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8th Delhi Assembly

2026-05-07T10:10:07Z

Rozella5628:

{{Short description|Eighth Legislative Assembly of Delhi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = Eighth Delhi Legislative Assembly
| before = [[7th Delhi Assembly]]
| after = [[9th Delhi Assembly]]
| image = Seal of the National Capital Territory of Delhi.svg
| image_size = 100px
| body = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| meeting_place = Old Secretariat, Vikram Nagar, [[Civil Lines, Delhi]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2025|02|20|df=y}}
| term_end =
| election = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| opposition = {{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| website = {{URL|https://delhiassembly.delhi.gov.in/}}
| membership1 = 70
| chamber1 =
| chamber1_image = India Delhi Legislative Assembly Election 2025.svg
| chamber1_image_size =
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Vijender Gupta]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Mohan Singh Bisht]]
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[Rekha Gupta]]
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Delhi|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Parvesh Verma]]
| chamber1_leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader5 = [[Atishi Marlena]]
| chamber1_leader6_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader6 = [[Anil Jha Vats]]
| chamber1_image_caption = '''[[Government of Delhi|Government]] (48)'''
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (48) 
'''[[Official Opposition|Opposition]] (22)'''
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}} [[Aam Aadmi Party |AAP]] (22)
}}

The '''Eighth [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]''' was constituted on 20 February 2025 after the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]]s were concluded earlier on 5 February 2025 and the results were announced on 8 February 2025. It is the legislative arm of the [[Government of Delhi]].

== History ==

=== Election and government formation ===

 <section begin="Composition"/>
Elections for 70 assembly seats in Delhi were concluded on [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|5 February 2025]] and results were announced on 8 February 2025. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] emerged as the single largest party by winning 48 out of 70 seats and formed a government in Delhi after 27 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08|title=ECI Delhi Election Results 2025 LIVE Updates: Arvind Kejriwal loses big as BJP makes Delhi comeback |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/election-commission-of-india-eci-delhi-election-results-2025-live-updates-on-eciresults-nic-in-results-eci-gov-in-aap-kejriwal-bjp-9823664/|access-date=2025-02-08|website=Indian express|language=en}}</ref>

== Office bearers ==

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Office
!Holder
!Since
|-
|[[List of speakers of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|[[Vijender Gupta]]
|20 February 2025
|-
|[[List of speakers of the Delhi Legislative Assembly#List of the Deputy Speakers|Deputy Speaker]]
|[[Mohan Singh Bisht]]
|20 February 2025
|-
|Leader of the House [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|(Chief Minister)]]
|[[Rekha Gupta]]
|20 February 2025

|-
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|[[Atishi Marlena]]
|25 February 2025
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! District
! No.
! Constituency
! Name
! colspan="2" |Party
! Remarks
|-
|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
|1
|[[Narela, Delhi Assembly constituency|Narela]]
|[[Raj Karan Khatri]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Central Delhi district|Central Delhi]]
|2
|[[Burari Assembly constituency|Burari]]
|[[Sanjeev Jha]]
|{{full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
|3
|[[Timarpur Assembly constituency|Timarpur]]
|[[Surya Prakash Khatri]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
|4
|[[Adarsh Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Adarsh Nagar]]
|[[Raj Kumar Bhatia]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Badli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badli]]
|[[Deepak Chaudhary]]
|
|-
|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
|6
|[[Rithala Assembly constituency|Rithala]]
|[[Kulwant Rana]]
|
|-
|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
|7
|[[Bawana Assembly constituency|Bawana]] (SC)
|[[Ravinder Indraj Singh]]
|Cabinet minister
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
|8
|[[Mundka Assembly constituency|Mundka]]
|[[Gajender Drall]]
|
|-
|9
|[[Kirari Assembly constituency|Kirari]]
|[[Anil Jha Vats]]
|{{full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|10
|[[Sultanpur Majra Assembly constituency|Sultanpur Majra]] (SC)
|[[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]
|
|-
|[[West Delhi district|West Delhi]]
|11
|[[Nangloi Jat Assembly constituency|Nangloi Jat]]
|[[Manoj Kumar Shokeen]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|
|-
|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
|12
|[[Mangol Puri Assembly constituency|Mangol Puri]] (SC)
|[[Raj Kumar Chauhan]]
|
|-
|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
|13
|[[Rohini Assembly constituency|Rohini]]
|[[Vijender Gupta]]
|Speaker
|-
|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
|14
|[[Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Shalimar Bagh]]
|[[Rekha Gupta]]
|Chief Minister
|-
|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
|15
|[[Shakur Basti Assembly constituency|Shakur Basti]]
|[[Karnail Singh (politician)|Karnail Singh]]
|
|-
|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
|16
|[[Tri Nagar Assembly constituency|Tri Nagar]]
|[[Tilak Ram Gupta]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
|17
|[[Wazirpur Assembly constituency|Wazirpur]]
|[[Poonam Sharma]]
|
|-
|18
|[[Model Town Assembly constituency|Model Town]]
|[[Ashok Goel (politician)|Ashok Goel]]
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Central Delhi district|Central Delhi]]
|19
|[[Sadar Bazar Assembly constituency|Sadar Bazar]]
|[[Som Dutt]]
|{{full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
|20
|[[Chandni Chowk Assembly constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
|[[Punardeep Sawhney]]
|
|-
|21
|[[Matia Mahal Assembly constituency|Matia Mahal]]
|[[Aaley Mohammad Iqbal]]
|
|-
|22
|[[Ballimaran Assembly constituency|Ballimaran]]
|[[Imran Hussain (Indian politician)|Imran Hussain]]
|
|-
|23
|[[Karol Bagh Assembly constituency|Karol Bagh]] (SC)
|[[Vishesh Ravi]]
|
|-
|[[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
|24
|[[Patel Nagar Assembly constituency|Patel Nagar]] (SC)
|[[Pravesh Ratn]]
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[West Delhi district|West Delhi]]
|25
|[[Moti Nagar Assembly constituency|Moti Nagar]]
|[[Harish Khurana]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|26
|[[Madipur Assembly constituency|Madipur]] (SC)
|[[Kailash Gangwal]]
|
|-
|27
|[[Rajouri Garden Assembly constituency|Rajouri Garden]]
|[[Manjinder Singh Sirsa]]
|Cabinet minister
|-
|28
|[[Hari Nagar Assembly constituency|Hari Nagar]]
|[[Shyam Sharma (politician)|Shyam Sharma]]
|
|-
|29
|[[Tilak Nagar Assembly constituency|Tilak Nagar]]
|[[Jarnail Singh (politician, born 1981)|Jarnail Singh]]
|{{full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
|30
|[[Janakpuri Assembly constituency|Janakpuri]]
|[[Ashish Sood]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|Cabinet minister
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[South West Delhi district|South West Delhi]]
|31
|[[Vikaspuri Assembly constituency|Vikaspuri]]
|[[Pankaj Kumar Singh (politician)|Pankaj Kumar Singh]]
|Cabinet minister
|-
|32
|[[Uttam Nagar Assembly constituency|Uttam Nagar]]
|[[Pawan Sharma]]
|
|-
|33
|[[Dwarka, Delhi Assembly constituency|Dwarka]]
|[[Pradyuman Rajput]]
|
|-
|34
|[[Matiala Assembly constituency|Matiala]]
|[[Sandeep Sehrawat]]
|
|-
|35
|[[Najafgarh Assembly constituency|Najafgarh]]
|[[Neelam Pahalwan]]
|
|-
|36
|[[Bijwasan Assembly constituency|Bijwasan]]
|[[Kailash Gahlot]]
|
|-
|37
|[[Palam Assembly constituency|Palam]]
|[[Kuldeep Solanki]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
|38
|[[Delhi Cantonment Assembly constituency|Delhi Cantonment]]
|[[Virender Singh Kadian]]
|{{full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
|39
|[[Rajinder Nagar Assembly constituency|Rajinder Nagar]]
|[[Umang Bajaj]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|
|-
|40
|[[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]
|[[Parvesh Verma|Parvesh Sahib Singh Verma]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
|41
|[[Jangpura Assembly constituency|Jangpura]]
|[[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
|
|-
|42
|[[Kasturba Nagar Assembly constituency|Kasturba Nagar]]
|[[Neeraj Basoya]]
|
|-
|[[South Delhi district|South Delhi]]
|43
|[[Malviya Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Malviya Nagar]]
|[[Satish Upadhyay]]
|
|-
|[[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
|44
|[[R. K. Puram Assembly constituency|R. K. Puram]]
|[[Anil Kumar Sharma (Delhi politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[South Delhi district|South Delhi]]
|45
|[[Mehrauli Assembly constituency|Mehrauli]]
|[[Gajender Yadav]]
|
|-
| 46
| [[Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]]
|[[Kartar Singh Tanwar]]
|
|-
|47
|[[Deoli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Deoli]] (SC)
|[[Prem Chauhan]]
|{{full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|48
|[[Ambedkar Nagar Assembly constituency|Ambedkar Nagar]] (SC)
|[[Ajay Dutt]]
|
|-
|[[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
|49
|[[Sangam Vihar Assembly constituency|Sangam Vihar]]
|[[Chandan Kumar Choudhary]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|[[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
|50
|[[Greater Kailash Assembly constituency|Greater Kailash]]
|[[Shikha Roy]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
|51
|[[Kalkaji Assembly constituency|Kalkaji]]
|[[Atishi Marlena]]
|{{full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=4}}
|Leader of Opposition
|-
|52
|[[Tughlakabad Assembly constituency|Tughlakabad]]
|[[Sahi Ram]]
|
|-
|53
|[[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
|[[Ram Singh Netaji]]
|
|-
|54
|[[Okhla Assembly constituency|Okhla]]
|[[Amanatullah Khan]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[East Delhi district|East Delhi]]
|55
|[[Trilokpuri Assembly constituency|Trilokpuri]] (SC)
|[[Ravikant Ujjain]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|56
|[[Kondli Assembly constituency|Kondli]] (SC)
|[[Kuldeep Kumar]]
|{{full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
|57
|[[Patparganj Assembly constituency|Patparganj]]
|[[Ravinder Singh Negi]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
|58
|[[Laxmi Nagar Assembly constituency|Laxmi Nagar]]
|[[Abhay Verma (politician)|Abhay Verma]]
|
|-
|[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
|59
|[[Vishwas Nagar Assembly constituency|Vishwas Nagar]]
|[[Om Prakash Sharma (Delhi politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[East Delhi district|East Delhi]]
|60
|[[Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency|Krishna Nagar]]
|[[Anil Goyal]]
|
|-
|61
|[[Gandhi Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
|[[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
|Pro tem Speaker
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
|62
|[[Shahdara Assembly constituency|Shahdara]]
|[[Sanjay Goyal]]
|
|-
| 63
|[[Seemapuri Assembly constituency|Seemapuri]] (SC)
|[[Veer Singh Dhingan]]
|{{full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
|64
|[[Rohtas Nagar Assembly constituency|Rohtas Nagar]]
|[[Jitender Mahajan]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[North East Delhi district|North East Delhi]]
|65
|[[Seelampur Assembly constituency|Seelampur]]
|[[Chaudhary Zubair Ahmad]]
|{{full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
|66
|[[Ghonda Assembly constituency|Ghonda]]
|[[Ajay Mahawar]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
|67
|[[Babarpur Assembly constituency|Babarpur]]
|[[Gopal Rai]]
|{{full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[North East Delhi district|North East Delhi]]
|68
|[[Gokalpur Assembly constituency|Gokalpur]]
|[[Surendra Kumar]]
|
|-
|69
|[[Mustafabad Assembly constituency|Mustafabad]]
|[[Mohan Singh Bisht]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|Deputy Speaker
|-
|70
|[[Karawal Nagar Assembly constituency|Karawal Nagar]]
|[[Kapil Mishra]]
|Cabinet Minister
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Delhi Assemblies}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

[[Category:Terms of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Delhi]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030| ]]

Jyoti Waghmare

2026-05-06T16:12:28Z

Rozella5628:

{{aI-generated|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_place = [[Solapur]], Maharashtra, India
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| status1 =
| term_start1 = 03 April 2026
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Priyanka Chaturvedi]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]

| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
}}
Dr. '''Jyoti Nagnath Waghmare''' is an Indian scholar, orator, [[Ambedkarism|Ambedkarite]] thinker, social activist, and politician affiliated with the [[Shiv Sena]]. She has been a [[Member of Parliament (India)|member of parliament]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] since April 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jyoti Waghmare: Ambedkarite scholar picked by Shinde for Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/jyoti-waghmare-ambedkarite-scholar-picked-by-shinde-for-rajya-sabha-3921636 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-05 |title=PhD in English, Ambedkarite activist and firebrand orator: Meet Jyoti Waghmare, Shinde Sena's Rajya Sabha candidate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dr-jyoti-waghmare-shiv-sena-rajya-sabha-candidate-maharashtra-10565697/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-03-05 |title=Jyoti Waghmare: Shinde Sena's pick for Rajya Sabha from Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/jyoti-waghmare-shinde-senas-pick-for-rajya-sabha-from-maharashtra/article70706548.ece |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं ज्योति वाघमारे? जिन्हें एकनाथ शिंदे ने महाराष्ट्र से राज्यसभा चुनाव में बनाया कैंडिडेट, जानें सबकुछ |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/mumbai/politics/who-is-jyoti-waghmare-maharashtra-dcm-eknanth-shinde-chooses-her-for-rajya-sabha-candidate-know-full-journey/articleshow/129073023.cms |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born into a [[Dalit]] Mochi family in [[Solapur]], Maharashtra, Waghmare comes from a humble background. Her father, Nagnath Waghmare, was an active member of the [[Dalit Panthers|Dalit Panther]] movement. To support the family, he worked as a hotel waiter and construction labourer. He was later elected as a corporator in the [[Solapur Municipal Corporation]] in recognition of his social work.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

Waghmare excelled academically despite modest circumstances. In the HSC (12th standard), she secured the first rank among backward class students in the Pune division and topped the state in the subject of Ardhamagadhi. She earned a PhD in [[English literature]] and received a state-level first prize for her research on issues related to women. She is proficient in five languages: Marathi, Hindi, English, Telugu, and Kannada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

==Academic and professional career==
Waghmare worked as a college professor for over a decade, including as a faculty member at [[Walchand College of Arts and Science]] in Solapur. She began her public activities through human rights campaigns, the Vidrohi cultural movement, and the [[Dalit Buddhist movement|Ambedkarite movement]]. For a brief period, she worked as a news anchor. She has delivered lectures across Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh on the thoughts of [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]], [[Shivaji Maharaj]], and [[Basaveshwara]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

==Political career==
Waghmare started her political journey with local social work in Solapur and served as a corporator in the [[Solapur Municipal Corporation]]. She joined the Eknath Shinde-led [[Shiv Sena]] in April 2023 following the party split and was quickly appointed as the party's state spokesperson and district contact chief for Dharashiv (Osmanabad). Known as a firebrand orator, she frequently represented the party in debates and public forums.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

On 5 March 2026, the Shiv Sena (Eknath Shinde group) nominated her as its candidate for the [[Rajya Sabha]] from Maharashtra, projecting her as an educated Dalit woman leader from western Maharashtra and a symbol of opportunity for grassroots workers. Her election was unopposed. During her oath-taking on 6 April 2026, she paid tribute to [[Savitribai Phule]] by wearing a traditional blue nine-yard saree with head covering, a nose ring, and a distinctive horizontal mark on her forehead. Her party has often referred to her as "Ladli Bahin" and "[[Babasaheb]]'s beloved daughter," highlighting her role in promoting social justice and inclusive representation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

==References==

<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waghmare, Jyoti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Dalit activists]]
[[Category:Dalit women]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:People from Solapur district]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]

Pradyut Barman

2026-04-27T15:59:10Z

Rozella5628: creating a entry

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
|name = Pradyut Barman
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|fullname =
|birth_date = 1935
|birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]], [[British India]]
|death_date = 29 October 2016<ref name="sptk" /> (aged 81)
|death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|height =
|position = Goalkeeper
|youthyears1 =
|youthclubs1 =
|years1 = 1955
|clubs1 = Uttarpara Bhadrakali AC
|caps1 =
|goals1 =
|years2 = 1957
|clubs2 = [[Wari AC|Wari]]<ref name="Wari 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/wari-club-that-went-up-in-flames-was-born-after-partition|title=Wari Club that went up in flames was born after Partition|publisher=Get Bengal Information Desk|website=getbengal.com|date=6 April 2019|access-date=26 October 2022|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001165637/https://www.getbengal.com/details/wari-club-that-went-up-in-flames-was-born-after-partition|archive-date=1 October 2022}}</ref>
|caps2 =
|goals2 =
|years3 = 1957–1958
|clubs3 = [[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/legends-of-indian-football-jarnail-singh/|title=Legends of Indian Football : Peter Thangaraj|date=14 May 2018|access-date=7 October 2022|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413164430/https://thehardtackle.com/2012/legends-of-indian-football-peter-thangaraj/|archive-date=13 April 2021}}</ref>
|caps3 =
|goals3 =
|years4 = 1958–1963
|clubs4 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|caps4 =
|goals4 =
|years5 = 1964–1968
|clubs5 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
|caps5 =
|goals5 =
|nationalyears1 =
|nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
|nationalcaps1 =
|nationalgoals1 =
|medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Football at the 1962 Asian Games|1962 Jakarta]]|[[Football at the 1962 Asian Games – Men's team squads|Team]]}}
}}
'''Pradyut Barman''' was an Indian [[association football|footballer]], known for his goalkeeping brilliance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2013/lack-of-focus-on-youth-development-is-biggest-problem-of-indian-football-arun-ghosh-exclusive-interview/|date=23 August 2013|access-date=26 August 2022|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|title="Lack of Focus on Youth Development Is The Biggest Problem of Indian Football" – Arun Ghosh (Exclusive Interview)|first1=Somnath|last1=Sengupta|first2=Aindrila|last2=Ghosh|first3=Bhaktimoy|last3=Sengupta|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127020642/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/lack-of-focus-on-youth-development-is-biggest-problem-of-indian-football-arun-ghosh-exclusive-interview/|archive-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> He was part of the team that won the gold medal at the [[1962 Asian Games]] at Jakarta.<ref name="sptk" >{{cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-legend-pradyut-barman-passes-away |title=Indian football legend Pradyut Barman passes away |website=Sportskeeda |last1=Roy Chowdhury |first1=Souvik |date=30 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1962asiangames.html|title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1962 D'Jakarta Asian Games|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> He played for [[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway]] and [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Soham |title=1960–1965: When Chuni Goswami & co propelled Mohun Bagan to the zenith of success |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1960s-mohun-bagan-chuni-goswami-trophies-indian-football/1utzzq9j0icvgze2iw9ple0p1 |website=Goal.com |access-date=26 August 2020 |date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207100844/https://www.goal.com/en/news/1960s-mohun-bagan-chuni-goswami-trophies-indian-football/1utzzq9j0icvgze2iw9ple0p1 }}</ref> in domestic tournaments.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |title=WHEN EASTERN RAILWAY RAN ON FULL STEAM (1958) |website=www.goaldentimes.org |publisher=Goalden Times |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Debojyoti |date=29 August 2017 |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111162448/http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |archive-date=11 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://themohunbaganac.com/squad/|title=Mohunbagan.com|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111154238/https://themohunbaganac.com/squad/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1960s-mohun-bagan-chuni-goswami-trophies-indian-football/1utzzq9j0icvgze2iw9ple0p1 |title=1960 -1965: When Chuni Goswami & co propelled Mohun Bagan to the zenith of success |website=Goal.com |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Soham |date=30 April 2020 }}</ref>

==Honours==

'''India'''
*[[Football at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 1962 Asian Games|1962]]
*[[Merdeka Tournament]] third-place: 1965<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1965 Merdeka Cup |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1965merdekacup.html |website=indiafootball.de |publisher=IndiaFootball |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233522/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1965merdekacup.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''East Bengal'''<ref name="KF">{{cite web|first=G. C.|last=Das|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|title=Indian Legendary Football Players Profile: Goalkeeper Pradyut Barman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914072626/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|date=14 September 2008|archive-date=14 September 2008|access-date=25 January 2011|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football}}</ref>
*[[IFA Shield]]: 1958
*[[Rovers Cup]]: 1960
*[[DCM Trophy]]: 1960

'''Bengal'''
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: [[1958–59 Santosh Trophy|1958–59]], [[1959–60 Santosh Trophy|1959–60]]

'''Railway'''<ref name="KF"/>
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: [[1961–62 Santosh Trophy|1961–62]]

'''Eastern Railway'''
*[[Calcutta Football League]]: 1958<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/december/anache_kanache.html|title=ইস্টার্ন রেলওয়ে ফুটবল ক্লাব — ১৪১ বছরের পুরনো একটি ক্লাবের ইতিহাস ও ঐতিহ্য|trans-title=Eastern Railway Football Club — History and heritage of a 141-year-old club|website=archives.anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=Bengali|date=21 December 2013|access-date=24 March 2023|location=Kolkata|first=Rajat|last=Karmakar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127103722/http://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/december/anache_kanache.html|archive-date=27 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/cfl-2019-resembles-1958-league-matches-1.1044901|title=আটান্নর মতো কড়া লড়াই দেখা যাচ্ছে এই লিগেও|trans-title=A tough fight like 1958 is also being witnessed in this season's league|language=bn|website=abandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|location=Kolkata|date=13 September 2019|first1=Hariprasad|last1=Chattopadhyay|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926054109/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/cfl-2019-resembles-1958-league-matches-1.1044901}}</ref>

'''Mohun Bagan'''<ref name="KF"/>
*[[Calcutta Football League]]: 1964, 1965
*[[Durand Cup]]: 1964, 1965
*[[Rovers Cup]]: 1964, 1968

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/greatest-indian-football-xi-of-all-time|title=All time Indian XI|date=23 November 2016|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201149/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/greatest-indian-football-xi-of-all-time|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Amoy|last=Ghoshal}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/sports/indian-football-problems-article-part-two-mithun-bhowmick-58095/|title=ভারতীয় ফুটবলের অসুখসমূহ: পর্ব – ২|trans-title=Diseases of Indian football: Episode – 2|first1=Mithun|last1=Bhowmick|location=Kolkata|publisher=IE Bangla Sports Desk|website=bengali.indianexpress.com|agency=Indian Express News Service|language=bn|date=15 December 2018|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115165835/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/sports/indian-football-problems-article-part-two-mithun-bhowmick-58095/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barman, Pradyut}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in football]]

Paradesi (2013 film)

2026-04-27T05:01:54Z

Rozella5628: creating article

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Bala}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Paradesi 2013.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bala (director)|Bala]]
| screenplay = Bala
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Red Tea]]''|Paul Harris Daniel}}
| producer = Bala
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Atharvaa]]
*[[Vedhika]]
*[[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Chezhiyan]]
| editing = [[Kishore Te]] L. V. K. Das
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| studio = [[B Studios]]
| distributor = [[JSK Film Corporation]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|3|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 126 minutes<ref name="Livemint" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Paradesi''''' ({{translation|Vagabond}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical drama]] film written, produced and directed by [[Bala (director)|Bala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=28 September 2011 |title=Atharva ready for Bala's next |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/atharva-ready-bala%E2%80%99s-next-079 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002223845/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/atharva-ready-bala%E2%80%99s-next-079 |archive-date=2 October 2011 |access-date=28 September 2011 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film starrs [[Atharvaa]], [[Vedhika]], and [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]], with [[J. D.–Jerry|Jerry]] and [[Riythvika]] in supporting roles. It is based on ''Eriyum Panikadu'', a Tamil translation of the 1969 English novel ''[[Red Tea]]'' by Paul Harris Daniel. Set during the [[British Raj]], the film revolves around an unemployed villager who is misled into [[Debt bondage|bonded labour]] at a tea plantation after being promised generous accommodation and high wages by a [[Kangani system|Kangani]], who tyrannically rules it.

The music of ''Paradesi'' was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], with cinematography by [[Chezhiyan]] and editing by [[Kishore Te]] and L. V. K. Das. The film was released on 15 March 2013 to positive reviews from critics. It won the [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design]], and three [[Filmfare Awards South]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Tamil Director]] (Bala), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Tamil Actor]] (Atharvaa) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Tamil Supporting Actress]] (Dhansika).

== Plot ==
Raasa is a carefree young man living in a rural village in the [[Madras Presidency]], during the [[British Raj]]. Orphaned at a young age, he is brought up by his grandmother. Angamma, a local belle, falls for him and takes pleasure in bullying him. When she finally confesses her feelings for him, they become intimate and soon reveal the fact that they are in love before the entire village. Angamma's mother objects as Raasa is unemployed and irresponsible, making him undeserving of marrying anyone.

Raasa then goes to the nearby village in search of work. He comes across a friendly [[Kangani system|Kangani]], who then follows Raasa back to his village. The Kangani offers work for the villagers at the British tea plantations at the hillside. He promises them proper accommodation and high wages. Like many of the villagers, Raasa signs up with the Kangani, hoping that he can send home money every month for his ailing grandmother. Both Angamma and his grandmother are sad to watch him leave.

When Raasa and his villagers arrive at the tea plantation, they realise they have been tricked into [[Debt bondage|bonded labour]]. The Kangani and his henchmen tyranically rule the plantation, and the British plantation manager does not care for the welfare of the workers. Raasa befriends Maragadham and her little daughter. They are the wife and child of the only worker who has ever escaped the plantation alive. Raasa soon gets a letter from his grandmother stating that Angamma now lives with her after her family found out she is pregnant with his child.

It is soon revealed that all the workers' daily wages go to their food and lodging. Raasa will have to work there for many more months if he wishes to leave the place. Maragadham too has to work for both her time and for her husband's contract. The workers finally realise that they have been made slaves to the British businessmen. Feeling homesick, Raasa tries to escape, but he is caught by the Kangani's henchmen and gets his left [[fibula]] cut, just like every other worker who tried to escape and failed.

An epidemic soon kills many workers in the plantation, including one of Raasa's villagers. During a tea party, an English socialite asks the plantation manager to bring in a real doctor to treat the workers. A doctor from [[Chennai|Madras]], in the form of an [[Christianity in India|Indian Christian]] [[Religious conversion|convert]], and his English wife come to the plantation. However, rather than treating the sick workers, they spend all their time trying to convert them.

Raasa's time at the plantation draws to an end, but he cannot rejoice as Maragadham becomes ill and eventually dies. He then adopts her daughter and awaits his time to leave. However, he is told that by adopting Maragadham's daughter, he has also inherited both her parents' debt to the plantation and will have to work there for almost 10 more years to pay it all off. As he is lamenting his fate on top of a hill, he notices a new group of slaves being brought in. Among them, he sees Angamma and their son. He runs after them and in tears, tells them that they have both walked into misery.

== Cast ==
* [[Atharvaa]] as Raasa
* [[Vedhika]] as Angamma
* [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] as Maragadham
* [[J. D.–Jerry|Jerry]] as the [[Kangani system|Kangani]]

* [[Riythvika]] as Karuthakanni
* [[K. Sivasankar]] as Parisutham
* Kalpana Shree as Angamma's mother

== Production ==

The film was adapted from ''Eriyum Panikadu'', a Tamil translation of the 1969 novel ''[[Red Tea]]'' by Paul Harris Daniel which explores Harris's encounters with enslaved tea plantation workers in the Madras Presidency in colonial India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=14 February 2013 |title=Film {{!}} Bleak house |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vgzhqaUsAy15m0jEccad1M/Film--Bleak-house.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320051403/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vgzhqaUsAy15m0jEccad1M/Film--Bleak-house.html |archive-date=20 March 2013 |access-date=14 February 2013 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref> It was tentatively titled ''Eriyum Thanal'', before being officially titled ''Paradesi''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2011 |title=Bala's Eriyum Thanal from December |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-s-eriyum-thanal-from-december-news-tamil-llwmuidebjj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126024730/http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-s-eriyum-thanal-from-december-news-tamil-llwmuidebjj.html |archive-date=26 November 2011 |access-date=22 November 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Poornima Ramaswamy]], in her film debut, was the costume designer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=T Krithika |date=20 March 2013 |title=Throwback to the Thirties |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/throwback-to-the-thirties/article4529536.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403170840/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/throwback-to-the-thirties/article4529536.ece |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Atharvaa]] was signed on to play the lead role, in his third leading role after ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' and ''[[Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal]]'', and Bala asked him to shed {{Convert|10|kg|lb}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivas |date=5 March 2012 |title=Atharva loses 10 kilos |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Atharva-loses-10-kilos/articleshow/12144214.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609022125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Atharva-loses-10-kilos/articleshow/12144214.cms |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Vedhika]] was signed as the lead actress after a successful audition and makeup tests; Bala felt only she was apt for that role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRAND BALA IS ENOUGH FOR ME – VEDHIKA |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/tamil-actors/vedhika/interviews.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627132429/http://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/tamil-actors/vedhika/interviews.html |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=[[Behindwoods]] |language=en}}</ref> To portray her character, she wore dark makeup.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pereira |first=Karen |date=13 December 2019 |title='The Body' actress Vedhika Kumar defends Bhumi Pednikar's controversial casting in 'Bala' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-body-actress-vedhika-kumar-defends-bhumi-pednikars-controversial-casting-in-bala/articleshow/72524360.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260417090408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-body-actress-vedhika-kumar-defends-bhumi-pednikars-controversial-casting-in-bala/articleshow/72524360.cms |archive-date=17 April 2026 |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]], who had appeared in Bala's ''[[Naan Kadavul]]'' (2009), was originally cast in another major role, but opted out after the [[Film Employees Federation of South India#February 2012|2012 FEFSI strike]] caused scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2013 |title=I cried in Bala sir's office: Pooja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-cried-in-bala-sirs-office-pooja/articleshow/21934051.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318172748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-cried-in-bala-sirs-office-pooja/articleshow/21934051.cms |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She was subsequently replaced by [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2012 |title=Dhansika IN, Pooja OUT for Bala's Paradesi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhansika-in-pooja-out-for-balas-paradesi/articleshow/13032189.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260417090403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhansika-in-pooja-out-for-balas-paradesi/articleshow/13032189.cms |archive-date=17 April 2026 |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2012 |title=Pooja's loss in Dhansika's gain |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/May/07/poojas-loss-in-dhansikas-gain-365598.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321135314/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/May/07/poojas-loss-in-dhansikas-gain-365598.html |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Riythvika]], then a college student who was appearing in short films, made her feature film debut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=4 November 2014 |title=An eye on good films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/an-eye-on-good-films-riythvika/article6564129.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321123336/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/an-eye-on-good-films-riythvika/article6564129.ece |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Jerry, one half of the filmmaking duo [[J. D.–Jerry]], made his acting debut as the main antagonist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=6 April 2013 |title=Winning on a different turf |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/winning-on-a-different-turf/article4588147.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321145733/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/winning-on-a-different-turf/article4588147.ece |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Bala cast about 200 junior artistes and had them all go bald, ensuring they stayed that way throughout the 200-day schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2013 |title=More than just a win |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/more-just-win-2280324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321110137/https://www.deccanherald.com/features/more-just-win-2280324 |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Srinivasan]] revealed that he was approached by Bala to act in the film but declined due to scheduling conflicts with ''[[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2014 |title=“கோச்சடையான்” வரும்போது ‘ஆனந்தத் தொல்லை’யும் வரும்! |trans-title=When ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'' comes, so will ''Anandha Thollai''! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/42274- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260417091637/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/42274- |archive-date=17 April 2026 |access-date=17 April 2026 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] later revealed that she had auditioned for an undisclosed role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=30 June 2015 |title=From Slum Mom to Patti Mandram Speaker |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/From-Slum-Mom-to-Patti-Mandram-Speaker/2015/06/30/article2893381.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016194124/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/From-Slum-Mom-to-Patti-Mandram-Speaker/2015/06/30/article2893381.ece |archive-date=16 October 2015 |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Paradesi'' was shot in numerous locations including Salur and Manamadurai in Sivagangai district, Munnar and Talaiyar in Kerala, and the forest areas in Theni district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2012 |title=Bala's Paradesi to release in October |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-balas-paradesi-to-release-in-october/20120809.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818191551/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-balas-paradesi-to-release-in-october/20120809.htm |archive-date=18 August 2012 |access-date=16 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Dhansika starved for six days to achieve her look in the climax portions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2013 |title=Bala makes his heroine starve |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bala-makes-his-heroine-starve/articleshow/18905921.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318172748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bala-makes-his-heroine-starve/articleshow/18905921.cms |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Filming was completed in 90 working days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=T Krithika |date=2 February 2013 |title=Brand BALA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/brand-bala/article4372330.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321115002/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/brand-bala/article4372330.ece |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Paradesi (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]. The audio launch was held on 25 November 2012 at [[Sathyam Cinemas]], Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2012 |title=Bala's ''Paradesi'' audio launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-s-paradesi-audio-launched-news-tamil-ml0k8Thjgjd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128085547/http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-s-paradesi-audio-launched-news-tamil-ml0k8Thjgjd.html |archive-date=28 November 2012 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
It was initially announced that ''Paradesi'' would release on 21 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2012 |title=Bala's Paradesi release date confirmed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/balas-paradesi-release-date-confirmed/articleshow/17074930.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260417100412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/balas-paradesi-release-date-confirmed/articleshow/17074930.cms |archive-date=17 April 2026 |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Eventually it was released on 15 March 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2013 |title=Bala's 'Paradesi' teaser creates a furore! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/balas-paradesi-teaser-creates-a-furore-news-tamil-ndnjJdaeigi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314224316/http://www.sify.com/movies/balas-paradesi-teaser-creates-a-furore-news-tamil-ndnjJdaeigi.html |archive-date=14 March 2013 |access-date=17 June 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A one-minute reality trailer, released a few days before, drew controversies as it showed Bala hitting and abusing the actors.<ref name=":0" /> The final shot, showing Bala smiling, only added to the controversies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2013 |title=Bala's reality trailer horrifies fans |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/balas-reality-trailer-horrifies-fans/articleshow/18951728.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260417100433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/balas-reality-trailer-horrifies-fans/articleshow/18951728.cms |archive-date=17 April 2026 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Later, it was explained that Bala was simply enacting the scenes for the actors, and the sticks used to hit them were fake.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=15 March 2013 |title=Point counterpoint |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/point-counterpoint/article4512317.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321110138/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/point-counterpoint/article4512317.ece |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
S Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 4 stars out of 5, saying "Bala's ''Paradesi'' stays with you long after you walk out of the theatre. In fact you need a few minutes to reorient yourself back to the present, Bala captivates with his authentic script, unadorned visuals and down-to-earth characters. A must-watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=15 March 2013 |title=Review: Paradesi is exceptional |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-paradesi-is-exceptional/20130315.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518083835/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-paradesi-is-exceptional/20130315.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' said, "''Paradesi'' may be too dark for some viewers. But here is a definitive movie that touches a deep emotional chord and will leave a lump in your throat. ''Paradesi'' is definitively a classic with grace and power", going on to call it "brilliant".<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |title=Paradesi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paradesi-review-tamil-15023190.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316024312/http://www.sify.com/movies/paradesi-review-tamil-15023190.html |archive-date=16 March 2013 |access-date=29 October 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Vivek Ramz of ''[[In.com]]'' rated it 4 out of 5 and stated that "''Paradesi'' is dark, gritty and bloody realistic" & concluded that it is "film-making at its best. A must watch!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramz |first=Vivek |date=18 March 2013 |title=Tamil movie review: Paradesi is a masterpiece! |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-paradesi-is-a-masterpiece-50197464-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322071305/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-paradesi-is-a-masterpiece-50197464-in-1.html |archive-date=22 March 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=[[In.com]]}}</ref> Ramesh Ganapathy of ''[[IBNLive]]'' called the film "pure unadulterated cinema and the screenplay and the plot rank high above everything else" and "a master class in great filmmaking".<ref name="IBNLive">{{Cite web |last=Ganapathy |first=Ramesh |date=16 March 2013 |title=Tamil Review: Paradesi is a master class in great filmmaking |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-paradesi-is-a-master-class-in-great-filmmaking/379132-71-178.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322001619/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-paradesi-is-a-master-class-in-great-filmmaking/379132-71-178.html |archive-date=22 March 2013 |access-date=29 October 2013 |website=[[IBNLive]]}}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "[The] traditional commercial-film elements are an odd fit in a film that's attempting to be something wholly different. Paradesi is an important lesson on a forgotten chapter of history, but as cinema, Bala's truest isn't up there with Bala's best."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=16 March 2013 |title=Paradesi: Tea and no sympathy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/paradesi-tea-and-no-sympathy/article4515862.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731075021/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/paradesi-tea-and-no-sympathy/article4515862.ece |archive-date=31 July 2013 |access-date=15 August 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' said, "During ''Paradesi''{{'s}} most heightened moments, it appears as though Bala is single-handedly trying to undo that cinematic legacy" and concluded, "''Paradesi'' clocks a crisp 120 minutes– not enough to replicate the richness of ''Pithamagan'' and ''Avan Ivan'', and not enough to accommodate new ideas on age-old forms of exploitation".<ref name="Livemint">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=15 March 2013 |title=Film Review {{pipe}} Paradesi |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/d18UfRE8Ocn1aGhnFrItUN/Film-Review--Paradesi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520092920/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/d18UfRE8Ocn1aGhnFrItUN/Film-Review--Paradesi.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> N Venkateswaran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Art director C S Balachander and costume designer Poornima faithfully recreate the pre-independence era, while editor Kishore T E ensures a crisp and satisfying watch. But what shines through all this is the vision of Bala".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkateswaran |first=N |date=14 March 2013 |title=Paradesi Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Paradesi/movie-review/19002399.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605100302/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Paradesi/movie-review/19002399.cms |archive-date=5 June 2015 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Paradesi'' collected approximately {{INRConvert|4.86|c}} in Tamil Nadu in its first weekend. The film collected {{INRConvert|16.08|l}} in the United Kingdom and {{INRConvert|22.48|l}} in the United States in first weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2013 |title=Rs.4.86 crore opening weekend for 'Paradesi' in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/rs-4-86-crore-opening-weekend-for-paradesi-in-tamil-nadu-6974.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528022715/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/rs-4-86-crore-opening-weekend-for-paradesi-in-tamil-nadu-6974.html |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Paradesi (2013 film)}}
Poornima Ramaswamy won the [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design]] for her work in ''Paradesi''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=60th National Film Awards for 2012 |url=http://dff.nic.in/FeaturedFilm_60th_NATIONAL_FILM_AWARDS_2012_Announced.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519160238/http://dff.nic.in/FeaturedFilm_60th_NATIONAL_FILM_AWARDS_2012_Announced.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> The film received nine [[Filmfare Awards South]] nominations including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Tamil Film]] (Bala) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Tamil Actress]] (Vedhika), and went on to win for [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Tamil Director]] (Bala), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Tamil Actor]] (Atharvaa) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Tamil Supporting Actress]] (Dhansika).<ref name="FFNL">{{Cite web |date=8 July 2014 |title=61st Idea Filmfare Awards (South) Nomination list |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519161200/http://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638.html |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2014 |title=Winners of 61st Idea Filmfare Awards South |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519161743/http://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of films featuring slavery]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Bala (director)}}

[[Category:2010s historical drama films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian slavery]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bala (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Costume Design National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=May 2025}}

Cigars of the Pharaoh

2026-04-27T03:05:07Z

Rozella5628:

{{short description|Comic album by Belgian cartoonist Hergé}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox graphic novel
|title=Cigars of the Pharaoh
|foreigntitle={{lang|fr|Les Cigares du Pharaon}}
|image=The Adventures of Tintin - 04 - Cigars of the Pharaoh.jpg
|alt=Tintin and Snowy are following a trail within an Egyptian tomb.
|caption=Cover of the English edition
|publisher=[[Casterman]]
|date={{plainlist|
* 1934 (black and white)
* 1955 (colour)}}
|series=''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]''
|creator=[[Hergé]]
|origlanguage=French
|origpublication={{lang|fr|[[Le Petit Vingtième]]}}
|origdate=8 December 1932 – 8 February 1934
|origisbn=
|transpublisher=[[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]]
|transdate=1971
|transisbn=
|translator={{plainlist|
* Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper
* Michael Turner}}
|previous=''[[Tintin in America]]''
|previous-date=1932
|next=''[[The Blue Lotus]]''
|next-date=1936
}}

'''''Cigars of the Pharaoh''''' ({{langx|fr|link=no|'''Les Cigares du Pharaon'''}}) is the fourth volume of ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', the series of comic albums by Belgian cartoonist [[Hergé]]. Commissioned by the conservative Belgian newspaper ''[[Le Vingtième Siècle]]'' for its children's supplement ''[[Le Petit Vingtième]]'', it was serialised weekly from December 1932 to February 1934. The story tells of young Belgian reporter [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]] and his dog [[Snowy (character)|Snowy]], who are travelling in [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] when they discover a pharaoh's tomb with dead Egyptologists and boxes of cigars. Pursuing the mystery of the cigars, Tintin and Snowy travel across [[Saudi Arabia|Southern Arabia]] and [[British Raj|India]], and reveal the secrets of an international drug smuggling enterprise.

Following on from ''[[Tintin in America]]'', ''Cigars'' was a commercial success, and was published in book form by [[Casterman]] shortly after its conclusion. Hergé continued ''The Adventures of Tintin'' with ''[[The Blue Lotus]]'', the plot of which followed on from ''Cigars''. The series itself became a defining part of the [[Franco-Belgian comics|Franco-Belgian comic tradition]]. In 1955, it was re-drawn and coloured by Hergé and his assistants at [[Studios Hergé]] to match his distinctive ''[[Ligne claire|ligne-claire]]'' style. Critical analysis of the story has focused on its innovation, and the ''Adventure'' introduces the recurring characters of detectives [[Thomson and Thompson]] and villain [[Rastapopoulos]]. The comic was loosely adapted by Hergé and [[Jacques Van Melkebeke]] for the 1941 play ''[[Tintin in India: The Mystery of the Blue Diamond]]''; a more faithful adaptation was later made for the 1991 [[Ellipse Programmé|Ellipse]]/[[Nelvana]] animated series ''[[The Adventures of Tintin (TV series)|The Adventures of Tintin]]''.

==Synopsis==
Holidaying on a [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] cruise ship, Tintin and his dog [[Snowy (character)|Snowy]] meet wealthy film producer [[Rastapopoulos]] and eccentric [[Egyptology|Egyptologist]] [[Sophocles Sarcophagus]]. When two policemen ([[Thomson and Thompson]]) accuse Tintin of [[opium]] smuggling, he escapes the ship and joins Sarcophagus on his search for the undiscovered tomb of the [[Pharaoh]] Kih-Oskh, near Cairo. Tintin discovers that the tomb is full of mummified bodies (previous Egyptologists who tried to find the tomb), and boxes of cigars labelled with the mysterious symbol of Kih-Oskh. Sarcophagus disappears inside the tomb and Tintin and Snowy fall unconscious after an unseen enemy gasses them. They are then taken aboard a ship inside wooden [[sarcophagi]], captained by smuggler [[Allan Thompson (comics)|Allan]], but to avoid the coastguard Allan orders the sarcophagi thrown overboard.

Tintin and Snowy are rescued by a [[gunrunner (comics)|gunrunner]] who sails them to [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]. Travelling by land, Tintin meets Sheikh [[Patrash Pasha]], a big fan of his, and encounters Rastapopoulos filming a movie. Escaping Thomson and Thompson again, who believe Tintin is part of the gunrunners, Tintin and Snowy travel through the desert, eventually reaching a city. The local army drafts Tintin and then arrests him as a spy, after he finds more cigars labelled with the symbol of Kih-Oskh. Thomson and Thompson rescue him from execution in order to arrest him.{{sfn|Hergé|1971|pp=1–30}} However, when the army storms their hideout, Tintin manages to elude the authorities and escapes Arabia boarding a plane.

Tintin runs out of fuel over [[British Raj|India]], crashing into the jungle. After saving a sick [[Indian elephant|elephant]], Tintin discovers Sarcophagus, who has become insane and thinks he is Pharoh [[Ramesses II]]. While seeking for help at a nearby village, Sarcophagus gets hypnotized by a [[fakir (comics)|fakir]] who commands him to kill Tintin. Tintin then interrogates the poet Zloty, who is visiting the village. He reveals that there is an international drug smuggling ring determined to kill Tintin. Before he can reveal who the boss is, he is injected with Rajaijah juice ("the poison of madness") by the fakir, believing that he is [[Napoleon]]. Meeting the [[List of The Adventures of Tintin characters#Maharaja of Gaipajama|Maharaja of Gaipajama]], the two become friends, with the Maharaja revealing that his family has long been fighting a criminal [[opium]]-smuggling gang, and in the process his father and brother went mad.

The fakir appears and Tintin follows him, discovering the drug cartel's hideout. While holding a conference, all the members are dressed in purple-coloured Ku-Klux Klan robes. After successfully capturing all the members of the gang (except the fakir), the Thompsons arrive and explain to Tintin that the Cairo police managed to discover the hideout of the drug smugglers in Egypt. They also realise Tintin is innocent. The fakir escapes, and with the masked leader of the conspiracy, kidnaps the Maharaja's son. Tintin pursues them in a sports car, rescuing the boy and capturing the fakir, while the leader falls into a [[chasm]], seemingly dying. Tintin returns to Gaipajama, where his return is celebrated. Unwrapping one of the cigars with the mysterious Kih-Oskh symbol, Tintin explains to the Maharaja how opium was smuggled across the world in the cigars.{{sfn|Hergé|1971|pp=31–62}}

==History==
===Background===
{| style="float:right; width:170px; border:solid #ccc 1px; margin:5px;"
|- align="center"
| [[File:Yin yang.svg|75px]] [[File:Kih-Oskh symbol.svg|75px|class=skin-invert]]
|-
| style="padding:0 5px 0 5px; font-size:85%; line-height:14px;"|The [[Taijitu]] symbol and the Kih-Oskh symbol.
|}
Georges Remi – best known under the pen name [[Hergé]] – was employed as editor and illustrator of {{lang|fr|[[Le Petit Vingtième]]}} ("''The Little Twentieth''"),{{sfnm|1a1=Peeters|1y=1989|1pp=31–32|2a1=Thompson|2y=1991|2pp=24–25}} a children's supplement to {{lang|fr|[[Le Vingtième Siècle]]}} ("''The Twentieth Century''"), a staunchly Roman Catholic, [[social conservatism|conservative]] Belgian newspaper based in Hergé's native Brussels which was run by the [[Abbé]] [[Norbert Wallez]]. In 1929, Hergé began ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'' comic for {{lang|fr|Le Petit Vingtième}}, revolving around the exploits of fictional Belgian reporter [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]]. Wallez ordered Hergé to set his first adventure in the [[Soviet Union]] to act as [[anti-socialism|anti-socialist]] propaganda for children (''[[Tintin in the Land of the Soviets]]''),{{sfnm|1a1=Assouline|1y=2009|1pp=22–23|2a1=Peeters|2y=2012|2pp=34–37}} to set his second adventure in the [[Belgian Congo]] to encourage colonial sentiment (''[[Tintin in the Congo]]''),{{sfnm|1a1=Assouline|1y=2009|1pp=26–29|2a1=Peeters|2y=2012|2pp=45–47}} and to set his third adventure in the United States to use the story as a denunciation of American capitalism (''[[Tintin in America]]'').{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=46}}

[[File:Egypt.KV62.01.jpg|thumb|left|Howard Carter's 1922 [[Discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun|discovery]] of [[KV62|Tutankhamun's tomb]] (pictured) influenced ''Cigars''.]]

For his fourth ''Adventure'', Hergé was eager to write a mystery story.{{sfn|Peeters|1989|p=39}} The 1930s saw mystery novels flourish across Western Europe with the success of authors like [[Agatha Christie]] and [[Ellery Queen]].{{sfn|Peeters|2012|p=64}} The decision to create a scenario around the tomb of Kih-Oskh was influenced by [[Discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun|the 1922 discovery]] of Pharaoh [[Tutankhamun]]'s tomb by [[Howard Carter]] and the surrounding tabloid claims regarding a [[Curse of the Pharaohs]].{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=56|2a1=Farr|2y=2001|2p=42|3a1=Lofficier|3a2=Lofficier|3y=2002|3p=31}} Hergé returned to this theme for ''[[The Seven Crystal Balls]]'' (1948).{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=56|2a1=Lofficier|2a2=Lofficier|2y=2002|2p=31}} The name Kih-Oskh was an allusion to the [[kiosk]]s where {{lang|fr|Le Petit Vingtième}} was sold.{{sfn|Peeters|2012|p=63}} The Kih-Oskh symbol was described by Hergé as a distortion of the [[Taoism|Taoist]] symbol of the [[Taijitu]],{{sfn|Peeters|2012|p=64}} with biographer [[Benoît Peeters]] thinking that it foreshadowed the "Yellow Mark" that featured in the ''[[Blake and Mortimer]]'' comic ''[[The Yellow "M"]]'' (1952–54) authored by Hergé's later collaborator [[Edgar P. Jacobs]].{{sfn|Peeters|2012|p=64}} Hergé was aided in the production of ''Cigars of the Pharaoh'' by his assistant Paul "Jam" Jamin, who was heavily influenced by British magazines ''The Humorist'' and ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]''.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|pp=54–55}}

Hergé took influence from the published works of French adventurer and gunrunner [[Henry de Monfreid]], particularly his books ''Secrets of the Red Sea'' and ''The Hashish Cruise''. Having lived through the [[World War I|First World War]], Hergé disliked arms dealers, and used Monfreid as the basis for the gunrunner character in ''Cigars''.{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=54|2a1=Farr|2y=2001|2p=45|3a1=Peeters|3y=2012|3p=63}}
The idea of mummified bodies being lined up along a wall was adopted from [[Pierre Benoît (novelist)|Pierre Benoît]]'s 1919 book ''[[Atlantida (novel)|L'Atlantide]]'' (''Atlantis''), which had recently been made into [[L'Atlantide (1932 film)|a 1932 film]] by [[Georg Wilhelm Pabst]].{{sfn|Goddin|2008|p=118}} The wall paintings depicted on a cover of {{lang|fr|Le Petit Vingtième}} was based on a bas-relief of [[Hathor]] and [[Seti I]] housed in the [[Louvre]], Paris, while the throne featured in Tintin's dream was adopted from that found in the tomb of Tutankhamun.{{sfn|Goddin|2008|p=118}} The inclusion of the secret society operating the smuggling ring was influenced by right-wing conspiracy theories about [[Freemasonry]],{{sfnm|1a1=McCarthy|1y=2006|1p=37|2a1=Apostolidès|2y=2010|2p=20}} with Hergé likely gaining information on the brotherhood from a 1932 article by Lucien Farnoux-Reynaud in the radical magazine ''Le Crapouillot'' (''The Mortar Shell'').{{sfn|Apostolidès|2010|p=23}}

===Original publication, 1932–34===
[[File:Cigars at Le Petit Vingtieme.jpg|thumb|upright|''Cigars'' on the front of ''Le Petit Vingtième''; the frieze is based on an example in the Louvre.{{sfn|Goddin|2008|p=118}}]]
On 24 November 1932, ''Le Petit Vingtième'' published a fictional interview between Jamin and Tintin in which the reporter announced that he would be travelling to China via Egypt, India, Ceylon, and Indochina.{{sfnm|1a1=Goddin|1y=2008|1p=112|2a1=Peeters|2y=2012|2p=62}} Later on 8 December, the story began serialisation in the supplement under the title of ''The Adventures of Tintin, Reporter, in the Orient''.{{sfn|Assouline|2009|p=42}} As the story began in Egypt rather than China, Hergé briefly renamed the story to ''The Cairo Affair''.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=56}} The story was not following any plan or pre-written plot, with Hergé as usual devising the story on a week-by-week basis.{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=56|2a1=Peeters|2y=2012|2p=63}}
In Autumn 1934, the adventure was published in a book. ''Cigars'' was the first of the ''Adventures'' published by [[Casterman]], with whom Hergé had signed a contract in late 1933, although much to his annoyance, they delayed publication until the autumn of 1934, after the culmination of the summer holidays.{{sfnm|1a1=Lofficier|1a2=Lofficier|1y=2002|1p=30|2a1=Peeters|2y=2012|2pp=67–69}} In 1936, they successfully requested that he produce several colour plates to be inserted into the reprint of the book.{{sfn|Goddin|2008|p=96}}

''Cigars'' saw the introduction of several characters who would gain a recurring role in ''The Adventures of Tintin''.{{sfnm|1a1=Lofficier|1a2=Lofficier|1y=2002|1p=31|2a1=Peeters|2y=2012|2p=64}} The most notable are the two detectives, who were initially called "Agent X33 and Agent X33 {{lang|fr|bis}}". In his 1941 Tintin play co-written with [[Jacques Van Melkebeke]], ''[[Tintin in India: The Mystery of the Blue Diamond]]'', Hergé named them "Durant and Durand", although he later renamed them "Dupont and Dupond".{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=52|2a1=Lofficier|2a2=Lofficier|2y=2002|2p=31|3a1=Assouline|3y=2009|3p=42|4a1=Peeters|4y=2012|4p=65}} The series' English-language translators, Michael Turner and Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper, renamed them "Thomson and Thompson."{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=31}} They were based on a combination of the stereotypical Belgian policeman of the 1930s with Hergé's observations of his father and uncle, Alexis and Léon Remi, who were identical twins.{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=53|2a1=Farr|2y=2001|2p=41|3a1=Assouline|3y=2009|3pp=42–43}}

The series introduced Tintin's adversary [[Rastapopoulos|Roberto Rastapopoulos]] in ''Cigars'', here depicted as a famous [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] film director. It is only in the successor volume, ''The Blue Lotus'', that he is also revealed as the head of an international criminal organisation. His name was developed by one of Hergé's friends; Hergé thought it was hilarious and decided to use it.{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=53|2a1=Farr|2y=2001|2p=41|3a1=Peeters|3y=2012|3pp=64–65}} He devised Rastapopoulos as an Italian with a Greek surname, but the character fitted [[antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] stereotypes of Jews; Hergé was adamant that the character was not Jewish.{{sfnm|1a1=Assouline|1y=2009|1p=42|2a1=Peeters|2y=2012|2p=64–65}} A fourth recurring character introduced in this story was the Portuguese merchant [[Oliveira da Figueira]], who would reappear in both the subsequent ''Adventures'' set in the [[Middle East]], ''[[Land of Black Gold]]'' (1950) and ''[[The Red Sea Sharks]]'' (1958).{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=54|2a1=Farr|2y=2001|2p=41}} One of the core characters of the story was Sophocles Sarcophagus, an Egyptologist who is the stereotype of an eccentric professor. In this respect, he is a prototype for the character of [[Cuthbert Calculus]], whom Hergé would introduce later in ''[[Red Rackham's Treasure]]'' (1943).{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=54|2a1=Assouline|2y=2009|2p=43}}

It was during the serialisation of ''Cigars'' that Wallez was embroiled in a scandal after he was accused of defaming the Bureau of Public Works. The accusation resulted in a legal case being brought against the newspaper, and in response its owners demanded Wallez's resignation, which was tended in August 1933.{{sfn|Peeters|2012|p=60}} Without Wallez, Hergé became despondent, and in March 1934 he tried to resign, but was encouraged to stay after his workload was reduced and his monthly salary was increased from 2000 to 3000 francs. Jamin subsequently took over Hergé's responsibility for the day-to-day running of ''Le Petit Vingtième''.{{sfnm|1a1=Assouline|1y=2009|1pp=40–41|2a1=Peeters|2y=2012|2pp=67–68}}

===Second version, 1955===
[[File:Cigars of the Pharaoh Egyptologists.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Comparisons of the same scene from the 1934 and 1955 versions of the comic.]]
In the 1940s and 1950s, when Hergé's popularity had increased, he and his team at [[Studios Hergé]] redrew many of the original black-and-white Tintin adventures in colour using the {{lang|fr|[[ligne claire]]}} ("clear line"){{efn|Hergé himself did not use the term ''ligne claire'' to describe his drawing style. Cartoonist [[Joost Swarte]] first used the term in 1977.{{sfn|Pleban|2006}} }} drawing style he had developed so that they visually fitted in with the new Tintin stories being created. The Studios reformatted and coloured ''Cigars'' in 1955; it was the last of the early works to undergo this process.{{sfnm|1a1=Peeters|1y=1989|1p=41|2a1=Lofficier|2a2=Lofficier|2y=2002|2p=30}}

In cutting down the length of the story, Hergé removed various isolated scenes that added nothing to the development of the plot, such as those in which Tintin confronts a bat, a crocodile, and snakes.{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=55|2a1=Farr|2y=2001|2p=48}} The Arabian city that Tintin and Snowy searched for in the story was no longer identified as [[Mecca]],{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=46}} while the Maharajah's three advisers were removed.{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=48}} New elements were also inserted; Hergé added a depiction of ancient [[Egyptian pyramids]] into the background.{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=55}} Hergé also added the character of Allan, who had originally been introduced in the later, 1941 adventure ''[[The Crab with the Golden Claws]]'', and also appeared as Rastapopoulos' henchman in later albums.{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=54|2a1=Farr|2y=2001|2p=41}} Hergé inserted an allusion to his friend and collaborator Edgar P. Jacobs into the story by including a mummified professor named E.P. Jacobini in the Egyptian tomb.{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=42}}

Whereas the original version had included Sheikh Patrash Pasha showing Tintin a copy of ''Tintin in America'', in the 1955 version this was changed to the earlier ''Tintin in the Congo'', and Hergé would change it again in 1964 for subsequent printings, this time to ''[[Destination Moon (comics)|Destination Moon]]'' (1953), an ''Adventure'' set chronologically after ''Cigars''.{{sfn|Farr|2001|pp=45–46}} Benoît Peeters exclaimed that with this scene, the reader can imagine Tintin's surprise at encountering an adventure he had not yet had and which included the characters of [[Captain Haddock]] and Cuthbert Calculus whom he had not yet met.{{sfn|Peeters|1989|p=41}} Another anachronism in this version appears only in the English version, when Snowy refers to [[Marlinspike Hall]], the ancestral home of Captain Haddock, from the much later volumes of the series. [[Harry Thompson]] opined that the most important changes to the book were artistic, for in the late 1950s Hergé was at the peak of his artistic ability.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=57}}

===Later publications===
Casterman republished the original black-and-white version in 1979 in a French-language collected volume with ''The Blue Lotus'' and ''The Broken Ear'', the second part of the {{lang|fr|Archives Hergé}} collection.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=30}} In 1983, they then published a facsimile version of the original.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=30}}

==Critical analysis==
[[Jean-Marc Lofficier]] and Randy Lofficier considered ''Cigars of the Pharaoh'' to be graphically between ''Tintin in America'' and ''The Blue Lotus'', as Hergé was expanding his "visual vocabulary" and making use of "unforgettable moments" such as the dream sequence in the tomb.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=32}} Although recognising that Hergé was still devising his plot on a week-by-week basis, they thought that the work was an improvement on his earlier stories because of the inclusion of "mystery and fantasy".{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=33}}
Awarding it three stars out of five, they thought the book was a "surreal thriller, drenched and atmospheric". Believing that the work not only dealt with madness, but also was madness, they thought the book evoked "a sense of dreamlike suspension of disbelief".{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=33}} They also highlighted the inclusion of the Kih-Oskh symbol throughout the book, describing it as being akin to a recurring musical theme, stating that it added "a note of pure [[oneirism]]".{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=33}}

[[File:Benoit Peeters 20100329 Salon du livre de Paris 3.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of a middle-aged man speaking into a microphone.|Hergé biographer [[Benoît Peeters]] considered ''Cigars'' to be the first of ''The Adventures of Tintin'' to exhibit "narrative unity".]]

Harry Thompson considered ''Cigars'' "almost completely unrecognisable from its predecessors", praising its "inspired comic characters" and "observed character comedy", which he thought escaped the sheer slapstick evident in the earlier ''Adventures''.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=52}} He also praised the elements of mystery and suspense that Hergé introduced, opining that it created "a genuine sense of fear without recourse to a ''[[deus ex machina]]''".{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=55}} More critically, he thought that the plot's "glaring flaw" was the immediate transposition of events from Egypt to India, also believing that the inclusion of British colonialists as the antagonists made "partial amends" for the colonialist attitude displayed by Tintin in ''Tintin in the Congo''.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=56}} [[Michael Farr]] thought that Tintin was "a maturer hero" in ''Cigars'', being more of a detective than a reporter.{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=41}} He thought that the dream sequence was "one of the most imaginative and disturbing scenes" in the series, illustrating Hergé's "growing virtuosity with the medium".{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=45}} He also praised the scenes set in the Indian colonial bungalow, commenting that it was "claustrophobic and sinisterly dramatic" and worthy of the work of Agatha Christie,{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=48}} opining that the car chase provided "a highly cinematic ending".{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=48}} Overall, he thought it to be a narrative "rich in mystery and drama" which was as much of a landmark in the series as ''The Blue Lotus''.{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=48}}

Hergé biographer Benoît Peeters thought that with ''Cigars'', Hergé was engaging in the "novelesque", and that the opening scene had echoes of [[Rodolphe Töpffer]]'s ''Mr Pencil''.{{sfn|Peeters|2012|p=62}} He also thought it the first of the ''Adventures'' to have a "semblance" of "narrative unity".{{sfn|Peeters|2012|p=64}} Fellow biographer [[Pierre Assouline]] thought that the story was difficult for the reader to follow, because the exoticism of the backdrop faded amid the fast pace of the narrative.{{sfn|Assouline|2009|p=43}}
Literary critic [[Tom McCarthy (novelist)|Tom McCarthy]] highlighted the prominent role of [[tobacco]] in the story, drawing on the ideas of French philosopher [[Jacques Derrida]] to suggest the potential symbolism of this.{{sfn|McCarthy|2006|pp=135–137}} He also suggested that the inclusion of mummified Egyptologists in the story warns readers of the "dangers of mummification through interpretation".{{sfn|McCarthy|2006|p=90}}

==Adaptations==
''Cigars of the Pharaoh'' was adapted into a 1991 episode of ''[[The Adventures of Tintin (TV series)|The Adventures of Tintin]]'' television series by French studio [[Ellipse Programmé|Ellipse]] and Canadian animation company [[Nelvana]].{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=90}} Directed by Stéphane Bernasconi, Thierry Wermuth voiced the character of Tintin.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=90}} In 2010, the television channel [[Arte]] filmed an episode of its documentary series, ''Sur les traces de Tintin'' (''On the track of Tintin''), in Egypt exploring the inspiration and setting of the ''Cigars''.{{sfn|Arte|2010}}

In August 2022, it was announced that [[Pendulo Studios]] and [[Microids]] would be creating an [[adventure video game]] adaptation titled ''[[Tintin Reporter – Cigars of the Pharaoh]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=2022-08-22 |title=Tintin game to adapt Cigars of the Pharaoh |language=en-gb |work=[[Eurogamer]] |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/tintin-game-to-adapt-cigars-of-the-pharaoh |access-date=2023-03-17}}</ref> Footage of the game was revealed in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romano |first=Sal |date=2023-03-09 |title=Tintin Reporter: Cigars of the Pharaoh reveal trailer, screenshots |url=https://www.gematsu.com/2023/03/tintin-reporter-cigars-of-the-pharaoh-reveal-trailer-screenshots |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Gematsu |language=en-US}}</ref> It was released on November 7, 2023 for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[PlayStation 5]], [[Xbox One]], [[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]] and [[Nintendo Switch]]. It received mixed reviews at launch due to numerous bugs and technical issues that players encountered.

==References==

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Footnotes===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news | title=Égypte: Les Cigares du Pharaon | author=Anon. | publisher=[[Arte]] | series=Sur les traces de Tintin | url=http://www.arte.tv/fr/egypte-les-cigares-du-pharaon/3284196,CmC=3283706.html | access-date=26 April 2014 | ref={{sfnref|Arte|2010}} | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427000220/http://www.arte.tv/fr/egypte-les-cigares-du-pharaon/3284196,CmC=3283706.html | archive-date=27 April 2014}}
* {{cite book |title=The Metamorphoses of Tintin, or Tintin for Adults |last=Apostolidès |first=Jean-Marie |others=Jocelyn Hoy (translator) |year=2010 |orig-year=2006 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |isbn=978-0-8047-6031-7 }}
* {{cite book |title=Hergé, the Man Who Created Tintin |last=Assouline |first=Pierre |others=Charles Ruas (translator) |year=2009 |orig-year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford and New York |isbn=978-0-19-539759-8 }}
* {{cite book |title=Tintin: The Complete Companion |last=Farr |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Farr |year=2001 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |isbn=978-0-7195-5522-0 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Art of Hergé, Inventor of Tintin: Volume I, 1907–1937 |last=Goddin |first=Philippe |author-link=Philippe Goddin |others=Michael Farr (translator) |year=2008 |publisher=Last Gasp |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-86719-706-8 }}
* {{cite book |title=Cigars of the Pharaoh |last=Hergé |author-link=Hergé |year=1971 |orig-year=1955 |others=Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper and Michael Turner (translators) |publisher=Egmont |location=London |isbn=978-1-4052-0615-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlkmAQAACAAJ }}
* {{cite book |title=The Pocket Essential Tintin |last1=Lofficier |first1=Jean-Marc |last2=Lofficier |first2=Randy |year=2002 |publisher=Pocket Essentials |location=Harpenden, Hertfordshire |isbn=978-1-904048-17-6 }}
* {{cite book |title=Tintin and the Secret of Literature |last=McCarthy |first=Tom |author-link=Tom McCarthy (novelist) |year=2006 |publisher=Granta |location=London |isbn=978-1-86207-831-4 }}
* {{cite book |title=Tintin and the World of Hergé |last=Peeters |first=Benoît |author-link=Benoît Peeters |year=1989 |publisher=Methuen Children's Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-416-14882-4 }}
* {{cite book |title=Hergé: Son of Tintin |last=Peeters |first=Benoît |author-link=Benoît Peeters |others=Tina A. Kover (translator) |year=2012 |orig-year=2002 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4214-0454-7 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Investigating the Clear Line Style |first=Dafna |last=Pleban |journal=Comicfoundry |date=7 November 2006 |url=http://comicfoundry.com/?p=1526 |access-date=4 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227003559/http://comicfoundry.com/?p=1526 |archive-date=27 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |title=Tintin: Hergé and his Creation |last=Thompson |first=Harry |author-link=Harry Thompson |year=1991 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |isbn=978-0-340-52393-3 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://en.tintin.com/albums/show/id/28/page/0/0/cigars-of-the-pharaoh ''Cigars of the Pharaoh''] at the Official Tintin Website
* [http://www.tintinologist.org/guides/books/04cigars.html ''Cigars of the Pharaoh''] at Tintinologist.org

{{Tintin and Hergé}}
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[[Category:Belgian comics]]
[[Category:Comics set in India]]
[[Category:Comics set in Egypt]]
[[Category:Comics set in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Comics set in deserts]]
[[Category:Comics set in jungles]]
[[Category:Works about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Comics about drugs]]
[[Category:Literature first published in serial form]]
[[Category:Works originally published in Le Petit Vingtième]]
[[Category:Tintin books]]
[[Category:Methuen Publishing books]]

Napoleon (2017 film)

2026-04-26T18:58:40Z

Rozella5628: put up some page and citations...

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Napoleon
| image = Napoleon (2017 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Anand Ravi
| writer = Anand Ravi
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Bhogendra Gupta
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Anand Ravi
*[[Komalee Prasad]]
*[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Margel David
| editing =
| music = Sidharth Sadasivuni
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|11|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Napoleon''''' is a 2017 Indian Telugu-language thriller film directed by Anand Ravi starring himself, [[Komalee Prasad]] and [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]].

== Cast ==
*Anand Ravi as Napoleon
*[[Komalee Prasad]] as Sravanthi
*[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as the [[Circle officer|circle inspector]]

== Production ==
Writer Anand Ravi, who previously worked on ''[[Prathinidhi]]'' (2014), decided to make his acting debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=2017-08-07 |title=Napoleon is a thriller |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/070817/napoleon-is-a-thriller.html |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/writer-anand-turns-napolean-the-man-who-lost-his-shadow/articleshow/60121799.cms|title=Writer Anand turns Napolean, the man who lost his shadow|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 August 2017|last=Adivi|first=Sridhar}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' opined, "The film, which tells the story of a man who has all kinds of quirks, starts out strong but loses the plot in the second half".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2017/nov/25/napolean-lost-in-shadow-3245.html|title=Napolean: Lost in shadow|last=CH|first=Murali Krishna|date=25 November 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' wrote, "The movie makes for an interesting watch but slightly drags in the second half".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/napoleon-an-unconventional-outing.html|title=An unconventional outing|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=24 November 2017|last=Devulapalli|first=Rahul}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu]]'' said, "On the whole, ''Napoleon'' is a crime thriller which has some interesting moments here and there".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/napoleon-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Review : Napoleon – Thrills only in bits|work=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu]]|date=24 November 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

Inter IIT Sports Meet

2026-04-26T16:26:47Z

Rozella5628: Adding new stub

{{short description|Inter-college sports meet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox tournament
| name = Inter IIT Sports Meet
| sport = 14 different Inter collegiate sports
| established = 1961
| location = India
| image =
| participants = 3500 athletes
| administrator = [[Indian Institutes of Technology]]
| current_champion = [[IIT Madras]] (2025)
| website=[https://interiitsports.in Official Website]

}}
'''Inter IIT Sports Meet''' is the annual sports tournament of the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]]. It is organized in December, with the [[Aquatic sports|Aquatics]] events held separately in October. It is the longest-running Inter-collegiate meet where all IITs participate, having been held since 1961. In 2024, the event was held at [[IIT Kanpur]] and [[IIT Indore]] jointly and for 2025, it was held at [[IIT Hyderabad]], [[IIT Madras]] and [[IIT Tirupati]].

