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/kaisi-ye-paheli-world-premiere-at-new-york-indian-film-festival-ananyabrata-chakravorty-director-dark-comedy-mystery-11748936283304.html |work=Mint |access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref>
|}

===Plays===
{{Colbegin}}
* ''Love Letters''
* ''Class of '84''
* ''Larins Sahib''
* ''Are There Tigers in the Congo?''
* ''Mr. Behram''
* ''Six Degrees of Separation''
* ''Pune Highway''
* ''Me Kash and Cruise''
* ''Flowers''
* ''A Walk In The Woods''
* ''One on One Part 2''
* ''The Siddhus of Upper Juhu''
* ''Mahua'' (as director)
{{Colend}}

===Television series===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Year(s)
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title !! colspan="3" scope="col" | Credited as !! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
! scope="col" | Actor !! scope="col" | Director!! scope="col" | Role
|-
! scope="row" align="left" | 1986
|''Ghar Jamai''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" align="left"| 1991
|''[[Kshitij Ye Nahi]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" align="left"| 1993
|''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (TV Series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|[[Byomkesh Bakshi]]
| Season 1
|-
! scope="row" align="left" | 1995-96
|''Yugantar''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" align="left" | 1997-98
|''Junoon''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" align="left" | 1997
|''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (TV Series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]''
|{{yes}}
|
| Byomkesh Bakshi
| Season 2
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" align="left" | 1999
|''[[Star Bestsellers]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|Episode entitled "Tripti". Also, writer and producer.
|-
| ''[[Star Bestsellers]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
| Episode 12{{snd}}"Prayas"
|-
| ''[[Star Bestsellers]]''
| {{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
| Episode 8{{snd}}"Shuruaat". Also, producer.
|-
! scope="row" align="left" | 2001
| ''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey{{snd}}The Love Stories]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| Shastri
| Episode 158{{snd}}"Poorab Aur Pashchim"
|-
! scope="row" align="left" | 2014
|''[[Samvidhaan]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| [[Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer]]
|
|-
! scope="row" align="left" | 2015
|''Bang Baaja Baaraat''
| {{yes}}
|
|
| Web series
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" align="left" | 2019
|''[[Bard of Blood]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| Sadiq Shaikh
| Netflix series
|-
|''[[TVF Tripling]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| [[Byomkesh Bakshi|Satyanweshi]]
| Season 2 of the web series
|-
! scope="row" align="left" | 2022
|''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|[[SonyLIV]]
|-
!2024-present
|''Sardar: The Game Changer''
|{{yes}}
|
|[[Vallabhbhai Patel]]
|[[DD National]]
|-
!2025
|''[[Pharma (TV series)|Pharma]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|Dr. Rajeev Rao
|[[JioHotstar]] Malayalam series
|}

==Awards==
*'''1996:''' [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] - ''[[The Making of the Mahatma]]''
*'''1998:''' [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] - ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''
*'''2010:''' Imagine India Film Festival, Spain, Award for Best Actor - ''[[Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imagineindia.net/eng/News/News.php?id=3823499669042862790 |title=N e w S |access-date=2 February 2012 |archive-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531162006/http://www.imagineindia.net/eng/News/News.php?id=3823499669042862790 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestActor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapur, Rajit}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Male actors from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]

Dharma Yuddham

2026-03-04T04:46:19Z

Rrajani: added references

{{short description|1979 film by R. C. Sakthi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dharma Yuddham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. C. Sakthi]]
| story = [[Peter Selvakumar]]
| producer = T. R. Srinivasan
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Sridevi]] [[Thengai Srinivasan]]
| cinematography = N. Balakrishnan
| editing = G. Radhakrishnan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Charusuchithra Films
| released = {{Film date|1979|06|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Dharma Yuddam''''' ({{Translation|War for honour}}) is a 1979 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[R. C. Sakthi]]. It stars [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Sridevi]] in the lead roles. The film was released on 29 June 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2021 |title='தர்மயுத்தம்' வெளியான நாள்: கமலின் அண்ணன் இயக்கிய படத்தில் நாயகனாக ரஜினி! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/687456-dharma-yuddham-release-date-special-article.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629104919/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/687456-dharma-yuddham-release-date-special-article.html |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vijay's parents are killed by Robert. He is adopted and brought up by Thiyagarajan. He comes to love Thiyagarajan's daughter as his own sister. He becomes a successful, soft-spoken, kind yet reclusive businessman and is sought by Chitra for an interview. He falls in love while Manju, and his sister falls in love with a photographer. Though initially against the match, Vijay realizes that his sister's lover is hardworking, sincere and is not after money. All seems to go well until one day Manju is found dead near the pier.

Robert, their family friend, is an illegal organ trader and sells custom requested eyes. He is the one who kidnapped and killed Manju. Vijay has a weakness. On full moon night, he has an alter-ego that takes over which is extremely violent, overtly strong and incredibly dangerous as it was the day he lost his biological family. This was Vijay's biggest secret which he hid from everybody except for Chithra, whom he trusted and loved. His adoptive father and later, his sister chain him up in a room to ensure he does not hurt others and more importantly himself.

When Vijay finds out that Robert has been stealing eyes and is responsible for all the deaths, he goes after him but is overpowered by Robert's henchmen. While Robert was completing his last ever deal, the full moon rises and Vijay, in his alter-ego, kills every single one of them in rage. He is acquitted both on account of his condition and that the deceased are criminals.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Vijay<ref name="Ramachandran">{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=95 |orig-date=2012}}</ref>
*[[Sridevi]] as Chitra<ref name="Ramachandran" />
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Robert<ref name="Ramachandran" />
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Thiyagarajan
*[[Suruli Rajan]] as Vijay's friend
*[[S. A. Ashokan]] as Azhagappan
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Dr. Amarnath
*[[Sachu]] as Geetha
*[[Pushpalatha]] as Chitra's mother
* S. R. Veeraraghavan as Ramanathan
* Jaggu as Henchman
* Lakshmi Sree as Manju
* Master Chandrasekar as Child vijay
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]] (guest appearance)
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj|Selvaraj]]
*Chakkaravarthi
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharma Yuddham (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/dharma-yuddham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1392318484 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529043848/https://music.apple.com/in/album/dharma-yuddham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1392318484https://web.archive.org/web/20230529043848/https://music.apple.com/in/album/dharma-yuddham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1392318484 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharma Yuddham Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/dharma-yuddham-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204211904/https://macsendisk.com/product/dharma-yuddham-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref> The song, "Oru Thanga Radhathil" is set in [[Mohanam]] raga and "Aagaya Gangai" is set in [[Madhyamavati]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2018 |title=இளையராஜா 75 |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/jun/17/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE-75-2940953.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230203055112/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/jun/17/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE-75-2940953.html |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=30 August 2013 |title=The power of three |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-power-of-three/article5075368.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624063808/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-power-of-three/article5075368.ece |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Oru Thanga Radhathil
| length1 = 4:27
| extra1 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| title2 = Aagaya Gangai
| length2 = 4:38
| extra2 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics2 = [[M. G. Vallabhan]]
| title3 = Ada Poya
| length3 = 4:45
| extra3 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| lyrics3 = Kannadasan
| title4 = Disco Sound
| length4 = 3:34
| extra4 = Hari, Ramola
| lyrics4 = Hari
| total_length = 17:24 
}}

== Reception ==
{{Empty section|date=May 2024}}


== Medical accuracy ==
Daniel, a consulting psychiatrist, criticised the lead character's condition, that he becomes invincible and violent on a full moon night, as a medically inaccurate myth, noting its similarities to [[werewolf]] theories.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekhar |first=Arunkumar |date=21 March 2018 |title=Oh, the lunacy: Debunking myth in Dharma Yuddham |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/Mar/21/oh-the-lunacy-debunking-myth-in-dharma-yuddham-1790551.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025230851/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/mar/21/oh-the-lunacy-debunking-myth-in-dharma-yuddham-1790551.html |archive-date=25 October 2020 |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{R. C. Sakthi}}

[[Category:1979 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1979 action films]]
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. C. Sakthi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]

Sindoor (1947 film)

2026-03-03T23:10:28Z

Rrajani: basic corrected information also and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sindoor
| image = Sindoor_(1947).jpg

| caption = Screen shot from ''Sindoor''
| director = [[Kishore Sahu]]
| producer = Sasadhar Mukherjee Productions
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|Kishore Sahu|[[Shamim Bano]]|Paro Devi|Sushil Sahu}}
| music = [[Khemchand Prakash]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| studio = Filmistan
| released = {{Film date|1947}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sindoor''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1947|1947]] [[Hindi]] social film directed by [[Kishore Sahu]].<ref name=Gomolo>{{cite web|title=Sindoor (1947)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/sindoor-movie/1659|website=gomolo.com|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=17 March 2015|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227063150/http://www.gomolo.com/sindoor-movie/1659|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was produced Sasadhar Mukherjee Productions for Filmistan and had the actor Mehmood in one of his early films.<ref name="Zaveri2005">{{cite book|author=Hanif Zaveri|title=Mehmood, a Man of Many Moods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4R2lC3b5e4C&pg=PA171|accessdate=17 March 2015|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-213-3|pages=171–}}</ref> The story, dialogues and part of the lyrics were written by Kishore Sahu. One of the lyricists was [[Qamar Jalalabadi]], with music composed by [[Khemchand Prakash]]. The film starred Kishore Sahu, who played the hero,<ref name="Raj2009">{{cite book|author=Ashok Raj|title=Hero Vol.1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|accessdate=17 March 2015|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-02-9|pages=53–}}</ref> with [[Shamim Bano]], Paro Devi, Gulab, Mehmood, Pratima Devi, Sushil Sahu and Moni Chatterjee.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Sindoor (1947)|url=http://www.citwf.com/film321316.htm |website=citwf. com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref>

The film revolves around the social issue of widow remarriage and was cited as being of "social relevance". The theme of widow remarriage was considered "controversial" in the 1940s, with the film stated to be bold in showing the hero accepting the widow at the end of the film. The climax scene, according to a report in the ''[[Illustrated Weekly of India]]'' is "remembered" even now, with Sahu being cited as a "socially conscious film-maker".<ref name="IWOI">{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2Y6AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=17 March 2015|date=July 1975|page=96}}</ref>

==Plot==
Pandit Shivprasad Tiwari, a wealthy contractor, lives in a big house in Lucknow. His family consists of his mother Daadi Maa, his second wife called Maaji by everyone, and his two sons Beni (Kishor Sahu) and Ratan (Sushil Sahu). He also has a daughter who is married. Ratan is the son from the second wife and half-brother to Beni. He has been spoilt by Maaji, who has always treated Beni different to Ratan. Beni grows up to be kind and considerate to the needy. Meera ([[Shamim Bano|Shamim]]), a young widow with a small boy, lives with her mother, known as Maasi, who is distantly related to the Tiwari family. Maasi brings Meera to live with the Tiwari family. Soon, a relationship develops between Meera and Beni, which causes extreme alarm in the family and society. The shocking notion that the relationship may lead to a widow remarrying, is handled sensibly by the patriarch of the family, who gives consent for the two to marry.

==Cast==
* Kishore Sahu
* [[Shamim Bano]]
* Paro Devi
* Sushil Sahu
* Gulab
* Rajendra
* Mehmood
* Pratima Devi

==Soundtrack==
One of the popular songs from the film was the bhajan "O Roothe Huye Bhagwan" sung by [[Amirbai Karnataki]], with lyrics by [[Qamar Jalalabadi]].<ref name=QJ>{{cite web|title=Qamar Jalalabadi's Fvourite songs|url=http://www.qamarjalalabadi.com/qjs-songs.html|website=qamarjalalabadi.com|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref> The other lyricists were Kishore Sahu, Qamar Jalalabadi, Ambikesh Kuntal, Neelkanth Tiwari and Moti. The singers were Amirbai Karnataki, Sushil Sahu, Paro Devi, S. L. Puri and Naseem Akhtar.<ref name=HindiGeetmala>{{cite web|title=Sindoor (1947)|url=http://hindigeetmala.net/movie/sindoor.htm |website=hindigeetmala.net|publisher=Hindi Geetmala|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref>

===Song list===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer !! Lyricist
|-
| 1
| "O Roothe Huye Bhagwan"
| Amirbai Karnataki
| Qamar Jalalabadi
|-
| 2
| "O Duniya Banane Wale Kya Yehi Duniya Teri"
| Amirbai Karnataki
| Qamar Jalalabadi
|-
| 3
| "Kisi Ke Madhur Pyar Mein"
| Sushil Sahu, Naseem Akhtar
| Neelkanth Tiwari
|-
| 4
| "Silwa De Re Saajanwa Mohe Reshmi Salwar"
| Sushil Sahu, Naseem Akhtar
| Ambikesh Kuntal
|-
| 5
| "O More Saiyya Padun Mai Tore Paiyya"
| S. L. Puri, Paro Devi
| Kishore Sahu, Moti
|-
| 6
| "Basant Ritu Aayi Rama Joban Ubhar Ke"
| Sushil Kumar
| Neelkanth Tiwari
|-
| 7
| "Koi Roke Use Aur Ye Kah De"
| Amirbai Karnataki
| Qamar Jalalabadi
|-
| 8
| "Mere Naina Hue Bawle Kisi Ke Liya"
|
| Kishore Sahu
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0268638}}

{{Kishore Sahu}}

[[Category:1947 films]]
[[Category:1947 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1947 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kishore Sahu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Khemchand Prakash]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films about remarriage]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films set in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:1947 controversies]]

Manasu Mallige

2026-03-03T21:28:38Z

Rrajani: Pg

{{short description|2017 film by S. Narayan}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manasu Mallige
| image = Manasu Malligey.jpg
| caption = Theatrical film poster
| director = [[S. Narayan]]
| producer = [[Rockline Venkatesh]] Akash Chawla
| screenplay = S. Narayan
| writer = [[Nagraj Manjule]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Rinku Rajguru]]
* Nishanth
}}
| music = '''Songs & Score:''' [[Ajay–Atul]] '''Additional Song:''' [[S. Narayan]]
| cinematography = Manohar Joshi
| editing = Srikanth
| studio = [[Rockline Venkatesh|Rockline Productions]] [[Zee Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|03|31}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Manasu Mallige''''' ({{translation|The heart is a jasmine flower}}) is an Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[S. Narayan]] and produced by [[Rockline Venkatesh]] and Akash Chawla.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manasu Mallige at dubbing, Narayan Rock combine |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/kannada-movie-manasu-mallige-at-dubbing-narayan-rock-combine-kannada-news-176451.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219023959/http://www.indiaglitz.com/kannada-movie-manasu-mallige-at-dubbing-narayan-rock-combine-kannada-news-176451.html |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=18 February 2017 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The film, a remake of [[Nagraj Manjule]]'s [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''[[Sairat]]'' (2016), features [[Rinku Rajguru]], reprising her role from the original, and Nishanth (Nataraj).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2017 |title=Sairat's Kannada version is Manasu Mallige |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jan/02/sairats-kannada-version-is-manasu-mallige-1555106.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219031623/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jan/02/sairats-kannada-version-is-manasu-mallige-1555106.html |archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> The original soundtrack by [[Ajay–Atul]] has been re-used with Kannada lyrics, and the cinematography is by Manohar Joshi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The trailer for Sairat's Kannada remake is here - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/sairats-kannada-trailer-out/articleshow/57374239.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327075651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/sairats-kannada-trailer-out/articleshow/57374239.cms |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film depicts a love story between a girl of an upper caste and a boy from a lower caste; thus it comments on the [[caste system]] in India. This commentary culminates into [[honour killing]]; honour killing is prevalent in few parts of rural India as well as urban India.
== Cast ==
* [[Rinku Rajguru]] as Sanjana "Sanju" Patil
* Nishanth as Parashu
* [[Tanaji Galgunde]]
* Sourabh Kulakarni

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Manasu Malligey
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ajay–Atul]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|03|31}}
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music South]]
| producer = Rockline Venkatesh
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The songs and background score for the film are composed by composer duo [[Ajay–Atul]], who had scored for the original Marathi film. This marks their debut in the [[Kannada cinema]]. One additional song was composed by [[S. Narayan]]. The music was officially released on the [[Valentine's Day]] on 14 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairat's Kannada Remake 'Manasu Mallige' Music Released |url=http://www.lehren.com/news/kannada/gossip/sairats-kannada-remake-manasu-mallige-music-released-20170217 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219005108/http://www.lehren.com/news/kannada/gossip/sairats-kannada-remake-manasu-mallige-music-released-20170217 |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=18 February 2017 |publisher=Lehren.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manasu Mallige Songs on Valentines Day |url=http://chitraloka.com/news/14331-manasu-mallige-songs-on-valentines-day.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217222423/http://chitraloka.com/news/14331-manasu-mallige-songs-on-valentines-day.html |archive-date=17 February 2017 |access-date=18 February 2017 |publisher=Chitraloka.com}}</ref> [[Minister of Water Resources (India)|Minister of Water Resources]], [[M. B. Patil]] officially released the audio at [[Chamundeshwari Studios]] in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M B Patil Releases Manasu Mallige Songs |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14352-m-b-patil-releases-manasu-mallige-songs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219023330/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14352-m-b-patil-releases-manasu-mallige-songs.html |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=18 February 2017 |publisher=Chitraloka.com}}</ref>

Ajay–Atul kept the original score and just added Kannada lyrics in place of the original Marathi ones. All songs have been sung by the same singers who rendered the original songs, except an additional song which has been rendered by Sonu Nigam.

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yaare Neenu Parivaala
| length1 =
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| music1 = [[Ajay–Atul]]
| extra1 = [[Ajay Gogavale]]
| title2 = Adaviyolage
| length2 =
| lyrics2 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| music2 = Ajay–Atul
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title3 = Ayyayyappo
| length3 =
| lyrics3 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| music3 = Ajay–Atul
| extra3 = Ajay–Atul
| title4 = Thangaliya Roopa
| length4 =
| lyrics4 = [[Pradyumna Narahalli]]
| music4 = Ajay–Atul
| extra4 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Ajay Gogavale]]
| title5 = Ee Lokavella
| length5 =
| lyrics5 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| music5 = [[S. Narayan]]
| extra5 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| total_length =
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five and wrote that "If you are a fan of romantic tales that deal with young love and the perils they face to keep it alive, this could fancy your taste. Go ahead, watch it once if you are looking for a weekend watch option".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/manasu-malligey/movie-review/57937340.cms|title=MANASU MALLIGEY MOVIE REVIEW|date=31 March 2017|first=Sunayana|last=Suresh|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "A film comes with good visuals, but the music by Ajay-Atul certainly retains the flavour of the original and can be the USP of ''Manasu Mallige'', catering to the youth".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/review/2017/Apr/01/manasu-mallige-is-an-honest-remake-of-sairat-1588470.html|title=Manasu Mallige is an honest remake of Sairat|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "As a whole, it has what a decent, good film should have - a sensible story, decent making, lovely performances, and soothing music. All is well, if it ends well!".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/010417/manassu-mallige-movie-review-old-wine-in-a-recycled-bottle.html|title=Manassu Mallige movie review: Old wine in a recycled bottle|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|first=Shashiprasad|last=S. M.}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "''Manasu Mallige'' is not a bad film. It has a relevant subject which makes up for its over-dependence on the original".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/manasu-mallige-movie-review-cheluvina-chitranna/articleshow/57948391.cms|title=Manasu Mallige movie review: Cheluvina Chitranna|first=Shyam Prasad|last=S.|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=31 March 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13099156}}

{{S. Narayan}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Marathi films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Narayan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Rockline Entertainments films]]

Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddhamu

2026-03-03T20:39:40Z

Rrajani: corrected details additionally and fixed typos

{{distinguish|Krishnarjuna Yudham}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddham
| image = Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddhamu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham
| screenplay = K. V. Reddy
| producer = K. V. Reddy [[Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy|Pattabhirama Reddy]] (executive producer)
| director = [[K. V. Reddy]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| music = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| cinematography = [[Kamal Ghosh]] [[Ravikant Nagaich]]
| editing = Vasu
| studio = Jayanthi Pictures
| distributor = Vahini Pictures
| based_on = [[Gayopakhyanam]] {{small|(drama)}}
| released = {{Film date|1963|01|09|df=yes}}
| runtime = 167 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddhamu''''' ({{translation|War between [[Krishna]] and [[Arjuna]]}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]], produced and directed by [[K. V. Reddy]] under the Jayanthi Pictures banner.<ref name=":0">Naati 101 Chitralu, S. V. Rama Rao, Kinnera Publications, Hyderabad, 2006, pp: 193-4.</ref> It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]], with music composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]. The film was based on the [[Telugu theatre|Telugu play]] ''[[Gayopakhyanam]]'' written by [[Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham]] in 1890. It was later dubbed into [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and into Tamil.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=1963-ல் வெளியான படப்பட்டியல் - தயாரிப்பாளர்கள் |trans-title=List of films released in 1963 – Producers |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1963.asp |url-status=usurped |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171121062603/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1963.asp }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins at [[Dvārakā|Dwaraka]], where [[Narada]] walks on to [[Krishna]] and speaks about his sibling [[Subhadra]] 's nuptial. Thus, Krishna states the bridegroom is his equally gifted [[Arjuna]]. Hearing it, Narada is blissful and endorses the Parijatham flower to Krishna. He bestows it to his consort [[Rukmini]], which irks vainglory Satyabhama, and Krishna pacifies her. On his back, [[Gandhara]] King Gaya acquaints Narada, who is proceeding to [[Brahma]] for a boon to be ''classic history.'' However, [[Balarama]] fixes Subhadra's alliance with his ardent disciple [[Duryodhana]], though she disdains it. Krishna comforts & promises to knit her with Arjuna and schematically makes a comic game via Narada. During that time, Arjuna is making an around-the-Earth trip for one year and is conscious of the status quo. Accordingly, under the oversight of Krishna, Arjuna sets foot in Dwaraka in the guise of a saint. Balarama warmly welcomes him, assigns Subhadra for his ministrations, and the two write a romantic poem.

Meanwhile, Balarama forwards bridal coordination with [[Kaurava]]. Ergo, Krishna hastens, covetously conducts Arjuna & Subhadra's splice, and conveys them to [[Indraprastha]]. Balarama inflames it, but Krishna soothes him and moves to honor the groom's family. At this, Krishnarjuna visits [[Khandava Forest]] and comes across [[Agni]], who is a victim of indigestion. A concrete treatment is burning down Khandava, but he is hindered by [[Indra]] since his best friend [[Takshaka]] is residing therein. Agni bestows the divine weapons [[Sudarshana Chakra]] & [[Gandiva]] on them, and they triumph in the battle. Midway, upon going home, Krishna fulfills the ritual to [[Surya]]. At that point, Gaya wins the boon, flies in his aircraft, and inadvertently spits a betel leaf, which falls into Krishna's hands. It infuriates Krishna, and he pledges to slay him when fear-struck Gaya hunts for cover, which is refused even by Brahma & [[Shiva|Siva]].

Now, Narada gambits and frames Gaya to head to Arjuna. Unbeknownst, he too vows to shield Gaya, who crumbles, aware of the actuality, but stands firm. Krishna grieves for being aware of Arjuna's oath. So, he sends [[Akrura]] as an emissary to Arjuna. Subhadra also takes off for negotiations but to no avail. Exploiting it, Duryodhana & [[Karna]] ruse firstly they approach [[Pandava]] to support, which they deny. Next, they reach Krishna, who, too, expels them, announcing it is only a battle between Krishnarjuna. Accordingly, they take the field and encounter it. After almighty rows, war erupts, which causes severe catastrophe and is barred by Siva. At last, Krishna pardoned Gaya, proclaiming that he had made the play to test Arjuna's skills for the upcoming [[Kurukshetra War]]. Finally, the movie ends happily with Siva blessing Gaya: ''Whoever listens to his story [[Gayopakhyanam]] flourishes fearlessly irrespective of any danger.''

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Lord Krishna]]
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as [[Arjuna]]
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as [[Subhadra]]
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as [[Yudhishthira|Dharmaraju]]
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as [[Balarama]]
*[[Kanta Rao]] as [[Narada]] Maharshi
*[[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as Gaya
*[[V. Nagayya]] as [[Akrura]]
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as [[Duryodhana]]
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as [[Karna]]
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Brahmachari
*[[Chadalavada Kutumba Rao|Chadalavada]] as Ayomayam
* Mahankali Venkaiah as [[Bhima]]
*[[S. Varalakshmi]] as [[Satyabhama]]
*[[Sriranjani (junior)|Sriranjani Jr.]] as [[Rukmini]]
*[[Rushyendramani]] as Wife of Gaya
*Chhaya Devi as [[Revati]]
*Surabhi Balasaraswathi as Chandrika
}}

== Production ==
The film was based on the popular [[Telugu theatre|Telugu play]] ''[[Gayopakhyanam]]'' written by [[Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham]] in 1890. K. V. Reddy also produced the film under the Jayanthi Pictures banner.<ref name="కృష్ణార్జున ఆగిన కథ">{{Cite news |last=యు. |first=వినాయకరావు |date=28 May 2015 |title='కృష్ణార్జున' చిత్రానికి బ్రేక్ ఎందుకు? |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-114153 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012225227/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-114153 |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Krishna]] and [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as [[Arjuna]]. Initially, Nageswara Rao was not keen on acting in a mythological film alongside Rama Rao. However, he accepted the role due to his respect towards K. V. Reddy for having directed ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]'' (1955)'','' the maiden venture of his own production house [[Annapurna Studios#Annapurna Pictures|Annapurna Pictures]].<ref name="కృష్ణార్జున ఆగిన కథ" />{{sfn|U. Vinayaka Rao|2012|p=86}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddhamu
| type = film
| artist = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1963
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 32:33
| label =
| producer = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]. Lyrics were written by [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddham (1963) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=A0002384 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731194201/http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=A0002384 |archive-date=31 July 2014 |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Krishnarjuna Yudhamu (1963)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/DNJ/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240331054058/https://indiancine.ma/documents/DNJ/info |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Anni Manchi Sakunamule"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Susheela]]
|3:24
|-
|2
|"Aligitiva Sakhi Priya Kalata Manava"
|Ghantasala
|4:05
|-
|3
|"Manasu Parimalinchene"
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|4:16
|-
|4
|"Deva Deva Narayana"
|Ghantasala
|3:31
|-
|5
|"Anchelanchalu leni Mokshamu"
|[[B. Gopalam]], Swarnalatha
|3:03
|-
|6
|"Chaalada Ee Pooja Devi"
|Ghantasala
|3:05
|-
|7
|"Neekai Vechitinayya"
|P. Susheela
|3:09
|-
|8
|"Swamula Sevaku Velaye"
|P. Susheela
|2:37
|-
|9
|"Tapamu Phalinchina Shubhavela"
|Ghantasala
|2:21
|-
|10
|"Veyi Subhamulu Kalugu Neeku"
|S. Varalakshmi
|3:02
|}

== Reception ==
''Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddhamu'' became a commercial success. It was later dubbed into Kannada and Tamil.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Citation |last=U. Vinayaka Rao |title=Telugu Cine Rangam – Pouranika Chitralu |date=2012 |url=http://www.sathyakam.com/pdfImageBook.php?bId=26999 |place=Hyderabad |publisher=[[Telugu Academy]] |accessdate=6 October 2022}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0265799|Sri Krishnarjuna Yudham}}

{{Kadiri Venkata Reddy}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:1963 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. V. Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pendyala (composer)]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]

Bhale Thammudu (1969 film)

2026-03-03T20:33:57Z

Rrajani: Creating basic details from scratch

{{Short description|1969 film by B. A. Subba Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhale Thammudu
| image = Bhale Thammudu 1969 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Maddipatla Suri {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story =
| screenplay = B. A. Subba Rao
| producer = A. Pundarikakshayya
| director = [[B. A. Subba Rao]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| music = [[T. V. Raju]]
| cinematography = S. S. Lal
| editing = Kandaswamy
| based_on = ''[[China Town (1962 film)|China Town]]'' (Hindi)
| studio = Tarakarama Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1969|11|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bhale Thammudu''''' ({{translation|Bravo, younger brother!}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action crime film]] co-written and directed by [[B. A. Subba Rao]]. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]], with music composed by [[T. V. Raju]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[China Town (1962 film)|China Town]]'' (1962).<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=21 October 2010 |title=Forever Young |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |location=India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1101021/jsp/entertainment/story_13079945.jsp |url-status=dead |access-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111846/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101021/jsp/entertainment/story_13079945.jsp |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

The film focuses on two estranged, separately raised [[twin brothers]], following their father's murder. One brother has become a gangster, the other has become a [[club singer]]. An inspector convinces the singer to impersonate his brother and to infiltrate the gang.

== Plot ==
The film begins with Inspector Prasad sentencing deadly gangsters of a dangerous gang, and their chief, Ganapathi / Gun, wants to take revenge against him, so he kills him and also kidnaps one of his twin sons, Ram Prasad. Ram grows up among the gangsters by the name of Paul and becomes a daredevil gangster. Once, the police lay hold of Paul in a robbery. Inspector Sekhar hides him secretly and tries to reveal the truth, which he refuses, even after a lot of torture.

Shaam Prasad, the younger one, brought up by his mother, is a club singer who loves Geetha, Rao Saheb's daughter. Rao Saheb learns about their love affair, so he takes his daughter to Hyderabad, and Shaam also follows. One night, Shaam enters Geetha's house, and Rao Saheb has him arrested. Inspector Shekar observes the resemblance between Paul and Shaam, offers him the C.I.D. job, and decides to send him into their gang as Paul. Shaam tells his mother about Paul when she recognizes him as her elder son Ram Prasad and meets him, but Paul rejects her.

Now Shaam gets ready to take up the job, and like Paul, he safely lands in the gang. Everyone in the gang believes him except Paul's lover, Leela, who doubts his character and discovers the truth. Then Shaam reveals the entire story and seeks her help, and she agrees. Listening to it, Gun captures Shaam. Meanwhile, Paul's health deteriorates; while shifting to the hospital, the ambulance meets with an accident. Geeta saves him, thinking like Shaam, and Paul takes her to the den when he finds out about Shaam's cheating. He starts beating him in that anger when Leela obstructs his way and reveals reality. Here, Paul repents his behavior, and Shaam consoles him. At last, both the brothers are united and see the end of Gun and his gang. Ram / Paul also surrenders and is sentenced to six months. Finally, Ram is released, Shaam becomes a police officer, and the movie ends on a happy note with the marriages of Ram and Leela and Shaam and Geetha.

== Cast ==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Ram Prasad (Paul) and Shyam Prasad
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Geetha
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Rao Saheb
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Gun / Ganapathi
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] as Inspector Sekhar
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Inspector Prasad
*Dr. Sivaramakrishnaiah
*[[Sriranjani Jr.]]
*Vijaya Girija as Leela
*[[Ramaprabha]]
*[[Aruna Irani]] as an [[item number]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[T. V. Raju]] with lyrics written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhale Thammudu (1969)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/COG/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250201021323/https://indiancine.ma/documents/COG/info |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The song "Nede Eenade" was remixed by Mani Sharma for ''[[Allari Pidugu]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=APK |date=31 July 2006 |title=The Re-Mixer |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/theremixer.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329021517/http://www.cinegoer.com/theremixer.htm |archive-date=29 March 2008 |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=Cinegoer}}</ref> The song "Enthavaru Gaani" was later remixed by [[Sunny M. R.]] for ''[[Rowdy Fellow]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-23 |title=Tribute to NTR: Rowdy Fellow to have remixed Bhale Tammudu song |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tribute-to-ntr-rowdy-fellow-to-have-remixed-bhale-tammudu-song/story-emjpzgVSlKydOzDJIgLbdO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010232113/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tribute-to-ntr-rowdy-fellow-to-have-remixed-bhale-tammudu-song/story-emjpzgVSlKydOzDJIgLbdO.html |archive-date=10 October 2015 |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Eemaja
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Enthavaru Gaani
| extra2 = [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| length2 = 4:13
| title3 = Gopala Bala Ninne Kori
| extra3 = Mohammed Rafi, P. Susheela
| length3 = 4:31
| title4 = Iddari Manasulu
| extra4 = Mohammed Rafi, P. Susheela
| length4 = 4:15
| title5 = Gumma Gumma
| extra5 = Mohammed Rafi, P. Susheela
| length5 =
| title6 = Nede Ee Nade
| extra6 = Mohammed Rafi, P. Susheela
| length6 = 3:50
| title7 = Qawali
| extra7 = Mohammed Rafi, P. Susheela
| length7 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1960s crime action films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:1969 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. A. Subba Rao]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Nirangal Moondru

2026-03-03T02:26:29Z

Rrajani: made info.

