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Angela Trindade

2026-05-07T10:26:11Z

RoyalEddington6: Adding a post more to come - done

{{Short description|American painter (1909–1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Angela Trindade
| image = Angela Trindade.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1909|08|10}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| citizenship = {{ubl|
* [[British Raj]] (until 1947)
* India (1949–1978)
* United States (from 1978)}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1980|03|20|1909|08|10}}
| death_place = [[São Paulo]], Brazil
| alma_mater = [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art]]
| known_for = Painting
| father = [[António Xavier Trindade]]
}}

'''Angela Trindade''' (August 10, 1909 – March 20, 1980) was an American<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kamayani |date=2023-11-30 |title=An Indian artist who helped decolonise Christian art has been relegated to the margins in death |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1059620/an-indian-artist-who-helped-decolonise-christian-art-has-been-relegated-to-the-margins-in-death |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> painter famous for her Western-style portraits and Christian paintings in the Indian style. As a versatile artist, she also developed her own style called "Trindadism", in which she incorporated the symbolic dimensions of the triangle and the trinity. This unique approach to art allowed Trindade to establish her individuality as an artist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gracias|first=Fátima da Silva|date=2018-07-02|title=António Xavier and Angela Trindade: Two Artists, Two Ages|url=http://portuguese-diaspora-studies.com/index.php/ijpds/article/view/274|journal=InterDISCIPLINARY Journal of Portuguese Diaspora Studies|language=en|volume=7|pages=107–121|issn=2165-2694|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090807/http://portuguese-diaspora-studies.com/index.php/ijpds/article/view/274|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ângela Trindade was born in [[Bombay]] in 1909, to [[Goan]] parents Florentina Noronha and the renowned artist [[António Xavier Trindade]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gracias|first=Fatima da Silva|title=Angela Trindade: a trinity of light, colour and emotion|year=2016|isbn=978-93-5267-084-0|location=Panjim: Fundacao Oriente}}</ref>

She belonged to the generation which witnessed the decline of colonial powers in the Indian subcontinent and the formation post-independence India.

Like her father, Trindade enrolled in the [[Sir J.J. School of Art]] in Bombay and, during this period, became the first woman painter to be granted a fellowship by the same institution.<ref>A Gracias, Fátima da Silva, ''Ângela Trindade, a Trinity of Light, Colour and Emotion'', Fundação Oriente, Goa, 2016, page 48.</ref> Her training included the study of both traditional Indian aesthetics and Western Academic style of oil painting. The artist's western upbringing, liberal education and creative home environment made it easier for her to become one of the first women in India to take up painting as a profession.<ref>Lowner, Gudrun, ''Intercultural Dialogue in Art and Religion'', Manohar Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 2018, page 77.</ref>

==Career==
Trindade's early art was deeply influenced by her father's aesthetics and her western education as is evident in ''Punjabi with Mandolin'' (1949)or ''Town Scene'' (1948).<ref>Eiland, William U., et al., "Angela Trindade; an Indian Artist" in ''António Xavier Trindade: An Indian Painter from Portuguese Goa'', Georgia Museum of Art, University of Georgia, 1996, page 82.</ref>

A versatile artist, Trindade did not shy away from experimenting in both Western and Indian styles. Accordingly, she became famous for both her Western style portraits and paintings of Christian themes in Indian style, as ''Our lady of Conception'', 1956.<ref>Gracias, Fátima da Silva, ''Ângela Trindade, a Trinity of Light, Colour and Emotion'', Fundação Oriente, Goa, 2016, page 63.</ref> For the latter she was awarded the Papal decoration ''Pro-Ecclesia et Pontifice'' for her contribution to the world of art and culture in 1955.<ref>Gracias, Fátima da Silva, "António Xavier and Angela Trindade: Two Artists, Two Ages" at Interdisciplinary Journal of Portuguese Diaspora Studies, 2018 http://portuguese-diaspora-studies.com/index.php/ijpds/article/view/274/281</ref> However, it was the creation of ''Trindadism'', a style all her own, that set her apart. Using the cultural and spiritual symbolic dimensions of the triangle in her work, Ângela demonstrated an individual approach to art which highlighted her creativity and individuality as an artist.<ref>Gracias, Fátima da Silva, ''Ângela Trindade, a Trinity of Light, Colour and Emotion'', Fundação Oriente, Goa, 2016, page 66.</ref> As extraordinary example of Angela's own style is ''Shakuntala & the Deer'', 1960.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

In 1936 Trindade was awarded the gold medal at the first All India Women Artists Exhibition<ref>Eiland, William U., et al., "Angela Trindade; an Indian Artist" in ''António Xavier Trindade: An Indian Painter from Portuguese Goa'', Georgia Museum of Art, University of Georgia, 1996, page 82.</ref> and in 1947 had her first solo exhibition in India at the Chetana Gallery, Bombay.<ref>Bahulkar, Suhas, et al (ed.), "Angela Trindade" in ''Visual Art of Maharashtra: Artists of the Bombay School and Art Institutions (late 18th and early 21st Century)'', Pandule Art Gallery, Mumbai, 2021, pages 611–13.</ref>