== Sports and participating institutes ==
Tournaments are held in 15 different sports, namely:
# [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
# [[Badminton]]
# [[Basketball]]
# [[Cricket]]
# [[Chess]]
# [[Kho kho]]
# [[Association football|Football]]
# [[Field hockey|Hockey]]
# [[Lawn tennis]]
# [[Squash (sport)|Squash]]
# [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]
# [[Table tennis]]
# [[Volleyball]]
# [[Water polo]]
# [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]

All the 23 IITs participating in the Inter-IIT Sports Meet:
# [[IIT Bhilai|Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai]]
# [[IIT Bhubaneshwar|Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneshwar]]
# [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi]]
#[[IIT Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]]
# [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]
#[[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad|Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad]]
#[[Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad]]
# [[IIT Gandhinagar|Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar]]
#[[Indian Institute of Technology Goa]]
# [[IIT Guwahati|Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati]]
#[[IIT Hyderabad|Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad]]
#[[IIT Indore|Indian Institute of Technology Indore]]
#[[Indian Institute of Technology Jammu]]
#[[IIT Jodhpur|Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur]]
# [[IIT Kanpur|Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]]
# [[IIT Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]
# [[IIT Madras|Indian Institute of Technology Madras]]
# [[IIT Mandi|Indian Institute of Technology Mandi]]
#[[IIT Palakkad|Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad]]
# [[IIT Patna|Indian Institute of Technology Patna]]
# [[IIT Roorkee|Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]]
# [[IIT Ropar|Indian Institute of Technology Ropar]]
# [[Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati]]

== History ==
The proposition for an Inter IIT Sports Meet was brought up in 1961, and IIT Bombay hosted the first ever Inter IIT Sports Meet. Only five IITs were in existence then, namely [[IIT Bombay]], [[IIT Madras]], [[IIT Kharagpur]], [[IIT Kanpur]] and [[IIT Delhi]]; who competed in five sports only.<ref>{{cite web | title=IIT B Sports | url=https://gymkhana.iitb.ac.in/sports/inter-iit }}</ref>

=== History and winners ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Edition !! Held at !! Champions !! !! Year !! Edition !! Held at !! Champions!! !! Year !! Edition !! Held at !! Champions
|-
| 1961||1||Bombay||Kharagpur||||1989||26||Kanpur||Kharagpur||||2015||51||Madras|| Cancelled due to flooding in Chennai
|-
| 1963||2||Kharagpur||Kharagpur||||1990||27||Delhi||Delhi||||2016||51||Kanpur|| Kanpur
|-
| 1964||3||Madras||Kharagpur||||1991||28||Kharagpur||Kharagpur||||2017||52||Madras|| Bombay
|-
| 1966||4||Bombay||Bombay||||1993||29||Bombay||Bombay||||2018||53||Guwahati||Delhi
|-
| 1967||5||Delhi||Kharagpur||||1994||30||Madras||None - last 3 days rained out||||2019||54||Kharagpur and Bhubaneswar|| Kharagpur
|-
| 1968||6||Kanpur||Kharagpur||||1995||31||Kanpur||Bombay||||2020||55||Delhi and Roorkee||Cancelled due to COVID-19 Pandemic
|-
| 1969||7||Kharagpur||Kharagpur||||1996||32||Delhi||Madras||||2021||55||Delhi and Roorkee||Cancelled due to COVID-19 Pandemic
|-
| 1970||8||Madras||Madras||||1997||33||Kharagpur||Kharagpur||||2022||55||Delhi and Roorkee||Roorkee
|-
| 1972||9||Kharagpur||Madras||||1998||34||Bombay||Bombay||||2023||56||Bombay and Gandhinagar||Madras
|-
| 1973||10||Bombay||Madras||||1999||35||Madras||Madras ||||2024||57||Kanpur and Indore||Bombay
|-
| 1974||11||Delhi||Madras||||2000||36||Kanpur||Bombay ||||2025||58||Hyderabad, Madras and Tirupati ||Madras
|-
| 1975||12||Kharagpur||Madras||||2001||37||Kharagpur||Kharagpur ||||2026||59||TBA || TBA
|-
| 1976||13||Kanpur||Madras||||2002||38||Delhi||Delhi
|-
| 1977||14||Madras||Madras||||2003||39||Bombay||Madras
|-
| 1978||15||Bombay||Madras||||2004||40||Madras||Madras
|-
| 1979||16||Delhi||Madras||||2005||41||Roorkee||Kharagpur
|-
| 1980||17||Kanpur||Madras||||2006||42||Guwahati||Madras
|-
| 1981||18||Kharagpur||Bombay||||2007||43||Bombay||Bombay
|-
| 1982||19||Bombay||Madras||||2008||44||Madras||Bombay
|-
| 1983||20||Madras||None - last 2 days rained out (Bombay was ahead)|| ||2009||45||Kanpur||Bombay
|-
| 1984||21||Kanpur||Bombay||||2010||46||Delhi||Madras
|-
| 1985||22||Delhi||Bombay||||2011||47||Kharagpur||Madras
|-
| 1986||23||Kharagpur||Kharagpur||||2012||48||Roorkee||Bombay
|-
| 1987||24||Bombay||Bombay||||2013||49||Guwahati||Kanpur
|-
| 1988||25||Madras||Madras||||2014||50||Bombay||Kanpur
|}

Note: Before 1978, the meet numbering was not consistent. For example, IIT Madras annual reports record the 1977 meet as the 13th and the 1975 meet as the 11th <ref>IIT Madras Annual Reports https://www.iitm.ac.in/annual-reports</ref>

=== IITs with most overall wins ===
{| | class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! IIT !! First win !! Last win !! Wins in last 10 editions !! Total wins
|-
| IIT Madras||1970||2025||2||21
|-
| IIT Bombay||1966||2024||2||15
|-
| IIT Kharagpur||1961||2019||1||13
|-
| IIT Kanpur||2013||2016||3||3
|-
| IIT Delhi||1990||2018||1||3
|-
| IIT Roorkee||2022||2022||1||1
|}

=== Cancellations and Postponements ===
The meets of 1965 and 1971 were cancelled due to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|India-Pakistan wars]], while the one in 1992 was to be held at IIT Bombay but was cancelled owing to the [[Bombay riots|communal riots in Mumbai]].
The 2015 meet that was supposed to be held at IIT Madras was washed out due to unpredictable rains. The 2020 and 2021 meets were cancelled due to COVID.

Unlike the above events which were cancelled / re-scheduled in entirety, the meets of 1983 and 1994, both hosted at IIT Madras, were abandoned after the meet started as scheduled. In both cases, heavy rains made continuation of the meet unviable and the meets were abandoned part way.

== Recent championships ==
=== 49th Inter IIT Sports Meet 2013 ===
Source:<ref name="ernet">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitg.ernet.in/interiitsports/index_sports.php|title=49th Inter IIT Sports Meet - 2013 - IIT Guwahati|publisher=iitg.ernet.in|accessdate=2014-08-26}}</ref>

The 49th Inter IIT Sports Meet was held at IIT Guwahati from 16 to 23 December 2013.<ref name="sikkimfirst">{{cite web|url=http://sikkimfirst.in/2013/12/17/inter-iit-sports-meet-at-iit-guwahati/|title=Inter IIT sports meet at IIT Guwahati | Sikkim First|publisher=sikkimfirst.in|accessdate=2014-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827040821/http://sikkimfirst.in/2013/12/17/inter-iit-sports-meet-at-iit-guwahati/|archive-date=2014-08-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[MC Mary Kom]] launched her autobiography ''Unbreakable'' during the ceremony; along with former Miss Universe and Hindi film actress [[Sushmita Sen]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Mary Kom's autobiography released by Sushmita Sen | work=The Times Of India | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/off-the-field/45254704_1_autobiography-mc-mary-kom-indian-women | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221084017/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/off-the-field/45254704_1_autobiography-mc-mary-kom-indian-women | archive-date=21 December 2013 }}</ref>

The [[mascot]] for the 49th Inter IIT was [http://www.iitg.ernet.in/interiitsports/mascot.htm ''Bhaiti''],<ref name="ernet2">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitg.ernet.in/interiitsports/mascot.htm|title=InterIIT Mascot|publisher=iitg.ernet.in|accessdate=2014-08-26}}</ref> a [[bamboo]]. Inspired by the slenderness and strength of its namesake plant, Bhaiti was designed by Thomas G. Manih, a student of IIT Guwahati, under the guidance of [[Udaya Kumar (designer)|Dr. D. Udaya Kumar]], who is credited with designing the [[Indian Rupee sign]].

IIT Kanpur emerged as the winners of the General Championship in the Men's tournament, while IIT Roorkee won the Women's General Championship.

=== 50th Inter IIT Sports Meet 2014 ===

The [[Golden Jubilee]] edition of the Inter IIT Sports Meet was hosted by [[IIT Bombay]] in October and December 2014. The Inter IIT Aquatics Meet took place during 1–4 October 2014. The Opening Ceremony of that was graced by the presence of [[Virdhawal Khade]]. The 50th Inter IIT Sports Main Meet took place during 12–19 December 2014 at the IIT Bombay campus. The Opening Ceremony of that was graced by the presence of Cricket legend [[Sachin Tendulkar]].<ref name="Sportskeeda">{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/sachin-tendulkar-inter-iit-bombay-sports-meet|title=The God of cricket' Sachin Tendulkar to call on IIT Bombay this December- Sportskeeda|date=28 October 2014 |publisher=thesportskeeda.com.com|accessdate=2014-10-28}}</ref> The institute has undertaken massive renovations of the play fields in anticipation of the meet.<ref name="asianage">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/iit-b-get-indoor-and-outdoor-sports-complexes-676|title=IIT-B to get indoor and outdoor sports complexes | The Asian Age|publisher=asianage.com|accessdate=2014-08-26}}</ref>
Sachin gave the most anticipated address of that day. The last time IIT Bombay hosted an Inter IIT Sports Meet was in 2007, as a part of the Golden Jubilee celebrations of the institute.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/iitb-introduces-new-courses/article1873202.ece|title=IIT-B introduces new courses - The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 July 2007 |publisher=thehindu.com|accessdate=2014-08-26}}</ref>
IIT Kanpur declared as the overall champions, winners of the General Championship in the Men's tournament and second in the Women's Championship, while IIT Bombay won the Women's General Championship.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interiit.org/FinalTallyTable.pdf|title=IIT-K wins consecutive inter IIT championships|accessdate=2014-12-19}}</ref>

=== 51st Inter IIT Sports Meet 2016 ===
The 51st edition of the Inter IIT Sports Meet was hosted by [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]] in October and December 2016. The Opening Ceremony of that was graced by the presence of Paralympic Javelin Thrower [[Devendra Jhajharia]], who won Gold at [[2016 Summer Paralympics|2016 Rio Paralympics]] and is also the current World Paralympic Record Holder in Javelin Throw under F46 events. [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]] Aquatic Team has won the Overall Championship in the Inter-IIT Aquatic Meet held at IIT Kanpur during 2 to 5 October 2016 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/content/iit-madras-wins-gold-inter-iit-aquatic-meet|title=Inter IIT Swimming Meet at IIT Kanpur|date=10 January 2018|website=IITM}}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]] continued their winning spirit and emerged as overall champions for third consecutive time.

=== 52nd Inter IIT Sports Meet 2017 ===
The 52nd edition of the Inter IIT Sports Meet was hosted by [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]] in October and December 2017. The Inter IIT Aquatics Meet took place during October. The 52nd Inter IIT Sports Main Meet took place during 15–23 December 2017 at [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]]' lush green campus. The Opening Ceremony was graced by the presence of renowned Indian Field Hockey Team's former Captain [[Viren Rasquinha]], who also is the CEO of [[Olympic Gold Quest]] (OGQ). [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]] were declared the Overall Champions.

=== 53rd Inter IIT Sports Meet 2018 ===

The 53rd Inter IIT Sports Meet was hosted by [[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati|IIT Guwahati]]. The 34th Aquatics Meet took place during 3–7 October, while the Main Meet was being hosted in December. This edition held a special significance for [[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati|IIT Guwahati]] as it is being conducted to celebrate the silver jubilee of the institute. It was also the first time that Para-powerlifting event had been introduced.

The Aquatics Meet Opening Ceremony was graced by the presence of [[Sajan Prakash]], the man with the highest number of National Records in short course and long course swimming events. The Chief Guest for the Main Meet's opening ceremony was [[Shiny Abraham]], she has represented India in more than eighty international meets and was the first Indian woman to reach the semi-finals of an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] event. The ceremony also had Rio Paralympics gold medalist, [[Mariyappan Thangavelu]] as its guest of honor.

53rd Inter IIT sports meet was won by IIT Delhi with 106 points, 26 points clear of the runner up.

=== 54th Inter IIT Sports Meet 2019 ===

The 53rd Inter IIT Sports Meet was hosted jointly by [[IIT Kharagpur]] and [[IIT Bhubaneswar]]. The 35th Aquatics Meet took place during 29 September to 4 October, while the Main Meet was held from 14 December to 22 December.

54th Inter IIT sports meet was won by IIT Kharagpur with 123.6 points, 28.4 points clear of the runner up.

=== 55th Inter IIT Sports Meet 2022 ===
The 55th Inter IIT Sports Meet was hosted jointly by IIT Roorkee and IIT Delhi. This event was held between 14 and 22 December 2022.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!IIT
!Position
|-
|Roorkee
|1st
|-
|Kharagpur
|2nd
|-
|Delhi
|3rd
|}

=== 56th Inter IIT Sports Meet 2023 ===
IIT Gandhinagar and IIT Bombay jointly hosted the 56th Inter IIT Sports Meet. This event was held between 10 and 15 December 2023 at IIT Bombay and 15–22 December at IIT Gandhinagar.
IIT Madras clinched the general championship in 2023.

=== 57th Inter IIT Sports Meet 2024 ===
IIT Indore and IIT Kanpur jointly hosted the 57th Inter IIT Sports Meet. This event was held between 10 and 19 December 2024. IIT Kanpur hosted the following sports: basketball, tennis, cricket, hockey, table tennis, and volleyball. While IIT Indore hosted aquatics, athletics, badminton, football, squash, and weightlifting.

The women's general championship was won by IIT Madras, with IIT Bombay on the second place and IIT Kharagpur, the third. The men's general championship was won by IIT Delhi, with IIT Kanpur on the second place and IIT Bombay, the third.
IIT Bombay was the winner of the overall general championship in 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Concludes 57th Inter IIT Students Sports Meet | url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/new/concludes-57th-inter-iit-students-sports-meet }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

[https://interiitsports.in Inter IIT Sports Meet Website]

{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}

[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology]]
[[Category:Student sport in India]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in India]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian sport]]

Thonakal Gopi

2026-04-24T12:01:40Z

Rozella5628: made initial article needs work.

{{short description|Indian athlete}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image = File:Gopi-Thumbnail.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption = Gopi in 2016
| 
| birth_name =
| full_name =
| nickname =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1988|05|24}}
| birth_place = [[Wayanad]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation =
| years_active =
| height = 
| weight = 
| spouse =
| website = 
| 
| country = India
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[10,000 metres]] [[Marathon]]
| club =
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| 
| worlds = Asian Marathon Championship Gold Medal 2017
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| commonwealth =
| pb = [[Marathon]]: 2:12:23 ([[Valencia]] 2025)
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|2017 Bhubaneswar]]|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati/Shillong]]|[[Athletics at the 2016 South Asian Games|10000m]]}}
}}

'''Thonakal Gopi''' aka '''Thanackal Gopi''' (born 24 May 1988)<ref>{{cite web|title=Thanackal Gopi|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/gopi-thonakal|accessdate=14 August 2016|archive-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817095003/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/gopi-thonakal|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an Indian athlete who has qualified to represent [[India at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trackfield.in/2016/07/03/indian-marathoners-bharat-at-rio-16/|title=Indian Marathoners – Bharat at Rio '16 – Track and Field Sports News|access-date=2016-07-29}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> in the [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|marathon event]]. He is also in the [[Indian Army]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.sportstarlive.com/athletics/gopi-hits-marathon-jackpot-in-first-attempt/article8116762.ece|title=Gopi hits marathon jackpot in first attempt|first=Nandakumar|last=Marar|date=17 January 2016|work=sportstarlive.com|accessdate=29 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://trackfield.in/2016/07/03/indian-marathoners-bharat-at-rio-16/|title=Indian Marathoners – Bharat at Rio '16 – Track and Field Sports News|work=trackfield.in|accessdate=29 July 2016}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref name="IAAF">{{cite web |url=https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/india/thanackal-gopi-307071 |title=IAAF Profile |last=Gopi |first=Thanackal |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> He is the first and so far the only Indian athlete to win a gold medal in the Asian Marathon Championship.

== Career ==
At age 21, he joined as a general recruit, starting as a Hawildar at the Army Artillery Center in Hyderabad and completed the 9 month mandatory Army training.<ref name=":1" />

Typically a 10,000m athlete, he was designated to keep Nitendra Rawat on track for the first 30 km so that Rawat may qualify for the Olympics with a timing of 02:15 at the 2016 Mumbai marathon. However, Gopi found the distance comfortable and kept going to complete as the 2nd Indian (11th overall, right behind Rawat). He says he never felt the anticipated fatigue of the last 5 km, even though he was bracing his body for it. His VO2 Max is around 84 (ml of Oxygen used in 1 min per kg of bodyweight, comparable to [[Lance Armstrong]]), with a resting heart rate of around 45bpm.

In addition to winning the 2014 Gold Medal in the 10,000 meter National Open Athletics and the 2016 Gold Medal in the [[2016 South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] with a new [[List of South Asian Games records in athletics|Games Record]], Gopi represented India in the 2016 Asian Cross Country Championships. He represented [[India at the 2016 Summer Olympics]], qualifying with a Marathon time of 02:16:15 in the 2016 Mumbai Marathon along with two other Indian marathoner men, [[Kheta Ram]] and Nitendra Singh Rawat.

== Competition Record ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Competition
!Venue
!Position
!Event
!Time
!Reference
|-
|2014
|National Open Athletics Championships
|New Delhi, India
|{{won|place=1st}}
|10,000 meters
|29:32:26
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianathletics.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/afi-results-2014-AFI-Website.xls |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314051532/http://indianathletics.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/afi-results-2014-AFI-Website.xls |archivedate=2016-03-14 }}</ref>
|-
|2015
|Airtel Delhi Half Marathon
|New Delhi, India
|2nd Indian / 19th Overall
|Half marathon
|1:02:45
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://adhm.procamrunning.in/race-results/|title=Race Results - Airtel Delhi Half Marathon|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Mumbai Marathon
|Mumbai, India
|2nd Indian / 11th Overall
|Marathon
|2:16:15
|<ref name="IAAF" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Gopi-Kheta-Ram-qualify-for-Olympics-Rawat-sets-course-record/articleshow/50614115.cms|title=Gopi, Kheta Ram qualify for Olympics; Rawat sets course record - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/mumbai-marathon-2016-gopi-kheta-ram-qualify-for-olympics-rawat-sets-course-record/article8116704.ece|title=Gopi, Kheta Ram qualify for Olympics; Rawat sets course record|date=2016-01-17|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/more-than-40000-people-participate-in-the-mumbai-marathon-2016-2587904.html?photos=all|title=More than 40,000 people participate in the Mumbai Marathon 2016 - Firstpost|date=2016-01-17|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/athletics/rawat-sets-course-record-gopi-kheta-ram-qualify-for-rio-english-news-1.804736|title=Rawat sets course record; Gopi, Kheta Ram qualify for Rio|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/other-sports/gopi-t-kheta-ram-seal-rio-berths-213|title=Gopi T, Kheta Ram seal Rio berths {{!}} The Asian Age|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|South Asian Games
|Guwahati, India
|{{won|place=1st}}
|10,000 meters
|29:10:53 [[List of South Asian Games records in athletics|GR]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianathletics.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/final-results-12th-south-asian-games-athletics-2016.pdf|title=2016 South Asian Games Results|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223211520/http://indianathletics.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/final-results-12th-south-asian-games-athletics-2016.pdf|archivedate=2016-02-23}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Summer Olympics
|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|1st Indian / 25th Overall
|Marathon
|2:15:25
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-mens-marathon|title=2016 Summer Olympic Games Results|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=2016-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922185531/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-mens-marathon|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|IAAF World Championships
|London, UK
|1st Indian / 28th Overall
|Marathon
|2:17:13
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/iaaf-world-championships-london-2017-5151/results/men/marathon/final/result|title=IAAF: Marathon Result {{!}} IAAF World Championships London 2017 {{!}} iaaf.org|website=iaaf.org|access-date=2017-08-09}}</ref>
|}

== Personal life ==
Born in [[Wayanad]] district of the state of [[Kerala]]. The son of Wayanad farmers, Gopi is an only child who helped his parents grow rice and ginger while he grew up on their small area of land. Gopi went to Kakkavayal Govt. Higher Secondary School<ref name=":0" /> and used to consistently participate in school and college meets.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/X93NpVqn5aO3VnC0tq6bzN/Cool-runnings-Indias-marathon-men.html|title=Cool Runnings: India's marathon men|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> He began a bachelor's degree in Economics at [[Mar Athanasius College of Engineering|Mar Athanasius College]] in Kothamangalam, Kerala, but dropped out in the third year when he passed the Army fitness test and joined the Indian Army at Age 21.<ref name=":1" /> His home state of Kerala still produces the maximum number of track athletes in India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He is the only earning member of his family and sends his savings home, except for a monthly purchase shoes (priced at roughly Rs 10,000 per pair) to accommodate the number of miles that the athlete runs each month. As of mid 2016, he does not have any corporate sponsorship and has to purchase his own shoes.<ref name=":1" /> He and his fellow athletes spend 11 out of 12 months of the year away from home and without meeting their families, a sacrifice that they must make in order to compete on the world stage.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Footer Asian Marathon Championship men's winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopi, Thonakal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:People from Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian men marathon runners]]
[[Category:Indian men long-distance runners]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in athletics]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Syed Mohammad Baqir Rizvi

2026-04-23T05:52:40Z

Rozella5628: made a article initial version.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| name = Syed Mohammad Baqir Rizvi
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2017
| constituency = [[Zanskar Assembly constituency|Zanskar]]
| constituency1 = [[Zanskar Assembly constituency|Zanskar]]
| office1 = Minister of State
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2017
| other_party = Independent and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]]
| predecessor = Feroz Ahmed Khan
| successor = Constituency abolished
| successor1 =
}}

'''Syed Mohammad Baqir Rizvi''' is an Indian politician who has served as a Member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from the now defunct [[Zanskar Assembly constituency]] since 2014 to 2017 being an Independent candidate, later joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syed Mohammad Baqir Rizvi(Independent(IND)):Constituency- ZANSKAR(KARGIL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=102 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baqir: Ready to join BJP, Inshallah - The News Now |url=https://www.thenewsnow.co.in/newsdet.aspx?q=27302 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.thenewsnow.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baqir Rizvi meets Shah, promised help, care - The News Now |url=https://www.thenewsnow.co.in/newsdet.aspx?q=28078 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.thenewsnow.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aga Syed Mohammad Baqir Rizvi calls on Dr. Nirmal Singh, Ministers |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/213339-Aga-Syed-Mohammad-Baqir-Rizvi-calls-on-Dr-Nirmal-Singh-Ministers |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled Page |url=http://jkgad.nic.in/common/showOrder.aspx?actCode=O17025 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=jkgad.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |work=Daily Excelsior |date=2017-04-17 |title=Baqir sacked, MoS status withdrawn |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/baqir-sacked-mos-status-withdrawn/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He joined [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-23 |title=Ex-MLA, 6 others join People's Conference in Jammu |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ex-mla-6-others-join-peoples-conference-in-jammu/articleshow/67220782.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rizvi, Syed}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Ladakh]]
[[Category:People from Kargil district]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ghananad Gagodia

2026-04-19T16:35:15Z

Rozella5628: added initial details basic info

{{short description|Indian folk comedian and actor from Uttarakhand}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ghananand Gagodia
| birth_date = c. 1953
| birth_place = Gagod village, [[Pauri Garhwal district]], Uttarakhand, India<ref name="ETVBharat_Bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/uttarakhand-famous-comedian-ghananand-condition-is-critical-in-mahant-indresh-hospital-in-dehradun-uttarakhand-news-uts25021101497 |title=दुनिया को हंसाने वाला आज सबको रुलाकर चला गया, देवभूमि के प्रसिद्ध हास्य कलाकार घनानंद का निधन |publisher=ETV Bharat |date=11 February 2025 |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|2|11|1953|1|1|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Dehradun]], Uttarakhand, India<ref name="ABP_Death">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/uttarakhand-famous-comedian-ghanna-bhai-passed-away-cm-dhami-also-expressed-grief-ann-2882671 |title=उत्तराखंड के प्रसिद्ध हास्य कलाकार घन्ना भाई का निधन, सीएम धामी ने भी जताया दुख |publisher=ABP News |date=11 February 2025 |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>
| occupation = Comedian, actor, stage performer
| known_for = Folk comedy representing the culture of Uttarakhand
| notable_works = ''Ghanna Bhai MBBS'', ''Ghanna Girgit Arr Yamraj''<ref name="OneIndia_Career">{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/ganna-bhai-no-more-wave-mourning-due-demise-famous-folk-comedian-of-uttarakhand-know-which-disease-1222637.html |title=नहीं रहे घन्ना भाई, उत्तराखंड के प्रसिद्ध लोक हास्य कलाकार के निधन से शोक की लहर |publisher=Oneindia Hindi |date=11 February 2025 |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>
| other_names = Ghanna Bhai, "Comedy King of Uttarakhand"
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="OneIndia_Career"/>
}}

'''Ghananand Gagodia''' (c. 1953 – 11 February 2025), popularly known as '''Ghanna Bhai''', was an Indian folk comedian, actor, and stage performer from the state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name="ETVBharat_Bio"/> Revered as the "Comedy King of Uttarakhand," he was a prominent figure in the [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] and [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] entertainment industries.<ref name="OneIndia_Career"/> Gagodia was known for his unique style of comedy that drew from the everyday life, culture, and social issues of the people in the Himalayan region.<ref name="ABP_Death"/>

== Early life and education==
Ghananand Gagodia was born in 1953 in Gagod village of [[Pauri Garhwal district]], Uttarakhand, India.<ref name="ETVBharat_Bio"/> He received his early education in [[Lansdowne, India|Lansdowne]].<ref name="OneIndia_Career"/> From a young age, he showed a keen interest in the performing arts and was actively involved in local cultural events.

== Career==
Gagodia began his career in the 1970s as a stage performer in local Ramlila productions, where he gained initial recognition for his comedic timing and ability to connect with the audience.<ref name="OneIndia_Career"/> His popularity grew significantly when he started performing on All India Radio (Akashvani) and Doordarshan in 1974.<ref name="ETVBharat_Bio"/>

His comedy was deeply rooted in the traditions of Uttarakhand. He used humor and satire to comment on social and political issues, making his performances relatable to the common people.<ref name="OneIndia_Career"/> He performed in numerous stage shows across India, especially in communities with a significant Pahari diaspora.

Gagodia also acted in several Garhwali films and music albums. His most notable film roles include:
*''Ghanna Bhai MBBS''<ref name="OneIndia_Career"/>
*''Ghanna Girgit Arr Yamraj''<ref name="OneIndia_Career"/>

These films cemented his status as a household name in the region's entertainment industry.<ref name="ETVBharat_Bio"/>

== Political career==
Leveraging his widespread popularity, Gagodia entered politics. He contested the 2012 [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Pauri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pauri]] assembly constituency as a candidate for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="OneIndia_Career"/> However, he was unsuccessful in the election.

== Death==
In February 2025, Gagodia was admitted to Shri Mahant Indiresh Hospital in [[Dehradun]] due to deteriorating health.<ref name="ETVBharat_Bio"/> After being on ventilator support for several days, he died on 11 February 2025.<ref name="ABP_Death"/> His death was widely mourned across Uttarakhand, with many public figures, including Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami, expressing their condolences. He was remembered as a cultural icon who brought laughter to millions.<ref name="ABP_Death"/><ref name="ETVBharat_Bio"/>

== See also==
* [[Garhwali language]]
* [[List of Indian comedians]]

== References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gagodia, Ghananad}}
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]

Sukrala Mata Mandir

2026-04-19T16:27:12Z

Rozella5628: made basic stub basic info

{{short description|Hindu temple dedicated to Goddess in Kathua district,Jammu Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sukrala Mata Mandir
| image = File:Mata Sukrala Devi.jpg
| country = [[India]]
| district = [[Kathua]]
| location = [[Billawar]] To Najot Village
| deity = Goddess Sukrala Devi
| festivals = [[Navaratri]]
| website =
{{URL|https://shrimalmatasukraladevidharmiktrust.com/index.php}}
}}'''Sukrala Mata Mandir''' is a revered Hindu temple dedicated to the goddess Sukrala Mata (also known as Mal Mata), a form of Sharada Devi,<ref name=":0" /> worshipped in the [[Duggar (region)|Duggar region]]. The temple is located on a hillock<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sukrala Mata {{!}} District Kathua, Government of Jammu & Kashmir {{!}} India |url=https://kathua.nic.in/tourist-place/sukrala-mata/#:~:text=The%20Shrine%20is%20located%20at,steps%20to%20reach%20venerated%20temple. |access-date=2024-08-15 |language=en-US |quote=The Shrine is located at a height of 3500 ft on a hillock amidst sylevan surroundings}}</ref> at Sukrala village near Najot village<ref name=":2" /> north of [[Billawar]] town, [[Kathua district]], in Jammu division. The shrine dedicated to the goddess was built by rulers of [[Jammu division|Jammu]] and [[Chamba district|Chamba]] princely states.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Charak |first=Sukh Dev Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSEeAAAAMAAJ&q=sukrala+mandir |title=Jammu Kingdom |date=1983 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |language=en |quote=Sukrala temple, which was probably built, and the idol 'Sukrala' was set up by Brajraj Dev of Jammu in 1755 A.D.}}</ref> Myriads of devotees flock to pay obeisance to the goddess during Navratri festival.<ref name=":4" />

== Location ==
Tucked away in the picturesque Sukrala village but it is called the smallest village of Mal Village<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Ganhar |first=J. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0ogAAAAMAAJ&q=Sukral+village |title=Jammu, Shrines and Pilgrimages |date=1975 |publisher=Ganhar Publications |pages=17–20 |language=en |quote=Sukrala is a small village but it is the small name of Mal Village located in the side of a pine-covered hill. Situated at a height of 3500 feet it commands an idyllic view of the mountains around and the fields spread out at its feet}}</ref> near by the town of Billawar of near by the village of Najot of near by the district of [[Kathua]] and near by the union territory and state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and near by the country of [[India]] and near by the division of [[Jammu Division]], lies the Sukrala Mata Mandir, a temple of immense religious significance and natural beauty. This ancient shrine is dedicated to Goddess ''Sukrala Mata'', a revered deity in the region, and attracts devotees from far and wide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Tourism Jammu, J&K |url=https://jammutourism.gov.in/exploreJammu-Kathua.html |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=jammutourism.gov.in |quote=The Most famous shrine dedicated to mother goddess is Sukrala Devi Shrine located at a distance of 9.60 Kms from Billawar and about 75 Kms from Kathua.}}</ref> The temple is located at height of 3500 feet<ref name=":1" /> and its surroundings are a treat for nature lovers, with lush green forests, rolling hills, and a serene atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mal Mata Sukrala Devi |url=https://statetimes.in/amp/mal-mata-sukrala-devi/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US |quote=The spot is located amidst dense chir pines forest intermingled with other borad – leaved trees, bushes, shrubs and herbs. The village is located aside river Naaj where a big slab of rock of historic time }}</ref>

== Local tradition and history ==
According to local legend, Goddess Sukrala Mata is a manifestation of either Goddess [[Saraswati|Sharada]] of Kashmir or combined form of [[Tridevi]]. The Goddess manifested at this spot on request of local devotee named ''Trilochan''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Shiv Chander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Sukrala+Mata |title=Antiquities, History, Culture, and Shrines of Jammu |date=1997 |publisher=Vinod Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-85599-46-5 |pages=62–64 |language=en |quote=Saint Trilochan requested the mother Goddess to appear in his birth place Sukrala to get rid the people of their sins. On his request the mother Goddess promised...}}</ref> ''Pandit Suraj Narayan'', the Guru of celebrated Dogra court poet ''Devi Dutt'' (also known as ''Dattu''), established a [[Sri Yantra|Shri-yantra]] at Sukrala Mata Mandir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeratha |first=Aśoka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C&dq=Sukrala+Dogra&pg=PA234 |title=Dogra Legends of Art & Culture |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-082-8 |language=en |quote=Suraj Naryan, who was a great Tantrik who established Shri yantra at both the holy places of Sukrala...}}</ref> A temple on the site was rebuilt by Raja Madho Singh, the banished Prince of [[Chamba State|Chamba state]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2013-07-19 |title=Sukrala Mata shrine awaits development as Board takes control of offerings only |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/sukrala-mata-shrine-awaits-development-as-board-takes-control-of-offerings-only/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US |quote=It was constructed by a banished prince of Chamba, Madho Singh. This temple is also believed to be the holy abode of Goddess Mal Devi, who is considered as the reincarnation of another Hindu Goddess Sharda Devi.}}</ref> The temple was later on renovated and expanded by installation of a Vigraha of Goddess [[Mahishasuramardini]] in 1755 AD by Dogra ruler Raja Brajrajdev,<ref name=":3" /> who was son of Raja Ranjitdev of Jammu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sacred shrine of Maa Sukrala Devi |url=https://statetimes.in/amp/sacred-shrine-of-maa-sukrala-devi/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US |quote=The temple was as such constructed and an image of Mahishasur-Mardini was installed in the spacious temple Chamber in later stages a temple was constructed by Raja Brajraj Singh, son of Ranjit Singh Dev around 1755 AD}}</ref>

== Temple architecture ==
The Sukrala Mata Mandir is an exemplary example of [[Dogras|Dogra]] architecture, blending traditional and medieval styles of Krimachi temples.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Shiv Chander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkmtEAAAQBAJ&dq=sukrala+mata+mandir+architecture&pg=PA32 |title=Jammu Then and Now |date=2023-02-10 |publisher=BFC Publications |isbn=978-93-5632-854-9 |language=en |quote=The Hari-Hara Temple of Balawar (Billawar) and Shuddh-Mahadev (now Sudh Maha Dev) and Sukrala Mata temples belong to the Krimachi style.}}</ref> The temple's facade is adorned with intricate carvings and ornate decorations, while its interior features a beautifully crafted [[Murti|Vigraha]] of the Goddess.<ref name=":3" />

== Festivals and celebrations ==
The temple celebrates various festivals throughout the year, including [[Chaitra Navaratri]] and [[Durga Puja|Aashwin Navratri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaitra Navratri Festival: Devotees throng Sukrala Mata, Bala Sundri Shrines |url=https://thepublish.in/chaitra-navratri-festival-devotees-throng-sukrala-mata-bala-sundri-shrines |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=www.thepublish.in |quote=Chaitra Navratri Festival: Devotees throng Sukrala Mata, Bala Sundri Shrines}}</ref> During these times, the temple is adorned with vibrant decorations, and devotees throng to offer prayers and seek the Goddess's blessings.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHPnBFYvat4C&q=sukrala+mandir |title=District Census Handbook. Series 8, Jammu & Kashmir, Kathua District |date=1987 |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Government |language=en |quote=Sukrala (Temple of Bhagwati) in Billawar block is very famous and during "Navaratras" a large number of pilgrims}}</ref>

{{Saktism}}

== Culture and influences ==
Goddess Sukrala Devi is highly revered in the Dogra society. In 18th century, the notable Dogri poet and priest Shiva Ram composed an eight-line poem titled "''Jai Ho Bar Daat''" (Hail O Boon-Giver) in reverence to Goddess Sukrala Devi. The language of this poem is mix of [[Sanskrit]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]] and [[Braj Bhasha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=George |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&dq=Sukrala+Devi&pg=PA95 |title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems |date=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-324-0 |language=en |quote=Sukrala Devi. Its language is a mix of Dogri , Brajabhasha and Sanskrit adapted to Dogri phonetics, following Dogri syntax.}}</ref>

In Dogra tradition, Goddess Sukrala Devi is regarded as elder sister of Goddess [[Vaishno Devi]].<ref> {{Cite book |last=Chauhan |first=Abha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izQ1EAAAQBAJ&dq=Sukrala+mata&pg=PR29 |title=Understanding Culture and Society in India: A Study of Sufis, Saints and Deities in Jammu Region |date=2021-06-26 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-16-1598-6 |language=en |quote=Sukrala Mata (elder sister of Mata Vaishno Devi) at a hilltop in the Kathua district (125 kms from Jammu) }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Vaishno Devi]]
*[[Vaishno Devi Temple]]
*[[Bahu Fort]]
*[[Amarnath Temple]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|32.6533|75.5880|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Devi temples in India]]

K-Space Trivandrum

2026-04-16T04:34:43Z

Rozella5628: Adding new article

{{Short description|Indian space technology industrial park}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = K‑Space Park Trivandrum
| native_name = K‑Space Park Society
| logo = [[File:Trivandrum Space park logo.png|150px]]
| formation = 2019<ref name="ET-2019">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/kerala-to-set-up-countrys-first-space-park/articleshow/70332443.cms "Kerala to set up country’s first space park"], The Economic Times, 22 July 2019.</ref>
| founder = [[Government of Kerala]]
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| key_people = Scientists from [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (advisory board)<ref name="ET-MoU">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/vikram-sarabhai-space-center-k-space-ink-pact-on-functioning-of-space-park/articleshow/111541947.cms "Vikram Sarabhai Space Center & K‑Space ink pact on functioning of space park"], The Economic Times, 6 July 2024.</ref>
| region_served = Space technology, aerospace, startups
| services = Incubation, R&D, prototyping, defense collaboration
| parent_organization = Government of Kerala
| website = https://kspace.kerala.gov.in/
}}

'''K‑Space Park Trivandrum ''' (also known as '''Kerala Space Park''') is a space-technology industrial park located in Technocity, [[Thiruvananthapuram]],India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajwi |first=Tiki |date=2025-02-17 |title=K-Space draws up big plans for future, liquid propulsion systems facility and Aerospace Control Systems Complex on the cards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/k-space-draws-up-big-plans-for-future-liquid-propulsion-systems-facility-and-aerospace-control-systems-complex-on-the-cards/article69229886.ece |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Established by the [[Government of Kerala]], it aims to foster innovation, manufacturing, and startups in space and aerospace technologies, in collaboration with the [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] ,[[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and its regional centre, the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC).<ref name=":0">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/k-space-proposes-defence-industrial-park-in-capital/articleshow/117753252.cms "K‑Space proposes Defence Industrial Park in capital"], The Times of India, 31 January 2025.</ref>

== History ==
The concept was first proposed in 2019 by the Kerala government, and further highlighted during the "Space Technology Conclave" in early 2020.<ref name=":0" /> In December 2022, the Kerala Cabinet approved creation of the registered society "K‑Space", allocating 18.56 acres in Technopark Phase IV and sanctioning seed funding of ₹2 crore.<ref name="ET-MoU"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-29 |title=Kerala Space Park project to be registered as society under the name 'K-Space' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-space-park-project-to-be-registered-as-society-under-the-name-k-space/article66316500.ece |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In July 2024, K‑Space and VSSC signed a memorandum of understanding, integrating ISRO scientists into the park’s advisory board.<ref name=":0" />

== Objectives ==
K‑Space Park is intended to support:
* Manufacture of launch-vehicle components
* Satellite design, assembly, and testing
* Ground-segment infrastructure (e.g., radars, communication systems)
* Applications in Earth observation, data analytics, and satellite communication Services
* Aerospace and defence R&D

Additionally, in early 2025, an Integrated Defence Industrial Park (IDIP) was proposed in partnership with [[BrahMos Aerospace]], with a projected investment of ₹1,000 crore.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/k-space-proposes-defence-industrial-park-in-capital/articleshow/117777964.cms "K‑Space proposes defence industrial park in capital"], The Economic Times, 31 January 2025.</ref>

== Campus and Infrastructure ==
The K‑Space Park first phase campus occupies 18.5 acres adjacent to Technopark.<ref name="ET-Infrastructure"/>
Facilities planned include:
Common Facility Centre (ground + 5 floors) for incubation and shared labs Research & Development Centre (ground + 4 floors) for prototyping An elevated sky‑bridge connecting the two buildings

The design features landscaped areas and preserved natural waterways ("thodu"). The project is funded by a ₹241 crore loan from NABARD, with construction expected to begin around April–May 2025 and complete within approximately 30 months.<ref name="ET-Infrastructure">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/space-park-work-likely-to-begin-in-may/articleshow/119129387.cms "Space Park work likely to begin in May"], The Times of India, 18 March 2025.</ref>

== Defence Initiative ==
In January 2025, K‑Space proposed a 100-acre defence-industrial park near [[Neyyar Dam]], intended for defence manufacturing units and linked to the operations of [[BrahMos Aerospace]], with an anticipated ₹1,000 crore investment.<ref name=":0" />

== Governance and Partnerships ==
K‑Space Park operates under a registered society, staffed by personnel from the Kerala IT Mission and Technopark. VSSC scientists advise under the 2024 MoU.<ref name="ET-MoU"/> Collaborating organizations include:
* ISRO (VSSC)
* CNES (France)
* Airbus BizLab
* [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology|IIST]]
* [[Kerala Technological University|KTU]]

== Regional Context ==
Thiruvananthapuram hosts significant space and defence institutions, including:
* [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS)
* [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC)
* [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC)
* [[BrahMos Aerospace]]
* [[Keltron]]
* [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]
This concentration reinforces the city’s status as an emerging centre for space-tech and defence industries.

== See also ==
* [[Technopark, Trivandrum]]
* [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
* [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Science parks in India]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Government of Kerala]]

KTPO Exhibition and Convention Centre, Bangalore

2026-04-14T16:47:59Z

Rozella5628:

{{See also|KTPO}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = KTPO Exhibition and Convention Centre
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
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| image = KTPO Exhibition and Convention Centre, Whitefield, Bangalore (2025) 10.jpg
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| image_map =
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| address = Export Promotion Industrial Park Plot Number 121, Road #Ⅴ, EPIP 2nd phase, Industrial area, Whitefield, Bangalore, Karnataka 560066
| city = Bangalore
| country = India
| location = [[Whitefield, Bengaluru]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.981076|77.71856|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = 
| public_transit = {{rint|Metro}} [[Kundalahalli metro station]]
| parking = Yes (all type of vehicles)
| owner = Karnataka Trade Promotion Organization (KTPO), [[Government of Karnataka]]
| operator =
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| type = Exhibition and convention centre
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| embedded =
}}

'''KTPO Exhibition and Convention Centre''' is located in [[Whitefield, Bengaluru]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Bengaluru Comic Con is back after two-year hiatus: Four things to know |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/bengaluru-comic-con-back-after-two-year-hiatus-four-things-know-170082 |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2024 |title=Asia's Biggest Connected, Autonomous and Electric Vehicle EXPO to Be Held on 14 and 15 March 2024 at KTPO, Bengaluru |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/asias-biggest-connected-autonomous-and-electric-vehicle-expo-to-be-held-on-14-and-15-march-2024-at-ktpo-bengaluru/1973672/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=[[The Print]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2025 |title=GHCI 25 From December 2 At Bengaluru |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/ghci-25-from-december-2-at-bengaluru-1890759 |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhowmick |first=Aritra |date=January 19, 2025 |title=Bengaluru Comic Con 2025 Wraps Up After Two Days of Cosplays, Gaming Tournaments, and More |url=https://in.ign.com/comic-con-india/222986/news/bengaluru-comic-con-2025-wraps-up-after-two-days-of-cosplays-gaming-tournaments-and-more |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=[[IGN]] India |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2023 |title=This Weekend, Celebrate Pop Culture With Comic Con India In Bengaluru |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/news/this-weekend-celebrate-pop-culture-with-comic-con-india-in-bengaluru-article-105262830 |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=www.timesnownews.com |publisher=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> It is run by Karnataka Trade Promotion Organization (KTPO) of [[Government of Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KARNATAKA TRADE PROMOTION ORGANIZATION |url=https://ktpo.karnataka.gov.in/15/About%20Us/en |website=KARNATAKA TRADE PROMOTION ORGANIZATION in karnataka.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Karnataka]]}}</ref>

==Media gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=Auto EV Bharat 4.0 (Exhibition in 2025)
|width=150 | height=150 |mode=nolines
|File:Auto EV Bharat 4.0, KTPO Exhibition and Convention Centre, Bangalore (2025) 76.jpg
|File:Auto EV Bharat 4.0, KTPO Exhibition and Convention Centre, Bangalore (2025) 71.jpg
|File:Auto EV Bharat 4.0, KTPO Exhibition and Convention Centre, Bangalore (2025) 08.jpg
|File:Auto EV Bharat 4.0, KTPO Exhibition and Convention Centre, Bangalore (2025) 30.jpg
}}

{{Gallery
|title=KTPO Exhibition and Convention Centre in 2025
|width=150 | height=150 |mode=nolines
|File:KTPO Exhibition and Convention Centre, Whitefield, Bangalore (2025) 27.jpg
|File:KTPO Exhibition and Convention Centre, Whitefield, Bangalore (2025) 17.jpg
|File:KTPO Exhibition and Convention Centre, Whitefield, Bangalore (2025) 16.jpg
|File:KTPO Exhibition and Convention Centre, Whitefield, Bangalore (2025) 42.jpg
}}

==See also==
*[[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://ktpo.karnataka.gov.in/15/About%20Us/en Official website]

[[Category:Exhibition Place]]
[[Category:2004 establishments]]

{{India-struct-stub}}

Bisalpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:21Z

Rozella5628: added new stub needs work!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bisalpur
| constituency_no = 130
| map_image = 130-Bisalpur.svg
| mla = [[Vivek Kumar Verma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 358,345 (2022)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Bisalpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 130.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bisalpur.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Bisalpur Assembly constituency is KCs Deoria Kalan, Bisalpur, Bilsanda, Amrata, Bisalpur NPP & Bilsanda NP of Bisalpur Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || – || – || Mar-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,849 || Constituency not in existence ||<ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Munendrapal Singh || [[Praja Socialist Party]] || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || – ||<ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Durga Prasad || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || – ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || Munendrapal Singh || [[Praja Socialist Party]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || – ||<ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Tej Bahadur Gangwar || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || – ||<ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || – ||<ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Munendrapal Singh || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || – ||<ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Tej Bahadur Gangwar || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || – ||<ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || – ||<ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Harish Kumar || [[Janata Dal]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || – ||<ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | [[Agys Ramsaran Verma]] || rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || – ||<ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dec-1993 || Oct-1995 || 693 || – ||<ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="3" | [[Anis Ahmad Khan]]|| rowspan="3" | [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || – ||<ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081637/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf | archive-date=2012-01-17 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || – ||<ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || – ||<ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Agys Ramsaran Verma || rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || – || – || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730160632/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf | archive-date=2017-07-30 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || – || – || <ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 18|| [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Vivek Kumar Verma]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || – || – || <ref name="election2022">{{cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414011009/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24130.htm?ac=130 | archive-date=2022-04-14 | url-status=live | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24130.htm?ac=130 | title= GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022 | date=March 2022 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=14 April 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===

source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref name="election2022-1">{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24130.htm?ac=130|title = Election Commission of India}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bisalpur<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vivek Kumar Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:121142}}
|percentage = 50.55
|change = +4.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Divya Gangwar
|votes = {{formatnum:70733}}
|percentage = 29.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anis Ahmed Khan Phool Babu
|votes = {{formatnum:35983}}
|percentage = 15.02
|change = -5.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nitin Pathak
|votes = {{formatnum:2880}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1238}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change = -0.52
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:50409}}
|percentage = 21.03
|change = +2.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:239625}}
|percentage = 66.4
|change = +2.39
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Bisalpur<ref name="results2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Agys Ramsaran Verma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:103498}}
|percentage = 46.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anis Ahmad Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:62502}}
|percentage = 28.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Divya Gangwar
|votes = {{formatnum:45338}}
|percentage = 20.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Bheemsen Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:2451}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Dr.Nagesh Chandra Pathak
|votes = {{formatnum:2127}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2301}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:40996}}
|percentage = 18.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:222924}}
|percentage = 64.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Pilibhit district]]
*[[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pilibhit district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Pratap Singh Singhvi

2026-04-11T19:52:54Z

Rozella5628: creating bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pratap Singh Singhvi
| office = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hi
| constituency = [[Chhabra Assembly constituency|Chhabra]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = Karan Singh
| term_start = 2013
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[BJP|Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| birth_name = {{birth date and age|1957|02|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chhipabarod]], [[Baran District]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| constituency1 = [[Chhabra Assembly constituency|Chhabra]]
| predecessor1 = [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
| successor1 = Karan Singh
| term_start1 = 1993
| term_end1 = 2008
}}

'''Pratap Singh Singhvi''' (born 18 February 1957) is an Indian [[politician]] currently serving as a member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Chhabra Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/chhabra-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830583-2023-12-03|title=Chhabra, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP candidate Pratap Singh Singhvi's victory on Chhabra seat. |date=3 December 2023 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]]|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chhabra-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470812-2023-12-03|title=Chhabra Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Pratap Singh Singhvi wins Chhabra with 65000 votes
|date=3 December 2023
|publisher=.indiatoday.in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA from the Chhabra Assembly constituency, defeating Karan Singh, the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), by a margin of 5,108 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chhabra-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687121.html|title=Chhabra Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Pratap Singh Singhvi of BJP Wins|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=news18.com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singhvi, Pratap Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Baran district]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Star Union Dai-ichi Life Insurance

2026-04-10T09:13:21Z

Rozella5628: made some entry initial version.

{{short description|Indian insurance company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''Star Union Dai-ichi Life Insurance''' is an insurance company with headquarters in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, India]]. It was founded in 2007 and began operations in 2009 as a joint venture between [[Bank of India]], [[Union Bank of India]], and [[Dai-ichi Life]], a [[Japan]]ese [[life insurance]] firm.<ref name="People Matters w669">{{cite web | title=How Star Union Dai-ichi Life Insurance (SUD Life) enhanced employee experience | website=People Matters | url=https://www.peoplematters.in/site/interstitial?return_to=%2Farticle%2Fhcm-hrms-hris%2Fhow-top-insurer-sud-life-enhanced-people-management-with-darwinbox-32969 | access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref> It offers a range of services including investments plans, retirement plans and protection plans.<ref name="Desk 2023 b565">{{cite web | last=Desk | first=PF | title=SUD Life Century Gold plan: Decide premium payment on your own terms | website=Financialexpress | date=2023-01-11 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/insurance-sud-life-century-gold-plan-decide-premium-payment-on-your-own-terms-2944205/ | access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref><ref name="Bhaskaran 2015 u373">{{cite web | last=Bhaskaran | first=Deepti | title=Product crack: SUD Life Assured Income Plan | website=mint | date=2015-06-04 | url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/fqC6Zog0P8cxmKzoDfLHSI/Product-crack-SUD-Life-Assured-Income-Plan.html | access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref> It has been regulated by the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority|Insurance Regulatory And Development Authority]] of India as one of the 25 leading life insurance companies in India.<ref name="Maheshwari 2023 p339">{{cite web | last=Maheshwari | first=Rashi | title=Life Insurance Companies In India | website=Forbes Advisor INDIA | date=2023-04-04 | url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/in/life-insurance/life-insurance-companies-in-india/ | access-date=2023-11-15}}</ref>

== History ==

Star Union Dai-ichi Life Insurance was incorporated in September 2007 and commenced operations in February 2009 with Rs. 420 crores in funding from its founding promoters.<ref name="Network 2020 f782">{{cite web | last=Network | first=BFSI | title=Union Bank of India broadens Insurance distribution channels post-merger | website=Elets BFSI | date=2020-07-03 | url=https://bfsi.eletsonline.com/union-bank-of-india-broadens-insurance-distribution-channels-post-merger/ | access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref><ref name="icra.in s657">{{cite web | title=Star Union Dai-ichi Life Insurance Company Limited ICRA Rationale Report | website=icra.in | url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport?Id=105261 | access-date=2023-11-15}}</ref> The company operates in the following segments; life insurance, [[annuity]]<ref name="Chourasia 2023 l728">{{cite web | last=Chourasia | first=Aashish | title=Star Union Dai Ichi Life Insurance Presents Life Insurance Matters | website=Moneycontrol | date=2023-06-30 | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/videos/trends/features/star-union-dai-ichi-life-insurance-presents-life-insurance-matters-10881551.html | access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref><ref name="Anon. t261">{{cite web | title=Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Annual Report | url=https://www.pfrda.org.in/writereaddata/links/final%20pfrda%20ar%201718%20enge56b2aa9-609b-407f-8100-d71cc1e6fa9c.pdf | access-date=2023-11-15}}</ref> [[pension fund]] and [[unitised insurance fund]].<ref name="Standard 2015 q933">{{cite web | title=Star Union Dai-ichi Life expects 30% growth in new premiums in FY16 | website=business-standard.com | date=2015-09-22 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/star-union-dai-ichi-life-expects-30-growth-in-new-premiums-in-fy16-115092201016_1.html | access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref><ref name="Bureau 2016 h780">{{cite web | title=SUD Life launches new critical illness plan | website=BusinessLine | date=2016-03-03 | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/sud-life-launches-new-critical-illness-plan/article21418065.ece1 | access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref>

In June 2016, following the deregulation of the foreign ownership limit that took effect in March 2015, Dai-ichi Life decided to purchase an additional 18% stake in SUD from BOI, bringing its ownership in SUD to 44 percent, as a result of deliberation to increase the shareholding.<ref name="mint 2016 r278">{{cite web | title=Bank of India sells 18% stake in insurance JV to partner Dai-ichi Life | website=mint | date=2016-09-26 | url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/4EoB7vDdyoY88jzGbMN0nK/Bank-of-India-sells-18-stake-in-insurance-JV-to-partner-Dai.html | access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref><ref name="Standard 2016 z807">{{cite web | title=Bank of India sells 18% stake in Star Union Dai-ichi Life | website=Business-standard.com | date=2016-06-22 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/bank-of-india-sells-18-stake-in-star-union-dai-ichi-life-116062100334_1.html | access-date=2023-11-15}}</ref><ref name="Bureau 2016 i633">{{cite web | title=Bank of India sells 18% stake in Star Union Dai-ichi Life for ₹540 cr | website=BusinessLine | date=2016-06-21 | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/bank-of-india-sells-18-stake-in-star-union-dai-ichi-life-for-540-cr/article64328062.ece | access-date=2023-11-15}}</ref> Later in April 2019, BOI solicited non-binding proposals/bids for the purchase of 6,48,739,64 equity shares representing its 25.05% ownership.<ref name="Bureau 2019 a800">{{cite web | last=Bureau | first=FE | title=Bank of India to sell 25.05% stake in life insurance joint venture | website=Financialexpress | date=2019-04-06 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-bank-of-india-to-sell-25-05-stake-in-life-insurance-joint-venture-1539670/ | access-date=2023-11-15}}</ref> The proposed stake sale is part of the bank's efforts to dispose of non-essential assets and raise capital.<ref name="Bhaskaran 2016 x521">{{cite web | last=Bhaskaran | first=Deepti | title=Product crack: SUD Life Guaranteed Pension Plan | website=mint | date=2016-05-25 | url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/h6nC5LzkjJtNsJhw8LxEzK/Product-crack-SUD-Life-Guaranteed-Pension-Plan.html | access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref><ref name="Cafemutual 2023 x999">{{cite web | title=Meet life insurers with healthy renewal premium | website=Cafemutual | date=2023-07-31 | url=https://cafemutual.com/news/insurance/29801-meet-life-insurers-with-healthy-renewal-premium | access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref>

As of August 2021, the company does its business through a distribution network that includes 15,000 bank branches and serves more than 9.2 million clients.<ref name="icra.in s657" /><ref name="Desk 2023 n928">{{cite web | last=Desk | first=PF | title=New Future Generali Long Term Income Plan: Higher guaranteed income for 50 years, tax benefits | website=Financialexpress | date=2023-01-11 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/insurance-new-future-generali-long-term-income-plan-2023-higher-guaranteed-income-for-50-years-tax-benefits-2944276/ | access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref>

In January 2023, the company introduced a new product, the SUD Life century gold, a non-linked, non-participating individual savings life insurance plan with returns and life cover protection.<ref name="Desk 2023 b555">{{cite web | last=Desk | first=PF | title=SUD Life Century Gold plan: Decide premium payment on your own terms | website=Financialexpress | date=2023-01-11 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/insurance-sud-life-century-gold-plan-decide-premium-payment-on-your-own-terms-2944205/ | access-date=2023-11-15}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Life insurance companies of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Angala Devi

2026-03-31T01:20:27Z

Rozella5628: creating initial biography initial version.

{{Short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Shree Angala Parameswary Amman.jpg
| caption = A statue of Angala Parameshvari Amman at Melmalayanur Angala Parameshvari Amman Temple
| name = Angala Paramesvari Amman
| weapon = {{hlist|Trident|Sword}}
| mount = [[Lion]]
| script_name = [[Tamil]]
| adherents = [[Shaktism|Shaktas]], [[Shaivism|Shaivas]]
| deity_of = Cities
| venerated_in = [[Tamils|Tamil Diaspora]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Fiji]], [[Caribbean Shaktism|Caribbean Tamil Communities]], South Africa, [[Mauritius]], Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Karnataka]]
| other_names = {{ubl|Angalamman|Angala Devi|Angala Paramesvari|Angala Ishvari|Thandeshwari|Poongavanathuamman|Periyayi|Periyandichi|Pechiyayi}}
| god_of = Villages
| temples = {{ubl|Kottur Angala Parameshwari|Mel Malayanoor Angalamman|Putlur Poongavanathu Amman|Chithalur Angalamman}}
| affiliation = [[Shaktism]], [[Parvati]]
| member_of = [[Matrikas]]
| abode = Mel Malayanoor
| associate = [[Shiva]]
| consort = [[Shiva]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7nIDwAAQBAJ&dq=angalamman&pg=PT276 | isbn=9781782837008 | title=The Pink Line: The World's Queer Frontiers | date=2 July 2020 | publisher=Profile}}</ref>
}}

'''Angala Devi''', also known as '''Angalamman''', '''Angala Paramesvari''', and Aṅkāḷaparamēcuvari, Ankala,<ref name="ag" /> Kati Ankamma, Anakalamma, and Ankamma<ref name=":0" /> is an [[aspect (religion)|aspect]] of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess [[Parvati]],<ref name="br" /> or Kali,<ref name=":0" /> primarily worshipped in the villages of [[South India]] as a ''kaval deivam'', a guardian deity. She is often additionally considered to be an aspect of one of the [[Matrikas]].<ref name="br">{{Cite journal |last=Poston |first=Larry |date=2015-03-10 |title=Book Review: One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091829615569146b |journal=Missiology: An International Review |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=223–224 |doi=10.1177/0091829615569146b |s2cid=163894459 |issn=0091-8296|url-access=subscription}}</ref> However, she predates Hinduism's presence in South India and is not an exclusively Hindu goddess. She is particularly venerated by thirunangai (Tamil [[transfeminine]] people) and seen as an ethical role model and legitimizer for their existence.<ref name="bg"/> She is also sometimes seen as a goddess of graves, cremation, and resurrection.<ref name="lr">{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Nabi H. |title=The Lady in the Red Saree}}</ref>

==Origin==
While disputed, some believe that Angalamman is the deified form of a human woman who was wronged or murdered. Many deities in South India have such origins, and are sometimes called "pey" (a word also applied to evil and restless spirits). These figures are appeased after their wrongful death, reconciling them towards humans. They frequent cremation grounds, uncultivated areas, and uninhabited places. Angalamman notably is associated with the cremation ground and must be appeased during certain ceremonies, and is an ambivalent figure that can afflict or heal. However, no myth that describes her as being wronged and dying tragically exists today. Given her association with children and as a "fetus slayer", some more specifically posit that she was a murdered pregnant woman.<ref name="bg"/> Her ambivalent goddess status (rather than a demonic one) allows those who have lost children to better cope by interacting with her, as she both gives an opportunity for things to be remedied and a way to view the death more positively without diminishing the horror of what happened.<ref name="ag"/>

Despite this, some of her devotees (such as many thirunangai) see her as a primarily positive presence in their lives, in contrast to transfeminine devotees of another ambivalent goddess, [[Renuka|Yellama]], where the ambivalence is more prominent. Instead, her fearsome aspects are seen as protective, and issues devotees have are seen as their faults being tested or the result of outside forces, such as evil spirits and sorcerers. Her anger, frenzy, and outrage are considered moral and righteous states that may be experienced by her devotees as well during trance. However, this anger is not seens as something to leave uncontrolled.<ref name="bg"/>

==Legend==
Angalamman is a manifestation of Parvati that is more popular in [[South India]]. She is a fierce form of Parvati who is a guardian deity in many villages. It is stated that Parvati took the form of Angala Amman to help Shiva get rid of the [[Kapala]] that was following him after he cut off the fifth head of [[Brahma]].

She is sometimes considered one of the Seven Sisters,<ref name=":0" /> a group of goddesses represented by the Pleiades. However, this grouping is applied to many different goddesses, and sometimes may be an independent group.<ref name="lr" /> The Seven Sisters are also sometimes conflated with the Matrikas. The Seven Sisters are sometimes said to have a younger brother, Potu Razu.<ref name=":0" />

At one point the Sembadava (a caste of freshwater fishermen) considered Angalamman to be their clan deity. To this day they hold the priesthood rights at one of her prominent temples. They believe that Angalamman was a Sembadava woman who Shiva fell in love with, and at one point performed rituals to her where participants dressed up as [[Shiva]] by wearing a feathered cap and smearing ashes on their faces. She has also been recorded as keeping away "the devils of the forest". She is also important to some clans of land owning farmers.<ref name="bg">{{Cite journal|title=Between the goddess and the world: religion and ethics among Thirunangai transwomen in Chennai, India|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2152/83156|date=May 2020|language=en|first=Aniruddhan|last=Vasudevan|journal=Texas Scholarworks|doi=10.26153/tsw/10155|doi-broken-date=31 March 2026 |access-date=2026-03-03}}</ref>

The goddess Pecci or [[Periyachi]] is sometimes considered a form of Angalamman. Pecci can either harm or protect children, and is frequently depicted as disembowling pregnant women and removing fetuses from their bellies. One of Pecci's prominent myths is that she prevented Shiva from being reborn into a monstrous lineage with a devilish king for a father by tricking the king (Vallalarajan) into letting her serve as midwife, then disembowling the queen.<ref name="ag">{{Cite book |last=Meyer |first=Eveline |title=Aṅkāḷaparamēcuvari: A Goddess of Tamilnadu, Her Myths and Cult}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=A. |title=The cult of Draupadī. I. Mythologies: From Gingee to Kuruksetra.}}</ref><ref name="hm">{{Cite journal |last=Craddock |first=Elaine |title=The Half Male, Half Female Servants of the Goddess Aṅkāḷaparamēcuvari |journal=Nidan: International Journal for the Study of Hinduism |date=24 December 2012}}</ref> Another is that she was a midwife who discovered that a couple was planning to sacrifice their child once born, and killed both of them, disembowling the woman and raising their son as her own. At other times Pecci is simply Angalamman's attendant.<ref name="lr"/>

A variant of the Vallalarajan myth exists in the Manai [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Chettiar]] community, who consider themselves to be the "children of Amman". In it, an [[asura]] (no name given) manages to win a boon from Shiva (this is an element of some versions of the Vallalarajan myth). Using his boon he causes suffering and trouble for many others, but because the boon cannot be revoked, Parvati is given a new boon to help her kill this asura. She descends in the form of Angalamman, and the asura is so terrified he hides inside a corpse. To find him Angalamman proceeded to eat every corpse in the graveyard. She also tied some of the body parts around her waist and danced during this occasion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Fredrick M. |title=The Self Possessed}}</ref>

===Brahma's head===

The core myth of Angalamman follows a basic structure: Brahma in some way angers Shiva (usually in a way involving Parvati and/or Angalamman), Shiva takes one of Brahma's heads, the head harms Shiva, and Angalamman saves Shiva but temporarily enters a frenzied, angry state to do so (either from a curse, attack, or willful transformation into a fearsome form like Kali). Among thirunangai this narrative may have an added detail or event that emphasizes why Angalamman has a connection to them.<ref name="bg"/><ref name="hm"/>

According to legend, Shiva took the form of Bhairava and cut off the fifth head of Brahma for being arrogant about his creation. Brahma had no remorse about the suffering that living beings experienced on earth. Shiva soon felt remorseful. To receive redemption for the sin, Brahma told him to become a wandering ascetic ([[Bhikshatana]]) and beg for food in his skull, and he felt remorse for and cured the suffering of living beings on earth.

As per the story of Angalamman, the fifth head of Brahma started following Shiva. The head of Brahma made his home in the arm of Shiva and started eating whatever Shiva received from begging.

Parvati decided to put an end to the Kapala of Brahma. On the advice of [[Vishnu]], she prepared food for Shiva at Thandakarunyam Tirtham near Angikulam Tirtham. Shiva came to eat the food. Parvati intentionally scattered food around the place and the Kapala of Brahma came down to eat them, leaving the hand of Shiva. Parvati seized this opportunity and took the fierce form of Angalamman and stamped down the Kapala using her right leg and destroyed it, turning it into ashes, after which it merged with Brahma.