{{Short description|2024 Tamil hyperlink film by Karthick Naren}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nirangal Moondru.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Karthick Naren]]
| writer = Karthick Naren
| based_on =
| producer = K Karunamoorthi
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Atharvaa]]
*[[R. Sarathkumar]]
*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]
*[[Ammu Abhirami]]
}}
| cinematography = Tijo Tomy
| editing = Sreejith Sarang
| music = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| studio = [[Ayngaran International]]
| distributor = Ayngaran International
| released = {{film date|2024|11|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 120 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirangal Moondru |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/nirangal-moondru-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi2mdi1 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nirangal Moondru''''' ({{translation|Three Shades}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hyperlink cinema|hyperlink]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Karthick Naren]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirangal Moondru trailer: The rollicking promo video of Karthick Naren's next has Atharvaa oozing swag |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nirangal-moondru-trailer-the-rollicking-promo-video-of-karthick-narens-next-has-atharvaa-oozing-swag/22c8d6f4b7961 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304085852/https://www.ottplay.com/news/nirangal-moondru-trailer-the-rollicking-promo-video-of-karthick-narens-next-has-atharvaa-oozing-swag/22c8d6f4b7961 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Atharvaa]] in the lead role alongside [[R. Sarathkumar]] and [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] in important roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-20 |title=Karthik Narean's 'Nirangal Moondru' censored U/A |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthik-nareans-nirangal-moondru-censored-u/a/articleshow/106147374.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film also features [[Ammu Abhirami]], Dushyanth Jayaprakash, Murali Radhakrishnan, [[John Vijay]], [[Santhana Bharathi]], [[Chinni Jayanth]] and others in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirangal Moondru: Here's when the trailer of Karthick Naren, Atharvaa's thriller flick will be unveiled |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nirangal-moondru-heres-when-the-trailer-of-karthick-naren-atharvaas-thriller-flick-will-be-unveiled/65bceeaf42667 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529084544/https://www.ottplay.com/news/nirangal-moondru-heres-when-the-trailer-of-karthick-naren-atharvaas-thriller-flick-will-be-unveiled/65bceeaf42667 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The film is produced by K. Karunamoorthi under his [[Ayngaran International]] banner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2023-03-01 |title=அதர்வா நடித்துள்ள 'நிறங்கள் மூன்று' படத்தின் புதிய அப்டேட்..! |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/new-update-of-atharvas-movie-nirangal-tamru-909673 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> The technical crew consists of Tijo Tomy as the cinematographer, Sreejith Sarang as the editor and [[Jakes Bejoy]] as the music composer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-03 |title=Watch the trailer of Karthick Naren's 'Nirangal Moondru' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/watch-the-trailer-of-karthick-narens-nirangal-moondru/articleshow/98396943.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

''Nirangal Moondru'' was released in theatres on 22 November 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nirangal Moondru release date out: Karthick Naren's new film to hit theaters on this day |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nirangal-moondru-release-date-out-karthick-narens-new-film-locks-theatrical-release/39dbf1259b973 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In the early morning, Sri witnesses a girl being abducted by four men. Believing the victim to be Parvathy, his school teacher Vasanth's daughter, Sri's concern deepens. Sri harbors romantic feelings for Parvathy, and his respect for Vasanth is rooted in the teacher's instrumental role in resolving Sri's family crisis. Vasanth is beside himself with worry, as Parvathy has gone missing. Later that evening, Sri spots the car involved in the abduction and so accompanied by his friend visits the building where the car is parked, determined to uncover the truth.

Vetri, an aspiring film director struggling with addiction, is filming a short film. Unbeknownst to Sri, the "abduction scene" he witnessed earlier that morning was actually part of Vetri's film. Earlier that morning, Vetri spotted Parvathy at Vasanthi bakery shop. Vetri's day turns worse when he discovers that a film director has used Vetri's story for his project and also that his original script has gone missing. Distraught, Vetri begins consuming excessive amounts of drugs, but his friends rescue him. Earlier, a mysterious individual is seen entering Vetri's residence and stealing his script.

Inspector Selvam is assigned to investigate a hit-and-run case involving Minister Iyyappan's sons, Bala and Ashok Krishna. Despite their influential connections, Selvam initially refuses to release them but eventually accepts the bribe and releases the brothers after verifying that the accident victim is safe. The script thief, Thyagu, hands over the stolen script to Inspector Selvam, who promptly orders his arrest. Seeking revenge against Inspector Selvam, Minister Iyyappan's son Bala orchestrates an attack on Selvam's son, Vetri. Bala's goons arrive at Vetri's house, where Sri and his friends are also present, having to discover Parvathy's whereabouts. Vetri subdues the attackers and leaves where Sri confronts Vetri, who reveals that the earlier abduction scene was merely a film shoot. Sri shows Vetri the photo of Parvathy and expresses concern about her disappearance. Vetri discloses that he saw Parvathy earlier that morning at Vasanthi Bakery and they exchanged phone numbers with Sri. Selvam learns about the attack on his son and sets out to resolve the issue.

Thyagu reveals to police that he saw Parvathy earlier that morning, getting into a grey Hyundai [[Hyundai i20|i20]]. The investigation leads them to the spot where Parvathy was last seen with her bicycle, and Vasanth asks his wife Shobha to contact her brother, the owner of the grey Hyundai i20, to inquire about Parvathy's whereabouts. After inquiring at Vasanthi Bakery, Sri breaks down in tears, revealing that he had proposed to Parvathy the previous evening. Vetri after confronting director Kishore about his script having been stolen, gets a clue from his neighbor, that the script thief can be identified by a snake tattoo on his left hand. Selvam reprimands Bala and physically assaults him. The minister personally visits the police station, but Selvam refuses to release him citing the filed FIR. With Vetri's help, Sri learns the address where Parvathy is being held, and he along with his friends rushes to [[Porur]] to rescue her. Upon confronting Parvathy in her uncle's house, Sri learns that she escaped to flee her alcoholic father, Vasanth, who attempted to misbehave with her.

Sri confronts Vasanth about his horrific behavior, revealing that Shobha had secretly helped Parvathy escape to protect her. Meanwhile, Vetri tracks down Thyagu who reveals that he handed over Vetri's script to Selvam, Vetri's father. Selvam discloses that Director Kishore had orchestrated the script theft and that the voice Selvam heard was that of Sathya, Vetri's friend, and Kishore's assistant director. Selvam had submitted the script and audio recordings to the [[Film Employees Federation of South India|FEFSI]] association for action. In an emotional moment, Selvam shares a painful family secret: Vetri's mother, Ilakkiya died from grief over Vetri's passion for cinema. As they share a poignant moment, Minister Iyyappan's men fatally shoot Selvam, avenging the minister's sons' public reprimand. Meanwhile, consumed by guilt, Vasanth writes an apology, acknowledging his addiction had driven him to behave inexcusably and take his own life.

The film concludes with Sri hugging his father, and Vetri paying his respects at his parents' graves, Selvam and Ilakkiya.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Atharvaa]] as Vetri Selvam
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as [[Inspector]] K. Selvam, Vetri's father
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Vasanth, Parvathy's father
* Dushyanth Jayaprakash as Sri
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Sakkarai
* [[John Vijay]] as [[Film director|Director]] Kishore
* [[Ammu Abhirami]] as Parvathy
* Murali Radhakrishnan<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-05 |title=Murali is Atharvaa's friend in Karthick Naren's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/murali-is-atharvaas-friend-in-karthick-narens-film/articleshow/91318025.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710151947/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/murali-is-atharvaas-friend-in-karthick-narens-film/articleshow/91318025.cms |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Minister Iyyappan
* [[Uma Padmanabhan]] as Ilakkiya, Vetri's mother
* Bala Hasan as [[Constable]] Prakash
* [[Rethika Srinivas]] as Shobha, Parvathy's mother
* [[R. K. Selvamani]] as a member of [[Film Employees Federation of South India|FEFSI]] (cameo appearance)
* Karthikeyan P as Lingaa, Drug Peddler
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In early December 2021, it was reported that [[Atharvaa]] would be joining hands with [[Karthick Naren]] for his next project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Karthik Naren's new film starring Atharvaa to go on floors from December 20 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/director-karthik-narens-new-film-starring-atharvaa-to-go-on-floors-from-december-20/videoshow/88212900.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926022440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/director-karthik-narens-new-film-starring-atharvaa-to-go-on-floors-from-december-20/videoshow/88212900.cms |archive-date=26 September 2022 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In late December, it was reported that the '[[Ponniyin Selvan: I|''Ponniyin Selvan'']]' duo [[R. Sarathkumar]] and [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] will play crucial roles in the film,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-27 |title=Sarathkumar and Rahman to play crucial roles in Atharvaa's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sarathkumar-and-rahman-to-play-crucial-roles-in-atharvaas-next/articleshow/88525821.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> thereby marking Rahman's second collaboration with Naren after ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-27 |title=Actor Rahman posts video from sets of Karthick Naren's 'Nirangal Moondru' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-rahman-posts-video-from-sets-of-karthick-narens-nirangal-moondru/articleshow/89873194.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devan |first=Aswin |date=2023-03-03 |title=Nirangal Moondru trailer is here; Karthick Naren weaves a compelling hyperlink story |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Mar/03/nirangal-moondru-trailer-is-here-karthick-naren-weaves-a-hyperlink-ecstasy-40621.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614063001/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Mar/03/nirangal-moondru-trailer-is-here-karthick-naren-weaves-a-hyperlink-ecstasy-40621.html |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> On the occasion of [[New Year]], Karthick Naren officially announced the project with the tentative title ''Production #25'' and confirmed the genre of the film to be a [[Hyperlink cinema|hyperlink]] [[thriller film|thriller]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-01-01 |title=Karthick Naren announces next with Atharva Murali, Rahman |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Jan/01/karthick-naren-announces-next-with-atharva-murali-rahman-28761.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204221607/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jan/01/karthick-naren-announces-next-with-atharva-murali-rahman-28761.html |archive-date=4 December 2022 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The next day, the title ''Nirangal Moondru'' was revealed, with the title referring to the three shades - black, white and grey that exists within every human being.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-02 |title=Atharvaa, Sarath Kumar and Rahman in Karthick Naren's hyperlink thriller Nirangal Moondru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/atharvaa-sarath-kumar-and-rahman-in-karthick-narens-hyperlink-thriller-nirangal-moondru/articleshow/88650332.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film also features [[Ammu Abhirami]], Dushyanth Jayaprakash, Murali Radhakrishnan, [[John Vijay]], [[Santhana Bharathi]], [[Chinni Jayanth]] and others in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atharvaa, Sarath Kumar-Starrer Nirangal Moondru Trailer Crosses 7 Million Views |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/atharvaa-sarath-kumar-starrer-nirangal-moondru-trailer-crosses-7-million-views-7254889.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310094350/https://www.news18.com/movies/atharvaa-sarath-kumar-starrer-nirangal-moondru-trailer-crosses-7-million-views-7254889.html |archive-date=10 March 2023 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-01 |title=Atharvaa's Nirangal Moondru to release on Nov 22 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/atharvaas-nirangal-moondru-to-release-on-nov-22-809601 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

The film is produced by K. Karunamoorthi under his [[Ayngaran International]] banner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-01-05 |title=Karthick Naren's Nirangal Moondru begins |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Jan/05/karthick-narens-nirangal-moondru-begins-28837.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003182337/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jan/05/karthick-narens-nirangal-moondru-begins-28837.html |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The technical crew consists of Tijo Tomy as the cinematographer, Sreejith Sarang as the editor, [[Jakes Bejoy]] as the music composer and Don Ashok as the stunt choreographer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2023-03-01 |title=The trailer of Nirangal Moondru to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Mar/01/the-trailer-of-nirangal-moondru-to-be-out-on-this-date-40538.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 5 January 2022 in [[Chennai]] after a formal puja ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=migrator |date=2022-01-05 |title=Karthick Naren's 'Nirangal Moondru' goes on floors |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/01/05/karthick-naren-nirangal-moondru-goes-on-floors |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> The entire filming was planned to be carried out in Chennai<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srikar |first=Ram Venkat |date=2022-01-02 |title=Karthick Naren's next, Nirangal Moondru |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Jan/02/karthick-narens-nextnirangal-moondru-28766.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208192204/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jan/02/karthick-narens-nextnirangal-moondru-28766.html |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> and was wrapped on 1 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-05-01 |title=Karthick Naren's thriller Nirangal Moondru wraps up shooting |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/May/01/karthick-narens-thriller-nirangal-moondruwraps-up-shooting-31200.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201025711/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/may/01/karthick-narens-thriller-nirangal-moondruwraps-up-shooting-31200.html |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-08-05 |title=Karthick Naren drops a still of Atharvaa from Nirangal Moondru |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Aug/05/karthick-naren-drops-a-still-of-atharvaa-from-nirangal-moondru-33437.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819141912/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/aug/05/karthick-naren-drops-a-still-of-atharvaa-from-nirangal-moondru-33437.html |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
The dubbing process was completed on 7 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Chandhini |date=2023-01-07 |title=Karthick Naren-Atharvaa Murali's Nirangal Moondru dubbing completed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Jan/07/karthick-naren-atharvaa-muralis-nirangal-moondru-dubbing-completed-38507.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201063950/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/07/karthick-naren-atharvaa-muralis-nirangal-moondru-dubbing-completed-38507.html |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> On 4 June 2023, the makers announced that the re-recording session had begun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-06-04 |title=Re-recording of Nirangal Moondru begins |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Jun/04/re-recording-of-nirangal-moondru-begins-44223.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614053104/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Jun/04/re-recording-of-nirangal-moondru-begins-44223.html |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nirangal Moondru
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| producer = Jakes Bejoy
| prev_title = [[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|Adios Amigo]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
| next_title = [[Mechanic Rocky]]
| next_year = 2024
}}
The soundtrack and background is composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]] in his third collaboration with [[Karthick Naren]] after ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]'' (2016) and ''[[Mafia: Chapter 1]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-05 |title='Nirangal Moondru's makers share a video of the film's music re-recording |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nirangal-moondrus-makers-share-a-video-of-the-films-music-re-recording/articleshow/100759166.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606145847/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nirangal-moondrus-makers-share-a-video-of-the-films-music-re-recording/articleshow/100759166.cms |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The first single "Megham Pol Aagi" was released on 3 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-01-03 |title=Megham Pol Aagi song from Nirangal Moondru is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jan/03/megham-pol-aagi-song-from-nirangal-moondru-is-out-50927.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105055315/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/jan/03/megham-pol-aagi-song-from-nirangal-moondru-is-out-50927.html |archive-date=5 January 2024 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Megham Pol Aagi
| length1 = 4:18
| writer1 = [[Thamarai]]
| extra1 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| total_length =
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Nirangal Moondru'' was released in theatres on 22 November 2024.<ref name=":0" /> The film has received a U/A certification by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-12-20 |title=Nirangal Moondru passes censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Dec/20/nirangal-moondru-passes-censorship-formalities-50550.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119110026/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/20/nirangal-moondru-passes-censorship-formalities-50550.html |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Nirangal Moondru is an interesting movie, but the human nature aspect of it could have been more powerful if they showed it through natural progression, rather than an abrupt shift in the latter portions."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nirangal Moondru Movie Review : Three-way character study promises more than it delivers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nirangal-moondru/movie-review/115489145.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123071030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nirangal-moondru/movie-review/115489145.cms |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Nirangal Moondru builds everything to a technicolour explosion of emotions, only to end up as a gentle nudge in black-and-white."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-22 |title=Nirangal Moondru Movie Review: Sarath Kumar, Rahman, Atharvaa anchor a trippy tale about fatherhood with middling results |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kollywood-movie-review/nirangal-moondru-movie-review-sarath-kumar-rahman-atharvaa-anchor-a-trippy-tale-about-fatherhood-with-middling-results-9682757/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123064022/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kollywood-movie-review/nirangal-moondru-movie-review-sarath-kumar-rahman-atharvaa-anchor-a-trippy-tale-about-fatherhood-with-middling-results-9682757/ |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Nirangal Moondru sets out to be a film that wants to explore the human psyche. But with some disjoined pieces of narrative, and a hyperlink screenplay, falls short of being an intriguing thriller with a deserving payoff."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirangal Moondru Movie Review: Karthick Naren's film fails to be intriguing |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/nirangal-moondru-movie-review-karthick-narens-hyperlink-drama-falls-short-of-being-intriguing/143249511c1 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

Narayani M of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Nirangal Moondru'' allows its characters to breathe, and it takes its time to reach the finish line when the worlds collide and rapid twists are unveiled. In spite of these, the writing never allows the stories to go deeper into the soul of the film, leaving little to no impact on the viewer."<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2024-11-22 |title=Nirangal Moondru Movie Review: The visuals sparkle, the storytelling pales |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Nov/22/nirangal-moondru-movie-review-the-visuals-sparkle-the-storytelling-pales |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[Network18 Group|News18]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Nirangal Moondru would have worked better as an anthology of three different stories arriving at the same morals about the importance of parenting."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirangal Moondru Movie Review: Karthick Naren Is Back with Another Middling Plastic Thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nirangal-moondru-movie-review-karthick-naren-is-back-with-another-middling-plastic-thriller-9132181.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124071314/https://www.news18.com/movies/nirangal-moondru-movie-review-karthick-naren-is-back-with-another-middling-plastic-thriller-9132181.html |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Even if ''Nirangal Moondru'' might not pass with flying colours, it's a step on the right path for its young director, who is more adept at working with high-concept scripts than high-flying stars, for that's what brings out his true colours as a filmmaker."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2024-11-23 |title=Nirangal Moondru movie review: Karthick Naren's comeback vehicle is a trippy and indulgent hyperlink film that almost works |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nirangal-moondru-movie-review-karthick-narens-comeback-vehicle-is-a-trippy-and-indulgent-hyperlink-film-that-almost-works/article68902045.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123141439/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nirangal-moondru-movie-review-karthick-narens-comeback-vehicle-is-a-trippy-and-indulgent-hyperlink-film-that-almost-works/article68902045.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|23646278}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Karthick Naren]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]

I, Me Aur Main

2026-03-02T09:28:50Z

Rrajani: Enhanced content and organization

{{short description|2013 Hindi-language romantic comedy}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = I, Me Aur Main
| image = I, Me Aur Main.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kapil Sharma
| producer = [[Goldie Behl]] Shrishti Behl Arya
| writer =
| starring = [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] [[Prachi Desai]] [[Chitrangada Singh]]
| music = Falak Shabir [[Sachin–Jigar]] Gourav Dasgupta [[Raghav Sachar]]
| cinematography = Himman Dhamija
| editing = Ranjeet Bahadur
| studio = Rose Films
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|03|01}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{Estimation}}{{INR|200 million|link=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/john-abrahams-i-me-aur-main-and-the-attacks-of-2611-release-today/1081658/|title=John Abraham's I Me Aur Main and The Attacks of 26/11 release today|website=The Indian Express|date=1 March 2013|access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/i-me-aur-main-john-abraham-ram-gopal-verma-attacks-of-26-11-box-office-155122-2013-03-01|title=Friday fever: John Abraham's I, Me Aur Main vs Ram Gopal Verma's Attacks of 26/11 at box office|website=India Today|date=1 March 2013|access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR|138.2 million|link=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/i-me-aur-main/box-office/|title=I, Me Aur Main Box Office|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=March 2013 |access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref>
}}

'''''I, Me Aur Main''''' ({{translation|I, me and myself}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Kapil Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranawat |first=Purnima |date=1 March 2013 |title=Today's big releases: I, Me Aur Main and The Attacks of 26/11 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/todays-big-releases-i-me-aur-main-and-the-attacks-of-26-11-632034 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> It stars [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Prachi Desai]] and [[Chitrangada Singh]] in lead roles. The film was released on 1 March 2013 and received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.showbizbites.com/i-me-aur-main-8th-day-box-office-collections-again-poor-business/|title=I Me Aur Main 8th Day Box Office Collections – Again Poor Business|date=9 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Kapil-Sharma-to-make-his-directorial-debut/articleshow/9482013.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051725/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news-interviews/29850193_1_kapil-sharma-directorial-debut-aur-main |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=3 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Kapil Sharma to make his directorial debut |date=4 August 2011}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ishaan, a charismatic, good-looking, self-centered, pompous, dependent and coquettish music producer from Mumbai, lives a sheltered existence as the apple of his mother's eye, always protected by his elder sister Shivani. He lives with his girlfriend Anushka and takes her for granted. One day Anushka kicks him out of her house due to his irresponsibility about their relationship.

His new neighbor Gauri comes into his life, and he begins to fall in love with her. Ishaan is forced out of his company, and Gauri encourages him to start his own music company. While Ishaan is working on his music, Anushka is pregnant with his child but decides not to tell him that he is the father. A few days later, Ishaan learns that his ex-girlfriend is pregnant with his child. Gauri gets a scholarship to Paris, and Ishaan and Gauri decide to live there after his big launch.

On the day of the launch, Anushka starts having contractions, and Ishaan, realizing his responsibilities, takes Anushka to the hospital where they have a daughter. Gauri leaves for Paris, understanding what is happening. Eight months later, Ishaan and his baby girl Diya talk to Gauri, who is returning soon, while Anushka is happily married to another man.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]]<ref name="mid-day">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/aug/040811-John-with-five-beauties-in-I-Me-Aur-Main.htm|title=John with five beauties in 'I, Me Aur Main'|date=4 August 2011|access-date=3 January 2012|publisher=[[Mid-day]]}}</ref> as Ishaan Sabharwal
* [[Prachi Desai]]<ref name="indiatv" /> as Gauri Dandekar
* [[Chitrangada Singh]]<ref name="indiatv" /> as Anushka Lal
* [[Zarina Wahab]]<ref name="indiatv" /> as Nisha Sabharwal, Ishaan's mother
* Priyanka Sharma as Taruni
* Errol Peter Marks as Tarun Mehra, Ishaan's best friend
* [[Raima Sen]] as Beena Chandok
* [[Sameer Soni]] as Agastya (in a special appearance)
* [[Sheena Shahabadi]] as Amala
* Deepti Gujral as Mrinalini
* [[Mini Mathur]] as Shivani Sabharwal, Ishaan's sister
* Sai Gundewar as Rafiq
* [[Amar Talwar]] as Mr. Sabharwal, Ishaan's father
* Micky Makhija as Mr. Narayan
* Mukul Chadda as Adil, Ishaan's brother-in-law
* Krish Chatterji as Rishi, Adil and Shivani's son
* Arlette Evita Grao as Shona
* Yugesh Anil as Gauri's friend
* Gyanesh as Akshay Tanwar
{{colend}}

== Release ==
The film was earlier expected to release in December 2012; it was pushed to March 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/dubbing-of-i-me-aur-main/|access-date=3 January 2012|title=Dubbing of I Me Aur Main|publisher=[[Boxoffice (magazine)|Box Office India]]|date=November 2011|archive-date=20 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120024955/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/dubbing-of-i-me-aur-main/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The theatrical trailer was released on 28 January 2013.<ref name="mid-day" /><ref name="indiatv">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k11/aac836.php|title=Reliance Entertainment to release I Me Aur Main|publisher=Indiantelevision.com|date=8 August 2011|access-date=3 January 2012}}</ref>

==Reception==
''I, Me aur Main'' received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics. Alisha Coelho of [[in.com]] gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that the movie was "proof that a movie with John Abraham as the lead can be your time and money's worth and that Bollywood can (if it tried) make love stories that don't defy common sense and good taste."<ref name="Review: I Me Aur Main">{{cite web | url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/movie-review-i-me-aur-main-is-a-pleasant-surprise-50190977-in-1.html | title=Review: I Me Aur Main is a pleasant surprise | author=Alisha Coelho | publisher=in.com | access-date=1 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502072233/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/movie-review-i-me-aur-main-is-a-pleasant-surprise-50190977-in-1.html | archive-date=2 May 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref>
Nishi Tiwari for [[Rediff.com]] has given 2/5 stars and says ''I, Me Aur Main'' has its moments but falters badly with its plot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-i-me-aur-main-leaves-a-lot-to-be-desired/20130301.htm| title=Review: I Me Aur Main leaves a lot to be desired | author=Nishi Tiwari | work=Rediff.com | access-date=1 March 2013}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>
Simon Foster for [[sbs.com.au]] has given 2/5 stars and says "Action Man Fails To Make Dramatic Jump.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/movies/review/i-me-aur-main-review | title=Review: Action Man Fails to Make Dramatic Jump | author=Simon Foster | work=SBS.com | date=7 March 2013 | access-date=7 March 2013}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''I, Me, Aur Main'' opened to poor collections. The film had little growth on the weekend, but the collections were still low and was eventually declared a flop.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = I, Me Aur Main
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = February 5, 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| prev_title = [[Jayantabhai Ki Luv Story]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Go Goa Gone]]
| next_year = 2012
}}
One song from [[Sridevi]] starrer 1989 Bollywood comedy film ''[[ChaalBaaz]]'' "Na Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai" was re-created in the film. The album consists of seven tracks composed by four musicians — [[Sachin–Jigar]], Gourov Dasgupta, Pakistani artist Falak Shabir and [[Raghav Sachar]]. Musicperk.com rated the album 7.5/10 quoting "Saajna, Naa Jaane, Darbadar (written by [[Mayur Puri]]), Meri Jaaniye are the picks of the album."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicperk.com/i-me-aur-main/ |title=I, Me Aur Main {{!}} Musicperk - Trending news, analysis, reviews, ratings and exclusive content for music. |website=www.musicperk.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301213614/http://www.musicperk.com/i-me-aur-main/ |archive-date=2013-03-01}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=February 2013}} The track "Capuchino" was a rip-off from the original song "[[I'm Shipping Up to Boston]]" and the track "Na Jaane" is a rip-off of "Part-Time Lover" a 1985 single by Stevie Wonder, from his album ''In Square Circle''.

===Track listing===
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Naa Jaane
| extra1 = [[Neeraj Shridhar]], [[Anushka Manchanda]]
| music1 = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kausar Munir]]
| length1 = 3:11
| title2 = Saajna
| extra2 = Falak Shabir
| music2 = Falak Shabir
| lyrics2 = [[Kumaar]]
| length2 = 4:42
| title3 = Saajna (Unplugged)
| extra3 = Falak Shabir
| music3 = Falak Shabir
| lyrics3 = Kumaar
| length3 = 5:01
| title4 = Capuchino
| extra4 = Abhishek Nehwal
| music4 = Sachin-Jigar
| lyrics4 = [[Neelesh Mishra]]
| length4 = 3:08
| title5 = Darbadar
| extra5 = [[Monali Thakur]], Backing vocals: [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Harshit Chouhan, Altamash, Shaadab
| music5 = Sachin-Jigar
| lyrics5 = [[Mayur Puri]]
| length5 = 3:26
| title6 = Nasha Nasha
| extra6 = [[Neha Bhasin]]
| music6 = [[Raghav Sachar]]
| lyrics6 = Prashant Ingole
| length6 = 3:44
| title7 = Meri Jaaniye
| extra7 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Monali Thakur]]
| music7 = Gourov Dasgupta
| lyrics7 = Manthan
| length7 = 4:42
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* {{IMDb title|2064816|I, Me aur Main}}

[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sachin–Jigar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Rose Audio Visuals]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]

List of beaches in India

2026-02-26T08:58:06Z

Rrajani: refined lead and updated info

{{Short description|None}}
There are many beaches on the [[coastal India|Indian coast]] which stretches for 11098.81 km both on the eastern and western coast. This is a list of the notable '''[[beaches]] in India''' sorted by [[states of India|states]] anti-clockwise.

==Blue Flag beaches==

As of October 2025, India has following 18 [[Blue Flag beach]]es. The Blue Flag beach is a eco-label awarded to the beaches on the criteria of cleanliness, safety and security of users, amenities and eco-friendliness, etc.<ref name=bfb1>[https://www.thebetterindia.com/301407/blue-flag-beaches-in-india-cleanest-beaches-eco-tourism-sustainability-vacation-plan/ 12 Must-Visit Blue Flag Beaches In India Known For Their Cleanliness & Beauty], The Better India, Oct 2022.</ref> Counter-clockwise list:

* Odisha
** [[Puri Beach]] or ''Puri beach'' in [[Puri]].<ref name=bfb1/>
** Pati Sonepur Sea Beach in [[Ganjam district]]
* Andhra Pradesh
** [[Rushikonda Beach]] in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name=bfb1/>
* Tamil Nadu
** [[Covelong|Kovalam beach]], 40 km south of [[Chennai]].<ref name=bfb1/>
* Puducherry
** [[Eden Beach Puducherry|Eden Beach]] in Chinna [[Veerampattinam]].<ref name=bfb1/>
* Andaman and Nicobar
** [[Havelock island|Radhanagar beach]] or ''Beach No 7'' in Havelock Islands.<ref name=bfb1/>
* Lakshadweep
** [[Minicoy|Minicoy Thundi beach]] in Minicoy.<ref name=bfb1/>
** [[Kadmat|Kadmat beach]] in Kadmat island.<ref name=bfb1/>
* Kerala
** [[Kappad|Kappad beach]] on north fringe of [[Kozhikode]].<ref name=bfb1/>
**[[Chal beach]] in [[Kannur]].<ref>https://www.keralatourism.org/newsletter/news/2025/blue-flag-certification-for-keralas-kappad-and-chal-beaches/2284</ref>
* Karnataka
** [[Kasarkod|Kasarkod beach]] in Kasarkod village in [[Uttara Kannada district]].<ref name=bfb1/>
** [[Padubidri|Padubidri Beach]] in [[Udupi district]].<ref name=bfb1/>
* Diu and Daman
** [[Gogolá|Ghoghla beach]] in [[Diu, India|Diu]].<ref name=bfb1/>
* Gujarat
** [[Shivrajpur beach]] in [[Dwarka]], at Shivrajpur village 12 km from Dwarka on Dwarka-Okha Highway.<ref name=bfb1/>
*Maharashtra
**[[Shrivardhan beach]] in [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
**[[Nagaon beach]] in [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
**[[Parnaka beach]] in [[Palghar]]
**[[Guhagar beach]] in [[Ratnagiri]]
**[[Ladghar beach]] in [[Ratnagiri]]<ref>https://www.newsonair.gov.in/five-maharashtra-beaches-receive-prestigious-international-blue-flag-certification/</ref>

==West coast==

===Gujarat===
[[File: Jampore_Beach_%2878525%29.jpg|thumbnail|Jampore Beach, Daman]]
[[File:Sunset at Devka beach, daman.jpg|thumb|Devka Beach Daman]]
The beaches along the western state of [[Gujarat]] are:

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
*[[Jampore Beach]]
*[[Devka Beach]]
*[[Dumas Beach]]
*[[Suvali Beach]]
*[[Umbharat Beach]]
*[[Dandi Beach]]
*[[Dabhari beach]]
*[[Diu Beach]]
*[[Tithal Beach]]
*[[Mandavi Beach]]
*[[Khambhat Beach]]
*[[Shivrajpur Beach]]
*[[Oakha Madhi Beach]]
*[[Moti Daman Beach]]
*[[Nani Daman Beach]]
*[[Nagao Beach]]
*[[Jalandhar Beach]]
*[[Chakratirth(khupri) Beach]]
*[[Ahemedpur Mandvi(Gir Somnath) Beach]]
*[[Mahuva Beach]]
*[[Pingleshwar(kutch) Beach]]
*[[Madhavpur Beach]]
{{div col end}}

===Maharashtra===
The state of [[Maharashtra]] has:

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
*[[Aksa Beach]]
*[[Alibaug Beach]]
*[[Gorai Beach]]
*[[Juhu Beach]]
*[[Manori Beach]]
*[[Marvé Beach]]
*[[Versova Beach]]
*[[Agardanda Beach]]
*[[Diveagar Beach]]
*[[Ganpatipule]] Beach
*[[Guhagar Beach]]
*[[Kelwa Beach]]
*[[Tarkarli Beach]]
*[[Shivaji Park Beach]]
*[[Anjarle Beach]]
*[[Dapoli Beach]]
*[[Dahanu Beach]]
*[[Srivardhan beach]]
*[[Kihim]] Beach
*[[Mandwa Beach]]
*[[Velneshwar Beach]]
*[[Vengurla Beach]]
*[[Bassein Beach]]
*[[Bhandarpule Beach]]
*[[Nagaon Beach]]
*[[Revdanda Beach]]
*[[Rewas Beach]]
*[[Kashid Beach]]
*[[Karde (Murud) Beach]]
*[[Harihareshwar Beach]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Harihareshwar|url=http://www.fredtravels.com/blog/harihareshwar-rejuvenate-revive/|access-date=29 July 2019| website= Goa Leisure}}</ref>
*[[Bagmandla Beach]]
*[[Kelshi Beach]]
*[[Harnai Beach]]
*[[Bordi Beach]]
*[[Ratnagiri Beach]]
*[[Awas Beach]]
*[[Sasawne Beach]]
*[[Malvan Beach]]
{{div col end}}