While fond of portraiture, Trindade explored a variety of other genres in her paintings such as landscapes, still lifes as well as non-representational forms. In 1949, the artist had the opportunity to present her first solo exhibition abroad at the Fine Art Club, Washington D.C., United States of America.<ref>Gracias, Fátima da Silva, ''Ângela Trindade, a Trinity of Light, Colour and Emotion'', Fundação Oriente, Goa, 2016, page 58.</ref>

On one of her many visits to the United States of America in the 1960s, where she relocated permanently in 1963, Ângela started to explore Tantric Art and [[Abstract Expressionism]], as she believed that only through abstraction could she finally marry Eastern and Western influences in her art.<ref>Eiland, William U., et al., "Angela Trindade; an Indian Artist" in ''António Xavier Trindade: An Indian Painter from Portuguese Goa'', Georgia Museum of Art, University of Georgia, 1996, page 83-84.</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Trindade died unexpectedly during a family visit to [[São Paulo]], Brazil in 1980. Since then, her work has been exhibited several times. The first solo show of her religious work was shown at in 2014 Fundação Oriente, Goa. Her selected works, both religious and non-religious, were also exhibited in 2016 in Goa<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/09/08/magazines/buzz/chronicling-the-life-of-angela-trindade/|title=Chronicling the life of Angela Trindade|work=Navhind Times|date=7 September 2016}}</ref> and are now permanently exhibited, alongside her father's paintings under the title Selected Works from the Trindade Collection at Fundação Oriente Delegation in India since January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foriente.pt/4182/selected-works-from-the-trindade-collection-open-to-the-public-in-goa.htm|title=Selected Works from the Trindade Collection open to the public in Goa - Highlight - Fundação Oriente|website=www.foriente.pt}}</ref>

A versatile artist, Angela Trindade's legacy is a representation of the diverse influences and artistic tendencies found in the 20th century Indian arts.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Angela Trindade}}

* [https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/fundacao-oriente-india The Trindade Collection on Google Arts & Culture]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trindade, Angela}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Women artists from Goa]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Sir J. J. School of Art]]
[[Category:Painters from Goa]]

Samir Kumar Jana

2026-05-06T20:21:48Z

RoyalEddington6: Creating The Bio W/ Refs!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Samir Kumar Jana
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 13 May 2011
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Patharpratima Assembly constituency|Patharpratima]]
| predecessor = Jajneswar Das
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Samir Kumar Jana''' (born 1950)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Samir Kumar Jana(All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)):Constituency- Patharpratima (South 24 Parganas) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=255 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a three time member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from Patharpratima Assembly constituency in [[South 24 Parganas district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Patharpratima Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/patharpratima-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Patharpratima, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/patharpratima-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797210-2021-05-01 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jana is from [[Patharpratima]], South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Rathikanta Jana. He completed his MA in 1986 at [[University of Calcutta]]. Earlier, he also did BA at a college affiliated with University of Calcutta. He is a retired teacher.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Jana won from [[Patharpratima Assembly constituency]] representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 120,181 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Asit Kumar Haldar of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 22,134 votes. He first became an MLA winning the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Jajneswar Das of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] by a margin of 14,773 votes with a vote share of 8.11 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patharpratima Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Samir Kumar Jana of TMC wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/patharpratima-election-result-2021-live-updates-patharpratima-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696578.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Patharpratima profile: TMC's Samir Kumar Jana retained seat in 2016 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-patharpratima-profile-tmcs-samir-kumar-jana-retained-seat-in-2016-9354441.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> He retained the seat for Trinamool Congress in 2016 Assembly election polling 107,595 votes, for a vote share 50.85 percent and won by a margin of 13793 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Patharpratima Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Patharpratima assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/patharpratima-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-patharpratima-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9145921.htm |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> He won for the third time in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Patharpratima Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Patharpratima Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-patharpratima-constituency-130.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

Earlier, he lost twice to Jajneswar Das of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]] and [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]] election before defeating him in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]].<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jana, Samir Kumar}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