Another version of this story is that originally, Brahma and Shiva both had five heads. Brahma one day disguised himself and attempted to have sex with Shiva's wife, Parvati, but was caught when she saw his true reflection in the water. She told her husband of this, and in his rage he struck Brahma, and took one of his heads off. The head stuck to Shiva and began sucking away his life force and driving him mad. He wandered the world's cremation grounds, afflicted and eating marrow from human bones, half burnt corpses, and drinking blood. [[Vishnu]] informed Angalamman that soon Shiva would arrive at a cremation ground near her, and that she had to cook massive amounts of food and scatter them in the area. The food enticed the head to release Shiva so it could eat the food, and Angalamman stomped on it. Unfortunately, this meant the head was now attached to Angalamman, and began driving her crazy and making her eat corpses. To help her, a large yearly festival occurs ([[Mayana Kollai]]) where large amounts of food are taken to the cremation ground, which satiate her hunger and return Angalamman to her normal self. A slight variation on this story is that the head did not bite Angalamman, but [[Saraswati]] cursed her for stepping on Brahma's head, causing her to go mad and have an insatiable hunger.<ref name="bg"/>

A variant of the previous story is that Angalamman (who in this version is Shiva's wife) mistakenly bowed to Brahma, as he and Shiva both having five heads confused her, and Brahma mocked her by joking that she was unfaithful. This angered both her and Shiva, causing her to curse Brahma and say he'd loose a head, and Shiva to immediately fulfill that curse. The rest of the story proceeds as the previous except that Angalamman took the form of Kali before stomping on the head and it did not manage to bite her. In this story she fuses with Shiva's left side and becomes [[Ardhanari]] at the end, emphasizing her connection to transgender women.<ref name="hm"/>

During her madness, Angalamman is described as dressing herself in rags, having loose disheveled hair, holding Brahma's severed head in her hand, and eating corpses.<ref name="bg"/>

A legend circulated only among the thirunangai says that after she stepped on Brahma's severed head and was driven mad by a curse and her hunger, she wandered into a hut that a thirunangai was living in during the month of Maasi. The thirunangai took her in, but was ill. Angalamman healed her with herbs (since outside of the month of Maasi she was able to behave normally). When Maasi came again, Angalamman once again took on a fearsome and mad form. She needed entrails to wear as a garland, and the thirunangai ended up sacrificing herself and giving Angalamman her entrails to wear. The thirunangai told Angalamman that she should appear in the form of a thirunangai from now on, and that it would bring prosperity to the land. And so, from then on Angalamman appeared as a thirunangai, gave special attention to thirunangais, and this is why thirunangais like her so much. This myth has some similarities to one where Yellama is chased by a land owner after picking some vegetables to eat, and is hidden by the goddess [[Matangi]] in the Dalit quarter. The land owner cuts off Matangi's nose for not telling him where Yellama went, but is healed and given the status of sister by Yellama when she sees what happened.<ref name="bg"/>

This central narrative emphasizes grand gestures of generosity. The amount of food used to save both Shiva and Angalamman is immense. The help Angalamman also requires a generosity of a spiritual nature, as in doing so Angalamman loses her sanity and personally suffers in Shiva's stead. It also emphasizes that actions initially involving two people spiral outward (especially in myths that distinguish Parvati and Angalamman as different people and include [[Vishnu]] and other gods as central figures). It emphasizes the morals of being willing to give (not just of worldly goods, but of one's self), being willing to be vulnerable to other's troubles, and being willing to intervene for others.<ref name="bg"/>

Because of the versions of this myth where Parvati and Angalamman are the same being, some women who have had to separate from their husbands (as Angalamman had to be separate from Shiva while he was wandering before she could save him) worship Angalamman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=பிரபா |first=ஜி ஏ |date=2021-01-01 |title=தேவியின் திருத்தலங்கள்: மேல்மலையனூர் அங்காள பரமேஸ்வரி - 5 |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/vellimani/2021/Jan/01/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF--5-3535533.html |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

The most famous temple dedicated to Angalamman is the Sri Angala Parameswari Temple at [[Melmalayanur]] in [[Gingee Taluk]] in [[Villupuram District]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. This site is heavily associated with a major annual festival for Angalamman.<ref name="br"/><ref name="lr"/>

==Iconography==
She is sometimes depicted with four arms. They hold a trident, a skull, a knife, and an utukkai drum.<ref name="hm"/> They might also hold two weapons, a utukkai drum, and a pot of food.<ref name="bg"/> On her head may be a crown with flames coming from it, behind which is a cobra with a spread hood. One leg may be folded with the other hanging down when she is seated.<ref name="hm"/> The foot hanging down may sometimes be stepping on Brahma's severed head, and her body language may come off as distinctly masculine.<ref name="bg"/> At other times she only has two arms, and yet other times she may have fangs, huge eyes,<ref name="hm"/> and a lolling tongue,<ref name="lr"/> holding many weapons and riding a lion. She is also sometimes depicted wearing a skirt made of rags.<ref name="hm"/> She also may wear a garland of skulls or lemons.<ref name="lr"/>

Images made of loose earth are made on the ground during her yearly festival, and people take handfuls of this dirt as part of the ceremony. Sometimes instead of representing her this image represents the wife of the evil king Vallalarajan.<ref name="hm"/>

==Worship==
Angalamman is worshipped especially on the days of the new moon, full moon, and annual festivals. A common ritual in her name is cleansing involving lemons, limes, or pumpkins. Thirunangai are often present at her temples at these times and may perform these rituals for other devotees.<ref name="hm"/>

Those who are possessed by her or other gods/goddesses may experience the goddess "descending" at inconvenient times that may put the person in danger. When this happens, friends may extract a promise from the divinity during the trance that they will not come randomly, instead being summoned only by lit camphor. This does not make the divinity stop forever, but helps the human being possessed regain some control.<ref name="bg"/>

At her yearly festival, a procession occurs where thirunangai volunteer to be possessed by her and carry a firepot for her. Those possessed sometimes have their tongues pierced with a small trident as an austerity during the procession.<ref name="hm"/>

Some people at her yearly festival hold the intestines of goats or chickens in their mouths, some bite the heads off chickens, and some wear "intestine" garlands of red ribbon. Sometimes those possessed by her will drink the blood of sacrificed animals.<ref name="hm"/>

Statues of her are common today, but in the early 20th century, she was often represented by an unhewn stone or a pot containing shells and earthen mugs, along with a few other items. Her sacrifices and rituals during this time were noted as especially bloody and including live impalations of animals. Pacification rituals for her at the time involved a storyteller (a "man disguised as a woman") making an earthen image of her at the burial ground, dressing it, a large amount of food being prepared, and a sacrifice being made. The sacrificial animal blood was poured into the earthen image's mouth. The people she'd afflicted then prostrated before her.<ref name=":0" />

When her story is recited, sometimes a [[muggu]] design is made on the floor of the room. It must include the colors white, red, yellow, green, and black. This recitation is called Ankamma kolupu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page:Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 2.djvu/284 - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India,_Volume_2.djvu/284 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Connection to transgender women==
Angalamman is often connected to thirunangai (literally "honorable women", a term used by transgender Tamils that is synonymous with the term aravani). Like the [[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]] community (both the Muslim/syncretic majority and Hindu minority), some thirunangai also venerate [[Bahuchara Mata]], but she is considered a distant figure only associated with the nirvan (gender affirming surgery). In day-to-day life, amman (mother) goddesses like Angalamman are more important. Angalamman is not the only amman goddess important to transgender people, and some may feel a strong connection to other religious figures such as Aravan or [[Ardhanarishvara|Ardhanari]]. Many of the transgender devotees to Angalamman are maruladis (trance dancers) or saamiyaadis (deity dancers). Both terms refer to the practice of dancing while embodying or being [[Adorcism|possessed]] by a god(dess). They also may perform healing rituals, benedictions, counter-sorcery, exorcisms, and so on while channeling Angalamman. Beyond channeling and possession, some of them are ritual experts on venerating Angalamman, and perform devotional labor (cooking, cleaning ritual spaces and paraphernalia, and making garlands for rituals). Cisgender people often consider the thirunangai to be Angalamman in human form, regardless of if they are currently in trance.<ref name="bg"/>

While many thirunangai meet people who see them as venerable carriers of blessing and power every day, there are often just as many, if not more, cisgender people who are apprehensive of them and are even hostile. Thirunangai often view being approached for blessing positively, as such people are being respectful and have benevolent intentions.<ref name="bg"/>

The nature of a thirunangai's connection to Angalamman varies. Some are possessed by her at a young age, usually during a ceremony. Some are from clans or castes that venerate her before they realize they are a thirunangai. Sometimes there is a combination of these factors. Some believe that if Angalamman possesses ("descends upon") a young boy, or even a married man, he will gradually become a thirunangai and begin to wear jewelry and women's clothes, eventually becoming a woman. Some say that anyone Angalamman possesses will find themselves changed in some way, and that this is just what happens to "men" specifically. It is also simultaneously believed that she is already drawn towards people who will become thirunangai. A suddenness and choice from the goddess (not the human) is emphasized in accounts of possession. Cisgender devotees sometimes also become oracles, exorcists, or soothsayers by the power of Angalamman, but their first encounter with her is usually in a dream or vision, and never in trance.<ref name="bg"/> Sometimes this initial possession is mistaken as being caused by a demon (pey) by unfamiliar family members before it is diagnosed as a goddess possession.<ref name="hm"/>

Angalamman herself is sometimes seen as transgender, though not necessarily as a transgender woman. One thirunangai described her as a "thirunambi, she is a woman who has a man within her" (i.e. a transmasculine way of viewing Angalamman). Others do not specifically see Angalamman as transmasculine, but do view Angalamman as androgynous or in some way explicitly connected to Ardhanari. Others still see Angalamman as explicitly a transgender woman.<ref name="bg"/>

For thirunangai with an intimate connection to Angalamman that grants them power, they connect their ability to use that power to their closeness to the goddess, and in turn connect that to their integrity. A person who has not acted with integrity and has power from Angalamman will see their power wane and decrease in efficacy, often meaning people who come to them for healing are not helped as much as they could be. People who begin to doubt Angalamman is carrying out justice may have similar problems.<ref name="bg"/>

Many transgender women in India also make money via sex work, which Angalamman does not judge them for. So long as they earn their money without lying, stealing, or scamming people, she considers it honest money. Some of them explicitly do it to ensure they can host lavish festivals for the goddess by securing funding, though donation campaigns are also used. Unlike in some hijra communities, thirunangai who are devotees of Angalamman do not see themselves as ascetics, think Angalamman wants them to be ascetics, or value ascetic asexuality over sexuality (including the sexuality of being a sex worker) in a ritual context.<ref name="bg"/>

Angalamman is also widely venerated in other (primarily cisgender) non-Brahmin, artisanal, and working-class communities (including by cisgender sex workers), and connects thirunangai to them in a broader social network. For some thirunangai, Angalamman also helps them maintain both connections to their ritual family made by rit, and their natal family. The latter is somewhat unusual for transfeminine people in South Asia, as the breaking of ties to family due to prejudice and as a form of religious renunciation is common. Some scholars have also noticed parallels between thirunangai who worship Angalamman and the "slum religion" of Dalits (Christian and Hindu), namely in that gods are seen as highly moral figures who expect moral standards of their devotees alongside faith and commitment. Devotees are also expected to be vulnerable before their god, seeing them as someone to rely upon. Both groups are also pragmatic and see worship as a way to wish for and attain worldly goods and good relationships, rather than seeing worldly concerns as less important or valid than otherworldly/transcendent ones. "This world" and how one lives in it is a matter of high importance. If a thirunangai feels Angalamman is not helping them- such as if they are experiencing injustice, ill health, and so on without relief- they will pragmatically start to look towards other gods and religions, such as Christianity, who may offer them aid. However, such exploration may not be serious and may serve as a way of reminding the goddess to care for them.<ref name="bg"/>

Many transgender Tamils are primarily secular in their activism, though this may exist alongside communal veneration of goddesses.<ref name="bg"/> Unlike the Muslim hijras, or Hindu trans communities like shiva-shaktis and joginis,<ref name="wr">{{Cite book|title=With Respect to Sex|last=Reddy|first=Gayatri}}</ref> thirunangai do not make religious identity a core feature of being a thirunangai, though individuals may find it important. Some thirunangai dedicated to Angalamman are Muslim, or practice a syncretism with her worship and Islam. Thirungai also do not use their position within religion as a basis for their political goals, even if they leverage it socially. Some are careful to delineate and keep quiet their religious activities specifically because they do not want to present as "Hindu" in their transgender activism in the current [[Hindutva|Hinduvta]] influenced political environment. In general there is a silent agreement among the community that thirunangai is a secular term for transgender women and transfeminine people, with no religious connotations (such as those associated with the previous common Tamil term for the community, Aravani- a term explicitly connecting the community to [[Aravan (mythology)|Aravan]]). Not all thirunangai are devoted to Angalamman, though many still socialize at events related to her.<ref name="bg"/>

The association between the goddess and transgender women has likely always existed on some level, but specifically has intensified over recent decades as trans activism has become more public. The surviving historical record makes no mention of transgender people at Angalamman ceremonies before the latter half of the 20th century, but we do know ritual crossdressing was done, and doing so made one embody the goddess.<ref name="bg" /> This is mentioned as far back as the early 20th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wilber |first=Theodore |title=Dravidian Gods in modern Hinduism |quote=From the section on Ankamma: "This goddess has much in common with Poleramma. She is usually represented by a stone image in a little temple outside the village. Sometimes the image has some resemblance to a human form, but often it is an unhewn stone. In addition to this usual position, Ankamma is often a household god. When she is worshiped as a household goddess she is represented by a pot in which are some Shells, little earthen mugs, and other similar articles... On the fourth day, in memory of Papanooka, whose story will be told later, a man disguised as a woman carries a paper balloon in procession on the end of a long pole. Above the balloon is a pot and above that a drinking cup, while the royal staff and snakehood are carried behind, accompanied by drumming and shouting." From a later section: "The next day the worship of Kati Ankamma begins, and is of short duration, for it is not pleasant enough to be extended any longer than is actually necessary. The Madiga story—teller goes to the burial ground accompanied by the people in whose interest the worship is conducted, together with a crowd from the village. The story—teller disguises himself by dressing as a woman, for he has no desire to be recognized later by any of the other deities as the one who did honor to the Sakti. He takes earth and with the help of cotton to make it stick together without unnecessary delay, he hastily makes a rude image."}}</ref> Some older thirunangai who lived during the early to mid 20th century have also noted that the gender presentation among transfeminine people was different back then, and it would have been easier for authors to mistake a "pottai" for a man, since they would have cut their hair short and worn some men's clothes, but with a few articles of women's clothing or with the clothes arranged in a feminine way. Additionally, [[Feminizing hormone therapy|hormone therapy]] did not exist or was not easily available back then, and fewer people went through nirvan (a form of castration used by transfeminine communities in India).<ref name="bg"/>

Several terms like rit/reet, guru, guru-bhai, and chela are used both by thirunangai and hijras.<ref name="bg"/><ref name="wr"/> Alongside not using aravani due to its explicitly religious meaning, Tamil transgender women and transfeminine people do not usually use hijra because it is often used in a nationalizing way, though it may occasionally deployed rhetorically during interactions with cisgender people to emphasize the shared "holy" aspects of identity. Thirunangai allows them to express a specifically Dravidian/Tamil identity as transgender women. While thirunangai is used for the purposes of legal discourse, in day-to-day life many thirunangai actually call themselves pottai or kothi- words referring to a broader group of effeminate people, including gay men. These two words are often user disparagingly by the general public, similar to sissy or fag. Kothi is also sometimes used by thirunangai to refer to a thirunangai that has not begun to [[Gender transition|transition]] yet, or who sometimes presents themselves with a male name and other masculine signifiers. A thirunangai being called a pottai by someone who is not a pottai is immediately understood as an insult. However, these terms also allow the people referred to by them to form and access a broader community that understands the struggles of being targeted by effemiphobia and anti-queer rhetoric. Pottai is also used to encapsulate the feeling some thirunangai have that they are simultaneously "neither" and "both" male and female, often expressed as having a male body but a female heart. The feminine aspect is the more personal one, and the one that causes them to be identified as pottais by others.<ref name="bg"/> Some believe that Angalamman prefers people who fit this "neither" and "both" description to be her devotees and servants.<ref name="hm"/>

==See also==
*[[Isakki]]
*[[Matrikas]]
*[[Shitala]]
*[[Sudalai Madan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* W.T. Elmore, ''Dravidian Gods in Modern Hinduism.''

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Tamil deities]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]

Delhi Capitals

2026-03-28T14:50:25Z

Rozella5628: small enhanced article based on references also and improved wording

{{Short description|Franchise team of IPL}}
{{about|the men's cricket team|the women's cricket team|Delhi Capitals (WPL)|the basketball team|Delhi Capitals (basketball)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Delhi Capitals
| image = Delhi Capitals.svg
| image_size = 240px
| league = [[Indian Premier League]]
| captain = [[Axar Patel]]
| coach = [[Hemang Badani]]
| chairman = [[Kiran Kumar Grandhi]]
| batting_coach =
| bowling_coach =
| fielding_coach =
| ceo =
| manager = Siddharth Bhasin
| adviser =
| city = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| colours = Blue, Red & Sky Blue
[[File:Delhi Capitals colours.svg|20px|alt=DC|link=Delhi Capitals]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2008}} (as Delhi Daredevils)
| ground = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| capacity = 35,200
| ground2 = [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| capacity2 = 27,500
| owner = [[JSW Sports]] [[GMR Sports]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.delhicapitals.in/|delhicapitals.in}}
| h_title = Regular kit
| h_pattern_la =
| h_pattern_b = _dc24
| h_pattern_ra =
| h_pattern_pants =
| h_leftarm = FF0000
| h_body = 0116CF
| h_rightarm = FF0000
| h_pants = 0100AE
| t_title = Diversity tribute kit
| t_pattern_la = _dc23_indiauniquediversity
| t_pattern_b = _dc23_indiauniquediversity
| t_pattern_ra = _dc23_indiauniquediversity_02
| t_pattern_pants =
| t_leftarm = 4582CC
| t_body = 4582CC
| t_rightarm = 4582CC
| t_pants = 4582CC
| current = [[2026 Delhi Capitals season]]
}}
{{Season sidebar
| title = Seasons
| list =
* [[Delhi Daredevils in 2008|2008]]
* [[Delhi Daredevils in 2009|2009]]
* [[Delhi Daredevils in 2010|2010]]
* [[Delhi Daredevils in 2011|2011]]
* [[Delhi Daredevils in 2012|2012]]
* [[Delhi Daredevils in 2013|2013]]
* [[Delhi Daredevils in 2014|2014]]
* [[Delhi Daredevils in 2015|2015]]
* [[Delhi Daredevils in 2016|2016]]
* [[Delhi Daredevils in 2017|2017]]
* [[Delhi Daredevils in 2018|2018]]
* [[Delhi Capitals in 2019|2019]]
* [[Delhi Capitals in 2020|2020]]
* [[Delhi Capitals in 2021|2021]]
* [[Delhi Capitals in 2022|2022]]
* [[Delhi Capitals in 2023|2023]]
* [[2024 Delhi Capitals season|2024]]
* [[2025 Delhi Capitals season|2025]]
}}

The '''Delhi Capitals''', formerly the '''Delhi Daredevils''', are  a professional [[Twenty20|Twenty20 cricket]] team based in [[Delhi]] that competes in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). The franchise is owned by [[GMR Group]] and [[JSW Sports]]. Its home ground is [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]]. The team is captained by [[Axar Patel]], and is coached by [[Hemang Badani]]. They appeared in their first IPL final in [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]] against [[Mumbai Indians]].<ref>{{cite web|date=10 November 2020|title=Match 60: MI v DC, Match Centre|url=https://www.iplt20.com/match/60|access-date=10 November 2020|website=[[Indian Premier League|IPL]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delhicapitals.in/twitter-reacts-after-we-qualify-for-the-playoffs-after-7-years|title=Twitter reacts after we qualify for the Playoffs after 7 years!|date=30 April 2019|website=Delhi Capitals|language=en|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref>

==Franchise history==
The IPL is a cricket league organised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) and backed by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). The inaugural tournament was held in April–June 2008, in which the BCCI finalised a list of eight teams that participated in the tournament. The teams represented eight different cities in [[India]], including [[Delhi]]. The teams were put up for auction in [[Mumbai]] on 20 February 2008, and the Delhi team was bought by the property development company [[GMR Group]] for US$84 million.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2008 |title=Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-announces-franchise-owners-333193 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924082133/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/333193.html |archive-date=24 September 2018 |access-date=7 August 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In March 2018, GMR sold a 50% stake in the Delhi Daredevils to [[Parth Jindal#JSW Sports|JSW Sports]] for {{INRConvert|550|c}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2018 |title=JSW Sports buys 50% stake in Delhi Daredevils |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jsw-sports-buys-50-stake-in-delhi-daredevils-1139543 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310011941/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22701069/jsw-sports-buys-50-stake-delhi-daredevils |archive-date=10 March 2018 |access-date=9 March 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

JSW Sports is also the owner of [[Hockey India League]] team [[Soorma Hockey Club]], [[Pro Kabaddi League]] team [[Haryana Steelers]], [[Indian Super League]] team [[Bengaluru FC]], [[SA20]] team [[Pretoria Capitals]], and [[International League T20|ILT20]] team [[Dubai Capitals]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to JSW Sports |url=https://www.jswsports.in/ |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=JSW Sports |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2018, the team changed its name from the Delhi Daredevils to the Delhi Capitals.<ref name="name">{{cite web|title=Delhi Daredevils renamed as Delhi Capitals|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/105463/delhi-daredevils-renamed-as-delhi-capitals|website=Cricbuzz|date=4 December 2018|access-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204215123/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/105463/delhi-daredevils-renamed-as-delhi-capitals|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Speaking about the rationale behind changing the team's name, co-owner and chairman [[Parth Jindal]] said, "Delhi is the power centre of the country, it is the capital, therefore the name Delhi Capitals."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.rooter.io/2018/12/05/delhi-capitals-ipl-2019-retained-released-players-team-news/ |title=Delhi Capitals IPL 2019: Retained, Released Players and Team News |author=Sunderam |website=rooter.io |date=5 December 2018 |access-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206234918/https://news.rooter.io/2018/12/05/delhi-capitals-ipl-2019-retained-released-players-team-news/ |archive-date=6 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Co-owner [[Kiran Kumar Grandhi]] said, "The new name symbolizes Delhi's identity and just like the city, we are aiming to be the centre of all action going forward."<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Daredevils is now Delhi Capitals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/delhi-daredevils-is-now-delhi-capitals/article25664076.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 December 2018 |access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref>

Subject to ratification by the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]], in 2024 the franchise agreed a £120 million deal to buy [[Hampshire County Cricket Club]] in England, as well as a 51% stake in the [[The Hundred (cricket)|Hundred]] team [[Southern Brave]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Hughes |first=Matt |date=2 August 2024 |title=Hampshire agree historic £120m sale to Delhi Capitals |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2024/08/01/delhi-capitals-owners-agree-deal-buy-shares-hampshire-ipl/ |url-access=subscription |department=Sport |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |issue=52635 |page=12 |access-date=2 August 2024}} (Online version, published a day earlier, has a different title).</ref>

== Ownership ==
The Delhi Capitals is owned and operated by JSW GMR Cricket Pvt. Ltd. (JGCPL), formerly known as GMR Sports Private Limited.<ref name="CareRatings2025">{{cite web |last=Care Ratings |date=7 January 2025 |title=JSW GMR Cricket Private Limited - Care Ratings Press Release |url=https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/202501130152_JSW_GMR_Cricket_Private_Limited.pdf |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> The franchise is a 50:50 joint venture between the [[GMR Group]] and [[JSW Sports]], the sports arm of the [[JSW Group]].

=== Ownership history ===
The franchise was established in 2008 as the [[Delhi Daredevils]], with the GMR Group winning the initial bidding process for US$84 million. In March 2018, JSW Sports acquired a 50% stake in the team for {{INR}}550 crore (approximately US$84.5 million). Following the entry of JSW as a partner, the franchise was rebranded as the Delhi Capitals in December 2018.<ref name="IndiaToday_2024">{{cite news |last=John |first=Alan |date=17 October 2024 |title=Delhi Capitals announce major operational changes before IPL 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-delhi-capitals-operational-changes-gmr-jsw-auction-decisions-2618352-2024-10-17 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Rotational management (2025–2026) ===
In late 2024, the co-owners announced a new operational framework starting with the 2025 season. While the board (comprising senior leadership from both groups) makes collaborative decisions on high-level matters like auctions and retentions, the day-to-day cricketing operations alternate every two years:<ref name="Sportstar_2024">{{cite news |title=JSW, GMR decide to run Delhi Capitals on rotational basis |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=17 October 2024 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/delhi-capitals-ipl-wpl-teams-jsw-gmr-group-rotational-basis-sourav-ganguly-badani-venugopala-rao/article68763955.ece |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>
* '''GMR Group:''' Manages the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) team operations for the 2025 and 2026 seasons. They also manage the [[Dubai Capitals]] in the [[International League T20|ILT20]]<ref name="News18_2024">{{cite news |title=Delhi Capitals Owners to Rotate Managing IPL and WPL Teams' Cricket Operations |work=[[News18]] |date=17 October 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/delhi-capitals-owners-to-rotate-managing-ipl-and-wpl-teams-cricket-operations-9089426.html |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> and [[Hampshire County Cricket Club]], including the [[Southern Brave]] in [[The Hundred]].<ref name="Hampshire_GMR">{{cite news |last=Wigmore |first=Tim |date=10 September 2024 |title=GMR Group completes takeover of Hampshire in landmark English cricket deal |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>
* '''JSW Group:''' Manages the [[Women's Premier League (India)|Women's Premier League]] (WPL) team operations for 2025–2026. They also oversee the [[Pretoria Capitals]] in the [[SA20]].

In 2027, the roles are scheduled to reverse, with JSW Group taking over the management of the IPL men's team.<ref name="CareRatings2025"/>

=== Financial profile ===
The joint venture, JSW GMR Cricket Pvt. Ltd., maintains a stable credit profile, supported by the financial strength of its parent conglomerates.<ref name="CareRatings2025"></ref> Major strategic decisions, including player retentions and auction strategy, are governed by a board representing both groups to ensure long-term stability.

== Seasons history ==

===2008 IPL===
{{main|2008 Delhi Daredevils season}}

During the inaugural edition of the IPL, the Delhi Daredevils won their initial two matches against the [[Rajasthan Royals]] and the [[Deccan Chargers]]. Then, after losing a match to the [[Kings XI Punjab]], the team won their next two matches against the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] and the [[Chennai Super Kings]].{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

However, the Delhi Daredevils lost in four straight matches, breaking the streak with a win against the [[Deccan Chargers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/336020/delhi-daredevils-vs-deccan-chargers-37th-match-indian-premier-league-2007-08|title=Full Scorecard of Delhi Capitals vs Deccan Chargers, Indian Premier League, 37th match - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023180722/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/336020/delhi-daredevils-vs-deccan-chargers-37th-match-indian-premier-league-2007-08|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> After another loss against the Kings XI Punjab,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/336022/delhi-daredevils-vs-kings-xi-punjab-40th-match-indian-premier-league-2007-08|title=Full Scorecard of Delhi Capitals vs Kings XI Punjab, Indian Premier League, 40th match - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023180724/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/336022/delhi-daredevils-vs-kings-xi-punjab-40th-match-indian-premier-league-2007-08|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> they recovered and won three matches to finish in the final four of the league.

The Delhi Daredevils lost to eventual champions, the Rajasthan Royals, in the semi-final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Capitals vs Rajasthan Royals, 1st Semi-Final, May 30, Indian Premier League 2008 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-scores/10500/dc-vs-rr-1st-semi-final-indian-premier-league-2008 |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref>

===2009 IPL===
{{main|2009 Delhi Daredevils season}}

The Daredevils dominated for much of the 2009 IPL season under the captaincy of former Indian opener and Delhi-native, [[Gautam Gambhir]], finishing at the top of the table. The likes of former Indian opener and triple-Centurion [[Virender Sehwag]] and Gambhir had both developed since the prior season. They set up many large totals for the Daredevils, with South African power hitter and part-time keeper [[AB de Villiers]] hitting one of only two [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] in the [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009 IPL]] (the other was made by the young Indian batter [[Manish Pandey]]) at a match in South Africa. The bowling team, which was composed mainly of New Zealander [[Spin bowling|spin]] pro [[Daniel Vettori]], India senior spinner [[Amit Mishra]], [[Pradeep Sangwan]], and former India fast bowler [[Ashish Nehra]], was bolstered by the off-season signing of Australian [[Dirk Nannes]], which created a strong bowling line-up. The batting of the Daredevils featured Sehwag, Gambhir, power hitter [[Tillakaratne Dilshan|Dilshan]], AB de Villiers, and [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]. The Daredevils consisted of new and then uncapped players like Australia Captain [[Aaron Finch]] and Australia all-rounder [[Glenn Maxwell]], who went on to become successful in various T20 circuits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glenn Maxwell Profile - Cricket Player Australia. Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/glenn-maxwell-325026 |access-date=16 May 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

However, despite finishing at the top of the points table during the regular season, the Daredevils crumbled in the semi-final after [[Deccan Chargers]]' captain [[Adam Gilchrist]] hit the then fastest 50 in the IPL history (in just 17 balls).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Recent Match Report - Delhi Daredevils vs Deccan Chargers 1st Semi-Final 2009 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/392237/delhi-daredevils-vs-deccan-chargers-1st-semi-final-indian-premier-league-2009|access-date=14 August 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Nannes in particular, who was again picked over Aussie pacer [[Glenn McGrath]], was punished by Gilchrist, and later by Aussie opening all-rounder [[Andrew Symonds]]. The semi-final loss meant Delhi did not contest the final of the 2009 IPL season, despite having the best record in the league stages. However, Delhi managed to qualify for the now-defunct [[2009 Champions League Twenty20]] as a result of their performance in the group stage.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

===2012 IPL ===
{{Main|2012 Delhi Daredevils season}}

Due to the disbanding of the [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]], each team played the remaining eight teams twice, once at home and once away. Therefore, each team played an extended season of 16 matches.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

In the 2012 IPL season, a new team of the Delhi Daredevils was seen after a poor 2011 season where they finished last. They came back strongly, having purchased players such as Afro-English batting great [[Kevin Pietersen]], Sri Lanka batter [[Mahela Jayawardene]], and Kiwi batter [[Ross Taylor]]. They stood first in the Pool Table with the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] at second place, the [[Mumbai Indians]] coming third, and the defending champions the Chennai Super Kings securing the fourth spot, consequently also qualifying for the [[Champions League Twenty20]] in 2012 held in [[South Africa]].

Australian pace bowler Glenn McGrath expressed disappointment over not being picked to play any match during the whole season, and stopped playing for Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/4000/disappointed-mcgrath-may-not-return.html|title=Disappointed McGrath may not return next season|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=22 May 2009|access-date=26 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601102745/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/4000/disappointed-mcgrath-may-not-return.html|archive-date=1 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

Former Sri Lankan skipper Mahela Jayawardane was appointed as the new captain of the Delhi Daredevils after Indian opener [[Virender Sehwag]] stepped down from captaincy during the 2012 season of the Champions League Twenty20.

===2013 IPL===
{{Main|2013 Delhi Daredevils season}}

Delhi Daredevils lost their first six matches of IPL 2013 and won their first match in their seventh game against the Mumbai Indians. Virender Sehwag and Mahela Jayawardene's partnership led to a win against the Mumbai Indians, in which they scored 161 runs. Sehwag was the "[[Player of the match|Man of the Match]]" for his innings of 95* off 57 balls. After this match, they faced the Kings XI Punjab and lost again. But in their ninth match of the season against the [[Pune Warriors India]], they won, putting them in eighth place in the points table. They defeated defending champions the Kolkata Knight Riders in their tenth match by seven wickets but failed to advance to the seventh place due to their net run-rate. In their next match against the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]], the Delhi Daredevils were bowled out for just 80 runs, giving the Sunrisers a win. In their match against the Rajasthan Royals, they scored 154 runs, thanks to recruit [[Ben Rohrer]]'s half-century. However, that effort was in vain as the Rajasthan Royals chased the total down with the loss of only one wicket. This loss for the Daredevils officially eliminated them from the 2013 season.

In their next match against the Royal Challengers Bangalore, Delhi managed to contain the Royal Challengers who were 106 in 16.0 overs, but Bangalore scored 77 in their last 4 overs and reached a total of 183, thanks to a 99 by RCB skipper [[Virat Kohli]]. The Daredevils lost the match by just four runs. The team next played the Chennai Super Kings who batted first and posted 168 runs. Delhi failed to gain momentum throughout the match and eventually lost by 33 runs. The following match was against the Kings XI Punjab who defeated them again, this time by seven runs, as they failed to chase down 172 runs. Their final game was against the Pune Warriors India. Delhi bowled first and the Pune Warriors posted a total of 171 runs. In the second innings, Delhi maintained the required run rate but began losing quick wickets after the tenth over. They could not chase the target and lost by 38 runs finishing last in the league table. Despite seeing a forgettable season, a few big names were added to the support staff as the season progressed. The legendary [[West Indies]] batter [[Sir Vivian Richards]] was named as their new brand ambassador,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viv Richards signs on with Delhi Daredevils |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/viv-richards-signs-on-with-delhi-daredevils-631288 |access-date=14 August 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> former [[England]] spinner [[Jeremy Snape]] was added to the support staff, and renowned former [[Pakistan]] spinner [[Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer)|Mushtaq Ahmed]] was named as their new spin bowling coach.

===2014 IPL ===
{{main|2014 Delhi Daredevils season}}

Ahead of the IPL 2014 auction, on 10 January 2014, the Delhi Daredevils announced that they would not retain any players from their current squad for season seven. With no players retained, the team had the most "right-to-match" cards among all the franchises at the auction—three. They also had Rs 600 million (approx US$9.6 million) to spend at the auction.

The Delhi Daredevils experienced another poor season in 2014. They lost their first match, against the Royal Challengers Bangalore, however, they won their next match against the Kolkata Knight Riders. This was followed by a loss against the two-time champions the Chennai Super Kings and a close match which resulted in a loss against the Sunrisers Hyderabad. The Delhi Daredevils won their next match against the Mumbai Indians, having restricted them to 125. Later, when the tournament shifted from the makeshift venue in the United Arab Emirates ([[UAE]]) to India, Delhi lost their next nine matches. The Delhi Daredevils won only two out of their fourteen matches, both of which took place in the adopted venue in the UAE. Despite their poor performance, South Africa all-rounder [[JP Duminy]], the team captain scored 410 runs from 14 matches at an average of 51.25 and was the tournament's eighth highest run-scorer. The Delhi Daredevils once again finished last.

===2015 IPL===
{{main|2015 Delhi Daredevils season}}

The team finished seventh in the 2015 edition of the IPL. They received fierce criticism from the Delhi fans due to their string of poor performances in the previous two years.

===2016 IPL ===
{{main|2016 Delhi Daredevils season}}

The Delhi Daredevils released many of their players, including the previous year's most expensive purchase, all-rounder [[Yuvraj Singh]], whom they had bought for ₹16 crores. The Daredevils also released former Sri Lankan skipper and all-rounder [[Angelo Mathews]], who was bought for ₹7.5 crores. New additions to the team included uncapped all-rounder [[Pawan Negi]], who was bought for ₹8.5 crores, thereby becoming the most expensive Indian player in the IPL auction of 2016. Uncapped Indian batter, [[Sanju Samson]] and [[Karun Nair]], who previously played for the Rajasthan Royals, were also bought for hefty amounts. South African all-rounder [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]] was bought for ₹7 crores. English keeper [[Sam Billings]] and Australian [[Joel Paris]] also joined the Delhi squad. The team purchased three promising India U-19 players—local keeper [[Rishabh Pant]], Rajasthan's pacer [[Khaleel Ahmed]] and [[Mahipal Lomror]]. After the Daredevils ended their association with South African batter [[Gary Kirsten]], they appointed [[Paddy Upton]] as their head coach. The Indian batter and head coach of India U-19, [[Rahul Dravid]] was appointed the Daredevils' batting mentor. Former Indian pacer [[Zaheer Khan]] was appointed as the new captain of the Delhi Daredevils in the 2016 IPL season. Relative to their performance in the previous three seasons, the Delhi Daredevils improved the way they played. South African all-rounder Chris Morris got the fastest 50 (17 balls) of the tournament and was also effective in the bowling department. South African wicket-keeper [[Quinton de Kock]] was among the leading run-scorers in the season. After losing their first match against two-time champions the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], the Daredevils went on to dominate the Kings XI Punjab, the Royal Challengers Bangalore, defending champions the Mumbai Indians, the Kolkata Knight Riders in the second leg, and newcomers the [[Gujarat Lions]]. They won 5 of their first 7 matches, gaining 10 points. They lost their second match against newcomers the Gujarat Lions by just one run. The Daredevils were the favourites to qualify for the playoffs; however, they finished in sixth with fourteen points in fourteen games.

===2017 IPL ===
{{main|2017 Delhi Daredevils season}}

Delhi lost South Africans de Kock and Duminy before the tournament, placing dependence on a young batting line-up and a bowling line-up of former Indian pacer [[Zaheer Khan]], Indian pacer [[Mohammed Shami]], South African all-rounder [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]], Aussie bowling all-rounder [[Pat Cummins]], South African young pacer [[Kagiso Rabada]], Indian spinner [[Amit Mishra]], young spinner [[Shahbaz Nadeem]], [[Jayant Yadav]] and [[Ben Hilfenhaus]]. They lost to runners-up RCB in the first game and won by big margins against RPS and KXIP. After this, they lost five consecutive games. However, they bounced back by chasing 189 and 214 against defending champions SRH and GL respectively. Keralite wicket-keeper Sanju Samson got the first century of the season. Young wicket-keeper and local boy Rishabh Pant made 97 against GL. But the Delhi Daredevils lost to then two-time champions MI by a margin of 146 runs, which was the highest win by runs in the IPL history. During the middle of the tournament, captain and former Indian pacer Zaheer Khan was down with an injury to his hamstring which caused him to miss three matches, and young Indian batter [[Karun Nair]] was appointed as stand-in captain.

The Delhi Daredevils ended up in the sixth position again with six wins (+12 points) and eight losses for the season.

===2018 IPL===
{{main|2018 Delhi Daredevils season}}
Going into the big auctions, each franchise were allowed to retain up to three players. Additionally, they could also use ''Right to Match'' cards to get back two players during the auctions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL franchises allowed to retain up to five players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-franchises-allowed-to-retain-up-to-five-players-1128689 |access-date=22 August 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=6 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Delhi Daredevils retained [[Shreyas Iyer]], [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]] and [[Rishabh Pant]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=VIVO IPL 2018 Player Retention announced|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/113790/vivo-ipl-2018-player-retention-announced|access-date=22 August 2020|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref> Coach [[Rahul Dravid]] had to quit his job as the coach in order to protect his position as coach of [[India A cricket team|India A]] and [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19]], following a ''conflict of interest'' debate.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 June 2017|title=Rahul Dravid quits Delhi Daredevils, stays India 'A' coach|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/rahul-dravid-to-continue-as-india-a-and-under-19-coach/story-nOoG0ZFsdKwM4cpWKBqByO.html|access-date=22 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[Ricky Ponting]] was appointed as the new coach.<ref>{{Cite news|title=IPL 2018: Delhi Daredevils appoint Ricky Ponting as new head coach|url=https://scroll.in/field/863843/ipl-2018-delhi-daredevils-appoint-ricky-ponting-as-new-head-coach|access-date=22 August 2020|work=Scroll.in|language=en-US|date=4 January 2018}}</ref>

===2019 IPL===
{{main|2019 Delhi Capitals season}}

The Delhi Capitals retained 14 players and traded their former player and India opener [[Shikhar Dhawan]] from Sunrisers Hyderabad. This was done by trading off the young all-rounder [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]], and [[Abhishek Sharma]] and spinner [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] for the 12th season of the IPL. Retained players for the twelfth IPL season were: captain and Indian batter [[Shreyas Iyer]], Indian wicket-keeper and left-handed batter [[Rishabh Pant]], young Indian batter [[Prithvi Shaw]], Indian spinner Amit Mishra, young pacer [[Avesh Khan]], uncapped bowler and injured [[Harshal Patel]], uncapped bowling all-rounder [[Rahul Tewatia]], Jayant Yadav, [[Manjot Kalra]], New Zealand opener [[Colin Munro]], New Zealand pacer [[Trent Boult]], South African all-rounder [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]], young South African pacer [[Kagiso Rabada]] and young Nepalese spinner [[Sandeep Lamichhane]].

On the IPL auction day, 18 December 2018, DC filled up their 10 available player slots (seven Indian slots and three overseas slots) with: South African batter [[Colin Ingram]], Indian all-rounder [[Axar Patel]], Indian all-rounder [[Hanuma Vihari]], [[Sherfane Rutherford]], Indian pacer [[Ishant Sharma]], West Indian pacer [[Keemo Paul]], and uncapped Indian cricketers [[Jalaj Saxena]], [[Ankush Bains]], [[Nathu Singh (cricketer)|Nathu Singh]] and [[Bandaru Ayyappa]].

Delhi Capitals also brought the former Indian captain [[Sourav Ganguly]] as their official advisor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2019-delhi-capitals-appoint-sourav-ganguly-as-advisor/story-pKMg0YjM83rnM1fbAlvAIJ.html|title=IPL 2019: Delhi Capitals appoint Sourav Ganguly advisor|date=14 March 2019|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|access-date=19 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319034843/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2019-delhi-capitals-appoint-sourav-ganguly-as-advisor/story-pKMg0YjM83rnM1fbAlvAIJ.html|archive-date=19 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and later traded Jayant Yadav to the Mumbai Indians after the IPL 2019 auction.

The Capitals began their campaign with a 37-run victory over 3-time champions Mumbai. The Capitals entered the playoffs after seven years, and they won their first playoffs match against the Sunrisers Hyderabad by two wickets. They lost the second match against the Chennai Super Kings by six wickets and ended up as second runners up in the playoffs, their best-ever finish.

===2020 IPL===
{{main|2020 Delhi Capitals season}}
Delhi Capitals released [[Hanuma Vihari]], Jalaj Saxena, Manjot Kalra, Ankush Bains, Nathu Singh, Bandaru Ayappa, [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]], [[Colin Ingram]], and [[Colin Munro]] from their 2019 roster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2020-the-complete-list-of-players-delhi-capitals-released-and-retained/article29984431.ece|title=IPL 2020: The complete list of players Delhi Capitals released & retained|website=Sportstar|date=15 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref> They have added [[Jason Roy]], [[Chris Woakes]], [[Alex Carey (cricketer)|Alex Carey]], [[Shimron Hetmyer]], [[Mohit Sharma]], Tushar Deshpande, [[Marcus Stoinis]], and Lalit Yadav for their 2020 roster during the IPL Auction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/ipl-auction-2020-why-delhi-capitals-buying-jason-roy-might-turn-out-to-be-redundant|title=IPL Auction 2020: Why Delhi Capitals buying Jason Roy might turn out to be redundant|date=21 December 2019|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/ipl-2020-auction-delhi-plug-holes-successfully-foreign-recruits-rajasthan-stay-thin-pace-department-7806251.html|title=IPL 2020 Auction: Delhi plug their holes successfully with foreign recruits; Rajasthan stay thin in pace department|website=FirstCricket|date=20 December 2019 |access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/bbl-delhi-capitals-buy-marcus-stoinis-record-breaking-147-is-something-you-cant-miss-1141356|title=BBL: Delhi Capitals-Buy Marcus Stoinis' Record-Breaking 147* Is Something You Can't Miss|date=12 January 2020|website=news.abplive.com|language=en-US|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://validate.perfdrive.com/sportskeeda/captcha?ssa=8ebd3b3a-74c9-483c-506c-aa41b1c1dd09&ssc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportskeeda.com%2Fcricket%2Fipl-2020-best-delhi-capitals-xi-for-upcoming-season&ssi=6dcdf9c7-a33a-5580-5c29-1f17d8073b6a&ssk=contactus@shieldsquare.com&ssm=21893709610116081103454242805323&ssn=67081f9db5cf7f973998bed7afad949646856fe64abd-2b86-49f2-eb08b6&sso=784b7c7d-de0174f2839610cba066974f583c2f40c515dab6e1294fad&ssp=23605929241579362097157939040525863&ssq=66414957395259553417873952265352977462448&ssr=MjA4LjgwLjE1My4yNA==&sst=ZoteroTranslationServer/WMF%20(mailto:services@lists.wikimedia.org)&ssw=|title=ShieldSquare Captcha|website=validate.perfdrive.com|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref> Chris Woakes, however pulled out of the tournament and was replaced by South African fast bowler [[Anrich Nortje]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2020: Anrich Nortje replaces Chris Woakes at Delhi Capitals |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2020-anrich-nortje-replaces-chris-woakes-at-delhi-capitals-1229786 |access-date=19 August 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=18 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Jason Roy, became the second player (and second English Player) from Capitals to pull out of the tournament due to injury concerns and personal reasons, he was replaced by Australian bowling all-rounder [[Daniel Sams (cricketer)|Daniel Sams]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2020 |title=IPL 2020: Daniel Sams to replace Jason Roy at Delhi Capitals |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2020-daniel-sams-to-replace-jason-roy-at-delhi-capitals-1230616 |access-date=3 September 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

The team started well in the tournament, winning 7 out of the first 9 games.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Axar Patel Cameo, Shikhar Dhawan's Maiden IPL Ton Give Delhi Capitals Stunning Win Vs Chennai Super Kings|work=Outlook|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-live-live-cricket-scores-delhi-capitals-vs-chennai-super-kings-ipl-2020-sharjah-pressure-on-ms-dhonis-csk/362371}}</ref> However, a string of four losses in a row put them in a position where losing their last match could result in failure to make it to the playoffs.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Akshay |last1=Ramesh |date=31 October 2020|title=IPL 2020: What Delhi Capitals need to do to qualify for play-offs after big defeat to Mumbai Indians|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2020/story/play-offs-scenario-delhi-capitals-chances-hit-rcb-final-match-must-win-mi-defeat-1736913-2020-10-31|access-date=6 December 2020|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> They however, were able to defeat [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the last match and thus, finished as the second ranked team in league stage.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DC vs RCB IPL 2020 Highlights: Delhi beats Bangalore to qualify for Playoffs; RCB enters Playoffs despite loss|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/dc-vs-rcb-delhi-capitals-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-ipl-2020-live-score-streaming-updates/article33002738.ece|access-date=6 December 2020|work=Sportstar|language=en|date=2 November 2020}}</ref> Also, a win over Sunrisers Hyderabad in Qualifier 2 helped them reach the finals for the first time in the history of the IPL.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 November 2020|title=Maximum team effort: 'Delhi Capitals finally made it to the finals' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/delhi-capitals-finally-made-it-to-the-ipl-2020-finals-best-reactions-watch-highlights-7013646/|access-date=6 December 2020|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In the finals, they were defeated by Mumbai Indians—the only team that Delhi could not defeat in the tournament despite playing them 4 times.
Also, this was the most successful season for Delhi Capitals in the IPL history. In this season, all games were played in the UAE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/ipl-2020-to-be-held-from-19-september-to-8-november-in-uae-confirms-chairman-brijesh-patel-8634511.html|title = IPL 2020 to be held from 19 September to 8 November in UAE, confirms chairman Brijesh Patel | date=24 July 2020 }}</ref>

=== 2021 IPL ===
{{Main|2021 Delhi Capitals season}}
The 2021 IPL season was held in India. All teams were scheduled to play at neutral venues (no team played at their home ground). On 30 March 2021, Delhi Capitals officially promoted [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] to captain of the squad after Shreyas Iyer dislocated his shoulder while fielding a ball in the [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|ODI series against England]] and consequently, was ruled out of the 2021 IPL season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 March 2021|title=Shreyas Iyer ruled out of IPL 2021 after suffering shoulder injury with India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/shreyas-iyer-delhi-capitals-to-miss-indian-premier-league-14-7244291/|access-date=22 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Delhi Capitals had 3 matches at the [[Wankhede Stadium]], followed by 2 in Chennai, 4 in Ahmedabad and 5 in Kolkata. Delhi Capitals had won 6 games out of 8 matches and were placed at the top of the [[Standings|points table]] before the season was indefinitely suspended following a breach of the [[Bio-secure bubble|COVID-19 bio secure bubble]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2021 postponed as Covid-19 count increases|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-postponed-as-covid-count-increases-1262269|access-date=22 May 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> On 4 May, the tournament was suspended indefinitely, after a rise in [[COVID-19]] cases within the [[Bio-secure bubble|bio bubbles]] of some teams. At the time of the suspension, 31 of the scheduled 60 matches were still left to be played. On 29 May 2021, the BCCI announced that the remaining matches of the tournament would be played in the [[United Arab Emirates]] in September and October 2021. The schedule for the remainder of the tournament was released in July 2021.

===2022 IPL===
{{Main|2022 Delhi Capitals season}}

===2023 IPL===
DC franchise whose full form is Delhi Capitals has made a significant announcement ahead of the IPL 2023. The team has named David Warner as its captain for the upcoming season, with Axar Patel as his vice-captain. The move comes after captain Rishabh Pant was ruled out of the tournament due to injury.

Delhi could not qualify for the playoffs in the 16th edition of Tata IPL and finished at the 9th spot with 5 victories and 9 losses.

Players like Prithvi Shaw, Axar Patel, and Mitchell Marsh are struggling with their form. Bowlers could not gain their momentum through the whole season.

=== 2024 IPL ===
{{Main|2024 Delhi Capitals season}}

==Home ground==
The Delhi Capitals play their home matches at the [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]] located in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DC vs SRH, IPL 2019: Feroz Shah Kotla is Sunrisers Hyderabad's fortress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/ipl-2019-delhi-capitals-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-head-to-head-records-feroz-shah-kotla-stats-david-warner-jonny-bairstow-1493971-2019-04-04 |access-date=23 December 2019 |work=India Today |date=4 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> They also have the modern [[Raipur International Cricket Stadium|Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Stadium, Raipur]] as their second home ground, however they haven't played any matches there since 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Sonam |title=IPL special: 10 Indian cricket stadiums you should watch a match in |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/ipl-special-10-indian-cricket-stadiums-you-should-watch-a-match-in/ss46876875.cms |access-date=23 December 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] Travel}}</ref> Currently they use the [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]] in [[Visakhapatnam]] as their secondary home ground since 2024.

== Players ==
{{main|List of Delhi Capitals cricketers}}

Former India opener and Delhi local, [[Virender Sehwag]] was accorded the icon player status in the Delhi Daredevils team and was also the captain of the team during the first two seasons. However, he resigned and passed on the leadership to [[Gautam Gambhir]] for the 2010 season. But after Gambhir left the team for the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the fourth edition, Sehwag was once again given the duty to captain the team. Since the start of the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] in 2008, many international players such as Australian [[Glenn McGrath]], South African batter [[AB de Villiers]], Sri Lankan player [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]], Australian opener [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Andrew McDonald (cricketer)|Andrew McDonald]], New Zealand spinner [[Daniel Vettori]], [[Farveez Maharoof]], [[Dirk Nannes]], and Aussie opener [[Aaron Finch]] have donned the cap for the Daredevils.

In 2012, they bought Sri Lankan [[Mahela Jayawardene]], Jamaican all-rounder [[Andre Russell]], [[Doug Bracewell]], [[Morne Morkel]] and English batter [[Kevin Pietersen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|website=iplt20.com|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501165949/https://www.iplt20.com|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the 2014 mega-auction, the franchise underwent a major overhaul, signing [[Kevin Pietersen]] as captain and purchasing [[Dinesh Karthik]] for {{INR}}12.5 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2014 |title=IPL auction 2014: Dinesh Karthik bought by Delhi Daredevils for Rs 12.5 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref> Subsequent seasons saw a revolving door of captains, including [[J. P. Duminy]] (2015–2016) and [[Zaheer Khan]] (2016–2017).<ref name="CaptainsList">{{cite news |title=Full list of Delhi Capitals captains since inaugural 2008 edition |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2025-delhi-capitals-full-list-of-captains-since-2008-captaincy-record-stats-win-loss-ratio-indian-premier-league/article69333395.ece |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=15 March 2025}}</ref>

The team's fortunes shifted in 2018 when [[Shreyas Iyer]] took over the captaincy mid-season from a returning Gautam Gambhir. Under Iyer, the team reached its first-ever IPL final in 2020.<ref name="CaptainsList""")/>> During this period, the franchise built a core around young Indian talents such as [[Rishabh Pant]], [[Prithvi Shaw]], and [[Shikhar Dhawan]], while also securing international stars like [[Kagiso Rabada]] and [[Anrich Nortje]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Delhi Capitals season overview |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Delhi_Capitals_season |work=Wikipedia}}</ref>

In 2021, [[Rishabh Pant]] was appointed captain after Iyer was ruled out due to injury, a role he maintained until 2024, excluding the 2023 season which he missed due to a car accident (where [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] led the side).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rishabh Pant returns as captain for IPL 2024 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Delhi_Capitals_season |work=Wikipedia}}</ref> Ahead of the 2025 season, the franchise underwent another leadership change, appointing [[Axar Patel]] as captain and naming [[Hemang Badani]] as head coach.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Capitals appoint Axar Patel as captain for IPL 2025 |url=https://m.economictimes.com |work=The Economic Times |date=23 November 2024}}</ref> The 2026 squad features high-profile signings including [[KL Rahul]] and [[Mitchell Starc]].<ref>{{cite web |title=DC 2026 Squad & Overview |url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/delhi-capitals |work=IPLT20.com |access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref>

== Current squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
* {{color box|border=darkgray|#EEE8AA|<nowiki>*</nowiki>}} denotes a player who is currently unavailable for selection.
* {{color box|border=darkgray|#FFCCCC|<nowiki>*</nowiki>}} denotes a player who is unavailable for rest of the season.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%"
|-
! style="background:; color:; text-align:center;"| No.
! style="background:; color:; text-align:center;"| Name
! style="background:; color:; text-align:center;"| Nat
! style="background:; color:; text-align:center;"| Birth date
! style="background:; color:; text-align:center;"| Batting style
! style="background:; color:; text-align:center;"| Bowling style
! style="background:; color:; text-align:center;"| Year signed
! style="background:; color:; text-align:center;"| Salary
! style="background:; color:; text-align:center;"| Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batters
|-
| 10|| '''[[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]''' || {{flagicon|RSA}} || {{birth date and age|1989|06|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 69 || '''[[Karun Nair]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1991|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
| 27|| '''[[Nitish Rana]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1993|12|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.2|c}} ||
|-
| 17|| '''[[Ben Duckett]]''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} || {{birth date and age|1994|10|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} ||Overseas
|-
| 18|| '''[[Pathum Nissanka]]''' || {{flagicon|SRI}} || {{birth date and age|1998|05|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c}} ||Overseas
|-
| 100|| '''[[Prithvi Shaw]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1999|11|09|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|75|l}} ||
|-
| 7|| [[Sameer Rizvi]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2003|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|95|l}} ||
|-
| 47 || Sahil Parakh || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2007|06|07|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
| 1 || '''[[KL Rahul]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1992|4|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{n/a}} || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|14|c}} || [[Vice Captain (cricket)|Vice Captain]]
|-
| 30 || '''[[Tristan Stubbs]]''' || {{flagicon|SA}} || {{birth date and age|2000|8|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{n/a}} || style="text-align:center;" | 2024 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|c}} ||Overseas
|-
| 24 || [[Abishek Porel]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2002|10|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || {{n/a}} || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
| 20 || '''[[Axar Patel]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1994|1|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Slow left-arm orthodox|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2019 || style="text-align:right;"|{{INRConvert|16.5|c}}|| [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
| 19|| [[Ajay Mandal]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1996|2|25|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Slow left-arm unorthodox|unorthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l}} ||
|-
| 84|| [[Auqib Nabi]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1996|11|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8.40|c}} ||
|-
| 77 || [[Ashutosh Sharma (cricketer)|Ashutosh Sharma]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1998|9|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.8|c}} ||
|-
| 98 || [[Tripurana Vijay]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2001|9|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2025|| style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l}} ||
|-
| 11|| Madhav Tiwari || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2003|9|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|40|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace bowlers
|-
| 56 || '''[[Mitchell Starc]]''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} || {{birth date and age|1990|1|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11.75|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 44|| '''[[T Natarajan]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1991|04|04|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10.75|c}} ||
|-
| 5|| '''[[Dushmantha Chameera]]''' || {{flagicon|SL}} || {{birth date and age|1992|1|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|75|l}} || Overseas
|-
| 49 || '''[[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1993|10|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c}} ||
|-
| 12|| '''[[Kyle Jamieson]]''' || {{flagicon|NZL}} || {{birth date and age|1994|12|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 22|| '''[[Lungi Ngidi]]''' || {{flagicon|SA}} || {{birth date and age|1996|03|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin bowlers
|-
| 23 || '''[[Kuldeep Yadav]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1994|12|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Slow left-arm unorthodox|unorthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|13.25|c}} ||
|-
| 28 || [[Vipraj Nigam]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2002|7|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="text-align:center;"| Source: [https://www.delhicapitals.in/players DC Squad]
|}

=== Captains ===

Last updated: 25 March 2025 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/individual-list-captains/delhi-capitals-4344/twenty20-matches-6|title=Delhi Capitals : captains|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 December 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Nationality{{efn|The information in the nationality column is according to [[ESPNcricinfo]]. This information may not reflect the player's birthplace or citizenship.}}
! scope="col" | From
!To
! scope="col" | Matches
! scope="col" | Won
! scope="col" | Lost
! scope="col" | Tied
! scope="col" | NR
! scope="col" | Win%
!Best Result
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 2008
|2012|| 52|| 28|| 24 || 0 || 0 ||53.84
|SF (2008, 2009)
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|Gautam |Gambhir}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 2009
|2018|| 25|| 12||13 || 0 || 0 ||48
|5/8 (2010)
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|Dinesh |Karthik}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 2009
|2018|| 6|| 2||4|| 0 || 0 ||33.33
|Stand-In
|-|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|James|Hopes}}
| {{cr|AUS}} || 2011
|2011|| 3||0||2|| 0 || 1 ||0
|Stand-In
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|Mahela|Jayawardene}}
| {{cr|SL}} || 2012
|2013|| 18|| 6|| 11|| 1 || 0 ||33.33
|Playoffs (2012)
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|Ross|Taylor}}
| {{cr|NZ}} || 2012
|2012|| 2|| 0||1|| 0 || 1 ||0
|Stand-In
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|David|Warner|David Warner (cricketer)}}
| {{cr|AUS}} || 2013
|2023|| 16||5 || 11|| 0 || 0 || 31.25
|9/10 (2023)
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|Kevin|Pietersen}}
| {{cr|ENG}} || 2014
|2014|| 11||1 || 10|| 0 || 0 || 9.09
|9/10 (2023)
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|JP|Duminy}}
| {{cr|SA}} || 2015
|2016|| 16||6 || 9|| 0 || 1 || 37.5
|7/8 (2015)
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|Zaheer|Khan}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 2016
|2017|| 23||10 || 13|| 0 || 0 || 43.47
|6/8 (2016, 2017)
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|Karun|Nair}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 2017
|2017|| 3||2 || 1|| 0 || 0 || 66.6
|Stand-In
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 2018
|2021|| 41||23 || 18|| 0 || 0 || 56.09
|Runners-up (2020)
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 2021
|2024|| 43||23 || 20|| 0 || 0 || 53.48
|Playoffs (2021)
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|Axar|Patel}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 2024
|2025|| 13 || 6 || 6 || 0 || 1 || 46.15
|League Stage (2025)
|-
!scope= row | {{sortname|Faf du|Plessis}}
| {{cr|RSA}} || 2025 || 2025 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 00.00
|Stand-in
|-
|}

== Administration and support staff ==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%"
|-
! style="background:; color:; text-align:center;"| Position
! style="background:; color:; text-align:center;"| Name
|-
| Team manager || {{flagicon|IND}} Siddharth Bhasin
|-
|Director of cricket || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Venugopal Rao (cricketer)|Yalaka Venugopal Rao]]
|-
|Head coach|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hemang Badani]]
|-
|Assistant coach|| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ian Bell]]
|-
|Bowling coach|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Munaf Patel]]
|-
|Fielding coach|| {{flagicon|IRE}} [[John Mooney (cricketer)|John Mooney]]
|-
|Assistant fielding coach|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gnaneswara Rao (cricketer)|Yalaka Gnaneswara Rao]]
|-
|Head of scouting || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Bharadwaj]]
|-
|Talent scout || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Iqbal Abdulla]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Source: [https://www.delhicapitals.in/players DC Squad]
|}

==Seasons ==

=== Indian Premier League ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! League standing
! Final standing
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2008|2008]]
|4th out of 8
| style="background: #6ae746;" | Semi-finalists
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2009|2009]]
| 1st out of 8
| style="background: #6ae746;" | Semi-finalists
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2010|2010]]
| 5th out of 8
| League stage
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2011|2011]]
| 10th out of 10
| League stage
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2012|2012]]
| 1st out of 9
| style="background: #6ae746;" | Playoffs
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2013|2013]]
| 9th out of 9
| League stage
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2014|2014]]
| 8th out of 8
| League stage
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2015|2015]]
| 7th out of 8
| League stage
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2016|2016]]
| 6th out of 8
| League stage
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2017|2017]]
| 6th out of 8
| League stage
|-
![[Delhi Daredevils in 2018|2018]]
| 8th out of 8
| League stage
|-
! [[Delhi Capitals in 2019|2019]]
| 3rd out of 8
| style="background: #6ae746;" | Playoffs
|-
! [[Delhi Capitals in 2020|2020]]
| 2nd out of 8
| style="background: silver;" | Runners-up
|-
! [[Delhi Capitals in 2021|2021]]
| 1st out of 8
| style="background: #6ae746;" | Playoffs
|-
![[Delhi Capitals in 2022|2022]]
| 5th out of 10
| League stage
|-
![[Delhi Capitals in 2023|2023]]
| 9th out of 10
| League stage
|-
![[2024 Delhi Capitals season|2024]]
| 6th out of 10
| League stage
|-
! [[2025 Delhi Capitals season|2025]]
| 5th out of 10
| League Stage
|-
|}

=== Champions League T20 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! League standing
! Final standing
|-
!'''[[Delhi Daredevils in 2009|2009]]'''
|6th out of 12
|League stage
|-
!'''[[Delhi Daredevils in 2010|2010]]'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |DNQ
|-
!'''[[Delhi Daredevils in 2011|2011]]'''
|-
!'''[[Delhi Daredevils in 2012|2012]]'''
|3rd out of 14
| Semi-finalists
|-
!'''[[Delhi Daredevils in 2013|2013]]'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |DNQ
|-
!'''[[Delhi Daredevils in 2014|2014]]'''
|}

==Statistics==
{{main|List of Delhi Capitals records}}

===Result summary===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Summary of results
|-
! Years !! Matches !! Wins !! Losses !! No Result !! Success Rate
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2008|2008]]
| 15 || 7 || 7 || 1 || 46.67%
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2009|2009]]
| 15 || 10 || 5 || 0 || 66.67%
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2010|2010]]
| 14 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 50.00%
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2011|2011]]
| 14 || 4 || 9 || 1 || 28.57%
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2012|2012]]
| 18 || 11 || 7 || 0 || 61.11%
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2013|2013]]
| 16 || 3 || 13 || 0 || 18.75%
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2014|2014]]
| 14 || 2 || 12 || 0 || 14.28%
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2015|2015]]
| 14 || 5 || 8 || 1 || 35.71%
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2016|2016]]
| 14 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 50.00%
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2017|2017]]
| 14 || 6 || 8 || 0 || 42.86%
|-
! [[Delhi Daredevils in 2018|2018]]
| 14 || 5 || 9 || 0 || 35.71%
|-
! [[Delhi Capitals in 2019|2019]]
| 16 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 62.50%
|-
! [[Delhi Capitals in 2020|2020]]
| 17 || 9 || 8 || 0 || 52.94%
|-
! [[Delhi Capitals in 2021|2021]]
| 16 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 62.50%
|-
! [[Delhi Capitals in 2022|2022]]
| 14 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 50.00%
|-
! [[Delhi Capitals in 2023|2023]]
| 14 || 5 || 9 || 0 || 35.71%
|-
! [[2024 Delhi Capitals season|2024]]
| 14 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 50.00%
|-
! [[2025 Delhi Capitals season|2025]]
| 14 || 7 || 6 || 1 || 50.00%
|-
! Total
! '''267''' || '''122''' || '''141''' || '''4''' || '''45.69%'''
|}

===Head to head===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Opponent
! Played
! Won
! Lost
!Tied+W
!Tied+L
! Tied
! No result
! Win %
|-
|[[Chennai Super Kings]] || 31 || 12 || 19
|0
|0|| 0||0 || 38.71
|-
|[[Gujarat Titans]] || 5 || 3 || 2
|0
|0|| 0||0 || 60.00
|-
|[[Deccan Chargers]] || 11 || 7 || 4
|0
|0|| 0||0 || 63.63
|-
|[[Gujarat Lions]] || 4 || 3 || 1
|0
|0||0|| 0 || 75.00
|-
|[[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] || 2 || 1 || 1
|0
|0||0|| 0 || 50.00
|-
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 34 || 15 || 18
|1
|0||0|| 0 || 44.11
|-
|[[Lucknow Super Giants]] || 6 || 3 || 3
|0
|0 || 0 || 0 || 50.00
|-
|[[Mumbai Indians]]|| 36 || 16 || 20
|0
|0||0|| 0 || 44.44
|-
|[[Pune Warriors India]]|| 6 || 3 || 2
|0
|0||0|| 1 || 50.00
|-
|[[Punjab Kings]]|| 33 || 15 || 17
|1
|0||0|| 0 || 45.45
|-
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]|| 30 || 15 || 15
|0
|0|| 0||0 || 50.00
|-
|[[Rising Pune Supergiant]]|| 4 || 2 || 2
|0
|0|| 0||0 || 50.00
|-
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]|| 33 || 12 || 19
|0
|1||0|| 1 || 36.36
|-
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || 25 || 11 || 13
|1
|0||0|| 0 || 44.00
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="11" | Last updated: 17 April 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy|title=Team records – Results summary|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> 
|}

== See also ==
* [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)]]
* [[Dubai Capitals]]
* [[Pretoria Capitals]]
* [[India Capitals]]
* [[UP Yoddhas]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.delhicapitals.in/}}
* [https://www.iplt20.com/teams/delhi-capitals Team profile] at ''iplt20.com''

{{Delhi Capitals}}
{{Delhi Capitals squad}}
{{Indian Premier League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi Capitals}}
[[Category:Delhi Capitals]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2008]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Delhi]]
[[Category:JSW Group]]
[[Category:GMR Group]]

Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji

2026-03-21T03:46:16Z

Rozella5628: made basic post w/ refs

{{Short description|Leader of the Malabar rebellion}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Tone|date=June 2015}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2020}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji
| image =
| predecessor =
| party =
| movement =* [[Khilafat Movement]]
* Agrarian revolution
* [[Malabar Rebellion|Anti-colonial struggle]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Radhakrishnan|first=M. G.|title=Malabar Rebellion: When will we grow up?|url=http://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/columns/view-from-my-window/mappila-revolt-variyamkunnath-kunhahmed-haji-1.5951116 |access-date=2022-10-25|website=Mathrubhumi|date=29 August 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017000834/http://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/columns/view-from-my-window/mappila-revolt-variyamkunnath-kunhahmed-haji-1.5951116 |archive-date=17 October 2022}} para. 5, "Leaders and scholars attached to the Left, Congress and Muslim League maintain the rebellion as a glorious anti-colonial and anti Hindu struggle and a peasant revolt..."; para. 8, "Gandhi lauded its anti-colonial character but heavily criticized the violence and communal angles."; para. 9, "They also saw it as a culmination of a series of anti-European outbreaks by the Malabar Muslims since the 15th century after European colonization began to ruin their prosperity... "</ref>
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| other_names = Variamkunnan, Variyamkunnath
| birth_date = 1875–1877
| birth_place = [[Nellikkuth, Manjeri]]<ref>K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. p. 14.</ref> [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]] (present-day [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = 20 January 1922,
| death_place = [[Kottakkunnu]], [[Malappuram]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]] (present-day [[Kerala]], India)
| death_cause = [[Execution by shooting]]
| resting_place = His body was cremated by the British. Information about the ash is unknown.
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Ummakiya|1905|end=Death}}
* {{marriage|Sainaba|1908|end=Death}}
* Malu Hajjumma (Paravetti Fathima) [Malu's marriage with Variankunnath Kunjahammed Haji was in 1919 or 1920 and death in 1961 (aged 82)]
}}
| father = Variyamkunnath Moitheenkutty Haji<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 61">{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=61}}</ref>
| relatives = Elder brother Kunjalan Kutty (died in childhood). Other siblings: Moideen Haji, Fathima, Kunjayisha, Mariyam Hajjuma, Amina Hajjuma, Unneema<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 308">{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=308}}</ref>
| family = Chakkipparamban family<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 61">{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=61}}</ref>
| honours = Listed his name in ''Dictionary of Martyrs: India's Freedom Struggle (1857–1947) Vol. 5''<ref name="Archived">[https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_5_06_03_2019.pdf Dictionary of Martyrs: India's Freedom Struggle (1857–1947) Vol. 5] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220730113932/https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_5_06_03_2019.pdf Archived] from [https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_5_06_03_2019.pdf the original] on 30 July 2022.</ref>
| footnotes = The first part of his name '''Variyan Kunnath''' ([[Malayalam]]: വാരിയൻ കുന്നത്ത്) has been written differently in different sources such as '''Variamkunnath'''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sudhi|first=K. S.|date=2020-06-25|title=Reports of Hindu-Muslim strife in Malabar baseless, wrote Variamkunnath Kunhamed Haji in The Hindu in 1921|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reports-of-hindu-muslim-strife-in-malabar-baseless/article31918716.ece|access-date=2022-02-12|issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022040456/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reports-of-hindu-muslim-strife-in-malabar-baseless/article31918716.ece |archive-date=2022-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1921-12-07|title=Clipped From Detroit Free Press|pages=10|work=Detroit Free Press|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42670333/detroit-free-press/|access-date=2022-02-12}}</ref> or '''Variyamkunnath'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-25|title=Explained: Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji, the Khilafat leader who declared an independent state|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/|access-date=2022-02-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022040954/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-date=2022-10-22}}</ref> or '''Variyankunnath'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Read all Latest Updates on and about Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/tags/variyankunnath-kunjahammad-haji |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.reporterlive.com |language=ml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022041417/https://www.reporterlive.com/tags/variyankunnath-kunjahammad-haji |archive-date=2022-10-22}}</ref> or '''Variyan Kunnathu'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trouble with being a Muslim freedom fighter in India: The story of Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji|url=https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/trouble-with-being-a-muslim-freedom-fighter-in-india-the-story-of-variyan-kunnathu-kunjahammed-haji-1.73731307|access-date=2022-02-12|website=gulfnews.com|date=10 September 2020 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022042412/https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/trouble-with-being-a-muslim-freedom-fighter-in-india-the-story-of-variyan-kunnathu-kunjahammed-haji-1.73731307 |archive-date=2022-10-22}}</ref> and the second part '''Kunjahammad''' ([[Malayalam]]: കുഞ്ഞഹമ്മദ്) as '''Kunhamad'''
<ref>''[http://www.indianculture.gov.in/archives/history-malabar-rebellion-1921-rh-hitchcock Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of the Malabar rebellion 1921]'', R. H. Hitchcock, p. 79.</ref> ([[Malayalam]]: കുഞ്ഞമ്മദ്) or '''Kunhahamed'''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naha |first=Abdul Latheef |others=para 7 |date=2016-06-28 |title=Century-old records throw new light on Malabar history |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Century-old-records-throw-new-light-on-Malabar-history/article14405158.ece |access-date=2022-03-25 |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511005556/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Century-old-records-throw-new-light-on-Malabar-history/article14405158.ece |archive-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> ([[Malayalam]]: കുഞ്ഞഹമ്മദ്)
| children = 5 children. With first wife Ummakiya: Mahmood, Moideenkutty, Fathima, Ayishakutty. With second wife Sainaba: Muhammad<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 308">{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=308}}</ref>
| mother = Paravetty Kunjaisha Hajjumma<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 308">{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=308}}</ref>
| monuments = Varian Kunnath Kunjahammad Haji Memorial Town Hall, Malappuram
| education =
| occupation = Business
| organization = [[Khilafat Movement]]
| known_for = *[[Malabar rebellion]]
**Khilafat Movement
*[[Indian independence movement]]
* Battles in Malabar
* Parallel government
* Guerilla warfare
* Battle of Pandikkad
* Battle of Pookottur
* Battle of Areekode
* Manjeri proclamation
* Nilambur proclamation
* Punishing rioters
* Thekkekalam meeting
* Opposition against Jenmi system
| style = [[Revolutionary]]
}}

'''Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji''' sometimes called '''Variyamkunnan''' (1875–1877 – 20 January 1922) <ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web |last=Varma |first=Vishnu |date=25 June 2020 |title=Explained: Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji, the Khilafat leader who declared an independent state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022073820/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=31 October 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=V |first=Ajmal |date=25 October 2018 |title=After 97 years, a forgotten British massacre uncovered |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/after-97-years-forgotten-699719.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511005556/https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/after-97-years-forgotten-699719.html |archive-date=11 May 2022 |access-date=31 October 2021 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> was  a prominent leader during the [[war]] in Malabar against the British,<ref>K. Madhavan Nair. ''Malabar Kalapam''. pp. 162, 244; FB Evans, Letter to Madras, 20 December 1921; K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. 1992, p. 6.</ref> during the [[Malabar rebellion]], and the founder of a parallel government.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-25 |page=para. 9 |title=Explained: Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji, the Khilafat leader who declared an independent state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022073820/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was an [[Indian freedom fighter]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-25 |title=Explained: Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji, the Khilafat leader who declared an independent state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022073820/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=2022-01-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=7 Dec 1921, Page 10 - Detroit Free Press at Newspapers.com|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=42670333&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjExOTIyMDg5OSwiaWF0IjoxNjQxNzQ1ODc5LCJleHAiOjE2NDE4MzIyNzl9.4N4ef7QPfLi2dlYZehsdtSgdp6xL-xlvz9qr3GkBP0k|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Newspapers.com| date=7 December 1921 | page=10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Archived">[https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_5_06_03_2019.pdf Dictionary of Martyrs: India's Freedom Struggle (1857–1947) Vol. 5] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220730113932/https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_5_06_03_2019.pdf Archived] from [https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_5_06_03_2019.pdf the original] on 30 July 2022.</ref> opposer of the [[Jenmi]] system,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|isbn=978-81-954397-0-6|pages=165–166}}</ref> and an ordinary member of the [[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat movement]].<ref name=":0" />

According to R. H. Hitchcock, who took part in the fight against the rebellion, "''Khilafat'' to him (Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji) was a Turkish matter, not Indian."<ref>{{Cite book |last=R. H. Hitchcock |title=Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of Malabar Rebellion 1921 |pages=58}}</ref> Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji was just a member of the [[Khilafat Movement]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Ramees|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|isbn=978-81-954397-0-6|pages=143}}</ref> He established a parallel government in the [[Malabar District]] of [[Madras Presidency]] in open defiance of the [[British Raj]], which lasted for a short period of six months. With his long-term mentor, [[Ali Musliyar]], Kunjahammed Haji seized large areas of the then [[Malabar District#Administrative divisions|Eranad and Valluvanad taluks]], now part of [[Kerala]] state in India, from British control.<ref name=":3">{{cite book|last=K. N. Panikkar|author-link=K. N. Panikkar|title=Peasant protests and revolts in Malabar|publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research|year=1991}}</ref><ref name="Rebellion45">{{cite web|title=The Mapilla Rebellion: 1921–1922|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023929700#page/n54/mantiode/1up|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> He said he was fighting for the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1921-12-07 |title=Clipped From Detroit Free Press |pages=10 |work=Detroit Free Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42670333/detroit-free-press/ |access-date=2021-12-10}}</ref>

== In ''Dictionary of Martyrs: India's Freedom Struggle (1857–1947)'' ==
His name is listed in the fifth volume of ''The Dictionary of Martyrs, India's Freedom Struggle from 1857 to 1947''.<ref name="indiaculture.nic.in">[https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_5_06_03_2019.pdf ''Dictionary of Martyrs: India's Freedom Struggle (1857–1947) Vol. 5''] (PDF).</ref>

However, under the [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] government,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-06 |others=para. 2. "Amid strong protests from Sangh Parivar organisations against the inclusion of the names of the Malabar rebellion leaders in the book, the PDF copy of the book was withdrawn from the Ministry of Culture website on Friday night." |title=Centre plans to revise content of book on freedom fighters that mentions Variyamkunnath |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/centre-plans-remove-book-freedom-fighters-mentions-variyamkunnath-132428 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022021700/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/centre-plans-remove-book-freedom-fighters-mentions-variyamkunnath-132428 |archive-date=2022-10-22 |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |others=para. 26. "After Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s BJP came to power on a Hindu nationalist agenda in 2014, the ICHR has been accused of trying to revise and "saffronise" its syncretic history."; para. 26–31 |title=Row in India over gov't move to erase colonial-era 'martyrs' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/india-kerala-ichr-dictionary-mappila-martyrs-malabar-rebellion-bjp-rss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022022244/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/india-kerala-ichr-dictionary-mappila-martyrs-malabar-rebellion-bjp-rss |archive-date=2022-10-22 |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-25 |title=The pseudo alternative |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/sangh-parivar-rss-hinduism-in-history-genghis-khan-2933651/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022022717/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/sangh-parivar-rss-hinduism-in-history-genghis-khan-2933651/ |archive-date=2022-10-22 |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |others=para. 1. "As its political affiliate, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), is in power with an undisturbed majority, the parivar is being forced to deal with the dilemma in a much more organic way." |title=Decoding the Sangh Parivar's Selective, Biased Reading of Anti-Caste History |url=https://thewire.in/caste/decoding-the-sangh-parivars-selective-biased-reading-of-anti-caste-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413085513/https://m.thewire.in/article/caste/decoding-the-sangh-parivars-selective-biased-reading-of-anti-caste-history |archive-date=2022-04-13 |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=The Wire}}</ref> the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]] considered removing the names of Haji and 386 others from the Dictionary of Martyrs of India's Freedom Struggle for being associated with the [[Khilafat Movement]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=ICHR Panel Seeks Removal of Names of 387 'Moplah Martyrs' from Dictionary of Martyrs of India's Freedom Struggle |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ichr-panel-seeks-removal-of-names-of-387-moplah-martyrs-from-dictionary-of-martyrs-of-indias-freedom-struggle-4121225.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022023239/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ichr-panel-seeks-removal-of-names-of-387-moplah-martyrs-from-dictionary-of-martyrs-of-indias-freedom-struggle-4121225.html |archive-date=2022-10-22}}</ref> However, it has not been removed since.<ref name="Archived" />

== Message to Friends of Freedom for India ==

On 7 December 1921 two American newspapers, ''Detroit Free Press'' and ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'', reported the message received by the Friends of Freedom for India from Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji in a cablegram. In these two American newspaper reports the message was preceded by the following sentence: "Charges that the Moplahs of Malabar have put to death many Hindus and forcibly converted others to [[Mohammedan]]ism were denied and characterized as part of a British plot to discredit the Moplah movement of [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] in a cablegram from Variamkunnath Kunhamed Haji ..."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1921-12-07 |title=Clipped From The Baltimore Sun |pages=6 |work=The Baltimore Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88890874/the-baltimore-sun/ |access-date=2022-10-08}}</ref><ref name="Clipped From Detroit Free Press">{{Cite news|date=1921-12-07|title=Clipped From Detroit Free Press|pages=10|work=Detroit Free Press|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42670333/detroit-free-press/|access-date=2021-12-09}}</ref>
The report which contains the message of Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji follows as: <blockquote>"A few cases of conversion of our Hindu brethren have been reported to me." the [[message]] said. "But after proper investigation we discovered the real plot. The vandals that were guilty of this [[crime]] were members of the British reserve [[police]] and British [[Intelligence agency|intelligence]] department, and they joined our forces as [[Patriotism|patriots]] to do such filthy work only to discredit our soldiers. There are [[Christians]], [[Hindus]] and Moplahs amongst these British agents and [[Spy|spies]]. They have decidedly been put to [[death]].{{refn|group=Note|{{Cite web |title=7 Dec 1921, 6 - The Baltimore Sun at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=88890874&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjM3MzI4NDk3MiwiaWF0IjoxNjM4OTMwODc5LCJleHAiOjE2MzkwMTcyNzl9.-TmhxYBZ7YYPs8WeJjIjSyyP6FzErOzlKGIg6HKxgsA |access-date=2021-12-08 |website=Newspapers.com | date=7 December 1921 | page=6 |language=en}} The last sentence of the news report about the cablegram from Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji reported by The Baltimore Sun is, "They have deservedly been put to death." But in the same report by Detroit Free Press the word "decidedly" was used in the same sentence: "They have decidedly been put to death." Detroit Free Press reported further part of the massage in the cablegram.}}

"We are at [[war]] with England. We are fighting for the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]], and we are doing exactly what the Americans did to free America from British domination. So anyone giving aid and comfort to the [[enemy]] will be se verely dealt with, irrespective of social position or religious affiliation.