===Goa===
{{See also|List of beaches in Goa}}
[[File:Palolem beach.jpg|thumbnail|Palolem Beach]]

The beaches in the state of [[Goa]] are listed below:<ref name=top10>{{cite news|title=Sun, Sea and Sand: Top 10 must-visit beaches in India|url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/sun-sea-and-sand-top-10-must-visit-beaches-in-india/|access-date=15 February 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
*[[Agonda Beach]]
*[[Arambol Beach]]
*[[Benaulim Beach]]
*[[Cavelossim Beach]]
*[[Chapora Beach]]
*[[Mandrem Beach]]
*[[Palolem Beach]]
*[[Varca Beach]]
*[[Baga Beach]]
*[[Candolim Beach]]
*[[Calangute Beach]]
*[[Colva Beach]]
*[[Miramar Beach, Goa]]
*[[Morjim]] Beach
*[[Bambolim Beach]]
*[[Cabo de rama Beach]]
*[[Anjuna Beach]]
*[[Utorda Beach]]
*[[Majorda Beach]]
*[[Betalbatim Beach]]
*[[Sernabatim Beach]]
*[[Cavelossim Beach]]
*[[Mobor Beach]]
*[[Betul Beach]]
*[[Querim Beach]]
*[[Kalacha Beach]]
*[[Mandrem Beach]]
*[[Ashvem Beach]]
*[[Vagator]] Beach
*[[Ozran Beach]]
*[[Sinquerim Beach]]
*[[Coco Beach]]
*[[Kegdole Beach]]
*[[Caranzalem Beach]]
*[[Dona Paula Beach]]
*[[Vaiguinim Beach]]
*[[Siridao Beach]]
*[[Bogmalo Beach]]
*[[Baina Beach]]
*[[Hansa Beach]]
*[[Hollant Beach]]
*[[Cansaulim Beach]]
*[[Velsao Beach]]
*[[Canaiguinim Beach]]
*[[Kakolem Beach]]
*[[Dharvalem Beach]]
*[[Cola Beach]]
*[[Agonda Beach]]
*[[Palolem Beach]]
*[[Patnem Beach]]
*[[Rajbag Beach]]
*[[Talpona Beach]]
*[[Galgibag Beach]]
*[[Polem Beach]]
*[[Pebble Beach Goa]]
{{div col end}}

===Karnataka===
[[File:Panambur Beach Mangalore.jpg|thumb|Sunset at [[Panambur Beach]], [[Mangalore]]]]
[[File:Malpe.jpg|thumb|right|[[Malpe Beach]], [[Udupi, India]]]]
{{See also|List of beaches in Karnataka}}
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
*[[Karwar Beach]]
*[[Kudle beach]]
* [[Panambur Beach]]
*[[NITK Beach]]
* [[Sasihithlu Beach]]
*[[Maravanthe |Maravanthe Beach]]
*[[Tannirubhavi Beach]]
*[[Malpe |Malpe Beach]]
* Murudeshwara Beach
* Apsarakonda Beach
* Om Beach, [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]]
* Kaup Beach
* Kodi Beach
* [[Someshwar Beach]]
* St Mary's Island Beach
* [[Mukka Beach]]
* [[Ullal beach]]
{{div col end}}

===Kerala===
{{See also|Beaches in Kerala}}
[[File:01KovalamBeach&Kerala.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kovalam Beach]] in [[Trivandrum]] city]]
[[File:Kollam, Kerala.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kollam Beach]]]]
[[File:Cherai Beach scenery 02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cherai Beach]]]]
*[[Chavakkad Beach]]
*[[Cherai Beach]]
*[[Fort Kochi beach]]
*[[Kollam Beach]]
*[[Kanhangad]] Beach
*[[Marari beach]]
*[[Meenkunnu Beach]]
*[[Muzhappilangad Beach]]
*[[Payyambalam Beach]]
*[[Saddam Beach]]
*[[Shangumughom Beach]]
*[[Snehatheeram Beach]]
*[[Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram|Kappil]] Beach [[Varkala]]
*[[Thirumullavaram Beach]]
*[[Kovalam Beach]]
*[[Kovalam|Hawa Beach]], Kovalam
*Samudra Beach, Kovalam
*Lighthouse Beach, Kovalam
*[[Kannur Beach]]
*[[Kappad Beach]]
*[[Varkala Beach]]<ref name="top10" /> / Papanasham Beach
*[[Padinjarekkara Beach]]
*[[Tanur Beach]]
*[[Azheekal Beach]]
* [[Alappuzha Beach]]
* [[Kozhikode Beach]]
*Bekal Beach
*Thiruvambadi Beach
*Kappil Beach

==East coast==

The Indian East Coast starts with West Bengal and extends further through Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and finally ends in Tamil Nadu.

===West Bengal===
Beaches in [[West Bengal]] are:
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
*[[Henry Island (India)|Henry Island Beach]]
*[[Bakkhali|Bakkhali sea beach]]
*[[Frasergunj Sea Beach]]
*[[Sagar Island|Gangasagar Sea Beach]]
*[[Junput|Junput beach]]
*[[Bankiput Sea Beach]]
*[[Mandarmani|Mandarmani beach]]
*[[Shankarpur|Shankarpur Beach]]
*[[Tajpur, West Bengal|Tajpur beach]]
*[[Digha|Digha Sea Beach]]
*[[Udaypur Sea Beach]]
{{div col end}}

===Odisha===
The beaches in [[Odisha]] are:
[[File:PuriSunrise.jpg|thumb|Puri Sea Beach at Sunrise]]

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
*[[Talsari Beach]]
*[[Dagara, Baleswar|Dagara beach]]
*[[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur-on-sea]]
*[[Gahirmatha Beach]]
*[[Satabhaya, Odisha|Satabhaya beach]]
*Pentha Sea Beach<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pentha+Sea+Beach,+Padmanavpatna,+Odisha+754225/@20.5386662,86.7883534,16z/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x3a1ba45334c95e35:0xdf7eda4430e4b0ea|title = Pentha Sea Beach · Padmanavpatna, Odisha 754225, India}}</ref>
*[[Hukitola|Hukitola beach]]
*[[Paradip|Paradeep sea beach]]
*[[Astaranga|Astaranga beach]]
*[[Beleswar Temple|Beleswar beach]]
*[[Konark Beach]]
*[[Chandrabhaga beach]]
*[[Ramachandi Temple|Ramachandi beach]]
*[[Puri Beach]]
*[[Satpada|Satpada beach]]
*[[Parikud|Parikud beach]]
*[[Ganjam|Ganjam beach]]
*Aryapalli beach
*[[Gopalpur-on-Sea]]
*Dhabaleshwar beach
*[[Ramayapatnam Beach]]
*Sonapur beach
{{div col end}}

===Andhra Pradesh===
{{See also|Beaches of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[File:(Bay of Bengal) Beach View from Tenneti Park 07.JPG|thumb|(Bay of Bengal) Beach view from [[Tenneti Park]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]

The following are the beaches in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[Sonpur Beach]]
* [[Donkuru Beach]]
* [[Nelavanka Beach]]
* [[Kaviti Beach]]
* [[Onturu Beach]]
* [[Ramayyapatnam Beach]]
* [[Baruva Beach]]
* [[Battigalluru Beach]]
* [[Sirmamidi Beach]]
* [[Ratti Beach]]
* [[Shivasagar Beach]]
* [[Dokulapadu Beach]]
* [[Nuvvalarevu Beach]]
* [[KR Peta Beach]]
* [[Bavanapadu Beach]]
* [[Mula Peta Beach]]
* [[BVS Beach]]
* [[Patha Meghavaram Beach]]
* [[Guppidipeta Beach]]
* [[Kotharevu Beach]]
* [[Rajaram Puram Beach]]
* [[Kalingapatnam Beach]]
* [[Bandaruvanipeta Beach]]
* [[Mogadalapadu Beach]]
* [[Vatsavalasa Beach]]
* [[S. Matchelesam Beach]]
* [[Balarampuram Beach]]
* [[Kunduvanipeta Beach]]
* [[PD Palem Beach]]
* [[Budagatlapalem Beach]]
* [[Kotcherla Beach]]
* [[Jeerupalem Beach]]
* [[Kovvada Beach]]
* [[Pothayyapeta Beach]]
* [[Chintapalli NGF Beach]]
* [[Chintapalli Beach]]
* [[Tammayyapalem Beach]]
* [[Konada Beach]]
* [[Divis Beach]]
* [[Bheemili Beach]]
* [[Mangamaripeta Beach]]
* [[Thotlakonda Beach]]
* [[Rushikonda Beach]]
* [[Sagarnagar Beach]]
* [[Jodugullapalem Beach]]
* [[RK Beach]]
* [[Durga Beach]]
* [[Yarada Beach]]
* [[Gagavaram Beach]]
* [[Adi's Beach]]
* [[Appikonda Beach]]
* [[Tikkavanipalem Beach]]
* [[Mutyalammapalem Beach]]
* [[Thanthadi Beach]]
* [[Seethapalem Beach]]
* [[Rambilli Beach]]
* [[Kothapatnam Beach]]
* [[Revupolavaram Beach]]
* [[Gudivada Beach]]
* [[Gurrajupeta Beach]]
* [[Pedhatheenarla Beach]]
* [[Rajjyapeta Beach]]
* [[Boyapadu Beach]]
* [[DLPuram Beach]]
* [[Pentakota Beach]]
* [[Rajavaram Beach]]
* [[Addaripeta Beach]]
* [[Danvaipeta Beach]]
* [[Gaddipeta Beach]]
* [[K. Perumallapuram Beach]]
* [[Konapapapeta Beach]]
* [[Uppada Beach]]
* [[Nemam Beach]]
* [[NTR Beach]]
* [[Seahorse Beach]]
* [[Dragonmouth Beach]]
* [[Pallam Beach]]
* [[Sunrise Beach (Andhra Pradesh)|Sunrise Beach]]
* [[Surasani Yanam Beach]]
* [[Vasalatippa Beach]]
* [[Odalarevu|Odalarevu Beach]]
* [[Turpupalem Beach]]
* [[Kesanapalli Beach]]
* [[Shankaraguptham Beach]]
* [[Chintalamori Beach]]
* [[Natural Beach]]
* [[KDP Beach]]
* [[Antervedi Beach]]
* [[Pedamainavanilanka Beach]]
* [[Perupalem Beach]]
* [[Kanakadurga Beach]]
* [[Gollapalem Beach]]
* [[Podu Beach]]
* [[Gollapalem Beach]]
* [[Pedapatnam Beach]]
* [[Modi Beach]]
* [[Tallapalem Beach]]
* [[Manginapudi Beach]]
* [[Crab Beach]]
* [[Gopuvanipalem Beach]]
* [[Lonely Beach]]
* [[Chinakaragraharam Beach]]
* [[Destiny Beach]]
* [[Machilipatnam Beach]]
* [[Hamsaladeevi Beach]]
* [[Diviseema Beach]]
* [[Dindi Beach]]
* [[Nizampatnam Beach]]
* [[Suryalanka Beach]]
* [[Pandurangapuram Beach]]
* [[Vodarevu Beach]]
* [[Ramachandrapuram Beach]]
* [[Motupalli Beach]]
* [[Chinaganjam Beach]]
* [[Pedaganjam Beach]]
* [[Kanapurthi Beach]]
* [[Kodurivaripalem Beach]]
* [[Katamvaripalem Beach]]
* [[Kanuparthi Beach]]
* [[Motumala Beach]]
* [[Pinnivaripalem Beach]]
* [[Kothapatnam Beach]]
* [[Gavandlapallem Beach]]
* [[Rajupalem Beach]]
* [[Etthamukhala Beach]]
* [[Madanur Beach]]
* [[White sand Beach]]
* [[Pakka Beach]]
* [[Pakala Beach]]
* [[Ullapalem Beach]]
* [[Pedda Pallepalem Beach]]
* [[Karedu Beach]]
* [[G-Star Shiv Beach]]
* [[Shiv satendra Prajapati Beach]]
* [[Alagayapalem Beach]]
* [[Chackicherla Beach]]
* [[Ramayapattanam Public Beach]]
* [[Karla palem Beach]]
* [[SSR Port Beach]]
* [[Pallipalem Public Beach]]
* [[Kotha sathram Beach]]
* [[Pedaramudu palem Beach]]
* [[Chinnaramudu palem Beach]]
* [[Thummalapenta Beach]]
* [[Thatichetla Palem Beach]]
* [[LN Puram Beach]]
* [[Iskapalli Beach]]
* [[Ponnapudi Beach]]
* [[Ramathirdamu Beach]]
* [[Govundlapalem Beach]]
* [[Kudithipalem Beach]]
* [[Gangapatnam Beach]]
* [[Mypadu Beach]]
* [[Zard Beach]]
* [[Kotha Koduru Beach]]
* [[Koduru Beach]]
* [[Katepalli Beach]]
* [[Nelaturu Beach]]
* [[Krishnapatnam Beach]]
* [[Theegapalem Beach]]
* [[Srinivasa satram Beach]]
* [[Pattapupalem Beach]]
* [[Moonside Beach]]
* [[Thupilipalem Beach]]
* [[Kondurpalem Beach]]
* [[Alone Beach]]
* [[Raviguntapalem Beach]]
* [[Nawabpet Beach]]
{{div col end}}

===Tamil Nadu===
[[File:Marina Beach in Chennai as seen from Light house.jpg|thumb|A view of the Marina Beach, Chennai, Tamil Nadu - The longest beach in India and World's second longest Sandy Urban beach]]
[[File:View of Pamban Beach in Rameswaram.jpg|thumb|View of Pamban Beach, Rameswaram]]
The beaches in the southern state of [[Tamil Nadu]] are:<ref name="top10" />

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
*[[Marina Beach]]
*[[Edward Elliot's Beach]]
*[[Kasimedu's N4 Beach]]
*[[Golden Beach, Chennai]]
*[[Thiruvanmayur Beach, Chennai]]
*[[Silver Beach (India)|Silver Beach]]
*[[Covelong Beach]]
*[[Mahabalipuram Beach]]
*[[Olaikuda Beach]]
*[[Ariyaman/kushi Beach, Rameswaram]]
*[[Pamban Beach, Rameswaram]]
*[[Dhanushkodi Beach]]
*[[Velankanni Beach]]
*[[Sothavilai Beach]]
*[[Kanyakumari Beach]]
*[[Vattakotai Beach]]
*[[Sanguthurai Beach]]
*[[Sengumal Beach]]
*[[Thoothukudi Beach]]
*[[Tiruchendur Beach]]
*[[Poompuhar Beach]]
{{div col end}}

===Pondicherry===
* [[Promenade Beach]]
* [[Karaikal Beach]]
* [[Yanam Beach]]
* Auroville Beach
* Paradise Beach
* Serenity Beach

==Island Territories==

===Andaman and Nicobar Islands===

* [[Radhanagar Beach]], Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* [[Bangaram]] beach, Lakshadweep Islands
* [[Kala Patthar Beach]], Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* [[Elephant Beach]], Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* [[Wandoor Beach]], Andaman and Nicobar Islands

===Lakshadweep ===

* [[List of islands in Lakshadweep]]

==See also==

* [[Coastal India]]
** [[Coral reefs in India]]
** [[Fishing in India]]
** [[List of islands in Lakshadweep]]
** [[List of islands of India|List of islands in India]]
* [[List of beaches]]
* [[Tourism in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Beaches of India|lcfirst=yes}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{Asia topic|List of beaches in}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Lists of landforms of India|Beaches]]
[[Category:Lists of beaches in India| ]]

Ramesh Aravind

2026-02-14T08:38:15Z

Rrajani: improved page

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramesh Aravind
| image = Ramesh Arvind.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Ramesh Arvind in 2018
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1964|09|10}}
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]], [[Bangalore]]
| years_active = 1986–present
| occupation = Actor, director, television presenter, screenwriter
| works = [[Ramesh Aravind filmography|Full list]]
| children = 2
| spouse = Archana Ramesh
| website = {{URL|http://ramesharavind.com}}
}}

'''Ramesh Aravind''' (born 10 September 1964), known mononymously as '''Ramesh''', is an Indian actor, director, screenwriter and television presenter, predominantly in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], in addition to [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films.

He has made his acting career with [[K. Balachander]]'s ''[[Sundara Swapnagalu]]'' in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/Jul/18/a-rare-talent-for-spotting-talent-actor-ramesh-aravind-on-k-balachander-2171233.html|title=A rare talent for spotting talent, Actor Ramesh Aravind on K Balachander|access-date=23 October 2024|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507054235/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jul/18/a-rare-talent-for-spotting-talent-actor-ramesh-aravind-on-k-balachander-2171233.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ramesh has appeared in over 140 films besides directing about 10 films in Kannada & Tamil.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kannada-actors-regret-ban/articleshow/861737.cms | title=Kannada actors regret 'ban' | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=24 September 2004 | archive-date=21 December 2022 | access-date=21 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221074120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kannada-actors-regret-ban/articleshow/861737.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

He has so far received two [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] namely, for ''[[America America (1996 film)|America America]]'' (1997) and ''[[Hoomale]]'' (1998) besides winning [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]] award for his writing; two [[Filmfare Awards South]], two [[Udaya Film Awards]] and [[Suvarna Film Awards]].

He has largely appeared in romantic drama in Kannada films such as ''[[Anuraga Sangama]]'' (1995), ''[[Karpoorada Gombe]]'' (1996), ''[[Nammoora Mandara Hoove]]'' (1996), ''[[Amruthavarshini (film)|Amruthavarshini]]'' (1997), ''[[America! America!!]]'' (1997), ''[[O Mallige]]'' (1997), ''[[Ulta Palta (1997 film)|Ulta Palta]]'' (1997), ''[[Mungarina Minchu]]'' (1997), ''[[Thutta Mutta]]'' (1998), ''[[Hoomale]]'' (1998), ''[[Sambhrama]]'' (1999) and ''[[Chandramukhi Pranasakhi]]'' (1999).

Later, Ramesh returned to act performance oriented roles in films such as ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' (2001), ''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]'' (2001), ''[[Apthamitra]]'' (2004), ''[[Varsha (film)|Varsha]]'' (2005), ''[[Rama Shama Bhama]]'' (2005), ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (2017 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' (2017) and ''[[Shivaji Surathkal]]'' (2020).

Ramesh hosts the television show ''[[Weekend with Ramesh]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |title=Weekend with Ramesh to be aired on OTT? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/weekend-with-ramesh-to-be-aired-on-ott/articleshow/87102114.cms |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=18 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520214830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/weekend-with-ramesh-to-be-aired-on-ott/articleshow/87102114.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> which has aired for five seasons on [[Zee Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Weekend with Ramesh' team celebrates the success of season 4 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/weekend-with-ramesh-team-celebrates-the-success-of-season-4/articleshow/70553548.cms |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=6 August 2019 |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520214831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/weekend-with-ramesh-team-celebrates-the-success-of-season-4/articleshow/70553548.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He also hosted Season 3 of ''[[Kannadada Kotyadhipati]]'', the Kannada version of ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=R |first=Shilpa Sebastian |date=30 April 2018 |title=Ramesh Aravind to host Kannadada Kotyadhipati |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/back-to-beinga-host/article23726447.ece |access-date=20 May 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520214830/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/back-to-beinga-host/article23726447.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP) appointed Aravind as the awareness ambassador for [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ramesh Aravind roped in as BBMP's Covid-19 awareness ambassador |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramesh-aravind-roped-in-as-bbmps-covid-19-awareness-ambassador/articleshow/77133213.cms |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |last1=Chakravorty |first1=Joyeeta |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520214831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramesh-aravind-roped-in-as-bbmps-covid-19-awareness-ambassador/articleshow/77133213.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He is the Brand Ambassador for 7 Wonders of Karnataka campaign jointly done by Suvarna News and Tourism Dept of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Official 7 Wonders of Karnataka. |url=https://www.7wondersofkarnataka.com/ |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=www.7wondersofkarnataka.com |language=en |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702150028/https://www.7wondersofkarnataka.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sunita.iyer |title=It's official! Seven wonders of Karnataka unveiled by CM Bommai; actor Ramesh Aravind lauds moment of glory |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/its-official-seven-wonders-of-karnataka-unveiled-by-cm-bommai-actor-ramesh-aravind-lauds-moment-of-glory-snt-rqn9lq |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308033901/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/its-official-seven-wonders-of-karnataka-unveiled-by-cm-bommai-actor-ramesh-aravind-lauds-moment-of-glory-snt-rqn9lq |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, he was awarded an honorary doctorate for his contribution to field of cinema by [[Rani Channamma University, Belagavi|Rani Channamma University]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ramesh Aravind to be conferred with an honorary doctorate from Rani Channamma University |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramesh-aravind-to-be-conferred-with-honorary-doctorate-from-rani-channamma-university/articleshow/94168390.cms |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921093509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramesh-aravind-to-be-conferred-with-honorary-doctorate-from-rani-channamma-university/articleshow/94168390.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |title=Actor Ramesh Aravind, two others to be conferred honorary doctorate by RCU |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/actor-ramesh-aravind-two-others-to-be-conferred-honorary-doctorate-by-rcu |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=Udayavani |language=kn |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912124338/https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/actor-ramesh-aravind-two-others-to-be-conferred-honorary-doctorate-by-rcu |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in 2022, he was awarded the Dr. Shivarama Karanth Award for his services as an actor, director and resource person.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |title=Actor Ramesh Aravind to receive Shivaram Karanth Huttura Award |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/actor-ramesh-aravind-to-receive-shivaram-karanth-huttura-award |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=Udayavani |language=kn |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924105812/https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/actor-ramesh-aravind-to-receive-shivaram-karanth-huttura-award |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2022 |title=Shivarama Karanth award for actor-director Ramesh Arvind |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/shivarama-karanth-award-for-actor-director-ramesh-arvind-1148016.html |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020064009/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/shivarama-karanth-award-for-actor-director-ramesh-arvind-1148016.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2022 |title=Kannada actor-director Ramesh Arvind to receive Shivarama Karanth award |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-actor-director-ramesh-arvind-receive-shivarama-karanth-award-168255 |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928184658/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-actor-director-ramesh-arvind-receive-shivarama-karanth-award-168255 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2025, Dr. Ramesh Aravind was ranked as the 4th Top Motivational Speaker in India and 28th globally by Feedspot, a leading blog and information platform. This recognition highlights his influence and impact in the field of motivational speaking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=Top 100 Motivational Influencers in 2025 |url=https://influencers.feedspot.com/motivational_instagram_influencers/?feedid=5610921&_src=f2_featured_email |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=FeedSpot for Influencers |language=en-US}}</ref>

In a moment of historic recognition, Austin mayor pro team Vanessa Fuentes presented an official Mayoral proclamation declaring 23 August, as "Dr Ramesh Aravind Day" <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2025 |title=City of Austin Honors Dr. Ramesh Aravind at The Day of Gratitude Gala 2025 |url=https://english.udayanews.com/city-of-austin-honors-dr-ramesh-aravind-at-the-day-of-gratitude-gala-2025/ |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=english.udayanews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Austin honors Dr Ramesh Aravind at The Day of Gratitude Gala 2025 |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1290393 |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> in Austin, Texas.

==Career==

=== Acting ===

While studying at engineering college, Ramesh Aravind worked as an [[emcee]] at award functions, including an event celebrating the success of the film ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]'' (1983), where he met his long-term collaborator [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref name="silverscreen">{{Cite web|url = http://silverscreen.in/features/sunny-side-ramesh-aravind-interview/|title = Sunny Side Up: The Ramesh Aravind Interview|date = 9 September 2014|access-date = 9 September 2014|archive-date = 11 September 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140911042650/http://silverscreen.in/features/sunny-side-ramesh-aravind-interview/|url-status = dead}}</ref> He then started his television career hosting the show ''Parichaya'' on [[Doordarshan|DD1-Kannada]] before working on a Kannada-language film titled ''Mouna Geethe'', in which he had a supporting role.<ref>https://maadhyama-aneka.com/ramesh-aravind/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouna Geethe (1986) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/mouna-geethe-1986 |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=chiloka.com |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224143347/https://chiloka.com/movie/mouna-geethe-1986 |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the release of the film, Aravind was approached by director [[K. Balachander]] who had been casting the role of Kamal Haasan for a Kannada version of the Tamil film ''[[Sollathaan Ninaikkiren]]'' (1973).<ref>{{Cite web |title=A rare talent for spotting talent, Actor Ramesh Aravind on K Balachander |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jul/18/a-rare-talent-for-spotting-talent-actor-ramesh-aravind-on-k-balachander-2171233.html |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507054235/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jul/18/a-rare-talent-for-spotting-talent-actor-ramesh-aravind-on-k-balachander-2171233.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After a brief audition, Balachander selected Aravind after being "impressed with his eyes" and cast him as the playboy character in ''[[Sundara Swapnagalu]]'' (1986), which released shortly before ''Mouna Geethe''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/A-remake-can-improve-upon-the-original/articleshow/55965914.cms | title=A remake can improve upon the original | access-date=15 December 2016 | archive-date=14 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214173847/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/A-remake-can-improve-upon-the-original/articleshow/55965914.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="okint">{{Cite web| url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/interview-ramesh-aravind-director-uttama-villain/| title=Interview with Ramesh Aravind - the director of Uttama Villain| date=7 September 2014| access-date=8 September 2014| archive-date=8 September 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908181705/http://www.onlykollywood.com/interview-ramesh-aravind-director-uttama-villain/| url-status=live}}</ref>

Balachander then gave Aravind a small role in ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'' (1986) as [[Revathi]]'s ex-lover but his scenes were edited out of the final version.<ref name="silverscreen" /> Aravind worked with the same director in the Tamil film ''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]'' (1987) but Balachander later recommended to Aravind to opt out of the film and work with [[K. Bhagyaraj]] instead to make his debut in a leading role. The proposed film was later shelved and Aravind returned to the cast of ''Manathil Uruthi Vendum'', winning critical acclaim for his performance. Balachander introduced Ramesh Aravind into Telugu films through ''[[Rudraveena (film)|Rudraveena]]'', having been introduced into three film industries by the same director.<ref name="okint" />

Ramesh made his breakthrough portraying a student union leader in [[Vasanth]]'s romantic drama film ''[[Keladi Kanmani]]'' (1990), whose commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ramesh-arvind-i-signed-12-tamil-films-because-of-keladi-kanmani/articleshow/77199047.cms|title=Ramesh Arvind: I signed 12 Tamil films because of Keladi Kanmani|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 October 2024|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201003180122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ramesh-arvind-i-signed-12-tamil-films-because-of-keladi-kanmani/articleshow/77199047.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He earned critical acclaim in Tamil cinema for his portrayal of a love-ridden musician in Balachander's ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' (1994) and for his performance alongside [[Kamal Haasan]] in [[Balu Mahendra]]'s comedy film ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]'' (1995).<ref name="okint"/> In his return to Tamil films since the mid-1990s, Ramesh frequently collaborated with Kamal Haasan on projects including the unreleased ''[[Kanden Seethaiyai (1996 film)|Kanden Seethaiyai]]'' (1996), ''[[Panchathantiram]]'' (2002) and ''[[Mumbai Xpress (2005 Tamil film)|Mumbai Xpress]]'' (2005).<ref name="okint"/>

Subsequently, he returned to the [[Bangalore]]-based film industry to work in Kannada films. He appeared in several consecutive commercially successful Kannada films including ''[[Anuraga Sangama]]'' (1995), ''[[Karpoorada Gombe]]'' (1996), ''[[Nammoora Mandara Hoove]]'' (1996), ''[[Amruthavarshini (film)|Amruthavarshini]]'' (1997), ''[[America! America!!]]'' (1997), ''[[O Mallige]]'' (1997), ''[[Ulta Palta (1997 film)|Ulta Palta]]'' (1997), ''[[Mungarina Minchu]]'' (1997), ''[[Thutta Mutta]]'' (1998), ''[[Hoomale]]'' (1998), ''[[Sambhrama]]'' (1999) and ''[[Chandramukhi Pranasakhi]]'' (1999), becoming one of the industry's highest-paid actors.