Thiruvalla Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T11:28:32Z

RoyalEddington6: Creating New Post V1!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thiruvalla
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 111
| map_image = File:Thiruvallakkar.jpg
| map_caption = [[Thiruvalla]] town
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,08,798 (2016)
| mla = [[Varghese Mammen]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| party = [[Kerala Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
}}
'''Thiruvalla State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://pathanamthitta.nic.in/ml/elected-members-and-constituencies
|website = pathanamthitta.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Pathanamthitta district
|access-date =16 March 2020
}}</ref> The current MLA is [[ Varghese Mammen]] of [[Kerala Congress |KEC(J) ]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Thiruvalla Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pathanamthitta.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Pathanamthitta District
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Thiruvalla]]
|Municipality
|[[Thiruvalla taluk|Thiruvalla]]
|-
|2
|[[Kadapra]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thiruvalla taluk|Thiruvalla]]
|-
|3
|[[Kaviyoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thiruvalla taluk|Thiruvalla]]
|-
|4
|[[Kuttoor (Thiruvalla)|Kuttoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thiruvalla taluk|Thiruvalla]]
|-
|5
|[[Nedumpuram]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thiruvalla taluk|Thiruvalla]]
|-
|6
|[[Niranam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thiruvalla taluk|Thiruvalla]]
|-
|7
|[[Peringara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thiruvalla taluk|Thiruvalla]]
|-
|8
|[[Anicadu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mallappally Taluk|Mallappally]]
|-
|9
|[[Kallooppara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mallappally Taluk|Mallappally]]
|-
|10
|[[Mallapally]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mallappally Taluk|Mallappally]]
|-
|11
|[[Puramattam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mallappally Taluk|Mallappally]]
|-
|12
|[[Kunnamthanam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mallappally Taluk|Mallappally]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Communist Party of India}}{{Party index link|Kerala Congress}}{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}{{Party index link|Independent (politician)}}{{Party index link|Janata Party}}{{Party index link|Kerala Congress (Mani)}} {{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
{| class="sortable" width="50%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big;"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama
Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
|[[G. Padmanabhan Thampi]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|[[P. Chacko]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
| rowspan="3" |[[E. John Jacob]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kerala Congress|KEC]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}" |
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|1977 – 1979
|-
|1979*
|5th
|P. C. Thomas Painummoottil
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Party|JNP]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|1977 – 1979
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
| rowspan="2" |P. C. Thomas Painummoottil
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|[[Mathew T. Thomas]]
|[[Janata Party|JNP]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
| rowspan="3" |[[Mammen Mathai]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Kerala Congress (M)|KC(M)]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}" |
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|2001 – 2003
|-
|2003*
|11th
|Elizabeth Mammen Mathai
|2003 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| rowspan="4" |Mathew T. Thomas
| rowspan="4" |[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016 - 2021
|-
|2021
|15th
|2021 - 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
| Varghese Mamman
| rowspan="4" |[[Kerala Congress]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress)}}" |
| 2026 - 2031
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>by-election

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvalla}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress|candidate=Varghese Mammen|votes=53,224|percentage=37.82|change={{increase}}1.45}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=Anoop Antony|votes=43,078|percentage=30.61|change={{increase}}14.36}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Socialist Janata Dal|candidate=[[Mathew T. Thomas]]|votes=42,023|percentage=29.86|change={{decrease}}14.7}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ramesh Chathenkary|votes=999|percentage=0.71|change={{decrease}}0.06}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Thomas Mammen|votes=553|percentage=0.39|change=New}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=504|percentage=0.36|change={{decrease}}0.08}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Aju Alex|votes=220|percentage=0.16|change=New}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Zeen Thomas|votes=144|percentage=0.10|change=New}}{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =10,146
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,40,745|percentage=69.47%|change={{increase}}6.13}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Kerala Congress
|loser = Janata Dal (Secular)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvalla}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=[[Mathew T. Thomas]]|votes=62,178|percentage=44.56|change={{increase}}3.28|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress|candidate=Kunju Koshy Paul|votes=50,757|percentage=36.37|change=New|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ashokan Kulanada|votes=22,674|percentage=16.25|change=New|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Thomas Mathew|votes=1,461|percentage=1.05|change=New|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rajendra Das|votes=1,074|percentage=0.77|change={{increase}}0.25|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=608|percentage=0.44|change={{increase}}0.11|}}

{{Election box turnout||votes=1,39,544|percentage=-|change=-}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Janata Dal (Secular)|swing={{increase}}3.28}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 2,08,798 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvalla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=[[Mathew T. Thomas]]|votes=59,660|percentage=41.28|change={{decrease}}8.69|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Joseph M. Puthussery|votes=51,398|percentage=35.56|change={{decrease}}5.91|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Akkerman Kalidasan Bhattathiripad|votes=31,439|percentage=21.75|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Saji Kadampanad|votes=756|percentage=0.52|change={{decrease}}0.67|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=479|percentage=0.33|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Simi M. Jacob|votes=444|percentage=0.31|change={{increase}}0.02|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Cherian M. V.|votes=366|percentage=0.25|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=8,262|percentage=5.72|change={{decrease}}2.78}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,44,542|percentage=69.23|change={{increase}}3.91}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Janata Dal (Secular)|swing={{decrease}}8.69}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,93,874 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvalla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=[[Mathew T. Thomas]]|votes=63,289|percentage=49.97|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Victor T. Thomas|votes=52,522|percentage=41.47|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rajan Moolaveetil|votes=7,656|percentage=6.05|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kurian Joseph|votes=1,511|percentage=1.19|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Radhamani S.|votes=456|percentage=0.36|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate= Niranam Rajan|votes=439|percentage=0.35|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. K .Sukumaran|votes=398|percentage=0.31|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Sam Kutty Jacob|votes=371|percentage=0.29|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=10,737|percentage=8.50|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,26,642|percentage=65.32|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Janata Dal (Secular)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