"Let the great people of the great land of Washington postpone [[Judgement|judgment]] until they have a chance to know the full [[truth]] about the present [[war]] in Malabar."</blockquote><nowiki> </nowiki><ref>{{Cite news|date=1921-12-07|title=Clipped From Detroit Free Press|pages=10|work=Detroit Free Press|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42670333/detroit-free-press/|access-date=2021-12-08}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Haji was born in a Muslim family in [[Nellikkuth, Manjeri|Nellikkuth]], which is five miles far from Manjeri.<ref name="Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji page 14">K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. p. 14.</ref> He was the second child of his parents, Chakkiparamban Moideenkutty Haji and Kunjaisha Hajjumma. Moideenkutty Haji was a merchant, farmer, and local leader. He was imprisoned in [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman]] for taking part in the 1894 [[Mannarkkad]] Rebellion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Adul Kareem |first=K. K. Muhammed |title=Variyankunnathu kunjahammed Haji |year=1992 |location=Kozhikkode |pages=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Who was Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/lite/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909180426/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/lite/ |archive-date=2022-09-09 |access-date=2022-10-11 }}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=June 2020}}

He pursued his basic religious education from village [[Madrasa]], later upgraded as [[Ezhuthu Kalari|'Ezhuthukalar]]<nowiki/>i' where [[Malayalam]] language was also part of [[Curriculum|curriculam]]. He studied many [[Arabic]] texts from Mammad Kutty [[Musliyar]]. After his father was deported to [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]], Haji was brought up in his mother's family. His grandfather was also a local leader, he appointed a teacher named Balakrishnan Ezhuthachan, from whom he learnt Malayalam and basic English along with other grandchildren of his grandfather. He was also trained in martial arts along with his primary education.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaleel |first=Dr. K. T. |title=Malabar Kalapam Oru Punar Vayana |publisher=Chinatha Publishers |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-86112-66-8 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=79}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=June 2020}}

Haji could also be seen as the one who was very passionate of traditional [[Mappila songs|mappila]] art forms, he used to conduct [[Kolkali|Kolkkali]], [[Duffmuttu|Daffumutt]], and [[Kadhaprasangam|Katha Prasangam.]] It is also said that he was a good singer too. The acceptance he acquired through performing arts soon made him popular in community. The deportation of his father and other rebels and the seizure of their lands and properties followed, triggered his anger and hostility towards British.<ref name=":1" />

== Marriages ==
Haji returned from [[Mecca]] in 1905 and married Ruqiyya, the daughter of Unni Muhammed. After her death in 1908, he married Sainaba, the sister of one of his friends. In 1920 Haji married his cousin Malu Hajjumma (Paravetti Fathima), the daughter of his uncle Koyammu Haji. They were brought up in the same home and this was the third marriage for both of them. Malu had an important role in Haji's life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Geetha |first=P. |title=1921 Charithra Varthamanagal |publisher=Current Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-226-1265-3 |location=Thissur |pages=71}}</ref>
[[File:Malappuram Townhall.png|thumb|Variyan Kunnath Kunjahammad Haji Memorial Municipal Town Hall, [[Malappuram]]]]

== Activism before rebellion ==
=== Manjeri armed struggle ===
In 1896, many ''kudiyans'' (tenants) became landless in Chembrassery in one day from the land that was under the people of the [[Manjeri]] [[kovilakam]] through eviction. Hundreds of those who objected this eviction took control of assets associated with the [[Manjeri]] [[kovilakam]]. These people fought against the British that came to help the [[kovilakam]]. Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji played a leadership role in this fight. It was the first battle that he participated. Then he was 20 years old. 94 people got killed on the objectors' side. The British force left mistaking all the objectors were killed. But some did not die. Variamkunnath Kunnahammad Haji was one of those who did not get killed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=69}}</ref><ref>Based on (A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 170–171; K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. p. 18; Dr. K. T. Jaleel. ''Malabar Kalabam Oru Punarwayana''. p. 80).</ref>

=== Self-imposed exile ===
Knowing he has not been killed in the Manjeri armed struggle, Inspector Anakayam Chekkutty tried to charge him in the case. But he was saved by some help.

Around 1899, Inspector Chekkutty decided to arrest Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji anyway to [[exile]]. So some decided to send Haji to [[Mecca]] in the name of [[Hajj]] to solve the problem. Some forced him to flee to evade arrest. So he exiled himself for the first time.<ref>A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 171.</ref> And he spent five years in Mecca.<ref>A. K. Kodoor, ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 171–172.</ref>

He went to [[Bombay]] and learned Urdu, Hindi and English and conducted business there. Next year he went to Mecca and performed Hajj. In 1905 he returned to Malabar.<ref>A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 171–173.</ref>

He made few more trips to Mecca later. He came to Malabar after his last trip to Mecca, in 1914.<ref>Based on (A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 173; Jafar K. M. Irattupetta. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. Kerala Muslim Heritage. p. 2; K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. p. 19; Dr. K. T. Jaleel. ''Malabar Kalabam Oru Punarwayana''. p. 81).</ref>

== Other background events ==
=== Malabar Kudiyan Sangham ===
M. P. Narayana [[Menon (subcaste)|Menon]] formed Malabar Kudiyan Sangham in 1920. M. P. Narayana [[Menon (subcaste)|Menon]] merged 'Kudiyan Sankadanivarana Sangham', a body he had formed to redress the grievances of ''kudiyans'' and whose activities were joined with those of the Congress,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=90}}</ref><ref>Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. pp. 34, 38–39.</ref> into the newly formed Malabar Kudiyan Sangham. Many branches were formed in different taluks. Because of these kudiyan movements, Mappilas and lower [[Caste system in India|caste]] people became attracted to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref>Based on (Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. pp. 38–40; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 87).</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=91–92}}</ref>

=== Congress conference at Manjeri ===
The fifth [[Malabar District]] Political conference was held at [[Manjeri]] 28–29 April 1920.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2016-10-18 |title=Century-old records throw new light on Malabar history |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Century-old-records-throw-new-light-on-Malabar-history/article14405158.ece |access-date=2022-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511005556/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Century-old-records-throw-new-light-on-Malabar-history/article14405158.ece |archive-date=11 May 2022 |issn=0971-751X |quote=The records provide evidence of the developments that took place at the fifth Malabar district political conference held at Kalkoni Maidan, Manjeri, on April 28 and 29, 1920, under the chairmanship of S. Kasturiranga Iyengar, Editor of The Hindu . Annie Besant and her followers had walked out of the meeting.}}</ref> The Manjeri Congress conference held 28–29 April 1920 was a huge victory for Mappilas, lower caste people and peasants. In this conference a motion supporting, non-violent non-cooperation in case the British government decides Khilafat question<ref>Salahudheen, O. P. "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147967 POLITICAL FERMENT IN MALABAR ON THE EVE OF THE MAPPILA REBELLION]." ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 67, 2006, pp. 478–87. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|44147967}}. Accessed 17 Jan. 2023. "The influence of the ''Khilafat'' question among the poor Mappilas can be well perceived from the presence of large number of Mappilas in the Manjeri conference and the domination of the Khilafat question over other issues." p. 479.</ref> contrary to the Muslims' request and faith, was passed with a huge majority. [[Annie Besant|Annie Basant]] had said though the British is wrong in the matter of Khilafat, non-cooperation is not right. The second motion supporting the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] which Annie Basant presented got defeated through voting with a huge majority. Annie Basant walked out<ref name=":5" /> of the conference. Later, she resigned from the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. The third one was the most revolutionary. The third motion was for the relief of peasants and reform in law related to land. That too was passed with a great majority. It was the first day people saw the voice of the poor peasants get a victory in a Congress conference.<ref>Based on (K. Madhavan Nair. ''Malabar Kalapam''. p. 59; Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram. M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. p. 47; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 91).</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramses Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=95–97}}</ref>

=== Discontent of Jenmis and chiefs ===
With the [[Manjeri]] [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Conference, [[Jenmi]]s and chiefs almost lost interest in freedom. What seen next was [[Nilambur]] Thamburam and the like who organised the Manjeri Congress Conference turning against the [[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat]]-Non-cooperation movement. M. P. Narayana Menon says Jenmis and prominent [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leaders in Malabar expressed concern about this organised activity of [[Mappila Muslims|Mappilas]].<ref>Based on (Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. pp. 48, 53, 61; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 91, 96).
</ref><ref name="Ramees Muhammad 97">{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=97}}</ref>

=== Spread of Congress ===
With the Manjeri Congress Conference, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] got established in [[Eranad]].<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 97"/> This conference helped the activities of the Congress to spread to the rural areas of Malabar.<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 97"/>

=== Congress and Khilafat Movement ===
[[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhiji]] was invited to the [[Delhi]] [[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat]] Conference in April 1919. In that conference, Gandhi declared the full support of the Congress to the [[Khilafat Movement]].<ref>Based on (The Khilafat Movement, Gail Minault, pp. 69, 92; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 96–97).</ref>

=== Non-cooperation movement ===
The [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]] spread like a wildfire in Malabar with the coming of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Moulana Shoukathali as part of the Khilafat-Congress non-cooperation movement in [[Kozhikode]]. On 20 August 1920 both of them got a huge reception at the Kozhikode beach.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramses Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=97–98}}</ref>

=== Ali Musliyar and protest ===
After the conference, [[Ali Musliyar]] was asked to join the movement. Though he was not ready at first he agreed to co-operate. He became the vice president of the [[Tirurangadi|Thirurangadi]] Khilafat committee. With his entrance to the protest, Congress-Khilafat committees were formed all over Malabar. M. P. Narayana [[Menon (subcaste)|Menon]]'s Kudiyan Sanghams merged into Khilafat committees. Soon Congress-Khilafat committees in Malabar became more strengthened as compared to other districts in [[Madras Presidency]]. Many resigned their jobs. Advocates left courts. Several removed titles given by the British. Courts and schools were boycotted. Anyway the Khilafat-Congress non-cooperation struggle grew as a threat to the authority.<ref>Based on (K. K. Abdul Kareem, ''Varyiamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji'', p. 44; Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. pp. 53, 65, 80; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 105; Dr. K. T. Jaleel. ''Malabar Kalabam Oru Punarwayana''. p. 51).</ref>

=== Crackdown on protest ===
At the time the collector of Malabar was E. F. Thomas. What the Hitchcock-Thomas group did on 5 February 1921 was to ban meetings in Eranad and Valluvanad, and speeches by certain people (inuding Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji). Consequently, four arrests were made when Congress-Khilafat leader Yakoob Hasan came to Kozhikode. To protest against this move, protests, including meetings and hartals, were organized in several places. But the protest in [[Thrissur]] became a problem.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=102}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

=== Hindu-Muslim unity before war ===

==== Problem in Thrissur ====

===== Protest after arrests =====
Protests began due to the arrest of four people after Congress-Khilafat leader Yakoob Hasan came to [[Kozhikode]] on 15 February 1921. But the protest became a problem in Thrissur. A [[Christians|Christian]] priest and his followers unleashed violence against this protest in [[Thrissur]]. Thus the table and chairs on the stage were set on fire. And an atmosphere of terror was created in [[Thrissur]] with the help of the police (Superintendent Chako played the leadership role in it). But Congress-Khilafat workers organised another meeting against this on 26 February 1921.<ref name=":6"/>

===== Loyalty procession =====
On 27 February 1921 a loyalty procession by 1500 people with the help of the Government started. They attacked [[mosque]]s, [[Mappila Muslims|Mappila]] houses, houses belonging to lower [[Caste system in India|caste]] Hindus, and their shops. Tired, Mappilas counter-attacked. One was killed and forty people injured.<ref name=":6">Based on (Mozhikunnath Brahmadathan Namboothiripad, ''Khilafat Smaranakal,'' pp. 23–26; K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. pp. 33–36; Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. pp. 67–68; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 108–111).</ref>

=== Hindu-Muslim unity and victory procession ===
To counter the attacks unleashed in the loyalty procession, Congress, under the leadership of Thrissur Congress leader Dr. A. R. Menon, sought the help of [[Mappila Muslims|Mappilas]] of [[Eranad]]. Thus 2000 Mappilas under the leadership of Vadakkuveettil Mammad reached [[Thrissur]] by train. There were Hindu TTRs who did not ask train tickets from these Mappilas. These Mappilas took out a march shaking Thrissur town on 2 March 1921. Seeing the serious situation, Divan and President reached the place and invited people from both sides and the problem was solved. As a result, Hindus and Muslims made a victory procession.<ref name=":6"/>

=== British divide and rule policy before war ===
==== Divide and rule policy ====
The trick used by the British to [[divide and rule]] was to constantly target one group from the people. This trick would be much to make a divide among them.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=104}}</ref><ref>A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 111.</ref>

==== Undeclared police raj ====
Mappilas had taken out a march of 2000 people in [[Thrissur]] on 2 March 1921, followed by a victory procession by Hindus and Muslims. The police in Malabar began to threaten the [[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat]] volunteers and leaders in a particular manner in important centres and, to visit the prominent people loyal to the British and receive food and others from there, each day. By 15 March 1921 an undeclared police raj came into effect. The Mappilas began to be charged with cases and arrested in a huge number.<ref>Based on (Prof. M. P. S., Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. p. 54; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 111–112).</ref> So many false cases were charged against them such as theft and rape. Even a funny charge of stealing a pen, that too by two persons, was made against Mappilas. There was an instance of charging a case and registering arrest even for going to the police station wearing a Khilafat cap. These were reported in the British newspaper Madras Daily, newspapers [[Mithavadi]], The Muslim, and [[Jenmi]]s' newspapers, [[Kerala Pathrika]], Yogakshemam.<ref>''The Muslim'', 5 May 1921; ''Mithavadi'', 10 July 1921, 18 July 1921.</ref> All were false cases. Many were arrested in such false cases. All those arrested were cruelly tortured.<ref>Based on (A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 119, 111–112; ''The Muslim'', 5 May 1921; ''Mithavadi'', 10 July 1921, 18 July 1921; Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. pp. 54, 56).</ref>

==== Declared police raj ====
By the end of May, with canes, guns and spears on the guns, a declared police raj came into effect under the Hichkock-Thomas-Amu leadership. Cruel torture became a continuous story. Even the house and [[household]] of Mappilas were attacked.<ref>Based on (Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. pp. 56, 69; AK Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 93, 119. ''The Muslim'', 21 April 1921; ''Kaumi'', 1 March 1921).</ref>

==== Destruction of Hindu-Muslim unity ====
Because several cases were of stealing things of high [[Caste system in India|caste]] Hindus, Mappilas began to hate them. Lower [[Caste system in India|caste]] people isolated themselves from Muslims who are constantly being targeted, due to fear. Cracks began to appear in the unity created by Congress-[[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat]] committees. The Kudiyan collective and the Khilafat collective began to collapse. People working under [[Jenmi]]s began to be tortured more than earlier. The condition of workers of Eaton, the manager of Kerala estate, was worse than that of the cattle. [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leaders except M. P. Narayana [[Menon (subcaste)|Menon]] apparently abandoned Mappilas.<ref>A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 119.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|isbn=978-81-954397-0-6|pages=105–106}}</ref>

=== Varnashrama system of Congress organisational structure and abandoning of Khilafat members ===
Knap, the Special Commission, came to [[Kozhikode]] on 14 August 1921. Knap gave permission to search for weapons in houses of some places.<ref>Based on (Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. pp. 86–87; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 131).</ref> Thomas' order to relocate families of the British officers to Kozhikode made doubt among people. They understood all [[Mappila Muslims|Mappilas]], their houses and relatives are going to be attacked for no reason. Congress leaders cruelly abandoned [[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat movement]] members in this turbulent time. A handful of persons including M. P. Narayana [[Menon (subcaste)|Menon]], Kattilasseri and Muhammad Abdulrahman became courageous to go to people. Though Kattilasseri and Abdulrahman Sahib were Congress workers, they did not have much influence in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] since the organisational structure inside the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] was the reflection of varnashrama system. Generally they lost trust in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. They had trust only in M. P. Narayana [[Menon (subcaste)|Menon]]. M. P. Narayana Menon understood the only way to stop the upcoming big torture is stopping the protest. He asked the national leaders to stop the protest. Though, through a statement, the message to stop the protest could have been conveyed within 24 hours where [[newspaper]]s worked well, no such a statement was made.<ref>Based on (K. Madhavan Nair. ''Malabar Kalapam''. pp. 144–149; Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. pp. 90–93, 128–129; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 119–120).</ref>

==== Arrest warrants ====
On 19 August 1921 a group of police including Hitchcock and Thomas left for Thirurangadi. They had arrest warrants for 24 people including Ali Musliyar prepared by Hitchcock and signed by Thomas with them. It is said Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji's was in the list but removed because of Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji's connection with Hitchcock and SI Ramanathayyar.<ref>Based on (K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. p. 36; Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. p. 87; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 133).</ref>

==== Search for Ali Musliyar ====
The people of Thomas-Hitchcock unleashed attacks widely in [[Tirurangadi|Thirurangadi]], searching for [[Ali Musliyar]]. At this time Ali Musliyar was in a secret place in Thirurangadi discussing with other leaders of the protest about how to respond to the British. The meeting reached a decision to stop protesting for the time being in the situation the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] abandoned them and to entrust Ali Musiyar to tell the Collector that they are stopping the protest and to demand the release of those arrested.<ref>A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 134, 135.</ref>

== Leadership in rebellion ==
=== Thirurangadi firing incident and beginning of war ===
{{see also | Jallianwala Bagh massacre}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Thirurangadi firing incident
| partof = [[massacre]], [[Malabar rebellion]], [[Khilafat Movement]], [[Indian independence movement]], [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] and suppression of [[protest]]
| image = South Malabar 1921.png
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[South Malabar]] in 1921; areas in red show taluks affected by the 1921 rebellion
| date = 20 August 1921
| place = Thirurangadi, [[Malabar district]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| coordinates =
| territory =
| result = *Revolutionary victory
*Firing suppressed
*Withdrawal of British forces
*Beginning of the Malabar rebellion
| combatant1 =
* 110 white troops of Leinster Regiment
* 30 Reserve policemen
* 60 personnel from Malabar Special Police
| combatant2 = Mappila rebels
| commander1 = Collector E. F. Thomas William Rorford Johnson{{KIA}} Rowley{{KIA}} Moitheen{{KIA}}
| commander2 = ''Probably no one'' Lavakkutty (alleged)
| strength1 = 200
| strength2 = Unarmed 2000–3000 (everyone might not have participated)
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes = Casualties occurred on both sides
| campaignbox =
| alt =
}}
The Thirurangadi firing occurred when [[Ali Musliyar]] approached the British requesting to release the people arrested and at a time when he became ready to stop the protest.<ref name=":4">Based on (''Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. KK Abdul Kareem. pp. 53, 81; ''Malabar Samaram MP Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. Prof. M. P. S. Menon. p. 97; ''Anglo Mappila Yuddam 1921''. AK Kodoor. p. 136).</ref> Unlike the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] of 1919, the Thirurangadi firing got suppressed. The firing was resisted effectively though casualties<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Conrad |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34036/1/11015837.pdf |title=The Moplah Rebellion of 1921–22 and its Genesis (Thesis submitted to the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1975 ) |pages=278 |language=}}</ref> occurred.<ref>Based on (R. H. Hitchcock. ''Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of the Malabar Rebellion 1921''. p. 37; K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. p. 53; Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. p. 97; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yuddam 1921''. pp. 136, 150).</ref> The rebellion began bringing some area of South Malabar under the control of the leaders of the rebellion started after suppressing the Thirurangadi firing on 20 August 1921.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|isbn=978-81-954397-0-6|pages=118}}</ref><ref name="AK Kodoor page 58">Based on (A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 191–192; R. H. Hitchcock. ''Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of the Malabar Rebellion 1921''. p. 58.)</ref> Ali Musliyar sent a person to inform Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji about the incidents in Thirurangadi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=117}}</ref>

=== Assumption of leadership ===
Haji came to Malabar after his last trip to [[Mecca]], in 1914.<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 80">{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=80}}</ref> R. H. Hitchcock says "On his return he was carefully looked after and appeared grateful; any way for six years he lived an irreproachable life."<ref>{{Cite book |last=R. H. Hitchcock |title=Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of Malabar Rebellion 1921 |pages=58}}</ref> It was during the rebellion began after the firing incident took place in Thirurangadi by Collector Thomas at a large group of people gathered there that he again became active in the struggle against the British,<ref>A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 134–135.</ref> in a moment.<ref name=":02"/><ref name="AK Kodoor page 58"/>

== Rule ==
=== Before declaration of independent country ===
Intense war was fought 21–24 August 1921 after suppressing the Thirurangadi firing on 20 August 1921. By the night of 24 August the control of 200 villages of Eranad, Valluvanad Ponnani, Kozhikode taluks were taken over by the revolutionaries from the British. On the night of 24 August 1921 leaders including Variyamkunnan and Ali Musliyar held a meeting (several things that are to be decided had been decided in the Thekkekalam meeting).<ref name="Muhammad 160–163">{{Cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Ramees|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=160–163}}</ref>

In the meeting Variyamkunnan divided his new country into four divisions. Each was given to each leader. The Mannarkad division was entrusted with [[Chembresseri Thangal]]; Thirurangadi, [[Ali Musliyar]]; Valluvanad, [[Kumarambathur Seethi Koya Thangal]]; Pookottur, [[Kunjithangal]]. Variamkunnan retained Nilambur, Pandallur, Pandikkad and Thuvvur under his control. Under them each region was given a smaller leader. Each region had a military head. These "lieutenants" had the duty of recruiting soldiers, training them, and procurement of weapons. That was Lavakkutty and Kunjalavi in Thirurangadi. In that of Chembresseri Thangal it was Aamakundan; and in that of Seeethi Koya Thangal, Thaliyil Unnenkutty Haji. In Pookottur it was Vadakkuveettil Manmad. In that of Variamkunnan, it was Naik Chekkutti (in the battles directly led by Variamkunnan, Variyamkunnan himself was the commander). Rulers in all divisions were under Variamkunnan. He was above them all.<ref name="Muhammad 160–163"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. H. Hitchcock |title=Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of Malabar Rebellion 1921 |pages=99}}</ref><ref>Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonun Sahapravathakarum''. pp. 113, 130, 134.</ref>

The meeting decided to declare in Manjeri the formation of a new independent country. The meeting wound up deciding to announce the state declaration at Manjeri.<ref name="Muhammad 160–163"/><ref>A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp 232–233.</ref>

=== Malayala Rajyam ===
Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji established an independent state<ref name="ReferenceC"/> as part of the [[Indian independence movement]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=1921-12-07|title=Clipped From Detroit Free Press|pages=10|work=Detroit Free Press|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42670333/detroit-free-press/|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref> and [[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat movement]] on 25 August 1921. He made the state declaration in the Manjeri proclamation on 25 August 1921. Its name was Malayala Rajyam.<ref>{{Cite web |page=para. 8 |title=Row in India over gov't move to erase colonial-era 'martyrs' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/india-kerala-ichr-dictionary-mappila-martyrs-malabar-rebellion-bjp-rss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022022244/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/india-kerala-ichr-dictionary-mappila-martyrs-malabar-rebellion-bjp-rss |archive-date=2022-10-22 |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2021 |others=para. 3 |title=Variyamkunnan's rare photo surfaces on book cover {{!}} Kozhikode News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/variyamkunnans-rare-photo-surfaces-on-book-cover/articleshow/87377709.cms |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beware of Lies, Give Credit To 1921 Malabar Revolt Against British |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-beware-of-lies-give-credit-to-1921-malabar-revolt-against-british/304967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024164728/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-beware-of-lies-give-credit-to-1921-malabar-revolt-against-british/304967 |archive-date=2022-10-24 |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=outlookindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The rebels used British titles such as 'Assistant Inspector', 'Colonel', 'Collector', 'Governor', 'Viceroy' and (less conclusively) 'King'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Conrad |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34036/1/11015837.pdf |title=The Moplah Rebellion of 1921–22 and its Genesis (Thesis submitted to the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1975) |pages=307}}</ref> Because the [[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat movement]] in the region, utilised by Variyankunnath, controlled the parallel government it was called [[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat]] raj.<ref>{{Citation |last=Historian Dr. Husain Randathani |title=Excerpts from Dr. Hussain Randathani's Interview: Was the Mappila Uprising Anti-Hindu |date=26 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Edcpc0XzFtI |at=Between 2:30–2:41 minutes |language=en |access-date=2022-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024180034/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Edcpc0XzFtI |archive-date=24 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Conrad |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34036/1/11015837.pdf |title=The Moplah Rebellion of 1921–22 and its Genesis (Thesis submitted to the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1975) |pages=294–295 |language= |quote=Even in the less remote western parts of the rebellion zone "Khilafat raj had been a very real thing" in the period the British were struggling to regain control of the situation, according to Police Superintendent Hitchcock.}}</ref> It had its own passport, currency, and separate system of taxation.<ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-25 |page=para. 10 |title=Explained: Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji, the Khilafat leader who declared an independent state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022073820/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-date=2022-10-22 |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Variyankunnath abolished the [[Jenmi]] system.<ref name="ReferenceD"/> He set up military<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-25 |page=para. 10 |title=Explained: Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji, the Khilafat leader who declared an independent state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022073820/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-date=2022-10-22 |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and several battles were fought against the British.

In those days, the police would write a statement and make the prisoner sign it. Otherwise, a statement would be written, getting the signature beforehand.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Ramees|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=263}}</ref> Even in the statement of Variyankunnath written by R. H. Hitchcock, Variyankunnath said, "There is no ''Khilafat'' here. ''Khilafat'' is a Turkey subject."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchcock |first=R. H. |url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/archives/history-malabar-rebellion-1921-rh-hitchcock |title=Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of Malabar Rebellion 1921 |pages=186}}</ref>

Madhavan Nair says from beginning to end, Variyankunnath's enemies were the Government and those aiding the Government. Because no one got opportunity to aid the Government in the beginning of the revolt, the target of his warpath was the police and military then.<ref>Madhavan Nair. ''Malabar Kalapam''. pp. 244–245.</ref>

R. H. Hitchcock says Variyankunnath was only against the Hindus who supported the Government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad |first=Ramees |title=Sultan Variamkunnan |isbn=978-81-954397-0-6 |pages=287}}</ref><ref>R. H. Hitchcock. ''[http://www.indianculture.gov.in/archives/history-malabar-rebellion-1921-rh-hitchcock Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of the Malabar rebellion 1921].'' p. 79. "They were not essentially anti-Hindu except in so far as the Hindus supported the existing Government."</ref>

Ali Musliyar and Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji made use of their influence to prevent the forcible conversion. As leaders they followed a secular approach<ref>K. N. Panicker. ''Against Lord and State, Rebellion and Peasant Uprising in Kerala.'' p. 159.</ref>

Rebels like Kunjahammad Haji tried to ensure that the Hindus are not assaulted or subject to looting. They punished rioters who assaulted Hindus. Haji, who did not show special consideration to the Mappilas, killed several Mappilas who supported the government or gave them other type of punishments.<ref>K. N. Panicker. ''Against Lord and State, Rebellion and Peasant Uprising in Kerala''. p. 152.</ref>

=== Chekutty murder ===
Several British loyalist Mappilas had taken refuge in the [[Khan Bahadur]] Chekutty's house. With them was CI Mangatt Narayana Menon. Twenty four people including Kunjahammad Haji went to the Chekutty's house; they had guns with them.
Naik Haidru killed Chekutty by shooting. As the shooting happened other Adhikaris and CI Narayana Menon escaped through the side of the kitchen. Naik Thami read a charge sheet near the fallen Chekutty which took forty minutes to finish. This charge sheet contained 300 "crimes". Chekutty, as a servant of the colonial government, had caused so much trouble to ordinary people in Eranad. After the reading of the crimes, Kunjahammad Haji decapitated Chekutty. Though several historians have recorded that the Chekutty's severed head was stuck to a spear and brought to the place of the Manjeri proclamation, K. K. Abdul Kareem says that this is not correct, and that the severed head was thrown to a thicket in the Chekutty's own plot.<ref>K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. p. 104.</ref>

Anyway, the Chekutty murder shocked everyone in Ernad. Those who heard about the murder, which people had thought unusual and impossible, rushed to Anakkayam and Manjeri. Thus the crossroad joining four main roads in Manjeri was crowded with people for Kunjahammad Haji's historic declaration.<ref>A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 232.</ref>

=== Namboothiri bank ===
An important incident during the peak of the war was the attempt by the ''chottu pattalam'' to loot the Namboothiri bank in Manjeri, which was well known in the Malabar region, and run by Pulloor Kuttyanikkad Manakkal Damodaran Namboothiri. The action taken by Kunjahammad Haji against this is one of the best examples of his skill of administration. There was jewellery worth millions of rupees belonging to people including ordinary peasants in the bank. The first approach by Namboothiri knowing of the loot was to inform Kunjahammad Haji. On learning about the loot, without sparing a minute, Kunjahammad Haji set out with a few followers at midnight itself. On seeing Kunjahammad Haji, the looters escaped running. Kunjahammad Haji decided to guard the bank since all what was in the bank was of the public, several of them ordinary peasants. He took charge of protection on 24 August 1921. He entrusted some of his soldiers to stand guard over the bank and some others to capture the looters. Kunjahammad Haji fully examined the bank. As Shankunni Nair informed that the unrecorded jewellery in the shelf was from the Namboothiri's house, soon it was sent to Anakkayam. After that he made a proclamation to take back the pledged articles from the bank giving the money immediately. Because of suddenness several did not have money. He ordered, such people who did not have money, should give whatever they have, to take back the pledged articles; but their account should be kept. This was done by the bank clerk Shankunni Nair and Kapad Krishnan Nair. Each day Shankunni Nair would go to Anakkayam closing the bank in the evening. On arrival by Shankunni Nair with the key in the morning, Kunjahammad Haji would open the bank. Appukuttan, the son of Namboothiri, said to A.K. Kodoor that in those days Kunjahammad Haji would stay on the bank building itself.<ref>Based on (K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. pp. 68–69; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo'' ''Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 202–204).</ref>

R. H. Hitchcock says Kunjahammad Haji did not loot the bank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of the Malabar Rebellion, 1921 by R.H. Hitchcock |url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/archives/history-malabar-rebellion-1921-rh-hitchcock |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Indian Culture |page=58 |language=en |quote=From 24th to 26th August 1921 he was at Manjeri, he proclaimed himself as ruler and one of his first acts was to open the Nambudiri bank he did not loot it, but sent for all the owners of the pledged property and the bank officials and returned their jewels to the original owners.}}</ref>

=== Number of Hindus killed and forcibly converted ===
There were different reports about the number of forced conversions with the report of the Congress saying that '''even''' the forced conversions are not even more than three in number<ref>{{cite book |last=Vattarambath |first=Sreevidhya |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/63444 |title=Aftermath of the Rebellion – A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935 |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |year=2007 |page=103 |chapter=Post Rebellion Period — Realities and Relief Works |hdl=10603/63444 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/63444/10/10_chapter%203.pdf}}</ref> while the District Magistrate of Malabar, in response for demanding safe estimate of forced conversions by the Secretary of State, says about just around 180 cases of conversion about which reliable information received.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vattarambath |first=Sreevidhya |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/63444 |title=Aftermath of the Rebellion – A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935 |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |year=2007 |pages=101–102|chapter=Post Rebellion Period — Realities and Relief Works |hdl=10603/63444 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/63444/10/10_chapter%203.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=ചരിത്രവക്രീകരണ ശ്രമവും വര്‍ഗീയ അജണ്ടകളും {{!}} മലബാര്‍ സമരം {{!}} ഡോ. മോയിൻ മലയമ്മ | date=28 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=sp8anUtj86Q | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013135409/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=sp8anUtj86Q |trans-title=Attempt to distort history and communal agendas {{!}} Malabar struggle {{!}} Dr. Moyin Malayamma |at=16–17 minutes |language=Malayalam |access-date=2022-02-03| archive-date=13 October 2022 }}. Archived from the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sp8anUtj86Q original] on 13 October 2022.</ref>

[[Sumit Sarkar]] in ''Modern India'' quotes an Arya Samaj source that claimed about 600 Hindus were killed and 2,500 forcibly converted during the rebellion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-05 |title=The Malabar rebellion is a layered story with multiple strands that defy simplistic narrations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/dont-strip-malabar-rebellion-off-its-layers-6490428/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024154256/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/dont-strip-malabar-rebellion-off-its-layers-6490428/ |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=2021-12-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJeKBAAAQBAJ&q=600+Hindus+were+killed+and+some+2500+forcibly |title=Modern India |date=2014 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-93-325-4085-9 |pages=187 |language=en}}</ref>{{refn|group=Note|See also: [[Diwan Bahadur]] C. Gopalan Nair, ''[https://archive.org/details/MoplahRebellion1921 The Moplah Rebellion, 1921]''. p. 58. "It is impossible, in the absence of a census of the rebel area, to state the number of persons who were killed by the rebels, "but the number of persons among the civil population is believed to be between 500 and 600" according to the information given by Government. "No statistics have been compiled regarding the number of women and children among the persons killed." (''Madras Mail'' 14 November 1922)".}} The British forces had killed a group of lower caste Hindus mistaking them for Mappilas because they used to shave the head like Mappilas.<ref>''Anglo Mappila Yuddam 1921''. AK Kodoor. p. 242.</ref>

Variankunnath said in a cablegram reported on 7 December 1921 in two American newspapers that the reported '''a few cases of conversion''' (not forced conversion or murder in the verbatim sentence) of Hindus were part of the British plot. He also blamed British spies and agents for this and claimed to have killed the British spies and agents.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1921-12-07|title=Clipped From The Baltimore Sun|pages=6|work=The Baltimore Sun|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88890874/the-baltimore-sun/|access-date=2021-12-20}}</ref>

There are no reports of lower caste Hindus being forcibly converted to Islam during the rebellion. Most of such stories of forced conversions are related to high caste Hindus.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vattarambath |first=Sreevidhya |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/63444 |title=Aftermath of the Rebellion – A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935 |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |year=2007 |page=105 |chapter=Post Rebellion Period — Realities and Relief Works |hdl=10603/63444 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/63444/10/10_chapter%203.pdf}}</ref>

The stories of forced conversion of Hindus to Islam during the rebellion by Mappilas are not reliable.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vattarambath |first=Sreevidhya |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/63444 |title=Aftermath of the Rebellion – A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935 |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |year=2007 |page=103 |chapter=Post Rebellion Period — Realities and Relief Works |hdl=10603/63444 | quote=Whatever may the statistics of forcible conversion, information are not reliable and so it is difficult to say the exact number.|chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/63444/10/10_chapter%203.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-25 |page=para. 24–26 |title=After 97 years, a forgotten British massacre uncovered |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/after-97-years-forgotten-699719.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511005556/https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/after-97-years-forgotten-699719.html |archive-date=11 May 2022 |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> It is claimed that no one came forward claiming to be the descendants of those who were subject to such forced conversions even 97 years after the rebellion which in turn shows forced conversions are not true.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-25 |title=After 97 years, a forgotten British massacre uncovered |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/after-97-years-forgotten-699719.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511005556/https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/after-97-years-forgotten-699719.html |archive-date=11 May 2022 |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==== Return of refugees ====
By the end of January 1922 Eranad and Walluwanad taluks were safe for refugees to return home.<ref>[[Diwan Bahadur]] C. Gopalan Nair, [[iarchive:MoplahRebellion1921|''Moplah Rebellion 1921'']], p. 111, "By the end of January 1922, the back of the rebellion had been broken and most of the amsams in Ernad and Valluvanad were safe. It was imperative that the thousands of refugees should return home and begin the cultivation of their fields."</ref> Refugees returned home after the rebellion.<ref>[[Diwan Bahadur]] C. Gopalan Nair, [[iarchive:MoplahRebellion1921|''Moplah Rebellion 1921'']], p. 99, '''Kerala Congress Committee relief at Manjeri''': "On 17th January 1922 it was decided by the working committee of the Congress that able-bodied refugees should not be granted relief gratuitously, but that they should work." "On 28th February relief was stopped to such of the refugees who did not work. Most of the refugees returned to their homes."; p. 103, '''Mankada palace''': "This number continued with variations till December when gradually the refugees began to go back to their homes. It was by the end of April 1922 that all the refugees left."; p. 106, '''Kolathur tharavad''' "The number swelled up to l,000 for a few days, and gradually fell off until relief was stopped in February 1922."; p. 105, '''The Kavalappara Kottaram''': "From the date of the opening the camp, viz., 10th October, the number of refugees began to increase rapidly and by the 14th of that month it rose above l,000 and the increase continued steadily until the highest figure — 1,523 — was reached on 1st December 1921. Without any remarkable decrease the number remained high till 14th January 1922 and it was only after that date it fell below 1,000."</ref> Certain relief works stopped after a certain period.<ref>[[Diwan Bahadur]] C. Gopalan Nair, [[iarchive:MoplahRebellion1921|''Moplah Rebellion 1921'']], p. 102, '''Kottakal palace''': "There was on an average 576 refugees daily and the relief closed on 11th February 1922."; p. 106, '''Kolathur tharavad''': "The number swelled up to l,000 for a few days, and gradually fell off until relief was stopped in February 1922." p. 100, '''Kerala Congress Committee relief at Manjeri''': "On 8th September 1922 relief at Calicut was wholly stopped."</ref> All relief camps, except one in Calicut for forced converts, decrepit, old and infirm people that was maintained until July 1922, were closed at the end of February, with end of martial law.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vattarambath |first=Sreevidhya |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/63444 |title=Aftermath of the Rebellion – A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935 |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |year=2007 |page=128|chapter=Post Rebellion Period — Realities and Relief Works |hdl=10603/63444 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/63444/10/10_chapter%203.pdf}}</ref> Among Hindus who fled from the rebellion area it was mainly [[Jenmi]]s who were yet to return to their homes.<ref>[[Diwan Bahadur]] C. Gopalan Nair, [[iarchive:MoplahRebellion1921|''Moplah Rebellion 1921'']], Chapter X, Government Loans, p. 109, '''A. R. Knapp''', the Special Commissioner for Malabar: "Of the Hindus who fled from the rebellion area a considerable number mainly Jenmis have not yet returned. Of the rest many have gone back to their amsoms to find their houses either wholly or partially destroyed."</ref> Hindu refugees including upper section returned to their native regions after a certain period.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vattarambath |first=Sreevidhya |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/63444 |title=Aftermath of the Rebellion – A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935 |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |year=2007 |page=74 |chapter=The Rebellion |hdl=10603/63444 |quote=Due to fear, most of the Hindus, especially upper sections, left their native regions and sought shelter either in the nearby ''kovilakams'' or in the houses of relatives in nearby areas like Trichur. They came back only after six or eight or even one year after the Rebellion. |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/bitstream/10603/63444/9/09_chapter%202.pdf}}</ref>

==== Atrocities under British martial law ====
It was in the second phase of the rebellion (after the proclamation of [[martial law]] by the British government) that the alleged attrocies against Hindus took place. It was Muslims who did not support the rebellion that suffered the most due to the rebellion.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vattarambath |first=Sreevidhya |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/63444 |title=Aftermath of the Rebellion – A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935 |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |year=2007 |page=3 |chapter=Introduction |hdl=10603/63444 |quote=The combination of all these events caused the people to rebel, according to Madhavan Nair. He accepted the view that the cruelties of ''jenmies'' and the right of ''melcharth'' played a major role in the genesis and growth of these revolts. In this work, he mentioned two phases of the Rebellion — one was before the murder of Ali Musliyar and other was after his death. It was in the second phase that the rebellion turned in to a communal one, according to him. He pointed out that the most suffered one due to the Rebellion were the Muslims, who were not the supporters of the Rebellion. |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/bitstream/10603/63444/8/08_chapter%201.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vattarambath |first=Sreevidhya |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/63444 |title=Aftermath of the Rebellion – A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935 |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |year=2007 |page=4 |chapter=Introduction |hdl=10603/63444 |quote=He (K. P. Kesava Menon) said that, in the early stages the rebels did not turn against the Hindus, but later, when the Hindus began to help the British authorities, it turned to be a fanatic one.|chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/bitstream/10603/63444/8/08_chapter%201.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vattarambath |first=Sreevidhya |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/63444 |title=Aftermath of the Rebellion – A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935 |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |year=2007 |page=11 |chapter=Introduction |hdl=10603/63444 |quote=He (D. N. Dhanagare) stresses the fact that it was only weeks after the uprisings that the first case of a forced conversion was reported. He is also of the opinion that the total number of conversions did not exceed 900. This was a very small number when compared with the large size of the Hindu population in the disturbed areas. Dhanagare is of the opinion that "the communal sentiments or 'fanaticism' of the ''Moplahs'' was only the symptom and not the diseases".|chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/bitstream/10603/63444/8/08_chapter%201.pdf}}</ref>

Arya Samajists who got support from the British government considered only the grievance of Hindus and ignored Mapillas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vattarambath |first=Sreevidhya |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/63444 |title=Aftermath of the Rebellion – A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935 |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |year=2007 |page=9 |chapter=Introduction |hdl=10603/63444 |quote=He (Saumyendranatha Tagore) argues that the ''Mappila'' peasants were not anti ''jenmy'' and anti government. He also wrote about the role of Arya Samajists in the relief work with the support of the government .They considered only the grievances of Hindus and ignored ''Mappilas''.|chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/bitstream/10603/63444/8/08_chapter%201.pdf}}</ref>

=== Variamkunnan and Thuvvur Incident ===
Critics very often criticise the rebellion citing the Thuvvur incident. The Thuvvur incident is an incident of punishing those people who [[rape]]d Mappila women and aided the British force by giving them information about Mappilas, so that the British force could find the Mappilas to kill. Ten persons were captured for punishment. Dalits helped to find the people who gave information to the British force. Eight of the ten had been killed by the time Chembrasseri Thangal came. Two [[Mappila Muslims|Mappilas]] include in those killed. One Mappila killed was beaten so that the skin would damage severely. Chembrassery Thangal prevented this extrajudicial killing and set the remaining two free. The people responsible for this were taken to Variamkunnan and Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji gave punishment for conducting the [[extrajudicial punishment]]. The story of the Thuvvur well into which the severed heads were put and the narrative with number of people killed differing such as some 20 or 36 or 38 or some 35 also exist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=തുവ്വൂർ കിണറിൽ എത്രപേർ? അതിൽ മാപ്പിളമാരെത്ര? | 921ന്‍റെ ബാക്കി | [How many in Thuvvur well? How many of them Mappilas?| Post 1921] | P.T Nasar |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wuHG32Jn7p0 |website=[[YouTube]] | date=2 October 2021 |language=Malayalam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013144344/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=wuHG32Jn7p0 |archive-date=2022-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=മലബാര്‍ സമരം: ആരോപണങ്ങളും വസ്തുതകളും – ഭാഗം രണ്ട് {{!}} സമീൽ ഇല്ലിക്കൽ {{!}} മലബാർ സമരത്തിന്റെ വഴികളിൽ [Malabar struggle: allegations and realities – part 2 {{!}} Sameer Illikkal {{!}} In path of Malabar struggle] | date=13 August 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-PerY_iw1s |at=between 8–22 minutes |language=Malayalam |access-date=2022-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013150920/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-PerY_iw1s|archive-date=2022-10-13}}.</ref><ref>{{blockquote|"പട്ടാളം മാപ്പിളമാരുടെ വീടുകൾ തീവെച്ച് നശിപ്പിക്കുകയും അവരിൽ പലരെയും അറസ്റ്റ് ചെയ്യുകയും ചെയ്തു. പട്ടാളക്കാർ പോയതോടെ കൂടെ, അവരെ സഹായിച്ച വരോ അവരുടെ വരവിൽ സന്തോഷിച്ച വരോ ആയ ഹിന്ദുക്കളുടെ നേരെ ലഹളക്കാർ തിരിഞ്ഞു. അങ്ങനെ സഹായം ചെയ്തവരിൽ ചുരുക്കം ചില മാപ്പിളമാരും ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു. 24-ാം  തീയതി രാത്രി വരാൻ പോകുന്ന ആപത്തുകൾ യാതൊന്നും ശങ്കിക്കാതെ തുവ്വൂരിലെ നിവാസികൾ അവരവരുടെ വീടുകളിൽ കിടന്നുറങ്ങുന്നു. അങ്ങനെയുള്ള നൂറോളം വീടുകൾ നേരം പുലരുന്നതിനു മുമ്പായി മാപ്പിളമാർ വളഞ്ഞു. അകത്തു ഉള്ളവരോട് പുറത്തിറങ്ങാൻ കൽപ്പിച്ചു. അവരിൽ ചിലർ ഓടി രക്ഷപ്പെട്ടു. ശേഷമുള്ളവരിൽ പുരുഷന്മാരെയെല്ലാം ലഹളക്കാർ കൈയും കാലും കെട്ടി ബന്ധനസ്ഥരാക്കി. സ്ത്രീകളെയും കുട്ടികളെയുമൊന്നും ഉപദ്രവിച്ചില്ല. അതിനുശേഷം ആ വീടുകളെല്ലാം ചുട്ടു. പിടിച്ചു  കൂട്ടിയവരെയെല്ലാം ചേരിക്കമ്മൽകുന്ന് എന്ന സ്ഥലത്തേക്കും പിന്നെ അവിടെ നിന്ന് പാങ്ങോട് എന്ന സ്ഥലത്തേക്കും കൊണ്ടുപോയി. അവിടെ ഒരു കുന്നിന്റെ ചെരുവിലുള്ള ഒരു പറമ്പിൽ കിഴക്കുഭാഗത്തായി ഒരു പാറയുണ്ട്. ആ പാറയുടെ അടുത്ത് വെച്ച് അനേകം ഹിന്ദുക്കളെയും ഏതാനും മാപ്പിളമാരെയും ലഹളത്തലവന്മാരുടെ 'മാർഷൽ ലോ' പ്രകാരം വിചാരണ ചെയ്ത് ഗളച്ഛേദം ചെയ്യുവാൻ വിധി കൽപിച്ചുവെന്നും  അവരെ അപ്പോൾതന്നെ ആ പാറയിൽനിന്നു സുമാർ 15 വാര ദൂരത്തുള്ള കിണറ്റിന്നരികെ കൊണ്ടുപോയി വെട്ടി കിണറ്റിലിട്ടുവെന്നും ഉള്ളതിന് യാതൊരു സംശയവുമില്ല. മുപ്പത്തിനാല് ഹിന്ദുക്കളെയും രണ്ട് മാപ്പിളമാരെയുമാണിങ്ങനെ ഗളച്ഛേദം ചെയ്തത് എന്നാണ് അക്കാലത്തെ ലഹളസ്ഥലത്തുനിന്ന് ഓടിവന്നവർ പറഞ്ഞിട്ടുള്ളത്."}} ''Malabar Kalapam'', K. Madhavan Nair, pp. 201–202.

'''English translation ''': "The army set fire to the houses of the Mappilas and arrested many of them. As the soldiers left, the rebels turned on the Hindus who had helped them or rejoiced at their arrival. Among those who helped were a few Mappilas also. On the night of the 24th, the inhabitants of Tuvvur slept in their homes without any fear of impending danger. Hundreds of such houses were surrounded by Mappilas before dawn. Those inside were ordered to leave. Some of them ran away and escaped. The hands and legs of all the men from the rest were tied by the rioters. No women or children were harmed. After that, all those houses were burnt down. The captives were taken to Cherikkammalkunnu and from there to Pangode. There is a rock to the east of a field on the slope of a hill. There is no doubt that many Hindus and a few Mappilas near that rock were sentenced to be tried and beheaded under the 'martial law' of the rioters and they were immediately taken to a well about 15 yards from that rock and dumped in a well. According to those who fled the scene at the time, thirty-four Hindus and two Mappilas were beheaded."

{{blockquote|"തുവ്വൂരിലെ കൂട്ടക്കൊലയിൽ കുഞ്ഞഹമ്മദ് ഹാജിക്കും ഒരു പങ്കുണ്ടായിരുന്നുവെന്ന് കേട്ടിട്ടുണ്ട്. അത് നേരാണെങ്കിൽ തന്നെ തൻറെ ശത്രുക്കളോടും ശത്രുക്കളാണെന്ന് വിശ്വസിച്ചിരുന്നവരോടും എന്ത് കഠിനക്രിയയും ചെയ്യുവാൻ ഒരുക്കമായിരുന്നുവെന്നല്ലാതെ തുവ്വൂരിലെ കൊലകൾ ഹിന്ദുക്കളോട് പ്രത്യേകിച്ചുള്ള വൈരത്തിന്റെ ദൃഷ്ടാന്തമായിരുന്നുവെന്ന് പറയാൻ തരമില്ല. ഖാൻ ബഹദൂർ ചേക്കുട്ടിയെ കൊന്നതും ഐദ്രുഹാജിയെ വെടിവച്ചതും കൊണ്ടോട്ടി തങ്ങളോട് എതിർത്തതും മറ്റും ഗവൺമെന്റ് പക്ഷക്കാരോടുള്ള ശത്രുത്വത്തിന്റെ പ്രദർശനമായിട്ടെ കരുതുവാൻ തരമുള്ളൂ."}} ''Malabar Kalapam'', K. Madhavan Nair, p. 245. '''English translation''': "It is heard that Kunjahammad Haji was also involved in the Tuvvur massacre. Even if it is true, it is possible to say he was prepared to do anything harsh to his enemies and those who he believed to be his enemies, and not possible to say that the Thuvvur massacre is an example of hostility towards Hindus in particular. The killing of [[Khan Bahadur]] Chekutty, the shooting of Aidruhaji and attempt against Kondotty Thangal can only be seen as a show of hostility to the Government supporters."
{{blockquote|"ഈ വിചാരണ നടത്തിയത് വാരിയംകുന്നത്ത് കുഞ്ഞഹമ്മദ് ഹാജിയാണെന്നും ചെമ്പ്രശ്ശേരി തങ്ങളാണെന്നും രണ്ടു വിധത്തിൽ ജനങ്ങൾ പറയുന്നുണ്ട്. അധികം ആളുകളും വിശ്വസിച്ചു വന്നിട്ടുള്ളത് ഈ ക്രിയ ചെമ്പ്രശ്ശേരി തങ്ങളാണ് നടത്തിയിട്ടുള്ളതെന്നാണ്. തങ്ങളാണെങ്കിൽ തന്നെ അത് ലഹളത്തലവനായി പ്രസിദ്ധി നേടിയിട്ടുള്ള കുഞ്ഞിക്കോയ തങ്ങളല്ലെന്നും, അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ വംശത്തിലുള്ള ഒരു ഇമ്പിച്ചിക്കോയ തങ്ങളാണെന്നും തുവ്വൂരിലുള്ള ചില മാപ്പിളമാർ എന്നോട് പറയുകയുണ്ടായിട്ടുണ്ട്."}} ''Malabar Kalapam'', K. Madhavan Nair, p. 201. '''English translation''': "People have two opinions about who out of Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji and Chembrasseri Thangal conducted this trial. Most people believed it was done by Chembrasseri Thangal. Even if it is Thangal, it is not Kunhikoya Thangal famous as the rebel leader but an Imbichikoya Thangal in his clan, some Mappilas in Thuvvur have told me."</ref>

== Involvement in events of war ==
=== Leadership ===
It was after the Thirurangadi firing incident that Haji took the leadership of the rebellion against the British in a moment after six or seven years of silence. He had come to Malabar after his last trip to Mecca; in 1914.<ref name=":02"/><ref name="AK Kodoor page 58"/><ref name="Ramees Muhammad 80"/>

=== Military ===
His military included a group of previous members of the military that fought in the [[World War I|First World War]]. They had weapons those were seized and those were manufactured after the rebellion started.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|isbn=978-81-954397-0-6}}</ref> Most of his military were [[Khilafat Movement]] supporters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prof. M. P. S. Menon |title=Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayana Menonum Sahapravarthakarum |pages=78}}</ref> His forces against the British included uniformed members and a certain number of ex-sepoys.<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 August 1921|title=Newcastle Daily Chronicle|work=}}</ref>

=== Escape of adversaries ===
As the rebellion helmed by the Haji and others began to spread across the Ernad and Valluvanad taluks of erstwhile Malabar district, British officers and the local police loyal to them escaped<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-25 |title=Explained: Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji, the Khilafat leader who declared an independent state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022073820/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-date=2022-10-22 |access-date=2021-12-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> From the first day of war those fled to [[Kozhikode]] from Eranad include some pro-British [[Malabar Muslims|Mappilas]] besides Jenmis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=K. K. Abdul Kareem |title=Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji |pages=54}}</ref>
In South Malabar, especially Walluvanad, many Hindus along with Muslims attacked government institutions. At this time even some [[Nambudiri]]s were with Khilafat Movement supporters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prof. M. P. S. Menon |title=Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum |pages=108–109}}</ref>

=== Plot by British loyalists ===
{{See also|False flag operation}}
From the first day of war, [[looting]] also started. The looters included even CI Narayana Menon who participated in the looting wearing [[Mappila Muslims|Mappila]] dress. CI Narayana Menon used criminals and prisoners to loot. One of the main looters of Thirurangadi was Kizhakan Mukari who was pretending as Variamkunnath. Fifteen looters including Mukhari was caught on very 21 August 1921. All of them belonged to the ''chottu pattalam'' (the [[private army]] of chiefstains who were conducive for the British government) of [[Khan Bahadur]]-[[Khan Sahib]]s. Those who tried to loot the Namboothiri Bank were Mappilas loyal to the British<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramses Muhammad |title=Sultan Variamkunnan |isbn=978-81-954397-0-6 |pages=146–148}}</ref><ref>Based on (K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. pp. 74, 83; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 132, 148, 193, 205, 210–212, 218).
</ref> Thus the loot was carried out by those who are loyal to the British.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramses Muhammad |title=Sultan Variamkunnan |isbn=978-81-954397-0-6 |pages=148}}</ref> The main people who tried to thwart the war against the British were the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappilas]] loyal to the British. Intervention by [[Ali Musliyar]] and Variamkunnan stopped their attempt to an extent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramees Muhammad |title=Sultan Variamkunnan |isbn=978-81-954397-0-6 |pages=151}}</ref><ref>Based on (K. K. Abdul Kareem, ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. pp. 68–69, 74, 83; A. K. Kodoor. '' Anglo Mappila Yuddam'' 1921. pp. 132, 148, 193, 202–204, 205, 210–212, 218).

</ref>

=== Manjeri proclamation ===
Around 25 August 1921 he declared an independent state in Manjeri <ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=164}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-25 |title=Explained: Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji, the Khilafat leader who declared an independent state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022073820/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-date=2022-10-22 |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> with Haji its undisputed ruler.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Later on its own passport, currency, and its own system of taxation were introduced<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Even in the Manjeri proclamation which was made within few days after the rebellion started he said he had known it was propagated in the outside world that it was a war between the Muslims and Hindus. He also blamed Mappilas loyal to the British similar to [[Khan Bahadur]] Chekkutti and [[Jenmi]]s for propagating this. He also said he did not intent to make it a Muslims' only country.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=164–165}}</ref><ref>Based on (Sardar Chandroth. ''Deshabhimani'' article, 25 August 1946; K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. p. 62; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 234; K. T. Jaleel. ''Malabar Kalabam Oru Punarwayana'' p. 106).</ref>

=== Battle of Pookottur ===
{{main|Battle of Pookkottur}}
Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji came to Pookottur. An armed force was set up, to attack the British force at [[Pookkottur|Pookottur]], on their way to rescue the British military personnel stuck in the area where the revolution took place.<ref>Based on (Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. p. 115; T. Muhammad. Mappilasamudaayam ''Charithram Samskaaram''. p. 329).

</ref> And the [[Battle of Pookkottur|Battle of Pookottur]] was fought on 26 August 1921.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramses Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=171–174}}</ref><ref>Based on (K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. pp. 65–66; Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. p. 115).</ref>

=== Surrender of Ali Musliyar ===
On 30 August 1921 a firing occurred at the Thirurangadi mosque in which 114 people including [[Ali Musliyar]] were present between the British force and those inside the mosque. Huge casualties occurred on both sides.<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 185">{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=185}}</ref><ref name="Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji page 92, 93">Based on (K. K. Abdul Kareem, ''Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji'', pp. 92–93; Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. p. 119; A. K. Kodoor, ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 238–239).</ref> Some people managed to escape and ran to Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji.<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 185"/><ref name="Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji page 92, 93"/> Ali Musliyar and 39 followers surrendered on 31 August 1921 when he became certain that the mosque would be destroyed. Immediately after this Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji asked his soldiers to move to forests.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramses Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=182–185}}</ref><ref>Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. pp. 112, 120, 124.</ref>

=== British martial law ===
Immediately after the surrender of Ali Musliyar, Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji had asked his forces to move to forests. On 1 September 1921 [[martial law]] was declared specifically targeting Mappilas by the British. Those who would allow Mappillas who come from certain area to live were to be punished and in case Mappillas come to live nearby, it was to be reported to the nearest police station to avoid punishment. Because of the law Mappilas could not go outside or shops or mosques. But Mappilas loyal to the British got the pass so that they could move freely.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramees Muhammad |title=Sultan Variamkunnan |isbn=978-81-954397-0-6 |pages=186–187}}</ref>

'''Massacres of Mappilas'''

Even a vast number of Mappilas who did not take part in any protest were also tortured. The British conducted a series of [[massacre]]s against Muslims, in several places. Women were raped. Mappilas' houses were burnt. On 2 September 1921 the British force which arrived at Manjeri attacked all Mappila houses. Then came an order from the British to shoot all Mappillas seen outside. A group of lower caste Hindus would shave their head like Mappilas. So even many lower caste Hindus as well as Mappillas were killed because of this.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramees Muhammad |title=Sultan Variamkunnan |isbn=978-81-954397-0-6 |pages=187–190}}</ref>

'''Divide and rule policy'''

Some [[Jenmi]]s betrayed Mappilas. Under the pretext of revenge, militant employees of, the Mappilas loyal to the British, unleashed cruelty. They looted houses. Some ordinary Mapilas joined them for vengeance thereby causing the goal of Mappillas loyal to the British, to destroy Hindu-Muslim unity, to be fulfilled. Hindu-Muslim enmity grew. This was part of [[divide and rule]] policy of the British. They propagated it was a Hindu-Muslim riot through newspapers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramees Muhammad |title=Sultan Variamkunnan |isbn=978-81-954397-0-6 |pages=190–193}}</ref> All this happed after martial law was declared by the British. And the British brought almost all area under their control.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramees Muhammad |title=Sultan Variamkunnan |isbn=978-81-954397-0-6 |pages=195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramses Muhammad |title=Sultan Variamkunnan |isbn=978-81-954397-0-6 |pages=190–193}}</ref>

=== Guerrilla warfare ===
On 13 September 1921 [[guerrilla warfare]] was started by Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji. They carried out guerrilla warfare with separate small groups of 50–500 people. They began to seize the food for the British force. The British would not succeed in the war.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|isbn=978-81-954397-0-6|pages=197–198}}</ref><ref>Based on (T. Muhammad. ''Mappilasamudaayam Charithram Samskaaram''. pp. 359, 363; K. Madhavan Nair, ''Malabar'' ''Kalapam'', p. 195; Colonel Humphreys Letter to General Officer Commanding, 26–10–1921, Public G.O, No. 358, 2617–1922; Interview with Alavi Kakkadan, 8 September 2016; Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. p. 124; R. H. Hitchcock. ''Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of the Malabar Rebellion 1921''. pp. 70–71).</ref>

=== Martial law and passport ===
On 16 September 1921 he declared martial law in Nalambur. As per the martial law orders a pass was required to leave the area under his control. Moreover, the British and people loyal to the British were not allowed to come outside after afternoon; if seen violating they may be fired at.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=199–200}}</ref><ref>Based on (Conrad Wood, ''The Moplah Rebellion of 1921–1922 And Its Genesis'', p. 302; T. Muhammad. ''Mappilasamudayam'' ''Charithram Samskaaram''. p. 359; Madhavan Nair, ''Malabar'' ''kalapam''. p. 196).