Ramesh Aravind scripted the film ''[[Hoomale]]'' in 1998, leading to his career in film directing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramesh Aravind to host Kannada KBC|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=507200|access-date=8 December 2021|website=daijiworld.com|language=en|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195426/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=507200|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/a-versatile-actor-takes-the-stage-at-delhi-belli-hejje/article4100305.ece |title=A versatile actor takes the stage at Delhi Belli Hejje |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=18 May 2013 |archive-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205213823/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/a-versatile-actor-takes-the-stage-at-delhi-belli-hejje/article4100305.ece |url-status=live |last1=Khajane |first1=Muralidhara }}</ref> ''Hoomale'' won Aravind the Best Actor Filmfare Award and the Karnataka State Award. His script for ''[[Amrithadhare|Amruthadhare]]'' (2005) won him the Raghvendra Chitravani Award for Best Story.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Raghvendra-Chitravani-Awards-held/articleshow/20287581.cms|title=Raghvendra Chitravani Awards held|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325184632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Raghvendra-Chitravani-Awards-held/articleshow/20287581.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Directing===

Ramesh Aravind's directorial debut was ''[[Rama Shama Bhama]]'' (2005) with Kamal Haasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2006 |title=The Hindu : Life Bangalore : Kamal Haasan back after 17 years |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/05/18/stories/2005051815780200.htm |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114043755/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/05/18/stories/2005051815780200.htm |archive-date=14 January 2006 }}</ref> After this, he directed ''[[Sathyavan Savithri]]'' and ''Accident''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathyavaan Saavithri is hilarious |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/02ss.htm |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=www.rediff.com |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913080449/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/02ss.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Accident, an enjoyable thriller |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/04ssa.htm |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=www.rediff.com |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224143343/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/04ssa.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, he directed the comedy film ''[[Venkata in Sankata]]'' and later ''[[Nammanna Don]]'' in 2012.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

When Kamal Haasan asked Aravind to direct the Tamil-language film ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' (2015), Aravind accepted the offer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=Kamal Hassan's Uttama Villain to open on April 10 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kamal-hassan-s-uttama-villain-to-open-on-april-10/story-y22BvaTb9xmsIaQ8IsU8VJ.html |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224143344/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kamal-hassan-s-uttama-villain-to-open-on-april-10/story-y22BvaTb9xmsIaQ8IsU8VJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Uttama Villain'' is the first Aravind-directed film in which he did not portray a leading role; he said he accepted the film due to the "challenging nature of the script" and the opportunity to direct his mentor K. Balachander.<ref name="silverscreen"/>

In 2016, Ramesh Aravind has stamped his own signature for his seventh directorial, ''[[Sundaranga Jaana]]'', remake the original 2015 Telugu film, ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/Dec/24/sundaranga-jaana-review-clean-humour-with-ample-twists-1552459.html|title=Sundaranga Jaana review: Clean humour with ample twists|work=newindianexpress}}</ref> In 2021, Ramesh as the protagonist and excels in his performance in the crime thriller film ''[[100 (2021 film)|100]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/100/movie-review/87798527.cms|title=100 Movie Review: Ramesh Aravind headlines this crisp cybercrime thriller|work=timesofindia}}</ref>

===Writer===

His Kannada book "Art of Success"<ref>{{Cite web |last=vaishnavi |title=ಪುಸ್ತಕಕ್ಕೂ ಸ್ಟಾರ್‌ ಪಟ್ಟ: ವೀರಲೋಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯ ಹೊಸ ಯೋಜನೆ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/magazine/veerakaputra-srinivasa-veeraloka-book-launch-by-ramesh-aravind-and-kiccha-sudeep-vcs-rczqdj |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=kn |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609041704/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/magazine/veerakaputra-srinivasa-veeraloka-book-launch-by-ramesh-aravind-and-kiccha-sudeep-vcs-rczqdj |url-status=live }}</ref> which is a collection of his quotes, became a bestseller. His recent book "Preetiyinda Ramesh" as highly successful with 5 editions in 5 months of release<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2022 |title=Ramesh Aravind {{!}} ಪ್ರೀತಿಯಿಂದ ರಮೇಶ್‌ ಬರೆದ ʼಯಶಸ್ಸಿನ ಸರಳ ಸೂತ್ರʼಗಳ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ Vistara News |url=https://vistaranews.com/art-literature/actor-ramesh-aravind-book-released/101010.html |access-date=25 March 2023 |language=kn |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325113228/https://vistaranews.com/art-literature/actor-ramesh-aravind-book-released/101010.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2022 |title='ಯಶಸ್ಸಿನ ಸರಳ ಸೂತ್ರ'ಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರೀತಿಯಿಂದ ಹೇಳಹೊರಟ 'ರಮೇಶ್ ಅರವಿಂದ್' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/actor-ramesh-arvind-book-preethiyinda-ramesh-yashassina-sarala-suthragalu-release-by-ananthnag-93187 |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=Zee News Kannada |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2022 |title=Know What Actor Ramesh Aravind's Book Preetiyinda Ramesh is All About |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/know-what-actor-ramesh-aravinds-book-preetiyinda-ramesh-is-all-about-5943493.html |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070706/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/know-what-actor-ramesh-aravinds-book-preetiyinda-ramesh-is-all-about-5943493.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Aravind has written and narrated the Kannada audiobook "MasadaMaatu with Ramesh", which is available on [[Storytel]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandraj |first=Shilpa |date=7 January 2022 |title=Actor Ramesh Aravind creates original audio series |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-ramesh-aravind-creates-original-audio-series/article38163358.ece |access-date=20 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328032324/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-ramesh-aravind-creates-original-audio-series/article38163358.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ramesh was also a celebrity [[Radio jockey|talk-radio host]] on [[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.adgully.com/weekend-exclusive-ramesh-aravind-92-7-big-fm-s-rj-shruti-unplugged-50759.html|title=Weekend Exclusive {{!}} Ramesh Aravind & 92.7 BIG FM's RJ Shruti unplugged!|access-date=12 May 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120183838/https://www.adgully.com/weekend-exclusive-ramesh-aravind-92-7-big-fm-s-rj-shruti-unplugged-50759.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His more recent notable appearance was in ''[[Shivaji Surathkal 2]]'' which was released all over cinema theatres on 14 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramesh Aravind's Shivaji Surathkal 2 to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/mar/07/ramesh-aravinds-shivaji-surathkal-2-to-release-on-this-date-40721.html |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325113227/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/mar/07/ramesh-aravinds-shivaji-surathkal-2-to-release-on-this-date-40721.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, his popular book & the Best Seller of 2022 - 23 "Preethyinda Ramesh" was translated to Tamil language as "Anbudan Ramesh".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cinema |first=Talks of |date=10 January 2024 |title='Anbudan Ramesh' is a hot-selling book at Chennai Book Fair, also available on Amazon and Flipkart {{!}} Talks Of Cinema |url=https://talksofcinema.com/?p=25578 |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130045838/https://talksofcinema.com/?p=25578 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Public speaking ===
Ramesh Aravind is also known for his work as a motivational speaker.<ref>{{Cite news |last=R |first=Shilpa Sebastian |date=18 April 2019 |title=Man for all seasons |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/weekend-with-ramesh-season-4-starts-again/article26876820.ece |access-date=20 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070710/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/weekend-with-ramesh-season-4-starts-again/article26876820.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A message in his voice was used as ringtone urging voters to vote in 2023 Assembly elections over Jio, Airtel platforms because of his noncontroversial and neutral image.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title=Ramesh Aravind, Brand Ambassador for Election Commission {{!}} Sripada Studios |url=https://sripadastudios.com/ramesh-aravind-brand-ambassador-for-election-commission/ |access-date=12 May 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512123657/https://sripadastudios.com/ramesh-aravind-brand-ambassador-for-election-commission/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was chosen as Brand Ambassador for Bengaluru Gold Shopping Festival - Edition 2 in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nsuchetana |title=ಅಬ್ಬಬ್ಬಾ! ಮೈತುಂಬಾ ಲಕಲಕ ಚಿನ್ನದ ಆಭರಣ.. ರಮೇಶ್ ಅರವಿಂದ್ ಬಂಗಾರದ ಮನುಷ್ಯ ಆಗಿದ್ದೇಕೆ? |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/ramesh-aravind-has-posed-in-different-ways-wearing-a-lot-of-gold-jewellery-suc-s2m4xg |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=kn |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020050839/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/ramesh-aravind-has-posed-in-different-ways-wearing-a-lot-of-gold-jewellery-suc-s2m4xg |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Television===
Ramesh Aravind has hosted the following shows: His show ''[[Weekend with Ramesh]]'' involves him inviting some of the prominent personalities from Karnataka to talk about their personal and professional lives.<ref>{{Citation |title=Weekend with Ramesh |date=9 June 2023 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weekend_with_Ramesh&oldid=1159314452 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=20 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> His show Weekend With Ramesh Season 5 is streaming on Zee Kannada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Sridevi |title=Ramya to be first guest on Weekend with Ramesh Season 5 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ramya-to-be-first-guest-on-weekend-with-ramesh-season-5/articleshow/98850708.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325113227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ramya-to-be-first-guest-on-weekend-with-ramesh-season-5/articleshow/98850708.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasser and Ramesh Aravind share screen space for the first time in Shivaji Surathkal 2 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jan/03/nasser-and-ramesh-aravind-share-screen-space-for-the-first-time-in-shivaji-surathkal-2-2402347.html |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Dr. Ramesh Aravind turns as "Master-Mind" or Maha Guru for the show Mahanati (2024) telecasting every weekend in Zee Kannada channel. His inspirational speeches, and activities & other constant supporting abilities are appreciated by audience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಜೀ ಕನ್ನಡ ವಾಹಿನಿಯಲ್ಲಿ 'ಮಹಾನಟಿ': ತೀರ್ಪುಗಾರರು ಯಾರ್ಯಾರು ಗೊತ್ತೇನು? |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/new-reality-show-mahanati-to-telecast-from-march-30-7-30-pm/articleshow/108846284.cms |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521085548/https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/new-reality-show-mahanati-to-telecast-from-march-30-7-30-pm/articleshow/108846284.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Ramesh Aravind filmography}}

==Awards==
Ramesh Aravind has won awards for his acting, directing and writing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/160105/entertainment-sandalwood/article/man-myriad-talents|title=Ramesh Aravind is back in action with two films|date=5 January 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=12 May 2017|language=en|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328232739/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/160105/entertainment-sandalwood/article/man-myriad-talents|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/The-Good-Samaritan-Awards-2016-Bengaluru/articleshow/54676756.cms|title=The Good Samaritan Awards 2016, Bengaluru|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108223829/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/The-Good-Samaritan-Awards-2016-Bengaluru/articleshow/54676756.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by [[Rani Channamma University, Belagavi|Rani Channamma University]] for his contribution to cinema.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/actor-ramesh-aravind-two-others-to-be-conferred-honorary-doctorate-by-rcu | title=Actor Ramesh Aravind, two others to be conferred honorary doctorate by RCU }}</ref> In the year 2022, he was awarded the Dr. Shivarama Karanth Award for his work as an actor, director and resource person.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/shivarama-karanth-award-for-actor-director-ramesh-arvind-1148016.html | title=Shivarama Karanth award for actor-director Ramesh Arvind | date=24 September 2022 | access-date=20 October 2022 | archive-date=20 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020064009/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/shivarama-karanth-award-for-actor-director-ramesh-arvind-1148016.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Year !! Award !! Category !! Film / Show
|-
|1996–97 || [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] || [[America America (1995 film)|America America]]
|-
|1997 || [[Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor – Kannada]] || ''[[Amrutha Varshini]]''
|-
|1997 || [[Udaya Film Awards]] || Best Actor || ''[[O Mallige]]''
|-
|1997 || [[Screen Awards]] || Best Actor – Kannada || ''[[America America (1997 film)|America America]]'' and ''[[Amrutha Varshini]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Suhasini, Ramesh walk away with Screen awards - The Indian Express |url=https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/4FA0E939CCB52BC965256940004D0D71?OpenDocument |website=www.cscsarchive.org |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|1998 || Filmfare Award South || Best Actor – Kannada || ''[[Hoomale]]''
|-
|1998 || Filmfans Association Award || Best Actor || ''[[Hoomale]]''
|-
|1998–99 || Karnataka State Film Awards || Best Actor || ''[[Hoomale]]''
|-
|1999 || Filmfans Association Award || Best Actor || ''[[Sambhrama]]''
|-
|1999 || Cinema Express Award || Best Actor || ''[[Chandramukhi Pranasakhi]]''
|-
|2005 || Raghavendra Prathishtana Awards || Best Story || ''[[Amrithadhare]]''
|-
|2006 || Udaya Film Awards || Best Director Debut || ''[[Rama Shama Bhama]]''
|-
|2006 || [[Suvarna Film Awards]] || Best Actor (Hero in a comedy role) || ''Rama Shama Bhama''
|-
|2015 || Zee Kutumba Awards || Pride of Zee Kannada || ''[[Weekend with Ramesh]]''
|-
|2016 || Zee Kutumba Awards || Pride of Zee Kannada || ''Weekend with Ramesh''
|-
|2018 || Zee Hemmeya Kannadiga || Proud Inspiration || <ref>{{cite news |title=Here's the list of Hemmeya Kannadigas who have made Karnataka proud |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/heresthe-list-of-hemmeya-kannadigas-who-have-made-karnataka-proud/articleshow/63313183.cms |access-date=12 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=15 March 2018 |archive-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723022601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/heresthe-list-of-hemmeya-kannadigas-who-have-made-karnataka-proud/articleshow/63313183.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Honorary Doctorate
|In Contribution to Cinema Industry
|By Raani Channamma University, Belagavi
|-
|2022
|Dr. Shivarama Karanth Award
|In contribution to Cinema & Society
|By Dr Shivarama Karanth foundation<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Ramesh Aravind conferred with Dr Shivarama Karanth Huttura award |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/actor-ramesh-aravind-conferred-with-dr-shivarama-karanth-huttura-award |access-date=12 August 2023 |work=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Kannada Kala Bhushana Award
|In Contribution to Cinema & Society
|By Karunada Sambrama, Bengaluru<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=eReleGo Digi Media Pvt |title=epapervijayavani ePaper |url=https://epapervijayavani.in/EditionPage/EPpage.php?edn=Bengaluru&isid=VVAANINEW_BEN_20231218&Page=1#Page/6 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=epapervijayavani.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|5th Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards
|[[Best Actor]]
|[[Shivaji Surathkal 2|''Shivaji Suratkal 2'']]
|-
|2024
|Mantralaya Parimala Prashasti 2024
|In Contribution to Cinema Industry
|By Mantralaya Mutt & Space Media
|-
|2024
|Raghavendra Parimala Prashasti 2024
|In Contribution to Cinema Industry
|By Parimala Geleyara Balaga
|-
|2025
|Dr Ramesh Aravind Day on 23 August
|In Contribution to Cinema & Socitey
|By Official Mayoral proclamation, Austin Mayor pro team Vanessa Fuentes
|}

==Personal life==
Ramesh Aravind was born on 10 September 1964 to P.A. Govindachari and Saroja, who are originally from [[Thanjavur district|Tanjore district]].<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=http://chitraloka.com/english/stock_shots/ramesh_inter.html|title=Audience's Entire Wish Is My Commands: Ramesh Answers To Surfers Queries|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|date=2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011109180924/http://chitraloka.com/english/stock_shots/ramesh_inter.html|archive-date=9 November 2001}}</ref> He has four siblings.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=The Official Website of Ramesh Aravind |url=http://www.ramesharavind.com/biography.php |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=ramesharavind.com |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003104444/http://www.ramesharavind.com/biography.php |url-status=live }}</ref> He studied in Karnataka from fourth standard onwards.<ref name="C"/> He is married to Archana Aravind and they have two children.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2018 |title=If you learn to prioritize 'we' over 'I', all will be well: Ramesh Aravind and Archana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/if-you-learn-to-prioritize-we-over-i-all-will-be-well-ramesh-aravind-and-archana/articleshow/62915024.cms |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520222346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/if-you-learn-to-prioritize-we-over-i-all-will-be-well-ramesh-aravind-and-archana/articleshow/62915024.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* {{Official website|http://www.ramesharvind.com}}
* {{IMDb name|0033243}}

{{Ramesh Aravind}}
{{Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{FilmfareKannadaBestActor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aravind, Ramesh}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian game show hosts]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actors from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering alumni]]

Gandii Baat

2026-02-08T16:42:02Z

Rrajani: quick updated formatting to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|Indian adult 18+ comedy web series}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{All plot|date=January 2020}}
{{more citations|date=January 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = AltBalaji Gandii Baat Publicity Poster.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Adult comedy]]
| creator = Sachin Mohite
| developer = Baljit Singh Chaddha
| story = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
| screenplay = {{unbulleted list
| Chital Rajesh Tripathi
| '''Dialogues'''
| Ranveer Pratap Singh
}}
| director = Sachin Mohite
| creative_director = {{unbulleted list
|Bhavna Sresth
|Baljit Singh Chaddha
|([[ALT Balaji]])
|([[ZEE5]])
}}
| theme_music_composer = Meet Beatz
| composer = Shantanu Sudame
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 7
| num_episodes = 28
| executive_producer = Mayur shah Akanksha Shukla Mitesh Hansa Jethva
| producer = Arvind Adiga
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| editor = {{unbulleted list
|Afzal Shaikh
|Ajay. K. Pandey
}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 42–45 minutes
| company = Jaasvand Entertainment Pvt Ltd
| network = {{unbulleted list
|[[ALT Balaji]]
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|05|03|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|02|25|df=y}}
}}

'''''Gandii Baat''''' ({{Translation|Dirty Talk}}) is an Indian [[adult comedy]] [[web series]] directed by Sachin Mohite for [[ALTBalaji]]. Now this series has been removed from the [[ZEE5]] and [[MX Player]] because of the [[Adult|adult content]], since [[Government Of India|Indian government]] released new [[Information Technology Rules, 2021|OTT Platform Rules]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.arms.anveshijain&hl=en_IN|title=Anveshi Jain Gandi Baat Season 2 Videos Available and Most Searches App on Google|work=Anveshi Jain Official App|access-date=15 Nov 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-announces-rules-for-ott-digital-media-101614297147033-amp.html|title=Center Announce New Guidelines For OTT Platform|website=Hindustan Times|date=26 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/ekta-kapoor-mother-booked-under-pocso-act-for-objectionable-scenes-in-gandi-baat-details-19496093.htm|title=Ekta Kapoor, mother Shobha booked under POCSO Act for objectionable scenes in 'Gandi Baat': What we know|publisher=CNBC TV18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-police-ekta-kapoor-pocso-shraddha-kapoor-9632030/ |title=Minor in 'obscene' scene: Mumbai Police likely to issue notice to Ekta Kapoor, Shobha Kapoor|publisher=Indian Express}}</ref>

== Cast ==

=== Season 1 ===

====Episode 1 Rachna Ka Saurabh====
* Japnoor as Gunja
* Rohit Chaudhary as amvar
* Sarthak as Doodnath
* Gunveen as Roopa
* Mayank as Almaari

====Episode 2 Tharki Buddha====
* Lovely Sharma as Kajari
* Naveen Pandita as Pradeep
* Rajesh Tripathi as Rajendra
* [[Yamini Singh (Bollywood actress)|Yamini Singh]] as Eekha
* Harsh Vardan as Kaju

====Episode 3 Vasu Nag====
* Mrinalini Tyagi as Chakor
* Ripraj Chauhan as Jeeva
* Kalyani C Chaitanya as Dhaani
* Deepika H Khanna as Imli
* Anshuman Puskar as Nagnath
* Nirban Goswani as Resham Singh
* Kirti Choudhary as Rimjhim
* Saurabh Singhal as Rakesh
* Sourav Bansal as Shiva
* Ashok Yadav as Hori

====Episode 4 Preeto Rani====
* [[Narayani Shastri]] as Preeto
* Vijay Chandrna as Lucky
* [[Rudra Kaushish|Rudra Kaushik]] as Chandiram
* Gourav Kumar as Suraj
* Meenakshi as Soni
* Bachan Pachera as Balli
* Vaibhav Shah as Gogi

=== Season 2 ===

====Episode 1 Bai-sexual====
* [[Anveshi Jain]] as Neeta
* [[Flora Saini]] as Sajeeli
* Aman Maheshwari as Vaibhav
* Rahul Jaittly as Sagar

====Episode 2 Jadui Mahal====
* Sonam Arora as Roop
* Coral Bhamra as Sapna
* Maarisha K as Laachi
* Vinod Thirani as Laal Chand
* Sikandar Chohan as Sarpanch

====Episode 3 Gibraltar====
* Pradeep Duhan as Bhushan
* Nazneen Patni as Seema
* Agni Pawar as Maahi
* [[Manish Nawani]] as Mahesh
* Leena Acharya as Mohinihi

====Episode 4 Love sex and betrayal====
* Abhishek Gupta as Dugga
* Navneet Kaur as Sachi
* Ruby Bharaj as Heera
* Fahman Khan as Soma
* Tripti Agarwal as Ojha Maai
* Anil Bhagwat as Sukhiya
* [[Shiv Kumar Sharma]] as Yatin

====Episode 5 Gudiya Rani====
* [[Vikas Verma]] as Kishan Singh Sandhu
* Alpa Joshi as sukhi
* Pari Goswami as Baani
* Naina Chhabra as Raashi
* Raakeshh Dubey as Avtaar
* Jayshree Bhalse as Pammi
* Charu Srivastava as Champa
* Sakshi Sharma as Suneeta
* Virendra Singh as Randheer

=== Season 3 ===

====Episode 1 Rajkumar====
* Jatin Bhatia as Lakhan
* Neetu Wadhwa as Ramya
* Pallavi Mukherjee as Bicchi
* Ankit Kumar Gupta as Awara
* Zafar Warsi as Pagal
* Ranveer Pratap Singh as Deewana
* Bhavna Karekar as Kamal
* Gautam Saugat as Old Man
* Pankaj Kansara as Village Boy
* Stan as Angrez

====Episode 2 Harpreet Weds Harpreet====
* Lalit Bisht as Joginder
* Sheeva Rana as Harpreet
* Shiny Dixit as Harpreet 2
* Bhawsheel Sanni as Puppy
* Sunny Sachdeva as Jaspreet
* Mridula Mahajan as Lajjo
* [[Aabha Paul]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.arms.aabhapaul&hl=en_IN |title=Aabha Paul plays a key role in Gandi Baat|access-date=21 Nov 2019}}</ref> as Maami ji
* Farnaish Kaur as Manjeet
* S.p.s Sandhu as Manpreet 1 Dad
* Raman Dhagga as Harpreet 2 Dad
* Rajinder Rozy as Harpreet 2 Mom
* Akash Singh as Harpreet's secret lover

====Episode 3 Sonam Chadh Gayi====
* Aasma Syed as Sonam
* Rushali Arora as Sumitra
* Yajuvendra Singh as Netaji
* [[Tarun Dudeja]] as Vishal
* Jay Kumar as Rohan
* Akhil Vaidya as Station Master
* Anurag Mishra as Police Inspector
* Prashant Kumar as Pa Of Netaji
* Sujail Khan as Tt
* Akshay Kumar as Customer 426
* Ajay Raman as Customer 427
* Paras Randhawa as Sumitra's customer
* Uddhav Dharap as Announcer
* Yogi Raj as Kasai wath mujo obama

====Episode 4 Honeymoon On Wheel====
* Shikha Thakur as Sexy
* Kunwar Vikram Soni as Neeraj
* Palak Singh as Laxmi
* Rishikesh Ingley as Vaibhav
* Rohit Sharma as Bajrang
* Romit Baweja as Deepak
* [[Gehana Vasisth|Gehana Vasishth]] as Swati
* Arjun Khurana as Vimal
* Nehal Valodiya as Vimla

=== Season 4 ===
====Episode 1 Betaab Dil Ki Tamanna====
* [[Ankit Bhardwaj]] as Amar
* [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashish_Dixit Ashish Dixit] as Prem
* [[Saba Saudagar]] as Kanchan
* Megha Prasad as Suman
* [[Rohit Kumar (actor)|Rohit Kumar]] as Brijesh

====Episode 2 Woh Saat Din====
* Yash Choudhury as Basant
* Nishikant Dixit as Mahipal
* Puja Jha as Taara
* Jay GB Patel as Ashok
* Gunjan Aras as Seema

====Episode 3 Mera Pyaar Paan Nahi Jise khaya or thook diya====
* Rishabh Shukla as Jayant
* [[Garima Jain]] as Kamlesh
* Ibra Khan as Megha
* Arsh Merchant as Kamlesh's husband
* Shashwant Jain as Nandu

====Episode 4 ***** Pati Mera====
* Urmimala Sinha Roy as Priya
* Jolly Bhatia as Rukhi
* Vikranth Thakry as Mohan
* Pawan Kumar as Suresh
* Salman Shaikh as Birju
* Neha Pal as Usha
* Taniya Chatterjree as Chandani
* Akansha Verma as Lata
* Avantika Mishra as Anjali
* Nataliya Kozhenova as Christie
* Vikash Pandey as Naate

====Episode 5 Meetha Meetha Pyara Pyara====
* Mridula Mahajan as Kusuma
* [[Aditya Singh Rajput]] as Savan
* Sneha Mishra as Roopa
* Rohit Mishra as Raghu
* Sanjana Padke as Sheela
* Liza Sing as Shilpa
* Sharwani Goswami as Alka
* Saundarya Seth as student at pathshala

=== Season 5 ===

====Episode 1 Erotic Tales of Madhosh Madan====
* Lakshya Handa as Chandan
* Guru Haryani as Ranjeet Sir
* Piyali Munsi as lalita Madam
* Satakshi Shorya as Neeli
* [[Parichay Sharma]] as Puppy
* Neelam Bhanushali as Beena Madam
* Aalya Singh as Sukhekha Madam

====Episode 2 Game of Love====
* Amika Shail as Priyanka
* Farmaan Haider as Santosh
* [[Pooja Dey]] as Nandini

====Episode 3 Happy Valentine’s Day====
* Nitin Bhatiya as Manoj
* Sanya Bansal as Meera
* Savant Singh Premi as Vaibhav
* Aadita Jain as Jyoti

====Episode 4 Pintu's 5 Million Followers====
* Sudhir as Pintu
* Ankit Bhatia as Dev
* Pamela Mondal as Muskaan

=== Season 6 ===

====Episode 1 Who Killed My Wife====
* Keval Dasani as Diwakar
* Mahima Gupta as Sarika
* Alisha Khan as Malti
* Deepak Gupta as Paras
* Nidhi Mahawan as Shills
* Mohit Sharma as Mandar
* Riya R Patwa as Sumitra

====Episode 2 Experiment====
* Kunwar Vikram Singh as Parimal
* Anjali Banerjee as Mohini
* Zoya Khan as Ruby
* Guru Haryani as Senior Cop
* Utkarsh Arora as Shekar
* Tripti Bajoria as Banita, Boss
* Romita Sarkar as Neelakshi, Youtber
* Guru Haryani as Cop
* Aanchal as Cop

=== Season 7 ===

====Episode 1 Doge Yaa Loge?====
* Basant Kumar as Naveen
* Jinal Jain as Pooja
* Bhavna Rokade as Sheetal
* Pooja Poddar as Pinky

====Episode 2 Book Karo Roz.. Taxi Main Manao Moj====
* Manvi Chugh as Naina
* Shivangi Roy as Saakshi
* Bhanu Suryam Thakur as Rasik
* Ayushman Das as Ritvik
* Vanya Singh Rajput as Amrita
* Suhana Khan as Muskaan

====Episode 3 Masti ki Delivery.. Baar Baar Lagatar====
* Yash Gera as Raghu
* Sreoshi Chatterjee as Rambha
* Garima Maurya as Sujata
* Pawan Utwani as Vivek
* Vivaan Srivastava as Manav

====Episode 4 Reel Ka Feel====
* Yash Chaudhary as Sunny
* Priyanka Upadhyay as Neetu
* Anna as Rozy
* Ravi Verma as Ballu
* Nehal Shaikh as Kallu
* Baljit Pandey as Gulshan
* Santosh Kumar as Manohar

==Episodes==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #CCCCFF
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 4
| start1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|5|3}}
| end1 = {{End date|df=yes|2018|5|3}}
| network1 = [[ALTBalaji]]

| color2 = #D38233
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 5
| start2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|1|7}}
| end2 = {{End date|df=yes|2019|1|7}}

| color3 = #0C5829
| link3 = #Season 3
| episodes3 = 4
| start3 = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|7|27}}
| end3 = {{End date|df=yes|2019|7|27}}

| color4 = #00549A
| link4 = #Season 4
| episodes4 = 5
| start4 = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|01|07}}
| end4 = {{End date|df=yes|2020|01|07}}
| network4 = [[ALTBalaji]] and [[ZEE5]]

| color5 = #69D0E3
| link5 = #Season 5
| episodes5 = 4
| start5 = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|10|8}}
| end5 = {{End date|df=yes|2020|10|8}}

| color6 = #FFFF00
| link6 = #Season 6
| episodes6 = 2
| start6 = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|1|21}}
| end6 = {{End date|df=yes|2021|1|21}}
| network6 = [[ALTBalaji]]

| color7 = #fdf2d5
| link7 = #Season 7
| episodes7 = 4
| start7 = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|2|25}}
| end7 = {{End date|df=yes|2023|2|25}}
| network7 = [[ALTT]]
}}

=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Threesome
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|05|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Namvar (Rohit Choudhury) catches his wife Gunja ([[Neetha Shetty]]) in bed with their neighbour (Anant Joshi). Initially, he abuses and even threatens them with a handgun, but relents and decides to join them, forcing a threesome.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Tharki Buddha
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|05|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Rajendra's (Rajesh Tripathi) sense of convenience and comfort in technology grows to promises of deeper pleasure which affect his wife, son and daughter-in-law, replacing traditional boundaries with new ones.{{explain|date=January 2020}}
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Vasu Nag
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|05|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Women in a village feel increasingly neglected by the men in their lives. A mysterious snake fills this void, challenging the men's dominance.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Preeto Rani
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|05|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Preeto ([[Narayani Shastri]]) rules her household and the hearts of the men around her. Her son-in-law Gogi (Vaibhav Shah) challenges her position, but cannot handle the result when he tries to lay claim on her womanhood.
|LineColor =
}}
}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Episode table |background=#D38233 |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Bai-Sexual
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Neeta (Anveshi Jain) is shocked to learn about her husband Vaibhav's (Aman Maheshwari) affair with Sajeeli ([[Flora Saini]]). Her life takes a turn when Sajeeli makes an impossible demand for Vaibhav.
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Jadui Mahal
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = An entire village is curious about the Jadui Mahal, which no one had dared to enter. The village ''[[sarpanch]]'' (Sikander Chohan) decides to explore the mystery, which changes everything.
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Gibraltar
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Bhushan (Pradeep Duhan) is desperate to marry Seema (Nazneen Patni), who is intimidated by her fiancé. Unable to handle any more humiliation, she decides to teach him a lesson.
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Love Sex and Betrayal
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Dugga, Sachi, Heera, and Soma learn the difference between love and lust through an age-old tradition.
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Gudiya Rani
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Truck driver Kishan Chand wakes up in a strange room and, unable to escape, realizes that he has been kidnapped and married.
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
}}

=== Season 3 ===
{{Episode table |background=#0C5829 |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Rajkumar
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|07|27|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A family of boat drivers (Hindi: ''[[mallaah]]'') have an unusual relationship with other villagers and a boat. As per tradition, the girl must marry a boat before marrying the actual groom but it leads mysterious affair of the bride with a boat and cause her pregnant
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Harpreet Weds Harpreet
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|07|27|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Joginder comes to India from Canada for the wedding of his friend's brother Harpreet to a woman named Harpreet. While there, Joginder has a series of strange encounters with a mysterious woman also named Harpreet.
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Sonam Chad Gayi
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|07|27|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A politician's indulgence with a prostitute named Sonam creates a mishap with his family on a train journey.{{explain|date=January 2020}}
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Honeymoon On Wheels
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|07|27|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Couples board a bus for a honeymoon and visit a village which is rumoured to be haunted as busses passing through on a certain day disappear.{{explain|date=January 2020}}
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
}}

=== Season 4 ===
{{Episode table |background=#00549A |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Betaab Dil Ki Tamanna
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripati
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = TBA
|LineColor = #00549A
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Woh Saat Din
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripati
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A dancer was said to have cursed a village for men and women to reverse roles for seven days per month, which became an observed tradition. Two outsiders who marry local women refuse to follow the tradition.{{explain|date=January 2020}}
|LineColor = #00549A
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Mera Pyaar Paan Nahi Jisme Tum Chuna Laga Do
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripati
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Stand-up comedian Jayant hates his demeaning wife. He looks online to buy almeri (cupboard){{clarify|date=January 2020}} and meets widow Kamlesh, becoming friends then lovers. Jayant purchases Almera from her but when he opens it at home, he finds Kamlesh's husband's corpse. Later, Kamlesh reveals that she killed her villainous husband.
|LineColor = #00549A
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Pati Mera
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Chital Rajesh Tripati
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A group of beautiful city women visit a popular [[agrotourism]] destination, drawing the attention of the village's unemployed men. Their wives see an opportunity to earn some money.{{explain|date=January 2020}}
|LineColor = #00549A
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Meetha Meetha Pyara Pyara
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Bharath Ratan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Kusuma adores sexuality but is afraid of intercourse. She meets her lusty friends and finds a way to overcome her inhibition and help others.
|LineColor = #00549A
}}
}}

=== Season 5 ===
{{Episode table |background=#69D0E3 |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Erotic Tales of Madhosh Madan
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Ranveer Pratap Singh, Chital Tripathi and Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|10|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Chandan’s friends believe that he is ‘Madhosh Madan’, a popular writer of an erotic magazine series. But he insists that he is not. Life takes an unexpected turn when Chandan lands himself in trouble due to his mistaken identity.
|LineColor = #69D0E3
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Game of Love
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Ranveer Pratap Singh, Chital Tripathi and Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|10|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Priyanka is looking for a man to ignite her love life but when she meets Nandini and Santosh, she discovers her true desire and her rose-tinted idea of love is shattered.
|LineColor = #69D0E3
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Happy Valentine’s Day
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Ranveer Pratap Singh, Chital Tripathi and Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|10|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Meera decides to find a date on a dating app to take revenge on her cheating boyfriend. Little does she know that her act of vengeance is going to land her into trouble.
|LineColor = #69D0E3
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Pintu's 5 Million Followers
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Ranveer Pratap Singh, Chital Tripathi and Rajesh Tripathi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|10|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Pintu, a delivery boy, becomes an overnight celebrity in his small town due to a viral video. To impress his girlfriend, he gets into bodybuilding and comes across Dev, a professional bodybuilder, who misleads him, throwing his life out of gear.
|LineColor = #69D0E3
}}
}}

=== Season 6 ===
{{Episode table |background=#FFFF00 |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Who Killed My Wife
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Sancheeta Bose, Ranveer Pratap Singh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|21|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sarika, a Modern- young housewife died mysteriously during the Holi celebration in the village. Malti, a friend of Sarika getting messages from Sarika's mobile about a mysterious box.
|LineColor = #FFFF00
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Experiment
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Ranveer Pratap Singh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|21|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After marriage Parimal loses his libido due to stress and his wife Mohini is devastated. Ruby encourages Mohini to experiment with her sexual life while Parimal is hypnotized by an unknown female voice which leads him to become a psychopath.
|LineColor = #FFFF00
}}
}}

=== Season 7 ===
{{Episode table |background=#fdf2d5 |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Doge Yaa Loge?
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Ranveer Pratap Singh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Naveen and Pooja, who want to make out in a car and use a car-finding app to do so. The catch is that to "buy" the car, Naveen must stay with its owner, Sheetal, for a month as a form of barter.
|LineColor = #fdf2d5
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Book Karo Roz.. Taxi Main Manao Moj
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Ranveer Pratap Singh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Ritwik who is fed up with his live-in partner Amrita's constant taunting and ultimately stabs her to death. Amrita also secretly owns a taxi service called "Raseeli Cab," which provides services on the go.
|LineColor = #fdf2d5
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Masti Ki Delivery.. Baar Baar Lagatar
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Ranveer Pratap Singh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Amrita, who secretly owns a ride-sharing service called Raseeli Cab, and her live-in partner, Ritwik. The episode's plot centers on their relationship deteriorating due to Amrita's constant taunting, leading Ritwik to murder her.
|LineColor = #fdf2d5
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Reel Ka Feel
|DirectedBy = Sachin Mohite
|WrittenBy = Ranveer Pratap Singh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Pintu who, despite being popular with millions of online followers, struggles to find intimacy in his real life. His online persona, filled with aspirational content, contrasts sharply with his loneliness, leading him to seek a romantic connection.
|LineColor = #fdf2d5
}}
}}