===2006===
There were 1,10,867 registered voters in the constituency for the 2006 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvalla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = [[Mathew T. Thomas]]
|votes = 28,874
|percentage = 40.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (Mani)
|candidate = Victory T. Thomas
|votes = 19,952
|percentage = 28.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sam Eapen
|votes = 14,300
|percentage = 20.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Madhu Parumala
|votes = 6,842
|percentage = 9.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subramanian Nampoothiri
|votes = 376
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Adv. Mathew P. Thomas
|votes = 350
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = AIADMK
|candidate = Ambalapuzha Nateshan
|votes = 302
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Krishnan Kutty
|votes = 137
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 8,922
|percentage = 12.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 71,137
|percentage = 64.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|loser = Kerala Congress (Mani)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
There were 1,15,694 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvalla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (Mani)
|candidate = Adv. Mammen Mathai
|votes = 42,397
|percentage = 51.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Dr. Varghese George
|votes = 32,336
|percentage = 39.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Adv. P. K. Vishnu Namboothiri
|votes = 7,400
|percentage = 9.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 10,061
|percentage = 12.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 82,151
|percentage = 71.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Kerala Congress (Mani)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Pathanamthitta district]]
* [[Thiruvalla]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Thiruvalla]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Sisir Mishra

2026-05-04T12:43:48Z

RoyalEddington6: Creating Some Post W/ Infobox

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{BLP sources |date=June 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sisir Mishra
| image = Sisir_mishra.JPG
| alma_mater = [[Ravenshaw College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}
| spouse = Kadambini Mishra
| honours = [[Padma Shri]]
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India
}}

'''Sisir Mishra''' is an Indian film director<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=Wimal Dissanayake|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA71|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77284-9|pages=71–}}</ref> and screenwriter best known for directing [[Hindi]] and [[Odia language]] films including ''[[Bheegi Palkein]]'',<ref>{{cite book|title=Orissa reference: glimpses of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RBuAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=TechnoCAD Systems}}</ref> ''Samay Ki Dhara'',<ref name="Pradhan2016">{{cite book|author=Bharathi S. Pradhan|title=Anything But Khamosh: The Shatrughan Sinha Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jEyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT292|year=2016|publisher=Om Books International|isbn=978-93-85609-59-6|pages=292–}}</ref> ''Billoo Baadshaah'',<ref name="BlameyD'Souza2005">{{cite book|author1=David Blamey|author2=Robert D'Souza|title=Living Pictures: Perspectives on the Film Poster in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-LwbAQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Open Editions|isbn=978-0-949004-15-4}}</ref> ''TADA'' and ''Aseema''.

In 2018 he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-padma-awards-2018-announced-ms-dhoni-sharda-sinha-among-85-recipients-here-s-complete-list-424273|title=Padma awards 2018 announced, MS Dhoni, Sharda Sinha among 85 recipients: Here's complete list|publisher=India TV|date=25 January 2018|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>

==Biography==
He was born in Bomkei, near [[Digapahandi]] in the [[Ganjam district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rendezvous With The Dronacharya Of Odia Cine Industry {{!}} Mycitylinks |url=https://www.mycitylinks.in/rendezvous-with-the-dronacharya-of-odia-cine-industry |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=www.mycitylinks.in}}</ref> His father Purushottam Mishra, was an engineer who worked for the [[British Raj]]. Mishra completed his [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]] degree from [[Khallikote College]], [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]] and an M.Sc. in [[Physics]] from [[Ravenshaw College]], [[Cuttack]].

In 1965, Mishra left his academic career as a physics lecturer, moved to [[Mumbai]] and started his film career as an assistant director under [[Mehboob Khan]] (director of ''[[Mother India]]'') and [[Jyoti Swaroop]] (director of ''[[Padosan]]'').