</ref> He issued passports<ref>Robert L. Hardgrave Jr., ''[https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/24252/Hardgrave_RobertL_1977.pdf?sequence=1 The Moppilla Rebellion 1921: Peasant Revolt in Malabar],'' p. 82; Diwan Bahadur C. Gopalan Nair, ''The Moplah Rebellion 1921'', p. 78; ''Madras Mail,'' 17 September 1921.</ref> for that purpose.<ref>Robert L. Hardgrave Jr., ''[https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/24252/Hardgrave_RobertL_1977.pdf?sequence=1 The Moppilla Rebellion 1921: Peasant Revolt in Malabar]'', p. 82; [[Dewan Bahadur|Diwan Bahadur]] C. Gopalan Nair, ''The Moplah Rebellion 1921,'' p. 78</ref> With his martial law the people denied freedom to move were the people loyal to the British.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramses Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|isbn=978-81-954397-0-6|pages=199}}</ref> The most important thing he did after declaring martial law was punishing those who helped the British and carried out the [[riot]].<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 202">{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=202}}</ref>

=== Coming of Gurkhas ===
From 12 October 1921 the force including the [[Gurkha]]s, Chins and Kachins came to Malabar. Important reason for the failure of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|First War of Independence]] was the Gurkhas. They were more interested in conducting [[massacre]]s of ordinary people than fighting war directly.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramees Muhammad |title=Sultan Variamkunnan |isbn=978-81-954397-0-6 |pages=218}}</ref> The Mappilas were becoming unsuccessful in the fight while the number of the Gurkhas was more in number and with so many modern weapons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramses Muhammad |title=Sultan Variamkunnan |isbn=978-81-954397-0-6 |pages=220}}</ref><ref name=":2">T. Muhammad, ''Mappilasamudaayam Charithram Samskaaram'', 414–415.</ref>

=== Battle of Areekode ===

There were six or seven people who left from the Variamkunnan's movement.They made some violence in Areekode.Variamkunnan restored peace there. Knowing this, force from the British side reached there and made a fight. In the fight seventeen people from the Variamkunnan's force and as per the witnesses all from the British side got killed. Later, the Gurkhas bombed the Variamkunnan's force, who were hiding in a thicket, and a large number of people were killed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=221}}</ref><ref>A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappilla Yudham 1921''. p. 268.</ref>

=== Battle of Pandikkad ===
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Pandikkad
| partof = the [[Malabar rebellion]], the [[Khilafat Movement]] and [[Indian independence movement]]
| image = South Malabar 1921.png
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[South Malabar]] in 1921; areas in red show taluks affected by the 1921 rebellion
| date = 14 November 1921
| place = Pandikkad, [[Malabar district]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| coordinates =
| territory =
| result = Revolutionary victory
| combatant1 = British government
| combatant2 = Mappila rebels
| commander1 = Averell {{KIA}}
| commander2 =
| strength1 = 150–300
| strength2 = 2000 (400 of whom barged into the ''chandappura'')
| casualties1 = 75–120
| casualties2 = 54 (as per the British government)
| campaignbox =
| alt =
}}
Variyamkunnan kept knowing about the increasing attacks of the Gurkhas: that the Gurkhas molesting the women and killing the children in his country. He decided to check their activity. Thus the historic Pandikkad battle was fought on 14 November 1921 in a [[Preemptive war|pre-emptive]] attack, leading to the death of 75–120 Gurkhas. The Pandikkad battle is one of the examples of how the British tried to create a false narrative.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Ramees|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|isbn=978-81-954397-0-6|pages=226–229}}</ref>

At the beginning of November the army had reached Pandikkad from different places in 61 trucks. They included Gurkhas, Sikhs, and local seypoys. The 2/8th Gurkha rifles camp was in the then Pandikkad ''chandappura'' (a kind of [[marketplace]]) near a paddy field on the Perinthalmanna road. Their head was Captain Averell. This ''chandappura'' belonged to British loyalist Mappila, Kudaliyil Moosakutty. The place was under the rule of Variyamkunnath though there were a police station and an army camp.<ref>Based on (K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. p. 121; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp 248–249; R. H. Hitchcock. ''Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of the Malabar Rebellion 1921''. p. 90).</ref>

Variyamkunnan decided to kill the Gurkhas by attacking the ''chandappura''. Thus on 13 November 1921, 2000 people reached under the leadership of Variamkunnan, Chembrasseri Ibmichi Koya Thangal and Mukri Ahamad. Variamkunnan had given them special training for two days, in Chembrasseri, Karuvaarakkund and Kheezhaattur. Around 5 am 400 people from them barged into the ''chandappura'' by knocking the mud wall down, saying ''[[takbir]]''.<ref>Based on (R. H. Hitchcock. ''Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of the Malabar Rebellion 1921''. p. 90; K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkkunth Kunjahammad Haji''. p. 122; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 249).</ref><ref>Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. p. 124.</ref> According to Hitchcock there were 150 Gurkhas in the camp but Manji Ayamutti, who participated in the battle, in an interview given to A. K. Kodoor, says there were 300 of them.<ref>AK Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 249.</ref> The revolutionaries began to cut apart them before they could do anything. Even some Gurkhas died in the sleep. Even some Gurkhas fought between themselves losing mental balance. Soon regained mental balance, the Gurkhas fought maximum using the hand bomb and a Lewis gun. By that time several Gurkhas had died. The Gurkhas tried their level best to shield Averell. However a group of 5 people killed Averell, who was in a special position, after hacking the Gurkhas aside. Like Lancaster, Eaton and Harvey the death of Averell was also an event of great loss for the British.<ref>Based on (R. H. Hitchcock. ''Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of the Malabar Rebellion 1921''. p. 90; K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. p. 122; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 249).</ref>

The Pandikkad battle caused great humiliation for the British. To cover up the humiliation they falsely lowered casualties on the British side and falsely claimed victory. They released the false report that the casualties on the side of revolutionaries was 54 and 4 on the other; on a war footing as ever before. But M. P. S. Menon says 75 Gurkhas had been killed in the battle. Manji Ayamutti who participated in the battle says 120 Gurkhas had been killed. During the Pandikkad battle, fighting took place outside of the camp also. The revolutionaries killed the Pandikkad post master and two government party people. Though the house of Moosa Kutty was rounded up, he had left.<ref>Based on (R. H. Hitchcock. ''Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of the Malabar Rebellion 1921''. p. 90; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo'' ''Mappila Yudham 1921'', p. 249; Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. pp. 124, 138).</ref>

=== Genocide of Mappilas ===
Again a great series of [[massacre]]s were unleashed against innocent Mappilas. There was no a day without the massacre of 200–300 Mappilas. This led to weakening of the fight against the British forces and the Mappila fighters started to surrender.<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 230–231">{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=230–231}}</ref><ref>T. Muhammad. ''Mappilasamoothaayam Charithram Samskaaram''. p. 386.</ref>

The British military [[massacre]]d thousands of Mappilas, who were hiding in forests, hills and uninhabited houses. They killed hundreds of Mappila women and children. They [[rape]]d helpless Mappila women. They set Mappila houses on fire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vattarambath |first=Sreevidhya |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/63444 |title=Aftermath of the Rebellion – A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935 |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |year=2007 |pages=87–89 |chapter=Post Rebellion Period — Realities and Relief Works |hdl=10603/63444 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/63444/10/10_chapter%203.pdf}}</ref> The British government through a proclamation of order restricted mobility of Mappilla women and children. So they were compelled to remain in the rebel areas fearing the police and military attack, suffering poverty. These sufferings were unknown to the outside world due to prohibition orders in these riot stricken areas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vattarambath |first=Sreevidhya |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/63444 |title=Aftermath of the Rebellion – A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935 |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |year=2007 |pages=90–91 |chapter=Post Rebellion Period — Realities and Relief Works |hdl=10603/63444 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/63444/10/10_chapter%203.pdf}}</ref>

=== Some other battles ===
==== Attack at Hajippara ====
Variamkunnan had camped at Hajippara. A group, including the Gurkhas and Kachins, attacked there and became successful in taking so much rice and cattle. In the fight, 17 from Variamkunnan's side and 35 from Gurkha-Kachin's side got killed.<ref name="Malabar page 165">Based on (R. H. Hitchcock, ''Peasant Revolt in Malabar, A History of the Malabar Rebellion 1921'', p. 165; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo'' ''Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 311).</ref>

==== Attack at Kallaamoola ====
He changed his hiding place to the Kallaamoola hill storing food centering its valley Kurukkan Pottikkulam. On 8 December 1921 a large group consisting of the Gurkhas and Kachins attacked this place as well. In this fight a huge loss occurred for Variamkunnan. Large amount of rice and thousands of cattle were captured from there. In this attack 13 from Gurkhas, 8 from Kachins and 24 from the Variamkunnan's side got killed. And the Cherumas and Advasis also were captured and taken to Nilambur besides the food by the British force.<ref name="Malabar page 165"/>

==== Retaliation by Variamkunnan ====
Variamkunnan attacked a bangalow. He saved captured Cheruman-Advasi soldiers of his force on 11 December 1921. Right after this he went to Goodalloor where he attacked and killed a policeman, who was at the Panthalloor training camp (belonging to the British side). After this the Variamkunnan's group got divided to three. One attacked a police station and killed three from the police (belonging to the British side). Another group attacked a survey office (belonging to the British side) and killed three from them. The third group attacked a post office and killed a policeman. In this operation Variamkunnan's force got a huge victory. In this fight 7 people got killed on Variamkunnan's side and 27 on the other.<ref>Based on (A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 311; K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. p. 125; T. Muhammad. ''Mappilasamudaayam Charithram Samskaaram''. p. 410).</ref>

=== Surrender of Haji's soldiers and massacre of Mappilas ===
To cover up the humiliation caused by the defeat in the Pandikkad battle, the Gurkhas again, as they had done before, targeted those who did not take part in any part of the war. This was the regular plot of the British: the act of murdering the poor people when not possible to win over the revolutionaries by fighting thereby causing them to surrender by instilling the sense of guilt. On the other hand, the moral revolutionaries would not attack none other than the military personnel. In Karuvarakund, Thuvvur, Konnara, Cheroor, the East Kozhikode region and Pandikkad the British army did inexplicable atrocities. This caused the Mappila fighters to surrender en masse.<ref>Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. pp. 124, 138.</ref> This was the main cause for the rebellion to cease. This led to loss of control over several regions from the hands of revolutionaries.<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 230–231"/>

Superintendent Amu in an interview given to Moyyarath Sankaran, says it became a normal thing that the White military personnel, the Gurkhas and [[Malabar Special Police]] kill the Mappilas without taking the cognisance of the party the victim belonged to. They killed innumerable number of women and children by using the [[bayonet]]. Thus there was not a day without the massacre of 200–300 Mappilas. In short they lost all means of peace; the opposition by Mappilas began to decline; they also started to surrender.<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 230–231"/><ref>T. Muhammad. ''Mappilasamudaayam Charithram Samskaaram''. p. 386.</ref>

The move by the British government to attack women, children and the elderly using the Gurkhas and Kachins, thereby forcing the rebels depressing mentally to surrender was actually the cause for the failure of rebels in the war. The revolutionaries were distressed that the innocent get killed because the revolutionaries themselves do not surrender. This was a plot of Hitchcock and Humphries knowing the martyrdom culture of Mappillas to defeat it. This plan devised, understanding it is not possible to win over fighting those who set out wishing death, helped the British win in the 1921 war. British officials said they attained the expected goal about this.<ref>Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. p. 138.</ref> By first weeks of December 27000 revolutionaries had surrendered this way, says M. P. S. Menon.<ref>Based on (Prof. M. P. S. Menon. ''Malabar Samaram, M. P. Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum''. p. 138; Diwan Bahadur C. Gopalan Nair, ''The Moplah Rebellion 1921'', pp. 50–51).</ref> In short it was not the might of the celebrated British elite army, but 'psychological war' that destroyed the Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji's military and the parallel government.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=243–244}}</ref><ref>T. Muhammad. ''Mappilasamudaayam Charithram Samskaram''. p. 386.</ref>

=== Karuvarakund meeting ===
To avoid the genocide of the innocent, people including the leaders began to think of surrendering. Chembrasseri Thangal, Seethi Koya Thangal and Unneen Kutty Haji suggested surrender. Though it shocked Variamkunnath, he did not express it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=244}}</ref><ref>A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. 312–313.</ref>

=== Disbandment of military ===
Variyamkunnath disbanded the army after he could not make the military operation at Palemad. He could not move to Palemad because he was surrounded by the British force. It is said that 25000 of Variamkunnan's forces had reached Palemad on 18 December 1921.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramses Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=246–247}}</ref><ref>Based on (A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 314; K. K. Abdul Kareem. ''Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji''. p. 130).
</ref>

=== Surrender of leaders ===
Leaders Chembrasseri Thangal and Seethi Koya Thangal surrendered.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=251}}</ref> Chembrassery Thangal's right hand Unneen Kutty Haji and his 450 followers surrendered. Thus a huge number of surrenders took place this time.<ref>Based on (R. H. Hitchcock. ''Peasant Revolt in Malabar 1921, A History of the Malabar Rebellion 1921''. p. 98; A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham''. pp. 315–316).</ref>

=== Capture of Variyamkunnath ===
On 5 January 1922, through a planned operation, Variyamkunnath was captured.Variyamkunnath wrestled for half an hour and he was chained.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|pages=256–260}}</ref>

=== Destroying of evidence ===
The British burned his body and all records related to his rule .They destroyed all records through raids in all houses and by offering rewards.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|isbn=978-81-954397-0-6|pages=272}}</ref><ref>A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. pp. 130, 197.</ref>

=== Last wish ===
When asked about his last wish by Humphreys he said shooting should be from the front with the eyes are unfolded and hands are free. His last wish was accepted by Humphreys.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramees Muhammad|title=Sultan Variamkunnan|isbn=978-81-954397-0-6|pages=264–265}}</ref><ref>Based on (A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 327; Interview with Alavi Kakkadan, 8 September 2016).</ref>

== Letter to ''The Hindu'' ==
[[File:A letter related to Malabar rebellion 1921.png|thumb|A letter written by Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji which appeared in the newspaper ''[[The Hindu]]'' on 18 October 1921]]

The letter written by Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji, which appeared on the newspaper ''[[The Hindu]]'' on 18 October 1921:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhi |first=K. S. |date=25 June 2020 |title=Reports of Hindu-Muslim strife in Malabar baseless, wrote Variamkunnath Kunhamed Haji in The Hindu in 1921 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reports-of-hindu-muslim-strife-in-malabar-baseless/article31918716.ece |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024160518/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reports-of-hindu-muslim-strife-in-malabar-baseless/article31918716.ece |archive-date=2022-10-24}}</ref>

{{blockquote|"Honoured Editor, I request you to publish the following facts in your paper. According to the Press Reports from Malabar which you will have got. Hindu-Muslim Unity in Malabar has thoroughly ceased to exist. It appears that the report that Hindus are forcibly converted (by my men) is entirely untrue. Such conversions were done by the Government Party and Reserve Policemen in mufti mingling themselves with the rebels (masquerading as rebels.) Moreover, because some Hindu brethren, aiding the military, handed over to the military innocent (Moplahs) who were hiding themselves from the military, a few Hindus have been put to some trouble. Besides, the Nambudiri, who is the cause of this rising, has also similarly suffered. The Hindus are compulsorily impressed for military service. Therefore, several Hindus seek protection in my Hill. Several Moplahs, too, have sought my protection. Now the chief military commander [of the government] is causing Hindus to evacuate from these Taluks. Innocent women and children of Islam, who have done nothing and possess nothing, are not permitted to leave the place. For the last one month and a half, except for the seizure and punishment of the innocent, no purpose has been achieved. Let all the people in the world know this. Let Mahatma Gandhi and Moulana know it. If this letter is not seen published, I will ask your explanation at one time."}}

== Action against persecution of Hindus ==
=== Publicising British plot ===
Variamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji said, in a cablegram received by the Friends of Freedom for India, the reported forced conversion of many Hindus to Mohammadanism and killing others were by the British agents and spies. He also claimed to have killed theses British spies and agents. This was published in two American newspapers on 7 December 1921.<ref name="newspapers.com">{{Cite news|date=1921-12-07|title=Clipped From Detroit Free Press|pages=10|work=Detroit Free Press|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42670333/detroit-free-press/|access-date=2021-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1921-12-07|title=Clipped From The Baltimore Sun|pages=6|work=The Baltimore Sun|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88890874/the-baltimore-sun/|access-date=2021-12-21}}</ref> Variamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji sent a letter to ''[[The Hindu]]'' claiming that the forced conversion of Hindus was done by the Government Party and Reserve Policemen in mufti mingling themselves with the rebels (masquerading as rebels.)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhi |first=K. S. |date=2020-06-25 |title=Reports of Hindu-Muslim strife in Malabar baseless, wrote Variamkunnath Kunhamed Haji in The Hindu in 1921 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reports-of-hindu-muslim-strife-in-malabar-baseless/article31918716.ece |access-date=2021-12-29 |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024160518/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reports-of-hindu-muslim-strife-in-malabar-baseless/article31918716.ece |archive-date=2022-10-24}}</ref>

=== Execution of miscreants ===
He was of the opinion that the reported forced conversions (though there is no forced conversion or murder of [[Hindus]] in the verbatim sentence in the message sent by Variamkunnan to the Friends of Freedom for India but there is mention about '''a few cases of conversion''' in the verbatim sentence) during the [[Malabar rebellion]] were done by vandals of the Government Party and Reserve Policemen in mufti mingling themselves with the rebels (masquerading as rebels).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhi |first=K. S. |date=2020-06-25 |title=Reports of Hindu-Muslim strife in Malabar baseless, wrote Variamkunnath Kunhamed Haji in The Hindu in 1921 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reports-of-hindu-muslim-strife-in-malabar-baseless/article31918716.ece |access-date=2021-12-07 |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024160518/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reports-of-hindu-muslim-strife-in-malabar-baseless/article31918716.ece |archive-date=2022-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Baltimore Sun from Baltimore, Maryland on December 7, 1921 · 6|url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/373284972/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Newspapers.com|date=7 December 1921 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=7 Dec 1921, Page 10 - Detroit Free Press at Newspapers.com|url=http://freep.newspapers.com/image/119220899/?terms=forced%20converts&match=1|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Detroit Free Press|language=en}}</ref> He said in a cablegram to have put the British agents and spies joined his forces as patriots only to discredit his soldiers to death, after the report of alleged forced conversion of Hindus to [[Mohammedanism]] and killing the rest of the Hindus.<ref name="Clipped From Detroit Free Press"/>

=== Punishing rioters ===
The most important thing he did after declaring martial law was punishing those who helped the British and carried out the [[riot]].<ref name="Ramees Muhammad 202"/>

=== Thekkekalam meeting ===
To thwart the attempt of Mappilas loyal to the British, Variamkunnath Kunnahammad Haji, on the second day of the war started, organised the Thekkekalam meeting. In this meeting, even the first decision taken was that any activity that could cause a different opinion about from Hindus shall not happen.<ref>A. K. Kodoor. ''Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921''. p. 195.</ref>

=== Exposing compulsory military service ===
In a letter written to ''[[The Hindu]]'', Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji exposed the attempt for compulsory military service by the British. In the letter, he said the following.

{{blockquote|"The Hindus are compulsorily impressed for military service. Therefore, several Hindus seek protection in my Hill. Several Moplahs, too, have sought my protection. Now the chief military commander [of the government] is causing Hindus to evacuate from these Taluks. Innocent women and children of Islam, who have done nothing and possess nothing, are not permitted to leave the place."}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhi |first=K. S. |date=2020-06-25 |title=Reports of Hindu-Muslim strife in Malabar baseless, wrote Variamkunnath Kunhamed Haji in The Hindu in 1921 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reports-of-hindu-muslim-strife-in-malabar-baseless/article31918716.ece |access-date=2022-01-02 |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024160518/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reports-of-hindu-muslim-strife-in-malabar-baseless/article31918716.ece |archive-date=2022-10-24}}</ref>

=== Adequate security to people of other faiths ===
Haji gave orders to his followers that people of other faiths were to be given adequate security and not be subjected to torture. But at the same time, he targeted all those who helped the British, be they Hindu or Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-25 |others=para. 7–8 |title=Explained: Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji, the Khilafat leader who declared an independent state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022073820/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-variyamkunnath-kunjahammed-haji-the-khilafat-leader-6471224/ |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Declaration of death penalty ===
Variyamkunnath Kunjahammad Haji declared the death penalty to people who attempt forceful conversion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Row in India over gov't move to erase colonial-era 'martyrs' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/india-kerala-ichr-dictionary-mappila-martyrs-malabar-rebellion-bjp-rss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024165234/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/india-kerala-ichr-dictionary-mappila-martyrs-malabar-rebellion-bjp-rss |archive-date=2022-10-24 |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Execution ==
Haji was sentenced to death and executed by Commander Colonel Humphrey's firing squad for his involvement in [[Malabar rebellion]].<ref name="indianexpress.com" /> He was shot dead on 20 January 1922<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-01-21 |title=99 years since the martyrdom of freedom fighter Variamkunnath Kunhahammed Haji |url=https://english.madhyamam.com/india/99-years-since-the-martyrdom-of-freedom-fighter-variamkunnath-kunhahammed-haji-702303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416063631/https://english.madhyamam.com/india/99-years-since-the-martyrdom-of-freedom-fighter-variamkunnath-kunhahammed-haji-702303 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=english.madhyamam.com |language=en}}</ref> at Kottakkunnu.

==See also==
* [[Ali Musliyar]]
* [[Nellikkuth, Manjeri]]
* [[Battle of Pookkottur]]
* [[False flag|False flag operation]]
* [[Martial law]]
* [[Guerrilla warfare]]
* [[Indian independence movement]]
* [[Khilafat Movement]]
* [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]]
* [[Malabar rebellion]]
* [[Varna (Hinduism)]]
* [[Jenmi]]
* [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] (in 1919)
* [[Wagon tragedy]]
* [[Ottoman Caliphate]] (abolished in 1924)
* [[Abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate]] ( in 1924)
* [[History of Malappuram district]]
* [[Marakkar#Role in regional history|Marakkar]]
* [[Kunjali Marakkar]]
* [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]]
* [[Land reform in Kerala]]
* [[British Raj]]
* [[Dominion of India]]
* [[Pseudohistory]]
* [[Disinformation]]
* [[Fake news in India]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |last=Ramees Mohamed O. |title=Sultan Variamkunnan |publisher=Twohorn Creations |date=October 2021 |isbn=9788195439706 |language=ml }} The book appeared with the photo of Kunjahammad Haji on the cover page.
*{{cite book |last=K. Madhavan Nair |title=Malabar Kalapam |publisher=Mathrubhumi}} The book has several contradictions and is disputed about its authenticity.
*{{cite book |last=M. Gangadharan |author-link= |title=Malabar Kalapam 1921–22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5gxQwAACAAJ |publisher=DC Books |isbn=9788126425006}}
*{{cite book |last=Dr. Moyin Malayamma |author-link= |title=Variamkunnathum Malayala Rajyavum |date= 2021|url= |publisher=BookPlus |isbn=9788195126903}}
*{{cite book|last=E. M. S. Namboodiripad|author-link=E. M. S. Namboodiripad|title=Kerala: yesterday, today and tomorrow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUYDAAAAMAAJ&q=Kunjahamed+Haji|publisher=National Book Agency|year=1967}}
*{{cite book|editor-first=Alok|editor-last=Mukhopadhyay|title=Roots, genesis of socio-economic development of modern India|url=https://openlibrary.org/b/OL20811432M/Roots_genesis_of_socio-economic_development_of_modern_India|publisher=Voluntary Health Association of India|year=2002|ol=20811432M }}
*{{cite book|last=Vallatt George|title=Discovery of Kerala: a Tourist Guide of Kerala|publisher=S. B. Press and Book Depot|year=1977}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Jr |first=Robert L. Hardgrave |date=1977 |title=The Mappilla Rebellion, 1921: Peasant Revolt in Malabar |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/mappilla-rebellion-1921-peasant-revolt-in-malabar/DE09865655D6BFD23271D668C3627FCE?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=57–99 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00013226 |issn=1469-8099|hdl=2152/24252 |hdl-access=free }}
*{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Roland E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HX8KAQAAIAAJ |title=Mappila Muslims of Kerala: A Study in Islamic Trends |date=1976 |publisher=Orient Longman |language=en}}
*History of Freedom Movement in Kerala, Menon P. K. K., Government Press Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 1972.
*Rise of Muslims in Kerla Politics, Abdul Aziz, Thiruvananthapuram 1992.
*Variyankunnathu Kunjahammed Haji, A. Nisamusheen, Thiruvananthapuram January 1972.
*Mappila Samudhyam Charithram Samskaram, T. Muhammed.
*1921 Chila Charithra Varthamanagal, P. Geetha, Current Books Thrissur.
*Moulaviyude Athma Kata, E. Moidu Moulavi, DC Books, Kottayam 1985.
*Ente Koottukkaran, Moulavi E., 1981.
*Short History of Peasant Movements in Kerala, Namboothiripadu, Peoples Publishing House, 1943.
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Malabar Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian rebels]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:People executed by the British military by firing squad]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:India history-related lists]]

Mahatma Gandhi New Series

2026-03-13T10:46:31Z

Rozella5628: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Series of Indian banknotes}}
{{for|the preceding notes demonetised in 2016|Mahatma Gandhi Series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
[[File:India, 200 INR, 2018, obverse.jpg |right|thumb| Indian 200-rupee note issued in 2017]]

The '''Mahatma Gandhi New Series''' of banknotes are issued by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) as the [[legal tender]] of the [[Indian rupee]] ({{INR}}), intended to replace the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] of banknotes. Announced on 8 November 2016, it followed the [[Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation|demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes]] of the original Mahatma Gandhi Series. Similar to the preceding series of banknotes, the obverse of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series banknotes also prominently displays the portrait of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. The logo of [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] is also printed on the back of the banknotes of this series.

==History==

The first banknotes issued in the New Series were the denominations of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}2000, and are in circulation since 10 November 2016. While the {{INR}}500 note is still being printed, the {{INR}}2000 note was last issued date 2017.<ref name=2000RBI>{{cite web|title=Issue of ₹ 2000 Banknotes|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38522|website=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=2000RBI2>{{cite web|title=Issue of ₹ 2000 banknotes with inset letter 'R'|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38523|website=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=500RBI>{{cite web|title=Issue of ₹ 500 banknotes inset letter 'E' in Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38524|website=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=9 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

The RBI announced on 18 August 2017 that it would soon issue a new {{INR}}50 note.<ref name=inr50>[https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=41412 RBI Introduces ₹ 50 banknote in Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series]</ref> The RBI announced the specifications of the new denomination of the ₹200 note in the Mahatma Gandhi New Series, bearing the signature of Dr. [[Urjit R. Patel]], [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]], on 25 August 2017.<ref name=inr200>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rbi-to-issue-rs-200-note-tomorrow-here-is-how-it-looks/articleshow/60205741.cms RBI to issue Rs 200 note tomorrow. Here is how it looks]</ref>

The Reserve Bank of India has also issued {{INR}}10 denomination banknotes in the Mahatma Gandhi New Series.<ref name=inr10>[https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FS_PressRelease.aspx?prid=42782&fn=2753 RBI Introduces ₹ 10 banknote in Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series]</ref> The new denomination has on the reverse a motif of the Sun Temple in Konark, depicting the country's cultural heritage. The base colour of the note is [[Shades of brown#Chocolate|Chocolate brown]].

The RBI announced on 19 July 2018 that it would shortly issue a new {{INR}}100 note.<ref name=inr100>{{Cite web|title = RBI to Issue New Design ₹ 100 Denomination Banknote|url = https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=44533|website=rbi.org.in|accessdate = 2018-07-19}}</ref> The new denomination has on the reverse a motif of the [[Rani ki vav|Rani Ki Vav]] (the Queen's Stepwell), a UNESCO World Heritage site in Patan in [[Gujarat]], depicting India's cultural heritage. The base colour of the note is [[Lavender (color)|Lavender]].

The Reserve Bank of India announced on 26 April 2019 that it would shortly issue a new {{INR}}20 note.<ref name="20RBIAnnoucement">{{Cite web|title = RBI Introduces ₹ 20 banknote in Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series|url = https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FS_PressRelease.aspx?prid=46913&fn=2753|website=rbi.org.in|accessdate = 2019-04-27}}</ref> The new denomination has on the reverse a motif of [[Ellora Caves]], a UNESCO World Heritage site in [[Aurangabad District, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]], [[Maharashtra]], depicting India's cultural heritage, continuing with the theme in the Mahatma Gandhi New Series banknotes.

In May 2023, the Reserve Bank of India announced its decision to withdraw the ₹2,000 notes from circulation. Until 30 September 2023 they could be exchanged (to a maximum of 20,000 {{INR}} in any single transaction) or deposited in bank accounts. Despite these measures, the notes remain legal tender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rs 2,000 Notes To Be Scrapped, Exchange Them By This Date, Will Remain Legal Tender |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-2-000-notes-to-be-withdrawn-from-circulation-exchange-them-by-september-30-2023-says-rbi-4049268 |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519135315/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-2-000-notes-to-be-withdrawn-from-circulation-exchange-them-by-september-30-2023-says-rbi-4049268 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-19 |title=RBI on 2000 Rupee note: RBI to withdraw Rs 2,000 notes from circulation; notes will continue to be legal tender |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rbi-to-withdraw-rs-2000-currency-notes-from-circulation-notes-will-continue-to-be-legal-tender-till-september-30/articleshow/100360257.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-19 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519141752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rbi-to-withdraw-rs-2000-currency-notes-from-circulation-notes-will-continue-to-be-legal-tender-till-september-30/articleshow/100360257.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Security features==

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Lord Pethic-Lawrence and Mahatma Gandhi.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 = The obverse design of the series was based on this 1946 photograph of Gandhi and [[Lord Pethick-Lawrence]].
| image2 = Gandhi smiling R.jpg
| width2 = 120
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Details of the photograph.
| footer =
}}
The security features of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series banknotes are as follows:<ref name=2000RBI /><ref name=2000RBI2 /><ref name=500RBI />

* See-through registration device: Consisting of the numeral denomination at the lower left part of the notes on the front and at the lower right of the notes on the back. Used for the {{INR}}10, {{INR}}20, {{INR}}50, {{INR}}100, {{INR}}200,{{INR}}500 and {{INR}}2000.
* Novel numbering: A set of six digit serial numbers that increase in size from left to right. These serial numbers are located on the top left and bottom right side on the front of the notes.
* Latent image: Located on the lower left part of the note's front, when tilted, the denomination is seen within the panel near the left side of the portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. Used for the {{INR}}10, {{INR}}20, {{INR}}50, {{INR}}100, {{INR}}200, {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}2000.
* Denominational numeral: Located on the left side of the front of the notes, the denominational number is rendered in [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]] ({{INR}}१०, {{INR}}२०, {{INR}}५०, {{INR}}१००, {{INR}}२००, {{INR}}५०० and {{INR}}२०००). This raised some controversies.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Apoorva|title=Using Devanagari Numerals on New Currency Dishonours a Historic Compromise|url=https://thewire.in/82530/using-devanagari-numerals-on-new-currency-dishonours-a-historic-compromise/|accessdate=2017-09-03|work=The Wire|date=2016-11-25}}</ref>
* Microprinting: Microprinted elements consisting of the letters "RBI" and its corresponding denominations are located on the left side of the note. Used on the {{INR}}10, {{INR}}20, {{INR}}50, {{INR}}100, {{INR}}200, {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}2000 notes.
* [[Intaglio printing]] of the portrait of Mahatma Gandhi.
* Windowed security thread: Located on the front of the notes, the windowed security thread on the {{INR}}10, {{INR}}20, {{INR}}50, {{INR}}100, {{INR}}200, {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}2000 notes contain colour-shifting elements and inscriptions of India in Hindi. When the notes are tilted, the colour of the security threads changes from green to blue.
* Angular lines: A series of lines placed on both the left and right side of the front of the notes, these angular lines are utilized to help those with visual impairments in identifying the notes. Used on the {{INR}}100, {{INR}}200, {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}2000 notes.

==Banknotes==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="11" |Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series
|-
! colspan="2" |Image
! rowspan="2" |Value
! rowspan="2" |Dimensions (millimetres)
! rowspan="2" |Main colour
! colspan="3" |Description
! rowspan="2" |Date of Issue
! rowspan="2" |Date of Withdrawal
! rowspan="2" |Year
|-
!Obverse
!Reverse
!Obverse
!Reverse
!Watermark
|-
| align="right" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India new 10 INR, MG series, 2018, obverse.jpg|x63px]]
| align="left" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India new 10 INR, MG series, 2018, reverse.jpg|x63px]]
| style="text-align:center" | [[Indian 10-rupee note|{{INR}}10]]
| 123 mm × 63 mm
| [[Shades of brown#Chocolate|Chocolate brown]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Mahatma Gandhi]]
| [[Konark Sun Temple|Sun Temple, Konark, Odisha]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Mahatma Gandhi]] and electrotype denomination
| 5 January 2018<ref name=inr10 />
| rowspan="6" | ''Current''
| 2017-
|-
| align="right" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India_new_20_INR,_MG_series,_2019,_obverse.jpg|129x63px]]
| align="left" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India new 20 INR, MG series, 2019, reverse.jpg|129x63px]]
| style="text-align:center" | [[Indian 20-rupee note|{{INR}}20]]
| 129 mm × 63 mm
| [[Chartreuse (color)|Greenish Yellow]]
| [[Kailasa Temple, Ellora|Ellora Caves, Verul, Maharashtra]]
| 26 April 2019<ref name="20RBIAnnoucement"/>
| 2019-
|-
| align="right" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India new 50 INR, MG series, 2018, obverse.jpg|x66px]]
| align="left" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India new 50 INR, MG series, 2018, reverse.jpg|x66px]]
| style="text-align:center" |[[Indian 50-rupee note|{{INR}}50]]
| 135 mm × 66 mm
| [[Shades of blue|Fluorescent Blue]]
| [[Hampi|Hampi with Chariot, Karnataka]]
| 18 August 2017<ref name=inr50 />
| 2017-
|-
| align="right" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India new 100 INR, Mahatma Gandhi New Series, 2018, obverse.png|x66px]]
| align="left" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India new 100 INR, Mahatma Gandhi New Series, 2018, reverse.png|x66px]]
|style="text-align:center" |[[Indian 100-rupee note|{{INR}}100]]
| 142 mm × 66 mm
| [[Lavender (color)|Lavender]]
| [[Rani Ki Vav|Rani Ki Vav, Gujarat]]
| 19 July 2018<ref name=inr100 />
| 2018-
|-
| align="right" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India, 200 INR, 2018, obverse.jpg|x66px]]
| align="left" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India, 200 INR, 2018, reverse.jpg|x66px]]
|style="text-align:center" |[[Indian 200-rupee note|{{INR}}200]]
| 146 mm × 66 mm
| [[Shades of yellow|Bright Yellow]]
| [[Sanchi Stupa|Sanchi Stupa, Madhya Pradesh]]
| 25 August 2017<ref name=inr200 />
| 2017-
|-
| align="right" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India new 500 INR, MG series, 2016, obverse.jpg|x66px]]
| align="left" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India new 500 INR, MG series, 2016, reverse.jpg|x66px]]
| style="text-align:center" |[[Indian 500-rupee note|{{INR}}500]]
| 150 mm × 66 mm
| [[Shades of gray#Stone gray|Stone Grey]]<ref name=500RBI/>
| [[Red Fort|Red Fort, Delhi]]
| rowspan="2" | 10 November 2016
| 2016-
|-
| align="right" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India new 2000 INR, MG series, 2016, obverse.jpg|x66px]]
| align="left" bgcolor="#fff" |[[File:India new 2000 INR, MG series, 2016, reverse.jpg|x66px]]
| style="text-align:center" |[[Indian 2000-rupee note|{{INR}}2000]]
| 166 mm × 66 mm
| [[Magenta]]
| [[Mars Orbiter Mission|Mangalyaan]]
| 30 September 2023 (Still Legal Tender)
| 2016–2017
|-
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left;" |'''{{Standard banknote table notice|BrE=Y}}'''
|}

===Languages===
Each banknote has its amount written in 17 languages. On the obverse, the denomination is written in [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]]. On the reverse is a language panel that displays the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 [[List of official languages of India|official languages of India]]. The languages are displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the panel are [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="11" |Denominations in [[Languages with official status in India|union level official languages]] (At below either ends)
|-
|-
!Language
! {{INR}}10 !! {{INR}}20 !! {{INR}}50 !! {{INR}}100 !! {{INR}}200 !!{{INR}}500 !!{{INR}}2000
|-
|[[English language|English]] ||Ten rupees || Twenty rupees ||Fifty rupees || One Hundred rupees ||Two hundred rupees ||Five hundred rupees ||Two thousand rupees
|-
|[[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|दस रुपये}} || {{lang|hi|बीस रुपये}} || {{lang|hi|पचास रुपये}} || {{lang|hi|एक सौ रुपये}} || {{lang|hi|दो सौ रुपये}} || {{lang|hi|पाँच सौ रुपये}} || {{lang|hi|दो हज़ार रुपये}}
|-
! colspan="11" |Denominations in 15 [[Languages with official status in India#Schedule|state level/other official languages]] (As seen on the language panel)
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{lang|as|দহ টকা}} || {{lang|as|বিছ টকা}} || {{lang|as|পঞ্চাশ টকা}} || {{lang|as|এশ টকা}} || {{lang|as|দুইশ টকা}} || {{lang|as|পাঁচশ টকা}} || {{lang|as|দুহেজাৰ টকা}}
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|দশ টাকা}} || {{lang|bn|কুড়ি টাকা}} || {{lang|bn|পঞ্চাশ টাকা}} || {{lang|bn|একশ টাকা}} || {{lang|bn|দুইশ টাকা}} || {{lang|bn|পাঁচশ টাকা}} || {{lang|bn|দুই হাজার টাকা}}
|-
| [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] || {{lang|gu|દસ રૂપિયા}} || {{lang|gu|વીસ રૂપિયા}} || {{lang|gu|પચાસ રૂપિયા}} || {{lang|gu|એક સો રૂપિયા}} || {{lang|gu|બસો રૂપિયા}} || {{lang|gu|પાંચ સો રૂપિયા}} || {{lang|gu|બે હજાર રૂપિયા}}
|-
| [[Kannada]] || {{lang|kn|ಹತ್ತು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}} || {{lang|kn|ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}} || {{lang|kn|ಐವತ್ತು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}} || {{lang|kn|ನೂರು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}} || {{lang|kn|ಎರಡು ನೂರು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}}
|{{lang|kn|ಐದು ನೂರು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}} || {{lang|kn|ಎರಡು ಸಾವಿರ ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}}
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دٔہ رۄپیہِ}}}}|| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وُہ رۄپیہِ}}}}|| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پَنٛژاہ رۄپیہِ}}}}|| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہَتھ رۄپیہِ}}}}|| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|زٕ ہَتھ رۄپیہِ}}}}|| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پانٛژھ ہَتھ رۄپیہِ}}}}|| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|زٕ ساس رۄپیہِ}}}}
|-
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]] || {{lang|kok|धा रुपया}} || {{lang|kok|वीस रुपया}} || {{lang|kok|पन्नास रुपया}} || {{lang|kok|शंबर रुपया}} || {{lang|kok|दोनशें रुपया}} || {{lang|kok|पाचशें रुपया}} || {{lang|kok|दोन हजार रुपया}}
|-
| [[Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|പത്തു രൂപ}} || {{lang|ml|ഇരുപതു രൂപ}} || {{lang|ml|അൻപതു രൂപ}} || {{lang|ml|നൂറു രൂപ}} || {{lang|ml|ഇരുന്നൂറു രൂപ}} || {{lang|ml|അഞ്ഞൂറു രൂപ}} || {{lang|ml|രണ്ടായിരം രൂപ}}
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|दहा रुपये}} || {{lang|mr|वीस रुपये}} || {{lang|mr|पन्नास रुपये}} || {{lang|mr|शंभर रुपये}} || {{lang|mr|दोनशे रुपये}} || {{lang|mr|पाचशे रुपये}} || {{lang|mr|दोन हजार रुपये}}
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|दस रुपियाँ}} || {{lang|ne|बीस रुपियाँ}} || {{lang|ne|पचास रुपियाँ}} || {{lang|ne|एक सय रुपियाँ}} || {{lang|ne|दुई सय रुपियाँ}} || {{lang|ne|पाँच सय रुपियाँ}} || {{lang|ne|दुई हजार रुपियाँ}}
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]] || {{lang|or|ଦଶ ଟଙ୍କା}} || {{lang|or|କୋଡ଼ିଏ ଟଙ୍କା}}|| {{lang|or|ପଚାଶ ଟଙ୍କା}} || {{lang|or|ଏକ ଶତ ଟଙ୍କା}} || {{lang|or|ଦୁଇ ଶହ ଟଙ୍କା}} || {{lang|or|ପାଞ୍ଚ ଶତ ଟଙ୍କା}} || {{lang|or|ଦୁଇ ହଜାର ଟଙ୍କା}}
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || {{lang|pa|ਦਸ ਰੁਪਏ}} || {{lang|pa|ਵੀਹ ਰੁਪਏ}} || {{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਹ ਰੁਪਏ}} || {{lang|pa|ਇਕ ਸੌ ਰੁਪਏ}} || {{lang|pa|ਦੋ ਸੌ ਰੁਪਏ}} ||{{lang|pa|ਪੰਜ ਸੌ ਰੁਪਏ}} || {{lang|pa|ਦੋ ਹਜ਼ਾਰ ਰੁਪਏ}}
|-
| [[Sanskrit]] || {{lang|sa|दश रूप्यकाणि}} || {{lang|sa|विंशती रूप्यकाणि}} || {{lang|sa|पञ्चाशत् रूप्यकाणि}} || {{lang|sa|शतं रूप्यकाणि}} || {{lang|sa|द्विशतं रूप्यकाणि}} || {{lang|sa|पञ्चशतं रूप्यकाणि}} || {{lang|sa|द्विसहस्रं रूप्यकाणि}}
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|பத்து ரூபாய்}} || {{lang|ta|இருபது ரூபாய்}} || {{lang|ta|ஐம்பது ரூபாய்}} || {{lang|ta|நூறு ரூபாய்}} || {{lang|ta|இருநூறு ரூபாய்}} || {{lang|ta|ஐந்நூறு ரூபாய்}} || {{lang|ta|இரண்டாயிரம் ரூபாய்}}
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||{{lang|te|పది రూపాయలు}} || {{lang|te|ఇరవై రూపాయలు}} ||{{lang|te|యాభై రూపాయలు}} || {{lang|te|వంద రూపాయలు}}||{{lang|te|రెండు వందల రూపాయలు}} || {{lang|te|ఐదువందల రూపాయలు}} || {{lang|te|రెండు వేల రూపాయలు}}
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || {{nq|{{lang|ur|دس روپیے}}}}|| {{nq|{{lang|ur|بیس روپیے}}}}|| {{nq|{{lang|ur|پچاس روپیے}}}}|| {{nq|{{lang|ur| سو روپیے}}}}|| {{nq|{{lang|ur|دو سو روپیے}}}}||{{nq|{{lang|ur|پانچ سو روپیے}}}}|| {{nq|{{lang|ur|دو ہزار روپیے}}}}
|-
|}

==See also==

{{Portal|India|Money|Numismatics}}
*[[Lion Capital Series]]
*[[Mahatma Gandhi Series]]
*[[List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian currency}}
{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}

[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Portraits on banknotes]]

Aaja Meri Jaan

2026-03-03T23:24:43Z

Rozella5628: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Long plot|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aaja Meri Jaan
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Ketan Anand]]
| producer = [[Gulshan Kumar]]
| writer = Pawan Sethi
| story =
| starring = {{ubl|
*[[Krishan Kumar Dua|Krishan Kumar]]
*[[Tanya Singh]]
*[[Shammi Kapoor]]
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
*[[Prem Chopra]]
*[[Deven Verma]]
}}
| music = Amar-Utpal
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[T-Series Films]]
| distributor = T-Series Films
| released = {{film date|df=y|1993|10|01}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Aaja Meri Jaan''''' ({{Translation|Come, my beloved}}) is a 1993 [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film, written by Pawan Sethi and directed by [[Ketan Anand]]. It stars [[Krishan Kumar Dua|Krishan Kumar]], [[Tanya Singh]], with [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Deven Verma]].

==Plot==
A priest is stabbed to death by a mysterious murderer in a room in Majorda Beach Resort, Goa. Almost a year later, the new priest, Acharyaji, visits the police station, where police officer Jung assures him of the investigation.

Chand Kapoor is a young singer and dancer living in Mumbai. He comes to Goa to be with his uncle, Kapoor. They discuss about the dire financial conditions of the Majorda resort, of which Kapoor is the owner, and Chand comes up with an idea of a music festival with a lucrative prize to boost tourism in the area.

In the middle of a dance performance by Chand and Ruby in the resort, an employee diverts Chand with a message and then gives Ragini, Acharyaji's daughter, a note stating that Chand wants her to meet him in Room 112. Later, a guest who mistakenly enters the room finds her dead body.

Sonu, the younger daughter of Acharyaji, is devastated by her sister's death and is told by the police about a suspect, Chand. Sonu had received several letters from Ragini while in college describing her love for Chand. When Chand visits Acharyaji's home, she accuses him of the murder, and later tells her father she will find proof if she can get close enough to Chand.

Acharyaji sets up Chand with Kasturia, one of the business moguls in the area, who agrees to fund the music festival. All expenses taken care of, Chand, Sonu, Romeo who is a young dancer, Pinky who is the girlfriend of Romeo, and other youngsters usher in the festival with a song.

Sonu cozies up to Chand and gets him to arrange a boat trip for the two of them to an isolated destination, Braganza Island. But she drugs him during the trip, hoping to get any important clues out of him. But the plan goes horribly wrong as this causes the boat to capsize. After he manages to get them both ashore, they have a heated exchange of words, and he leaves her alone on the island. At night, alone and scared, she again runs into Chand. He keeps her company until morning, and she gets to know him better and is convinced of his innocence. She also finds herself falling for him. They decide to team up to find the real killer of Ragini.

Chand questions Charlie, the employee who diverted him on the night of the murder, who leads him to Chander. Chander confesses that he was the one who sent the note to Ragini that night, hoping to convince her how much he loved her. But he got to the room too late, only to find her dead body.

When Chand finds that the dancer, Romeo, is actually working undercover as a dancer and is really Anil Sharma, CBI officer in charge of the Ragini murder case, they team up. They pursue the one vital clue in the murder case, a matchbox of a club found on the dead body of Ragini. Pinky who has a similar matchbox, leads them to the Matchers Club in Mumbai, of which her father is a member. Chand breaks into the manager's room and gets to know from him that Matchers Club is a front for a crime ring. But before he reveals anything further, he is shot dead through the window.

Ruby, a dancer at the resort happens to be one of the members of the crime ring. Before she can reveal details of the crime ring to Chand, she is stabbed by an assassin. She dies in Chand's arms, but not before informing him of an important deal about to happen at the cemetery on Braganza Island.

Chand arrives at the cemetery and lies in wait. A "grave" opens on the ground, revealing a secret entrance to a tunnel. Two gang members emerge from the entrance, who are revealed to be Agarwal, the owner of the shop in which Ragini worked, and Jung. Finally the leader emerges, who is revealed to be the business mogul, Kasturia. At that moment, a number of people – Kapoor, Acharyaji, Sonu, Inspector Dubby, and several policemen – emerge from around to witness the exposure of the crime ring. Acharyaji assumes his real name, Brigadier Bhavani Singh Chauhan of Army Intelligence, and reveals that he has been assigned by CBI to investigate the criminal gang.

Chand explains to everyone how Ragini's murder occurred. That night, Chander had asked her to come to Room 112 assuming that it would be empty. However, the room was being used by Kasturia, Jung, and Agarwal to plan a massive smuggling operation. On arriving at the door, Ragini was caught overhearing the plan, and Kasturia stabbed her to death in the room.

Kasturia manages to take Sonu captive, and with the other gang members, escape back into the tunnel. Brigadier Chauhan/Acharyaji says that the tunnel must lead to the gang's hideout on the Old Ruins. Everyone heads there, and in the ensuing fight between the two sides, the police, aided by Chand and Romeo, overpower the goons. A few gang members, including Kasturia, Jung, and Agarwal, escape in a boat. In a shootout that follows, all the fleeing gang members are killed, with Kasturia crashing the boat on a rocky cliff.

In the end, Kapoor and Acharyaji give their blessings for the wedding of Chand and Sonu. Following suit, Khanna gives his blessings for the wedding of Romeo and Pinky.

==Cast==
*[[Krishan Kumar Dua|Krishan Kumar]] as Chand Kapoor
*[[Tanya Singh]] as Sonu
*[[Shammi Kapoor]] as Mr. Kapoor(Cameo)
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Brigadier Bhavani Singh Chauhan / Acharyaji
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Kedarnath Khanna
*[[Deven Verma]] as Kasturia
*[[Durga Jasraj]] as Pinky
*[[Poonam Dasgupta]] as Ruby
*[[Sunil Lahri]] as Chandar
*[[Manohar Singh]] as Senior Police Officer Jung
*[[Govind Namdev]] as Inspector Dubby
*[[Satish Shah]] as Inspector Raj Malkani
*[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Batuklal
*[[Virendra Razdan]] as Mr. Agarwal
*[[Shiva Rindani]] as Charlie

==Production==
The top cast [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] and [[Tanya Singh]] made their debuts in the film. Tanya Singh, the daughter of music composer and singer Ajit Singh, was 17 when she signed up for the film. Krishan Kumar is the brother of producer [[Gulshan Kumar]]. The film budget was 2 Crore rupees.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19930115-tanya-singh-signs-up-with-producer-gulshan-kumar-for-his-film-aaja-meri-jaan-810554-1993-01-14 |title=Tanya Singh signs up with producer Gulshan Kumar for his film, Aaja Meri Jaan |date=15 January 1993 |newspaper=[[India Today]] |access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref>

The pair got married a decade later.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kishen-Kumar-and-Tanya-tie-the-knot/articleshow/14991484.cms |title=Kishen Kumar and Tanya tie the knot |date=6 July 2002 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>

Singer [[Sonu Nigam]] also started his film singing career with film's song "O Aasmanwale Zameen Par Utarke Dekh".<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/the-musical-geniuses-who-have-ruled-hindi-film-industry-since-independence-news-219236| title=The Musical Geniuses Who Have Ruled Hindi Film Industry Since Independence {{!}} Sonu Nigam (1973)| date=27 August 2022| access-date=10 January 2023| author=Outlook Bureau |website=outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/exclusive-sonu-nigam-i-want-to-dedicate-the-padma-shri-to-my-mother-101643174022865.html| title=Sonu Nigam: I want to dedicate the Padma Shri to my mother| date=26 January 2022| access-date=10 January 2023| author=Titas Chowdhury | website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aaja Meri Jaan
| type = soundtrack
| artist =
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1993
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by Amar-Utpal.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://odishabytes.com/when-abba-inspired-rd-other-composer-giants-of-bollywood/| title=When ABBA inspired RD & Other Composer Giants Of Bollywood| date=8 December 2019| access-date=11 January 2023| author=Nochiketa Mohanty| website=odishabytes.com}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aaja Aaja Meri Jaan"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| "Aaja Sanam Warna To Hum"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| "Bechain Kar Diya Hai"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| "Maria Sun Le Mera Haal"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| "Pagal Dil Mera Tumse"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| "Shehar Ki Galiyon Mein"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| "Novel Padha"
| Anuradha Paudwal, [[Vinod Rathod]]
|-
| "Julie Julie"
| Anuradha Paudwal, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
| "Jhanjhra Leyade"
| Anuradha Paudwal, Mano
|-
| "Teri Hai Nazar"
| Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| "Ishq Mein Hum"
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
| "O Aasmanwale"
| Sonu Nigam
|-
|}

* The only Song "Aaja Meri Jaan" was composed by [[R. D. Burman]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/how-balasubrahmanyam-broke-the-language-barrier-148349| title=How Balasubrahmanyam broke the language barrier| date=30 September 2020| access-date=13 January 2023| author=Rohit Mahajan| website=tribuneindia.com| archive-date=2 October 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002211702/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/how-balasubrahmanyam-broke-the-language-barrier-148349| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0177503}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]

Manasara (film)

2026-03-03T21:51:25Z

Rozella5628: put up first info basic info

{{short description|2010 film by Ravi Babu}}
{{for|the Sanskrit manuscript on Indian architecture and design|Manasara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manasara
| image = File:Manasara_Movie_Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Ravi Babu]]
| producer = Prakash Babu Kadiyala
| screenplay = [[Satyanand (writer)|Satyanand]]
| story = Ravi Babu
| starring = Vikram Veer [[Sri Divya]]
| music = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| cinematography = [[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Moving Images
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|12|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Manasara''''' ({{translation|Whole-heartedly}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Telugu language]] [[romance film|romantic]] [[sports film]] directed by [[Ravi Babu]] and produced by Prakash Babu Kadiyala. The film stars debutants Vikram Veer and [[Sri Divya]]. The music was composed by [[Shekar Chandra]] with cinematography by [[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]] and editing by [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]. The film was released on 10 December 2010.

The film is set against the backdrop of [[Kalaripayattu]], a martial art form that has its origins in Kerala.

== Plot ==

Rajapalayam in Kerala is a village where time has stood still, a maternal, ritualistic society where honour held its head and sword high. The village folk lived and breathed Kalaripayittu, which was their God, life, and justice, and were totally cut off from the modern world. Vikram's family had to move to this village when his father's job was transferred there.

Anjali is a village belle who teaches blind kids.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/from-manasara-to-kerintha-4-popular-roles-of-sri-divya-that-were-widely-appreciated/photostory/74930762.cms?picid=74930837|title = Manasara| newspaper=The Times of India |date = April 2020}}</ref> Vikram falls in love with her, but conscious of his average looks, is not sure the pretty Anjali would accept him. His local benefactor Krishnan Kutty tells him that the secret to gaining a woman's love is not good looks but having a good heart. Vikram follows the advice, masks himself, and starts helping Anjali in difficult moments. The goodness of Vikram melts Anjali's heart, and she falls in love with him.

However, trouble is brewing in Anjali's home as her wicked stepmother tries to get Anjali closer to Rajan Pillai. Rajan was the national Kalaripayittu champ, and the devil incarnate when it came to women. He was also the brother of Anjali's stepmother. Rajan discovers Anjali's relationship with Vikram, and Anjali is locked up in her home. Rajan thrashes Vikram in front of Anjali and makes him lick his sandals in front of Anjali to show her Vikram's cowardice. Vikram's family is told to pack and leave town immediately.

Krishnan Kutty intervenes and calls for a meeting of the village elders. He tells them that Vikram's only mistake was falling in love and that Anjali was in love with him too. He tells them that since their society was maternal, the girls' wishes had to be respected. However, the village elders ordained that Vikram was not a local and had to forget the girl and leave, but on further persuasion by Krishan Kutty, they reconsidered their decision and delivered their verdict. Since the girl had two suitors, only a bout of Kalaripayittu would determine who her husband would be. The winner would get her hand. The gauntlet is thrown, and a boy with no knowledge of Kalaripayittu is pitted against the champ. Krishnan Kutty decides to train Vikram, and Anjali's father trains Rajan. Both Anjali's father and Krishnan Kutty were disciples of one master and had a score to settle. The bloody ten-round Kalaripayittu climax decides the fate of Anjali and Vikram.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Vikram Veer as Vikram
* [[Sri Divya]] as Anjali
* [[Bhanu Chander]] as Krishnam Kutti
* [[Ronson Vincent]] as Rajan Pillai
* [[Mahadevan (actor)|Ramaraju]] as Anjali’s father
* [[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as young Kutti
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Papayamma
* Bangalore Padma as Anjali’s step-mother
* Krishna Mohan as Vikram's father
* Usha Sri as Vikram’s mother's
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Vikram’s grandfather (Cameo)
}}

== Music ==

Music for this movie was composed by [[Shekar Chandra]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1||"Nuvvila" || Krishna Chaitanya||
|-
| 2||"Parvaledu"||Geetha Madhuri||
|-
| 3||"O Pitchi Prema"|| [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]||
|-
| 4||"Mella Mellaga"|| Krishna Chaitanya, Geetha Madhuri||
|-
| 5||"Ninne Ninne" ||[[Geetha Madhuri]]||
|-
|6 ||"Aakasam Thala Vanchali" ||Ranjith||
|-
|7 ||"The Ballad of Krishnan Kutty" ||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Pranavi||
|}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "On the flip side, a better second half and an inspiring climax would have changed the commercial aspect of the movie".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-manasara.html|title=Telugu Movie review - Manasara|date=10 December 2010|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote that "the film has nothing big to offer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/manasara-movie-review-597855|title=Manasara: Movie Review|date=13 December 2010|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1806960|Mansara}}

{{Ravi Babu}}

[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Babu]]
[[Category:2010 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shekar Chandra]]

Aboli (TV series)

2026-03-01T03:51:50Z

Rozella5628: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Star Pravah]]

Rudrabhatta

2026-02-28T07:17:50Z

Rozella5628: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|12th century Kannada poet}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = 12th century CE
| death_date = 12th or 13th century CE
| occupation = Poet, Writer
| works = ''Jagannatha Vijaya''
}}
{{Kannada poets in Hoysala Empire}}
'''Rudrabhatta''' was a 12th-century [[Kannada]] poet in the court of the [[Hoysala Empire]] King [[Veera Ballala II]](r.1173–1220 CE). According to Kannada language expert Narasimhacharya, the poet was also patronized by a minister of the King.<ref name="veera">Narasimhacharya (1988), p20</ref> The literary critic Mukherjee feels that after a century of literary revolution caused by the [[Veerashaiva]] poets, a benevolent atmosphere created by the king may have encouraged this [[Vaishnava]] writer and poet.<ref name="moderate">Mukherjee (1999), p333</ref>

==Magnum opus==
Rudrabhatta was a [[Brahmin]] and a [[Smartha]] (believer of [[monistic]] philosophy). Based on the Sanskrit classic ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', he wrote the epic ''Jagannatha Vijaya'' in the ''[[Champu]]'' metrical form (mixed prose-verse). The epic ''[[kavya]]'' (a narrative poem) describes the life of the Hindu god [[Krishna]] leading up to his fight with the demon [[Banasura]]. In this work, Rudrabhatta envisions the Hindu gods Hari ([[Vishnu]]), Hara ([[Shiva]]) and [[Brahma]] as one composite supreme deity (''Parabrahma'') who takes the form of the god [[Krishna]] (an ''[[avatar]]'' of Vishnu). According to Dalal, Rudrabhatta influenced later day notable Kannada poets such as [[Kumaravyasa]] and [[Lakshmisha]], and [[Haridasa]] ([[carnatic music]]) composers such as [[Purandaradasa]] and [[Kanakadasa]].<ref name="para">Dalal (2011), p347</ref> The Kannada scholar L.S. Sheshagiri Rao feels Rudrabhatta was essentially a poet for the learned classes.<ref name="rudra">Sastri (1955), p364</ref><ref name="learn">Rao in Datta (1988), p1181</ref> However, according to the literary critic Shiva Kumar, though Rudrabhatta's form was ancient, his content is more medieval, making him a poet of transition in Kannada literature. Shiva Prakash and Dalal consider him adept at both the mainstream (''marga'') and the native (''desi'') styles of composition.<ref name="para"/><ref name="master">Shiva Prakash in Ayyappa Paniker (1997), p203</ref> Based on epigraphs from the period of Veera Ballala II, the scholar Narasimhacharya dates ''Jagannatha Vijaya'' to about 1180 CE.<ref name="about">Narasimhacharya (1988), p39</ref>

According to the scholar Sreekantaiyya, based on internal evidence, the authorship of an important Sanskrit classic called ''Rasakalika'' is assignable to Rudrabhatta. According to him, references made by the later day Kannada poet Salva (1550 CE) in his writing ''Rasaratnakara'' gives the required evidence. Sreekantaiyya feels the author of a Sanskrit book (on love and aesthetics in poetry) called ''Sringaratilaka'', who goes by the same name, is not the Rudrabhatta of the Hoysala court. According to Dalal, the author of ''Sringaratilaka'' belonged to the 10th century and also goes by the name Rudratta.<ref name="para"/><ref name="different">Srikantaiya (2001), p35</ref> According to Sankaranarayanan, Rudrabhatta's ''Rasakalika'' played an important role in the development of Indian aesthetics. It was the source for poet Vidyanatha's work ''Prataparudriya''. The poet Vasudeva quotes from ''Rasakalika'' in his comments on the writing ''Karpurmanjari'' by [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajasekhara]]. He feels that today's scholars have not fully recognized the influence of Rudrabhatta of the Hoysala court.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Sankaranarayanan
|first=Kalpakam
|title=Rasakalika of Rudrabhatta
|publisher=The Adyar Library and Research Centre
|isbn=8185141010
}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hoysala literature]]
*[[Kannada literature]]

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
* Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. [1955] (2002). ''A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar''. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}.
* Narasimhacharya, R (1988). ''History of Kannada Literature''. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. {{ISBN|81-206-0303-6}}.
* Mukherjee, Sujit (1999). ''Dictionary of Indian Literature One: Beginnings - 1850''. Oriental Blackswan, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-2501453-5}}
* Sreekantaiyya, K N. (2001). ''Indian Poetics''. Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-260-0807-5}}
* Datta, Amaresh (1988) ''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature''. Sahitya Akademi. New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-260-1194-7}}
* Shiva Prakash, H.S. (1997). "Kannada". Edited by Ayyappa Panicker. ''Medieval Indian Literature'', An Anthology, Volume 1. Sahitya Akademi. New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-260-0365-0}}
* Dalal, Roshan. (2011). ''Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide''. Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-143-4142-16}}, {{ISBN|978-0143414216}}
{{refend}}

{{authority control}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Hoysala people]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]

Thakur Hari Singh

2026-02-27T17:32:58Z

Rozella5628: made basic biography first draft.

{{Short description|British Indian soldier (1863–1903)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{use British English|date=April 2014}}
{{infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Col. Thakur Hari Singh Shekhawat
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Col. Thakur Hari Singh of Deoli.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Thakur Hari Singh of Deoli
| birth_date = 25 September 1863
| death_date = 1902
| birth_place = Barwasi, [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]]
| death_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[India]]
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates =
| nickname = "Harji of Deoli"
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Empire]]
| branch = {{army|British India|23px}}
| serviceyears = 1880–1903
| rank = Colonel
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = [[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade|Jodhpur Lancers]]
| battles = [[Second Afghan War]] [[Tirah Campaign]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[India Medal]]
| relations =
}}

'''Hari Singh''' was a [[British Indian Army]] officer from the Shekhawat clan. [[Pratap Singh of Idar|Sir Pratap]] made him Thakur of [[Deoli, Rajasthan|Deoli]]. He was the Father of [[Dalpat Singh (soldier)|Major Dalpat Singh]], who is known as the "Hero of Haifa" for his actions during the Battle of Haifa during World War I.<ref name="Old Eastbournian">{{cite web |last1=Bowden |first1=Bill |title=Major Thakur Dalpat Singh |url=https://www.eastbourne-college.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/esorg-dalpat-singh-oemag-2012.pdf |website=Old Eastbournian |publisher=[[Eastbourne College]] |access-date=5 April 2023}}</ref>

Part of Hari Singh's distinction was that he was an outstanding polo player.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barkawi |first=Tarak |date=2006 |title=Between Two Worlds: A Rajput Officer in the Indian Army, 1905-21: Based on the Diary of Amar Singh of Jaipur (review) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2006.0151 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=851–853 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2006.0151 |s2cid=161675293 |issn=1543-7795|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Early life==
Thakur Hari Singh was born in the [[Shekhawat]] rajput clan in Barwasi, [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]]. At a young age, he joined the [[Jodhpur Lancers]] and later became an officer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page 1638 {{!}} Issue 26947, 14 March 1898 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26947/page/1638/data.htm |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref> He later served in the [[Second Afghan War]], during the [[Tirah Campaign]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barkawi |first=Tarak |date=2006 |title=Between Two Worlds: A Rajput Officer in the Indian Army, 1905-21: Based on the Diary of Amar Singh of Jaipur (review) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2006.0151 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=851–853 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2006.0151 |s2cid=161675293 |issn=1543-7795|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="237" heights="200">
File:Thakur Hari Singh 1.jpg|alt=Thakur Hari singh|Singh in full dress uniform
File:Sir Pratap Singh and Thakur Hari Singh Visit to Britain for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.jpg|Sir Pratap Singh and Thakur Hari Singh visit Britain for the [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haig |first=Wolseley |date=April 1928 |title=The Life of Lieut.-General H.H. Sir Pratap Singh. By R. B. van Wart, O.B.E., M.A. 9 × 5½, pp. xii, 237. Oxford University Press. London: Humphrey Milford, 1926. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00060573 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=425–427|doi=10.1017/s0035869x00060573 |s2cid=163098979 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref>
File:Thakur Hari Singh Shekhawat (1854-1902) portrait.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Indian polo players]]
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1902 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Indian State Forces officers]]

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur

2026-02-27T11:34:19Z

Rozella5628: quick fix

{{Short description|Medical college & research institute in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
| image = The Official Seal of AIIMS Jodhpur.png
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Official [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] of AIIMS Jodhpur
| motto = {{lang|sa-Latn|Sarve Santu Nirāmayāḥ}} {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}
| mottoeng = May All be Healthy
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|09|17}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[medical school|Medical University]]
| endowment =
| president = Dr. Tejas Madhusudan Patel
| director = Dr. Goverdhan Dutt Puri<ref>{{cite web |title=Executive Director of Institute |url=https://aiimsjodhpur.edu.in/index.php?vr=director |date=13 October 2024}}</ref>
| academic_staff = 213 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 1,219 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2022 |url=http://aiimsjodhpur.edu.in/NIRF/PDF/NIRF%20Data%20Overall%20Category-2022.pdf|publisher=AIIMS Jodhpur}}</ref>
| undergrad = 717 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 483 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 19 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| city = [[Jodhpur]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|26|14|20.26|N|73|0|18.79|E|region:IN-RJ_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|167|acre|ha}}
| colours =
| website = {{URL|http://aiimsjodhpur.edu.in/}}
| logo =
}}

'''All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur''' ('''AIIMS Jodhpur'''; [[IAST]]: ''Akhil Bharatiya Aayurvigyan Sansthan Jodhpur'') is a [[Medical school|medical institute]] and [[medical research]] [[public university]] located in [[Jodhpur]], [[India]]. It is considered an Institute of National Importance,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education|url=https://www.education.gov.in/en/institutions-national-importance|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Government of India}}</ref> and is one of twenty [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS). It was established in 2012 and operates autonomously under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

The institute is mandated in medical education, research, patient care and the establishment of models for an affordable and quality healthcare through innovations. AIIMS Jodhpur is governed under AIIMS Act, 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AIIMS |first=Act 1956 |title=AIIMS Act 1956 |url=https://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/All%20India%20Institute%20of%20Medical%20Sciences%20Act%201956.pdf |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=All India Institute of Medical Sciences}}</ref>

==Establishment==
The All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (Amendment) Bill, 2012, was introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 27 August 2012. This bill replaced an Ordinance which allowed the six [[AIIMS]] institutes to become operational from September 2012.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/article3827681.ece | location=New Delhi, India | work=The Hindu | first=Anand | last=Raj | title=Bill on AIIMS-like institutes introduced in Lok Sabha | date=27 August 2012}}</ref> [[Lok Sabha]] passed the AIIMS (Amendment) Bill, 2012 on 30 August 2012.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/education/lok-sabha-nod-to-aiims-bill/articleshow/15994154.cms | location=New Delhi, India | work=The Economic times | first=Anand | last=Raj | title=Lok Sabha nod to AIIMS bill | date=30 August 2012}}</ref> Prior to that, the six new AIIMS were registered under the [[Indian Societies Registration Act]] and the Bill allowed them to become autonomous bodies corporated on the lines of the existing [[AIIMS Delhi]] in Delhi. AIIMS (Amendment) Bill, 2012 was introduced in [[Rajya Sabha]] on 3 September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=AIIMS bill moved in Rajya Sabha amid uproar|url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/aiims-bill-moved-in-rs-amid-uproar/185172/on|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121216053712/http://business-standard.com/india/news/aiims-bill-moved-in-rs-amid-uproar/185172/on|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2012|access-date=3 September 2012 | work=Business Standard|date=3 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Govt fails to get AIIMS Bill passed in Par amid din|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/govt-fails-to-get-aiims-bill-passed-in-par-amid-din/1056640.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208212416/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/govt-fails-to-get-aiims-bill-passed-in-par-amid-din/1056640.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2012|access-date=3 September 2012|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=3 September 2012}}</ref> [[Rajya Sabha]] passed the AIIMS (Amendment) Bill, 2012 on 4 September 2012,<ref>{{cite news|title=Gov Bill passed in Par amid din|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/parliament-nod-to-aiims-bill-amid-uproar/997686/|access-date=4 September 2012 | work=The Indian Express|date=4 September 2012}}</ref> and the six AIIMS started operating in September 2012.<ref>{{cite web |author=Six AIIMS-like institutes to start operation by mid-Sept |url=http://dailypioneer.com/nation/92468-six-aiims-like-institutes-to-start-operation-by-mid-sept.html |title=Six AIIMS-like institutes to start operation by mid-Sept |work=The Pioneer |location=India |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-date=7 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907235817/http://dailypioneer.com/nation/92468-six-aiims-like-institutes-to-start-operation-by-mid-sept.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> All AIIMS are public teaching hospitals and are mandated with training in various courses (MBBS, MD/MS, DM/MCH, BSc Honours in Nursing, MSc, MPH, PhD). AIIMS Jodhpur is also delivering Joint Program in MedTech in collaboration with Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Jodhpur.

==Location==
[[File:AIIMS Jodhpur.png|thumb|A picture of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur]]
AIIMS Jodhpur(Rajasthan) is situated at outskirts of city of Industrial Area Basni, Jodhpur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-career-study-medicine-for-rs-1k/20120822.htm |title=Now get medical education for Rs 1000 a month – Rediff Getahead |work=Rediff.com |date=22 August 2012 |access-date=2012-10-04}}</ref> On 31 January 2004, then Finance Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] (Jasol) had laid the foundation stone of AIIMS Jodhpur. [[Sushma Swaraj]], then Health Minister, and [[Rajnath Singh]], then Agriculture Minister, were also present on the occasion.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Demand-for-Mira-Bais-name-to-be-readded-to-AIIMS-gets-stronger/articleshow/16790889.cms Demand for Mira Bai's name to be readded to AIIMS gets stronger]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 2013-10-09.</ref> Jodhpur is located in the geographical center of Rajasthan and is also the entry point for ''Thar Desert'' in Western India.

==Academics==

From 2013 onwards AIIMS started admitting 100 MBBS and 60 BSc Nursing(Hons.) students.<ref>{{cite news|title=300 more MBBS seats to be added at 6 new AIIMS|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/300-more-MBBS-seats-to-be-added-at-6-new-AIIMS/articleshow/17926604.cms|work=The Times of India|date=7 January 2013 |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> Outdoor patient(OPD) services began at the AIIMS Jodhpur from 27 July 2013.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/OPD-services-at-AIIMS-Jodhpur-to-start-on-Saturday/articleshow/21382000.cms OPD services at AIIMS Jodhpur to start on Saturday]. ''The Times of India''. (27 July 2013). Retrieved 2013-10-09.</ref> AIIMS has started MD courses in Anatomy, Biochemistry, Physiology and Community Medicine and Family Medicine departments from 2016.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} AIIMS Jodhpur started Postgraduate courses in 20 departments from 2017 with 56 seats.<ref>{{cite news|title=More PG seats for 20 departments in AIIMS Jodhpur|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/more-pg-seats-for-20-depts-in-aiims-jodhpur/articleshow/58450991.cms|access-date=18 July 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network|date=1 May 2017}}</ref> Admissions to the post graduate courses is done through a common entrance exam known as Institute of National Importance-Common Entrance Test (INI-CET) along with PGI, Chandigarh, JIPMER Puduchery, NIMHANS Bangalore and SCTIMS, Trivandrum. AIIMS Jodhpur admits 194 PG students every year. The institute also admits students in superspeciality (DM/MCH) program through INI-SS Exams conducted by AIIMS Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Institute of National Importance Super-Specialty Entrance Test (INI-SS)|url=https://www.aiimsexams.ac.in/pdf/Revised%20prospectus%20Part-A-converted-New.pdf|access-date=10 February 2022|website=AIIMS Exams}}</ref> AIIMS Jodhpur uses innovations in Medical Education and patient care. AIIMS Jodhpur Model of Medical Education utilizes Unconventional Learning Experiences (UNCLE) for delivering Competency Based Medical Education in its special sessions on Saturdays. The President of India, Shri Ram Nath Kovind graced and addressed the students during the 2nd Convocation of the institute on 7 December 2019 and lauded the efforts of AIIMS Jodhpur in collaborating with IIT Jodhpur for medical innovation course.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 December 2019|title=PRESIDENT OF INDIA IN JODHPUR; ADDRESSES THE 2ND CONVOCATION OF AIIMS JODHPUR; INAUGURATES NEW BUILDING OF RAJASTHAN HIGH COURT|url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/press-release-detail.htm?1761|access-date=8 February 2022|website=The President of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India should become hub of medical technology: President at AIIMS Jodhpur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/india-should-become-hub-of-medical-technology-president-at-aiims-jodhpur/story-RzGQgFTu7lKw9BLbMgzKvJ.html |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 December 2019 }}</ref>

== AIIMS Jodhpur Model of Medical Education ==
AIIMS Jodhpur has established a unique model for medical education. The model introduced since beginning of the Institute in 2012, centered around involving both faculty facilitators as well as students. One day in a week (Saturdays) is devoted for implementing innovative ideas or pedagogical methods with students as primary stakeholders. Department are joined by mutidisciplines for theme based integrated teaching sessions. This makes the learning of a subject engaging and contextual to patient care right from beginning. The model also incorporates sessions with UNCoventional Learning Experiences (UNCLE) where innovative methods like Flipped Classroom,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Flipped Classroom: A Concept for Engaging Medical Students in Learning |journal=Indian Pediatrics|date=2018 |pmid=29978818 |last1=Singh |first1=K. |last2=Mahajan |first2=R. |last3=Gupta |first3=P. |last4=Singh |first4=T. |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=507–512 |doi=10.1007/s13312-018-1342-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Enhancing Student Centered Active-Learning by "Flipped Classrooms" in a Histology Module |journal=Mymensingh Medical Journal|date=2020 |pmid=32844812 |last1=Potaliya |first1=P. |last2=Ghatak |first2=S. |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=684–690 }}</ref> teaching professionalism,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quality of medical education: Is our health in safe hands? |url=http://ijme.in/articles/quality-of-medical-education-is-our-health-in-safe-hands/?galley=html |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=[[Indian Journal of Medical Ethics]]}}</ref> using Clickers (Audience Response System) for involving even the quiet students, using 'Reverse Telelmedicine' for taking patients from hospital or ICUs to classroom or hostel.

== National Ranking ==

=== 1. National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University
||NIRF_M_2024=16|IT_M_2024=14}}

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur (IR-D-U-0689) ranked 13th and 16th in [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) of Ministry of Education for Medical category in years 2023 and 2024 respectively.<ref name="Rankings_NIRF_M_2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

=== 2. India Today Ranking, 2024 ===
AIIMS Jodhpur ranked 14 by the India Today magazine for year 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Today medical ranking 2024 |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/medical}}</ref>

== Research and Publication ==
Institute mandate is to build evidences through clinical, laboratory, community and translational research. Medical students are encouraged to get involved in research under guidance of faculty members. Faculty engagement in research is visible through Scopus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scopus Affiliation details- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur|url=https://www.scopus.com/affil/profile.uri?afid=60108918|access-date=2022-02-12|website=www.scopus.com}}</ref> The Scopus affiliation ID for AIIMS Jodhpur: 60108918

== AIIMS Hospital ==

=== Overview ===
AIIMS Jodhpur hospital has five floor Out-patient department (OPD) Block housing all broad and super-speciality except Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PMR) department which is housed separately on ground-floor accessible to all patients with disability. OPD is disabled friendly with 6 elevators (Lifts) and ramp. Emergency & Trauma block is accessible through Gate 3 with ambulance bay. The block has ground, first and second floors while emergency triage is located at ground-floor. Emergency OT's are located at ground-floor and 2nd floor. Trauma Intensive Care is located on 2nd floor. The emergency block also houses a Dialysis Unit on the first floor with 11 machines. The diagnostic block is located backside of the Emergency block on ground and 1st floor. Advanced equipments are available in Radiology department which includes two CT scanners, two MR scanners (3T), Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) suite for all interventional procedures along with fluoroscopy, Mammography, sonography and digital X-rays. The Nuclear Medicine department is having a PET-CT scan. Pathology department is having facilities for Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Molecular pathology supported by Department of Health Research -"DHR-ICMR Advance Medical Oncology Diagnostic Services (DIAMONDS)" <ref>{{Cite web|title=DHR-ICMR Advanced Molecular Oncology Diagnostic Services (DIAMOnDS)|url=https://dhr.gov.in/node/1533|access-date=10 February 2022|website=Department of Health Research, Government of India}}</ref> The institute has 30 modular Operation Theaters, 30 bedded Intensive Care Unit (ICU), 16 bedded Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) and 18 bedded Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Robotic surgeries are being carried out for difficult to reach areas like Urology, gynecology, Pediatric and cancer surgeries. More than 500 robotic surgeries have been performed by December 2021. Overall, the institute is able to provide high class care for difficult, high risk and cases with dilemma.

== Centers of Excellence ==

=== 1. Center of Excellence for Tribal Health, AIIMS Jodhpur ===
Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) Government of India has chosen AIIMS Jodhpur as one of their Center of Excellence (CoE) for Tribal Health. The objectives were to study the practices of Tribal healers, piloting of Telemedicine and understanding common diseases for which awareness can be created.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Center of Excellence for Tribal Studies, AIIMS Jodhpur|url=https://tribal.gov.in/downloads/TeleMedicine/Telemedicine_Tribal_PR.pdf|access-date=10 February 2022|website=Ministry of Tribal Affairs}}</ref>

=== 2. Center of Excellence in Oncology under India-Sweden Innovation Center ===
As part of India-Sweden Innovation center, a tripartite agreement between AIIMS Jodhpur, AIIMS Delhi and Business Sweden, a Live CoE, the first project on Comprehensive Cancer Patient Support Service was established in AIIMS Jodhpur campus to deliver treatment to cancer patients.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Live CoE|url=https://www.indiaswedenic.com/livecoe|access-date=10 February 2022|website=India Sweden Innovation Center}}</ref> The center was launched along with felicitation of 10 start-ups selected for the 2nd edition of India-Sweden innovation challenge at Dubai Expo 2020 on 31 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 February 2022|title=10 startups win India-Sweden Healthcare Innovation Centre Challenge|work=Express Healthcare|url=https://www.expresshealthcare.in/news/10-startups-win-india-sweden-healthcare-innovation-centre-challenge/433310/|access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

== Projects ==
'''GenomeIndia: Cataloguing the Genetic Variation in Indians'''

AIIMS Jodhpur is part of a project under Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India in a flagship project, a pan-India initiative focused on Whole Genome Sequencing of representative populations across India. The goal of the initiative is to carry out whole genome sequencing and subsequent data analysis of 10,000 individuals representing the country's diverse population. Institute is assigned to engage various community through its Community Engagement and Involvement initiative, obtain consent, create awareness, obtain clinical and biochemical phenotype and request their samples for high level whole exome sequencing and biobanking.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Genetics & Genome Analysis|url=https://dbtindia.gov.in/schemes-programmes/research-development/medical-biotechnology/human-genetics-genome-analysis|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Department of Biotechnology, Government of India}}</ref>

== Annual Reports of the Institute ==

=== Annual Report 2016-17 ===
The annual report highlighted work done by the faculty, residents, students and staff of the institute during 2016–17. Notable among them was that the institute was awarded the "Certificate of Commendation" and a sum of Rupees Fifty Lacs by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India (GoI) under its "Kayakalp Program". The program recognize the efforts made towards cleanliness and hygiene and creating awareness to encourage the same among public for better health. The institute also continued with its paperless system, aligned with the Government "Digital India" initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Reports|url=https://www.aiimsjodhpur.edu.in/annual%20report/Annual%20report%202016-2017%20(English%20Version).pdf|access-date=13 February 2022|website=All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur}}</ref>

=== Annual Report 2015-16 ===
The year witnessed progress in multiple fronts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2015-16|url=https://www.aiimsjodhpur.edu.in/annual%20report/Annual%20report%202015-16%20(English%20Version).pdf|access-date=13 February 2022|website=All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur}}</ref> The notable event was visiting by Hon'ble Health Minister Shri J P Nadda on 6 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=File: J P Nadda Visiting after inaugurating four new facilities...|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:J.P._Nadda_visiting_after_inaugurating_the_four_new_facilities_including_Physical_Medicine_and_Rehabilitation_Block,_Blood_Bank_and_Central_Lab_Block,_at_AIIMS,_in_Jodhpur_on_June_06,_2015.jpg|website=Commons.wikimedia.org |date=5 June 2015 }}</ref>
[[File:J.P._Nadda_visiting_after_inaugurating_the_four_new_facilities_including_Physical_Medicine_and_Rehabilitation_Block,_Blood_Bank_and_Central_Lab_Block,_at_AIIMS,_in_Jodhpur_on_June_06,_2015.jpg|thumb|J.P. Nadda visiting after inaugurating the four new facilities including Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Block, Blood Bank and Central Lab Block, at AIIMS, in Jodhpur on 6 June 2015]]

The Health Minister, who was also President of the Institute Body, inaugurated Laboratory Complex, Blood Bank, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Block and Computerized Patient Management System. He also visited other facilities.