A case has been filed against producer [[Ekta Kapoor]] and her mother, [[Shobha Kapoor]], over allegations of inappropriate scenes involving minors in an episode of the web-series "Gandii Baat" on [[ALTT|ALT Balaji]] over the case registered against them under the POCSO act.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ekta-kapoor-shobha-kapoor-not-involved-in-day-to-day-operations-altbalaji-pocso-gandii-baat-101729651444854.html|title=Ekta Kapoor, Shobha Kapoor ‘not involved in day to day operations’, says ALTBalaji post POCSO claims against Gandii Baat|website=Hindustan times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8228316|Gandii Baat}}
*[https://www.altbalaji.com/show/gandii-baat-season-1/187 ''Gandii Baat''] at [[ALTBalaji]]
*[https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/gandii-baat/0-6-2209 ''Gandii Baat''] at [[ZEE5]] (season 4 and 5)

{{ALT Balaji Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandii Baat}}
[[Category:2018 web series debuts]]
[[Category:ALTBalaji original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related web series]]
[[Category:Television controversies in India]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in television]]
[[Category:Censored television series]]
[[Category:Censorship of broadcasting]]
[[Category:Rating controversies in television]]
[[Category:Online obscenity controversies]]

Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-05T03:23:28Z

Rrajani:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name= Kannauj {{Small|UP-42}}
|established = 1967
|reservation =None
|party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
|mp =[[Akhilesh Yadav]] {{Small|President of the [[Samajwadi Party]]}}
|incumbent_image = Akhilesh Yadav 4.jpg
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Kannauj.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons =[[Chhibramau Assembly constituency|Chhibramau]]
 [[Tirwa Assembly constituency|Tirwa]] [[Kannauj Assembly constituency|Kannauj]] [[Bidhuna Assembly constituency|Bidhuna]] [[Rasulabad Assembly constituency|Rasulabad]]
}}
'''Kannauj''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|196
|[[Chhibramau Assembly constituency|Chhibramau]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
|[[Archana Pandey]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|197
|[[Tirwa Assembly constituency|Tirwa]]
|[[Kailash Singh Rajput]]
|-
|198
|[[Kannauj Assembly constituency|Kannauj]] (SC)
|[[Asim Arun]]
|-
|202
|[[Bidhuna Assembly constituency|Bidhuna]]
|[[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
|Rekha Verma
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|205
|[[Rasulabad Assembly constituency|Rasulabad]] (SC)
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
|Poonam Sankhwar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart
| caption = [[Samajwadi Party]] is the most successful political party in [[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannauj]] Lok Sabha elections.
| value1 = 47.06
| label1 = [[Samajwadi Party|'''SP''']] (8 terms)
| color1 = {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
| value2 = 11.76
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] (2 terms)
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value3 = 11.76
| label3 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (2 terms)
| color3 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value4 = 11.76
| label4 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (2 terms)
| color4 = blue
| value5 = 5.88
| label5 = [[Samajwadi Socialist Party|'''SSP''']] (1 term)
| color5 = #006400
| value6 = 5.88
| label6 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''']] (1 term)
| color6 = #00FF00
| value7 = 5.88
| label7 = [[Janata Party (Secular)|'''JP(S)''']] (1 term)
| color7 = #0ef4e1
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Ram Manohar Lohia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Satya Narayan Misra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Ram Prakash Tripathi
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Chhotey Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Sheila Dikshit]]
|{{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|rowspan=2 |Chhotey Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Chandra Bhushan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|Pradeep Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Mulayam Singh]]
|-
|2000^
|rowspan=3 | [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|2012^
|rowspan=2|[[Dimple Yadav]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Subrat Pathak]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

^ by poll

==Election results==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Kannauj<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kannauj">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kannauj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2442.htm |access-date=25 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625062336/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2442.htm |archive-date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Kannauj Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Kannauj Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kannauj |access-date=25 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625062334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kannauj |archive-date=25 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|votes = 6,42,292
|percentage = 52.74
|change = {{increase}}4.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Subrat Pathak]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=471,370|percentage=38.71|change={{decrease}}10.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Imran bin Zafar|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=81,639|percentage=6.70|change={{up}}6.70}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=4,818|percentage=0.40|change={{decrease}} 0.32}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,70,922|percentage=14.03|change={{up}}12.95}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,17,833|percentage=61.23|change={{up}}0.37}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: Kannauj<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Subrat Pathak]]|votes=5,63,087|percentage=49.37|change=+7.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dimple Yadav]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=5,50,734|percentage=48.29|change=+4.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=8,165|percentage=0.72|change=+0.06}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,353|percentage=1.08|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,40,985|percentage=60.86|change=-0.76}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = +5.48

}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Kannauj<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Dimple Yadav]]
|votes = 4,89,164
|percentage = 43.89
|change = -1.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Subrat Pathak]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 4,69,256
|percentage = 42.11
|change = +21.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nirmal Tiwari
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,27,785
|percentage = 11.47
|change = -18.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5,723
|percentage = 0.51
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Imran Bin Zafar
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 4,826
|percentage = 0.43
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 7,380
|percentage = 0.66
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,907
|percentage = 1.78
|change = -13.83
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,14,576
|percentage = 61.62
|change = +12.30
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing = -1.63
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012 bye-election===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2012: Kannauj}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Dimple Yadav]]
|votes = Elected Unopposed
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kannauj]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|votes = 3,56,895
|percentage = 48.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Mahesh Chandra Verma
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,91,887
|percentage = 25.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Subrat Pathak]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,50,872
|percentage = 20.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Balram
|party = BSP(K)
|votes = 6,650
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Shrikrishna Shakya
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 5,310
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,65,008
|percentage = 22.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,41,950
|percentage = 40.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Kannauj<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|votes = 4,64,367
|percentage = 61.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Thakur Rajesh Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,56,994
|percentage = 20.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramanand Yadav
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,12,349
|percentage = 14.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vinay Kumar Shukla
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 10,501
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Satya Prakash Raja
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5,057
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,07,373
|percentage = 40.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,58,627
|percentage = 56.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Bye Election 2000===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye Election, 2000: [[Kannauj]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|votes = 3,06,054
|percentage = 43.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Akbar Ahmad Dumpy]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,47,329
|percentage = 34.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prof. Shaitan Singh Shakya
|party = Rashtriya Kranti Party
|votes = 98,372
|percentage = 13.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pratima Chaturvedi
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Congress
|votes = 22,541
|percentage = 3.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Suresh Chandra
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 10,402
|percentage = 1.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 58,725
|percentage = 8.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,10,082
|percentage = 61.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Kannauj<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,91,617
|percentage = 42.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arvind Pratap Singh
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress
|votes = 2,12,478
|percentage = 31.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sughar Singh Pal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,18,492
|percentage = 17.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Digvijay Narain Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 27,082
|percentage = 3.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Radhey Shyam
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 10,268
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 79,139
|percentage = 11.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,84,085
|percentage = 59.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Kannauj]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chandra Bhushan Singh]]
|votes = 2,19,039
|percentage = 37.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chhotey Singh Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,64,159
|percentage = 28.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhagwandin Shakya
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,54,586
|percentage = 26.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Avtar Dixit
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 9,957
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Shri Prakash
|votes = 9,773
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 54,880
|percentage = 9.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,81,285
|percentage = 50.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kannauj]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==External links==
* [https://resultuniversity.com/election/kannauj-lok-sabha 1971 to 2014 Kannauj Lok Sabha Election Results in Detail]

==References==
* https://www.indiapress.org/election/archives/lok11/biodata/11up50.php
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Kanpur division topics}}

{{Coord|27.05|79.92|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kannauj district]]

Kala pani (taboo)

2026-01-31T14:26:18Z

Rrajani:

{{short description|Hindu religious prohibition}}
{{Other uses|Kala Pani (disambiguation)}}
{{Lead too short|date=November 2025}}
The '''Kala Pani''' (lit. ''black water'') represents the proscription of the over reaching seas in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://aha.confex.com/aha/2013/webprogram/Paper11135.html | title = Crossing the Kala Pani to Britain for Hindu Workers and Elites | publisher = American Historical Association | date = 2012-01-04 | accessdate = 2012-02-02 }}</ref> According to this prohibition, crossing the seas to foreign lands causes the loss of one's social respectability, as well as the putrefaction of one’s cultural character and posterity.<ref name="Daniel2012">{{cite book | author=Daniel Bass | title=Everyday Ethnicity in Sri Lanka: Up-country Tamil Identity Politics | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivFuK_asOzcC&pg=PA27 | accessdate=2 February 2013 | date=27 November 2012 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-52624-1 | pages=27 }}</ref> Nowadays this practice is not followed by most Hindus who see it as backwards.

== History ==

The offence of crossing the sea is also known as "Samudrolanghana" or "Sagarollanghana". The [[Baudhayana#The Dharmas.C5.ABtra|Dharma Sutra of Baudhayana]] (II.1.2.2) lists sea voyages as first of the offences that cause the loss of [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]].<ref name="Charles1998">{{cite book | author=Charles Eliot | title=Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch, vol. 3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us4oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA102 | accessdate=3 October 2023 | year=1921 | publisher=Edward Arnold & Co. | page=102 }}</ref> The Dharma Sutra suggests a person can wipe away this offence in three years by eating little at every fourth meal time; bathing at dawn, noon and dusk; standing during the day; and sitting during the night.<ref name="Patrick1999">{{cite book | author=Patrick Olivelle | title=The Dharmasutras : The Law Codes of Ancient India: The Law Codes of Ancient India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIu70fYvxKIC&pg=PA168 | accessdate=2 February 2013 | date=2 September 1999 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-283882-7 | page=168 }}</ref>

In [[Shastra|Shastra literature]] sea voyage was generally considered a "marginal issue" and is one of many actions that result in the loss of ''varṇa''. Sea voyage is considered polluting due to the eating of forbidden food and for involving close interactions with non-Hindus ("''mlecchasamparka''"). The Shastras are not uniform in their injunction against the practice (some permit it under certain conditions) and the expiation is also variable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clémentin-Ojha |first=Catherine |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=Travel Regulations |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}</ref>

An associated notion was that crossing the ocean entailed the end of the [[Reincarnation and Hinduism|reincarnation cycle]], as the traveller was cut off from the regenerating waters of the [[Ganges]]. Such voyages also meant breaking family and social ties. According to another belief in the pre-modern India, the Kala Pani (sea water) was inhabited by the ''hougli''s, bad spirits and monsters.<ref name="Marina2002">{{cite book | author=Marina Carter | title=Coolitude: An Anthology of the Indian Labour Diaspora | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V073gYvBrlcC&pg=PA164 | accessdate=2 February 2013 | year=2002 | publisher=Anthem Press | isbn=978-1-84331-006-8 | pages=164 }}</ref>

Similar anti-maritime attitudes could be found throughout the [[Indo-Mediterranean]] in pre-medieval times. The [[Spread of Islam|rise of Islam]] from the 7th century onward attracted various communities involved in maritime trade throughout the region; for example, the maritime traders of [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]], treated as lowest-caste Hindus, rapidly Islamised and were thus looked down upon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wink |first=André |date=2002 |title=From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean: Medieval History in Geographic Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879375 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=435 |doi=10.1017/S001041750200021X |jstor=3879375 |issn=0010-4175|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The 13th century Venetian explorer, [[Marco Polo]], would note in his travelogue, for Malabar:<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Travels of Marco Polo/Book 3/Chapter 17 - Wikisource, the free online library|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo/Book_3/Chapter_17|access-date=2022-01-12|website=en.wikisource.org|language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|title="The Travels of Marco Polo, ch:17 Province of Malabar"
|text="They are very strict in executing justice upon criminals, and as strict in abstaining from wine. Indeed they have made a rule that wine-drinkers and seafaring men are never to be accepted as sureties. For they say that to be a seafaring man is all the same as to be an utter desperado, and that his testimony is good for nothing."
}}

During the Portuguese [[Age of Exploration]], Portuguese sailors noted that Hindus were reluctant to engage in [[maritime trade]] due to the kala pani proscription. In the eighteenth century, the [[bania (caste)|banias]] of [[North India]] even considered the crossing of the [[Indus River]] at [[Attock]] to be prohibited, and underwent purification rituals upon their return. However, not all Hindus adhered to the proscription, so as to gain monetary wealth. For instance, Hindu merchants were present in [[Burma]], [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], and other places around Asia and Africa.<ref name="DonnaDirk">{{cite book | editor = [[Donna Gabaccia|Donna R. Gabaccia]] and Dirk Hoerder | title=Connecting Seas and Connected Ocean Rims: Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and China Seas Migrations from the 1830s to the 1930s | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBzLGFT6hk8C&pg=PA84 | accessdate=2 February 2013 | date=11 April 2011 | publisher=BRILL | isbn=978-90-04-19316-1 | pages=84–86 }}</ref> The [[Chola Empire]] under [[Rajendra I]] was also renowned for conducting [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia|maritime trade across Southeast Asia]].

== British period ==

=== Mutinies ===

The [[East India Company]] recruited several upper-caste [[sepoys]], and adapted its military practices to the requirements of their religious rituals. Consequently, the overseas service, considered polluting to their caste, was not required of them.<ref>{{cite book | author = Barbara D. Metcalf and Thomas R. Metcalf | year=2006 | title=A Concise History of Modern India | url = https://archive.org/details/concisehistorymo00metc | url-access = limited | edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-68225-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/concisehistorymo00metc/page/n96 61]}}</ref>

During the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] (1824–26), the [[Bengal Army]] was ordered to go to [[Chittagong]]. Since no [[bullock cart]]s were available and since sea voyage was a taboo, the Indian soldiers were asked to march to Chittagong by land. The soldiers were concerned about the difficulty involved in a land march, and were also afraid that their superiors might force them to take a sea voyage if the march failed. As a result of these fears, the 47th Regiment refused to march.<ref name="Spencer1890">{{cite book | author=[[Spencer Walpole]] | title=A history of England from the conclusion of the great war in 1815 | url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryengland06walpgoog | accessdate=2 February 2013 | year=1890 | publisher=Longmans, Green | page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryengland06walpgoog/page/n291 279] }}</ref> This resulted in a [[Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824|mutiny on 2 November 1824 at Barrackpore]].<ref name="Indu2000">{{cite book | author=Indu Ramchandani | title=Students' Britannica India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC&pg=PA165 | accessdate=2 February 2013 | year=2000 | publisher=Popular Prakashan | isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 | page=165 }}</ref>

The General Service Enlistment Act of 1856 required the new recruits to serve overseas if asked. The serving high-caste sepoys were fearful that this requirement would be eventually extended to them.<ref name="Philip2004">{{cite book | author=Philip Mason | title=A MATTER OF HONOUR: An Account Of The Indian Army, Its Officers And Men | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QqzAgAACAAJ | accessdate=2 February 2013 | year=2004 | publisher=Natraj Publishers | isbn=978-81-8158-012-2 | page = 261 }}</ref> Thus, the Hindu soldiers viewed the Act as a potential threat to their faith. The resulting discontent was one of the causes of the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="John2006">{{cite book | author=John F. Riddick | title=The History of British India: A Chronology | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC&pg=PA53 | accessdate=2 February 2013 | date=1 April 2006 | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn=978-0-313-32280-8 | pages=53 }}</ref>

[[Image:Viper New Jails Construction.JPG|thumb|250px|right|The [[Cellular Jail]] was known as Kala Pani, as the overseas journey to the Andaman islands threatened the convicts with the loss of caste, resulting in [[social exclusion]].]]
[[Cellular Jail]], the British Indian prison on the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] was known as Kala Pani: an incarceration in this jail threatened the convicts with the loss of caste and the resulting social exclusion.<ref name="AlisonCarolyn2012">{{cite book | author1=Alison Bashford | author2=Carolyn Strange | title=Isolation: Places and Practices of Exclusion | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z72MP1zc4KgC&pg=PA37 | accessdate=2 February 2013 | date=12 November 2012 | publisher=Psychology Press | isbn=978-0-415-30980-6 | page=37 }}</ref>

=== Indentured labourer diaspora ===

When slavery was abolished in British colonies (such as [[Mauritius]] in 1834), the authorities looked for [[unfree labour|indentured labour]] to replace the slaves who had been emancipated. The emissaries sent to India for this purpose were astute in attracting so-called "[[coolies]]" to the countries such as South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji and the Caribbean that required cheap labour, which were often presented as "promised lands." But many prospective candidates for the distant colonies expressed their fears of crossing the Kala Pani. So the British often employed a stratagem to dispel the doubts of the indentured: they placed water from the Ganges in large cauldrons on the ships, to ensure the continuity of reincarnation beyond the Kala Pani. The sea voyage was then seen as less fearsome.

The Kala Pani theme features prominently in [[Indo-Caribbean]] history,<ref name="Khan2004">{{cite book | author=Aisha Khan | title=Callaloo Nation: Metaphors of Race and Religious Identity Among South Asians in Trinidad | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-ASYIjzdEkC&pg=PA123 | accessdate=2 February 2013 | date=11 October 2004 | publisher=Duke University Press | isbn=978-0-8223-3388-3 | page=123 }}</ref> and has been elaborately discussed in the writings of [[V. S. Naipaul]].<ref name="Ojwang2012">{{cite book | author=Dan Ojwang | title=Reading Migration and Culture: The World of East African Indian Literature | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQoGH1Vm15sC&pg=PA55 | accessdate=2 February 2013 | date=15 December 2012 | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | isbn=978-1-137-26295-0 | page=55 }}</ref> Mauritian poet and critic [[Khal Torabully]], who is partly of [[Indo-Mauritian]] descent, describes the Kala Pani as a source not only of the dissolution of [[Identity (social science)|identity]], but also of beauty and reconstruction, leading to what he terms a "coral imaginary."{{Cn|date=November 2022}} [[Indo-Guyanese]] poet [[Shana Yardan]] also discussed this cultural issue in her work.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mahabir |first1=Joy Allison Indira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTm580PJIEQC&dq=shana+yardan&pg=PA7 |title=Critical Perspectives on Indo-Caribbean Women's Literature |last2=Pirbhai |first2=Mariam |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-50967-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== Modern India ==

The [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupati Temple]] does not allow a priest who has crossed the seas to enter the temple's [[Garbhagriha|sanctum sanctorum]].<ref name="DNA_Udupi_pontiff">{{cite web | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_foreign-trip-may-cost-udupi-pontiff-ascension_1135925 | title = Foreign trip may cost Udupi pontiff ascension | publisher = [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] | accessdate = 2012-02-02 }}</ref>

In 2007, the [[Paryaya#Paryaya ritual at Udupi|ascension]] of [[Puttige matha guru parampara|Sugunendra Tirtha]] to the [[Udupi Sri Krishna Matha|Udupi Krishna Temple]] was opposed by some [[Ashta Mathas of Udupi|seers]], because he had visited foreign countries, thus committing the offence of ''saagarolanga'' (crossing the sea).<ref name="TheHinduShiroor">{{cite web | url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/29/stories/2007112959760300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071201183216/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/29/stories/2007112959760300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-12-01 | title = Shiroor seer backs Puttige swamiji | date = 2007-11-29 | work = [[The Hindu]] | accessdate = 2012-02-02 }}</ref> In 2008, a court verdict formally allowed his ascension.<ref name="TheHinduRight">{{cite web | url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011556610400.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080116090728/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011556610400.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2008-01-16 | title = Paryaya is my right: Puttige swamiji | date = 2008-01-15 | work = [[The Hindu]] | accessdate = 2012-02-02 }}</ref> In 2012, both he and his opponent [[Vishwesha Teertha]] announced [[fasting|fasts]] to pressure each other on the issue.<ref name="TheHinduIrrational">{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/article2808191.ece | title = Shiroor Math seer terms fear of swamijis' foreign visits as irrational| work = [[The Hindu]] | date = 2002-01-17 | accessdate = 2012-02-02 }}</ref>

[[Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri]], a noted poet who served as a priest at the [[Sreevallabha Temple]], was not allowed to enter the temple after he returned from an overseas trip to [[London]]. The temple authorities, led by the [[thantri]] (chief priest), asked him to undergo a thorough cleansing, penance and ''punaravrodha'' (reinstallation) before he would be allowed in again.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/jul/15jose.htm | title = Kerala priest loses his job 'cos he went to London | work = [[rediff.com]] | accessdate = 2012-02-02 }}</ref> Namboothiri was asked to purify himself by reciting the [[Gayatri Mantra]] 1008 times, which he refused to do. The [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] supported him, calling the taboo an "outdated ritual".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/jul/22priest.htm | title = Kerala temple tamasha leaves two jobless, many angry and a few laughing | work = [[rediff.com]] | accessdate = 2012-02-02 }}</ref> The [[Travancore Devaswom Board]] also supported him, and fired two of its officials for refusing to support his reinstatement. After the board served the thantri a show-cause notice, Namboothiri was allowed back after purification by sprinkling of holy water ([[theertham]]).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/jul/26kerala.htm | title = And thus ended the temple tamasha... | work = [[rediff.com]] | accessdate = 2012-02-02 }}</ref>

==List of people affected by Kala pani==
List of notable people who were expelled from their caste for travelling across the seas.

* [[Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnAdEAAAQBAJ&dq=crossing+the+seas+india+%22excommunicated%22+%22caste%22&pg=PT170 |title=Women and Missions: Past and Present: Anthropological and Historical Perceptions |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-000-32322-1 |editor-last1=Bowie |editor-first1=Fiona |editor-last2=Kirkwood |editor-first2=Deborah |editor-last3=Ardener |editor-first3=Shirley}}</ref>{{page number needed|date=March 2025}}
* [[Karsandas Mulji]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yagnik |first1=Achyut |author-link= |url= |title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond |last2=Sheth |first2=Suchitra |date=2005 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn= |location= |page=79}}</ref>
* [[Motilal Nehru]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Sarvepalli |author-link= |title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography |date=1975 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn= |volume=One, 1889-1947 |location= |page=16-17 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13225/page/n19/mode/2up}}</ref>
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Elizabeth Mauchline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De2oDwAAQBAJ&dq=crossing+the+seas+india+%22expelled%22+%22caste%22&pg=PT15 |title=Gandhi, Nehru and Modern India |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-63959-9|page=10}}</ref>
* [[Tanguturi Prakasam]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandrashekhar |first=S. |title=Colonialism, Conflict, and Nationalism: South India, 1857-1947 |date=1995 |publisher=Wishwa Prakashan |pages=270}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Lomarsh Roopnarine, [https://web.archive.org/web/20061030025926/http://www.guyanachronicle.com/supplement.html The Long Journey to Today: East Indians in Guyana]. ''Guyana Chronicle Online''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070706221532/http://ignca.nic.in/id_indentured_003.htm Crossing of Kala Pani], from the exhibition [https://web.archive.org/web/20070607004753/http://ignca.nic.in/id_exhib001.htm ORIGINS: Creative Tracks of Indian Diaspora]

[[Category:Cultural history of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Mauritius]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Taboo]]
[[Category:Hindu culture]]

Ramraj Cotton

2026-01-18T18:12:55Z

Rrajani: made new info.

{{Short description|Indian ethnic wear brand}}
[[File:Ramraj Cotton Logo.png|thumb]]
'''Ramraj Cotton''' is an Indian [[Folk costume|ethnic wear]] brand and it is a brainchild of [[K. R. Nagarajan]]. Ramraj stepped into the textile business, predominantly selling white cotton shirts and [[dhoti]]s. Ramraj Cotton has gained substantial market shares in the textile industry and gained a reputation as a market leader in the ethnic wear industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-06-12 |title=Ramraj Cotton opens 250th store on 40th anniversary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/vijayawada/2023/Jun/12/ramraj-cotton-opens-250th-store-on-40th-anniversary-2584162.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Preetha |first=M. Soundariya |date=2024-01-10 |title=Textile units in Tiruppur plan investments |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/textile-units-in-tiruppur-plan-investments/article67728019.ece |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Ramraj has been reportedly manufacturing about 4000 unique varieties of dhotis.<ref name="afaqs-2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=Abhishek Bachchan flaunts dhoti with pride in Ramraj Cotton's new spot |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/abhishek-bachchan-flaunts-dhoti-with-pride-in-ramraj-cottons-new-spot-8618306 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=afaqs |language=en}}</ref> The popularity of the Ramraj brand which was solely due to its concept focusing on ethnic wear also paved the way for other brands such as Mister White, MCR to jump [[Bandwagon effect|bandwagon]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sujatha |first=S. |date=2009-03-20 |title=Come elections, it is good time for political dhotis |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/come-elections-it-is-good-time-for-political-dhotis/articleshow/4293105.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The Ramraj Cotton company exports textile materials to Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-22 |title=Ramraj Cotton launches new outlet at Anna Nagar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/Oct/22/ramraj-cotton-launches-new-outlet-at-anna-nagar-1888252.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-21 |title=Ramraj Cotton Opens New Store at Shamshabad |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/ramraj-cotton-opens-new-store-at-shamshabad-1817836 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Corporate history ==
=== Early years ===
Ramraj Cotton was established initially as a small office in [[Tiruppur|Tirupur]] in 1983 under the name Ramraj Khadi Traders by K. R. Nagarajan, with a vision to popularise traditional Indian attire dhotis.<ref name="thehindu"/> Ramraj Khadi Traders began its operations with a table and a chair as the only furniture items. It was revealed that the precarious situation pertaining to the livelihoods of weavers living in Tirupur area made K. R. Nagarajan sympathise with them and as a result, he began the Ramraj Khadi Traders to help the weavers through the revenue earned by selling dhoties.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-23 |title=HE BUILT up A BRAND to help weavers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/he-built-up-a-brand-to-help-weavers/articleshow/91728924.cms |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> K. R. Nagarajan named the company "Ramraj" using the letters that appear in both his name (Nagarajan) and his father's name (Ramaswamy) and with the tagline in Tamil “paarambariya naagareegam pudhiya polivuden” (traditional fashion with a new twist).

Ramraj Khadi Traders was later rebranded and renamed as Ramraj Cotton in 1987, when [[cotton]] replaced the use of [[khadi]] in the company, with the brand focussing on premium cotton fabrics.<ref name="thehindu" />

Between 1989 and 1994, they expanded their product line to include white shirts, innerwear, and various other men's wear clothing. In 1999, the brand opened their first exclusive showroom in Tirupur, [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="gts-2024">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-24 |title= India requires skill development to compete in the textile race: Ramraj Cotton Chairman KR Nagarajan |url=https://globaltextilesource.com/news/india-requires-skill-development-to-compete-in-the-textile-race-ramraj-cotton-chairman-kr-nagarajan |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=globaltextilesource.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="toi-2022">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-05-23 |title= Madurai: He built up a brand to help weavers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/madurai-he-built-up-a-brand-to-help-weavers/articleshow/91734579.cms |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

Prior to the “Salute Ramraj” campaign 2001, the brand had opened exclusive showrooms in multiple locations across South India.

=== Salute Ramraj ===
K. R. Nagarajan initiated the concept of ''Salute Ramraj'', and he brought prominent actors and celebrities including Malayalam actor [[Jayaram]], Telugu actor [[Rana Daggubati]] as well as veteran Telugu actor [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh Daggubati]] as brand ambassadors on board to shoot [[Advertising|advertisements]] for his Ramraj branded clothing traditional attire with the ''Salute Ramraj'' theme being played in the background.<ref name="thehindu" /><ref name="mg-2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-14 |title=Rana as Brand Ambassador For Ramraj Cotton Vests |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2017/09/rana-daggubati-as-brand-ambassador-for-ramraj-cottons-new-line-of-vests.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421162841/https://moviegalleri.net/2017/09/rana-daggubati-as-brand-ambassador-for-ramraj-cottons-new-line-of-vests.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 21, 2020 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=MovieGalleri |language=en}}</ref><ref name="orissa-diary-2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-14 |title=Ramraj Ropes In Rana Daggubati As An Endorser |url=https://orissadiary.com/ramraj-ropes-rana-daggubati-endorser/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=OrissaDiary |language=en}}</ref><ref name="manatelugu-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=Ramraj Cotton's Successful Partnership with Victory Venkatesh |url=https://manatelugu.com/ramraj-cottons-successful-partnership-with-victory-venkatesh/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=ManaTelugu |language=en}}</ref> The underlying core principles behind the incorporation of ''Salute Ramraj'' anthem is based on the personal setback of its founder K. R. Nagarajan who was once denied entry to a five-star hotel due to his ethnic wear.<ref name="thehindu" /> Nagarajan's thought process focused on ensuring that Ramraj Cotton stuck to its basic instincts on elevating the status of the dhotis and veshtis to a level of cultural pride. Over the years, with the marketing strategies of Ramraj, the public perception turned out to be positive towards dhotis.<ref name="thbl-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013-10-21 |title=Ramraj weaves a success story with labour innovation |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Ramraj-weaves-a-success-story-with-labour-innovation/article20679235.ece |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Other Brands ===
By 2013, the brand began exporting to International markets like Malaysia, USA and Singapore, with sub brands like “Little Stars” for kids, “Linen Park” for linen shirts, “Genxt” for adjustable dhoti, and “Lagnaa” for pure silk fabrics.<ref name="thbl-2013" />

In 2015, Ramraj introduced pocket [[dhoti]]s to cater to the requirements of men in order to keep their belongings, such as purses, mobile phones and handkerchiefs, in their pockets conveniently and to ease portability concerns.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajan |first=Sangita |date=2024-10-29 |title=How ready-to-wear saris and veshtis are bringing tradition back to everyday style |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/how-ready-to-wear-saris-and-veshtis-are-bringing-tradition-back-to-everyday-style/article68804268.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Similarly, Ramraj Cotton began producing velcro dhotis specifically for kids with the added feature of small pockets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-14 |title=Ramraj launches velcro pocket dhoti |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ramraj-launches-velcro-pocket-dhoti/article6896228.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> As of 2017, the Ramraj Cotton company owned 3 production facilities in Tamil Nadu, with over 82 exclusive outlets and 6,000 multi-brand outlets in across the territories of South Indian region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-14 |title=Ramraj Cotton to tap Rs 5,000 crore vests market |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2017/Sep/14/ramraj-cotton-to-tap-rs-5000-crore-vests-market-1656863.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, Ramraj launched their e-commerce platform for worldwide online ordering.<ref name="thbl-2013" />

Later, Ramraj Cotton introduced Ottikko Kattikko Adjustable dhotis for the convenience of men.<ref name="newindianexpress"/> Ramraj also produced a commercial advertisement with a promotional tagline "kattikko illa ottikko" (tie it or just stick it) specifically targeting kids with the aim of ensuring user-friendly mechanism.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-01 |title=Ottikko Kattikko dhoties from Ramraj |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Jan/01/ottikko-kattikko-dhoties-from-ramraj-2083401.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Revathy |first=L. N. |date=2019-12-31 |title=Now, adjustable dhotis with shirts to match from Ramraj Cotton |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/now-adjustable-dhotis-with-shirts-to-match-from-ramraj-cotton/article30445363.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

By 2020, the brand had expanded into women's wear and kid's clothing with their sub-brand “Ramyyam”.<ref name="thbl-2013" />

In September 2021, the company marked the occasion of centennial year of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s historic attire change by staging a special event under the theme "Gandhiya Dhoti Centennial Celebration".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-23 |title=Ramraj Cotton celebrates 100 years of Gandhi's attire change |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Sep/23/ramraj-cotton-celebrates-100-years-of-gandhis-attire-change-2362530.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, veteran actor [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh Daggubati]] inaugurated their 250th store in the country, in Vijaywada.<ref name="tnie-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-12 |title=Ramraj Cotton opens 250th store on 40th anniversary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/vijayawada/2023/Jun/12/ramraj-cotton-opens-250th-store-on-40th-anniversary-2584162.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=TheNewIndianExpress |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, Ramraj launched a new campaign in collaboration with [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Chennaiyin FC]].<ref name="afaqs-2025"/>

=== Sustainability Initiatives ===
Over the last few years, Ramraj Cotton has pledged to taking steps towards sustainable fashion, integrating eco-friendly practices into its manufacturing processes.