Mishra went on to direct many box office hit films in the [[Odia language]] such as ''[[Sindura Bindu]]'', ''[[Suna Sansaara]]'', ''[[Subarna Seeta]]'', ''[[Samaya Bada Balawaan]]'', ''[[Ei Ama Sansaara]]'', ''[[Bastra Harana]]'', ''[[Suna Bhauja]]'', ''[[Sabata Maa]]'' and others.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA148|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|pages=148–}}</ref> In addition, he directed several Hindi films.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sisir Mishra|url=http://www.chakpak.com/celebrity/sisir-misra/20601|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115061155/http://www.chakpak.com/celebrity/sisir-misra/20601|archive-date=2008-01-15|website=chakpak.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''[[Bheegi Palkein]]'' (1982)
*''Samay Ki Dhara''
*''Billoo Baadshaah''
*''TADA''
*''Aseema''
*''[[Sindura Bindu]]'' (1976)
*''Suna Sansaara''(1978)
*''Subarna Seeta''(1983)
*''Samaya Bada Balawaan''(1982)
*''Ei Ama Sansaara''(1986)
*''Bastra Harana''
*''Suna Bhauja''
*''Sabata Maa''

==Awards==
Popularly known as the [[Dronacharya]] of [[Cinema of Odisha|Oriya Cinema]],{{By whom|date=June 2020}} Sisir Mishra pioneered modern film making in Oriya cinema.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} He won many awards. Following are some of his prestigious awards:

* 2012 Oriya Cinema Gourav (Show Time 2012 Film Awards) Pride of Odisha, March 18, 2012
* 2012 Chalachitra Jagat Pratibha Samman – 2011, Jan 8, 2012
* 2006: Jayadeba Puraskar ([[Government of Odisha|Odisha Government]]), for Lifetime Achievement in Oriya Cinema.
* 2004: Nitai Palit Award (Most Prestigious Award given by Professionals of Oriya cinema)
* 2018: Padma Shri<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-01-25|title=Full list of Padma awardees 2018|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-padma-awardees-2018/article22524750.ece|access-date=2020-06-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Family==
Mishra is married to Kadambini Mishra, who has also acted as co-scriptwriter for a number of his films. He has two sons, Sagar and Sameer.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==References==
<references />

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Sisir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Odisha]]
[[Category:Film directors from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Odia film screenwriters]]

Kilambakkam railway station

2026-05-03T11:05:57Z

RoyalEddington6: done

{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kilambakkam Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption = Vandalur railway station
| address = [[National Highway 32 (India)|National Highway 32]] - [[GST Road]], [[Kilambakkam]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.8745|N|80.0766|E|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South]] and [[South West Line, Chennai Suburban|South West]] lines of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 3
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = ''February 2026 (Tentative)''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| connections = [[Kilambakkam bus terminus]]{{rint|bus}} {{ric|Chennai Metro}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|blue|croute}} - [[Kilambakkam metro station]]''(Proposed)''
| code =
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system1=Chennai Suburban|line1=South|left1=Vandalur|to-left=Tambaram or Chennai Beach|right1=Urapakkam|to-right1=Chengalpattu Junction or Villupuram Junction}}
| route_map = {{South Line, Chennai Suburban}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #16A117
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Kilambakkam railway station''' (station code:- ), also called '''Kalaignar Bus Terminus railway station''' is an under-construction [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Chennai railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]]. The halt station is planned to serve the [[Chennai Beach]]–[[Chengalpattu]] section of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]], primarily catering to passengers utilizing the nearby [[Kilambakkam bus terminus]].<ref name="AB">{{cite news|last = Srikanth|first = R.|title = Construction of ‘halt’ railway station at Kilambakkam begins|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]|location = Chennai|date = 12 September 2024|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/construction-of-halt-station-at-kilambakkam-in-chennai-to-provide-access-to-bus-terminus-begins/article68629950.ece|access-date = 27 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Kilambakkam railway station unable to accommodate express trains|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai|date=9 June 2024|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kilambakkam-railway-station-unable-to-accommodate-express-trains/articleshow/110829082.cms|access-date = 27 March 2025}}</ref>

==History==
The plan for a new railway Station at [[Kilambakkam]] arose from the need to enhance connectivity for the newly established [[Kilambakkam bus terminus]], a crucial transport hub for south-bound long-distance travel from Chennai aiming to offer last-mile connectivity to commuters.<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|title = Work for new railway station near Kilambakkam begins|newspaper = [[The New Indian Express]]|location = Chennai|date = 22 January 2024|url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Jan/22/work-for-new-railway-station-near-kilambakkam-begins|access-date = 27 March 2025}}</ref>

With a funding of ₹20 crore provided by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] through [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]], the [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] started construction. The station is planned to be opened by February 2026.<ref name="AB"/><ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|title = Kilambakkam railway station to be operational in May|newspaper = [[DT Next]]|location = Chennai|date = 19 January 2025|url = https://www.dtnext.in/news/chennai/kilambakkam-railway-station-to-be-operational-in-may-819811|access-date = 27 March 2025}}</ref>