=== Annual Report 2014-15 ===
The OPD and IPD services at AIIMs, Jodhpur grew during the year 2014–15. The Institute began its OT complex where all types of surgeries have been performed. More than 86,000 patients visited the OPD and nearly 2500 patients were admitted in the IPD during the year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2014-15|url=https://www.aiimsjodhpur.edu.in/annual%20report/Annual%20report%202014-15%20(English%20Version).pdf|access-date=13 February 2022|website=All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[List of medical colleges in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{All India Institutes of Medical Sciences |state=expanded}}
{{Jodhpur}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Colleges in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Mizoram Peace Accord

2026-02-26T07:48:33Z

Rozella5628: slightly cleaned up formatting as per guidelines and updated info per sources

{{Short description|1986 peace agreement between the government of India and the Mizo National Front}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Mizoram Peace Accord
| long_name = Mizoram Peace Accord, 1986
| image = 
| image_size = 
| alt = 
| caption = 
| type = Peace
| context =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date|1986|06|30}}
| location_signed = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective =
| amendment =
| date_expiration = 
| date_expiry = 
| provisional_application =
| mediators = 
| negotiators = 
| original_signatories =
* {{flagicon image|Mizoram Sawrkawr Flag.png}}[[Laldenga]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[R. D. Pradhan]]
* Lalkhama
| signatories = 
| parties =
* [[Mizo National Front]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Government of India]]
* [[Government of Mizoram]]
| ratifiers = 
| depositor = 
| depositories = 
| citations = 
| language = English
| languages = 
| wikisource =
| wikisource1 = 
| wikisource2 =
| wikisource3 =
| wikisource4 =
| wikisource5 =
| footnotes = Source:[https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/default/files/document/files/2024/05/in860630mizoram20accord.pdf]
}}

The '''Mizoram Peace Accord, 1986''' was an official agreement between the [[Government of India]] and the [[Mizo National Front]] (MNF) to end [[Mizo National Front uprising|insurgency and violence in Mizoram]], India, that started in 1966.<ref name="goswami">{{cite journal |last1=Goswami |first1=Namrata |title=The Indian Experience of Conflict Resolution in Mizoram |journal=Strategic Analysis |date=2009 |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=579–589 |doi=10.1080/09700160902907118|s2cid=154851791 }}</ref> The Mizo National Front was an organisation of Mizo secessionists led by [[Laldenga]] to fight for independence from India. The movement was basically due to lack of support from the government during the great famine (called [[Mautam#1959 mautam famine|Mautam]]) in Mizoram in the late 1950s. Political insurgency and social unrest ensued in the next decades. After a number of negotiations, the document titled ''Mizoram Accord, 1986: Memorandum of Settlement'' was finally signed on 30 June 1986. It was signed by Laldenga for MNF, [[R.D. Pradhan]], Home Secretary, Government of India, and Lalkhama, Chief Secretary, Government of Mizoram.<ref name="cdps">{{cite web|last1=|first=|date=|title=Mizoram Accord, 1986|url=https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/IN_860630_Mizoram%20Accord.pdf|accessdate=4 June 2020|website=|publisher=United Nations Peacemaker}}</ref> It is remarked as the most and only successful peace agreement in India after its independence from [[British Empire]] in 1947.
<ref name="sharma">{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=S.K. |title=Lessons from Mizoram Insurgency and Peace Accord 1986 |url=https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/lessons-from-mizoram-insurgency-and-peace-accord-1986.pdf |website=www.vifindia.org |publisher=Vivekananda International Foundation |accessdate=24 December 2018|date=2016}}</ref><ref name="bhatt">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacherjee |first1=S. |title=Accord most successful in the country, says Mizo CM 'Sundry factors ensured peace' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/accord-most-successful-in-the-country-says-mizo-cm-sundry-factors-ensured-peace/cid/380006 |accessdate=24 December 2018 |work=The Telegraph |date=20 June 2011}}</ref>

==Background==
{{further|British rule in the Lushai Hills}}
[[File:1907-east-bengal-assam3.jpg|thumb|1907 Vintage Map showing the Lushai Hills District]]
The [[Mizo people]] were incorporated to the British rule since the 1870 as a retaliation of the Mizo people invading the [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|British territory]] and capturing a British girl [[Zoluti]] (Mary Winchester).<ref name=lewin>{{cite book| author= Lewin TH Col. |title= A Fly on the Wheel: Or, How I Helped to Govern India |year = 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_wGAAAAQAAJ |orig-year=1912| pages= 2656–290|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=UK }}</ref> As India gained [[Indian independence movement|independence in 1947]], the Mizo people were governed under the state of [[Assam]]. In 1952, a subsidiary government called the Lushai Hills District was created under Assam, which basically covered the later Mizoram. There was a general opposition as many Mizo people were demarcated in [[Manipur]] and Burma ([[Myanmar]]). They demanded that Mizo people should be given freedom of either independence or join Burma. The political situation was exacerbated in 1959 when there was a famine due to ''Mautam''. Mautam is a literal term for bamboo flowering and death every 48 or so years. It was accompanied by plagues of insects and rodents. Particularly plagues of rats caused total agricultural destruction in 1959. The Mizo people blamed Assam and Indian authorities for negligence. A social organisation named Mautam Front was established in 1960 for local relief works. It was soon renamed the Mizo National Famine Front to enthuse the Mizo people that the organisation was of the Mizo people only. As the famine subsided the next year, the organisation turned more political and became Mizo National Front (MNF). In November 1961, it officially became a political party with Laldenga as its president.<ref name="goswami"/> The main goal was then to struggle for creating Greater Mizoram so as to encompass all the Mizo tribes in a single political governance. It led to political insurgency and social unrest lasting for two decades.<ref name="aplin">{{cite book |last1=Aplin |first1=K. |last2=Lalsiamliana |first2=J. |editor1-last=Singleton |editor1-first=G. |editor2-last=Belmain |editor2-first=S. |editor3-last=Brown |editor3-first=P. |editor4-last=Hardy |editor4-first=B. |title=Rodent outbreaks : ecology and impacts |date=2010 |publisher=International Rice Research Institute |location=Metro Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-22-0257-5 |pages=22–23 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaI0NFQb36UC&q=mautam+mnf&pg=PA13 |chapter=Chronicle and impact of the 2005-09 Mautam in Mizoram}}</ref>

===Uprising and insurgency===
The MNF created its armed wing, the Mizo National Army. It declared independence from India on 1 March 1966 under the Operation Jericho.<ref name="sharma"/> Guerilla war broke out immediately in major towns. The first major action was an attack on the Telephone Exchange and ransack of Government Treasury in [[Aizawl]].<ref name="wangchuk">{{cite web |last1=Wangchuk |first1=R.N. |title=Mizo Peace Accord: The Intriguing Story Behind India's Most Enduring Peace Initiative! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/148387/mizo-peace-accord-laldenga-rajiv-gandhi/ |website=The Better India |accessdate=26 November 2019 |date=2 July 2018}}</ref> Government offices and stations were attacked and destroyed. The Government of Assam declared Lushai Hills District as a "disturbed area" the next day, and the central government banned MNF as a terror organisation under the [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962|Defence of India Rule]].<ref name="nunthara">{{cite journal |last1=Nunthara |first1=C. |title=Grouping of Villages in Mizoram: Its Social and Economic Impact |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1981 |volume=16 |issue=30 |pages=1237, 1239–1240 |jstor=4370043}}</ref> The [[Indian Army]] was deployed in the region as a retaliation. The army was authorised with "Operation Security" by which soldiers rounded up suspicious civilians. Civil liberties were completely suppressed in the region. Starting from 5 March, Aizawl was attacked with strategic bombing and became uninhabitable.<ref name="nunthara" />{{Verify source|date=April 2025}}

The [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces Special Power Act]] (AFSPA) was enforced in 1967. An administrative called "grouping" was declared under rules such as Protected and Progressive Villages, New Grouping Centres, Voluntary Grouping Centres and Extended Loop Areas.{{Clarify|reason=It is unclear what this sentence means; please rephrase.|date=April 2025}} With military force small villages were evacuated and regrouped into larger clusters.<ref name="nunthara" /> The guerillas were outmatched and outnumbered and were forced to flee in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) and adjoining Burma. MNF then became a lingering underground movement.<ref name="lawbei">{{cite journal |last1=Lawbei |first1=E. |title=Communication Strategies adopted for Peace Negotiation during Insurgency in Mizoram |journal=International Journal of Current Humanities and Social Science Researches |date=2017 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=33–38 |url=http://www.indiancommunities.org/journal/index.php/ijchssr/article/view/43}}</ref>

===Negotiation for peace===
As the civilians were the ones to suffer the most, local social organisations and church leaders were compelled to make negotiations. As a Christianised society the Mizo people had only the church as the peacemaker. The authorities of Presbyterian and Baptist churches jointly created a Peace Committee to negotiate between the rebels and the government.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pudaite |first1=L.T. |chapter=Negotiating with insurgency and holding on to peace: The Mizoram Experience |pages=23–44|editor1-last=Patnaik |editor1-first=J.K. |title=Mizoram, Dimensions and Perspectives: Society, Economy, and Polity |year=2008 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-81-8069-514-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBYsSafccUIC }}</ref> [[Zairema]], a Presbyterian minister, was the dominant force in the initial negotiations starting from 1968.<ref>{{cite news |last1=William Sing |first1=N. |title=The fall of kohhran swarkar in Mizoram |url=https://himalmag.com/fall-kohhran-swarkar-mizoram/ |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=Himal Southasian |date=26 August 2014}}</ref> The first major communication between MNF and the government was in 1974 when Laldenga (from London as a political refugee) submitted his terms to [[Indira Gandhi]], the then Prime Minister of India. But to no avail.<ref name="sharma"/> By 1982, the prospects of agreement were grim. The Governor of Mizoram [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]] sought for the effort from church leaders. On 15 June 1982, representatives of different church denominations met at the Synod Conference Hall in Aizawl. "Zoram Kohhran Hruaitute Committee (ZKHC)" (Mizoram Churches Leaders' Committee) was formed on 30 July. They started fresh negotiations from the perspectives of the civilians who were oppressed by the military administration. V. L. Rawna, Secretary of ZKHC, met Laldenga in [[London]] on 1 March 1983 and asked him to lay down arms. In May ZKHC convinced all political parties to make a joint memorandum for peace. Signed by all party presidents, the memorandum stated:
{{quote|On this thirty first day of May, of the year Nineteen hundred and eighty three, We, the undersigned, representing all political parties in Mizoram, do hereby declare our united stand in urging the Government of India and the Mizo National Front to enter into fresh negotiations and dialogue in order to arrive at a peaceful settlement of political deadlock in Mizoram.

We affirm that all sections of people living in the Union Territory are in full accord with this plea, and we further declare our unanimous assurance of readiness to render any possible help towards creating a conducive atmosphere for peace talk to resume.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chhetri |first1=P. |title=The Chruch [''sic''] Role in the Mizoram Peace Accord |url=http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/other-articles/72-2011/july-/1486-the-chruch-role-in-the-mizoram-peace-accord |website=Eastern Panorama |accessdate=28 December 2018 |date=23 August 2011}}</ref>}}
With this resolution, they met [[Rajiv Gandhi]], the [[All India Congress Committee]] General Secretary, who visited Aizawl on 7 March 1984, and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi who visited Aizawl on 16 April. In October 1984, Ladenga returned to India but the [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassination of Gandhi]] on 31 October hampered any further development. It was the day scheduled for the peace talk.<ref name="sharma"/> After several communications, MNF agreed to the conditions laid down by the Government of India in 1986.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dewen |first1=L.J.M. |title=The Mizo People: Problems and Future |journal=South Asian Studies Quarterly |date=2009 |volume=4 |page=5 |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-NYYZ200904005.htm |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022222905/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-NYYZ200904005.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==The peace accord==
As Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister, he focused on national harmony and immediately prepared agreement documents for MNF. The then Home Secretary G. Parthasarathy was of little help as Laldenga objected to the terms. This was because Gandhi and his government could not accept Ladenga's demands such as:
#All MNF members should be freed from criminal charges.
#No Act of Indian Parliament would be legalised in Mizoram unless the state government approves it.
#Mizoram should be a separate state and be given a university and high court.<ref name=memo>{{cite web |last1=Memo Sigh |first1=L. |title=The Mizo Accord |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/page/items/21852/the-mizo-accord |website=Imphal Free Press |date=25 June 2014 |accessdate=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224220115/https://www.ifp.co.in/page/items/21852/the-mizo-accord |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Gandhi then appointed R.D. Pradhan for negotiation starting from September 1985. After a series of agreement failures, Pradhan invited Laldenga for a casual cup of tea at his office in New Delhi on 27 June. It was Pradhan's birthday on 27 June 1986. As Pradhan was due to retire in three days, he confided to Laldenga that if he really wanted peace, he should concede to the terms of the government immediately, as his successors in the office are unlikely to offer better terms. After two days of silence, Laldenga entered Pradhan's office alone in the afternoon of 30 June to agree to the peace terms. But then Pradhan was leaving his office and told Ladenga that it was no longer his authority to initiate the function. As Laldenga pleaded, Pradhan agreed to meet him at 4:30 p.m. after his farewell party. At the appointed time, they drove to 7 Race Course Road, where Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi arranged for emergency meeting of the [[Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs]]. Gandhi extended the service period of Pradhan up to that midnight. The ''Mizoram Accord, 1986: Memorandum of Settlement'' was settled at 8:30 p.m. In the presence of Laldenga's wife, MNF officials, and [[Lal Thanhawla]], the then Chief Minister of Mizoram, the accord was signed and publicly broadcast at 9:30 p.m. It was signed by Laldenga on behalf of MNF, R.D. Pradhan, Home Secretary, on behalf of the Government of India, and Lalkhama, Chief Secretary, on behalf of the Government of Mizoram. The two principal demands of the government were that MNF would cease any violent activities and adhere to rules of the Indian government.<ref name="singh">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=S |title=In fact: Happy Birthday peace: The Mizo Accord turns 30 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mizo-accord-congres-mizoram-insurgents-mizo-accord-anniversary-2884305/ |accessdate=24 December 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=30 June 2016}}</ref>

===Important terms and conditions===
The statement of the accord entailed the following terms and conditions:<ref name="cdps"/>
*The Mizo National Front should surrender all arms, ammunition, and equipment to the government.
*The MNF should amend its constitutions so as to conform to the [[Indian constitution]].
*The MNF should detach itself from support from [[Tripura National Volunteer]], [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] and other allied revolutionary organisations.
*The government should provide necessary settlement and rehabilitation to all underground personnel.

====Legal binding====
*The government should take action to make Mizoram, which was then a [[Union Territory]], to a full-fledged state.
*The territory of Mizoram should be specified according to the territory specified in Section 6 of the North Eastern Areas (Reorganization) Act, 1971.
*After normalcy is established, the President of India should hold election for the Mizoram Legislative Assembly.
*Assistance should be given to the state government according the case of "Special Category State".
*Border trade would be legalised upon agreement with neighbouring countries (namely Bangladesh and Myanmar).
*The Innerline Regulation (which restricted unauthorised visit or stay in Mizoram) should remain in force.

====Other provisions====
*The new state would be able to adopt one or more of the local dialects as its official language.
*Establishment of a new university in the state.
*Separate high court for the state (if the state wishes).
*Government will make amelioration such as compensation to places occupied by the military and to families of people killed in the 1966 uprising.

==Outcome==
MNF surrendered all their arms, ammunition and equipment to the government. With it MNF gave up its struggle for independence and Greater Mizoram.<ref name="sharma"/> The concession of giving up Greater Mizoram disappointed [[Hmar people|Hmar groups]] in Southern Manipur and Northeast Mizoram. The [[Hmar People's Convention]] formed in 1986 to demand an autonomous self-governing area in Northern Mizoram. The HPC participated in clashes coordinated alongside Naga groups until talks between 1992-1994 allowed a Memorandum of Settlement between the Mizoram State Government and the HPC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=Swarna |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/3522/ps046.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Peace accords in Northeast India: journey over milestones |date=2008 |publisher=East-West Center |isbn=978-1-932728-74-3 |location=Washington D.C. |page=22-26 |issn=1547-1330}}
</ref>

Shortly after the signing of the Mizo Accord, in celebration, the Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and his wife [[Sonia Gandhi|Sonia]] made a three-day good-will tour to Mizoram in July 1986. The ruling political party in Mizoram, Indian National Congress, surrendered their legislative term. As a recognised political party MNF became the ruling legislative party, with Laldenga as the first Chief Minister of the state. In the next general election, MNF won and Laldenga continued as the Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mizoram Assembly Election Results 1987|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies/1987-election-results.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

The Government of India officially approved statehood to Mizoram on 7 August 1986.<ref name="hazarika">{{cite news |last1=Hazarika |first1=S. |title='There is Peace in Mizoram Because of Its Brutal Past' |url=https://thewire.in/uncategorised/there-is-peace-in-mizoram-because-of-the-brutal-past-people-have-suffered |accessdate=24 December 2018 |work=The Wire |date=30 September 2016}}</ref> Mizoram became the 23rd state of the Indian Union on 20 February 1987.<ref name=morung>{{cite news |title=Mizoram celebrates 32nd anniversary of Peace Accord |url=http://morungexpress.com/mizoram-celebrates-32nd-anniversary-of-peace-accord/ |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=The Morung Express |date=2 July 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

A high court ([[Gauhati High Court]] Aizawl Bench) was established on 5 July 1990.<ref name="meitei">{{cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=S.N. |editor1-last=Patnaik |editor1-first=J.K. |title=Mizoram, Dimensions and Perspectives: Society, Economy, and Polity |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-81-8069-514-8 |pages=435–445 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBYsSafccUIC |chapter=High court in Mizoram: The structure and function of Aizawl Bench|year=2008 }}</ref>

As part of the deal, the [[Mizoram University]] was established after a decade and half of the accord by an Act of Parliament on 25 April 2000. The university was formally inaugurated on 1 July 2001.<ref name="jacob">{{cite news |last1=Jacob |first1=M. |title=Brave New phase of Mizoram |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/brave-new-phase-of-mizoram/cid/1549327 |accessdate=24 December 2018 |work=The Telegraph |date=22 August 2013}}</ref> It now administers all colleges and professional institutes in Mizoram.

30 June became the official public holiday "Remna Ni" (literally "peace day") of the Government of Mizoram.<ref name=morung/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1986 in India]]
[[Category:Internal treaties of India]]
[[Category:Mizo National Front uprising]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1986]]
[[Category:1980s in Mizoram]]

Ashoka's policy of Dhamma

2026-02-25T06:29:59Z

Rozella5628: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Set of edicts that formed the policy of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka}}
{{Italic title|string=Dhamma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Ashoka The Great
|title = [[Mauryan dynasty|Maurya]] Samrat
|image = Indian Relief of Ashoka, circa 1st century BC, from the Amaravathi village, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh (India), in the Guimet Museum (Paris).jpg
|caption = A "[[Chakravartin]]" ruler, 1st century BCE/CE. Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati. Preserved at the Musee Guimet.
|reign = 268 BCE – 232 BCE
|coronation = 268 BCE
|religion = [[Buddhism]]
|predecessor = [[Bindusara]]
|successor = [[Dasharatha Maurya|Dasharatha]]
|dynasty = [[Mauryan dynasty|Maurya]]
|birth_date = 304 BCE, Close to 8 Aug
|birth_place = [[Pataliputra]], Patna
|death_date = 232 BCE (aged 72)
|death_place = [[Pataliputra]], [[Patna]]
|burial_date = Cremated 232 BCE, less than 24 hours after death
|burial_place = Ashes immersed in the [[Ganges]] River, possibly at [[Varanasi]]
}}

'''''Dhamma''''' ({{langx|pi|धम्म|translit=dhamma}}; {{langx|sa|धर्म|translit=dharma}}) is a set of edicts that formed a policy of the 3rd [[Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]] the Great, who succeeded to the [[Mauryan]] throne in modern-day India around 269 B.C.E.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ashoka the Great's Rule of India|url=http://edu.holisticthought.com/asoka-the-greats-rule-of-india-273-232-b-c/|publisher=Holistic Thought Education|accessdate=11 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825101608/http://edu.holisticthought.com/asoka-the-greats-rule-of-india-273-232-b-c/|archivedate=25 August 2013}}</ref> Ashoka is considered one of the greatest kings of [[history of India|ancient India]] for his policies of public welfare.

== Definition ==
The word ''dhamma'' is the [[Pāli]] form of the [[Sanskrit]] word ''[[dharma]]''.{{efn|Dhamma is a broad term in Indian philosophy meaning righteousness, duty, or cosmic law, while Buddha Dharma specifically refers to the teachings of Gautama Buddha, focusing on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.}}<ref name="Agarwal2005">{{cite book |author=Mirgandra Agarwal |title=Philosophy of Inspiration |year=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=9781845572808 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KL3Kl-E_PH8C&pg=PA42}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Dhamma|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/cmdsg/getting4.htm|accessdate=30 August 2013|publisher=Buddhanet|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907195908/http://www.buddhanet.net/cmdsg/getting4.htm|archivedate=7 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Longman Vistas 6|publisher=Pearson Education India, 2009|isbn=9788131729083|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=018L-tE7ajAC&q=44 |author=Singh Vipul|date=September 2009|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref> There have been attempts to define and find equivalent English words for it, such as "piety", "moral life" and "righteousness" or "duty" but scholars could not translate it into English because it was coined and used in a specific context. The word ''Dhamma'' has multiple meanings in the literature and thought of ancient India. The best way to understand what Ashoka the great means by ''Dhamma'' is to read his edicts, which were written to explain the principles of ''Dhamma'' to the people of that time throughout the empire.<ref>{{cite book|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|publisher=University of California Press|year=2004|isbn=9780520242258|page=[https://archive.org/details/earlyindiafromor00thap/page/200 200]|author=Romila Thapar|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyindiafromor00thap/page/200}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History & Civics 6 (Col. Ed.)|publisher=Ratna Sagar|isbn=9788183320603|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGSZNEy3lQYC|first1=Behula|last1= Khan|first2= SJ|last2= Mitchell|first3= Subhadra Sen|last3= Gupta |first4= Monisha|last4= Mukundan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Āryan Path of the Buddha|year=2005|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|isbn=9788175741560|page=170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5owyPqm1XAC|first=K. Manohar |last=Gupta|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>

''Dhamma'' was not a particular religious faith or practice, or an arbitrary formulated royal policy.<ref>{{cite book|title=General Studies History 4 UPSC|year=2005|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9780070604476|page=A-46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWfeU9eQd5YC&pg=SL1-PA46|last=Reddy|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref> ''Dhamma'' related to generalized norms of social behavior and activities; Ashoka the great tried to [[Logic synthesis|synthesize]] various [[norm (social)|social norms]] which were current in his time. It cannot be understood by assuming it is one of the various religions that existed at that time. To understand why and how Ashoka the great formulated ''Dhamma'' and its meaning, one must understand the characteristics of the time in which he lived and to refer to [[Buddhist]], [[Brahmanical]] and other texts where norms of social behavior are explained.<ref>{{cite web|title=Essay on Ashoka's Policy of Dhamma|url=http://www.preservearticles.com/2012012721861/essay-on-asokas-policy-of-dhamma.html|first=H.|last=Sharma|date=27 January 2012|publisher=Preserve Articles|accessdate=11 August 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002032751/http://www.preservearticles.com/2012012721861/essay-on-asokas-policy-of-dhamma.html|archivedate=2 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition|year=2005|publisher=Roultledge Curzon|isbn=0415345197|pages=1–2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t924rIE8_0cC|first=Noa|last= Ronkin}}</ref>

Some historians link Ashoka’s policy of ''Dhamma'' with Buddhism. According to V.A. Smith,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Early History of India|last=Smith|first=Vincent|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|year=1970}}</ref> Ashoka the great actually became a Buddhist monk for a short span of his life. V.A Smith believes that he was both a monk and a monarch at the same time. D.R. Bhandarkar<ref>{{Cite book|title=Asoka|last=Bhandarkar|first=Devadatta|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1925}}</ref> claims that Ashoka the great was a Buddhist and his policy of ''dhamma'' was actually original Buddhism as preached by the Buddha. Radha Kumud Mookerji also formulates that as far as the personal religion of Ashoka is concerned, it may be taken as Buddhism. In recent decades, scholars such as Nayanjot Lahiri and Romila Thapar has argued that Ashoka's ''Dhamma'' stands apart from Buddhist ideas, even while being informed by them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674057777|title = Ashoka in Ancient India — Nayanjot Lahiri| date=5 August 2015 | publisher=Harvard University Press | isbn=9780674057777 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25663762.pdf|jstor=25663762|title=Ashoka — A Retrospective|last1=Thapar|first1=Romila|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=2009|volume=44|issue=45|pages=31–37}}</ref>

== Historical background ==
[[File:Asoka̠ Buddhist Missions.png|thumb|right|Map depicting Buddhist missions during Emperor Ashoka's reign, reflecting his Dhamma policy spread<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jermsawatdi |first=Promsak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0O9je9dECH8C&pg=PA10 |title=Thai Art with Indian Influences |date=1979 |publisher= Magadha University|isbn=978-81-7017-090-7 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref>]]

=== Socio-economic conditions ===

The Mauryan period saw a change in the economic structure of the society. The use of iron resulted in surplus production, and the economy changed from being a simple [[rural economy]] to a pattern of economy in which urban centres became important. The commercial classes had come to the forefront of society. The emergence of [[urban culture]] demanded a flexible social organization. The incorporation of tribes and peoples from the outlying areas into the social fabric also presented a problem.<ref name="google747">{{cite book|title=Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative South Asia Research|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2011|isbn=9780195394238|page=747|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVVnUdGJEaIC|first=Alf|last= Hiltebeitel|authorlink=Alf Hiltebeitel|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="google189">{{cite book|title=Mauryan India Volume 4 of People's history of India|year=2005|publisher=Tulika|isbn=9788185229935|page=189|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjBJAAAACAAJ|first1=Irfan|last1= Habib|first2= Vivekanand|last2= Jha|edition=2|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>

The response of the Brahmanical social order, which was based on the fourfold [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]] division, was to make the [[Caste|caste system]] more rigid and deny a higher status to the commercial class. The rigidity of the Brahmanical class system sharpened the divisions within the society. The lower orders turned to various [[heterodox]] sects; this created social tensions. It was this situation which emperor Ashoka inherited when he ascended to the Mauryan throne.<ref name="google189"/>

== Religious conditions of the Mauryan empire ==

The Brahmanical hold over society, assiduously built through the later [[Vedic]] period, was coming under increasing attack.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} The privileges of the priests, the rigidity of the caste system and the elaborate rituals were being questioned. The lower orders among the [[varna (Hinduism)|four castes]] began to favour new sects. The Vaishyas, who were technically included in the higher social category, were treated as inferior to both [[Brahmans]] and [[Kshatriya]]. The opposition of the commercial class to Brahmanism was to give a fillip{{huh|date=November 2021}} to the other sects of the society.<ref name="google747"/><ref name="google189"/> [[Buddhism]] began as [[Sramana|schismatic movement]] from the [[Brahminism|mainstream outlook of Brahmanism]]. Its basic tenet was an emphasis on misery and advocacy of the [[Middle Way]]. It was a set of [[Buddhist ethics|ethical principles]]. Buddhism opposed the dominance of the Brahmans and the concept of sacrifices and rituals. It thus appealed to lower social orders and to emerging social classes. The human approach to relations in society preached by Buddhism further attracted different sections to itself.<ref name="google189"/><ref name="Our pasts-1">{{cite book|title=Our pasts-1|year=2006|publisher=N.C.E.R.T|isbn=8174504931|page=80|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/14121431/NCERT-Book-Our-Pasts-1-Class-VI|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414214807/https://www.scribd.com/doc/14121431/NCERT-Book-Our-Pasts-1-Class-VI|archivedate=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What was Ashoka's Dhamma|url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/fess108.pdf|publisher=NCERT|accessdate=1 September 2013|page=6|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930232533/http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/fess108.pdf|archivedate=30 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="books.google">{{cite book|title=The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination|publisher=DORLING KINDERSLEY (RS)|isbn=9788131717530|pages=A125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC|last=Singh|edition=Second}}</ref>

=== Polity ===

The [[Mahajanapada]] of sixth century B.C. marked the beginning of the [[Nation state|state]] system in many parts of India. Only a small section of society came to have a monopoly of power, which they exercised over the rest of the society. There were ''gana-samghas'' in which the rulers were a group of hereditary [[Kshatriya]] or members of a clan. By the time Ashoka ascended the throne, the state system had grown very elaborate.<ref name="google747"/><ref name="google189"/> It was characterized by:

*The political supremacy of one region ([[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]) over a vast territory which comprised many previous kingdoms, ''gana-samghas'', and areas where no organised states had previously existed;
*Existence within this vast territory of different faiths, beliefs and practices;
*Monopoly of force by a ruling class, of which the emperor was the supreme head;
*Appropriation by the ruling class of surpluses from agriculture, commerce, and other sources.

The complexity of the state system demanded an imaginative policy from the emperor which required minimal use of force in such a large empire having diverse forms of economy and religions. It could not have been controlled by an army alone. A more feasible alternative was the propagation of a policy that would work at an ideological level and engage all sections of the society. The policy of ''Dhamma'' was such an endeavor.<ref name="google189"/><ref name="Our pasts-1"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Man and His Destiny: The Release of the Human Mind : a Study of Citta in Relation to Dhamma in Some Ancient Indian Texts|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=9789004078789|pages=124–125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCUVAAAAIAAJ|first=Jan T. |last=Ergardt|year=1986}}</ref>

== Distribution of inscriptions ==
{{main|Edicts of Ashoka}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
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| {{Map of the Edicts of Ashoka}}
|}

Ashoka the great expounded his policy of ''Dhamma'' through his edicts.<ref>{{cite book|title=General Studies History 4 Upsc|year=2005|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9780070604476|page=A-47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWfeU9eQd5YC&pg=SL1-PA46|last=Reddy|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref> By engraving his views about ''Dhamma'' on these edicts, Ashoka tried to directly communicate with his subjects.<ref name="google44">{{cite book|title=Social Science|publisher=VK Publications|isbn=9788179732144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKEQxEtNR-AC|first=Avnindra Kumar |last=Verma|pages=44–45|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref> These inscriptions were written in different years of his life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Explain principles of Dhamma in the light of edicts and causes of its failure. Opine its relevance to current society|date=3 September 2011|url=http://greycabbages.blogspot.in/2011/09/explain-principles-of-dhamma-in-light.html|accessdate=11 August 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927164640/http://greycabbages.blogspot.in/2011/09/explain-principles-of-dhamma-in-light.html|archivedate=27 September 2013}}</ref> The inscriptions can be divided into two categories. A small group of inscriptions reveal that the king was a follower of Buddhism and were addresses to the Buddhist church{{mdash}}the [[Sangha]]. These inscriptions are declarations of Ashoka's relationship with the Buddhist order.<ref>{{cite book|title=History & Civics 9|publisher=Ratna sagar|isbn=9788183323642|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJL5Rk6aHYUC|first=Sudeshna |last=Sengupta|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref> Inscriptions of the other category are known as the [[Major Rock Edicts|Major]] and [[Minor Rock Edicts]], which were inscribed on rock surfaces. This larger group includes the Pillar Edicts inscribed on specially erected pillars.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian History|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9780071329231|pages=A174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C|author=Krishna Reddy|year=1960 }}</ref><ref name="google592">{{cite book|title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|year=2003|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9780141937427|page=592|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqmyEbLScZ4C|author=Romila Thapar|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>

All the sites of Ashokan inscription were chosen carefully to ensure that they were accessible to large numbers of people. These edicts are proclamations to the public at large. They explain the idea of ''Dhamma''. One must make a distinction between Ashoka's policy of ''Dhamma'' which stressed social responsibility and Ashoka's own commitment as a Buddhist. There has been a tendency in the past among historians to study the policy of ''Dhamma'' and Ashoka as Buddhist in the same context without making any distinction. An examination of the inscriptions suggests that Ashoka declared his personal association with a Buddhist order and on the other he tried to teach, through the policy of ''Dhamma'', the importance of social responsibility and tolerance amongst different members of the society.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India, 2009|isbn=9788131711200|pages=326, 327|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC|author=Upinder Singh}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Mauryas Revisited|year=1987|publisher=Centre for Studies in Social Sciences|isbn=9788170740216|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=Qg0hUubUB9HjrAfuyYCYDA&id|author=Romila Thapar|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>

== ''Dhamma'' ==

The policy of ''Dhamma'' was an earnest attempt at solving some of problems and tensions faced by a complex society.<ref>{{cite book|title=Spreading the Dhamma: Writing, Orality, And Textual Transmission in Buddhist Northern Thailand|year=2006|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824830243|page=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXDJTgKlf3MC|author=Daniel M. Veidlinger|edition=illustrated|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref> Ashoka's private empire were responsible for the formation of the policy. The immediate social environment in which Ashoka grew up influenced him in later years.<ref name="google592"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131717530|pages=A–128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC|author=Singh}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Man and His Destiny: The Release of the Human Mind : a Study of Citta in Relation to Dhamma in Some Ancient Indian Texts Asian Studies Issue 3 of Studia orientalia lundensia, v. 3|year=1986|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=9789004078789|page=124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCUVAAAAIAAJ|author=Jan T. Ergardt}}</ref>
The [[Mauryan]] kings adopted an eclectic outlook. [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] took recourse to [[Jainism]] in his later years and [[Bindusara]] favoured the [[Ājīvika]]. Ashoka adopted Buddhism in his personal life, though he never imposed Buddhism on his subjects.<ref name="google44"/>

By the time Ashoka ascended the throne, the Mauryan imperial system had become complex, encompassing various cultures, beliefs and social and political patterns. Ashoka had to either maintain the structure by force{{mdash}}which would incur tremendous expenses{{mdash}}or to define a set of social norms which would be acceptable to all social practices and religious beliefs.<ref name="google53">{{cite book|title=Longman Panorama History 6|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Education India, 2007|isbn=9788131711743|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CVMOEudkx0C|author=Singh}}</ref><ref name="books.google_a">{{cite book|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher, 1988|isbn=9788120804661|page=211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC|edition=illustrated, reprint|editor=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri}}</ref> He was aware of the tensions which the [[heterodox]] sects{{mdash}}Buddhism, Jainism and [[Ajivikas|Ajivikaism]]{{mdash}}had generated in society. They were all opposed to the domination of the Brahmans and had a growing number of supporters. But Brahmans continued to control society and hostility was inevitable. It was essential to bring about a climate of harmony and mutual trust.<ref name="google53"/><ref name="books.google_a"/> There were many areas within the empire where neither the Brahmanical system or the heterodox sects prevailed. Ashoka referred to the country of [[Yavanas]], where neither Brahmanical nor [[Sramanical]] culture were in vogue. In many tribal areas, people were unfamiliar with Brahmanical or heterodox ideas. To make the empire survive and to bring some cohesion within the empire in the midst of this diversity, some common patterns of behaviour and common approaches to the society's problems were needed.<ref name="google53"/><ref name="books.google_a"/>

== Edicts ==
{{See also|Major Rock Edicts}}
[[File:Ashoka edict peshawar - Ashoka Major Rock Edict.jpg|thumb|Edicts of Ashoka I-XI in [[Shahbazgarhi]], [[Peshawar]], along the [[Silk Road#Overland routes|Karakoram Route]], now the [[Karakoram Highway]]]]

The principles of ''Dhamma'' were formulated to be acceptable to people belonging to different [[communities]] and following any religion. ''Dhamma'' was not given any formal definition or structure. It emphasized tolerance of people and the notion of showing consideration towards slaves and servants; there is stress on obedience to elders; generosity towards the needy, [[Brahmans]] and [[Sramanas]]. Ashoka pleaded for tolerance of different religious sects in an attempt to create a sense of harmony.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of India|publisher=Saraswati House Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788173354984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GWw7GXAZQQC|page=41|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref> The policy of ''Dhamma'' also laid stress on non-violence, which was to be practiced by giving up war and conquests and also as a restraint on the killing of animals. However, Ashoka realized that a certain display of his political might may be necessary to keep the primitive forest-dwelling tribes in check.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107017368|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRE3n1VwDTIC|author=Kaushik Roy|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Edict at Maski.jpg|thumb|Ashoka's Edict at [[Maski]], [[Raichur district]], [[Karnataka]]. This edict confirmed the name Ashoka for "Devanampiya Piadassi".]]

The policy of ''Dhamma'' also included other welfare measures, like the planting of trees and digging of wells. Ashoka attacked ceremonies and sacrifices as meaningless. A group of officers known as ''Dhamma-mahamattas'' were instituted to implement and publicize the various aspects of ''Dhamma''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107017368|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRE3n1VwDTIC|author=Kaushik Roy}}</ref>
Ashoka made them responsible for carrying his message to various sections of society, However, they gradually developed into a type of priesthood of ''Dhamma'' with great powers and soon began to interfere in politics.<ref name="books.google_a" /><ref>{{cite book|title=History of India|publisher=Saraswati House Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788173354984|pages=40, 41, 42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GWw7GXAZQQC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Glimpses of History|publisher=Frank Brothers|isbn=9788184096170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ch9goq6W-cgC&pg=PA63|author=Xavier Pinto, E.G. Myall|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Gujarra Edict.jpg|thumb|Ashoka's Edict at Gujarra, [[Madhya Pradesh]]]]

The aspects of ''Dhamma'' were developed chronologically.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|year=1999|publisher=New Age International, 1999|isbn=9788122411980|pages=148, 149, 150|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC|author=Sailendra Nath Sen}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India, 2009|isbn=9788131721339|pages=236, 237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAo1X2eagywC|author=Showick Thorpe Edgar Thorpe}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of India|publisher=Saraswati House Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788173354984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GWw7GXAZQQC|pages=41–46|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian History|year=1960 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9780071329231|page=A-180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>

* '''Major Rock Edict I''' prohibits animal sacrifice and holidays of festive gathering.<ref>{{cite book|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804661|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC|edition=illustrated, reprint|editor=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>
* '''Major Rock Edict II''' relates to measures of social welfare. It mentions medical treatment for men and animals, construction of roads, wells and tree planting.<ref name="google235">{{cite book|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804661|page=235|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC|edition=illustrated, reprint|editor=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>
* '''Major Rock Edict III''' declares that liberality towards Brahmans and Sramanas is a virtue, and that respecting one's parents is a good quality.<ref>{{cite book|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804661|page=234|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC|edition=illustrated, reprint|editor=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>
* '''Major Rock Edict IV''' comments that because of the policy of ''Dhamma'' the lack of morality and disrespect towards Sramanas and Brahmans, violence, unseemly behavior to friends, relatives and others, and evils of this kind have been checked. The killing of animals to a large extent was also stopped.<ref name="google236">{{cite book|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804661|page=236|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC|edition=illustrated, reprint|editor=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>
* '''Major Rock Edict V''' refers to the appointment of ''Dhamma-mahamattas'' for the first time in the twelfth year of his reign. These special officers were appointed by the king to look after the interests of all sects and religions and spread the message of ''Dhamma''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804661|page=239|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC|edition=illustrated, reprint|editor=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>
* '''Major Rock Edict VI''' is an instruction to ''Dhamma-mahamattas''. They are told that they could bring their reports to the king at any time. The second part of the Edict deals with speedy administration and the transaction of smooth business.<ref name="google236"/>
* '''Major Rock Edict VII''' is a plea for tolerance amongst all sects. It appears from the edict that tensions among the sects were intense perhaps in open antagonism. The plea is a part of the overall strategy to maintain unity.<ref name="google236"/>
* '''Major Rock Edict VIII''' states that ''Dhammayatras'' (tours) would be undertaken by the emperor. The earlier practice of the emperor going out on hunting expeditions was given up. ''Dhammayatras'' enabled the emperor to come into contact with various sections of people in the empire.<ref name="google235"/>
* '''Major Rock Edict IX''' attacks ceremonies performed after birth, illness, marriage and before going on a journey. A censure passed against ceremonies observed by wives and mothers. Ashoka instead lays stress on practice of ''Dhamma'' and the uselessness of ceremonies.<ref name="google238">{{cite book|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804661|page=238|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC|edition=illustrated, reprint|editor=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>
* '''Major Rock Edict X''' denounces fame and glory and reasserts the merits of following the policy of ''Dhamma''.<ref name="google238"/>
* '''Major Rock Edict XI''' is a further explanation of the policy of ''Dhamma''. It emphases the respect of elders, abstaining from killing animals, and liberality towards friends.<ref name="google235"/>
* '''Major Rock Edict XII''' is another appeal for tolerance among sects. This edict reflects the anxiety the king felt because of conflict between sects and carries his plea for harmony.<ref name="google235"/>
* '''Major Rock Edict XIII''' is of paramount importance in understanding the Ashokan policy of ''Dhamma''. The Rock Edict pleads for conquest by ''Dhamma'' instead of war. This is logical culmination of the thought processes which began from the first Rock Edict, and by conquest what is perhaps meant is the adaptation of the policy of ''Dhamma'' by a country, rather than its territorial control.<ref name="google235"/>
* '''Major Rock Edict XIV''' Ashoka said, ''My dominions are wide, and much has been written, and I shall cause still more to be written. And some of this has been stated again and again because of the charm of certain topics and in order that men should act accordingly.''<ref>{{cite book|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804661|page=240|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC|edition=illustrated, reprint|editor=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>

=== Text of the edicts ===
[[File:6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG|thumb|Fragment of the 6th Pillar Edicts of Ashoka (238 BCE), in [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]], sandstones. [[British Museum]].]]

*"When he had been consecrated eight years the Beloved of the Gods, the king Piyadasi [[Ashoka]] conquered [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]]. A hundred and fifty thousand people were deported, a hundred thousand were killed and many times that number perished. Afterwards, now that Kalinga was annexed, the Beloved of the Gods very earnestly practiced ''Dhamma'', desired ''Dhamma''. On conquering Kalinga the Beloved of the Gods felt remorse, for, when an independent country is conquered the slaughter, death, and deportation of people in extremely grievous to the Beloved of the Gods, and weighs heavily on his mind. What is even more deplorable to the Beloved to the Gods is that those who dwell there, whether Brahmans, Sarmanas, or those of other sects, or householders who show obedience to their superiors, obedience to their mother and father, obedience to their teachers and behave well and devotedly to their friends, acquiescence, colleagues, relatives, slaves and servants—all suffer violence, murder and separation from their loved ones. Even those who are fortunate to have escaped, and whose love is undiminished (by the ''brutalizing'' effect of war), suffer from the misfortunes of their friends, acquaintances colleagues and relatives. This participation of all men in suffering weighs heavily on the mind of Beloved of the Gods. Except among the Greeks, there is no land where religious orders of Brahmans and Sarmanas are not to be found, and there is no land anywhere where men do not support one sect or another. Today, if a hundredth or thousandth part of those people who were killed or died or were deported when Kalinga was annexed were to suffer similarly, it would weighs heavily on the mind of the Beloved of the Gods."<ref>{{cite book|title=Edicts of Ashoka|year=1978|publisher=University of Chicago Press, 1978|isbn=9780226586113|pages=1–68|author=Aśoka (King of Magadha)|edition=illustrated, reprint|editor=N. A. Nikam, Richard P. McKeon}}</ref>
*"This inscription of Dhamma has been engraved so that any sons or great sons that I may have should not think of gaining new conquests, and in whatever victories they may gain should be satisfied with patience and light punishment. They should only consider conquest by Dhamma to be a true conquest, and delight in Dhamma should be their whole delight, for this is of value in both this world and the next."<ref>{{cite book|title=History & Civics 9|publisher=Ratna Sagar|isbn=9788183323642|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJL5Rk6aHYUC|author=Sudeshna Sengupta}}</ref>

This is Ashoka's testament against war. It graphically depicts the tragedy of war and shows why he turned against it. It is a unique event in the annals of the ancient world because one does not knows of any other contemporary monarch who renounced war. Ashoka embarked on the policy of ''Dhamma'' after the Kalinga war.<ref>{{cite book|title=Aśoka and the decline of the Mauryas, Volume 5|publisher=Oxford University Press, 1961|isbn=9780198077244|page=265|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-A-AQAAIAAJ|author=Romila Thapar|edition=2, reprint|year=1961}}</ref>

== ''Dhamma'' and The Mauryan state ==

Ashoka's ''Dhamma'' was not simply a collection of high-sounding phrases. He consciously tried to adopt it as a matter of state policy; he declared that "all men and my children" and "whatever exertion I make, I strive only to discharge debt that I owe to all living creatures." It was a totally new and inspiring idea of kingship. In the [[Arthashastra]], the king owed nothing to anyone. His only job was to rule the state efficiently.<ref name="google592"/>
Ashoka renounced war and conquest by violence and forbade the killing of many animals.<ref name="google1989">{{cite book|title=Studies in Indian History Issue 35 of Chaukhambha oriental research studies|year=1989|publisher=Chaukhamba Orientalia original from: the University of Virginia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XlDAAAAYAAJ|author=Upendra Thakur|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref> Ashoka set an example of vegetarianism by almost stopping the consumption of meat in the royal household. Since he wanted to conquer the world through love and faith, he sent many missions to propagate ''Dhamma''. Such missions were sent to far off places like Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka. The propagation of ''Dhamma'' included many measures of people's welfare. Centers of the treatment of men and beasts founded inside and outside of empire. Shady groves, wells, orchards and rest houses were laid out. This kind of charity work was a radically different attitude from the king of the Arthashastra, who would not incur any expenses unless they brought more revenues in return.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian History|year=1960 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9780071329231|page=A-185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>

Ashoka also prohibited useless sacrifices and certain forms of gatherings which led to waste, indiscipline and superstition.<ref name="google1989"/> To implement these policies he recruited a new cadre of officers called ''Dhamma-mahamattas''. Part of this group's duties was to see that people of various sects were treated fairly. They were especially asked to look after the welfare of prisoners. Many convicts{{mdash}}who were kept in fetters after their sentence had expired{{mdash}}were to be released. Those sentenced to death were to given grace for three days. Ashoka also started ''Dhamma yatras''. He and his high officials were to tour the country propagating ''Dhamma'' and establishing direct contact with his subjects. Because of such attitudes and policies, modern writers like Kern called him "a monk in a king's garb."<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian History|year=1960 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9780071329231|pages=A–184–185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Text Book of Social Sciences|publisher=Pitambar Publishing|isbn=9788120914667|pages=45–46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jV6k0FvIC4sC|author=Dr. N.N. Kher & Jaideep Aggarwal}}</ref>

== Interpretations ==

The Ashokan policy of ''Dhamma'' has been the subject of controversy and debate amongst scholars; Some have said that Ashoka was a partisan Buddhist and have equated ''Dhamma'' with Buddhism. It has also been suggested{{,|date=November 2013}} that it was the original Buddhist thought that was being preached by Ashoka as ''Dhamma'' and later on certain theological additions were made to Buddhism. This kind of thinking is based on some Buddhist chronicles. It is believed{{by whom|date=November 2013}} that the Kalinga war was a dramatic turning point where out of remorse for the death and destruction of war, Ashoka decided to become Buddhist. The Buddhist records credit him with the propagation of Buddhism in India and abroad. As an emperor, Ashoka did not favour Buddhism at the expenses of other religions.<ref name="google592"/><ref>{{cite book|title=History & Civics 9|publisher=Ratna Sagar|isbn=9788183323642|pages=96–97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJL5Rk6aHYUC|author=Sudeshna Sengupta}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520242258|page=200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC|author=Romila Thapar|edition=illustrated, reprint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kachru|first=Sonam|title=Ashoka's ethical infrastructure is carved into India's rocks {{!}} Aeon Essays|url=https://aeon.co/essays/ashokas-ethical-infrastructure-is-carved-into-indias-rocks|access-date=2021-07-11|website=Aeon|language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]], ''Dhamma'' was not the policy of a heretic but a system of beliefs created out of different religious faiths.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient India|year=1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|isbn=9788120804364|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|edition=illustrated, reprint}}</ref>
There has been some discussion among historians{{who|date=November 2013}} about the results Ashoka's propagation of ''Dhamma''. Some historians{{who|date=November 2013}} believe that Ashoka's ban of sacrifices and the favour that he showed to Buddhism led to a Brahmanical reaction, which in turn led to the decline of Mauryan empire. Others{{who|date=November 2013}} believe that stopping of wars and the emphasis on non-violence crippled the military might of the empire, leading to its collapse after the death of Ashoka.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy and Religion a Continuing Series... Buddhism|year=2005 |publisher=Global Vision Pub House|isbn=9788182201156|pages=355–356|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8cA2Bt_JjPkC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What were the causes for the decline of the Mauryan Empire?|url=http://www.preservearticles.com/2011101815647/what-were-the-causes-for-the-decline-of-the-mauryan-empire.html|work=RESHMA RAI|date=18 October 2011|accessdate=11 August 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002032815/http://www.preservearticles.com/2011101815647/what-were-the-causes-for-the-decline-of-the-mauryan-empire.html|archivedate=2 October 2013}}</ref>

According to [[Romila Thapar]], Ashoka's ''Dhamma'' is a superb document of his essential humanity and an answer to the socio-political needs of the contemporaneous situation. It was not anti-Brahmanical because respect for the Brahmans and Sarmanas is an integral part of his ''Dhamma''. His emphasis on non-violence did not blind him to the needs of the state. In fact, he envisioned bureaucrats as doing the work of ensuring ethical progress on the part of his subjects.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kachru|first=Sonam|title=Ashoka's ethical infrastructure is carved into India's rocks {{!}} Aeon Essays|url=https://aeon.co/essays/ashokas-ethical-infrastructure-is-carved-into-indias-rocks|access-date=2021-07-11|website=Aeon|language=en}}</ref> Also, Ashoka warned the forest tribes that although he hates to use coercion, he may be required to resort to force if they continued to create trouble. By the time Ashoka stopped war, the entire Indian sub-continent was under his control. In the south he was on friendly terms with the [[Cholas]] and [[Pandyas]]. Sri Lanka was an admiring ally. Thus, Ashoka's decline of war came when his empire had reached its natural boundaries. The plea for tolerance was a wise course of action in an ethnically diverse, religiously varied, and class divided society. Ashoka's empire was a conglomerate of diverse groups; farmers, pastoral nomads and hunter-gatherers, there were Greeks, Kambojas, and Bhojas and hundreds of groups with different traditions. In this situation a plea for tolerance was needed. Ashoka tried to transcend the parochial cultural traditions with a board set of ethical principles.<ref name="Preface 4">{{cite book|title=A History of India|year=1990|publisher=Penguin UK, 1990|isbn=9780141949765|page=384|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y02AiEu1kcC|author=Romila Thapar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press, 2004|isbn=9780520242258|pages=200–204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC|author=Romila Thapar|edition=illustrated, reprint}}</ref>

Ashoka's ''Dhamma'' could not survive him; as such it was a failure. However, he was not establishing a new religion but was trying to impress upon the society the need for ethical and moral principles.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ashoka|year=2000|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 2000|isbn=9788120613331|page=367|author=D.R. Bhandarkar|edition=reprint}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=General Studies History 4 Upsc|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2005|isbn=9780070604476|pages=A46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWfeU9eQd5YC|author=Reddy|date=2005-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pUE7udsNP5AC|pages=836–837|title=Pratiyogita Darpan | last1 = Darpan | first1 = Pratiyogita | date = November 2009}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|India}}
* [[Ashokavadana]]
* [[Buddhist ethics]]
*[[Noble Eightfold Path]]
*[[Upāsaka]]
*[[Edicts of Ashoka]]
*[[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi]]
*[[Pillars of Ashoka]]
*[[Major Rock Edicts]]
*[[Shanti Stupa, Ladakh]]
*[[Kanaganahalli]]
*[[Minor Rock Edicts]]
*[[List of Edicts of Ashoka]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{EB1911 poster|Asoka}}
* {{cite web|title=Urban Dharma|url=http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma5/ebooks.html|accessdate=12 August 2013}}
* {{cite web|title=The Mauryan Empire, 321-184 B.C.|url=http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/iakh/HIS2172/h10/undervisningsmateriale/his2172.lecture%203.pdf|work=Pamela Price|accessdate=12 August 2013}}
* {{cite journal|title=The journal of the international associations of the buddhist studies|year=1982|volume=5|url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8572/2479 | accessdate = 12 August 2013}}
* {{cite web | url = https://www.academia.edu/1906640 | title = Ashokan Edicts as Propaganda | accessdate = 12 August 2013| last1 = Cheatham | first1 = Dennis }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.buddhadhammasangha.com/secondlevelsite/thirdlevelsite/ebooklibrary/textandteachingstheravadin.htm | title = E-book library | accessdate = 12 August 2013}}
* {{Cite book | url = http://www.thawsischool.com/old/dhamma-book/download/Vision%20of%20the%20Dhamma-%20Payutto.pdf | title = Vision of Dhamma | isbn = 9789740934202 | year = 2007 | accessdate = 12 August 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151005015001/http://www.thawsischool.com/old/dhamma-book/download/Vision%20of%20the%20Dhamma-%20Payutto.pdf | archive-date = 5 October 2015 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.buddhanet.net/cmdsg/getting4.htm | title = The Dhamma | accessdate = 30 August 2013 | archive-date = 7 September 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130907195908/http://www.buddhanet.net/cmdsg/getting4.htm | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web |url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_gujarat_ashokanrock.asp | title = Ashokan rock edicts, Junagarh | accessdate = 2 September 2013}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314160034/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html The Edicts of King Ashoka]
* [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/mauryans/essay.html The Mauryan Empire]
* [http://www.indiaprofile.com/monuments-temples/ashokainscriptions.htm Ashokan Inscriptions]
* [http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/iie/contents.htm Introduction to the Indian Epigraphy]
* [http://www.esamskriti.com/essay-chapters/Dhamma~Ashoka%60s-4-~way-moral-code-is-the-need-of-the-hour-1.aspx Dhamma-Ashoka's 4 -Way Moral Code Is The Need of The Hour]
* [http://www.asiaeducation.edu.au/curriculum_resources/history_cr/ancient_india/ashokas_edicts.html Ashoka's Edicts]
* [https://www.livius.org/man-md/mauryas/mauryas.html Maurayan Dynasty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226183742/https://www.livius.org/man-md/mauryas/mauryas.html |date=26 February 2012 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Kachru |first1=Sonam |title=Ashoka's moral empire |url=https://aeon.co/essays/ashokas-ethical-infrastructure-is-carved-into-indias-rocks |publisher=Aeon}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lahiri |first1=Nayanjot |title=Ashoka in Ancient India |date=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674057777}}

[[Category:Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ashoka]]

Jawaharlal Darda

2026-02-25T01:51:00Z

Rozella5628: Adding a article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Short description|Indian politician (1923 – 1997)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jawaharlal A. Darda
| honorific_suffix = 'बाबूजी'
| image = Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg
| order =
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start = (1972–1978), (1978–1984), (1984–1990), (1990
| term_end = 1996)
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency =
| office2 = President of the Yavatmal City [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start2 = 1946
| term_end2 = 1956
| office3 = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| minister3 = *Energy,
*Sports & Youth Welfare.
| term_start3 = March 1978
| term_end3 = July 1978
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office4 = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| minister4 = *Industries
| term_start4 = June 1980
| term_end4 = Jan 1982|
| office5 = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| minister5 = *Irrigation,
*Tourism,
*Skill Development & Entrepreneurship.
| term_start5 = March 1985
| term_end5 = June 1985
| office6 = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| minister6 = *Energy,
*Tourism,
*Cultural Affairs,
*Irrigation and Excise Duty.
| term_start6 = June 1985
| term_end6 = March 1986
| office7 = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| minister7 = *Public Health,
*Medical Education,
*Family Welfare & Medicine.
| term_start7 = June 1988
| term_end7 = March 1990
| office8 = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| minister8 = *Textiles,
*Food and Civil Supplies,
*Environment,
| term_start8 = Jan 1991
| term_end8 = June 1991
| office9 = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| minister9 = *Textiles,
*Food and Civil Supplies,
*Environment.
*Urban Development.
| term_start9 = June 1991
| term_end9 = Feb 1993
| office10 = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| minister10 = *Industries.
| term_start10 = March 1993
| term_end10 = March 1995
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|7|2}}
| birth_place = Babhulgaon, [[Yavatmal district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1997|11|25|1923|7|2}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| spouse = Veenadevi
| children = [[Vijay Jawaharlal Darda|Vijay]] & [[Rajendra Jawaharlal Darda|Rajendra]]
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Jawaharlal Amolakchand Darda''' (2 July 1923 – 25 November 1997), known popularly as ''' Babuji''', was an Indian freedom fighter and a senior [[Indian National Congress]] politician.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=4 September 2012|title=Who is Vijay Darda?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/who-is-vijay-darda/story-cf6SZazEOhxldr3ObjZgnK.html|access-date=9 October 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He is the founding editor of [[Lokmat]] group of newspapers (now [[Lokmat]] Media group). He was a pioneering journalist and a prominent politician of his time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 September 2012|title=The Barons of Nagpur|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/the-barons-of-nagpur/|access-date=11 October 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Career ==
Darda began as a social worker and then, inspired by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], participated in the [[Satyagraha]] Movement in 1942 and joined the [[Quit India Movement]], for which he was sentenced to jail for one year and 9 months. While in Jabalpur Jail. he organized youth conference on 10 August 1942. In 1944 he created Azad Hind Sena at Yavatmal. He remained President of the Yavatmal City Congress 1946-56.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Atul |first2= |date=2023-12-04 |title=Jawaharlal Darda's biography 'Jawahar' launched in Delhi: Know about him |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/jawaharlal-darda-biography-jawahar-book-launch-freedom-fighter-lokmat-newspaper-group-2023-12-04-905800 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=indiatvnews |language=en}}</ref> In 1973 he represented the Government of India at Copenhagen (Denmark) at an International Conference on Housing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=jawaharlal darda biography|url=https://www.shrimandirsandiego.org/csv/kasmvy/jawaharlal-darda-biography|access-date=11 October 2021|website=www.shrimandirsandiego.org|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174445/https://www.shrimandirsandiego.org/csv/kasmvy/jawaharlal-darda-biography|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhave |first1=Madhukar |title=Na Sattesathi Ghalmel, Na paksha badlacha moh |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/main-editions/Aurangabad%20Main%20/2022-07-02/6 |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=2 July 2022 |page=6 |language=mr |edition =Aurangabad}}</ref> The Government of India will be issuing a Rs 100 commemorative coin to mark the birth centenary of Jawaharlal Darda,<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-04-28 |title=Govt to issue Rs 100 commemorative coin to mark birth centenary of Jawaharlal Darda |url=https://theprint.in/india/govt-to-issue-rs-100-commemorative-coin-to-mark-birth-centenary-of-jawaharlal-darda/935351/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Darda's contribution to the freedom struggle is unparalleled. With his efforts, Yavatmal district had spontaneously responded to the call of the freedom struggle and gained the attention of legendary personalities like [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Lokmanya Tilak]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Yavatmal district was actively participating in the freedom struggle and credit for rekindling the nationalist spirit among the people there goes to veteran freedom fighters like Jawaharlal. He is amongst the most prominent freedom fighters from the Yavatmal district.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=Nitin Gadkari on Jawaharlal Darda: People’s editor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/jawaharlal-darda-alias-babuji-birth-centenary-lokmat-media-group-8697878/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-02 |title=जवाहरलाल दर्डा उपाख्य बाबूजींच्या जन्मशताब्दीनिमित्त त्यांच्या जीवनाचा वेध.. {{!}} nitin gadkari article on jawaharlal darda life on the occasion of the birth centenary |url=https://www.loksatta.com/vishesh/nitin-gadkari-article-on-jawaharlal-darda-life-on-the-occasion-of-the-birth-centenary-zws-70-3761237/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

Jawaharlal Darda deeply felt about Vidarbha's progress. In his tenure as the state industry minister, he set up many industrial estates [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation| Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC]] in [[Vidarbha]] area. Darda's arguments in the state legislature were unparalleled.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=मेरे साथ उनकी अलग ही केम‍िस्‍ट्री थी…कांग्रेस नेता जवाहरलाल दर्डा को नितिन गडकरी ने ऐसे क‍िया याद |url=https://www.jansatta.com/jansatta-special/nitin-gadkari-on-veteran-freedom-fighter-and-founder-editor-of-lokmat-jawaharlal-darda/2895197/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Founding Lokmat Media Group ==
Darda began his journey in journalism by launching ‘Nave Jag’ a weekly newspaper from [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]] to foster the spirit of nationalism, a biweekly in 1950 and later in 1952, he launched Lokmat, a Marathi weekly which was converted into a daily in 1971 from Nagpur. The title Lokmat was given by legendary freedom fighter [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] in 1918. Founder editor of the Lokmat group, Shri Darda launched several editions of [[Lokmat]], Lokmat Samachar (Hindi) and Lokmat Times (English).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth Centenary of Shri Jawaharlal Darda (Denomination of `100) UNC -Folder Packing -FGCO001110 – India Government Mint |url=https://www.indiagovtmint.in/product/3-birth-centenary-of-shri-jawaharlal-darda-denomination-of-100-unc-folder-packing-fgco001110/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Family ==
Jawaharlal Darda has Four children, Vijay and Rajendra (Sons); Snehal & Jayashree (daughters)

[[Vijay J. Darda|Vijay Darda]], a politician of Indian National Congress party, was a Member of the Parliament of India representing Maharashtra in the Rajya Sabha since 1998 having been elected for three consecutive terms into the upper House of the Indian Parliament. He is the chairman of the Lokmat Media Group.<ref name=":2" /> [[Rajendra Darda]], also a politician, elected thrice from Aurangabad East Assembly constituency since 1998. He was the Education & Industry and State Home Minister in Maharashtra Government. He is the Editor-in-Chief of [[Lokmat]] Media Group<ref name=":2" />

== Political Life ==
[[File:Hon. President of India Shri Abdul Kalam with Vijay Darda and Rajendra Darda.jpg|thumb|President of India Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Visit Yavatmal Prerana Sthal ]]
Jawaharlal Darda was a loyal Congressman who rose from District Congress to [[All India Congress Committee|All India Congress]]. He was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] for four times between 1972 & 1995. As a senior [[Maharashtra]] Minister, he ably handled many portfolios. He served as a Minister in the [[Maharashtra]] government for 23 years successfully handling the energy, industry, irrigation, health, food & civil supplies, sports, youth affair, textiles, & environment portfolios. He ushered the industrial revolution in [[Maharashtra]] buy setting up the state [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation| Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC)]] in 1980, and this led to coming up of several projects in [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]], [[Chandrapur]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] & [[Nagpur]]. He introduced innovation and transparency in the ministries he headed taking the benefit of the government schemes to the common man. A politician with vision, his efforts helped open many hospitals & medical colleges in [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]] & other parts of Maharashtra and the Government Medical colleges in Nagpur & Mumbai got a face-lift and hospitals here got advanced equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=मेरे साथ उनकी अलग ही केम‍िस्‍ट्री थी…कांग्रेस नेता जवाहरलाल दर्डा को नितिन गडकरी ने ऐसे क‍िया याद |url=https://www.jansatta.com/jansatta-special/nitin-gadkari-on-veteran-freedom-fighter-and-founder-editor-of-lokmat-jawaharlal-darda/2895197/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=Nitin Gadkari on Jawaharlal Darda: People’s editor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/jawaharlal-darda-alias-babuji-birth-centenary-lokmat-media-group-8697878/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-02 |title=जवाहरलाल दर्डा उपाख्य बाबूजींच्या जन्मशताब्दीनिमित्त त्यांच्या जीवनाचा वेध.. {{!}} nitin gadkari article on jawaharlal darda life on the occasion of the birth centenary |url=https://www.loksatta.com/vishesh/nitin-gadkari-article-on-jawaharlal-darda-life-on-the-occasion-of-the-birth-centenary-zws-70-3761237/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-07-02 |title=विशेष संपादकीय: शंभर वर्षांची कहाणी |url=https://www.lokmat.com/editorial/special-editorial-one-hundred-years-story-senior-freedom-fighter-jawaharlal-darda-a-a642/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref> Darda set up [[Butibori]] Industrial area (MIDC), near Nagpur tenure as Industries Minister. also during his tenure that the cities of [[Nashik]] and [[Aurangabad|Sambhajinagar]] began to industrialize.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-07-01 |title=Jawaharlal Darda: Kind-hearted and farsighted Babuji |url=https://www.siasat.com/jawaharlal-darda-kind-hearted-and-farsighted-babuji-2629333/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=वृत्तसेवा |first=सकाळ |date=2023-07-02 |title=सहृदयी आणि बहुआयामी बाबूजी! |url=https://www.esakal.com/maharashtra/sharad-pawar-writes-jawaharlal-darda-birth-aniversary-pjp78 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>

== Awards and achievements ==
On 12 September 2013, Jawaharlal Darda was posthumously conferred the Lifetime Achievement Award at UK's House of Commons.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 September 2013|title=Freedom Fighter Jawaharlal Darda Conferred House of Commons Award Posthumously|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/freedom-fighter-jawaharlal-darda-conferred-house-of-commons-award-posthumously-1379596796-1|access-date=9 October 2021|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>
*[[Yavatmal Airport]] is known as Jawaharlal Darda Airport.
*[[APMC]] [[Yavatmal]] is known as Jawaharlal Darda Market Yard.
*He set up the first college Amolakchand Mahavidyalaya at [[Yavatmal]] in 1956.
*Jawaharlal Darda Institute of Engineering and Technology, [[Yavatmal]].
*Jawaharlal Darda English Medium School & Jr. College, [[Yavatmal]].
*Jawaharlal Darda Sangeet Kala Academy, Lokmat Bhavan, [[Nagpur]].
*Veenadevi Darda School, [[Yavatmal]] is a new-age school floated by Shri Jawaharlal Darda Education Society.
*Yavatmal Public School, [[Yavatmal]] Started in April 2006 the first CBSE school in [[Yavatmal]].

[[File:Jawaharlal Darda with with Jawaharlal Nehru at 1956 in Yavatmal.jpg|thumb|Jawaharlal Darda with first Prime Minister of India Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darda, Jawaharlal}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1923 births]]

[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

Lawrence Puliyanath

2026-02-19T07:04:27Z

Rozella5628:

{{Short description|Indian Catholic priest}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox saint
|name=Lawrence Puliyanath
|image=Msgr_Puliyanath.png
|caption=Msgr Lawrence Puliyanath
|birth_date=8 August 1898
|birth_place=Mundamveli
|death_date=20 February 1961
|honored_in=Roman Catholic Church
|major_shrine=St Lawrence Church Edacochin}}

'''Lawrence Puliyanath''', occasionally known as '''Lawrence of Edakochi''' (8 August 1898 – 20 February 1961), was a Catholic priest of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin]],<ref name="kcbc">{{Cite web |title=Kerala Catholic Bishops'Council (KCBC): Monsignor Lawrence Puliyanath |url=https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/SaintsDetails/19 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=kcbc.co.in}}</ref> declared a [[Servant of God]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conference of Catholic Bishops of India: Saints & Blessed |url=https://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=CCBI |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was born in [[Mundamveli]], Kochi, Kerala, India, and was a member of [[St Louis Church, Mundamveli]].<ref name="kcbc" />

He joined the Diocese of Cochin, and completed his formation at the Papal Seminary, [[Kandy]]; he was ordained in 1926. He was later professor of philosophy in [[Alappuzha]] Seminary and at the same time co-vicar in [[St. Lawrence Church, Edacochin]], where he became known as the apostle of the poor. He declined the offer of the title of Bishop of Cochin. He died in 1961 and was buried in St. Lawrence Church, Edakochi.<ref>[http://lawrenceofedakochi.com/html/gallery.htm Photo of tomb]</ref> He was declared Servant of God (the first stage towards [[canonisation]]) by Bishop [[Joseph Kariyil]]<ref name="kcbc" /> and is venerated locally.<ref name="dev">[http://lawrenceofedakochi.com/html/history.htm Servant of God Monsignor Lawrence of Edakochi (devotional website)]</ref> There is a small museum dedicated to him adjacent to the church.<ref>[http://lawrenceofedakochi.com/html/museum.htm Museum]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puliyanath, Lawrence}}
[[Category:Indian Servants of God]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kochi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]

{{RC-clergy-stub}}
{{India-reli-bio-stub}}

S. R. Mehrotra

2026-02-10T03:12:28Z

Rozella5628: creating pg

{{Short description|Indian historian (1931–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sri Ram Mehrotra
| image =Sriram_Mehrotra.jpg
| alt =
| caption = S.R. Mehrotra at his home in Shimla in 2016
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|06|23}}
| birth_place = [[Etawah|Anantram, Etawah]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|07|17|1931|06|23}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = professor of history
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Sri Ram Mehrotra''' (23 June 1931 – 17 July 2019) was an Indian professor of history who published on the history of the Indian independence movement, the [[Indian National Congress]], the life and work of its founder [[Allan Octavian Hume]], and on the writings and philosophy of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]. He also wrote a biography of [[Pranjivan Mehta]], an important but little-known influence in the Indian independence movement who supported Gandhi. Mehrotra was known for his meticulous detail to sources and care in interpretations and published several annotated collections of sources and letters relating to Hume and towards the end of his life, [[Dadabhai Naoroji]].

== Life and career ==
[[File:Mehrotra study room.jpg|thumb|left|Living room in Shimla, 2016]]
Mehrotra was born in [[Etawah|Anantram, Etawah]]. He went to a local government school (which had been founded by A. O. Hume, an abiding professional interest in later life) and later to the [[University of Allahabad]], receiving an M.A. in history in 1950 after which he went to the [[University of London]] from where he received a Ph.D. in 1960. His Ph.D. dissertation was published as a book ''India and the Commonwealth'' (1965). He then worked as a lecturer at the University of London. He then moved to India and became a founding professor in the department of history at the [[Himachal Pradesh University]] in 1971. He was a visiting professor at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]] in 1974 and Visiting Fellow at [[St John's College, Cambridge|St. John's College, Cambridge]] 1983-84. He was Jawaharlal Nehru Professor at [[Maharshi Dayanand University|Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak]] and a Fellow of the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]], Shimla.<ref name = bio /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/931319/sr-mehrotra-1931-2019-a-tireless-chronicler-of-indias-struggle-for-freedom|author=Patel, Dinyar|newspaper=Scroll|date=28 July 2019|access-date=2019-07-28|title=SR Mehrotra (1931-2019): A tireless chronicler of India's struggle for freedom}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dadabhai Naoroji. Selected Private Papers.|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor1=Mehrotra, S.R. |editor2=Patel, Dinyar|isbn=9780198076667|pages=preface|date=September 2013}}</ref> Mehrotra received an honorary [[Doctor of Letters|D.Litt.]] from Himachal Pradesh University in 2014, receiving the award from the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]], honoured guest at the convocation ceremony.