Currently, the brand has its presence in over 13+ countries including Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Saudi, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait, Oman, UK, Canada, Australia, USA, and Myanmar, with over 300+ stores across India.<ref name="thbl-2013" /><ref name="gts-2024" /><ref name="toi-2022" />

== Endorsements ==
In 2019, [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] wore a Ramraj Cotton-branded dhoti during a high-profile meeting with [[general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]] at [[Mamallapuram]], and Modi's adaptability to the South Indian Tamil traditional ethnic wear eventually put the brand under the national spotlight, and the moment also gained international recognition afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-26 |title=Veshti |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-veshti-news-302289 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Narendra Modi also wore the traditional Ramraj-branded dhotis during the inauguration of the [[44th Chess Olympiad]] which was held in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-07-28 |title=PM Modi's Traditional Veshti And Shawl With Chessboard Design At Chess Olympiad Grabs Attention |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/pm-narendra-modi-traditional-attire-checkered-shawl-44th-chess-olympiad-2022-chennai-inauguration-grabs-attention-1545069 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref> In January 2024, Ramraj announced Kannada actor [[Rishab Shetty]] as its [[brand ambassador]].<ref name="deccanherald">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/companies/ramraj-cotton-ropes-in-kantara-star-rishab-shetty-as-its-brand-ambassador-2869103|website=deccanherald.com|title=Ramraj Cotton ropes in 'Kantara' star Rishab Shetty as its brand ambassador|access-date=2024-11-04}}</ref> In 2024, Ramraj announced a partnership with [[Chennaiyin FC]] club as its presenting sponsor for the [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandelwal |first=Aashay |date=2024-08-05 |title=Ramraj Cotton becomes Chennaiyin FC's presenting sponsor |url=https://sportsmintmedia.com/ramraj-cotton-becomes-chennaiyin-fcs-presenting-sponsor/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=SportsMint Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ramraj Cotton conducted a fashion show to portray the models wearing the signature white shirt and dhoti costumes. In 2009, the Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America (FeTNA) in Atlanta brought on board approximately 700 men and women, where men and women gathered in large numbers to dress themselves in Ramraj-branded dhotis, salwars, as well as in sarees.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |date=2013-10-11 |title=A white revolution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/a-white-revolution/article5221439.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Since around 2010, [[Jayaram]] worked as the brand ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/Jul/14/ramraj-cotton-opens-third-kochi-showroom-on-mg-road-1628403.html|title=Ramraj Cotton opens third Kochi showroom on MG Road|date=July 14, 2017|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In 2016, Telugu actor [[Daggubati Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] was roped in as the brand ambassador of the company and he opened Ramaraj Cotton's Ameerpet branch in Telangana.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/actor-venkatesh-opens-ramraj-cotton-showroom/article8395349.ece |title=Actor Venkatesh opens Ramraj Cotton showroom |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=thehindu.com|date=25 March 2016 |access-date=2024-11-04}}</ref> In 2021, [[Ramesh Aravind]] was roped in as the brand ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/actor.ramesh.aravind/posts/happy-to-colloborate-with-ramraj-silk-celebrating-puritypositivityramraj-puritya/376205523867447/|title=Ramesh Aravind - Happy to colloborate with Ramraj silk...|website=[[Facebook]] }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

Henry Island (India)

2026-01-15T02:13:44Z

Rrajani: update

{{Short description|Island in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{coord|21.5769|N|88.2923|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox islands
| map = India West Bengal
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Sundarbans]]
| country = India
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[West Bengal]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Districts of West Bengal|District]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| population = none
}}

'''Henry's Island''' is an island near [[Bakkhali]] in [[South 24 Parganas]] of [[West Bengal]], India. It is around {{convert|130|km|0|abbr=on}} from Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pvx9DwAAQBAJ&q=Henry+Island+%28India%29&pg=PR31|title=Mangrove Ichnology of the Bay of Bengal Coast, Eastern India|last=De|first=Chirananda|date=2018-12-06|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319992327|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Red Crabs at Henry Island.jpg|thumb|left|The island is home to millions of red crabs. Red crabs can be seen in this photo.]]
[[File:Henry's Island Tower View.jpg|thumb|Henry's Island Tower view]]
[[File:Henrys Island.jpg|thumb|The beach of Henry's Island]]
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

==References==
{{portal|Islands}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Geography of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Islands of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]

{{South24Parganas-geo-stub}}

Sandaur

2026-01-10T20:47:10Z

Rrajani:

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sandaur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Punjabi
| other_name =
| settlement_type =
| translit_lang1 =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.5716|N|75.7401|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malerkotla district|Malerkotla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Municipal Corporation]] Malerkotla
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_rank =
| population_total =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
| population_metro =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 148023<ref>{{cite web|title=Pin Code: MALERKOTLA,PUNJAB, India, Pincode.net.in|url=https://pincode.net.in/PUNJAB/SANGRUR/M/MALERKOTLA|website=pincode.net.in|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref>
| registration_plate = PB-28
| website = {{URL|www.malerkotla.co.in}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
}}
'''Sandaur''' is a village in the [[Malerkotla district]] of [[Punjab, India]]. Formerly a part of the [[Sangrur district]], it is located in the [[Malerkotla]] tehsil.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malerkotla.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |title=Village & Panchayats |publisher=Malerkota District Administration |access-date=2022-07-25 }}</ref>

According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Sandaur village is 039427. It is situated {{Convert|14|km|mi}} away from sub-district headquarter Malerkotla .Illiteracy ratio is 31%. Here 1104 out of total 3532 people are illiterate. Male illiteracy rate here is 26% as 497 males out of total 1864 are uneducated. In females the illiteracy rate is 36% and 607 out of total 1668 females are illiterate in this village. The number of employed persons is 1168 still 2364 are non-working. Out of 1168 working person 403 individuals are fully dependent on agriculture. The total area of village is 607 hectares. 1864 are males whereas the females count 1668 here. The village had 343 children in the age group of 0-6 years.{{cn|date=February 2018}} Out of this 179 are boys and 164 are girls. Literacy rate in Sandaur village is 68%. 2428 out of total 3532 population is educated here. Among males the literacy ratio is 73% as 1367 males out of total 1864 are literate while female literacy ratio is 63% as 1061 out of total 1668 females are educated in this Village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/final_pca.aspx|title=Census of India 2011|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sangrur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Malerkotla district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

B. K. Sumitra

2026-01-08T00:00:12Z

Rrajani: Creating some entry w/ sources

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = B. K. Sumitra
| image = Bangalore Latha and BK Sumitra.jpg
| caption = Sumitra (right) recording a song with [[Bangalore Latha]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1941|4|27}}
| genre = {{hlist|Film|Devotional| Bhavageethe}}
| birth_place = Bilalukoppa, [[Horanadu]], [[Karnataka]], India
| years_active = 1965 – present
| occupation = Playback Singer
}}

'''Bilalukoppa Krishnayya Sumitra''', popularly known as '''B. K. Sumitra''', is an Indian singer known for her work in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada films]]. She is also popular for her numerous devotional and folk songs.<ref name="Sumitra">{{Cite news|last=Govind|first=Ranjani|date=2016-04-26|title=Singer B.K. Sumitra turns 75|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/singer-bk-sumitra-turns-75/article8521277.ece|access-date=15 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sumitra was born in Bilalukoppa near [[Hornadu|Horanadu]], [[Karnataka]] to Gangamma and Krishnayya. The family later moved to [[Shivamogga]], where Sumitra was trained in [[Carnatic music]] by M. Prabhakar, the brother of the actress [[Pandaribai]].<ref name="Sumitra" />

Sumitra married M. L. Sudhakar. Her daughter [[Sowmya Raoh]] is also a playback singer, while her son [[Sunil Raoh]] became a film actor in the Kannada film industry.<ref name="B.K.Sumitra">{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/sumithra-b-k.html#biography|title=Celebrity B. K. Sumitra|website=filmibeat.com|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
Sumitra was noticed by music composer [[G. K. Venkatesh]], who asked her to sing in the film ''[[Kavaleredu Kulavandu]]'' (1964).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mfestindia.com/advisory/Sumitra.html#:~:text=In+1992,+she+has+been,coaching+camps+during+her+tour|title=B K SUMITRA, Singer & Tutor|website=mfestindia.com|access-date=7 October 2023|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409090342/https://mfestindia.com/advisory/Sumitra.html#:~:text=In+1992,+she+has+been,coaching+camps+during+her+tour|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kavaleredu Kula Ondu (1964) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/kavaleredu-kula-ondu-1964|access-date=2020-09-13|website=chiloka.com}}</ref> In a career spanning more than 40 years, she has worked with many composers including [[G. K. Venkatesh]], [[R. Sudarsanam]], [[Vijaya Bhaskar]], [[M. Ranga Rao]], [[Rajan–Nagendra]], and new generation musicians like [[J. Anoop Seelin|Anoop Seelin]]. Sumitra is active in participating in musical workshops and training students across the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/tags/bk-sumitra|title=BK Sumitra|website=Prajavani}}</ref>

==Notable songs==
* ''Ninnolume Emagirali Thande'' (Thande Makkalu)
* ''A Aa E Ee Kannadada'' - [[Karulina Kare]] (1970)
* ''Kareya Keli Bande'' - [[Anuradha (1967 film)|Anuradha]] (1967)
* ''Madhura Madhuravee Manjulagana'' - [[Sathi Sukanya]] (1967)
* ''Sampige Marada'' - [[Upasane|''Upaasane'']] (1947)
* ''Odi Baa Ododi Baa'' - [[Chakra Theertha|Chakratheertha]] (1967)
* ''Maneye Brundavana'' - (Brundavana)
* ''Eddelu Manjunatha'' - [[Eddelu Manjunatha]] (2009)

==Awards==
Sumitra's awards include:
* Nadoja honour and Honorary Doctorate from [[Kannada University]], [[Hampi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/mar/19/b-k-sumitra-takes-us-on-a-journey-down-memory-lane-459828.html|title=B K Sumitra takes us on a journey down memory lane|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 March 2013 }}</ref>
* Kempegowda Award
* 1991 – Karnataka Rajyotsava Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en|title=Karnataka Government|website=karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
* 1992 – Sangeetha Nrithya Academy Award
* 2017 – G. V. Iyer Award from the Karnataka Film Academy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/599414/annual-film-awards-presented.html|title=Annual film awards presented|date=4 March 2017|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
* 2019 – Lifetime Achievement Award at KIMA Awards
*2021 – K. Mohandev Alva and Dr. M.K. Shailaja Alva endowment Award from Kannada Sahitya Parishat<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-19|title=Selected for Kannada Sahitya Parishat Awards-2021|url=https://starofmysore.com/selected-for-kannada-sahitya-parishat-awards-2021/|access-date=2021-09-27|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|10519509}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sumitra, B. K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 1991]]

K-5 (ballistic missile)

2025-12-30T15:23:43Z

Rrajani: small changes

{{short description|Indian submarine-launched missile}}
{{distinguish|K-5 (missile)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = K-5
| image =
| caption =
| origin = [[India]]
| type = [[SLBM]]
| used_by =
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]<ref name="tnie" />
| design_date =
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| number =
| variants =
| service = Under development
| engine = Solid-fuelled<ref name="tnie" />
| weight = 
| length = 
| diameter = 
| wingspan =
| speed = {{convert|7.5|Mach|km/h mph km/s}}<ref name=":0" />
| vehicle_range = {{convert|5000-8000|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="IndiaToday2017" />
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| filling = {{convert|2000|kg|lb|lk=out|abbr=on}} [[strategic nuclear weapon|nuclear war-head]]<ref name="IndiaToday2017" />
| guidance =
| detonation =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform = [[Arihant-class submarine]]s, [[S5-class submarine]]s<ref name="tnie" /><ref name="IndiaToday2017" />
}}
'''K-5''' is a [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] under development by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] of [[India]].

== Description ==
The K-5 is a submarine-launched ballistic missile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/as-nuclear-sub-arihant-returns-after-first-deterrence-patrol-indias-nuclear-triad-complete/articleshow/66515624.cms|title=Nuclear submarine INS Arihant completes patrol, country's N-triad operational|date=5 November 2018|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-22}}</ref> The missile consists of three separate stages and uses [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid rocket propellant]].<ref name="tnie">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html|title=DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon|last=|first=|date=15 December 2018|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403174613/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|access-date=2019-10-22}}</ref> It is planned to have a range of around {{convert|5000-6000|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="IndiaToday2017" /> The missile will be able to carry a payload weighing two tonnes.<ref name="IndiaToday2017" /> It is being developed to match the range of the [[Agni-V]] missile.<ref name="et2019" /> It will be equipped on the [[Arihant-class submarine|Arihant-class]] [[submarine]]s code named ''S4''.<ref name="tnie" /><ref name="IndiaToday2017" />

The K-5 will be equipped with [[countermeasure]]s to avoid [[radar]] detection and will be the fastest missile in its class.<ref name="tnie" /> It will also be equipped with [[MIRV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiandefenseanalysis.wordpress.com/2024/03/08/india-ready-to-test-is-massive-slbm-missile/ |title=India ready to test is massive SLBM missile – Indian Defense Analysis |date= 8 March 2024 |access-date= 2 April 2024}}</ref>

== Development ==
The K-5 is being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO).<ref name=et2019>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/critical-test-for-submarine-launched-nuclear-missile-this-weekend/articleshow/72286330.cms|title=Critical test for submarine-launched nuclear missile this weekend|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2019-11-29|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> The development of the missile started in 2015.<ref name="IndiaToday2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=December 10, 2017|newspaper=[[India Today]]|accessdate=22 October 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420153431/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|archive-date=20 April 2019}}</ref> After completing the development of the [[K-4 (missile)]] in January 2020, the DRDO shifted its focus towards developing the K-5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-plans-5-000-km-range-ballistic-missile/story-bystz09QSaHJwYvAtlbNeI.html|title=India plans 5,000-km range submarine-launched ballistic missile|date=2020-01-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref>

{{Asof|2018|12|post=,}} preparations for the maiden test of the missile were underway.<ref name="tnie" /> In October 2020, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported that the missile is currently under development and was expected to be tested by 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-07|title=4 missile tests, 1 deployed near LAC in 40 days as India shows intent|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-bolsters-strength-with-missile-tests-deployment/story-LcaxZngN0mvJ31JxTvJXQO.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In November 2025, the Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials conducted a successful static test of the 10-ton-class, stage-2 rocket motor for the K-5 SLBM at the Armament & Combat Engineering Systems facility in Hyderabad. The solid rocket motor's effectiveness and reliability for ballistic performance, safety margins, subsystem integration, burn time, thrust, and structural integrity under operating conditions were confirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Tarun |date=2025-11-27 |title=What is K-5 nuclear missile & is India closing Bay of Bengal to test it? |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/what-is-k-5-nuclear-missile-is-india-closing-bay-of-bengal-to-test-it-1764256362695 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-13 |title=DRDO Successfully Conducts Static Test of Stage-2 Rocket Motor |url=https://raksha-anirveda.com/drdo-successfully-conducts-static-test-of-stage-2-rocket-motor/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=raksha-anirveda.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The rocket motor's composite shell is composed of epofine resin and T700 carbon fiber. It has dimensions of {{convert|2.68|m|ft}} in length and {{convert|2.49|m|ft}} in diameter. For maximum burn efficiency, it uses HD 1.3 composite propellant with a nine-fin grain arrangement. The motor has a submerged nozzle with dual actuators for flexing during control simulations, and the test used a pyrogen-type igniting system. Using two electro-mechanical actuators, the nozzle flex test achieved ± 2° of movement, and the results matched expected performance curves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRATIBIMB 2025: SHAPING PERCEPTIONS IN THE AGE OF INFORMATION WARFARE |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/publication-document/NL_Nov2025.pdf |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sato |first=Daisuke |date=2025-11-12 |title=India prepares for K-5 submarine-launched ballistic missile test |url=https://defence-blog.com/india-prepares-for-k-5-submarine-launched-ballistic-missile-test/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=defence-blog.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Nuclear technology}}
* [[K Missile family]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}

[[Category:Submarine-launched ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons programme of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear missiles of India]]

Kralpora

2025-11-23T12:45:07Z

Rrajani:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kralpora
| native_name = Kralpur
| native_name_lang = ks
| other_name = Kral Pora
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.50|N|74.10|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6518<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-jammukashmir.php?cityid=0101-000127|title=Kralpora Population|work=City Population|access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193224<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Kralpora+193224/@34.5030773,74.107648,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x38e0e744d9ff320d:0xe44a68e5b609204f!8m2!3d34.4995662!4d74.1178468?hl=en&authuser=0|title=Kralpora (Google Maps)|work=Google Maps|access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kralpora''' or '''Kralpur''' is a [[ Tehsil]] and a village in [[Kupwara district]] of the [[India]]n administered [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>[https://indiaeducationdiary.in/dc-kupwara-visits-kralpora-inaugurates-ayushman-hospital/amp/ DC Kupwara Visits Kralpora tehsil]</ref> The village is located just 15 kilometres from district headquarters [[Kupwara|Kupwara town]].

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kralpora has 569 households.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ourhero.in/cities/kral-pora-127|title=Kralpora Population|work=Our Hero|access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref> The literacy rate of Kralpora was 66.45% compared to 67.16% of Jammu and Kashmir. In Kralpora, Male literacy stands at 73.92% while the female literacy rate was 57.96%.

==Transport==
===Road===
Kralpora is well-connected by road with other places in Jammu and Kashmir and India by the Kupwara-Kralpora Road and Kupwara-Trehgam Road.

===Rail===
The nearest railway stations to Kralpora are [[Sopore railway station]] and [[Baramulla railway station]] located at a distance of 56 and 53 kilometres respectively.

===Air===
The nearest airport is [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar International Airport]] located at a distance of 108 kilometres and is a 3-hour drive.

==See also==
*[[Kupwara]]
*[[Gogjigund]]
*[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Lolab Valley]]
*[[Watter Khani]]
*[[Drugmulla]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Babul Phukan

2025-11-22T09:09:38Z

Rrajani: Creating first entry from scratch

{{Short description|Indian footballer (1968–2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
|embed =
|name = Babul Phukan
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|fullname = Babul Phukan
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1968|05|01|df=yes}}
|birth_place = Chakalibhoria, [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|2013|12|14|1968|05|01|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India
|height =
|position = [[Full-back (association football)|Right-back]]
|youthyears1 =
|youthclubs1 =
|years1 = 1985–1988
|clubs1 = Maharana Athletic Club
|caps1 = ?
|goals1 = ?
|years2 = 1989
|clubs2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|caps2 = ?
|goals2 = ?
|years3 = 1990–?
|clubs3 = [[Gauhati Town Club]]
|caps3 =
|goals3 =
|years4 = 1994–1998
|clubs4 = Maharana Athletic Club
|caps4 =
|goals4 =
|totalcaps =
|totalgoals =
|nationalyears1 = 1985
|nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
|nationalcaps1 =
|nationalgoals1 =
|nationalyears2 = 1985–?
|nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
|nationalcaps2 =
|nationalgoals2 =
|medaltemplates =
}}

'''Babul Phukan''' (1 May 1968 – 14 December 2013) was an [[India]]n [[Association football|footballer]] from [[Assam]].

==Playing career==

===Early career===
Born at Chakalibhoria village near Panitola in [[Tinsukia district]] of [[Assam]], Phukan came from a football family. His elder brothers Reboti Phukan, Sada Phukan and Rudra Phukan all played football at the state level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/babul-phukan-passes-away|title=Babul Phukan passes away|website=The Assam Tribune|date=15 September 2010 |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> In 1982, he started his junior career by representing Assam State Sub Junior team. In that year Assam was the runners-up in the National Sub Junior Football tournament. After his good performances, he was selected for the Assam Junior team in 1984. He represented [[Assam football team]] nine times in the [[Santosh Trophy]]. He was the captain of Assam state team in 1989 and 1990.

===Club career===
Phukan played for Maharana Athletic Club, one of the oldest club in North-East from 1985 to 1988. In 1989, he played for [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting Club]] in Calcutta for one season. In 1990, he joined the [[Gauhati Town Club]]. In 1994, Phukan back to his old club Maharana Athletic Club and played there from 1994 to 1998.

===International career===
In 1985, he represented the [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]] team against Italy in [[Delhi]] and [[Lucknow]]. In the same year he was selected in senior [[India national football team]] and made his International debut for [[India national football team]] in [[Nepal]]. In 1985–86, he was again picked for the Indian junior team for the matches which played in [[Pakistan]] and [[Riyadh]]. In 1988, he played for the [[Sports Authority of India|SAI]] team against a Russian team in [[Guwahati]] and [[Shillong]]. He put up brilliant performances in those matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.assamolympic.org/members/Olympic_for_Indian_National.pdf|title=List of players from Assam who represented Indian National Football team|website=www.assamolympic.org|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref>

In 2000, he retired from professional football.

==Death==
Phukan who was also an [[State Bank of India|SBI]] Officer died on 14 December 2013 in a private hospital in [[Guwahati]]. He had long been suffering from a liver-related disease. Former [[Chief Minister of Assam|CM]] of Assam [[Tarun Gogoi]] quoted him as, "Phukan with his stylish footwork techniques and sportsmanship would remain an example for the new generation of footballers".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-international-assam-footballer-babul-phukan-passes-away-aged-49-1935182|title=International Assam footballer Babul Phukan passes away aged 49|website=DNA India|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Footballers from Assam]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Gauhati Town Club players]]
[[Category:People from Tinsukia district]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]

Martha Hopkins Struever

2025-11-10T23:06:49Z

Rrajani: Creating

{{Short description|Native American art dealer}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Martha Hopkins Struever
| image = Martha Hopkins Struever 2009 cropped.jpg
| image_size = 260px
| caption = At home in Santa Fe in 2008
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|11|14}}
| birth_place = [[Milan, Indiana]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|09|24|1931|11|14}}<ref name=Memoriam>{{cite news |title=Memories of Marti: In Memoriam |author=Robert Bauver |magazine=ATADA News |publisher=Antique Tribal Art Dealer Association |pages=8–9 |date=2017 |url=https://www.atada.org/s/Fall-2017-Final-144.pdf |access-date=January 27, 2018}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]]
| occupation = American Indian art dealer, scholar, and author
| genre = [[Native American art history]]
| movement =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://marthastruever.com/}}
}}

[[File:Martha Lee Hopkins Lanman in California 1968.png |thumb|right |260px |Martha Lee Hopkins Lanman Struever in California in 1968]]

'''Martha Hopkins Struever''' (1931–2017) was an [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] [[art dealer]], author, and leading scholar on historic and contemporary [[Pueblo Indian]] pottery and [[Pueblo]] and [[Navajo people|Navajo]] Indian jewelry. In June 2015, a new gallery in the [[Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian]], was named for her.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Jim and Lauris Phillips Center for the Study of Southwestern Jewelry |author=Jonathan Batkin |magazine=American Indian Art Magazine |pages=34–43 |volume=40 |number=5 |date=Summer 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Southwestern jewelry takes center stage at the Wheelwright |author=Michael Abatemarco |date=2015-06-05 |newspaper=Santa Fe New Mexican |url=http://www.santafenewmexican.com/pasatiempo/art/museum_shows/southwestern-jewelry-takes-center-stage-at-the-wheelwright/article_50b2b1c1-9463-5f1a-980d-78b01bfcf021.html |access-date=2015-06-07 }}</ref> The first permanent museum gallery devoted to [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] jewelry, the Martha Hopkins Struever Gallery, is part of the Center for the Study of Southwestern Jewelry.

==Early personal life and education==
Struever was born in 1931 in [[Milan, Indiana]], the only child of Lester Harper Hopkins, M.D. and Eva Montalie (Neill) Hopkins.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Lanman Family - The Descendants of Samuel Landman of Boston, Massachusetts, 1687 |url=https://archive.org/details/lanmanfamilydesc00ston |url-access=registration |author= Stone, Don Charles |page=[https://archive.org/details/lanmanfamilydesc00ston/page/n84 1]-100 |publisher= Don Charles Stone, Lancaster, Pennsylvania |year=1968}}</ref> She grew up in rural southeastern [[Indiana]] in [[Versailles, Indiana|Versailles]]. After obtaining her Bachelor of Science degree from [[Purdue University]] in [[Lafayette, Indiana]] in 1953, Struever attended the [[Wood Tobe Coburn School|Tobé-Coburn School For Fashion Careers]] (now the [[Wood Tobe Coburn School|Wood Tobé Coburn School]]) in [[New York City, New York|New York City]]. On November 16, 1953, she married Richard Burnham Lanman Sr. of [[Hammond, Indiana]] with whom she had two sons: [[Richard B. Lanman|Richard Burnham Lanman, M.D.]] and Todd Hopkins Lanman, M.D. She was widowed when Richard Sr. died of [[leukemia]] on December 8, 1966.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hammond Times Obituaries |publisher=Hammond Times |url=http://www.hammond.lib.in.us/Obits/1966%20Obits%20-%20L.htm |access-date=2015-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105257/http://www.hammond.lib.in.us/Obits/1966%20Obits%20-%20L.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Martha married Edgar Allen "Bud" Cusick in 1971 and divorced in 1988.

==Career==
After being widowed, Struever began collecting and dealing in [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] art. In 1971 she visited [[San Ildefonso Pueblo]] and purchased her first piece, a "gun metal sheen" pottery plate by [[Maria Montoya Martinez]] and her son Popovi Da.<ref name="GordonHerzog1988">{{cite book|author1=Beverly Gordon|author2=Melanie Herzog|author3=Elvehjem Museum of Art|title=American Indian Art: The Collecting Experience: Elvehjem Museum of Art, University of Wisconsin-Madison, May 7-July 3, 1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0Lizx8ZkHgC&pg=PA41|year=1988|publisher=Chazen Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-932900-18-0|pages=41–}}</ref> In 1976, she established the Indian Tree Gallery in [[Chicago, Illinois]] featuring historic and contemporary [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] jewelry, pottery, [[Kachina doll]]s, weavings, and paintings.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Marti |url=http://www.marthastruever.com |access-date=2009-10-04}}</ref> In order to bring the best Southwestern Indian artists to her [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] gallery, she visited the [[Pueblo]] and [[Navajo Nation|Navajo]] reservations (often alone) to begin what were to become lifelong relationships with such prominent artists such as [[Charles Loloma]], the foremost [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] jeweler, and [[Dextra Quotskuyva]], the pre-eminent contemporary [[Hopi]] potter.<ref>{{cite book |title=Loloma: Beauty Is His Name |author= Struever, Martha Hopkins |pages=1–209 |publisher= Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian, Santa Fe, New Mexico |year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Painted Perfection: The Pottery of Dextra Quotskuyva |author= Struever, Martha Hopkins |editor= Jonathan Batkin |pages=1–123 |publisher= Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian, Santa Fe, New Mexico |year=2001|url=https://wheelwright.org/product/painted-perfection/ |access-date=October 23, 2021 }}</ref> Martha helped many Indian artists gain exposure outside of Southwestern markets by sponsoring shows for them in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]. Martha hosted [[Maria Martinez]] at her Chicago gallery in 1977 - and arranged a special reception at the [[Chicago Art Institute]] for the then 90-year-old potter. In addition to prominent artists, a primary focus of Martha's career has been the identification and encouragement of talented new Indian potters and jewelers.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-0-89013-496-2 |title=Shared Images: The Innovative Jewelry of Gail Bird and Yazzie Johnson |author= Pardue, Diana F. |page=188 |publisher= Museum of New Mexico Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico |year=2007 }}</ref> Martha sponsored the first exhibitions of now-notable jewelers [[Gail Bird and Yazzie Johnson]], Richard Chavez, Norbert Peshlaki, and Perry Shorty, as well as potters [[Dextra Quotskuyva]], [[Steve Lucas]] and Les Namingha.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-1-4236-0190-6 |title=Contemporary Southwestern Jewelry |author= Diana F. Pardue with the [[Heard Museum]] |page=25 |publisher= Gibbs Smith, [[Layton, Utah]] |year=2007 }}</ref>

On November 12, 1988, Struever married noted [[archaeologist]] [[Stuart McKee Struever|Stuart M. Struever]] and relocated to [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]]. By 2006, she was recognized as the "grande dame" of American Indian art dealers, and received the first Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Antique Tribal Art Dealers Association]] "for contributions to the understanding and preservation of tribal art".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.atada.org/ATADA_News2-07.html |author=Bauver, Robert |date=Spring 2007 |title=ATADA Lifetime Achievement Awards - Antique Tribal Arts Community Honors Its Own |journal=ATADA News |publisher=Antique Tribal Arts Dealers Association, Inc. |access-date=2009-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718134436/http://atada.org/ATADA_News2-07.html |archive-date=2009-07-18 }}</ref>

Over the past thirty years, Struever conducted over sixty traveling art and archaeology seminars throughout Navajo and [[Pueblo]] lands. Her seminars were enriched by her relationships with the many Indian artists whose careers she has encouraged.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-09-tr-9955-story.html |author=Silverman, Myrna W. |date=January 9, 1994 |title=Tours for the Thinking Person - Anatomy of a Southwest Tour |journal=Los Angeles Times | access-date=2009-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wu7J1wLL8qcC&q=fantasy+vacations+ocko |title=Fantasy Vacations: Holiday Escapes That Make Your Dreams Come True |author= Ocko, Stephanie |pages=36–37 |publisher= Kensington Publishing Corp. |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8065-2435-1 }}</ref>

Struever's philanthropic work included overseeing nine Indian Art Shows in Chicago, Washington, DC, and Denver, bringing 25 artists to each event, for the benefit of the nonprofit [[Crow Canyon Archaeological Center]]. [[Crow Canyon Archaeological Center|Crow Canyon]] was founded by her husband, [[Stuart Struever]].

She had two sons. She died on September 24, 2017.<ref name=Memoriam/><ref name=obit>{{cite news |title=Martha Lee Lanman Struever |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=February 15, 2018 |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/chicagotribune/obituary.aspx?n=martha-lee-lanman-struever&pid=188186320 |access-date=February 18, 2018}}</ref> The Martha Struever Indian Art Collection is now hosted by the Turquoise and Tufa Gallery in Santa Fe, New Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turquoise and Tufa Gallery |author=Bonnie McClung |author2=Mindy McClung |url=https://turquoiseandtufa.com/pages/our-story |access-date=14 Nov 2018}}</ref>

==Publications and scholarly work==
Struever published reference works, authoring the two books "Loloma: Beauty Is His Name" (Wheelwright Museum, 2006) and "Painted Perfection: The Pottery of Dextra Quotskuyva" (Wheelwright Museum, 2002), as well as museum catalogues entitled "Nampeyo: A Gift Remembered" (Kendall College, Mitchell Museum, 1984), "[[Hopi]] Art: A Century of Continuity and Change" (San Francisco Museum of Craft and Folk Art, 1987), and "Legends of Pueblo Pottery" ([[Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian|Wheelwright Museum]], 1997). She has guest curated museum exhibitions in several cities.<ref>{{cite book |title=Old Traditions in New Pots: Silver Seed Pots from the Norman L. Sandfield Collection |author= Loscher, Tricia |pages=1–144 |publisher=Heart Museum |location=Phoenix, Arizona |isbn=978-0-934351-79-9|year=2007 }}</ref> As Struever's scholarly reputation has grown, she has become recognized as one of the foremost experts on the pottery of [[Iris Nampeyo|Nampeyo]], the jewelry of [[Charles Loloma|Loloma]] and the works of other significant Southwestern Indian artists.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/fts/louisville_200704A15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503160016/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/fts/louisville_200704A15.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 3, 2008 |author=Gaffney, Dennis |date=April 28, 2008 |title=Nampeyo: Grande Dame of Hopi Pottery |journal=Antiques Roadshow: Follow the Stories |publisher=Public Broadcasting System | access-date=2009-10-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.marthastruever.com Martha Hopkins Struever home page]
*[http://www.mitchellmuseum.org/ Mitchell Museum of the American Indian]
*[http://www.museumofnewmexico.org/index.php/ Museum of New Mexico]
*[http://www.wheelwright.org// Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian]
*[https://turquoiseandtufa.com/pages/our-story Turquoise and Tufa Gallery hosts the Martha Struever Collection]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Struever, Martha Hopkins}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:American art dealers]]
[[Category:American women art dealers]]
[[Category:Purdue University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Ripley County, Indiana]]
[[Category:People from Versailles, Indiana]]

Adibatti

2025-11-08T17:08:09Z

Rrajani: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adibatti
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Belagavi in Karnataka (India).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Adibatti is in Belagavi district
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|16.1825|74.8560|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Gokak
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = Village Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =KA
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Belgaum
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}

''' Adibatti ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |title=Census of India : List of Villages Alphabetical Order > Karnataka |work=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-18 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} , Census Village code= 41800</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoo! maps India : |access-date=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archive-date=2008-12-18 }} Adibatti, Belgaum, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Gokak]] [[taluk]] of [[Belagavi district]] in Karnataka.