==Developments==
To further streamline passenger movement between the station and the bus terminus, the CMDA also plans for the construction of a skywalk to the station.<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|title = CMDA floats tender to construct skywalk connecting bus stand & proposed railway station|newspaper = [[DT Next]]|location = Chennai|date = 31 January 2024|url = https://www.dtnext.in/news/city/kilambakkam-cmda-floats-tender-to-construct-skywalk-connecting-bus-stand-proposed-railway-station-764618|access-date = 27 March 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, South West|Kilambakkam|Vandalur|Urapakkam|21|36.65}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, South|Kilambakkam|Vandalur|Urapakkam|21|36.65}}
{{Chennai topics|left}}

[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chengalpattu district]]

Mogra, Hooghly

2026-04-30T11:42:05Z

RoyalEddington6: stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mogra
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Magra railway station 01.jpg
| image_caption = [[Mogra railway station]]
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.97925|N|88.374769|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| government_type = Gram Panchyet
| governing_body = Chinsurah-Magra Panchyet Samity
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 12
| population_total = 1,12,267
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
}}

'''Mogra''' (or '''Magra''') is a [[gram panchayat]], or village, which is home to the headquarters of the [[Chinsurah-Mogra (community development block)|Chinsurah-Mogra]] community development block in the [[Chinsurah subdivision]] of the [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]] district in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>[http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm District-wise list of statutory towns] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163402/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> It has a station on the [[Howrah-Bardhaman Main Line|Howrah-Bardhaman Main Rail Line]], 47 km from [[Howrah Station]] and 7 km from [[Bandel Station]].<ref>Eastern Railway time table.</ref>

[[All India Radio]] has located some high-powered transmitters in Mogra, which carry a mix of domestic and external services.<ref>[http://www.asiawaves.net/mediumwave-531.htm Radio Transmitters], [http://www.asiawaves.net/mediumwave-1100.htm#1134 Radio Transmitters]</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|0|45|N|88|20|12|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Chinsurah subdivision (except Polba Dadpur and Dhaniakhali CD Blocks) in Hooghly district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|58|32|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Bansberia | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Bansberia]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|54|0|N|88|23|24|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Hugli-Chuchura| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Hugli-Chuchura]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|7|25|N|88|12|4|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Batika | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Batika]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|5|30|N|88|16|48|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Pandua| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Pandua, Hooghly]] (CT)| shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|4|10|N|88|15|48|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Purusattompur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Purusattompur]] (CT)| shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|3|10|N|88|15|59|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Namajgram| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Namajgram]] (CT)| shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|11|55|N|88|24|32|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Badhagachhi| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badhagachhi]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|11|5|N|88|24|53|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Mirdhanga| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Mirdhanga]] (CT)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|7|4|N|88|28|22|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Sripur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Sripur, Hooghly|Sripur]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|5|54|N|88|27|42|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Jirat| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Jirat]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|6|40|N|88|27|27|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Balagarh| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Balagarh]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|1|40|N|88|23|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Raghunathpur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Raghunathpur (PS-Magra)]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|0|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Madhusudanpur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Madhusudanpur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|0|45|N|88|22|22|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Hansghara| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Hansghara]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|59|28|N|88|21|43|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Kola| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Kola, Hooghly|Kola]] (CT)| shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|59|15|N|88|23|34|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Amodghata| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Amodghata]] (CT)| shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|0|0|N|88|22|55|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Mogra| numbered17=R| mark-title17= Mogra (R)|shape-color17=black| label-size17=13|label-color17=black 
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|58|42|N|88|22|14|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Alikhoja| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Alikhoja]] (CT)| shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|57|40|N|88|23|20|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Shankhanagar| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Shankhanagar]] (CT)| shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|58|0|N|88|22|20|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20=Chak Bansberia| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Chak Bansberia]] (CT)| shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|23|3|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Keota| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Keota, Hooghly|Keota]] (CT)| shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|55|21|N|88|22|46|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Bandel| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bandel]] (R)| shape-color22=#C42222
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|56|0|N|88|22|0|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Manushpur| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Manushpur]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|55|12|N|88|21|50|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Naldanga| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Naldanga, Hooghly|Naldanga]] (CT)| shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|54|15|N|88|22|10|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=Kodalia| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Kodalia]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|53|30|N|88|22|10|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26=Kulihanda| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Kulihanda]] (CT)| shape-color26=#A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|52|38|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27=Dharmapur| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Dharmapur, West Bengal|Dharmapur]] (CT)| shape-color27=#A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|52|40|N|88|21|30|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28=Simla| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Simla, West Bengal|Simla]] (CT)| shape-color28=#A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord| 23.131844|88.475278}}| label29=Hooghly |labela29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=0| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|7|20|N|88|27|27|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30=Guptipara| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Guptipara]] (R)| shape-color30=#C42222}}

===Location===
Mogra is located on the outskirts of Hooghly District. Mogra is an hour's drive from [[Kolkata]], the principal commercial, cultural and educational centre of [[East India|Eastern India]]. The River Kunti flows through the western side of the town.