== Personal life ==
Mehrotra was married to historian Dr Eva Mehrotra from 24 July 1957 until her death. The couple had no children. On retirement he moved to Shimla where he lived at Seva, Kenfield Estate.<ref name=bio>{{cite book|title=International Who's Who of Authors and Writers 2004|publisher=Europa Publications|year=2003|page=380}}</ref> He died at his home in Shimla following a fall and hip injury.

== Writings ==
Mehrotra's published works include:
* ''Emergence of the Indian National Congress'' (1971, republished in 2004)
* ''The Commonwealth and the Nation'' (1978)
* ''Towards India’s Freedom and Partition'' (1979)
* ''A History of the Indian National Congress: Volume One, 1885-1918'' (1995)
* ''M. K. Gandhi's Hind Swaraj: A Critical Edition'' (2010)
* ''The Mahatma and the Doctor'' (2014)
* (with Edward C. Moulton) ''Selected Writings of Allan Octavian Hume. Volume I'' (2004)

He also published numerous journal papers on the pre-Independence period that included such topics as the history of the British India Society,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mehrotra|first=S.R.|date=1967|title=The British India Society and its Bengal Branch, 1839-46|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=131–154|doi=10.1177/001946466700400203|s2cid=144369204|issn=0019-4646}}</ref> the [[Zamindari Association|Landholders' Society]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mehrotra|first=S.R.|date=1966|title=The Landholders' Society, 1838 - 44|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=358–375|doi=10.1177/001946466600300403|s2cid=143041122|issn=0019-4646}}</ref> the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, as well as reviews of historical works.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mehrotra|first=S. R.|date=2003|title=Pathway to India's Partition|journal=Indian Historical Review|language=en|volume=30|issue=1–2|pages=244–250|doi=10.1177/037698360303000227|s2cid=141255830|issn=0376-9836}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mehrotra, S. R.|year=1963|title=On the use of the term 'commonwealth'.|journal=Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–16}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mehrotra, S.R.|year=1969|title=The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha: The Early Phase (1870–1880).|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=6|issue=3|pages=293–321|doi=10.1177/001946466900600303|s2cid=142905178}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mehrotra, S. R.|year=1970|editor2=Mary Doreen Wainwright|title=The partition of India: Policies and perspectives 1947|chapter=The congress and the partition of India|publisher=Allen & Unwin|editor1=Cyril Henry Philips}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mehrotra, Sri Ram|year=1961|title=Imperial federation and India, 1868–1917.|journal=Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 1.1|volume=1|pages=29–40|doi=10.1080/14662046108446957}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mehrotra, S. R.|year=1963|title=The Politics Behind the Montagu Declaration of 1917.|journal=Politics and Society in India|pages=71–96}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mehrotra, S. R.|year=1980|title=The Early Indian National Congress, 1885-1918: Ideals, Objectives and Organization|journal=Essays in Modern Indian History|pages=45–48}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mehrotra, S. R.|year=1961|title=Gandhi and the British Commonwealth.|journal=India Quarterly|volume=17|issue=1|pages=44–57|doi=10.1177/097492846101700103|s2cid=155387193}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mehrotra, S. R.|year=1976|title=Mid-Victorian Anti-Imperialists and India.|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=13|issue=2|pages=251–267|doi=10.1177/001946467601300205|s2cid=145399566}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mehrotra, S. R.|year=1997|title=The Creation of Pakistan: The Triumph and Tragedy of Jinnah'.|journal=Indian Archives|pages=76–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/037698369902600236|title=The Making of a Nation: India's Road to Independence|journal=Indian Historical Review|volume=26|issue=2|pages=250–251|year=1999|last1=Mehrotra|first1=S. R.|s2cid=220720080}}</ref> The proposed second volume of his history of the Indian National Congress, taking the story to independence in 1947, was never completed.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://himachalguardian.com/2019/07/departure-of-a-gentlemen-professor/ Obituary - the Himachal Guardian] [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/a-doyen-of-history-guiding-light/808357.html The Tribune] [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/weekly-pullouts/himachal-tribune/a-tribute-to-noted-historian-sr-mehrotra/808701.html Himachal Tribune]
* [http://nehrumemorial.nic.in/en/digital-archives/55-public-lectures-audios/detail/731-86-prof-s-r-mehrotra-30-01-2014.html Recording of talk by Mehrotra at the Nehru Memorial Archives on 30-January-2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728061930/http://nehrumemorial.nic.in/en/digital-archives/55-public-lectures-audios/detail/731-86-prof-s-r-mehrotra-30-01-2014.html |date=28 July 2019 }}
* [https://archive.org/details/indiacommonwealt0000mehr ''India and the Commonwealth 1885-1929'' (1965)]
* [https://archive.org/details/historyofindiann01srme ''A History of the Indian National Congress 1885-1918. Volume 1.'' (1995)]
* [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12892 ''Towards India's freedom and partition'' (1979)]
* [https://archive.org/details/isbn_706900804 ''The emergence of the Indian National Congress''] (1971)

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehrotra, S.R.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Etawah]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Maharshi Dayanand University]]
[[Category:Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge]]

2025 India Open

2026-02-05T04:09:29Z

Rozella5628: Adding Some Post V1

{{short description|Badminton tournament in India}}
{{Infobox badminton event
|name = 2025 India Open
|image =
|caption =
|dates = 14–19 January
|number_edition = 23rd
|level = G2L3
|prize_money = 950000
|other =
|venue = [[K. D. Jadhav Indoor Stadium]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], India
|MS = [[Viktor Axelsen]]
|country_MS = DEN
|WS = [[An Se-young]]
|country_WS = KOR
|MD1 = [[Goh Sze Fei]]
|country_MD1 = MAS
|MD2 = [[Nur Izzuddin]]
|country_MD2 = MAS
|WD1 = [[Arisa Igarashi]]
|country_WD1 = JPN
|WD2 = [[Ayako Sakuramoto]]
|country_WD2 = JPN
|XD1 = [[Jiang Zhenbang]]
|country_XD1 = CHN
|XD2 = [[Wei Yaxin]]
|country_XD2 = CHN
|previous = [[2024 India Open|2024]]
|next = [[2026 India Open|2026]]
}}
The '''2025 India Open''', officially known as the '''Yonex Sunrise India Open 2025''' for sponsorship reasons, was a [[badminton]] tournament that took place at the [[K. D. Jadhav Indoor Stadium]], [[New Delhi]], India, from 14 to 19 January 2025. Contestants competed for prizes up to US$950,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=India Open 2025: Check Date, Time, Venue, Indian Player Schedule, Prize Money, Live Streaming & All You Need To Know |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/sports/india-open-2025-check-date-time-venue-indian-player-schedule-prize-money-live-streaming-all-you-need-to-know-10212369 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

== Tournament ==
The 2025 India Open was the second tournament of the [[2025 BWF World Tour]] and a part of the [[India Open]], which has been held since 1973. It was organized by the [[Badminton Association of India]] with sanction from the [[Badminton World Federation|BWF]].<ref name="pros">{{cite web |title=Prospectus India Open 2025|url=https://extranet.bwf.sport/docs/events/5246/docs/YONEX-SUNRISE%20India%20Open%202025_Prospectus_Final.pdf|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>

=== Venue ===
This tournament was held at the [[K. D. Jadhav Indoor Stadium]] of the [[Indira Gandhi Arena]] in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref name="pros"/>

=== Broadcasts ===
India Open 2025 was broadcast on [[Warner Bros. Discovery|Warner Bros]]. Discovery (via [[Eurosport]] and Discovery channels) held the broadcast rights, with streaming available on FanCode in partnership with the Badminton Association of India.

Fans could watch the live active at the [[K. D. Jadhav Indoor Stadium]], [[New Delhi]], India. Unlike previous editions, in 2025 the event was ticketed with tickets exclusively available on Ticmint in partnership with the [[Badminton Association of India]].

=== Point distribution ===
Below is the point distribution table for each phase of the tournament based on the [[BWF World Ranking|BWF points system]] for the [[BWF World Tour Super 750]] event.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Ranking System |url=https://system.bwfbadminton.com/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |publisher=Badminton World Federation|accessdate=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510005434/https://system.bwfbadminton.com/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width="75" | Winner
! width="75" | Runner-up
! width="75" | 3/4
! width="75" | 5/8
! width="75" | 9/16
! width="75" | 17/32
|-
| 11,000 || 9,350 || 7,700 || 6,050 || 4,320 || 2,660
|}

=== Prize pool ===
The total prize money is US$950,000 with the distribution of the prize money in accordance with BWF regulations.<ref name="pros"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
| width="104px" | '''Event'''
| width="68px" | '''Winner'''
| width="68px" | '''Finalist'''
| width="68px" | '''Semi-finals'''
| width="80px" | '''Quarter-finals'''
| width="68px" | '''Last 16'''
| width="68px" | '''Last 32'''
|-
| bgcolor="#dfe2e9" | '''Singles'''
| $66,500 || $32,300 || $13,300 || $5,225 || $2,850 || $950
|-
| bgcolor="#dfe2e9" | '''Doubles'''
| $70,300 || $33,250 || $13,300 || $5,937.50 || $3,087.50 || $950
|}

== Men's singles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jonatan Christie]] ''(semi-finals)''
#'''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]]''' '''(champion)'''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Shifeng]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kodai Naraoka]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Anthony Sinisuka Ginting]] ''(withdrew)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 =  
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Weng Hongyang]]
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = 10
| RD1-score1-3 = 16
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lee Cheuk Yiu]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = 13
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed3 = 3
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = 17
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed4 = 2
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jonatan Christie]]
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 14
| RD1-score4-3 = 15

| RD2-seed1 =  
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lee Cheuk Yiu]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 16
| RD2-score1-2 = 8
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 3
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 4
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn|K Vitidsarn]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 11
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 = 14
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alex Lanier|A Lanier]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = 14
| RD1-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yushi Tanaka|Y Tanaka]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 19
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 = 25
| RD1-seed4 = PFR
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran George|K George]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 14
| RD1-score4-3 = '''27'''

| RD1-seed5 = 5
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Shifeng|Li SF]]
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = 17
| RD1-score5-3 = 17
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Leong Jun Hao|Leong J H]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = 18
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Weng Hongyang|Weng HY]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = w
| RD1-score7-2 = /
| RD1-score7-3 = o
| RD1-seed8 = PFR
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikanth Kidambi|S Kidambi]]
| RD1-score8-1 =
| RD1-score8-2 =
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alex Lanier|A Lanier]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 20
| RD2-score1-2 = 13
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = PFR
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran George|K George]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''22'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Leong Jun Hao|Leong J H]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 18
| RD2-score3-2 = 12
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Weng Hongyang|Weng HY]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = PFR
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran George|K George]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 13
| RD3-score1-2 = 19
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Weng Hongyang|Weng HY]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 7
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen|Chou T-c]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Brian Yang (badminton)|B Yang]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 12
| RD1-score2-2 = 9
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Rasmus Gemke|R Gemke]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 19
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 = 12
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lu Guangzu|Lu GZ]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 16
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed5 = SWM
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Koki Watanabe|K Watanabe]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 20
| RD1-score5-2 = 14
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lee Cheuk Yiu|Lee C Y]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toma Junior Popov|T J Popov]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = 20
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kenta Nishimoto|K Nishimoto]]
| RD1-score8-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score8-2 = 10
| RD1-score8-3 = 14

| RD2-seed1 = 7
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen|Chou T-c]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 13
| RD2-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lu Guangzu|Lu GZ]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 15
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 = 14

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lee Cheuk Yiu|Lee C Y]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = 14
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 = '''22'''
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toma Junior Popov|T J Popov]]
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = 18
| RD2-score4-3 = 20

| RD3-seed1 = 7
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen|Chou T-c]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 15
| RD3-score1-2 = 8
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lee Cheuk Yiu|Lee C Y]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Chia-hao|Lee C-h]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 15
| RD1-score1-2 = 20
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew|Loh K Y]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''22'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyanshu Rajawat|P Rajawat]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 16
| RD1-score3-2 = '''22'''
| RD1-score3-3 = 13
| RD1-seed4 = 6
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kodai Naraoka|K Naraoka]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 20
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuma Obayashi|T Obayashi]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 16
| RD1-score5-2 = 16
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jason Teh|J Teh]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chi Yu-jen|Chi Y-j]]
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = 11
| RD1-score7-3 = 13
| RD1-seed8 = 3
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen|V Axelsen]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = 16
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew|Loh K Y]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 6
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kodai Naraoka|K Naraoka]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 17
| RD2-score2-2 = 15
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jason Teh|J Teh]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 11
| RD2-score3-2 = 14
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 3
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen|V Axelsen]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew|Loh K Y]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 19
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 = 8
| RD3-seed2 = 3
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen|V Axelsen]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = 13
| RD3-score2-3 = '''21'''
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lei Lanxi|Lei LX]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 15
| RD1-score1-2 = 18
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov|C Popov]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Chun-yi (badminton)|Lin C-y]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = SWM
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshya Sen|L Sen]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 15
| RD1-score4-2 = 10
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Su Li-yang|Su L-y]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = 16
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy H. S.]]
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = 18
| RD1-score6-3 = 12

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Tzu-wei|Wang T-w]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 18
| RD1-score7-2 = 15
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jonatan Christie|J Christie]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov|C Popov]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 23
| RD2-score1-2 = 11
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Chun-yi (badminton)|Lin C-y]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''25'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Su Li-yang|Su L-y]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 16
| RD2-score3-2 = 11
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 2
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jonatan Christie|J Christie]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Chun-yi (badminton)|Lin C-y]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 20
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 = 10
| RD3-seed2 = 2
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jonatan Christie|J Christie]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''22'''
| RD3-score2-2 = 9
| RD3-score2-3 = '''21'''
}}

== Women's singles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#'''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young]]''' '''(champion)'''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Yue]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Gregoria Mariska Tunjung]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Busanan Ongbamrungphan]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tomoka Miyazaki]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Yeo Jia Min]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Pornpawee Chochuwong]] ''(final)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 = 4
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|INA}} [[Gregoria Mariska Tunjung]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 19
| RD1-score2-2 = 16
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 = 8
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Pornpawee Chochuwong]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = 11
| RD1-score3-2 = '''24'''
| RD1-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed4 = 6
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tomoka Miyazaki]]
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 22
| RD1-score4-3 = 19

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 8
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Pornpawee Chochuwong]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 12
| RD2-score2-2 = 9
| RD2-score2-3 =
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young|An S-y]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chiu Pin-chian|Chiu P-c]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 20
| RD1-score2-2 = 15
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nozomi Okuhara|N Okuhara]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 13
| RD1-score3-2 = 15
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon|R Intanon]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 7
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Yeo Jia Min|Yeo J M]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = 19
| RD1-score5-2 = '''22'''
| RD1-score5-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Nguyễn Thùy Linh|Nguyễn T L]]
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = 20
| RD1-score6-3 = 5

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Kirsty Gilmour|K Gilmour]]
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = 10
| RD1-score7-3 = 14
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Wen-chi|Hsu W-c]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = 15
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young|An S-y]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon|R Intanon]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 15
| RD2-score2-2 = 8
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = 7
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Yeo Jia Min|Yeo J M]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = 19
| RD2-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Wen-chi|Hsu W-c]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 12
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 = 19

| RD3-seed1 = 1
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[An Se-young|An S-y]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 7
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Yeo Jia Min|Yeo J M]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 11
| RD3-score2-2 = 12
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 4
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Gregoria Mariska Tunjung|G M Tunjung]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = 25
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Line Christophersen|L Christophersen]]
| RD1-score2-1 = '''27'''
| RD1-score2-2 = 12
| RD1-score2-3 = 11

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Natsuki Nidaira|N Nidaira]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score3-2 =
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lo Sin Yan|Lo S Y]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 20r
| RD1-score4-2 =
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = SWM
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''22'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Sung Shuo-yun|Sung S-y]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 14
| RD1-score6-2 = 20
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Wenyu Zhang|WY Zhang]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 5
| RD1-score7-2 = 8
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Manami Suizu|M Suizu]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 4
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Gregoria Mariska Tunjung|G M Tunjung]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''24'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Natsuki Nidaira|N Nidaira]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 12
| RD2-score2-2 = 22
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = SWM
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Manami Suizu|M Suizu]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 15
| RD2-score4-2 = 13
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 4
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Gregoria Mariska Tunjung|G M Tunjung]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = 19
| RD3-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD3-seed2 = SWM
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 9
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 = 17
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Hsiang-ti|Lin H-t]]
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = 13
| RD1-score1-3 = 14
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Gao Fangjie|Gao FJ]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = 18
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aakarshi Kashyap|A Kashyap]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 17
| RD1-score3-2 = 13
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 8
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Pornpawee Chochuwong|P Chochuwong]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaoru Sugiyama|K Sugiyama]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Lauren Lam|L Lam]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 8
| RD1-score6-2 = 8
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod|M Bansod]]
| RD1-score7-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score7-2 = 16
| RD1-score7-3 = 11
| RD1-seed8 = 3
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Yue|Han Y]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = 20
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Gao Fangjie|Gao FJ]]
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 16
| RD2-score1-3 = 15
| RD2-seed2 = 8
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Pornpawee Chochuwong|P Chochuwong]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = 16
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaoru Sugiyama|K Sugiyama]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 12
| RD2-score3-2 = 9
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 3
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Yue|Han Y]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 8
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Pornpawee Chochuwong|P Chochuwong]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 3
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Yue|Han Y]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 17
| RD3-score2-2 = 16
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = PFR
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakshitha Ramraj|R Ramraj]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 17
| RD1-score1-2 = 18
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anupama Upadhyaya|A Upadhyaya]]
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Pornpicha Choeikeewong|P Choeikeewong]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 5
| RD1-score3-2 = '''24'''
| RD1-score3-3 = 9
| RD1-seed4 = 6
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tomoka Miyazaki|T Miyazaki]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 22
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Julie Dawall Jakobsen|J D Jakobsen]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 9
| RD1-score5-2 = 14
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mia Blichfeldt|M Blichfeldt]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Beiwen Zhang|BW Zhang]]
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = 15
| RD1-score7-3 = 16
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi|Wang ZY]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = 14
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anupama Upadhyaya|A Upadhyaya]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 6
| RD2-score1-2 = 9
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 6
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tomoka Miyazaki|T Miyazaki]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mia Blichfeldt|M Blichfeldt]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 13
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 = 8
| RD2-seed4 = 2
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi|Wang ZY]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = 16
| RD2-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD3-seed1 = 6
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tomoka Miyazaki|T Miyazaki]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = 0
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 2
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi|Wang ZY]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 16
| RD3-score2-2 = 0r
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

== Men's doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup]] / [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng]] / [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang Chang]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#'''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Sze Fei]] / [[Nur Izzuddin]]''' '''(champions)'''
#{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Fajar Alfian]] / [[Muhammad Rian Ardianto]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia]] / [[Soh Wooi Yik]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting]] / [[Ren Xiangyu]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] / [[Chirag Shetty]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Jhe-huei]] / [[Yang Po-hsuan]] ''(first round)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 = 7
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 18
| RD1-score1-2 = 14
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 = 3
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Sze Fei]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Izzuddin]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 = 5
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 20
| RD1-score3-2 = 19
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 3
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Sze Fei]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Izzuddin]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 13
| RD2-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 15
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 = 16
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup|K Astrup]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen|A S Rasmussen]]
| RD1-score1-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score1-2 = 19
| RD1-score1-3 = 16
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jin Yong (badminton)|Jin Y]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang M-h]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = 20
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Christopher Grimley|C Grimley]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Matthew Grimley|M Grimley]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 11
| RD1-score3-2 = 15
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chiu Hsiang-chieh|Chiu H-c]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Chi-lin|Wang C-l]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 7
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy|S Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty|C Shetty]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''23'''
| RD1-score5-2 = 19
| RD1-score5-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong|Man W C]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Kai Wun|Tee K W]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 21
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 = 16

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pruthvi Krishnamurthy Roy|P Krishnamurthy Roy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Sai Pratheek|K S Pratheek]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 19
| RD1-score7-2 = 16
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kenya Mitsuhashi|K Mitsuhashi]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Okamura|H Okamura]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jin Yong (badminton)|Jin Y]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang M-h]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 19
| RD2-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chiu Hsiang-chieh|Chiu H-c]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Chi-lin|Wang C-l]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 15
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 = 17

| RD2-seed3 = 7
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy|S Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty|C Shetty]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = 20
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kenya Mitsuhashi|K Mitsuhashi]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Okamura|H Okamura]]
| RD2-score4-1 = '''22'''
| RD2-score4-2 = 14
| RD2-score4-3 = 16

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jin Yong (badminton)|Jin Y]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang M-h]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 10
| RD3-score1-2 = 17
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 7
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy|S Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty|C Shetty]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 3
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Sze Fei|Goh S F]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Izzuddin|N Izzuddin]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Mohd Azriyn Ayub|N M Azriyn A]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Wee Kiong|Tan W K]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 16
| RD1-score2-2 = 16
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Junaidi Arif|J Arif]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Yap Roy King|Yap R K]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|GER}} [[Daniel Hess (badminton)|D Hess]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marvin Seidel|M Seidel]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 11
| RD1-score4-2 = 8
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 8
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Jhe-huei|Lee J-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-hsuan|Yang P-hs]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 14
| RD1-score5-2 = 17
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Fang-chih|Lee F-c]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Fang-jen|Lee F-j]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Liu Kuang-heng|Liu K-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-han|Yang P-ha]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = 10
| RD1-score7-2 = '''22'''
| RD1-score7-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov|C Popov]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toma Junior Popov|T J Popov]]
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = 20
| RD1-score8-3 = 14

| RD2-seed1 = 3
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Sze Fei|Goh S F]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Izzuddin|N Izzuddin]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''25'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Junaidi Arif|J Arif]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Yap Roy King|Yap R K]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 23
| RD2-score2-2 = 19
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Fang-chih|Lee F-c]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Fang-jen|Lee F-j]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = 20
| RD2-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Liu Kuang-heng|Liu K-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-han|Yang P-ha]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 16
| RD2-score4-2 = '''22'''
| RD2-score4-3 = 12

| RD3-seed1 = 3
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Sze Fei|Goh S F]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Izzuddin|N Izzuddin]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Fang-chih|Lee F-c]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Fang-jen|Lee F-j]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 11
| RD3-score2-2 = 17
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xie Haonan|Xie HN]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zeng Weihan|Zeng WH]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = 6
| RD1-score1-2 =
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Boyang|Chen BY]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yi (badminton)|Liu Y]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 4r
| RD1-score2-2 =
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Peeratchai Sukphun|P Sukphun]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Pakkapon Teeraratsakul|P Teeraratsakul]]
| RD1-score3-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score3-2 = 16
| RD1-score3-3 = 18
| RD1-seed4 = 5
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia|A Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik|Soh W Y]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = 20
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kittinupong Kedren|K Kedren]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh|D Puavaranukroh]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = 19
| RD1-score5-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chen Zhi-ray|Chen Z-r]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Yu-chieh|Lin Y-c]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 14
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 = 18

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Tze Jian|Lim T J]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Wong Tien Ci|Wong T C]]
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = 10
| RD1-score7-3 = 14
| RD1-seed8 = 4
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Fajar Alfian|F Alfian]] {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Muhammad Rian Ardianto|M R Ardianto]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = 19
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xie Haonan|Xie HN]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zeng Weihan|Zeng WH]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 10
| RD2-score1-2 = 18
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 5
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia|A Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik|Soh W Y]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kittinupong Kedren|K Kedren]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh|D Puavaranukroh]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''24'''
| RD2-score3-2 = 16
| RD2-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed4 = 4
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Fajar Alfian|F Alfian]] {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Muhammad Rian Ardianto|M R Ardianto]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 22
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 = 16

| RD3-seed1 = 5
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia|A Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik|Soh W Y]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kittinupong Kedren|K Kedren]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh|D Puavaranukroh]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 18
| RD3-score2-2 = 18
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho|Kim W-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae|Seo S-j]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''25'''
| RD1-score1-2 = 21
| RD1-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chiang Chien-wei|Chiang C-w]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wu Hsuan-yi|Wu H-y]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 23
| RD1-score2-2 = '''23'''
| RD1-score2-3 = 13

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Daniel Lundgaard|D Lundgaard]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mads Vestergaard|M Vestergaard]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 17
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 = 16
| RD1-seed4 = 6
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting|He JT]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ren Xiangyu|Ren XY]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 16
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Lane|B Lane]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sean Vendy|S Vendy]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 = PFR
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chayanit Joshi|C Joshi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mayank Rana|M Rana]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 8
| RD1-score6-2 = 14
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ong Yew Sin|Ong Y S]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teo Ee Yi|Teo E Y]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 12
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 = 15
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng|Liang WK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang C]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = 19
| RD1-score8-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho|Kim W-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae|Seo S-j]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 6
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting|He JT]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ren Xiangyu|Ren XY]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 14
| RD2-score2-2 = 18
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Lane|B Lane]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sean Vendy|S Vendy]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 15
| RD2-score3-2 = 22
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 2
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng|Liang WK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang C]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''24'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho|Kim W-h]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae|Seo S-j]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = 12
| RD3-score1-2 = '''22'''
| RD3-score1-3 = '''23'''
| RD3-seed2 = 2
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng|Liang WK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang C]]
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = 20
| RD3-score2-3 = 21
}}

== Women's doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Shengshu]] / [[Tan Ning (badminton)|Tan Ning]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Baek Ha-na]] / [[Lee So-hee]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan]] / [[Thinaah Muralitharan]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yijing]] / [[Luo Xumin]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]] / [[Gayatri Gopichand]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Nga Ting]] / [[Yeung Pui Lam]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto]] / [[Ashwini Ponnappa]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hye-jeong]] / [[Kong Hee-yong]] ''(final)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 =  
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Arisa Igarashi]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ayako Sakuramoto]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = 18
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed2 = 4
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yijing]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Luo Xumin]]
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = 13
| RD1-score2-3 = 17

| RD1-seed3 = 3
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Thinaah Muralitharan]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 18
| RD1-score3-2 = 18
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 8
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hye-jeong]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kong Hee-yong]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Arisa Igarashi]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ayako Sakuramoto]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 8
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hye-jeong]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kong Hee-yong]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 15
| RD2-score2-2 = 13
| RD2-score2-3 =
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Shengshu|Liu SS]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Ning (badminton)|Tan N]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Serena Au Yeong|S Au Yeong]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Anna Hagspiel|A Hagspiel]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 8
| RD1-score2-2 = 4
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Apoorva Gahlawat|A Gahlawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sakshi Gahlawat|S Gahlawat]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 12
| RD1-score3-2 = 4
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hu Ling-fang|Hu L-f]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Jheng Yu-chieh|Jheng Y-c]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 5
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand|G Gopichand]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 21
| RD1-score5-2 = 19
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Arisa Igarashi|A Igarashi]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ayako Sakuramoto|A Sakuramoto]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''23'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ornnicha Jongsathapornparn|O Jongsathapornparn]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sukitta Suwachai|S Suwachai]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = 19
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed8 = PFR
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrutha Pramuthesh|A Pramuthesh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sonali Singh|S Singh]]
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = 15
| RD1-score8-3 = 12

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Shengshu|Liu SS]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Ning (badminton)|Tan N]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hu Ling-fang|Hu L-f]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Jheng Yu-chieh|Jheng Y-c]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 14
| RD2-score2-2 = 10
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Arisa Igarashi|A Igarashi]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ayako Sakuramoto|A Sakuramoto]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Ornnicha Jongsathapornparn|O Jongsathapornparn]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sukitta Suwachai|S Suwachai]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 11
| RD2-score4-2 = 9
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 1
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Shengshu|Liu SS]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Ning (badminton)|Tan N]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 15
| RD3-score1-2 = 19
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Arisa Igarashi|A Igarashi]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ayako Sakuramoto|A Sakuramoto]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 4
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yijing|Li YJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Luo Xumin|Luo XM]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rashmi Ganesh|R Ganesh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Sikkandar|S Sikkandar]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 8
| RD1-score2-2 = 9
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Ashwini Bhat|K A Bhat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Gautam|S Gautam]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Jackie Dent|J Dent]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Crystal Lai|C Lai]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 20
| RD1-score4-2 = 18
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 6
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Nga Ting|Yeung N T]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Pui Lam|Yeung P L]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Julie MacPherson|J MacPherson]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Ciara Torrance|C Torrance]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 7
| RD1-score6-2 = 9
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Yin-hui|Hsu Y-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Jhih-yun|Lin J-y]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Polina Buhrova|P Buhrova]] {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yevheniia Kantemyr|Y Kantemyr]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 12
| RD1-score8-2 = 11
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 4
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yijing|Li YJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Luo Xumin|Luo XM]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Ashwini Bhat|K A Bhat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Gautam|S Gautam]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 7
| RD2-score2-2 = 10
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = 6
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Nga Ting|Yeung N T]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Pui Lam|Yeung P L]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = 21
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Yin-hui|Hsu Y-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Jhih-yun|Lin J-y]]
| RD2-score4-1 = '''23'''
| RD2-score4-2 = 15
| RD2-score4-3 = 17

| RD3-seed1 = 4
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yijing|Li YJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Luo Xumin|Luo XM]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 6
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Nga Ting|Yeung N T]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Pui Lam|Yeung P L]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 12
| RD3-score2-2 = 17
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Fukushima|Y Fukushima]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mayu Matsumoto|M Matsumoto]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|POL}} [[Paulina Hankiewicz|P Hankiewicz]] {{flagicon|POL}} [[Kornelia Marczak|K Marczak]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 8
| RD1-score2-2 = 9
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 = PFR
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kavya Gupta|K Gupta]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Radhika Sharma|R Sharma]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 11
| RD1-score3-2 = 12
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 7
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto|T Crasto]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa|A Ponnappa]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Sung Shuo-yun|Sung S-y]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yu Chien-hui|Yu C-h]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 14
| RD1-score5-2 = 16
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jia Yifan|Jia YF]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuxian|Zhang SX]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prerana Alvekar|P Alvekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mrunmayee Deshpande (badminton)|M Deshpande]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 8
| RD1-score7-2 = 19
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 3
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan|P Tan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Thinaah Muralitharan|Thinaah M]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Fukushima|Y Fukushima]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mayu Matsumoto|M Matsumoto]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''23'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 7
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto|T Crasto]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa|A Ponnappa]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 9
| RD2-score2-2 = 21
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jia Yifan|Jia YF]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuxian|Zhang SX]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 4''r''
| RD2-score3-2 =
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 3
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan|P Tan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Thinaah Muralitharan|Thinaah M]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = 14
| RD2-score4-2 =
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Fukushima|Y Fukushima]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mayu Matsumoto|M Matsumoto]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 18
| RD3-score1-2 = 19
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 3
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pearly Tan|P Tan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Thinaah Muralitharan|Thinaah M]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chang Ching-hui (badminton)|Chang C-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Ching-tun|Yang C-t]]
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = 8
| RD1-score1-3 = 16
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Misaki Matsutomo|M Matsutomo]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Chiharu Shida|C Shida]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = 16
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Rawat|G Rawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mansa Rawat|M Rawat]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 7
| RD1-score3-2 = 3
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 8
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hye-jeong|Kim H-j]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kong Hee-yong|Kong H-y]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutaparna Panda|R Panda]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = 7
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed6 = PFR
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Phattharin Aiamvareesrisakul|P Aiamvareesrisakul]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sarisa Janpeng|S Janpeng]]
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = 19
| RD1-score6-3 = 14

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Benyapa Aimsaard|B Aimsaard]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Nuntakarn Aimsaard|N Aimsaard]]
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = 19
| RD1-score7-3 = 20
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Baek Ha-na|Baek H-n]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee So-hee|Lee S-h]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = 19
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 = '''22'''

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Misaki Matsutomo|M Matsutomo]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Chiharu Shida|C Shida]]
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 10
| RD2-score1-3 = 16
| RD2-seed2 = 8
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hye-jeong|Kim H-j]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kong Hee-yong|Kong H-y]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = 17
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutaparna Panda|R Panda]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 6
| RD2-score3-2 = 7
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 2
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Baek Ha-na|Baek H-n]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee So-hee|Lee S-h]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 8
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hye-jeong|Kim H-j]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kong Hee-yong|Kong H-y]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = 21
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD3-seed2 = 2
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Baek Ha-na|Baek H-n]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee So-hee|Lee S-h]]
| RD3-score2-1 = '''23'''
| RD3-score2-2 = 19
| RD3-score2-3 = 18
}}

== Mixed doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Feng Yanzhe]] / [[Huang Dongping]] ''(withdrew)''
#'''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Zhenbang]] / [[Wei Yaxin]]''' '''(champions)'''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chen Tang Jie]] / [[Toh Ee Wei]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat]] / [[Shevon Jemie Lai]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-hsuan]] / [[Hu Ling-fang]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cheng Xing]] / [[Zhang Chi (badminton)|Zhang Chi]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Xinwa]] / [[Chen Fanghui]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Midorikawa]] / [[Natsu Saito]] ''(quarter-finals)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 = 3
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chen Tang Jie]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Toh Ee Wei]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 17
| RD1-score1-2 = 15
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 = SWM
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thom Gicquel]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Delphine Delrue]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 = 4
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Shevon Jemie Lai]]
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = 19
| RD1-score3-3 = 9
| RD1-seed4 = 2
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Zhenbang]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wei Yaxin]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = 18
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed1 = SWM
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thom Gicquel]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Delphine Delrue]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 18
| RD2-score1-2 = 17
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 2
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Zhenbang]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wei Yaxin]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 3
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chen Tang Jie|Chen T J]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Toh Ee Wei|Toh E W]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Ye Hong-wei|Ye H-w]] {{flagicon|TPE}} N G Chan
| RD1-score2-1 = 15
| RD1-score2-2 = 16
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Tang Chun Man|Tang C M]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Ng Tsz Yau|Ng T Y]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 17
| RD1-score3-2 = 19
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh|D Puavaranukroh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Supissara Paewsampran|S Paewsampran]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 6
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cheng Xing|Cheng X]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Chi (badminton)|Zhang C]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Linden Wang|L Wang]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Eva Wang|E Wang]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 6
| RD1-score6-2 = 13
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Liu Kuang-heng|Liu K-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Jheng Yu-chieh|Jheng Y-c]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 18
| RD1-score7-2 = 15
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ruttanapak Oupthong|R Oupthong]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Jhenicha Sudjaipraparat|J Sudjaipraparat]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 3
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chen Tang Jie|Chen T J]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Toh Ee Wei|Toh E W]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = 19
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 = '''22'''
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh|D Puavaranukroh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Supissara Paewsampran|S Paewsampran]]
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = 12
| RD2-score2-3 = 20

| RD2-seed3 = 6
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cheng Xing|Cheng X]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Chi (badminton)|Zhang C]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 17
| RD2-score3-2 = '''22'''
| RD2-score3-3 = 17
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ruttanapak Oupthong|R Oupthong]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Jhenicha Sudjaipraparat|J Sudjaipraparat]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = 20
| RD2-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD3-seed1 = 3
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chen Tang Jie|Chen T J]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Toh Ee Wei|Toh E W]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Ruttanapak Oupthong|R Oupthong]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Jhenicha Sudjaipraparat|J Sudjaipraparat]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 16
| RD3-score2-2 = 17
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 8
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Midorikawa|H Midorikawa]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Natsu Saito|N Saito]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Hoo Pang Ron|Hoo P R]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Cheng Su Yin|Cheng S Y]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 18
| RD1-score2-2 = 15
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila|D Kapila]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto|T Crasto]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = 8
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chen Cheng-kuan|Chen C-k]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Yin-hui|Hsu Y-h]]
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 19
| RD1-score4-3 = 17

| RD1-seed5 = SWM
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thom Gicquel|T Gicquel]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Delphine Delrue|D Delrue]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran|S Karunakaran]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aadya Variyath|A Variyath]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 12
| RD1-score6-2 = 10
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Terry Hee|T Hee]] {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jin Yujia|Jin YJ]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = 17
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|R Kapoor]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthvika Gadde|R Gadde]]
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = 18
| RD1-score8-3 = 15

| RD2-seed1 = 8
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Midorikawa|H Midorikawa]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Natsu Saito|N Saito]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila|D Kapila]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto|T Crasto]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 18
| RD2-score2-2 = 17
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = SWM
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thom Gicquel|T Gicquel]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Delphine Delrue|D Delrue]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Terry Hee|T Hee]] {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jin Yujia|Jin YJ]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 14
| RD2-score4-2 = 9
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 8
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Midorikawa|H Midorikawa]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Natsu Saito|N Saito]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 16
| RD3-score1-2 = 18
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = SWM
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thom Gicquel|T Gicquel]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Delphine Delrue|D Delrue]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = PFR
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarun Kona|T Kona]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sri Krishna Priya Kudaravalli|S K P Kudaravalli]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 14
| RD1-score1-2 = 15
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashith Surya|A Surya]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrutha Pramuthesh|A Pramuthesh]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Callum Hemming|C Hemming]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Estelle van Leeuwen|E van Leeuwen]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 19
| RD1-score3-2 = 12
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 5
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-hsuan|Yang P-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hu Ling-fang|Hu L-f]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = PFR
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Watanabe (badminton)|Y Watanabe]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Maya Taguchi|M Taguchi]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Wong Tien Ci|Wong T C]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Chiew Sien|Lim C S]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 17
| RD1-score6-2 = 15
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Rinov Rivaldy|R Rivaldy]] {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Lisa Ayu Kusumawati|L A Kusumawati]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 17
| RD1-score7-2 = 17
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 4
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat|Goh S H]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Shevon Jemie Lai|S J Lai]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashith Surya|A Surya]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrutha Pramuthesh|A Pramuthesh]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 8
| RD2-score1-2 = 11
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 5
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-hsuan|Yang P-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hu Ling-fang|Hu L-f]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = PFR
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Watanabe (badminton)|Y Watanabe]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Maya Taguchi|M Taguchi]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 10
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 = 16
| RD2-seed4 = 4
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat|Goh S H]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Shevon Jemie Lai|S J Lai]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = 19
| RD2-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD3-seed1 = 5
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-hsuan|Yang P-h]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hu Ling-fang|Hu L-f]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 11
| RD3-score1-2 = 15
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 4
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat|Goh S H]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Shevon Jemie Lai|S J Lai]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Alexander Dunn (badminton)|A Dunn]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Julie MacPherson|J MacPherson]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = 12
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Presley Smith|P Smith]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jennie Gai|J Gai]]
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = 15
| RD1-score2-3 = 13

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|NED}} [[Robin Tabeling|R Tabeling]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Alexandra Bøje|A Bøje]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 13
| RD1-score3-2 = 13
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 7
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Xinwa|Guo XW]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Fanghui|Chen FH]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mads Vestergaard|M Vestergaard]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christine Busch|C Busch]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 12
| RD1-score5-2 = 16
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Dejan Ferdinansyah|D Ferdinansyah]] {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Siti Fadia Silva Ramadhanti|S F S Ramadhanti]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gregory Mairs|G Mairs]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jenny Mairs|J Mairs]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 14
| RD1-score7-2 = 16
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Zhenbang|Jiang ZB]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wei Yaxin|Wei YX]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Alexander Dunn (badminton)|A Dunn]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Julie MacPherson|J MacPherson]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 17
| RD2-score1-2 = 12
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 7
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Xinwa|Guo XW]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Fanghui|Chen FH]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Dejan Ferdinansyah|D Ferdinansyah]] {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Siti Fadia Silva Ramadhanti|S F S Ramadhanti]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 19
| RD2-score3-2 = 16
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 2
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Zhenbang|Jiang ZB]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wei Yaxin|Wei YX]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 7
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Xinwa|Guo XW]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Fanghui|Chen FH]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 14
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 = 11
| RD3-seed2 = 2
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Zhenbang|Jiang ZB]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wei Yaxin|Wei YX]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = 18
| RD3-score2-3 = '''21'''
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://bwfworldtour.bwfbadminton.com/tournament/5268/yonex-sunrise-india-open-2025/ Tournament link]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
|before=[[2025 Malaysia Open (badminton)|2025 Malaysia Open]]
|title=[[2025 BWF World Tour|BWF World Tour]] [[2025 BWF season]]
|years=
|after=[[2025 Indonesia Masters]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{2025 BWF World Tour}}
{{India Open (badminton)}}

[[Category:India Open (badminton)]]
[[Category:2025 BWF World Tour|India Open]]
[[Category:January 2025 sports events in India|India Open]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian sport|India Open]]

Sri Jhadeshwar Road railway station

2026-02-04T04:06:24Z

Rozella5628:

{{short description|Railway station in Odisha}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sri Jhadeshwar Road railway station
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]], Rajkona, [[Cuttack district]], [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.596534|86.019256|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Odisha
| elevation = {{cvt|31|m}}
| line = [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] [[Kharagpur–Puri line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| entrances =
| parking =
| opened = 1901
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SJDR
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| division = [[Khurda Road railway division]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = East Coast Railway
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| former = [[East Coast State Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Byree|right=Kapilas Road Junction|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Chennai Central|type=[[Howrah–Chennai main line]]}}
}}
{{Kharagpur–Puri line|collapse=y}}
'''Sri Jhadeshwar Road''' is a railway station on [[Kharagpur–Puri line]], part of the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] under [[Khurda Road railway division]] of [[East Coast Railway zone]]. It is situated beside [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] at Rajkona in [[Cuttack district]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/sri-jhadeshwar-road-sjdr-station|title=Sri Jhadeshwar Road Railway Station (SJDR) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/sri-jhadeshwar-road-sjdr/5834|title=Sri Jhadeshwar Road Railway Station Map/Atlas ECoR/East Coast Zone – Railway Enquiry|last=brandonbuffard|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref>

==History==
In between 1893 and 1896 the [[East Coast State Railway]] constructed Howrah–Chennai main line. Kharagpur–Puri branch was finally opened for public in 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|archive-date=1 April 2013|title=South Eastern Railway|date=1 April 2013|url-status=live|access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref> The route was electrified in several phases. In 2005, Howrah–Chennai route was completely electrified.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history7.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Part 7|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Railway stations in Odisha}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1901]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Khurda Road railway division]]

Milkipur

2026-01-27T02:40:06Z

Rozella5628: put up the article w/ infobox...

{{For|Vidhan Sabha|Milkipur Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Milkipur
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Milkipur Map.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Map of Milkipur
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.594375|N|81.909554|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Legislator
| leader_name = [[Chandrabhanu Paswan]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 94
| population_total = 2629
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 224153
| registration_plate = UP-42
| website = {{URL|https://ayodhya.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Milkipur''' is a town and [[tehsil]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tehsil {{!}} District Ayodhya - Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/tehsil/|access-date=2021-02-22|language=en-US}}</ref> in [[Ayodhya district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Milkipur is 32 km south of district headquarters [[Ayodhya]] city. District Ayodhya consists of 11 blocks and Milkipur is a block in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Subdivision & Blocks {{!}} District Ayodhya - Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/|access-date=2021-02-22|language=en}}</ref>

[[Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology]] is situated at Kumarganj (a town situated at a distance of about 10 km, south from Milkipur). Tehsil headquarters and Police station of Milkipur tehsil are situated at Inayatnagar, 5 kilometers North-East from Milkipur centre.

==History==
The town Milkipur and its name originated from the people of Milki Caste who once lived here.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://amp.ww.en.freejournal.org/22209030/1/milkipur.html |title=Milkipur is a town, tehsil and a constituency in Faizabad district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology I |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117140043/https://amp.ww.en.freejournal.org/22209030/1/milkipur.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Milkipur is located at {{Coord|26.594375|N|81.909554|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Milkipur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Milkipur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 94 metres (311[[foot (length)|feet]]). The Milkipur Constituency is surrounded by [[Gomti River|Gomti]] and [[Tamsa river|Tamsa]] rivers.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Milkipur had a population of 1,764. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Milkipur has an average literacy rate of 52%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 63% and female literacy of 39%. 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Climate==
Milkipur has a warm [[humid subtropical climate]] with cool, dry winters from December to February and dry, hot summers from March to July. The rainy season is from mid-June to mid-September, when Milkipur gets an average rainfall of 1010 mm (40 in) mostly from the south-west [[monsoon]] winds. In winter the maximum temperature is around 25 degrees Celsius and the minimum is in the 2 to 3 degrees Celsius range. Fog is quite common from late December to late January. Summers are very hot with temperatures ranging from 35 to 45 degree Celsius.{{Weather box
|collapsed =
|location = Ayodhya
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 28
|Feb record high C = 32
|Mar record high C = 41
|Apr record high C = 44
|May record high C = 46
|Jun record high C = 48
|Jul record high C = 41
|Aug record high C = 38
|Sep record high C = 38
|Oct record high C = 37
|Nov record high C = 33
|Dec record high C = 28
|year record high C = 69
|Jan high C = 18
|Feb high C = 26
|Mar high C = 32
|Apr high C = 36
|May high C = 40
|Jun high C = 41
|Jul high C = 36
|Aug high C = 34
|Sep high C = 35
|Oct high C = 32
|Nov high C = 26
|Dec high C = 20
|year high C = 33
|Jan low C = 6
|Feb low C = 12
|Mar low C = 16
|Apr low C = 22
|May low C = 27
|Jun low C = 29
|Jul low C = 27
|Aug low C = 26
|Sep low C = 25
|Oct low C = 20
|Nov low C = 12
|Dec low C = 7
|year low C = 15
|Jan record low C = -3
|Feb record low C = 7
|Mar record low C = 11
|Apr record low C = 15
|May record low C = 20
|Jun record low C = 22
|Jul record low C = 20
|Aug record low C = 18
|Sep record low C = 21
|Oct record low C = 15
|Nov record low C = 9
|Dec record low C = 0.5
|Jan precipitation mm = 23
|Feb precipitation mm = 16
|Mar precipitation mm = 9
|Apr precipitation mm = 5
|May precipitation mm = 6
|Jun precipitation mm = 68
|Jul precipitation mm = 201
|Aug precipitation mm = 286
|Sep precipitation mm = 202
|Oct precipitation mm = 43
|Nov precipitation mm = 7
|Dec precipitation mm = 8
|year precipitation mm = 881
|source 1 =<ref name="imd">{{cite web | url = http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/ | title = Ayodhya | accessdate = 2010-03-25 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110521034709/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/ | archivedate = 21 May 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}
==Festivals==
All major Festivals Like [[Holi]], [[Deepawali]], [[Ramnavmi]], [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]], [[Vijayadashami]] etc. are celebrated with full zeal and joy.

==Transport==
===Air===
[[Ayodhya International Airport]] (Ayodhya) (40 km) and [[Lucknow]] airport (115 km) are the nearby airports from Milkipur town. 

===Road===
Milkipur is situated at National Highway 330A and it has good road connectivity with [[Lucknow]] (115 km), [[Ayodhya]] (32 km), [[Rudauli]] (23 km) and [[Jagdishpur (Industrial Area)|Jagdishpur]] (30 km).

=== Railway ===
Rudauli, Ayodhya Cantt, Ayodhya Junction, Goshainganj and Chaure Bazar are the nearby railway stations from Milkipur.

== Education ==
===Acharya Narendra Deva University Of Agriculture and Technology===
Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology is an agricultural university at Ayodhya district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is in the small town of Milkipur Constituency known as Kumarganj.

On 15 January 1974 the foundation stone of Narendra Dev University of Agriculture & Technology was led by the prime minister of India [[Indira Gandhi]] at Masodha near Ayodhya. Shri Laxmi narain Rai, APCS officer of Agriculture Department, government of UP, was deputed as officer on special duty. After a few month, he was succeeded by Dr. A.S. Srivastava he took over in October, 1974. Some speed work was done by his team. A new development took place during 1975 and the government of UP decided to locate the main campus of the university in Milkipur at kumarganj, Ayodhya district instead of Masodha. Shri A.D. Pandey, IAS officer (retired) was appointed the first vice chancellor of the university on 10 October 1975. The university started functioning in a borrowed building of Gram Swavlambi Vidyalaya Acharya Nagar Naka Ayodhya. DR. R.P.Chandola joined as the first Registrar of the university in November 1975. A committee was constituted for the site selection of Academy administrative and residential blocks of the university at Kumarganj. The committee submitted its report on 22 January 1976. On 10 July 1976 the paddy research station located at, Masodha, Gahghara Ghat and ECF and NDS schemes were transferred to the university by the government and U.P. institute Agril. science Kanpur which formed the nucleus of the research university. Dr.Kirti Singh took over the first Dean of the Agril. faculty on 12 February 1977 which approved creation of 20 departments in the college of agriculture.

The Mahamaya college of Agriculture Engineering and Technology(MCAET) a constituent college of N.D. university of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya was established at Ambedkar Nagar by upgrading the department of agriculture of the college of agriculture to cater the needs of development of engineering and Technology to suit the condition of the farmers of Eastern Uttar Pradesh characterised by problems of user lands, water looked poorly drained soils scant power supply, small holdings, low purchasing power and poor rural infrastructure. Former Prime Minister of India Smt. Indira Gandhi Laid Foundation stone of NDUAT on 10 October 1975 Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), named after a great national leader, educationist, philosopher and great socialist, Achraya Narendra Deva whose ideals constitute a great national heritage and source of inspiration in the national quest for a progressive economy free from the fear and exploitation.

==Media==
===Press===
Milkipur is fully covered by prominent Hindi newspapers like [[Dainik Jagran|Dainik jagran]], [[Amar Ujala]], [[Hindustan Dainik|Hindustan]], Jan Morcha etc.

===Radio===
The Following Radio Stations Can be listened in Milkipur.
* [[All India Radio]]
* FM Ayodhya 101.9 MHz
* [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] Lucknow 91.1 MHz
* [[Radio Mirchi]] Lucknow 98.3 MHz
* [[All India Radio|FM Rainbow]] Lucknow 100.7 MHz
* FM RADIO Kumarganj

===Internet===
Major Broadband Internet providers in Milkipur are [[BSNL]], [[Reliance jio|Reliance Jio]], Bharti [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Vodafone India|Vodafone]] and [[Idea Cellular|Idea]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Faizabad district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ayodhya district]]

Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar

2026-01-12T04:26:11Z

Rozella5628: added intro to improve readability as per guidelines

{{Short description|Actor (1928–2009)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1928
| birth_place = Ammannur, [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 2009
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Koodiyattam]] performer
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Koodiyattam]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = [[Margi Madhu]] Margi Sajeev Narayana Chakiar Shailaja A K
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar''' (1928–2009) was an exponent of [[Koodiyattam]],<ref name="The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre">{{cite book | url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0107 | title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre | chapter=Chakyar, Moozhikulam Kochukuttan | publisher=Oxford University Press | editor=Ananda Lal | year=2004 | isbn=9780195644463}}</ref> a traditional form of Sanskrit theatre from [[Kerala]], which has been recognised by [[UNESCO]] as an ''Oral and Intangible Heritage of Mankind''.<ref name="Guru Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar Memorial Kutiyttam Festival">{{cite web | url=http://www.welcomekeralaonline.com/events/09-12-apr-2015-guru-moozhikkulam-kochukuttan-chakyar-memorial-kutiyttam-festival-moozhikkulam | title=Guru Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar Memorial Kutiyttam Festival | publisher=Welcome Kerala | date=April 2015 | access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in a family of Koodiyattam performers, in 1928, at Ammannur, a small hamlet near [[Irinjalakuda]], in [[Thrissur district]] in the south Indian state of Kerala, Chakyar had his early training in the art form from within his family. [[Ammannur Madhava Chakyar]], a renowned Koodiyattam performer and a [[Padmabhushan]] awardee, was his cousin and the two, later, would evolve a new school of performance, popularly known as the ''Ammannur tradition of Koodiyattam''.<ref name="Centre for Excellence in Kudiyattam">{{cite web | url=http://kudiyattam.huji.ac.il/innerpage.php?p=12 | title=Centre for Excellence in Kudiyattam | publisher=Nepathya | date=2016 | access-date=28 January 2016}}</ref> When ''Margi'', an institution promoting traditional art forms of Kerala, started their Koodiyattam training centre in 1981, he was the first residential guru.<ref name="History - Margi Theatre">{{cite web | url=http://www.margitheatre.org/history.html | title=History - Margi Theatre | publisher=Margi Theatre | date=2016 | access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> The institution imparted training to many aspiring performers<ref name="Carrying forward a rich legacy">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/moozhikkulam-kochukuttan-chakyar-memorial-koodiyattam-festival/article7177037.ece | title=Carrying forward a rich legacy | work=The Hindu | date=7 May 2015 | access-date=29 January 2016| last1=Janardanan | first1=P. K. }}</ref><ref name="Maestro of the Mizhavu">{{cite web | url=https://bhawanicheerath.wordpress.com/tag/guru-moozhikulam-kochukuttan-chakyar/ | title=Maestro of the Mizhavu | publisher=Bjawani Cheerath | date=2016 | access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> which included two sons of Chakyar, Margi Sajeev Narayana Chakiar<ref name="Margi Sajeev Narayana Chakiar">{{cite web | url=http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=140 | title=Margi Sajeev Narayana Chakiar | publisher=Thiraseela | date=2016 | access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> and Margi Madhu<ref name="Margi Madhu: Nepathya is my dream project">{{cite web | url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrv109c.html | title=Margi Madhu: Nepathya is my dream project | publisher=Narthaki | date=26 November 2008 | access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> and both of them are known exponents of the art form. In 1998, Chakyar joined ''Nepathya'', a centre for excellence in Kudiyattam, as the ''Mukhya Acharya'' (Head Teacher), and continued his association with the institution till his last.<ref name="About Us">{{cite web | url=http://koodiyattam.org/about-us/ | title=About Us | publisher=Nepathya | date=2016 | access-date=29 January 2016 | archive-date=3 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203235509/http://koodiyattam.org/about-us/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2008, for his contributions to Arts.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref> He died in 2009, at the age of 81.<ref name="Guru Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar Memorial Kutiyttam Festival" /> He is remembered by an annual festival, ''Guru Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar Memorial Kutiyttam Festival'', at Moozhikkulam, a suburb of Kochi where Nepathya is headquartered in,<ref name="Guru Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar Memorial Kutiyttam Festival" /><ref name="A visual treat">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article270729.ece?service=print | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205045446/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article270729.ece?service=print | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 February 2016 | title=A visual treat | publisher=Indian Express | date=2010 | access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> and through orations organised by Nepathya.<ref name="Programme sheet">{{cite web | url=http://www.margitheatre.org/documents/programme-july-2013-2.pdf | title=Programme sheet | publisher=Nepathya | date=2013 | access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Ammannur Madhava Chakyar]]
* [[Koodiyattam]]
* [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]]
{{portal|India|Arts}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://natyadharmi.com/?page_id=40 | title=With Respect | publisher=Natya Dharmi | date=2016 | access-date=29 January 2016}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakyar, Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Actors from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Koodiyattam dancers]]

{{India-stage-actor-stub}}

Jecin George

2026-01-08T00:16:26Z

Rozella5628: Adding article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Jecin George
| caption = Jecin George
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre =
| occupation = [[Composer|film composer]]
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|jecingeorgemusic.com}}
}}

'''Jecin George''' is an Indian film score composer who works in Malayalam and Tamil films.

==Career==
Although his parents were against him pursuing a career in music, he won the Squarehead band remix competition and his track was given a worldwide release.<ref name="M">{{Cite web |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130801/entertainment-mollywood/article/mixing-it |title=Mixing it up |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122051/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130801/entertainment-mollywood/article/mixing-it |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He worked as a programmer for the Malayalam films ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' (2011) and ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' (2012) before assisting [[Gopi Sunder]]. He made his debut with the bilingual ''[[Asha Black]]'' (2014).<ref name="P">{{cite web|title=The pull of music|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/151217/the-pull-of-music.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en|date=15 December 2017}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Original scores ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Malayalam !! Tamil
! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Asha Black]]'' || ''Nee Naan Nizhal'' || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Debutant-composer-to-introduce-new-genre-in-Mollywood-music/articleshow/22814444.cms|title=Debutant composer to introduce new genre in Mollywood music!|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Charminar (2018 film)|Charminar]]'' || || <ref name="P"/>
|-
| ''Kaitholachathan'' |||||
|-
| 2019
|''Kantharam'' || || <ref name="P"/>
|-
|rowspan="1"|2025
|
|''[[Yamakaathaghi]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-02-22 |title=Yamakaathaghi Trailer: Horrors are unleashed when a door is broken open in this supernatural thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/22/yamakaathaghi-trailer-horrors-are-unleashed-when-a-door-is-broken-open-in-this-supernatural-thriller |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== As a playback singer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Song !! Film !! Language
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2012 || "Ayalathe Veettile" || ''[[Matinee (2012 film)|Matinee]]'' || Malayalam || As playback singer; His own rendition || <ref name="M"/>
|-
| 2014 || "Pandan Nayude" || ''[[Beware of Dogs]]'' || Malayalam || || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/beware-of-dogs-music-review/articleshow/37394227.cms|title = Beware of dogs music review - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || "The Rhythm of Dance" || ''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || Tamil Telugu (dubbed) || Also additional programmer and electric guitarist || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLKr93autGQ|title=Lakshmi Songs - Movie Review| date=6 July 2018|work=Moviecrow}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George, Jecin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]

[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Subhas Nagar

2026-01-06T07:27:29Z

Rozella5628: made some entry first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Subhas Nagar
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|image_skyline = File:Sarat Bose Rd, Subhas Nagar Trikon Park, Dum Dum Cantonment.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Sarat Bose Rd
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Dum Dum Cantonment metro station|Dum Dum Cantonment]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station|Dum Dum Cantonment]]
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
|governing_body = [[South Dumdum Municipality]] [https://www.sddm.ind.in/about]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.6354|N|88.4086|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700065
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
|registration_plate = WB
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Subhas Nagar''' is a locality in [[South Dumdum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.6354|88.4086}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Subhas Nagar
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.6354|88.4086}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

Subhas Nagar is spread across Ward nos. 5 and 6 of [[South Dum Dum Municipality]]. Ward no. 6 covers the [[South Subhas Nagar]] area. It is a posh locality located near [[Dum Dum Cantonment metro station]] and [[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sddm.ind.in/about|title= Map of South Dum Dum Municipality|publisher=SDDM|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref> The locality is named after the prominent freedom fighter [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/this-is-the-huge-number-of-indian-villages-named-after-historical-figures/photostory/107853668.cms|title=This is the huge number of Indian villages named after historical figures|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Subhas Maidan, Subhas Nagar (Dum Dum).jpg|thumb|Subhas Nagar Maidan]]

=== Police station ===

[[Dum Dum#Police station|Dum Dum]] police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Subhas Nagar areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/dumdum.php|title=Dum Dum Police station|publisher=www.barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Post Office ===
Rabindra Nagar has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700065 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post office with the same PIN is Subhas Nagar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/WEST_BENGAL/KOLKATA/R/RABINDRA_NAGAR|title=Rabindra Nagar Post office|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

==Education==
Prominent schools in Subhas Nagar area are as follows:

*'''Dum Dum Subhas Nagar High School''' and '''Dum Dum Subhas Nagar Girls High School''', Estd. in 1954 and 1955 respectively, are oldest and reputed higher secondary schools at Sarat Bose Rd, Subhas Nagar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19114400509|title=Dum Dum Subhas Nagar High School|publisher=|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19114400504|title=Dum Dum Subhas Nagar Girls High School|publisher=|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

*'''Dum Dum Deshbandhu High School''' is a primary and a higher secondary school at Subhas Nagar Bye Lane, South Subhas Nagar. It was established in the year 1968.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19114400603|title=Dum Dum Deshbandhu High School|publisher=|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

*'''Subhas Nagar Prathamik Vidyalaya''' is a primary school at Subhas Nagar Rd. It was established in the year 1951.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19114400501|title=Subhas Nagar Prathamik Vidyalaya|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

*'''Adarsha Vidyabhavan''', established in 1957, is a primary school at Sarat Bose Rd, Subhas Nagar (near Trikon Park).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/north-twenty-four-pargana/19114400503/adarsha-vidya-bhawan.html|title=Adarsha Vidyabhavan|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

*'''Rajendra Sarkhel Prathamik Vidyalaya''' is a primary school at South Rabindra Nagar. It was established in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/north-twenty-four-pargana/19114400602/rajendra-sarkhel-f-p-school.html|title=Rajendra Sarkhel Prathamik Vidyalaya|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

==Transport==

=== Railways ===
[[File:Sealdah - Dum Dum Cantonment Local.jpg|thumb|Dum Dum Cant. railway station]]

[[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station]] on the [[Sealdah-Hasnabad-Bangaon-Ranaghat line|Sealdah-Bangaon line]] is situated nearby.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/blog/dum-dum-cantt-ddc/8004|title=DDC/Dum Dum Cantt.|publisher=indiarailinfo|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Metro ===
[[Dum Dum Cantonment metro station]] of [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]] is situated just near Subhas Nagar. Gate no. 1 and 2 of Dum Dum Cant. metro station serve Subhas Nagar areas.

=== Bus ===
Bus route number 30D serves the area which runs from Dum Dum Cantonment to Babughat.

=== Air ===
[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] is just 3.9 Km away from Dum Dum Cantonment.

==Markets==
[[File:Subhas Nagar Supermarket (Dum Dum Cantonment).jpg|thumb|Subhas Nagar Supermarket]]

Markets in or near Subhas Nagar area are:
* Subhas Nagar Supermarket
* Gorabazar Market
* Natun Bazar Market
* S Paul Fish Market

==See also==
*[[South Dum Dum]]
*[[Dum Dum Cantonment metro station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:North 24 Parganas district]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}
* [http://sddm.ind.in/ South Dum Dum Municipality website]
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Bhagyalakshmi (1943 film)

2025-12-29T04:34:33Z

Rozella5628: made a post

{{Short description|1943 Telugu film by P. Pullayya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhagya Lakshmi
| image = Bhagyalakshmi (1943 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[P. Pullayya]]
| writer = P. Pullayya {{small|(story & screenplay)}} [[Samudrala Raghavacharya]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| producer = [[Chittoor Nagayya]]
| starring = Chittoor Nagayya Malathi Doraiswamy T. Suryakumari Giri Vellala Umamaheswara Rao [[Kamala Kotnis]] [[N. S. Krishnan]] [[T. A. Madhuram]]
| cinematography = M. A. Rehman
| editing = T. A. S. Mani
| music = Bheemavarapu Narasimha Rao
| studio = Sri Renuka Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1943|3|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}'''''Bhagyalakshmi''''' is a 1943 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language drama film directed by [[P. Pullayya]] and produced by [[V. Nagayya|Chittoor Nagayya]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bhagyalakshmi (1943) |url=https://indiancine.ma/DSW/info |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The film features Chittoor Nagayya, Malathi, Doraswamy, [[Suryakumari|Tanguturi Suryakumari]], and Giri in key roles. It is notable for being Nagayya’s first production under the Renuka Films banner.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sampadakudu |date=1 October 1974 |title=Sri Renuka's Bhagya Lakshmi |journal=Vijayachitra |volume=9 |issue=4 |page=7}}</ref> ''Bhagyalakshmi'' was recognized as the 100th [[Sound film|talkie film]] in [[Telugu cinema]], as noted in a souvenir published by the [[Film Federation of India]] to commemorate the [[silver jubilee]] of Indian talkies. It did not perform well at the box office.<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
Dharamanna, a kind-hearted man in [[Tirupati]], finds an abandoned baby boy and raises him as his own, naming him Srinivasa Rao. Srinivasa Rao grows up to be a well-educated schoolteacher and gains proficiency in music. The villagers admire him deeply. Rangamma, Dharamanna’s distant relative, lives next door with her two children, Gopi and Bhagya Lakshmi. Gopi and Srinivasa Rao become close friends, while Bhagya Lakshmi, who was raised in Dharamanna's home, shares a special bond with Srinivasa Rao. Despite their close relationship, neither realizes the depth of their feelings for each other.

As Bhagya Lakshmi matures, she continues to participate in school plays and wins several accolades. However, her maternal uncle, Kotayya, disapproves of her public appearances and demands that she marry soon. Gopi suggests that she marry Srinivasa Rao, but Kotayya opposes, citing Srinivasa Rao's unknown lineage. Ultimately, Kotayya arranges her marriage to Janakiramaiah's son, Viswanatha Rao, despite Bhagya Lakshmi's feelings for Srinivasa Rao.

Heartbroken, Srinivasa Rao flees in despair on the night of Bhagya Lakshmi's wedding. The next day, Dharamanna searches for Srinivasa Rao but to no avail.

Bhagya Lakshmi marries Viswanatha Rao and bears him a son. Meanwhile, Srinivasa Rao suffers from intense emotional turmoil, unable to forget Bhagya Lakshmi. A group of travelers finds him and takes him to a remote temple where he recovers. Despite efforts to move on, he returns to Tirupati. Dharamanna finds him and brings him home.

Rumors spread about Srinivasa Rao and Bhagya Lakshmi’s past, instigated by Kamakshi, a teacher who once had feelings for Srinivasa Rao. Viswanatha Rao grows suspicious of his wife and throws her out of their home. Eventually, Srinivasa Rao clears the misunderstandings, restoring peace between the couple. The film concludes with Srinivasa Rao’s inner turmoil coming to an end as the truth about his intentions is revealed.

== Cast ==

* [[Chittoor Nagaiah|Chittoor Nagayya]] as Srinivasa Rao
* Malathi as Bhagya Lakshmi
* Doraiswamy
* [[Suryakumari|Tanguturi Suryakumari]]
* Giri as Viswanatha Rao
* Vellala Umamaheswara Rao
* [[Kamala Kotnis]]
* [[N. S. Krishnan]]
* [[T. A. Madhuram]]
* Gouripati Sastri
* Parvati Bai

== Production ==
Nagayya engaged [[P. Pullayya]] to direct his first independent production, aimed at revitalizing the star's heroic screen image following his roles in second leads and saint films at [[Vauhini Studios]].<ref name=":1" /> When filming was halted in [[Chennai|Madras]] during the war, Nagayya relocated his 60-member unit to [[Tirupati]], where some scenes were shot. A comedy track featuring the popular Tamil duo [[N. S. Krishnan]] and [[T. A. Mathuram|T. A. Madhuram]] was included, and they were portrayed as a Telugu-speaking Tamil couple linked to the main storyline through a devotional song performed by Nagayya.<ref name=":0" />

== Music ==
The soundtrack, composed by Bheemavarapu Narasimha Rao, featured lyrics by [[Samudrala Raghavacharya]]. Notable songs include "Sri Ramani Manoramana," sung by Nagayya, Giri, and Malathi, and various solos by Malathi and [[Suryakumari]]. The soundtrack features a mix of emotional melodies and peppy numbers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2012-02-11 |title=Blast from the past - Bhagyalakshmi (1943) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-bhagyalakshmi-1943/article2882675.ece |access-date=2024-10-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The film featured the classic hit song "Aasa Nirasa," performed by playback singer [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]. According to film historian V. A. K. Ranga Rao, this marked a significant milestone in Telugu cinema, as it was the first instance where a [[playback singer]] received explicit credit for their work on songs featuring [[Kamala Kotnis]], highlighting the distinction between the singing voices and the actors on screen.<ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==
Despite the presence of popular actors and a melodious score, ''Bhagyalakshmi'' did not perform well at the box office. Nevertheless, its significance in Indian cinema history is marked by its status as the 100th talkie in Telugu.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=0255837}}

[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:1943 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Pullayya]]
[[Category:1940s Telugu-language films]]

Nehru Maidan, Duliajan

2025-12-17T05:41:22Z

Rozella5628: put up a entry initial version...

{{Short description|Sport stadium in Duliajan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{infobox venue
| name = Nehru Maidan
| native_name = Oil India Ground
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Duliajan]], [[Assam]]
| coordinates =
| opened = 1964
| owner = [[Oil India]]
| surface = [[Grass]]
| dimensions =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| main_contractors =
| construction_cost =
| former_names = Nehru Stadium
| capacity = 10,000
| suites =
| tenants = [[Oil India FC]] (1964–present) [[Assam State Premier League]] (selected matches)
}}

'''Nehru Maidan''' or '''Oil India Ground''' is a multi-purpose sport stadium used mostly for [[Association football|football]] matches, located in [[Duliajan]], [[Assam]]. The ground is owned and managed by [[Oil India]].<ref>[http://www.the-aiff.com/ongc-s-league/oilindia.php All India Football Federation]</ref>

It is the home ground of [[Oil India FC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assam.gov.in/citizen/424|title=Sports Venues|accessdate=17 September 2022|work=assam.gov.in}}</ref> It has hosted a number of national and state level football tournaments. District level [[cricket]] tournaments have also been hosted here. It can host 10,000 spectators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/duliajanone/sports-of-duliajan/oil-india-fc|title = DuliajanOne - OIL India FC}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Football stadiums in India}}

== External links ==
* [http://the-aiff.com Official AIFF website]
* [http://www.oil-india.com Official site of Oil India Ltd.]

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Football venues in Assam]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Assam]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh district]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1964]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

Lockdown Ki Love Story

2025-12-16T13:53:11Z

Rozella5628: put up a entry and citations

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Lockdownkilovestory.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Comedy]]
| creator = Rashmi Sharma
| writer = Shanti Bhushan '''Dialogues''' Sanjay Masoom
| developer =
| screenplay = Shivangi Singh Anubhav Proothi
| story =
| director = Pawan Sahu
| creative_director = Pavitra Kumar
| starring = [[Sana Sayyad]] [[Mohit Malik]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = ''Lockdown Mein Phas Gaye Sajni Sajna''
| endtheme =
| composer = Nishant-Raja
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 125 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Rashmi Sharma Pawan Kumar Marut
| cinematography =
| editor = Monu Singh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 24–25 minutes
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|08|31|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|01|23|df=yes}}
| related =
}}
'''''Lockdown Ki Love Story''''' ({{translation}} '''''A Lockdown Love Story''''') is an Indian television drama series that aired from 31 August 2020 to 23 January 2021 on [[Star Plus]]. Produced by Rashmi Sharma under Rashmi Sharma Telefilms, it starred [[Sana Sayyad]] and [[Mohit Malik]].

==Plot==
Set in [[Varanasi|Mughalsarai]], the series follows the love story of Dhruv and Sonam who are forced to share a house with their respective families; due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] lockdown.

Dhruv's mother, Nutan and his aunt, Sheetal oppose their relationship; due to Sonam's modern ways while her father, Pratap finds Dhruv's family very backward in their thinking. The main supporters of the union are Sonam's mother, Subhadra and Dhruv's father, Shashikant. Despite Nutan, Sheetal and Pratap's numerous plots, the wedding of Dhruv and Sonam was still on. Nutan, Sheetal, Pratap and Tanu collaborate to stop their wedding. Their plan is to get Dhruv to marry his childhood friend, Milky; who has always had a crush on Dhruv. Milky persuades Sonam to go to her mother to do bridal makeup while she impersonates Sonam as the bride. Sonam does so and Milky's mother manages to drug her to sleep. Sonam wakes up too late and witnesses Dhruv marrying Milky. Sonam tries to explain why she wasn't at the wedding, but Milky and Nutan place all the blame on Sonam. This continues to a point when Nutan burns herself intentionally. Dhruv in a fit of rage, throws Sonam and her family out of the house.