==See also==
* [[Belgaum]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Belgaum.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Gokak taluk}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Gokak-geo-stub}}

G. N. Devy

2025-10-22T06:06:40Z

Rrajani: expand citations per standard format for clarity

{{Short description|Indian literary critic (born 1950)}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Ganesh Narayandas Devy
| image = G. N. Devy.jpg
| caption = Devy in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|08|01|df=yes}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Bhor]], [[Pune District]], [[Bombay State]] (now [[Maharashtra]]), [[India]]
| death_place =
| occupation = Critic, thinker, editor, educator, cultural activist
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Padma Shri]] (2014)
* [[Linguapax Prize]] (2011)
* [[Prince Claus Awards|Prince Claus Award]] (2003)
* [[SAARC Literary Award]] (2001)
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English|Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1993)
}}
| genre = [[Literary Criticism]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| website =
| honorific_prefix = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Ganesh Narayandas Devy''' (born 1 August 1950)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi : Who's Who of Indian Writers |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/SASearchSystem/sauser/writerinfo.jsp?wrids=3950 |website=Sahitya Akademi|access-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208093136/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/SASearchSystem/sauser/writerinfo.jsp?wrids=3950 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> is an Indian cultural activist, literary critic and former professor of English. He is known for the ''[[People's Linguistic Survey of India]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Ratika |title=Settling The Language Debate: Here's How Hindi Is Far From Becoming India's National Language |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/national-language-hindi-35258 |work=thelogicalindian.com |date=28 April 2022 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the Adivasi Academy created by him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/literature/gn-devy-challenges-concept-knowledge|title=How GN Devy challenges our concept of knowledge|last=Kaushik|first=Martand|date=1 July 2018|website=The Caravan|language=en|url-access=subscription|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> He is credited with starting the Bhaashaa research and Publication Centre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baroda.com/bhasharesearch&publicationcentre.php|title=Baroda NGO - Bhasha Research and Publication Centre|website=www.baroda.com|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> He writes in three languages—Marathi, Gujarati and English. His first full-length book in English is ''After Amnesia'' (1992).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfVjAAAAMAAJ|title=After Amnesia|date=1992-01-01|isbn=9780863112676|last1=Devy|first1=G. N.|publisher=Orient Longman }}</ref> He has written and edited close to ninety books in areas including Literary Criticism, Anthropology, Education, Linguistics and Philosophy.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Centre Cannot Hold : How G. N. Devy Challenges Our Concept of Knowledge|url=https://vikalpsangam.org/article/the-centre-cannot-hold-how-gn-devy-challenges-our-concept-of-knowledge/|access-date=26 February 2021|website=vikalpsangam.org|date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

==Biography==
G. N. Devy was educated at [[Shivaji University]], [[Kolhapur]] and the [[University of Leeds]], [[UK]]. Among his many academic assignments, he held fellowships at [[Leeds University]] and [[Yale University]] and has been THB Symons Fellow (1991–92) and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellow]] (1994–96). He was a Professor of English at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda from 1980 to 96. In 1996, he gave up his academic career in order to initiate work with the Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNT) and Adivasis. During this work, he created the Bhasha Research and Publication Centre at Baroda, the Adivasis Academy at Tejgadh, the DNT-Rights Action Group and several other initiatives. Later he initiated the largest-ever survey of languages in history, carried out with the help of nearly 3000 volunteers and published in 50 multilingual volumes. Devy has continued to combine his academic work with his work for the marginalised communities and cultures. After creating the Adivasi Academy, Devy worked as Professor of Humanities at the Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information Technology (2003-2014), Gandhinagar, Honorary Professor at the Centre for Multidisciplinary Development Research, Dharwad( 2015-18), Obaid Siddiqi Chair Professor at the National Centre for Biological Sciences—TIFR, Bangalore (2022-23) and is currently Professor of Eminence and Director, school of Civilisation at the Somaiya Vidyavihar University, Bombay.

== Dakshinayan ==
In response to the growing intolerance and murders of several intellectuals in India, he launched the Dakshinayan (Southward) movement of artists, writers, and intellectuals. In order to lead this movement, he moved to [[Dharwad]] in 2016. The Dakshinayan movement follows the ideas of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar|Babasaheb Ambedkar]].

==Awards==
G. N. Devy has received several Lifetime Achievement Awards. He was awarded [[Padma Shri]] on 26 January 2014 in recognition of his work with denotified and [[nomadic tribes]] and endangered languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-02-22|title=Print Release|date=2014-02-22|access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1993) for ''After Amnesia'', and the [[SAARC]] Writers’ Foundation Award (2001) for his work with denotified tribals. He was given the reputed [[Prince Claus Awards|Prince Claus Award]] (2003) for his work for the conservation of tribal arts and craft. His Marathi book ''Vanaprasth'' received eight awards including the [[Durga Bhagwat]] Memorial Award and the Maharashtra Foundation Award. Along with [[Laxman Gaikwad]] and [[Mahashweta Devi]], he was one of the founders of The Denotified and Nomadic Tribes Rights Action Group (DNT-RAG). He won the 2011 [[Linguapax Prize]] for his work for the preservation of linguistic diversity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Devy-gets-Linguapax-Award/articleshow/8753590.cms|title=Devy gets Linguapax Award - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 June 2011 |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Critical Thought'' (1987)
* ''After Amnesia'' (1992)<ref>{{cite journal |title=Review: THE CASE FOR NATIVISM |journal=Indian Literature |volume=36 |issue=4 (156) |pages=188–191 |jstor=44295534 |last1=Rayan |first1=Krishna |year=1993 }}</ref>
* ''Of Many Heroes'' (1997)<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reviewed Work: Of Many Heroes : An Indian Essay in Literary Historiography by G.N. Devy |journal=Indian Literature |volume=46 |issue=1 (207) |pages=188–191 |jstor=23344554 |last1=Mund |first1=Subhendu |year=2002 }}</ref>
* ''India Between Tradition and Modernity'' (co-edited, 1997)
* ''In Another Tongue'' (1992)
* ''Indian Literary Criticism: Theory & Interpretation'' (2002).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reviewed Work: Indian Literary Criticism: Theory and Interpretation by G. N. Devy |journal=World Literature Today |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=95–96 |jstor=40157830 |last1=Perry |first1=John Oliver |last2=Devy |first2=G. N. |year=2003 |doi=10.2307/40157830 }}</ref>
* ''Painted Words: An Anthology of Tribal Literature'' (editor, 2002).
* ''A Nomad Called Thief'' (2006)<ref>{{cite journal |title=Review: Redeeming the Silence |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=41 |issue=42 |pages=4437–4438 |jstor=4418832 |last1=Heredia |first1=Rudolf C. |year=2006 }}</ref>
* ''Keywords: Truth'' (contributor, date unknown)
* ''Vaanprastha'' (in Marathi, date unknown)
* ''Adivasi Jane Che'' ( ''Tribal People Knows'', in Gujarati, date unknown).
* ''The G. N. Devy Reader'' (2009)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devy |first=G. N. |title=The G N Devy Reader |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2009 |isbn=9788125036937}}</ref>
*''The Being of Bhasha (2014)''
*''Samvad ( in Gujarati, 2016)''
*''The Crisis Within: On Knowledge and Education in India (2017)''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devy |first=G. N. |title=The Crisis Within: On Knowledge and Education in India |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2017 |isbn=9789383064106}}</ref>
*''Trijyaa (in Marathi, 2018)''
*''The question of Silence (2019)''
*''Countering Violence (2019)''
*''Being Adivasi: Existence, Entitlements, Exclusion (co-edited; 2022)'' <ref>{{Cite book |title=Being Adivasi: Existence, Entitlements, Exclusion |publisher=Penguin Random House |year=2022 |isbn=9780670093007}}</ref>
*''Mahabharata: The Epic and the Nation (2022)''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devy |first=G. N. |title=Mahabharata: The Epic and the Nation |publisher=RUPA |year=2022 |isbn=9789390652907}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|India}}
*[[Indian literature]]
*[[Indian English Literature]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
* {{YouTube|vc76V7rXDqg|Devy talks about life and death of languages on TED}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}
{{SAARC Literary Award}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devy, G. N.}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dalit activists]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds]]
[[Category:Shivaji University alumni]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Charles Fabri

2025-10-21T18:08:15Z

Rrajani: new article...

{{Short description|Hungarian art critic, writer, and Indologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Charles Fabri
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Károly Lajos Fábri
| birth_date = 18 November 1899
| birth_place = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| death_date = 7 July 1968
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Art critic
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Charles Fabri''' (18 November 1899 – 7 July 1968) was a Hungarian art critic, writer, and [[Indologist]]. He was a former curator of the Kern Institute Library, [[Leiden University]], curator of the [[Lahore Museum]], Pakistan, and later lecturer at the [[National Museum of India]], New Delhi, before lecturing at the [[School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi|Architecture and Art Departments of Delhi Polytechnic]].

==Early life and education==
Károly Lajos Fábri was born on 18 November 1899 in Budapest, Hungary, into a Jewish family.<ref name=WHO2017>{{cite web |date=9 February 2017 |title=Fabri, Charles Louis – Persons of Indian Studies by Prof. Dr. Klaus Karttunen |url=https://whowaswho-indology.info/1871/fabri-charles-louis/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904102039/https://whowaswho-indology.info/1871/fabri-charles-louis/ |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=Dutch2017>{{cite web |date=6 January 2017 |title=Fabri, Charles Louis – Home of Dutch Studies |url=https://www.dutchstudies-satsea.nl/deelnemers/fabri-charles-louis/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901191705/https://www.dutchstudies-satsea.nl/deelnemers/fabri-charles-louis/ |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=www.dutchstudies-satsea.nl |language=nl}}</ref> He had one older brother and his father owned a chain of hotels.<ref name=Dalmia2013.99/> During the First World War, he served in the army, and after, as he began university, his family lost its fortune.<ref name=Dalmia2013.99/>

In 1924 Fabri completed a masters in philosophy, psychology and Germanic philology from the [[University of Pécs]], and three years later gained a doctorate in philosophy.<ref name=Dutch2017/> At university he also undertook a personal study of [[Indology]] and [[Indian art]].<ref name=Dutch2017/> He gained his PhD in philosophy in 1927.<ref name=Dutch2017/>

==Career==
Between 1927 and 1934 Fabri was curator of the Kern Institute Library, [[Leiden University]].<ref name=Dutch2017/> From 1930 to 1934 Fabri worked with [[Aurel Stein]] on the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in India,<ref name=Khullar2012>{{cite book |last1=Khullar |first1=Sonal |editor1-last=Dalmia |editor1-first=Vasudha |editor2-last=Sadana |editor2-first=Rashmi |title=The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51625-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2L4gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |language=en |chapter=9. Nationalist tradition and modernist art|page=182}}</ref> and accompanied Stein to India in 1932 to work on the Indus Valley excavations.<ref name=Dalmia2013.99/>

===1933–1936===
In 1933 [[Rabindranath Tagore]] invited Fabri to teach art history at [[Santiniketan]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.424>Sundaram, pp. 424–425</ref><ref name=Leeuw1978>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Ahmed Nabi |title=Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume |date=1978 |publisher=E. J. Brill |isbn=90-04-05455-3 |editor1-last=Leeuw |editor1-first=J. E. van Lohuizen-de |volume=VII |location=Leiden |page=120 |language=en |chapter=The Indus Valley Script: A Survey of the Attempts at its Decipherment |editor2-last=Prematilleke |editor2-first=L. |editor3-last=Indrapala |editor3-first=K. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=quL7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120}}</ref>

===Lahore (1937)===
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Lahore 1937 Exhibition.jpg|thumb|right|Exhibition opening at Lahore 1937]]
Fabri became a British citizen in 1937.<ref name=Khullar2012/> That year he first met artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] in November, when as art critic for the ''[[Civil and Military Gazette]]'', he reported on her [[Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore (1937)|solo exhibition]] held in the ballroom of [[Faletti's Hotel]] in [[Lahore]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.418>Sundaram, pp. 418–423</ref> There, with the assistance of [[Diwan Chaman Lall]], Fabri acquired ''[[The Little Girl in Blue]]'' and it remained in his family until being sold in 2018.<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><ref name=Tripathi2018>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Smita |title=Tyeb Mehta and Amrita Sher-Gil to lead Sotheby's first auction in India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/arts/tyeb-mehta-and-amrita-sher-gil-to-lead-sotheby-s-first-auction-in-india/cid/1676887 |access-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113052353/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/arts/tyeb-mehta-and-amrita-sher-gil-to-lead-sotheby-s-first-auction-in-india/cid/1676887|archive-date=13 November 2023|work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=28 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|Fabri either bought it or Sher-Gil gifted to him.<ref name=Sundaram2010.184>Sundaram, p. 184</ref>}} He also assisted in the sale of [[The Vina Player]] to the Lahore Museum.<ref name=Sundaram2010.424/> He wrote that "Miss Sher-Gil's oeuvre is essentially modern without being fantastic. Simplification and the grasping of important essentials are the key-note in most of her work and there is a certain quality of decorativeness in most of her canvases. Her most fascinating subjects are women and children."<ref name=CMGDec1941>{{cite news |title=Well known artist dies in Lahore |work=Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore) |date=7 December 1941 |page=4}}</ref> In an essay he wrote after her death, he called her a "miraculous marriage of Indian and Western, brought up in the discipline of western painting, suffused in her mental make-up with Indian feeling and attitudes".<ref name=Dalmia2013.99>Dalmia, pp.99–105</ref>

===1938 onwards===
[[File:Inder Kumar Gujral, Indrani Rahman with Ram Rahman, Satish Gujral, MF Husain, Charles Fabri.png|thumb|Inder Kumar Gujral, Indrani Rahman with Ram Rahman, Satish Gujral, MF Husain, Charles Fabri]]
Between 1938 and 1945 he was director of the [[Punjab Exploration Fund]].<ref name=Dutch2017/>

Between 1945 and 1947 Fabri was curator of the [[Lahore Museum]].<ref name=Dutch2017/> In 1947 he married Ratna Mathur.<ref name=Dalmia2013.99/> He took up Indian citizenship in 1947.<ref name=Khullar2012/> From 1947 to 1950 he lectured at the [[National Museum of India]], New Delhi.<ref name=Dutch2017/>

For ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' he became critic for dance, drama and art.<ref name=Sundaram2010.424/>

In 1947 Fabri published ''Indian Flamingo: A Novel of Modern India''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.432>Sundaram, p. 432</ref> Set in the 1930s it features a Lahore Museum director falling in love with a 23 year old painter based on Sher-Gil.<ref name=Sundaram2010.432/> The dedication in the book reads " to the beloved, undying memory of AMRITA and her sisters and brothers of the new India".<ref name=Sundaram2010.432/>

From 1950 to 1959 Fabri lectured at the [[School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi|Architecture and Art Departments of Delhi Polytechnic]].<ref name=Dutch2017/> His masterpiece, ''Fundamental: History of Indian Art'' (1956–1958), created with the assistance of the [[Bollingen Foundation]], remains unpublished.<ref name=Dalmia2013.99/>

==Death and legacy==
Fabri died in July 1968, around two years after being diagnosed with throat cancer.<ref name=Dalmia2013.99/> He is remembered for his contributions to Indian art, and to recognising Odissi as a classical dance.<ref name=Dalmia2013.99/>

==Selected publications==
===Thesis===
*''William James: egy filozófus arcképe (William Jones: the portrait of a philosopher)'' (1928), Pécs (Specimina Dissertationum Facultatis Philosophiae Regiae Hungaricae Universitatis Elisabethianae Quinqueecclesiensis 6). – PhD thesis Pécs.

===Articles===
*{{cite journal |last1=Fábri |first1=C. L. |title=Two Notes on Indian Head-dress |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=July 1931 |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=597–601 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00110627 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/two-notes-on-indian-headdress/02775A4A97610EE02C0A524AF20C17B6 |language=en |issn=1474-0591|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Fábri |first1=C. L. |title=The Punch-marked Coins: A Survival of the Indus Civilization |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=April 1935 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=307–318 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00086482 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/punchmarked-coins-a-survival-of-the-indus-civilization/45C2113AC9BBF2831F304035EAA9B1E2 |language=en |issn=2051-2066|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Fabri |first1=Charles L. |title=Review of Drāviḍa and Kerala in the Art of Travancore |journal=Artibus Asiae |date=1954 |volume=17 |issue=3/4 |pages=328–330 |doi=10.2307/3249065 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249065 |issn=0004-3648|url-access=subscription }}

===Books===
*{{cite book |last1=Fabri |first1=C. L. |title=Annual Report Of The Archaeological Survey Of India For The Years 1930-31, 1931-32, 1933-34 And 1933–34 |date=1936 |publisher=Manager of Publications |location=Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35543/page/n1/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fabri |first1=Charles Louis |title=A History of Indian Dress |date=1960 |publisher=Orient Longmans |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindiand01fabr/page/n9/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fabri |first1=Charles Louis |title=An introduction to Indian architecture |date=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00fabr}}
*''Discovering Indian sculpture : a brief history'' (1970)
*{{cite book |last1=Fabri |first1=Charles Louis |title=History of the art of Orissa |date=1974 |publisher=Orient Longman |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25901/mode/2up}}
*Bethlenfalvy, Géza, Charles Louis Fabri: his life and works, comp. and ed., New Delhi 1980

==See also==
*[[Indrani Rahman]]<ref name=Thobani2017>{{cite book |last1=Thobani |first1=Sitara |title=Indian Classical Dance and the Making of Postcolonial National Identities: Dancing on Empire's Stage |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=978-1-315-38734-5 |pages=35-36 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |language=en |chapter=2. Setting the scene: a transcultural history of Indian dance}}</ref>
*[[Priyambada Mohanty Hejmadi]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1-417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418-821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Hungarian Indologists]]
[[Category:Hungarian Jews]]
[[Category:Hungarian art critics]]
[[Category:Hungarian art curators]]
[[Category:Hungarian lecturers]]
[[Category:University of Pécs alumni]]

Jab Mila Tu

2025-09-29T23:42:47Z

Rrajani: new a info v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jab Mila Tu poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = Nisheeth N Neelkanth Harjeet Chhabra
| based_on =
| writer = Harneet Singh
| director = Lalit Mohan
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]]
* [[Eisha Singh]]
* Pratik Sehajpal
* Alisha Chopra
}}
| music = Sarthak Nakul
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 24
| list_episodes =
| producer = Diksha Argal Neelkanth Harjeet Chhabra
| location =
| cinematography = Raju Gauli
| editor = Anurag Singh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22-33 minutes
| company = A Two Nice Men Mediaworks Production
| network = [[JioCinema]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|01|22}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2024|02|26}}
| related =
}}
'''''Jab Mila Tu''''' ({{Translation|When I Met You}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series directed by Lalit Mohan and written by Harneet Singh.<ref>{{cite web | title=EXCLUSIVE: Mohsin Khan, Eisha Singh, Pratick Sejpal, Alisha Chopra reflect on their new project Jab Mila Tu | website=PINKVILLA | date=16 January 2024 | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-mohsin-khan-eisha-singh-pratick-sejpal-alisha-chopra-reflect-on-their-new-project-jab-mila-tu-1271751}}</ref> Produced under A Two Nice Men Mediaworks Production,<ref>{{cite web | title=Jab Mila Tu a unique journey of love and friendship | website=The Tribune | date=11 January 2024 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/jab-mila-tu-a-unique-journey-of-love-and-friendship-580323/}}</ref> it stars [[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Mohsin Khan has mixed emotions on OTT debut | website=The Statesman | date=22 January 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/mohsin-khan-has-mixed-emotions-on-ott-debut-1503262102.html}}</ref> [[Eisha Singh]],<ref>{{cite web | title=It's relieving to have a co-actor like Mohsin Khan: Eisha Singh | website=DT Next | date=25 January 2024 | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/its-relieving-to-have-a-co-actor-like-mohsin-khan-eisha-singh-763441}}</ref> Pratik Sehajpal<ref>{{cite web | title=Pratick Sejpal Was 'Hungry For 24 Hrs, Didn't Have Water' To Prep Body For 'Jab Mila Tu' | website=News18 | date=16 January 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pratick-sejpal-was-hungry-for-24-hrs-didnt-have-water-to-prep-body-for-jab-mila-tu-exclusive-8741973.html}}</ref> and Alisha Chopra.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sizzlingly Hot Alisha | website=Rediff | date=30 January 2024 | url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/sizzlingly-hot-alisha-chopra/20240130.htm}}</ref> The series aired on [[JioCinema]] from 22 January 2024 to 26 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=When and where to watch Mohsin Khan, Eisha Singh's slice-of-life drama | website=OTTPlay | date=12 January 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jab-mila-tu-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-mohsin-khan-eisha-singhs-slice-of-life-drama/cd928d9843620}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]]<ref name="Cast" >{{cite web | title=In Chandigarh, the cast of 'Jab Mila Tu' reveals how this unique journey of love and friendship will resonate with today's youth | website=The Tribune | date=1 February 2024 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/in-chandigarh-the-cast-of-jab-mila-tu-reveals-how-this-unique-journey-of-love-and-friendship-will-resonate-with-todays-youth-586239/}}</ref> as Maddy
* [[Eisha Singh]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Aneri
* Pratik Sehajpal<ref name="Cast" /> as Jigar
* Alisha Chopra<ref name="Cast" /> as Mint

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Mohsin Khan, Pratik Sehajpal And Eisha Singh Join The Cast Of Jab Mila Tu | website=Times Now | date=9 January 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/mohsin-khan-pratik-sehajpal-and-eisha-singh-join-the-cast-of-jab-mila-tu-article-106672643}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] of the series [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in December 2023.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mohsin Khan, Eisha Singh & Pratik Sehajpal conclude the shoot of their upcoming web show 'Jab Mila Tu' | website=India Forums | date=20 December 2023 | url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/mohsin-khan-eisha-singh-and-pratik-sehajpal-conclude-the-shoot-of-their-upcoming-web-show-jab-mila-t_203521}}</ref> The teaser of the series was released on 9 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mohsin Khan To Share Screen With Bigg Boss OTT Fame Pratik Sehajpal In Web Show 'Jab Mila Tu'; Teaser Out | website=News18 | date=9 January 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/webseries/mohsin-khan-to-share-screen-with-bigg-boss-ott-fame-pratik-sehajpal-in-web-show-jab-mila-tu-teaser-out-8733594.html}}</ref> Subsequently, the official trailer was released on 16 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mohsin, Eisha, Pratick & Alisha-starrer 'Jab Mila Tu' revolves around modern-day relationships | website=DT Next | date=16 January 2024 | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/mohsin-eisha-pratick-alisha-starrer-jab-mila-tu-revolves-around-modern-day-relationships-761565}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jab Mila Tu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist =
| released = {{Start date|2024|2|22}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Jab Mila Tu (Soundtrack from the JioCinema Show) | date=22 February 2024 | url=https://gaana.com/album/jab-mila-tu-soundtrack-from-the-jiocinema-}}</ref>
| recorded =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=13|s=47}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Viacom18|Viacom18 Media Pvt. Ltd.]]
| producer =
| misc =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = {{duration|m=13|s=47}}
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Afeem Varga
| extra1 = Aryam, Sarthak Nakul
| length1 = 2:43
| title2 = Jab Mila Tu<ref>{{cite web | title=Jab Mila Tu {{!}} Title Track | website=The Times of India | date=29 February 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/jab-mila-tu-title-track/videoshow/108088053.cms}}</ref>
| extra2 = Sarthak Nakul, Aryam
| length2 = 3:23
| title3 = Jab Mila Tu (Friendship Version)
| extra3 = Ananya V Asavary
| length3 = 2:12
| title4 = Pehli Prem Kahaani (Mother’s Version)
| extra4 = Akansha Tripathi
| length4 = 1:20
| title5 = Pehli Prem Kahaani (Maddy’s Version)
| extra5 = Aryam
| length5 = 1:31
| title6 = Aa Doob Jaa
| extra6 = Sarthak Nakul, Aryam
| length6 = 2:38
}}

== Reception ==
A critic writing for ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the series {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | title=Jab Mila Tu Review: Mohsin Khan, Eisha Singh Star In This Colourful, Chaotic Rom-Com | website=Times Now | date=22 January 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/jab-mila-tu-review-mohsin-khan-eisha-singh-star-in-this-colourful-chaotic-rom-com-review-107045837}}</ref> Arpita Mondal of ''Midgard Times'' awarded the series six-and-a-half out of ten stars.<ref>{{cite web | title='Jab Mila Tu' Series Review - Mumbai Mayhem and Melodies | website=Midgard Times | date=22 January 2024 | url=https://moviesr.net/p-jab-mila-tu-series-review-mumbai-mayhem-and-melodies}}</ref>
Aakash Kumar of ''Filmibeat'' said "Pratik Sehajpal Steals Hearts As Jigar In His New Show."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-23 |title=Jab Mila Tu Review: Pratik Sehajpal Steals Hearts As Jigar In His New Show |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2024/jab-mila-tu-review-pratik-sehajpal-steals-hearts-as-jigar-in-his-new-show-382529.html |access-date=2025-01-30 |website= |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt30836099}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/jab-mila-tu/3888484 ''Jab Mila Tu''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

2012–13 Mizoram Premier League

2025-09-22T09:17:46Z

Rrajani: Creating first data more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Mizoram Premier League]]
| season = 2012–13
| winners = Dinthar FC (1st title)
| promoted =
| relegated = F.C. RS Annexe
| matches = 84 
| total goals = 238 
| league topscorer = MS Dawngliana (10 goals) ([[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]])
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring = Mizoram Police 5–1 Reitlang 31 October 2012
| longest wins = 4 games Mizoram Police
| longest unbeaten = 7 games Dinthar Mizoram Police
| longest losses = 5 games RS Annexe
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason =
| nextseason = 2013
| update =
}}

The '''2012–13 Mizoram Premier League''' (Also known as the '''[[Mahindra Two Wheelers|Mahindra 2 Wheelers]] Mizoram Premier League''' for sponsorship reasons) is the 1st season of the [[Mizoram Premier League]] which is the third tier of the Indian football system and the top tier of the Mizoram football system.<ref name=BarefootMagizineMPLOpening>{{cite web|last=Das |first=Amlan |title=AGREEMENT SIGNED FOR MIZORAM PREMIER LEAGUE |url=http://www.barefootmag.in/2012/06/14/agreement-signed-for-mizoram-premier-league/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217210646/http://www.barefootmag.in/2012/06/14/agreement-signed-for-mizoram-premier-league/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2013 |work=Barefoot Magazine |date=14 June 2012 |access-date=21 July 2012 }}</ref>

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Club
!Play-off position
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]||1st
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]]||3rd
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Dinthar||N/A
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|FC Kulikawn||N/A
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Luangmual F.C.|Luangmual]]||N/A
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Mizoram||N/A
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|RS Annexe||4th
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Reitlang||2nd
|}

==Play-Off==
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=QR
|team1=AIZ|name_AIZ=[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|team2=REI|name_REI=Reitlang
|team3=CHA|name_CHA=[[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]]
|team4=RSA|name_RSA=RS Annexe
|team5=KAN|name_KAN=Kannan
|team6=CHW|name_CHW=Chanmari West
|team7=CV|name_CV=College Veng
|team8=THE|name_THE=Theiriat
|win_AIZ=4|draw_AIZ=2|loss_AIZ=1|gf_AIZ=13|ga_AIZ=5
|win_REI=4|draw_REI=2|loss_REI=1|gf_REI=12|ga_REI=4
|win_CHA=4|draw_CHA=2|loss_CHA=1|gf_CHA=11|ga_CHA=6
|win_RSA=4|draw_RSA=0|loss_RSA=3|gf_RSA=8|ga_RSA=7
|win_KAN=3|draw_KAN=3|loss_KAN=1|gf_KAN=18|ga_KAN=13
|win_CHW=2|draw_CHW=1|loss_CHW=4|gf_CHW=12|ga_CHW=14
|win_CV=1|draw_CV=0|loss_CV=6|gf_CV=8|ga_CV=25
|win_THE=0|draw_THE=2|loss_THE=5|gf_THE=8|ga_THE=16
|col_MPL=#ccffcc|text_MPL=Mizoram Premier League
|result1=MPL|result2=MPL|result3=MPL|result4=MPL
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 13 July 2012
| team1 = RS Annexe
| score = 1 – 0
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20140130045936/http://inkhel.com:80/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/811-the-start-of-mizoram-premier-league-play-off Report]
| team2 = Chanmari West
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 13 July 2012
| team1 = Kannan
| score = 1 – 0
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20140130045936/http://inkhel.com:80/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/811-the-start-of-mizoram-premier-league-play-off Report]
| team2 = Reitlang
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 14 July 2012
| team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| score = 5 – 0
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/816-2nd-day-of-mpl-play-off-its-raining-goals Report]
| team2 = College Veng
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 14 July 2012
| team1 = [[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]]
| score = 3 – 1
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/816-2nd-day-of-mpl-play-off-its-raining-goals Report]
| team2 = Theiriat
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 16 July 2012
| team1 = Kanan
| score = 4 – 4
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/821-mpl-play-off-hmahruaitu-aizawl-fc Report]
| team2 = Theiriat
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 16 July 2012
| team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| score = 2 – 0
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/821-mpl-play-off-hmahruaitu-aizawl-fc Report]
| team2 = RS Annexe
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 17 July 2012
| team1 = Reitlang
| score = 4 – 1
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/827-reitlang-fc-leh-chanmari-fc-chak-mpl-play-off-day-4 Report]
| team2 = College Veng
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 17 July 2012
| team1 = [[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]]
| score = 3 – 2
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/827-reitlang-fc-leh-chanmari-fc-chak-mpl-play-off-day-4 Report]
| team2 = Chanmari West
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 18 July 2012
| team1 = RS Annexe
| score = 2 – 1
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/833-theiriat-fc-in-aizawl-fc-chelh-ding-fc-rs-annexe-invawrh-zel Report]
| team2 = Kanan
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 18 July 2012
| team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| score = 0 – 0
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/833-theiriat-fc-in-aizawl-fc-chelh-ding-fc-rs-annexe-invawrh-zel Report]
| team2 = Theiriat
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 19 July 2012
| team1 = Reitlang
| score = 3 – 1
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/838-hneh-loh-la-nei-lo-chanmari-fc-reitlang-fc-tak-tak-kan-hmu-tan Report]
| team2 = Chanmari West
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 19 July 2012
| team1 = Chanmari
| score = 2 – 0
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/838-hneh-loh-la-nei-lo-chanmari-fc-reitlang-fc-tak-tak-kan-hmu-tan Report]
| team2 = College Veng
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 20 July 2012
| team1 = RS Annexe
| score = 3 – 1
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/842-kanan-lakah-aizawl-fc-tlawm-fc-rs-annexe-a-chanmari-fc-play-off-hmahruaitu Report]
| team2 = Theiriat
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 20 July 2012
| team1 = Kannan
| score = 3 – 1
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/842-kanan-lakah-aizawl-fc-tlawm-fc-rs-annexe-a-chanmari-fc-play-off-hmahruaitu Report]
| team2 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 21 July 2012
| team1 = Chanmari
| score = 0 – 0
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/846-chanmari-fc-in-play-off-hma-hruai-zel Report]
| team2 = Reitlang
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 21 July 2012
| team1 = Chanmari West
| score = 5 – 2
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/846-chanmari-fc-in-play-off-hma-hruai-zel Report]
| team2 = College Veng
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 23 July 2012
| team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| score = 1 – 1
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/855-mpl-khel-turin-chanmari-fc-an-tling-ta-aizawl-fc-an-buai-zel Report]
| team2 = Reitlang
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 23 July 2012
| team1 = Chanmari
| score = 1 – 0
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/855-mpl-khel-turin-chanmari-fc-an-tling-ta-aizawl-fc-an-buai-zel Report]
| team2 = RS Annexe
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 24 July 2012
| team1 = College Veng
| score = 1 – 0
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/859-kanan-fc-in-hun-tha-bawhpelh-chanmari-west-fc-tan-la-beisei-awm Report]
| team2 = Theiriat
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 24 July 2012
| team1 = Kanan
| score = 1 – 1
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/859-kanan-fc-in-hun-tha-bawhpelh-chanmari-west-fc-tan-la-beisei-awm Report]
| team2 = Chanmari West
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 25 July 2012
| team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| score = 2 – 1
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/861-milianaizawl-fc-muthlu-a-harh-ta-ole-ole-ole-reitlang-fc Report]
| team2 = Chanmari
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 25 July 2012
| team1 = RS Annexe
| score = 0 – 2
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/861-milianaizawl-fc-muthlu-a-harh-ta-ole-ole-ole-reitlang-fc Report]
| team2 = Reitlang
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 26 July 2012
| team1 = Kanan
| score = 7 – 4
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/news/headlines-today/868-beisei-bo-chanmari-west-fc-kanan-fc-7-4-college-veng-fc Report]
| team2 = College Veng
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 26 July 2012
| team1 = Chanmari West
| score = 3 – 2
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/news/headlines-today/868-beisei-bo-chanmari-west-fc-kanan-fc-7-4-college-veng-fc Report]
| team2 = Theiriat
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 28 July 2012
| team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| score = 2 – 0
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/880-mpl-play-off-tawp-ni-a-hot Report]
| team2 = Chanmari West
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 28 July 2012
| team1 = Chanmari
| score = 1 – 1
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/880-mpl-play-off-tawp-ni-a-hot Report]
| team2 = Kanan
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 28 July 2012
| team1 = Reitlang
| score = 2 – 0
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/880-mpl-play-off-tawp-ni-a-hot Report]
| team2 = Theiriat
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 28 July 2012
| team1 = RS Annexe
| score = 2 – 0
| report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/880-mpl-play-off-tawp-ni-a-hot Report]
| team2 = College Veng
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
}}