Mogra is located at {{coord|22.97925|N|88.374769|E|}}.<ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf | title= Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Hooghly |work = Map of Chinsurah-Magra CD Block, page 469| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 26 September 2018}}</ref>

The area is composed of flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] plains that form a part of the [[Ganges Delta|Gangetic Delta]]. The high west bank of the tidal [[Hooghly River]] is highly industrialised.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, Page 17-24|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 28 September 2018 }}</ref>

[[Hansghara]], [[Kola, Hooghly|Kola]], Gajaghanta, [[Alikhoja]], [[Amodghata]], [[Shankhanagar]] and [[Chak Bansberia]] form a cluster of census towns on the eastern side of [[Bansberia]] and includes Mogra and Bara Khejuria (outgrowth).<ref name=censushandbook/>

===Police station===
The Mogra Police Station has jurisdiction over the [[Bansberia]] Municipal area and a part of [[Chinsurah Mogra]] CD Block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 3 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | title = Hooghly District Police | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 20 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705234600/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | archive-date = 5 July 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Education==
===Colleges and schools===
The Abacus Institute of Engineering and Management is situated in Mogra. The Academy of Technology engineering college is one station away. Near the Academy of Technology is a rural library. Two government-sponsored rural libraries operate there.

[[Sreegopal Banerjee College]], a general degree college, was established in 1958. The college offers BA (Honours & general), B.Sc. (Honours & general) and B.Com. (Honours & general) courses. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, philosophy, political science, economics, chemistry, physics, mathematics, botany, zoology and BA (general) and B.Sc. (general) in addition to accountancy honours and B.Com. (general) courses.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sgbcollege.in/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120822234613/http://sgbcollege.in/ | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 22 August 2012 | title = Sreegopal Banerjee College| publisher = SBC |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | URL = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SreeGopalBanerjeeCollege/Sree_Gopal_Banerjee_College.shtml | title = Sreegopal Banerjee College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref>

The majority of schools are Narula public school, Pearl Rosary English Medium School (H.S), Mogra Uttam Chandra High School, the Bagati Ram Gopal Ghosh High School, the Elite Public School, the Bimalabala Primary School, S. Saheb Hindi High School, the Pravabati Balika Vidyalaya, the Shib Chandra Girls High School, the Shib Sohagini Junior Basic School, The Tarinisatra High School and Digsui High School.

==Festivals==
[[File:Basudebpur Dakat Kali temple 01.jpg|left|thumb|Historical Dakat Kali temple at Mogra]]
[[Vasant Panchami#Saraswati Puja|Saraswati Puja]] is conducted annually. The festival is open to everyone and organized by local clubs. There are approximately 50 pujas in this area, about 20 among them are celebrated with themes and pandals.The occasion stays for 4 days and this is the main attraction of Mogra.

==Healthcare==
Mogra has a rural hospital with more than 35 beds.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 July 2017}}</ref>

==Administration==
Mogra is divided into two gram panchayats - Mogra 1 and Mogra 2. The village comes under both [[Balagarh Assembly constituency|Balagarh]] and [[Saptagram Assembly constituency|Saptagram]]. The area of Mogra G.P. 1 comes under [[Balagarh Assembly constituency]] and G.P. 2 comes under [[Saptagram Assembly constituency]]. Following is the ward wise breakup of Mogra Gram Panchayats 1 and 2 respectively.

===Mogra No.1 Gram Panchayat===
The latest elections were held in [[2023 West Bengal local elections|July 2023]]. The [[Trinamool Congress]] sweeped the panchayat area winning 18 wards out of 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portal.wbsec.org/|title=WBSEC Portal: 2023 Panchayat results|work=WB SEC|accessdate=5 December 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=5|Chairperson: Baisakhi Bag
|-
! Ward No.
! Name of Councillor
! colspan="2" | Party
! Remarks
|-
| 1 || Putul Ghosh || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=10}}
|
|-
| 2 || Monorama Ghosh
|
|-
| 3 || Bidyut Bag
|
|-
| 4 || Goutam Debnath
|
|-
| 5 || Baisakhi Bag
|
|-
| 6 || Soni Thakur
|
|-
| 7 || Sukla Malo
|
|-
| 8 || Somen Kundu
|
|-
| 9 || Asima Sarkar
|
|-
| 10 || Aparna Debnath
|
|-
| 11 || Amit Kumar Mondal || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 12 || Asha Roy || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=8}}
|
|-
| 13 || Khagen Bauldas
|
|-
| 14 || Shyamalika Dhara
|
|-
| 15 || Raju Das
|
|-
| 16 || Pratima Payal
|
|-
| 17 || Saibya Adak
|
|-
| 18 || Biswajit Payal
|
|-
| 19 || Raghunath Bhowmick
|
|-
|}