Dhruv does not accept Milky as his wife, despite his mother's pleas. Sonam realizes the truth of what happened on the wedding day and decides to expose Milky to Dhruv as a cheat. Later, Sonam learns that she is [[COVID-19]] positive and the police force the Jaiswals to let her stay in the house as she was staying there before.

In an attempt to return Sonam to Mumbai, Dhruv sends kidnappers after her. However, the kidnappers mistakenly take Milky instead of Sonam. Hulchal and Babloo save Milky from the kidnappers but they call Milky's mother and demand she tell the truth about what happened on the wedding day to the Jaiswals in exchange for Milky. Their plan almost succeeds, but Dhruv spoils it by finding Milky and bringing her back before Milky's mother could confess. Dhruv reveals that Sonam never had COVID-19 and it was all an act to get her in the house. Later, when Dhruv wants to send Sonam out of the house Shasikant opposes his decision and decides to conduct a voting poll for Sonam to stay in the house or not. Sonam wins the voting poll and stays in the house. Later, Nutan decides to Dhruv's future with a coin toss and Dhruv stops that. Later, he knows that both sides are tail so that his mother can win and reveals the truth to everyone.

Dhruv hears Sonam's side of the story and challenges her to bring him evidence of this in seven days. If she fails, Sonam will return to Mumbai on the eighth day. Now Dhruv's estranged cousin, Raghav comes into the story. He hates Dhruv and plans on using Sonam, with who he is in love, to get revenge against Dhruv. He also has a video of Milky's mother admitting to what happened in the wedding. Due to a misunderstanding created by Raghav; Dhruv throws Sonam out of the house again where Raghav kidnaps her and tries to forcefully marry her. Dhruv rescues Sonam and finally sees the evidence. Dhruv confronts the conspirators and he decides to marry Sonam. In order to stop this, Milky tries to burn herself in the kitchen. She then files a case against Shashikant, Nutan and Sheetal, accusing them of burning her for dowry. In order to bring Shashikant and Nutan, Sonam makes a deal with Milky and Raghav that if Milky releases the Dhruv family then she will marry Raghav.

Dhruv demands that Sonam marry him after Milky pretends that she realised her mistake and wanted to unite them. On the day of Sonam and Dhruv's marriage, Sonam writes a letter to Dhruv apologizing to him and Dhruv rushes to Sonam after he finds out that Raghav is forcefully marrying Sonam, from Raghav's mother, Sumitra. Dhruv and Raghav fight and Raghav shoots Sonam, but Dhruv saves her and is shot. The next morning Sonam notices that Dhruv is acting like a child and has lost his memory. To cheer up Dhruv, Sonam dresses up like a kid and helps Dhruv to face all the problems he was facing because of the other children. In the beginning, Milky loved Dhruv but now she hates him because he is equal to a child and doesn't want him in her life. So she kidnaps Dhruv with her mother's help but Sonam finds Dhruv. An attacker tries to murder Dhruv, but she saves him seeing her love for Dhruv.

Nutan apologises to Sonam for the mistrust. Nutan and Sonam expel Milky from their home. Milky expels Sonam and Dhruv's family from their house and Milky blackmails Dhruv. Due to the stress; Dhruv falls unconscious and is hospitalised. Sheetal apologies to Sonam and helps her mislead Milky and recover their house. Dhruv's memory returns. Dhruv and Sonam decide to marry and Sonam's father approves. Milky schemes to break Sonam and Dhruv's marriage. She makes a fake report of pregnancy and murders Dhruv's servant Batasha as he hears her plans. Seeing this, Milky blackmails Nutan to kill Sonam otherwise she will kill the whole family. Sonam eludes many attacks on her. On the other side, Sheetal and Sonam try to find evidence about Milky faking her pregnancy. Soon, Sonam obtains the evidence and marries Dhruv. The story ends on a happy note.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sana Sayyad]] as Sonam Goel Jaiswal – Pratap and Subadra's elder daughter; Tanu and Amber's sister; Dhruv's wife (2020–2021)
* [[Mohit Malik]] as Dhruv Jaiswal – Shashikant and Nutan's younger son; Dheeraj and Sneha's brother; Raghav's cousin; Milky's ex-husband; Sonam's husband (2020–2021)

===Recurring===
* [[Jayati Bhatia]] as Nutan Jaiswal – Shasikant's wife; Dheeraj, Dhruv and Sneha's mother (2020–2021)
* Vijay Kumar as Shashikant Jaiswal – Shobakant and Sheetal's brother; Nutan's husband; Dheeraj, Dhruv and Sneha's father (2020–2021)
* Anjita Poonia as Shweta "Milky” Gupta – Kutal's daughter; Dhruv's friend and ex-wife (2020–2021)
* [[Ananya Agarwal]] as Sneha Jaiswal – Shasikant and Nutan's daughter; Dheeraj and Dhruv's sister; Raghav's cousin (2020–2021)
* Ashutosh Tiwari as Dheeraj Jaiswal – Shashikant and Nutan's elder son; Dhruv and Sneha's brother; Raghav's cousin; Ankita's husband (2020–2021)
* Deepika Upadhyay as Ankita Jaiswal – Dheeraj's wife (2020–2021)
* [[Ananya Khare]] as Sheetal Jaiswal – Shashikant and Shobhakant's sister; Dheeraj, Dhruv, Raghav and Sneha's aunt (2020–2021)
* [[Aniruddh Dave]] as Raghav Jaiswal – Shobhkant and Sumitra's son; Dheeraj, Dhruv and Sneha's cousin (2020–2021)
* [[Adi Irani]] as Shobhakant Jaiswal – Shashikant and Sheetal's brother; Sumitra's husband; Raghav's father (2020–2021)
* Leena Badoli as Sumitra Jaiswal – Shobhakant's wife; Raghav's mother (2020–2021)
* Rakesh Kukreti as Pratap Goel – Subadra's husband; Sonam, Tanu and Amber's father (2020–2021)
* Kashish Duggal Paul as Subhadra Goel – Pratap's wife; Sonam, Tanu and Amber's mother (2020–2021)
* [[Nazea Hasan Sayed]] as Tanu Goel – Pratap and Subadra's younger daughter; Sonam and Amber's sister (2020–2021)
* Ravin Makhija as Amber Goel – Subhadra and Pratap's son; Sonam and Tanu's brother (2020–2021)
* Saniya Nagdev as Kutal Gupta – Milky's mother (2020–2021)
* Saahil Rao as Batasha – Dhruv's cousin (2020–2021)
* Yash Choudhary as Hulchul – Dhruv's childhood friend (2020)
* Abhishek Goyal as Bablu – Dhruv's childhood friend (2020)
* Rajveer Singh as Munna Bhavani – kidnapper (2021)

==Production==
===Development===
Initially titled as ''Lockdown Ki Love Story'', it was renamed ''Quarantine Mein Prem Kahaani'' while in pre-production. Shooting began in December 2020.

Days before the end of the series, Malik playing Dhruv tested positive for [[COVID-19]] and did not shoot for the series and he was not shown in the series for last few episodes and for the finale episode, few of his parts was taken from the previous shots while some portions were covered with a dupe of him.

===Casting===
[[Mohit Malik]] was selected to portray Dhruv Jaiswal. Speaking on his preparation for his role, "My character in the show speaks [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] dialect since he is based in [[Varanasi|Benaras]]. When this role was offered to me, we were in the lockdown phase and I utilized that time to sharpen my hold over this particular dialect. Even when we use to do workshops with our scriptwriters, I spent extra time with them to understand the tone and tonality of the dialect/language.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Reception==
Weeks after premiere, the series saw a rise in its ratings from TRP of 0.9 to 1.3 gradually in its early prime time slot of 7:00 pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). It was later shifted to the late night slot of 11:00 pm (IST),<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=29 December 2020|title=Exclusive: TV shows today have become like a T20 match, Mohit Malik on rumours of Lockdown Ki Love Story going off air|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-tv-shows-today-have-become-like-a-t20-match-mohit-malik-on-rumours-of-lockdown-ki-love-story-going-off-air/articleshow/80006893.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> due to the launch of [[Star Plus]]'s new show ''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]'' at 7:00 pm but the ratings continued to languish.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=9 January 2021|title=(Exclusive) Sana Sayyad: We actors have still not been informed about our show Lockdown Ki Love Story going off air|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-i-would-be-really-upset-if-lockodwn-ki-is-going-off-air-as-per-the-rumours-and-the-actors-are-not-informed-in-advance-says-sana-sayyad/articleshow/80184063.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{StarPlus Shows}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television shows about the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Richard Harte Keatinge

2025-12-05T14:58:08Z

Rozella5628: further cleaned up information for consistency further and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Irish soldier}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=Richard Keatinge
|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1825|6|17}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1904|5|25|1825|6|17}}
|birth_place=[[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]
|death_place=[[Horsham]], [[Sussex]]
|placeofburial=Hills Street Cemetery, Horsham
|image= Victoria Cross Medal without Bar.png
|image_size= 120
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance= {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
|serviceyears=
|rank=[[Lieutenant General]]
|branch=
{{plainlist|
*[[Bombay Army]]
*{{army|United Kingdom|23px}}
*{{army|British India|23px}}
}}
|commands=
|unit=
{{plainlist|
*[[Royal Indian Artillery|Bombay Artillery]]
*[[Royal Artillery]]
*[[Indian Staff Corps]]
}}
|battles=[[Indian Mutiny]]
|awards=
{{plainlist|
*[[Victoria Cross]]
*[[Order of the Star of India]]
}}
|laterwork=
{{plainlist|
*[[List of Chief Commissioners of Ajmer-Merwara|Chief Commissioner of Ajmer-Merwara]]
*[[Chief Commissioner of Assam]]
}}
|relations=
}}
[[Lieutenant General]] '''Richard Harte Keatinge''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|VC|CSI}} (17 June 1825 – 25 May 1904) was an [[Irish people|Irish]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

== Life and career ==
Keatinge was born in [[Dublin]], the younger son of [[Richard Keatinge (Irish judge)|Richard Keatinge]] and Harriet Augusta Joseph, the third daughter of Samuel Joseph. His father was a successful [[ barrister]] who served for many years as the Irish [[Probate]] judge. His mother came from a prosperous [[London]] merchant family. It was a religiously-mixed marriage, his father being a [[Protestant ]] and his mother [[Jewish]].<ref>[[Walford's County Families]] 1860 edition p.351</ref >

He was 32 years old, and a [[Major (rank)|major]] in the [[Royal Indian Artillery|Bombay Artillery]], [[Bombay Army]] during the [[Indian Mutiny]] when the following deed took place on 17 March 1858 at the assault of [[Chanderi fort|Chundairee]] for which he was awarded the VC:<ref name=Wilkins>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VIK-BAAAQBAJ&q=richard+harte+keatinge&pg=PT170|title=The History of the Victoria Cross: Being an account of the 520 acts of bravery for which the decoration has been awarded and portraits of 392 recipients|last=Wilkins|first=Philip A.|date=2007|publisher=The Naval and Military Press Limited|isbn=9781781516737|language=en}}</ref>
{{quote|Bombay Artillery (now of the Staff Corps)

Major Richard Harte Keatinge Date of Act of Bravery, March 17th, 1858

For having rendered most efficient aid at the assault of Chundairee; in voluntarily leading the Column through the breach, which was protected by a heavy cross fire. He was one of the foremost to enter, and was severely wounded in the breach. The Column was saved from a serious loss that would probably have resulted, but for Major Keatinge's knowledge of the small path leading across the ditch, which had been examined during the night by himself and a servant, who declined, when required,
to lead the column, without his master. Having cleared the breach; he led into the Fort where he was struck down by another dangerous wound. The Commander-in-Chief in India states that the success at Chundairee was mainly owing to this Officer, whose gallantry, really brilliant, he considers was equalled by his ability and devotion.

Major Keatinge was at the time a Political Officer with the 2nd Brigade of the Central India Field Force.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22601|page=956|date=25 February 1862}}</ref>}}

In 1862 he was transferred to the [[Royal Artillery]] and then to the [[Bombay Staff Corps]] of the [[British Indian Army]].

In 1868, Colonel Keatinge designed [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]], which was formally opened in 1870. The college was founded for the education of the princely order by the princes and chiefs of Kathiawad for their sons and relations.

From 1871 to 1873 he was [[List of Chief Commissioners of Ajmer-Merwara|Chief Commissioner of Ajmer-Merwara]].

He became the first [[Chief Commissioner of Assam]]<ref name=Hussain>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgluAAAAMAAJ&q=richard+harte+keatinge|title=From Residency to Raj Bhavan: A History of the Shillong Government House|last=Hussain (Prof.)|first=Imdad|date=2005|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=9788189233273|pages=44–45|language=en}}</ref> in 1874, remaining in this position until 1878. {{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

He later achieved the rank of [[lieutenant general]].

In retirement, he settled at [[Horsham]], [[Sussex]], where he died in 1904. By his wife Harriet Pottinger, he had eleven children.

== Legacy ==
A road in the Indian city of [[Shillong]], which was the capital of the British Province of Assam, where Keatinge had served as Chief Commissioner, has been named Keatinge Road in his honour.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
'''Listed in order of publication year '''
*''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]'' (1981, 1988 and 1997)
*{{cite journal|first=Brian D. H.|last=Clarke|title=A register of awards to Irish-born officers and men|journal=[[The Irish Sword]]|volume=XVI|issue=64|pages=185–287|year=1986}}
*''[[Ireland's VCs]]'' {{ISBN|1-899243-00-3}} (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)
*''[[Monuments to Courage]]'' (David Harvey, 1999)
*''[[Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross]]'' (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041028141812/http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/sussex.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(West Sussex)''

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Chief Commissioner of Ajmer-Merwara]] | years=1871–1873}}
{{s-aft | after=Sir [[Lewis Pelly]]}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Henry Hopkinson (commissioner)|Henry Hopkinson]] | as=[[Commissioner of Assam]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Chief Commissioner of Assam]] | years=1874–1878}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Stewart Colvin Bayley]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keatinge, Richard Harte}}
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials in West Sussex]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish people]]
[[Category:Irish officers in the British Army]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:Bombay Artillery officers]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian Staff Corps officers]]
[[Category:Bombay Staff Corps officers]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]

Shaheen falcon

2025-12-04T02:25:03Z

Rozella5628:

{{Short description|Subspecies of bird}}
{{Subspeciesbox
| name = Shaheen Falcon
| image = Shaheen falcon.jpg
| image_caption = Shaheen falcon in [[Ramakkalmedu]], [[Kerala]], India.
| status =
| status_system =
| status_ref =
| genus = Falco
| species_link = Peregrine falcon
| species = peregrinus
| subspecies = peregrinator
| authority = [[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]], 1837<ref name=itis>{{ cite web | title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Falco peregrinus peregrinator | url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=824665 | work=Integrated Taxonomic Information System | access-date=2014-04-18 }}</ref>
| synonyms = *''Falco atriceps''
* ''Falco shaheen''
| range_map = Shaheen_distribution.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution limits based on Döttlinger (2002)
}}

The '''shaheen falcon''' ('''''Falco peregrinus peregrinator'''''), also known as '''black shaheen''' and '''Indian peregrine falcon''', is a non-migratory [[subspecies]] of the [[peregrine falcon]] found mainly in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=HBW>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Birds of the World: New World Vultures to Guineafowl |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Elliot |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=J. |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |year=1994 |volume=2 |pages=216–275, plates 24–28] |isbn=978-84-87334-15-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Döttlinger|first1=Hermann|last2=Nicholls|first2=Mike| year=2005 | title=Distribution and population trends of the 'black shaheen' Peregrine Falcon ''Falco peregrinus peregrinator'' and the eastern Peregrine Falcon ''F. p. calidus'' in Sri Lanka |journal=Forktail |volume=21 | pages=133–138 |url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Dottlinger-Peregrine.pdf}}</ref> It has also been described as a migratory subspecies.<ref name=molard2007>{{cite journal | last1=Molard |first1=Laurent|last2=Kéry|first2=Marc|first3=Clayton M.|last3=White|title=Estimating the resident population size of Peregrine Falcon ''Falco peregrinus'' in Peninsular Malaysia | journal=Forktail |volume=23 |year=2007|pages=87–91|url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Molard-Peregrine.pdf}} Describes subspecies ''peregrinator'' "from Pakistan and Sri Lanka", says "current range...is defined as extending eastward into northern Myanmar and central and south-eastern China", and possibly as vagrants in Malaysia, but that their taxonomic status in some regions is uncertain.</ref> The word ''shaheen'' in these names may also be spelled as ''shahin''.<ref name=paas1965/> This species was termed as the black shaheen by falconers to separate it from the ''true'' shaheen of Persian literature (the [[Barbary falcon]]).

==Etymology==
Shaheen and other variations come from Middle Persian šāhēn (literally "majestic, kingly") and the given name Šāhēn. Compare Middle Armenian շահէն (šahēn) and Old Armenian Շահէն (Šahēn). It has two meanings in Persian/Farsi: falcon, especially the [[Barbary falcon]]; the second meaning being a pointer of a scale.<ref>[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86#Persian Wiktionairy - Shaheen]</ref><ref name="names2">[http://globalraptors.org/grin/SpeciesResults.asp?specID=8248 Various meanings of Shahin], ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180426130249/http://globalraptors.org/grin/SpeciesResults.asp?specID=8248 archive])</ref> Scholars of Persian and the Russian ornithologist [[Georgi Petrovich Dementiev]] have noted that the name shaheen in Persian literature actually referred to ''[[Peregrine falcon#Subspecies|Falco peregrinus babylonicus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|title= On the shaheen Falco peregrinus babylonicus| author=Dementiev, G.P. |year=1957| journal=Ibis| volume=99| issue=3| pages=477–482|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1957.tb01961.x}}</ref><ref name=phillott>{{cite journal| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31678411 |author=Phillott, D. C. |year=1907|title= Note on the Shahin Falcons (Falco peregrinator and F. barbarus, Blanford)| journal= Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal | volume=3|pages=389–393}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Peregrine Falcon on Perch (CSMVS 15.302).jpg|thumb|left|Shaheen falcon, miniature by [[Ustad Mansur|Mansur]]. [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] India, early 17th-century. [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]]]]
The taxon was formally described by [[Carl Jakob Sundevall]] in 1837 as a separate species ''Falco peregrinator'', based on a juvenile specimen caught on a ship between Sri Lanka and the Nicobar Islands.<ref name=dot2002/><ref name=Avibase>{{cite web|title=Avibase the world bird database|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=A7814DCB34C6D173}}</ref> Its taxonomic status as a subspecies of ''Falco peregrinus'' has been controversial for several years.<ref name=dot2002>{{cite book|last=Döttlinger|first=Hermann|title=The Black Shaheen Falcon (''Falco peregrinus peregrinator'' Sundevall 1837): Its Morphology, Geographic Variation and the History and Ecology of the Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Population|year=2002|publisher=University of Kent|isbn=978-3-8311-3626-1|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pgQKHGqYXtgC&pg=PA1 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=pgQKHGqYXtgC&pg=PA3 3–4], [https://books.google.com/books?id=pgQKHGqYXtgC&pg=PA119 119]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Rodríguez|first1=Beneharo|first2=Felipe |last2=Siverio|first3=Manuel |last3=Siverio|first4=Airam |last4=Rodríguez|title=Variable plumage coloration of breeding Barbary Falcons ''Falco (peregrinus) pelegrinoides'' in the Canary Islands: do other Peregrine Falcon subspecies also occur in the archipelago?|year=2011|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|volume=131|issue=3|pages=140–156|url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/45128/1/Rodriguez%20et%20al%202011%20Bull%20BOC.pdf }}</ref> Amidst conflicting views by ornithologists in the mid-19th century, the shaheen falcon was described as three new species: ''Falco shaheen'' from south India was described by Jerdon in 1839, ''Falco micrurus'' from Nepal and Burma was described by Hodgson in 1844, and ''Falco atriceps'' from Northern India was described by Hume in 1869. These three species were generally accepted as distinct until around the turn of the century, when all three were lumped together with Sundevall's ''Falco peregrinator'' as ''Falco peregrinus peregrinator''.<ref name=dot2002/><ref>{{cite book|last=Hartert|first=Ernst|title=Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna: Systematische Übersicht der in Europa, Nord-Asien und der Mittelmeerregion vorkommenden Vögel|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14031590|volume=Band 2|date=1912–1921|publisher=Verlag von R. Friedländer & Sohn|location=Berlin|language=de|page=1051}}</ref>

The subspecies name ''peregrinator'', Latin for a wanderer or habitual traveler, was selected by Sundevall for its similarity to the species name ''peregrinus'' of the peregrine falcon, because Sundevall recognised the close similarity of his new bird to that.<ref name="Sundevall">{{cite web | last=Sundevall | first=Carl Jakob | title=VII. Foglar från Calcutta, samlade och beskrifne af Carl J. Sundevall |language=no |journal=Physiographiska Sällskapets Tidskrift | volume=1 (1837) | date=1837 |pages=177–179 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2604999 | access-date=2024-12-12}}</ref>

The common English name ''shahin'' should not be confused with the same word in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]], [[Persian language|Persian]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Ramdhun|editor=Madhub Chunder Sen|title=A Dictionary in Persian and English, with Pronunciation of Persian Words in the Roman character|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T1bAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA111|edition=2nd|year=1841|location=Calcutta|page=111|quote=شاهين, sháhín, a species of falcon.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D17602010%26ct%3D14 | work=Persian Literature in Translation | publisher= The Packard Humanities Institute (PHI) | title=The Sikandar Nama,e Bara | quote='Sháhín' signifies—a royal white falcon (bahrí); the beam of a pair of scales; and one of the two stars of the constellation of the eagle. | access-date=2014-04-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Awde|first1=Nicholas|last2=Shahribaf|first2=Camilla|title=Farsi: Farsi-English, English-Farsi Dictionary & Phrasebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fe6c8B0Vj0AC&pg=PA52|year=2006|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=978-0-7818-1073-9|page=52|quote='''shâhin''' falcon}}</ref> the [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]] Turkish,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Redhouse|first1=James William|last2=Wells|first2=Charles|title=An English and Turkish dictionary. [Entitled] Redhouse's Turkish dictionary in Two Parts, English and Turkish, and Turkish and English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpwCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA610|edition=2nd|year=1880|publisher=Bernard Quaritch|location=London|page=610|quote=شاهين, shāhin, ''s. t.,'' A royal falcon.}}</ref> and the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language]] [[Arabic]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Catafago|first=Joseph|title=An English and Arabic Dictionary, in Two Parts, Arabic and English, and English and Arabic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA514|year=1858|publisher=Bernard Quaritch|location=London|page=514}}</ref> where it may refer to falcons or a species of falcon. In the Indo-European language [[Hindi]], ''shahin'' or ''shahin kohi'' (koh refers to a hill<ref name=phillott />) refer to females of ''F. p. peregrinator'', while males of the subspecies are referred to as ''kohila''.<ref name=paas1965>{{cite book|title=Pakistan Journal of Science|year=1965|volume=17-18 | publisher=Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science.|page=157|quote=142. The Shahin Falcon. ''Falco peregrinus peregrinator'' Sund (F. No. 1719. Vernacular names: Shahin Kohi (female), Kohila (male), (Hind). Abundance: Winter visitor. Food: Pigeons, parrots, bats, quails, partridges, duck.}}</ref><ref name="(Scotland).1872">{{cite book|title=History of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, Instituted September 22, 1831|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfcXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA324|volume=6: 1869-1872|year=1872|publisher=The Berwickshire Naturilists' Club|location=Alnwick|pages=324|quote=In the East, male and female species have different names... In like manner, we have the shahin and the kohila...}}</ref>

==Description==
The shaheen is a small and powerful-looking falcon with blackish upperparts, rufous underparts with fine, dark streaks, and white on the throat. The complete black face mask is sharply demarcated from the white throat. It has distinctive rufous underwing-coverts. It differs in all these features from the paler ''F. p. calidus'', which is a winter visitor to India, Sri Lanka, and elsewhere in southern Asia.<ref name=HBW/><ref name="BirdsofSriLanka">{{cite book|title=A Photographic Guide to Birds of Sri Lanka|year=2007|publisher=New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd|isbn=978-1-85974-511-3|first1=Gehan | last1 = de Silva Wijeratne|first2=Deepal | last2 = Warakagoda | first3 = T.S.U. | last3 = de Zylva| page=37 |chapter=Species description}}</ref> Males and females have similar markings and plumage; apart from size there is no [[sexual dimorphism]].<ref name=SinhalaKV1>{{cite book|title=Sinhala Kurulu Vishvakoshaya (Sinhala Bird Encyclopaedia) - Part 1|year=2007|publisher=Suriya Publishers|isbn=978-955-8892-94-7|author=Manjula Vijesundara|page=278}}</ref> The birds range in length from 38 to 44 cm.<ref name="BirdsofSriLanka" /> The male is about the size of a [[house crow]] (''Corvus splendens''); the female is larger.<ref name=SinhalaKV1 />

==Distribution and habitat==
The shaheen is found in [[South Asia|south]] and [[southeast Asia]], from [[Pakistan]] in the west, throughout [[India]],<ref name=molard2007/> [[Bangladesh]], Sri Lanka,<ref name=molard2007/> central and south-eastern [[China]],<ref name=molard2007/> and northern [[Myanmar]].<ref name=HBW/><ref name=molard2007/> In India, it has been recorded in all states mainly from rocky and hilly regions. The shaheen has also been reported from the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="Pande_et_al_2007">{{Citation |last1=Pande |first1=Satish |last2=Yosef |first2=Reuven|last3=Mahabal|first3=Anil|editor1-first=Janusz |editor1-last=Sielicki |others=Mizera, Tadeusz |title=Peregrine Falcon populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st Century |year=2009|publisher=European Peregrine Falcon Working Group and Society for the Protection of Wild animals "Falcon", Poland and Turl Publishing & Poznan University of Life Sciences Press, Warsaw-Poznan|isbn=978-83-920969-6-2 |pages=493–520 |chapter=Distribution of the Peregrine Falcon (''Falco peregrinus babylonicus'', ''F. p. calidus'' and ''F. p. peregrinator'') in India with some notes on the nesting habits of the Shaheen Falcon}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
The shaheen is the local resident species of the peregrine in [[Sri Lanka]]<ref name="BirdsofSriLanka" /> where it is uncommon but found throughout the island in the lowlands, and at elevations of up to 1200 m in the hill country,<ref name=SinhalaKV1 /> frequenting mountain cliffs and rock outcrops. The sheer cliff faces provide it with nest sites and serve as vantage points from which it can launch aerial strikes against fast-flying birds such as [[Swift (bird)|swift]]s.<ref name=ShF-GdSW>{{cite journal|journal=Synergy|date=June–July 2006|volume=3|issue=2|author=de Silva Wijeyeratne, G|title=The Shaheen Falcon—Sri Lanka through a Lens|page=53|issn=1391-9385 }}</ref> [[Sigiriya]] is a well known site for it.<ref name="BirdsofSriLanka" />

==Ecology and behaviour==
The shaheen is usually seen as a solitary bird, or in pairs on cliffs and rock pinnacles. Peregrines typically mate for life.<ref name=SinhalaKV1 /> Because of the size difference between a male and a female, a mated pair generally hunt different prey species. It is adapted to taking prey in the air and can achieve a speed of 240 kmh in level flight; when diving after prey it can exceed speeds of 320  kmh (200 mph).<ref name="F&WL">{{citation|author=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|title=All about the Peregrine falcon|year=1999|access-date=2007-08-13|url=http://www.fws.gov/endangered/recovery/peregrine/QandA.html#fast|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416195055/http://www.fws.gov/endangered/recovery/peregrine/QandA.html#fast|archive-date=2008-04-16}}</ref>

===Feeding===
Shaheens mostly hunt small birds, though medium-sized birds such as pigeons and parrots are also taken.<ref name=SinhalaKV1 /> Strong and fast, they dive from great heights to strike prey with their [[Talon (anatomy)|talons]]. If the impact does not kill the prey, the falcon bites the neck of its victim to ensure a kill.

===Breeding===
The reproductive season is from December to April. The birds occupy nests on high cliff ledges or in cavities and tunnels.<ref name=SinhalaKV1 /> They lay clutches of 3-4 eggs. The chicks fledge within 48 days with an average nesting success of 1.32 chicks per nest.<ref name="Pande_et_al_2007"/> In India the shaheen has been recorded as nesting on man-made structures such as buildings and mobile phone transmission towers.<ref name="Pande_et_al_2007"/>

==Status==
The conservation status of the shaheen in Sri Lanka is [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]].<ref name="BirdsofSriLanka" /> A preliminary population estimate of 40 breeding pairs there was made in 1996, based on a brief survey.<ref>{{Citation|author1=Döttlinger,Hermann |author2=Hoffmann,Thilo W |year=1999|title= Status of the Black Shaheen or Indian Peregrine Falcon ''Falco peregrinus peregrinator'' in Sri Lanka|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=96|issue=2|pages=239–243|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48582918}}</ref> The estimate was later corrected to 100 breeding pairs.<ref name="dot2002"/>

==In culture==
In [[Pakistani]] literature, the shaheen has a special association with the poetry of the country's national poet, [[Muhammad Iqbal|Allama Iqbal]].<ref name="nationalsymbol">{{cite web| url=http://www.nationalheritage.gov.pk/nationalsymbols.html| title=National Symbols of Pakistan| publisher=Government of Pakistan| access-date=2013-08-23| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827084404/http://nationalheritage.gov.pk/nationalsymbols.html| archive-date=2013-08-27}}</ref> It is regarded as the state bird of Pakistan,<ref name="nationalsymbol2">{{cite web |title=National Symbols of Pakistan |url=http://www.nationalheritage.gov.pk/nationalsymbols.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827084404/http://nationalheritage.gov.pk/nationalsymbols.html |archive-date=27 August 2013 |access-date=23 August 2013 |publisher=Government of Pakistan}}</ref> and appears on the official [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] logo. It is also used as a nickname for the [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistani cricket team]],<ref name="Shaikh2000">{{cite book|author=A. Rashid Shaikh|title=The Story of the Pakistan Air Force, 1988-1998: A Battle Against Odds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbLfAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Shaheen Foundation|isbn=978-969-8553-00-5}}</ref> and the [[Pakistan national football team]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sohail |first=Shahrukh |date=2023-06-11 |title=FOOTBALL: PAK FOOTBALL’S NEW DAWN? |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1758730 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khurram |first=Shahjahan |date=2023-09-19 |title=Pakistani footballers face financial issues ahead of FIFA World Cup 2026 Qualifier |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1111419-pakistan-football-suffers-ahead-of-fifa-world-cup-2026-qualifier |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=The Newspaper's Sports |date=2024-11-02 |title=Constantine departs after leading Pakistan to promised land |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1869230 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Aneesh |date=21 June 2023 |title=SAFF Championship 2023: Pakistan's foreign players in the spotlight ahead of titanic clash against India |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/saff-championship-2023-india-vs-pakistan-match-foreign-players-shahzad-anwar-igor-stimac-easah-suliman-otis-khan/article66992621.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621141522/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/saff-championship-2023-india-vs-pakistan-match-foreign-players-shahzad-anwar-igor-stimac-easah-suliman-otis-khan/article66992621.ece |archive-date=21 June 2023 |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=Sportstar}}</ref>

A misprinted 1992 Indian stamp in a "birds of prey" series showed a picture of an osprey, with the incorrect denomination and the name ''Shahin Kohila'', the Hindi name for female shaheen falcons; one of these stamps sold for £11,500 in a 2011 London auction.<ref name=paas1965/><ref>{{cite web | work=Moneylife | title=Indian stamps fetch handsome prices at London auction | url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/indian-sts-fetch-handsome-prices-at-london-auction/17611.html | date=2011-06-27 | author=Moneylife Digital Team | access-date=2014-04-21 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist | 2}}

==Further reading==
* Döttlinger, Hermann. (2002). The Black Shaheen Falcon (''Falco Peregrinus Peregrinator'' Sundevall 1837), its Morphology, Geographic Variation and the History and Ecology of the Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Population. {{ISBN|3-8311-3626-2}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3309750}}

[[Category:Falco (genus)|shaheen falcon]]
[[Category:Birds of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Birds of South Asia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:National symbols of India]]
[[Category:National symbols of Myanmar]]
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
[[Category:National symbols of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1837|shaheen falcon]]
[[Category:Subspecies]]

Bobby Singh (cinematographer)

2025-11-30T14:23:50Z

Rozella5628: clean up

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
'''Bobby Singh''' (1974 - 25 December 2012) was an Indian cinematographer who worked in Hindi films, most known for films like ''[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]'' (2006), ''[[Life in a Metro]]'' (2007), ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' (2011) and ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite web | title = The Dirty Picture cinematographer Bobby Singh dies, B-town mourns | newspaper = Hindustan Times | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-dirty-picture-cinematographer-bobby-singh-dies-b-town-mourns/article1-981065.aspx | date = 26 December 2012 | accessdate = 2014-03-22 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140322090923/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-dirty-picture-cinematographer-bobby-singh-dies-b-town-mourns/article1-981065.aspx | archivedate = 22 March 2014 }}</ref> He died following an asthma attack in Goa on 25 December 2012 at the age of 38.<ref name="India Today">{{cite web | title = Cinematographer Bobby Singh passes away|publisher=India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/cinematographer-bobby-singh-passes-away-125335-2012-12-25 |date= 26 December 2012|access-date = 2014-03-22 }}</ref>

==Career==
Singh started his career in 1999 as an assistant cameraman to [[Vikas Sivaraman]] on ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]'' (1999). Eventually, he made his debut as an independent cinematographer with the cult crime thriller ''[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]'' (2006) directed by [[Anurag Basu]] and starring [[Shiney Ahuja]], [[Emraan Hashmi]] and debutant [[Kangana Ranaut]]. He immediately worked again with Basu in ''[[Life in a Metro]]'' (2007). Both the films were highly acclaimed for their cinematography along with the direction and music. He later also did additional photography for ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2008) directed by [[A. R. Murugadoss]]. His next big film was [[Milan Luthria]]'s National Film Award-winning biopic ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' (2011) starring [[Vidya Balan]].<ref name="India Today"/><ref name=rediff>{{cite web | title = Bollywood expresses shock over Bobby Singh's death|publisher= Rediff.com movies | url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/report-bollywood-shocked-over-bobby-singh-s-death/20121227.htm |date=27 December 2012| accessdate = 2014-03-22 }}</ref>

He died suddenly following an asthma attack on 25 December 2012, at the age of 38. At the time, he was on a holiday in Goa, with wife and son.<ref>{{cite web | title = Cinematographer Bobby Singh passes away |publisher=DNA India| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-cinematographer-bobby-singh-passes-away-1781834 |date=26 December 2012| accessdate = 2014-03-22}}</ref> At the time of his death, he had completed the shooting of ''[[Special Chabbis]]'', which was released, posthumously, in February 2013. He had also shot 90% of Kangana Ranaut's ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'', directed by [[Vikas Bahl]], which was eventually released in 2014.<ref name=rediff/><ref>{{cite web | title = Anurag Basu stunned by cinematographer Bobby Singh's death | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Anurag-Basu-stunned-by-cinematographer-Bobby-Singhs-death/articleshow/17778974.cms |date= 27 December 2012| accessdate = 2014-03-22| newspaper = The Times of India}}</ref> Siddharth Diwan shot the remaining portions of the film.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
| ''[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Woh Lamhe]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Life in a Metro]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Kidnap (2008 film)|Kidnap]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[No Problem (2010 film)|No Problem]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
| ''[[Kucch Luv Jaisaa]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[The Dirty Picture]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Jannat 2]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Special 26]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]''
| Hindi
|
|}

==Personal life==
He is survived by his wife Radhika and son Sumer living in Mumbai, while his parents live in Ahmedabad. One of his family dogs died after bobby's death.<ref>{{cite web | title = Cinematographer Bobby Singh passes away |publisher=Indian Express | url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cinematographer-bobby-singh-passes-away/1050796/ |date=27 December 2012| accessdate = 2014-03-22 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb person}}
* {{BH person}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bobby}}
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from asthma]]

2024 India–Pakistan smog

2025-11-17T07:28:31Z

Rozella5628: made a pg

{{Short description|Record-breaking air pollution event in South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2024 India–Pakistan smog
| image = Seasonal Haze over Northern India (MODIS 2024-11-02).jpg
| caption = [[NASA]] satellite imaging of air pollution over [[North India]] on 31 October 2024
| date = {{startdate|2024|10|28|df=yes}} – ongoing
| time =
| place = Eastern and Northern [[Pakistan]], Northern [[India]]
| coordinates =
| type = Seasonal air pollution
| cause = Agricultural burning, vehicular traffic, coal burning, [[urbanization]], seasonal weather patterns, [[Diwali]] firework celebrations
| reported deaths = 3+
| reported injuries = ~1.8 million in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
| notes = [[Air quality index]] of 2,553 and [[PM2.5]] concentration of 947 μg per cubic metre reached in [[Multan]] on 8 November.
}}

The '''2024 India–Pakistan smog''' was a severe [[air pollution]] event that affected Eastern and Northern [[Pakistan]] and [[North India]] in November 2024, primarily in the Pakistani city of [[Lahore]] and Indian city of [[Delhi]]. The smog resulted in the overwhelming of the [[Healthcare in Pakistan|Pakistani healthcare system]] due to [[respiratory disease]] and throat and eye [[Irritation|irritations]], leading to widespread school closures and restrictions on public activities particularly in Pakistan's [[Punjab|Punjab region]].

== Background ==
In Pakistan, severe and hazardous air pollution emerges annually during winter months. Contributing factors include [[Agricultural waste|agricultural waste burning]], emissions from [[coal]]-powered facilities, vehicular traffic, and seasonal weather patterns. In the Punjab region, winter's colder, drier air masses trap pollutants close to the ground, unlike warmer air which typically disperses contamination upward.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite web |last1=Saifi |first1=Sophia |last2=Regan |first2=Helen |date=2024-11-11 |title=Toxic smog in Pakistan is so bad you can see it from space |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/11/asia/pakistan-punjab-pollution-satellite-images-climate-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Rapid [[Urbanisation in Pakistan|urbanization]] with insufficient [[Environmental law|environmental regulation]] has intensified air pollution during winter months.<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news |last1=Baloch |first1=Shah Meer |last2=Ellis-Petersen |first2=Hannah |date=2024-11-01 |title='More toxic than ever': Lahore and Delhi choked by smog as 'pollution season' begins |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/01/lahore-delhi-choked-smog-pollution-season-india-pakistan |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

== Smog ==
The air pollution generated in November 2024 in India and Pakistan was regarded by [[Climatology|climate researchers]] as an unprecedented intensification of the region's annual pollution cycle.<ref name="guardian" /> [[NASA]] [[Satellite imagery|satellite imaging]] showed a continuous cloud of smog that extended across the majority of eastern and northern Pakistan, as well as northwestern India.<ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web |last=Shafiq |first=Saman |date=2024-11-12 |title=India, Pakistan blanketed in smog so thick, it's visible from space: See pictures |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2024/11/12/india-pakistan-toxic-smog-smoke/76222117007/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rai |first=Arpan |date=2024-11-12 |title=Pakistan's toxic smog cover is now visible from space |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/pakistan-toxic-smog-visible-from-space-b2645413.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
In Lahore, Pakistan's second-largest city, [[air quality index]] (AQI) readings exceeded 1,200—four times the threshold considered hazardous to human health (300). It had the highest AQI reading globally on 7 November. Throughout [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]], with its population of 127 million, air quality indices frequently surpassed 1,000. In [[Multan]], levels of [[Particulates|PM2.5]], regarded by health experts as the most dangerous microscopic pollutant, reached concentrations of 947 μg per cubic metre on 8 November, nearly 190 times the [[World Health Organization]]'s safety guidelines.<ref name="cnn" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Nisha |date=9 November 2024 |title=Pakistan's Punjab turns into gas chamber: AQI in Multan dips to 2,500 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/pakistan-s-punjab-turns-into-gas-chamber-aqi-in-multan-dips-to-2-500-124110900180_1.html |access-date=12 November 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=As Pakistan chokes on smog, is the government doing enough? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/14/as-pakistan-chokes-on-smog-is-the-government-doing-enough |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> On the same day, Multan documented unprecedented AQI readings that reached 2,553.<ref name=":0" />

=== India ===
Pollution in [[Delhi]] reached drastic levels following [[Diwali]] celebrations, when illegal [[firecracker]] use temporarily pushed the city's pollution levels above Lahore's during the morning of 8 November. A local community health clinic reported that approximately 60% of patients presented with pollution-related illnesses, with children and elderly individuals particularly affected.<ref name="guardian" /> Delhi again became one of the most polluted cities in the world on 18 November, reaching an AQI reading of 1,500.<ref name="usatoday" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi air pollution levels at 'severe plus', authorities say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wj43vqdlpo |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.bbc.com |date=18 November 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The smog created severe health consequences across the region. The pollution surge overwhelmed Pakistan's healthcare system, with more than 30,000 patients seeking treatment for respiratory ailments in affected districts. The [[Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency]] reported unprecedented increases in cases of lung diseases, [[Allergy|allergies]], and eye and throat irritations in multiple districts including [[Faisalabad]], [[Multan]], and [[Gujranwala]].<ref name="cnn" /> By 12 November, 1.8 million people in Punjab province were estimated to have suffered respiratory or eye irritation-related health consequences due to the smog.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dogar |first=Babar |date=2024-11-12 |title=Growing pollution in Pakistan's Punjab province has sickened 1.8M people in a month, officials say |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-smog-punjab-huge-population-affected-304b37e0e98cf734d40a37a5ec908bd3 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

Children were especially vulnerable to health compilations during the crisis. [[UNICEF]] reported that over 11 million children under age five were exposed to hazardous air conditions in the worst-affected areas. Health experts emphasized children's heightened susceptibility due to their developing organs and [[Immune system|immune systems]], which could result in long-term detrimental health impacts. [[Save the Children|Save the Children Pakistan]] noted that beyond immediate health risks, the crisis disrupted education and increased children's vulnerability to infectious diseases.<ref name="cnn" />

The smog disproportionately impacted households with lower socioeconomic standings due to the prohibitive cost of [[air purifier]]s necessary to mitigate indoor air pollution.<ref name="aljazeera">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Photos: Pakistan's record smog affects children, forces people home |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/11/11/children-constantly-coughing-pakistans-record-smog-forces-people-home |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Historian [[Ammar Ali Jan]] referred to the impact of the smog as "a form of [[Environmental justice|environmental apartheid]]".<ref name="guardian" /> Several Lahore residents described the city as having become "unlivable" due to the intense smog.<ref name="guardian" /> Three deaths from vehicle accidents were attributed to the smog in [[Faisalabad]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Couple dies as car hits bike in smog|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1871947/couple-dies-as-car-hits-bike-in-smog|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=13 November 2024|access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>

== Response ==
In November 2024, the [[government of Pakistan]] implemented several restrictions in order to limit the impact of the smog on civilian health. Schools and government offices were shut down until 17 November, while parks, zoos, museums, and historical sites in 18 impacted districts were closed for 10 days. In addition, the government implemented restrictions on outdoor activities including sports events and outdoor dining in four districts, which included Lahore, while early closure requirements were implemented for markets and shops, excepting services deemed essential such as gas stations, pharmacies, and certain food and medical stores. Certain high-smog devices were temporarily banned, including unfiltered [[barbecue]]s at restaurants and [[auto rickshaws]].<ref name="aljazeera" />

The smog prompted Punjab officials to attempt to initiate dialogue with the [[Government of India|Indian government]] regarding collaborative solutions in a letter.<ref name="cnn" /> [[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] Maryam Nawaz proposed "smog diplomacy" between India and Pakistan, stating that "air doesn't recognize borders."<ref name="guardian" />

== See also ==

* [[Air pollution in Delhi]]
* [[Air pollution in Lahore]]
* [[Air pollution in India]]
* [[Firecrackers in India]]

=== Other significant smog events ===

* [[1930 Meuse Valley fog]]
* [[1939 St. Louis smog]]
* [[1948 Donora smog]]
* [[2013 Northeastern China smog]]
* [[Great Smog of London]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Asia Pollution}}
{{Portal bar|Environment|India|Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024 India-Pakistan smog}}
[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in Pakistan]]
[[Category:2024 health disasters]]
[[Category:Air pollution in India]]
[[Category:Air pollution in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Disasters in Delhi]]
[[Category:Disasters in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Environmental disasters in India]]
[[Category:Environment of India]]
[[Category:Environment of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Environmental history of India]]
[[Category:Health disasters in India]]
[[Category:Health disasters in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Multan]]
[[Category:November 2024 in India]]
[[Category:November 2024 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pollution in India]]
[[Category:Pollution in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Smog events]]
[[Category:Environmental history of Pakistan]]

Sumer Singh (ruler)

2025-11-13T21:40:43Z

Rozella5628: made new biography w/ refs.

{{short description|Maharaja of Kishangarh (1939 - 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = Umdai Rajahai Buland Makan
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
| reign = 24 April 1939 – {{awrap|16 February 1971}}
| predecessor = [[Yagya Narayan Singh]]
| successor = Brijraj Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|01|27|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1971|01|16|1929|01|27|df=yes}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Gita Kumari|30 January 1948}}
| issue = {{ubl|Shree Kanwar|Nandini Kanwar|Brijraj Singh|Prithiviraj Singh}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kishangarh.svg}} [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
}}
'''Sumer Singh''' was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] from 1939 until his death in 1971.

== Early life, family, and education ==
He was born on 27 January 1929 to Budh Singh of Zorawarpura.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfjqAAAAMAAJ |title=Marvels of Kishangarh Paintings: From the Collection of the National Museum, New Delhi |date=2000 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-86050-43-9 |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> He was educated at [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36080 |title=Administration Report of The Kishangarh State for the Samvat Years 1998 and 1999 |publisher=Vedic Yantralaya |year=1944 |location=Ajmer |pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36209 |title=Administration Report of The Kishangarh State for the Samvat Year 1997 |date=1941 |pages=1–2}}</ref> He was a [[Rajput]] of the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] clan.<ref name=":0" />

He married on 30 January 1948, to Gita Kumari, daughter of Bahadursinhji Mansinhji, the [[Thakur (title)|Thakore]] of [[Palitana State|Palitana]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=KISHANGARH |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kishangarh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515223816/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kishangarh.html |archive-date=2017-05-15 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> They had four children: two daughters, Shree Kanwar and Nandini Kanwar, and two sons, Brijraj Singh and Prithiviraj Singh.<ref name=":2" />

== Reign ==
When [[Yagya Narayan Singh]] died on 3 February 1939 without leaving a male heir, his widow, in accordance with her late husband's wishes, adopted Sumer as son and heir.<ref name=":3" /> His turban ceremony was duly performed.<ref name=":3" /> His adoption and succession were approved by the [[Governor-General of India]] and announced by of C.L. Cornfield, the resident at [[Jaipur]] during a [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] held at [[Kishangarh]] on 24 April 1939.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gANt-dn7O98C |title=Memoranda on the Indian States, 1940 (corrected Up to the 1st January 1940). |date=1940 |publisher=Manager of Publications |pages=278 |language=en}}</ref> As he was a minor at the time, the administration of the state was placed under the supervision of a council consisting of four members.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=McClenaghan |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States |date=1996 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref> This council was to act under the advice of the resident at [[Jaipur]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> When he came of age, he was invested with full ruling powers on 5 June 1947.<ref name=":5" /> To commemorate the occasion, he instituted a medal.<ref name=":5" /> Some time afterwards, he signed the [[Instrument of Accession|instrument of accession]], by which his state acceded to the [[Dominion of India]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=1110 |language=en}}</ref> He established a State Assembly and conducted elections.<ref name=":6" /> The [[Government of India]] later concluded that [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] was a small state and decided to merge it into [[Ajmer-Merwara]].<ref name=":6" /> He was summoned to [[Delhi]] to sign the merger agreement, which he did on 26 September 1947.<ref name=":6" />

== Death ==
On 16 February 1971, he drove out of his palace in the evening in his [[Fiat]] car, which bore the registration number Kishangarh No. 11.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxPlAAAAMAAJ |title=Leaves from a Policeman's Diary |date=1992 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-360-2 |pages=62 |language=en}}</ref> While he was travelling on the [[Kishangarh]]–[[Ajmer]] road, a person seated in his car fired a shot and killed him approximately 4 kilometres after Madan Ganj.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sumahendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPPqAAAAMAAJ |title=Splendid Style of Kishangarh Painting |date=1995 |publisher=Jaipur Printers, Publication Division |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUYZAAAAIAAJ |title=Imprint |date=1982 |publisher=Business Press |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref> He was succeeded by Brijraj Singh.<ref name=":1" />

== Titles and styles ==
His full style was: "[[His Highness]] Umdai Rajahai Buland Makan [[Maharaja]] [[Shri]] Sumer Singh, [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_YvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=255 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Maharajas in Rajputana]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Rathore (clan)]]
[[Category:Mayo College alumni]]
[[Category:Kishangarh]]

Tso Tang

2025-11-10T06:25:24Z

Rozella5628: made a info more to come.

{{Short description|Alkaline lake in Aksai Chin}}

{{Infobox body of water
| name = Tso Tang
| native_name = {{Native name|bo|མཚོ་ཐང}}
| image = Tso Tang 2022-08-22 Sentinel-2 L2A True color.jpg
| caption = [[Sentinel-2]] image (2022)
| location = [[Aksai Chin]], [[Hotan Prefecture]], [[Xinjiang]]
| coords = {{coord|34|53|42.96|N|79|21|29.94|E|type:mountain_region:CN-NA_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|38|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{convert|4800|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| islands =
| cities =
| frozen = Winter
| pushpin_map = China Xinjiang Southern
| pushpin_relief = y
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| website =
| reference =
| mapframe = yes
}}

{{Infobox Chinese
|s=到腾格湖<ref>{{Cite journal
| title = Evolution of the Lakes in the Karakorumwest Kunlun Mountains
| author = Li Bingyuan
| year = 1991
| volume = 11
| number = 1
| journal = Quaternary Sciences
| access-date = 2 February 2022
| url = http://en.igg-journals.cn/article/id/dsjyj_10061
| issn = 1001-7410
| quote = 高湖面时它与到腾格湖是一个统一的大湖
| archive-date = 3 February 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220203205322/http://en.igg-journals.cn/article/id/dsjyj_10061
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
|p=dàoténggé hú
|s2=列腾格湖<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = Li Xiaofeng
| title = Spatial-temporal variations in lakes in northwest China from 2000 to 2014
| year = 2018
| journal = Acta Ecologica Sinica
| volume = 38
| doi = 10.5846/stxb201612262677
| url = http://www.ecologica.cn/stxb/article/abstract/stxb201612262677
| quote = 另一湖泊萎缩区(D区, 图 4)包括土布拉克湖、红山湖、列腾格湖和萨力吉勒干南库勒4个湖泊, 位于国道219与喀拉喀什河流域之间。
| issn = 1000-0933
| access-date = 2 February 2022
| url-access = subscription
}}</ref>
|p2=lièténggé hú
|s3=倒腾格湖
|p3=dǎotenggé hú
|tib=མཚོ་ཐང
|literal_tibetan=Lake of the Plain
|wylie=mtsho thang
|thdl=tso tang
}}

'''Tso Tang''' (Historically ''Tso Thang'';<ref name="cayley1868"/> {{bo|t=མཚོ་ཐང}}; {{literal translation|Lake of the Plain}}<ref name="cayley1868"/>) is an [[alkaline lake]] located in the disputed territory of [[Aksai Chin]] in [[Hotan Prefecture]] of [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang province]] of [[China]].

== History ==
In the late 1800s, in order to facilitate trade between the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the [[Tarim Basin]], the British attempted to promote a caravan route via the [[Chang Chenmo River|Chang Chenmo]] Valley as an alternative to the difficult and tariffed [[Karakoram Pass]].<ref name="Kohli2000">{{cite book |first=Harish |last=Kohli |title=Across the Frozen Himalaya: The Epic Winter Ski Traverse from Karakoram to Lipu Lekh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJK0A1pZHt8C&pg=PA87 |year=2000 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-106-1 |pages=86–87 |quote=the five difficult passes through the Karakorams posed a barrier ... Cayley reconnoitered a route that went through the Changchenmo ranges ... if anything these new passes were higher than the ones they replaced, and the land in between them was also higher. ... The route had another advantage in that trade from British India could flow through Kulu via Changchenmo to Yarkand, completely bypassing the customs officials of the Maharaja at Leh.}}</ref> Tso Tang was on this route. British Army surgeon [[Henry Cayley]] who was part of a mission to [[Yarkand]] that took this route noted the lake as "brackish but quite potable."<ref name="cayley1868">{{Cite report
| title = Report on the Route to the Karakash River via Changchenmoo Valley and Pass
| first = Henry
| last = Cayley
| author-link = Henry Cayley
| date = 18 August 1868
| editor = Henry Brabazon Urmston
| publication-date = 1869
| work = Selections from the Records of the Government of the Punjab and Its Dependencies
| series = New Series. No. II
| publisher = Government Press
| location = Lahore
| access-date = 2 February 2022
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wpwIAAAAQAAJ
| pages = 34–35
| quote = a large lake called Tso-thang ("Lake of the Plain"), and encamping on its margin, the water of the lake is somewhat brackish, but quite potable; fuel is found near it
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Lakes of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Geography of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Hotan Prefecture]]
[[Category:China in the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Aksai Chin]]

{{lake-stub}}

Ajith Kumar (biologist)

2025-10-28T21:38:39Z

Rozella5628: made a bio

{{Short description|Indian wildlife biologist and conservationist}}
{{other uses|Ajit Kumar (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Ajith Kumar
| image = Ajith Kumar DSCN2218.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1952
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|3|1|1952}}
| death_place = [[Pachmarhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| known_for = Wildlife biology
| education = [[Master of Science|MSc]] in zoology, [[University of Kerala]]; [[PhD]] [[Cambridge University]]
| alma_mater =
| employer = [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], [[Wildlife Institute of India]], Centre for Wildlife Studies, [[Wildlife Conservation Society]], [[Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History]]
| occupation = [[Wildlife biologist|Wildlife biology]]
| years_active = 1985–2025
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| awards =
| parents =
| relations =
| callsign =
| signature =
| website = https://catalogue.archives.ncbs.res.in/repositories/2/resources/17
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ajith Kumar''' (1952–March 1, 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Rhett Ayers |date=2025-03-02 |title=Indian wildlife biologist Ajith Kumar has died |url=https://news.mongabay.com/short-article/indian-wildlife-biologist-ajith-kumar-dies-at-72/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> was an Indian [[wildlife biologist]] and [[Conservation biology|conservationist]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Devarajan |first=Kadambari |date=2025-03-22 |title=An unparalleled conservationist |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/an-unparalleled-conservationist/article69334133.ece |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> well known for his contributions to the ecology and conservation of [[Primate|primates]] such as the [[Endangered species|endangered]] [[lion-tailed macaque]], and [[Small mammal|small mammals]], with a career spanning over four decades of research,<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=C. W. S. |date=2025-03-02 |title=A Tribute to Dr. Ajith Kumar: Extraordinary Wildlife Biologist, Beloved Mentor and Friend - Centre for Wildlife Studies |url=https://cwsindia.org/tribute-dr-ajith-kumar/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Talk by Dr. Ajit Kumar, India's Leading Primatologist, CWS, Bangalore, Nov 08, 2019 |url=https://www.conservationindia.org/events/talk-by-dr-ajit-kumar-indias-leading-primatologist-cws-bangalore-nov-08-2019 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Conservation India |language=en-US}}</ref> teaching<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty {{!}} Masters in Wildlife Biology & Conservation |url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/mscprogram/faculty |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.ncbs.res.in}}</ref> and conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Environment & Forests & Climate Change, Government of India |date=2 October 2014 |title=List of experts for preparation of Wildlife Management Plan |url=https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2018/03/F.No_.6-1332014-Wl(Pt.)List%20of%20experts%20%20for%20WLMP34.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005071517/https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2018/03/F.No_.6-1332014-Wl(Pt.)List%20of%20experts%20%20for%20WLMP34.pdf |archive-date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=moef.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> His work contributed significantly to the understanding of rainforest ecology, habitat fragmentation,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sivaganesan |first1=N |url=https://www.sacon.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/1998-PR69.pdf |title=Status of wildlife corridors and their use by mammals with special reference to selected endangered mammals in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve |last2=Kumar |first2=Ajith |date=March 1997 |publisher=Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology & Natural History }}</ref> and species conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-01 |title=Talk on Lion-Tailed Macaque held at Mysuru Zoo |url=https://starofmysore.com/talk-on-lion-tailed-macaque-held-at-mysuru-zoo/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref> Along with [[K. Ullas Karanth|Ullas Karanth]] and other collaborators, he was instrumental in establishing a Masters course in wildlife biology and conservation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Against the tide: NCBS's wildlife students {{!}} NCBS news |url=https://news.ncbs.res.in/archivednews/story/against-tide-ncbss-wildlife-students |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=news.ncbs.res.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanyan |first=Shamala Kittane |date=2013-03-03 |title=Can you get a degree in wildlife in India? |url=https://citizenmatters.in/4977-know-more-about-the-national-centre-for-biological-sciences/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Citizen Matters |language=en-US}}</ref> at the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Collection: Ajith Kumar Papers {{!}} Archives at NCBS |url=https://catalogue.archives.ncbs.res.in/repositories/2/resources/17 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=catalogue.archives.ncbs.res.in}}</ref> serving as the founding course director from its inception in 2004 till 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Memoriam: Dr. Ajith Kumar (1953–2025) |url=https://www.wti.org.in/news/in-memoriam-dr-ajith-kumar-1955-2025/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Wildlife Trust of India |language=en-US}}</ref> His early field notes and works have been archived<ref name=":0" /> in the NCBS Archives initiative, a public collecting centre for the history of science in contemporary India.<ref name=":0" /> He served as a member of the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] Primate Specialist Group which aims to "promote research on the ecology and conservation of hundreds of primate species".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primates-SG - Home |url=http://www.primate-sg.org/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.primate-sg.org |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ajith}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]

S. Kiusumew Yimchunger

2025-10-21T11:13:19Z

Rozella5628:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
'''S. Kiusumew Yimchunger''' (born 1961)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=S. Kiusumew Yimchunger(NDPP):Constituency- PUNGRO KIPHIRE (ST)(KIPHIRE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6876 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is an MLA from [[Pungro–Kiphire Assembly constituency|Pungro Kiphire Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes, in [[Kiphire district|Kiphire District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing Naga People's Front.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S. Kiusumew Yimchunger in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/s-kiusumew-yimchunger-pungro-kiphire-candidate-s17a060c003/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly election result updates {{!}} Rio set to be chief minister for record fifth term |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/nagaland-assembly/nagaland-assembly-elections-results-march-2-2023/article66566908.ece |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is the chief minister's advisor on Home Guards, Civil Defence and Fire and Emergency Services, to the government of Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-04-22 |title=Advisor Kiusumew Yimchunger labours at Lower Tizu ahead of CM’s visit |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/advisor-kiusumew-yimchunger-labours-at-lower-tizu-ahead-of-cms-visit/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Yimchunger is from Pungro, Kiphire District, Nagaland. He is the son of Supikiu. He studied Class 8 and passed the examination conducted by Nagaland Board of School Education in 1979.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Yimchunger won from Pungro Kiphire Assembly constituency representing [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] in the 2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election. He polled 16,098 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, [[T. Yangseo Sangtam]] of the [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]], by a margin of 2,291 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Election Results 2023: Full List of Winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nagaland-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners/2997494/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Election Results 2023: Check full list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-check-full-list-of-constituency-wise-winners-2341587-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Elections Result 2023 Winners List Live: Check The Full List Of Winners |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/nagaland-election-results-2023-winners-live-updates-nagaland-results-complete-winners-name-list-bjp-npf-jd-npp-ndpp-1585557 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yimchunger, S. Kiusumew}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party politicians]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Kiphire district]]

Dwarak Warrier

2025-09-27T06:12:14Z

Rozella5628: added some info added tags!

{{Short description|Indian Sound Designer and Sound Mixer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dwarak Warrier
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Hareendranath Dwarak Warrier
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Sound engineer]]
| yearsactive = 2000 – present
| website =
}}

'''Hareendranath Dwarak Warrier''' (Malayalam:'''ഹരീന്ദ്രനാഥ് ദ്വാരക് വാര്യർ '''), better known as '''Dwarak Warrier''' is an Indian [[sound designer]] and [[Re-recording mixer|sound mixer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-14/news/30627529_1_sound-film-industry-ram-gopal-varma|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102064954/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-14/news/30627529_1_sound-film-industry-ram-gopal-varma|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2014|title=People : Dwarak Warrier |work=The Times of India |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> He has worked in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Malayalam Cinema|Malayalam]], and [[Cinema of France|French]] cinemas.

==Biography==

Dwarak Warrier, who hails from Thiruvananthapuram, is a 1992 graduate from [[Film and Television Institute of India]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rgv-ram-gopal-varma.blogspot.in/2013/12/ram-gopal-varma-blog-121-sound-of.html|title=Blog #121. The Sound of Silence|publisher=[[RGVzoomin]] |accessdate=2013-12-10}}</ref> [[Pune]]. He is known for his association with director [[Ram Gopal Varma]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/resounding-success/article3333654.ece|title=Resounding Success |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-04-20}}</ref> He is currently working as Content Services Engineer at [[Dolby Laboratories]].

==Filmography==

===Feature films===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Language
! Notes
! Credit
|-
| 2012
|''[[Dabangg 2]]''
| Arbaaz Khan
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2012
|''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]''
| Kabir Khan
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2012
|''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]''
| Sriram Raghavan
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-
| 2011
|''[[Not a Love Story (2011 film)|Not a Love Story]]''
| Ram Gopal Varma
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2011
|''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]''
| Abhinay Deo
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2011
|''[[Stanley Ka Dabba]]''
| Amole Gupte
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2010
|''[[Badmaash Company]]''
| Parmeeet Sethi
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Supervising Sound Editor
|-
| 2010
|''[[Aladin (film)|Aladin]]''
| Sujoy Ghosh
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2009
|''[[Agyaat]]''
| Ram Gopal Varma
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2009
|''[[Luck (2009 film)|Luck]]''
| Soham Shah
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
|-
| 2008
|''[[Jumbo (2008 film)|Jumbo]]''
| Kompin Kemgumnird
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Supervising Sound Editor
|-
| 2008
|''[[Kidnap (2008 film)|Kidnap]]''
| Sanjay Gadhvi
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2008
|''[[Love Story 2050]]''
| Harry Baweja
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2008
|''[[Bhoothnath]]''
| Vivek Sharma
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Effects Designer
|-
| 2007
|''[[Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal]]''
| Vivek Agnihotri
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2007
|''[[Unni (2007 film)|Unni]]''
| Murali Nair
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-
| 2007
|''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]''
| Sriram Raghavan
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2006
|''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]''
| Ravi Chopra
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-
| 2006
|''[[Dhoom 2]]''
| Sanjay Gadhvi
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Supervising Sound Editor
|-
| 2006
|''[[Darna Zaroori Hai]]''
| Ram Gopal Varma, J.D Chakravarthy, Manish Gupta, Prawal Raman, Sajid Khan, Jijy Philip, Vivek Shah
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2005
|''[[James (2005 film)|James]]''
| Rohit Jugraj
| [[Hindi]]
| Produced by Ram Gopal Varma
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2005
|''[[Kaal (2005 film)|Kaal]]''
| Soham Shah
| [[Hindi]]
| Produced by Shah Rukh Khan
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2004
|''[[Naach (2004 film)|Naach]]''
| Ram Gopal Varma
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2004
|''[[Dhoom]]''
| Sanjay Gadhvi
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Audiographer
|-
| 2004
|''[[Gayab]]''
| Prawaal Raman
| [[Hindi]]
| Produced by Ram Gopal Varma
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2004
|''[[Ab Tak Chhappan]]''
| Shimit Amin
| [[Hindi]]
| Produced by Ram Gopal Varma
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2004
|''[[Ek Hasina Thi (film)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''
| Sriram Raghavan
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Supervising Sound Editor
|-
| 2003
|''[[Jhankaar Beats]]''
| Sujoy Ghosh
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
|-
| 2003
|''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]''
| Ram Gopal Varma
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2002
|''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]''
| Ram Gopal Varma
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2001
|''[[Aśoka (film)|Aśoka]]''
| Santosh Sivan
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Effects Designer
|-
| 2000
|''[[Jungle (2000 film)|Jungle]]''
| Ram Gopal Varma
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 1999
|''[[Naukar Ki Kameez]]''
| Mani Kaul
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Audiographer
|-
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Language
! Notes
! Credit
|-
| 2013
|''Avec Mes Souvenirs''
| Vinayak Radhakrishnan
| [[French language|French]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
| 2012
|''Death of a Tune''
| Vinayak Radhakrishnan
| [[French language|French]]
|
| Sound Designer
|-
|}

===Documentaries===

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Topic
! Credit
|-
| 2009
|''[[One Crazy Ride]]''
| Gaurav Jani
| Journey across Himalayas
| Re-recording Mixer
|-
| 2006
|''[[Riding Solo to the Top of the World]]''
| Gaurav Jani
| Experience of a lonesome traveler
| Re-recording Mixer
|-
| 2006
|''The Return''
| Carl Parker
| Riding Western China
| Re-recording Mixer
|-
|}

==Awards==

'''[[Filmfare Awards]]'''
* 2004 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]] – ''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]''
* 2005 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]] – ''[[Dhoom]]''
* 2008 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]] – ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]''

'''[[Screen Awards]]'''
* 2002 – Best Sound Design – ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]''
* 2004 – Best Sound Design – ''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]''

'''[[Zee Cine Awards]]'''
* 2004 – Best Audiography – ''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]''

'''[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]'''
* 2004 – Best Sound Design – ''[[Dhoom 2]]''

'''Indian Documentary Producer's Association Awards'''
* 2006 – Best Sound Design – ''[[Riding Solo to the Top of the World]]''

'''Sansui Viewer's Choice Movie Awards'''
* 2004 – Best Sound Design – ''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]''

'''[[Star Guild Awards]]'''
* 2004 – Best Sound Recording – ''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]''

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1072369}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150208180808/http://www.graftii.org/content/hareendranath-dwarak ''Hareendranath Dwarak''] at [[graftii.org]]
*[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3333654.ece ''Resounding Success''] at [[The Hindu|thehindu.com]]
*[http://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/dwarak-warrier/10348 ''Dwarak Warrier''] at [[bollywoodmdb.com]]
*[http://www.fandango.com/dwarakwarrier/overview/p358442 ] at [[fandango.com]]
*[http://dirttrackproductions.com/dirttrackers.html ''Dwarak Warrier''] at [[dirttrackproductions.com]]
*[http://www.moviebuff.com/dwarak-warrier "Dwarak Warrier"] at [[moviebuff.com]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warrier, Dwarak}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Musicians from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian sound designers]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]

Sagar (actor)

2025-09-27T05:47:08Z

Rozella5628:

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language actor (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Sagar Naidu.jpg
| name = Sagar
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = {{hlist| Actor}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Soundarya|06 October 2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lovelytelugu.com/mogalirekulu-serial-fame-sagar-marriage-photos/|title=Mogalirekulu Serial fame Sagar Marriage Photos| website=[[Lovely Telugu]]|date=9 October 2017}}
</ref>
| yearsactive = 2006–present
}}

'''Sagar''' is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] television. He is known for essaying the lead role in [[Chakravakam (TV serial)|''Chakravakam'']] (2006) and ''[[Mogali Rekulu]]'' (2008–2013). Sagar is a recipient of [[Nandi Awards|Nandi TV Award]] for Best Actor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-30|title=BVS Ravi's production with Mogalirekulu Sagar|url=https://telugucinema.com/news/bvs-ravis-production-with-mogalirekulu-sagar|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Telugu Cinema|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='మొగలిరేకులు' ఆర్కే నాయుడు విరాళం.. కేటీఆర్‌కు చెక్ అందజేత|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/mogalirekulu-actor-rk-naidu-aka-sagar-donated-5-lakhs-to-telangana-cm-relief-fund-to-fight-against-coronavirus/articleshow/75047561.cms|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sagar has appeared in the television shows ''[[Chakravakam (TV serial)|Chakravakam]]'' and ''[[Mogali Rekulu]]''. He has rejected movie offers from popular production houses citing time issues majorly due to his commitments on TV.

He played the lead role in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Shaadi Mubarak (film)|Shaadi Mubarak]],'' produced by [[Dil Raju]] and released in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Shaadi Mubarak Teaser: షాదీ ముబారక్ టీజర్|url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/shaadi-mubarak-teaser-of-starring-sagar-rk-naidu-drishya-raghunath-40419|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Zee News Telugu|language=te}}</ref> He then signed a film under the production of screenwriter [[B. V. S. Ravi]].<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Sagar married Soundarya in 2017. The couple has a son and a daughter.<ref name=":0" />

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2001
|''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]''
|Speaker
|Uncredited role
|
|-
|2011
|[[Mr. Perfect (film)|''Mr. Perfect'']]
|Shiva
|
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-30|title=ఆర్కే నాయుడుతో దిల్‌రాజు 'షాదీ ముబారక్'‌ - Shaadi Mubarak Sagar|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/dil-raju-making-shaadi-mubarak-with-serial-star-321142.html|access-date=2021-02-17|website=TV9 Telugu|language=te}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''Siddhartha''
|Surya / Siddhartha
|Debut as lead role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mogali-Rekulu-star-Sagar-talks-about-his-debut-film-Siddhartha/articleshow/54332124.cms
|title=Mogali Rekulu star Sagar talks about his debut film Siddhartha|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Man of the Match''
|Abhi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/TV-actor-Sagar-bags-another-movie/articleshow/29851597.cms|title=TV actor Sagar bags another movie|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Shaadi Mubarak (film)|''Shaadi Mubarak'']]
|Madhav Sunnipenta
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2025
|''[[The 100 (film)|The 100]]''
|Vikranth
|
|<ref name="RK Sagar returns to the silver screen with cop drama film 'The 100'">{{cite news |title=RK Sagar returns to the silver screen with cop drama film 'The 100' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/rk-sagar-returns-to-the-silver-screen-with-cop-drama-film-the-100/articleshow/109616240.cms |access-date=16 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716063524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/rk-sagar-returns-to-the-silver-screen-with-cop-drama-film-the-100/articleshow/109616240.cms |archive-date=16 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="RK Sagar Will Shine as Cop in The 100: Raghav Omkar Sasidhar">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=RK Sagar Will Shine as Cop in The 100: Raghav Omkar Sasidhar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/rk-sagar-will-shine-as-cop-in-the-100-raghav-omkar-sasidhar-881027 |access-date=16 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716064120/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/rk-sagar-will-shine-as-cop-in-the-100-raghav-omkar-sasidhar-881027 |archive-date=16 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2003
|[[Amrutham (TV series)|''Amrutham'']]
| Unknown
|Guest role
|-
|2006–2008
|''[[Chakravakam (TV serial)|Chakravakam]]''
|Jagan
|
|-
|2008–2013
|''[[Mogali Rekulu]]''
|RK Naidu, Munna/Mahidhar Naidu
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2009
|[[Nandi Awards]]
|[[Nandi Awards|Best Television Actor]]
|''[[Mogali Rekulu]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandi TV Awards G.O and Results 2009|url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-tv-awards-2009.html|website=APSTVFTDC}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu|Best Male Debut – Telugu]]
|''Siddhartha''
|{{Nom}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]