==Table==
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=QR
|team1=DIN|name_DIN=[[Mizoram Premier League|Dinthar]]
|team2=POL|name_POL=Mizoram Police
|team3=CHA|name_CHA=[[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]]
|team4=FCK|name_FCK=FC Kulikawn
|team5=AIZ|name_AIZ=[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|team6=REI|name_REI=Reitlang
|team7=LUA|name_LUA=[[Luangmual F.C.|Luangmual]]
|team8=RSA|name_RSA=FC RS Annexe
|win_DIN=9|draw_DIN=3|loss_DIN=2|gf_DIN=26|ga_DIN=18
|win_POL=8|draw_POL=2|loss_POL=4|gf_POL=27|ga_POL=16
|win_CHA=7|draw_CHA=3|loss_CHA=4|gf_CHA=21|ga_CHA=12
|win_FCK=5|draw_FCK=5|loss_FCK=4|gf_FCK=15|ga_FCK=13
|win_AIZ=6|draw_AIZ=2|loss_AIZ=6|gf_AIZ=17|ga_AIZ=17
|win_REI=3|draw_REI=5|loss_REI=6|gf_REI=18|ga_REI=26
|win_LUA=3|draw_LUA=2|loss_LUA=9|gf_LUA=15|ga_LUA=21
|win_RSA=3|draw_RSA=2|loss_RSA=9|gf_RSA=9|ga_RSA=25
|col_C=#D0F0C0|text_C=Champions
|result1=C
|col_R=#FFCCCC|text_R=Relegation to 1st Division
|result8=R
|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
|update=17 February 2013
|source=[http://www.zofooty.com/livescore]
}}

==Fixtures and results==
===Round 1===
{{football box collapsible
|date = 24 October 2012
|time = Wednesday 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Chanmari
|score = 1 – 1
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/livescore Report]
|team2 = [[Luangmual F.C.|Luangmual]]
|goals1 = Rochhingpuia {{goal|65|pen}}
|goals2 = Lalbiaktluanga {{goal|32}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee = }}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 25 October 2012
|time = Thursday 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Reitlang
|score = 1 – 2
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/livescore Report]
|team2 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|goals1 = Lalruatfela {{goal|69}}
|goals2 = Zoremtluanga {{goal|90}} Lalremruata {{goal|90+3}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee = }}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 26 October 2012
|time = Friday 12:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = FC Kulikawn
|score = 1 – 2
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/livescore Report]
|team2 = Dinthar
|goals1 = Singh {{goal|90}}
|goals2 = Laltlanthanga {{goal|16}} Laldanmawia {{goal|40}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 26 October 2012
|time = Friday 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mizoram Police
|score = 1 – 2
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/livescore Report]
|team2 = FC RS Annexe
|goals1 = F. Lalrinpuia {{goal|69}}
|goals2 = Laltlantluanga {{goal|28}} Lalduhsaka {{goal|67}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|stack =}}

===Round 2===
{{football box collapsible
|date = 31 October 2012
|time = Wednesday 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Reitlang
|score = 1 – 5
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/livescore Report]
|team2 = Mizoram Police
|goals1 = Lallianzama {{goal|49}}
|goals2 = Lalnunmawia {{goal|39|pen}} Lalbiakhlua {{goal|62}} F. Lalrinpuia {{goal|68||84||89}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee = }}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 1 November 2012
|time = Thursday 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Luangmual F.C.|Luangmual]]
|score = 1 – 2
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/livescore Report]
|team2 = FC Kulikawn
|goals1 = Lalmuankima {{goal|58}}
|goals2 = Zoramthara {{goal|34}} Kingsley {{goal|42}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee = }}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 2 November 2012
|time = Friday 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score = 1 – 1
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/livescore Report]
|team2 = Dinthar
|goals1 = [[Malsawmzuala]] {{goal|34}}
|goals2 = Lalnunmawia {{goal|8}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 24 November 2012
|time = Saturday
|team1 = Chanmari
|score = 2 – 0
|report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/news/headlines-today/1607-chanmari-fc-2-0-fc-rs-annexe Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = FC RS Annexe
|goals1 = Zomuanpuia {{goal|56}} Dawngliana {{goal|77}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|stack =}}

===Round 3===
{{football box collapsible
|date = 7 November 2012
|time = Wednesday 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = FC Kulikawn
|score = 0 – 0
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/news/mpl-fc-kulikawn-leh-aizawl-fc-an-in-draw-a-aizawl-fc-an-sang-ta-ber.html Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee = }}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 8 November 2012
|time = Thursday 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Dinthar
|score = 4 – 1
|report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/news/headlines-today/1507-fc-rs-annexe-in-aia-upa-dinthar-fc-a-ngam-ta-lo Report]
|team2 = FC RS Annexe
|goals1 = Lalnunmawia {{goal|7||13}} Laldanmawia {{goal|51}} Lalmuansanga {{goal|63}}
|goals2 = Lalduhsaka {{goal|2}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee = }}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 9 November 2012
|time = Friday 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Reitlang
|score = 1 – 0
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/news/mpl-reitlang-an-vannei-chanmari-fc-1-0-in-an-hneh.html Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = Chanmari
|goals1 = Vanchhawng {{goal|77}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 10 November 2012
|time = Saturday 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mizoram Police
|score = 2 – 1
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/news/mpl-mizoram-police-fc-in-2-1-in-luangmual-fc-an-hneh-hram.html Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = [[Luangmual F.C.|Luangmual]]
|goals1 = Lalbiakhlua {{goal|37}} Lalchhuantlinga {{goal|69}}
|goals2 = Denghmingthanga {{goal|57}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|stack =}}

===Round 4===
{{football box collapsible
|date = 14 November 2012
|time = Wednesday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = RS Annexe
|score = 0 – 1
|report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/1545-fc-rs-annexe-0-1-reitlang-fc Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = Reitlang
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Vanchhawng {{goal|32}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee = }}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 15 November 2012
|time = Thursday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Dinthar
|score = 2 – 2
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/news/mpl-round-4-police-in-dinthar-an-draw.html Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = Mizoram Police
|goals1 = Lalnunmawi {{goal|1}} Laldanmawia {{goal|19}}
|goals2 = Lalnunmawia {{goal|18}} Lalbiakhlua {{goal|58}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee = }}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 16 November 2012
|time = Friday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = FC Kulikawn
|score = 0 – 0
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/news/mpl-goal-thun-thei-lo-fc-kulikawn-leh-chanmari-fc-an-in-draw.html Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = Chanmari
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 17 November 2012
|time = Saturday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score = 1 – 2
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/en/mpl-ruatdika-s-wonder-goal-sinks-aizawl-fc.html Report]
|team2 = [[Luangmual F.C.|Luangmual]]
|goals1 = Lalremruata {{goal|59}}
|goals2 = Varte {{goal|23}} Lalruatdika {{goal|90+3}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|stack =}}

===Round 5===
{{football box collapsible
|date = 28 November 2012
|time = Wednesday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mizoram Police
|score = 3 – 1
|report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/1632-mrp-fc-3-1-fc-kulikawn Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = FC Kulikawn
|goals1 = Lalbiakhlua {{goal|42||70}} Lalfakzuala {{goal|55}}
|goals2 = Zoramthara {{goal|87}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee = }}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 29 November 2012
|time = Thursday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score = 0 – 2
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/default/photo/view/title/aizawl-fc-0-2-chanmari-fc Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = Chanmari
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Rochhingpuia {{goal|40}} Lalnuntluanga {{goal|47}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee = }}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 30 November 2012
|time = Friday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Luangmual F.C.|Luangmual]]
|score = 3 – 0
|report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/news/headlines-today/1646-luangmual-fc-3-0-fc-rs-annexe-mpl-round-5 Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = RS Annexe
|goals1 = Rosangliana {{goal|17}} Denghmingthanga {{goal|62||90+4}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 1 December 2012
|time = Saturday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Reitlang
|score = 1 – 1
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/photo/view/title/reitlang-fc-1-1-dinthar-fc Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = Dinthar
|goals1 = Zirsangzela {{goal|69}}
|goals2 = Laldanmawia {{goal|21}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|stack =}}

===Round 6===
{{football box collapsible
|date = 5 December 2012
|time = Wednesday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score = 1 – 0
|report = [http://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15037:aizawl-fc-1-0-fc-rs-annexe&catid=104:infiamna&Itemid=470 Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = RS Annexe
|goals1 = Lalthazuala {{goal|34}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee = }}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 6 December 2012
|time = Thursday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Chanmari
|score = 0 – 1
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/photo/view/title/chanmari-fc-0-1-mizoram-police-fc Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = Mizoram Police
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Lalruatthanga {{goal|77}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee = }}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 7 December 2012
|time = Friday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Dinthar
|score = 2 – 1
|report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/news/headlines-today/1690-dinthar-fc-2-1-luangmual-fc Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = [[Luangmual F.C.|Luangmual]]
|goals1 = Lalhriatzuala {{goal|6}} Zoremsanga {{goal|28}}
|goals2 = Rosangliana {{goal|2}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 8 December 2012
|time = Saturday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = FC Kulikawn
|score = 3 – 1
|report = [http://zofooty.com/en/mpl-reitlang-fc-slumped-to-a-defeat-against-fc-kulikawn.html Report]
|team2 = Reitlang
|goals1 = Zoramthara {{goal|15}} Lalramliana {{goal|73}} Lalnuntluanga {{goal|80}}
|goals2 = Laltlankima {{goal|59}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|stack =}}

===Round 7===
{{football box collapsible
|date = 8 December 2012
|time = Saturday 11:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score = 0 – 1
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/blog/mizoram-police-in-player-10-in-aizawl-fc-an-hneh.html Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = Mizoram Police
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Lalfakzuala {{goal|39}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 12 December 2012
|time = Wednesday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Chanmari
|score = 2 – 0
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/en/mpl-chanmari-fc-strikes-late-to-beat-dinthar-fc.html Report]
|team2 = Dinthar
|goals1 = Dawngliana {{goal|90+2}} Lalnghinglova {{goal|90+5}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 13 December 2012
|time = Thursday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Luangmual F.C.|Luangmual]]
|score = 3 – 1
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/en/mpl-luangmual-fc-rallies-with-10-men-to-beat-reitlang-fc.html Report]
|team2 = Reitlang
|goals1 = Lalrimawia {{goal|6}} Varte {{goal|26}} Lalmuankima {{goal|71}}
|goals2 = Vanlalrinpuia {{goal|60}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 14 December 2012
|time = Friday 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = RS Annexe
|score = 0 – 0
|report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/1749-fc-rs-annexe-0-0-fc-kulikawn-mpl-round-7 Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = FC Kulikawn
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|stack =}}

===Round 8===
{{football box collapsible
|date = 18 January 2013
|time = 12:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] Friday
|team1 = Dinthar
|score = 2 – 1
|report = {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061510/http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/ChalkBoardDescRev.aspx?SID=506C3CBB-A525-47E5-8C78-EAE53780FFC9 Report]}}
|team2 = FC Kulikawn
|goals1 = Lalhriatzuala {{goal|36}} Lalnunmawia {{goal|45+1}}
|goals2 = Sailo {{goal|12}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 18 January 2013
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] Friday
|team1 = [[Luangmual F.C.|Luangmual]]
|score = 1 – 2
|report = [http://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2013/01/mizoram-premier-league-restarts-again.html Report]
|team2 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|goals1 = Lalsangzuala {{goal|54}}
|goals2 = Zohmingmawia {{goal|42}} Lalnuntluanga {{goal|80}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 19 January 2013
|time = 12:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] Saturday
|team1 = Reitlang
|score = 1 – 1
|report = [http://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2013/01/mizoram-premier-league-restarts-again.html Report]
|team2 = RS Annexe
|goals1 = Lalfakzuala {{goal|32}}
|goals2 = Malsawmtluanga {{goal|18}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 19 January 2013
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] Saturday
|team1 = Mizoram Police
|score = 2 – 1
|report = [http://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2013/01/mizoram-premier-league-restarts-again.html Report]
|team2 = Chanmari
|goals1 = Lalnunmawia {{goal|59||88}}
|goals2 = Lalnuntluanga {{goal|65}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|stack =}}

===Round 9===
{{football box collapsible
|date = 23 January 2013
|time = 12:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], Wednesday
|team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score = 3 – 1
|report = [http://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15448:aizawl-fc-an-thang-duang-rs-annexe-an-buai-reitlang-an-tlo-luangmual-an-chak-thei-lo&catid=104:infiamna&Itemid=470 Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = RS Annexe
|goals1 = Lalremdika {{goal|49}} Lallawmawma {{goal|71}} Lalthazuala {{goal|76}}
|goals2 = Lalhungchhunga {{goal|18}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 23 January 2013
|time = 15:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], Wednesday
|team1 = Reitlang
|score = 0 – 0
|report = [http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.501162529934672.128870.406517749399151&type=1 Pictures]
|team2 = [[Luangmual F.C.|Luangmual]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 24 January 2013
|time = 12:45 [[Indian Standard Time]], Thursday
|team1 = Chanmari
|score = 1 – 1
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/en/mpl-chanmari-fc-and-fc-kulikawn-split-points.html Report]
|team2 = FC Kulikawn
|goals1 = Zomuanpuia {{goal|56}}
|goals2 = Zoramthara {{goal|27}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 24 January 2013
|time = 14:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], Thursday
|team1 = Mizoram Police
|score = 1 – 2
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/en/mpl-laldanmawia-s-brace-sinks-mizoram-police.html Report]
|team2 = Dinthar
|goals1 = Lalrinpuia {{goal|59}}
|goals2 = Laldanmawia {{goal|22||90+3}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|stack =}}

===Round 10===
{{football box collapsible
|date = 29 January 2013
|time = 12:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], Tuesday
|team1 = [[Luangmual F.C.|Luangmual]]
|score = 0 – 3
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/en/mpl-mizoram-police-fc-march-on-with-a-victory.html Report]
|team2 = Mizoram Police
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Lalbiakhlua {{goal|52}} Lalnunmawia {{goal|54}} Lalrinpuia {{goal|88}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 29 January 2013
|time = 14:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], Tuesday
|team1 = FC Kulikawn
|score = 0 – 1
|report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/mizoram-premier-league/1991-hmahruaitu-mrp-fc-leh-mawngphah-fc-rs-annexe-chak Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = RS Annexe
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Lalhruaitluanga {{goal|33}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 30 January 2013
|time = 12:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], Wednesday
|team1 = Chanmari
|score = 0 – 1
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/en/mpl-aizawl-fc-came-out-on-top-with-10-men.html Report]
|team2 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Joel {{goal|31}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 30 January 2013
|time = 14:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], Wednesday
|team1 = Dinthar
|score = 2 – 1
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/en/mpl-dinthar-fc-win-against-reitlang-fc.html Report]
|team2 = Reitlang
|goals1 = Lalnunmawia {{goal|5}} Zosangliana {{goal|88}}
|goals2 = Lalruatfela {{goal|90+4}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|stack =}}

===Round 11===
{{football box collapsible
|date = 11 April 2013
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], Thursday
|team1 = FC RS Annexe
|score = 2 – 1
|report = [http://inkhel.com/index.php/football/mizoram-premier-league/item/2875-fc-rs-annexe-mpl-table-mawng-atangin-tal-chhuak-ta Report]
|team2 = [[Luangmual F.C.|Luangmual]]
|goals1 = Zoliana {{goal|4}} Lalhruaitluanga {{goal|86}}
|goals2 = Lalremmawia {{goal|37}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 12 April 2013
|time = 14:40 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], Tuesday
|team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score = 2 – 3
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/news/mpl-aizawl-in-reiek-an-ngamlo.html Report] '''(Mizo)'''
|team2 = Reitlang
|goals1 = Lalnuntluanga {{goal|11}} Morgan {{goal|53}}
|goals2 = Zirsangzela {{goal|26}} Lalfakzuala {{goal|36}} Lalruatfela {{goal|67}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 13 April 2013
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], Wednesday
|team1 = Dinthar
|score = 1 – 3
|report = [http://www.zofooty.com/livescore Score]
|team2 = Chanmari
|goals1 = Zothanzama {{goal|68}}
|goals2 = Dawngliana {{goal|13||61||90+5}}
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 22 April 2013
|time = 12:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], Wednesday
|team1 = FC Kulikawn
|score = v
|report =
|team2 = Mizoram Police
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Lammual|AR Lammual Stadium]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|stack =}}

==Top scorers==
''Top scorers up to Round 11.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
!rowspan=3|1
|{{flagicon|IND}} Laldanmawia
|Dinthar
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lalnunmawia
|Dinthar
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} F. Lalrinpuia
|Mizoram Police
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
!rowspan=3|4
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lalbiakhlua
|Mizoram Police
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} C. Lalnunmawia
|Mizoram Police
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} MS Dawngliana
|Chanmari
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|-
!rowspan=1|7
|{{flagicon|IND}} Zoramthara
|Kulikawn
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mizoram Premier League}}
{{2012-13 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2012-13 Mizoram Premier League}}
[[Category:Mizoram Premier League seasons]]
[[Category:2012–13 in Indian football leagues|3]]

Khand, Vikramgad

2025-09-20T08:06:24Z

Rrajani: new a post added tags

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khand
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.7819028|N|73.1069298|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 75
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1930
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551802
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khand''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Khand has 351 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 57.88%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1930 || 954 || 976
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 351 || 188 || 163
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1890 || 935 || 955
|-
| Literates || 914 || 504 || 410
|-
| Workers (all) || 1155 || 537 || 618
|-
| Main workers (total) || 789 || 431 || 358
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 561 || 334 || 227
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 192 || 75 || 117
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 34 || 20 || 14
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 366 || 106 || 260
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 144 || 29 || 115
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 107 || 24 || 83
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 114 || 52 || 62
|-
| Non-workers || 775 || 417 || 358
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Protocollyris nilgiriensis

2025-09-18T09:22:42Z

Rrajani: made a data.

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Protocollyris
| species = nilgiriensis
| authority = [[Roger_Naviaux|Naviaux]], 2003
}}

'''''Protocollyris nilgiriensis''''' is a species of [[tiger beetle]], endemic to India discovered and described in 2003 from [[Nilgiri hills]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Naviaux |first=Roger |date=2003 |title=Diagnoses de trois Collyris (s. lato) de l'Inde du Sud (Col., Cicindelidae) |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsef_0037-928x_2003_num_108_4_16989 |journal=Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=404 |doi=10.3406/bsef.2003.16989 |bibcode=2003AnSEF.108..404N }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Protocollyris nilgiriensis Naviaux, 2003 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/8067830 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
The adults have {{cvt|7.5 to 9.2|mm}} long moderately shiny and dark blue body. The labrum is short and grayish yellow. The antennas are dark brown while the femurs are light brown. The tibia and tarsi are black. The larger head, longer labrum are some of the features that help differentiate it from ''[[Protocollyris brevilabris]]''.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q14672213}}

[[Category:Cicindelidae]]
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic arthropods of India]]

Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856

2025-09-09T22:45:05Z

Rrajani: cleanup

{{Short description|Act of India under East India Company rule}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| image = Widow India 1774-1781.jpg
| caption = A widow in India (seen in this engraving from 1774–1781) was not allowed to wear a blouse or ''[[choli]]'' under her sari. The sari was required to be of coarse cloth, preferably white.
| long_title = Widow act
| repealed_by = THE WIDOWS' RE-MARRIAGE (REPEAL) ACT, 1983
| status = repealed
}}
The ''' Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act 1856''', also '''Act XV, 1856''', passed on 16 July 1856, legalised the [[remarriage]] of [[widows]] in all jurisdictions of [[Company rule in India|India under East India Company rule]]. The act was enacted on 26 July 1856.<ref name=carroll-2008-p78/> It was drafted by [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] and passed by [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]] before the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. It was the first major social reform legislation after the abolition of [[Sati (practice)|sati]] pratha in 1829 by [[Lord William Bentinck]].<ref name="Hate1948">{{cite book|author=Chandrakala Anandrao Hate|title=Woman and Her Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9igmAAAAMAAJ|access-date=16 December 2018|year=1948|publisher=New Book Company|page=156}}</ref><ref name="Carson2012">{{cite book|author=Penelope Carson|title=The East India Company and Religion, 1698-1858|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPZXXar1hiQC&pg=PA225|year=2012|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-1-84383-732-9|pages=225–}}</ref><ref name="Sunthankar1988">{{cite book|author=B. R. Sunthankar|title=Nineteenth Century History of Maharashtra: 1818-1857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoNuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=16 December 2018|year=1988|publisher=Shubhada-Saraswat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85239-50-7|page=522}}</ref><ref name="Tarique">{{cite book|author=Mohammad Tarique|title=Modern Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DR2oAQAAQBAJ&pg=SA4-PA2|access-date=17 December 2018|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-066030-4|pages=4–}}</ref><ref name="Riddick2006">{{cite book|author=John F. Riddick|title=The History of British India: A Chronology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC&pg=PA53|access-date=17 December 2018|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32280-8|pages=53–}}</ref><ref name="Sen2002">{{cite book|author=Indrani Sen|title=Woman and Empire: Representations in the Writings of British India, 1858-1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uF1j0ZME1tcC&pg=PA124|year=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2111-7|pages=124–}}</ref>

To protect what it considered family honour and family property, [[Varna (Hinduism)|Hindu society]] had long disallowed the remarriage of widows, even [[Child marriage in India|child and adolescent ones]], all of whom were expected to live a life of austerity and abnegation.<ref name=peers-2006-pp52-53>{{Harvnb|Peers|2006|pp=52–53}}</ref> The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act of 1856,<ref name="ForbesForbes1999">{{Harvnb|Forbes|1999|p=23}}</ref> provided legal safeguards against loss of certain forms of inheritance for remarrying a Hindu widow,<ref name=peers-2006-pp52-53/> though, under the Act, the widow forsook any inheritance due her from her deceased husband.<ref name=carroll-2008-p80/> Especially targeted in the act were child widows whose husbands had died before [[consummation]] of marriage.

[[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] was the most prominent campaigner. He petitioned the Legislative council,<ref name="Chakraborty2003">
Is war Chandra was supported in this by many wise and elite gentlemen of the society and the first signatory on his application to the then Governor General was Shri Kasinath Dutta, belonging to the Hatkhola Dutta lineage,{{Harvnb|Chakraborty|2003|p=125}}</ref> but there was a counter petition against the proposal with nearly four times more signatures by [[Radhakanta Deb]] and the [[Dharma Sabha]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=THE REVOLUTION BEHIND THE REVOLT (A comparative study of the causes of the 1857 uprising) | author=H. R. Ghosal | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | year=1957 | volume=20 | pages=293–305|jstor = 44304480}}</ref><ref name="Asthana1974">{{cite book|author=Pratima Asthana|title=Women's Movement in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxAqAAAAYAAJ|access-date=17 December 2018|year=1974|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-0-7069-0333-1|page=22}}</ref> But [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] personally finalised the bill despite the opposition and it being considered a flagrant breach of customs as prevalent then.<ref name="Gupta2015">{{cite book|author=Amit Kumar Gupta|title=Nineteenth-Century Colonialism and the Great Indian Revolt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yt6oCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT30|access-date=17 December 2018|date=5 October 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-38668-1|pages=30–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=A Wind of Change: The New British Colonial Policy in Post-Revolt India | author=Belkacem Belmekki | journal=AEDEAN: Asociación Española de Estudios Anglo-americanos | year=2008 | volume=2 |issue = 2| pages=111–124|jstor = 41055330}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|width = 20em
|border = 1px
|align = right
|bgcolor =#c6dbf7
|fontsize = 85%
|title_bg =
|title_fnt =
|title =
|quote = "Second marriages, after the death of the husband first espoused, are wholly unknown to the Law; though in practice, among some communities, nothing is so common."<ref name=carroll-2008-p78>{{Harvnb|Carroll|2008|p=78}}</ref>
|salign = right
|source = — [[William Hay Macnaghten]] (1862)
}}
{{Quote box
|width = 20em
|border = 1px
|align = right
|bgcolor =#D0F0C0
|fontsize = 85%
|title_bg =
|title_fnt =
|title =
|quote = "The problem of widows—and especially of child widows—was largely a prerogative of the higher Class people among whom child marriage was practised and remarriage prohibited. Irrevocably, eternally married as a mere child, the death of the husband she had perhaps never known left the wife a widow, an inauspicious being whose sins in a previous life had deprived her of her husband, and her parents-in-law of their son, in this one. Doomed to a life of prayer, fasting, and drudgery, unwelcome at the celebrations and auspicious occasions that are so much a part of many communities of any religion family and community life, her lot was scarcely to be envied.

On the other hand, particularly Sudra caste and dalits —who represented approximately 80 percent of the Hindu population—neither practised child marriage nor prohibited the remarriage of widows."<ref name=carroll-2008-p79>{{Harvnb|Carroll|2008|p=79}}</ref>
|salign = right
|source = — Lucy Carroll (1983)
}}

==The Law==
The preamble and sections 1, 2, and 5:<ref name=carroll-2008-p80>{{Harvnb|Carroll|2008|p=80}}</ref>

<blockquote>Whereas it is known that, by the law as administered in the Civil Courts established in the territories in the possession and under the Government of the East India Company, Hindu widows with certain exceptions are held to be, by reason of their having been once married, incapable of contracting a second valid marriage, and the offsprings of such widows by any second marriage are held to be illegitimate and incapable of inheriting property; and

Whereas many Hindus believe that this imputed legal incapacity, although it is in accordance with established custom, is not in accordance with a true interpretation of the precepts of their religion, and desire that the civil law administered by the Courts of Justice shall no longer prevent those Hindus who may he so minded from adopting a different custom, in accordance with the dictates of their own conscience, and

Where it is just to relieve all such Hindus from this legal incapacity of which they complain, and the removal of all legal obstacles to the marriage of Hindu widows will tend to the promotion of good morals and to the public welfare;

It is enacted as follows:

#No marriage contracted between Hindus shall be invalid, and the issue of no such marriage shall be illegitimate, by reason of the woman having been previously married or betrothed to another person who was dead at the time of such marriage, any custom and any interpretation of Hindu Law to the contrary notwithstanding.
#All rights and interests which any widow may have in her deceased husband's property by way of maintenance, or by inheritance to her husband or to his lineal successors, or by virtue of any will or testamentary disposition conferring upon her, without express permission to remarry, only a limited interest in such property, with no power of alienating the same, shall upon her re-marriage cease and determine as if she had then died; and the next heirs of her deceased husband or other persons entitled to the property on her death, shall thereupon succeed to the same ....
#Except as in the three preceding sections is provided, a widow shall not by reason of her re-marriage forfeit any property or any right to which she would otherwise be entitled, and every widow who has re-married shall have the same rights of inheritance as she would have had, had such marriage been her first marriage.</blockquote>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Carroll|first=Lucy |editor=Sumit Sarkar |editor2=Tanika Sarkar|title=Women and social reform in modern India: a reader|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEPYbuzOwcQC&pg=PA78|access-date=8 November 2018|year=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22049-3|pages=78–80|chapter=Law, Custom, and Statutory Social Reform: The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act of 1856}}
* {{cite book|last=Chakraborty|first=Uma|title=Gendering caste through a feminist lens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLMDxv_L-U8C&pg=PA125|access-date=8 November 2018|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85604-54-1|page=125}}
* {{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Geraldine|title=Women in modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&pg=PA23|access-date=8 November 2018|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65377-0|pages=21–22}}
* {{cite book|last=Peers|first=Douglas M.|title=India under colonial rule: 1700-1885|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=8 November 2018|year=2006|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-0-582-31738-3}}

[[Category:Sex laws in India]]
[[Category:Indian family law]]
[[Category:1856 in law]]
[[Category:1856 in India]]
[[Category:Widowhood in India]]
[[Category:Legislation in British India]]
[[Category:Gender and Hinduism|Widows]]
[[Category:1856 in British law]]
[[Category:Marriage law in India]]
[[Category:Remarriage]]

Malda Fazli Mango

2025-08-09T17:20:37Z

Rrajani: Stub

{{Short description|Mango cultivar from West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = ''Mangifera'' 'Malda Fazli Mango'
| image =
| image_caption =
| genus = ''[[Mangifera]]''
| species = ''[[Mangifera indica]]''
| cultivar = 'Malda Fazli Mango'
| origin = [[India]]
}}
The ''''Malda Fazli' mango''', is a [[mango]] [[cultivar]] primarily grown in [[Malda district|Malda]] district, [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is also known as 'Fazli Babu'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mango turns mascot in Bengal polls |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mango-turns-mascot-in-bengal-polls-116031700525_1.html |access-date=19 October 2024 |agency=Business Standard Private Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mango Turns Mascot In West Bengal Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mango-turns-mascot-in-west-bengal-polls-1288179 |access-date=19 October 2024 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mango becomes mascot in West Bengal polls, to spread awareness among voters |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/mango-becomes-mascot-in-west-bengal-polls-to-spread-awareness-among-voters-2680960.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=19 October 2024 |language=en-us |date=17 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mango turns mascot in Bengal polls |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/mango-turns-mascot-bengal-polls-2044041.html |website=OneIndia |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref>

==Description==
The Malda Fazli mango is a variety known for its attractive large size appearance with yellow-green colour, sweetness, and mouth-melting taste. This fruit has yellow-orange skin with hints of red, fleshy pulp with fiber, and a distinct aroma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indication Registration of West Bengal |url=https://dstbt.bangla.gov.in/news_notification/GI%20West%20Bengal.pdf |website=Patent Information Centre, West Bengal State Council of Science & Technology |publisher=Department of Science & Technology and Biotechnology Government of West Bengal |access-date=18 October 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325080656/https://dstbt.bangla.gov.in/news_notification/GI%20West%20Bengal.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Name & Origins==
It was named after Fazal Bibi who belonged to the village of Arapur which falls in [[Malda, West Bengal|English Bazar]] subdivision of Malda district.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tracing the roots of the king of fruits in West Bengal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/food/the-mangoes-of-bengal-and-how-the-fruit-charmed-mughals-portuguese-and-bengal-nawabs/cid/1945315 |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Indian Journal of Extension Education |title=Mango Growers' Preference of Mango Varieties According to Profitability in Murshidabad District |volume=58 |number=4 |author1=Tanushree Saha |author2=Sagar Mondal |author3= Madhurima Maiti |url=https://acspublisher.com/journals/index.php/ijee/article/download/2411/2332 |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 26 May 2008 (valid until 9 September 2027).<ref>{{cite news |title=Mangoes from Bengal's Malda get Geographical Indication tag from Centre |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mangoes-west-bengal-malda-geographical-indication-tag-centre-2432651-2023-09-07 |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=India Today |date=7 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Patent Information Centre, West Bengal State Council of Science & Technology, [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology (DST)]] from Kolkata proposed the GI registration of the Malda Fazli Mango. After filing the application in 2007, the fruit was granted the GI tag in 2008 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Malda Fazli Mango" exclusive to the mangoes grown in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/113 |publisher=Intellectual Property India |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref> It thus became the third mango variety from West Bengal after [[Himsagar|Malda Khirsapati (Himsagar) mango]] and the 6th type of goods from West Bengal to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Avijit |title=Malda: Growers of 3 varieties of mangoes get GI certificates |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/malda-growers-of-3-varieties-of-mangoes-get-gi-certificates-531772 |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=www.millenniumpost.in |date=5 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=GI certified Fazil mango variety from West Bengal exported to Bahrain: Commerce Ministry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/gi-certified-fazil-mango-variety-from-west-bengal-exported-to-bahrain-commerce-ministry/articleshow/84294016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=10 July 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of mango cultivars]]
* [[List of Geographical Indications in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mangoes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malda Fazli Mango}}
[[Category:Mango cultivars]]
[[Category:Mango cultivars of India]]
[[Category:GI-Tagged Mangoes of India]]
[[Category:Economy of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Agriculture in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in West Bengal]]