===Mogra No.2 Gram Panchayat===
The latest elections were held in [[2023 West Bengal local elections|July 2023]]. The [[Trinamool Congress]] won the panchayat winning 13 wards out of 19. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won 6 wards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portal.wbsec.org/|title=WBSEC Portal: 2023 Panchayat results|work=WB SEC|accessdate=5 December 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=5|Chairperson: Jayashree Pal
|-
! Ward No.
! Name of Councillor
! colspan="2" | Party
! Remarks
|-
| 1 || Dipti Mukherjee || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
|-
| 2 || Shrikanta Bhattacharya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 3 || Rupa Mahato || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 4 || Mongala Mondal
|
|-
| 5 || Pritam Banerjee || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 6 || Jhuma Roy || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
| 7 || Jayashree Pal
|
|-
| 8 || Sujit Kumar Das
|
|-
| 9 || Nitu Das Patra
|
|-
| 10 || Sankar Kahar
|
|-
| 11 || Dipali Choudhury
|
|-
| 12 || Sujay Kumar Pandit || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 13 || Banashri Malik
|
|-
| 14 || Aparna Adhikary
|
|-
| 15 || Banani Bhattacharjee || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
|-
| 16 || Aparna Malo || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 17 || Swapan Bag || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 18 || Sadhana Adhikari
|
|-
| 19 || Rimpa Das Mondal
|
|-
|}

==People==
Mogra has a diverse population. Mogra is home to mostly [[Bengalis]] but there is significant population of [[Biharis]]. The oldest groups in the area are [[Bagdi (caste)|Bagdis]], [[Ghosh]], [[Das (surname)|Das]] and Sadhukhan. After the division of Bengal, many refugees settled from Bangladesh. Bagati is a locality inside Mogra and was the ancestral home of the [[Young Bengal]] leader [[Ramgopal Ghosh]].<ref>Sastri, Sivanath, ''Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Banga Samaj'', {{in lang|bn}}1903/2001, p.76, New Age Publishers Pvt. Ltd</ref>

==Transport==
The [[Grand Trunk Road]], which is one of [[Asia]]'s oldest and longest major roads, passes through Mogra.<ref name=pwd>{{cite web| url = http://www.pwdwb.in/road/state_highway |title = Road - Highway | publisher= Public Works Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>Google maps</ref>

Mogra is connected to a variety of destinations via public transport. Hooghly Private Bus Number 4 ([[Chunchura]] Court-[[Memari]]) and 8 ([[Chunchura]] Court-[[Kalna, India|Kalna]]) run via Mogra. [[Auto rickshaws]] and [[Electric rickshaw|Toto]] are available for covering short distances. [[Mogra railway station]] is situated on [[Howrah-Bardhaman main line]] and local trains run from Mogra to [[Bardhaman]] and [[Howrah]].

[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] is approximately an hour's drive.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.maplandia.com/india/west-bengal/hugli-chunchura/sahaganj/ Satellite map of Sahaganj showing the location of Magra]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090125225855/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/maps/hoogli.shtml Map of Hooghly district]

{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]

Beena Bhardwaj

2026-04-24T12:30:19Z

RoyalEddington6: Adding the entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Beena Bharadwaj
| native_name = बिना भारद्वाज
| native_name_lang = Hi
| office = [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = February 2002
| term_end = May 2007
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]] (Till 2017), [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] Since 2017
| leader = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
}}

'''Beena Bharadwaj''' is an Indian politician who is a member of the [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] for the [[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency]] with a 2002 win from party Samajwadi Party. She join BJP in 2017 and has been active there in various party roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilaspur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bilaspur-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Beena Bhardwaj, Bilaspur Assembly Elections 2002 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/2002/bilaspur/beena-bhardwaj/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilaspur Election Result 2022 LIVE: Bilaspur MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bilaspur-assembly-elections-up-36/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2002 |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2002-election-results.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhardwaj, Beena}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Rampur district]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Sanjeev Sachdeva

2026-04-23T05:04:39Z

RoyalEddington6: Creating Some Data V1

{{Short description|29th Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjeev Sachdeva
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|29th Chief Justice]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start = 17 July 2025
| term_end =
| office1 = Judge of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator1 = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| term_start1 = 31 May 2024
| term_end1 = 16 July 2025 {{small|Acting CJ: 25 May 2025 - 16 July 2025 9 July 2024 - 24 September 2024}}
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator2 = [[Altamas Kabir]]
| office2 = Judge of [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start2 = 17 April 2013
| term_end2 = 30 May 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|12|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]]
| alma_mater = Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi [[Sriram College of Commerce]] [[Delhi University]] [[National Institute of Technology]]
| predecessor = [[Suresh Kumar Kait]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
}}
'''Sanjeev Sachdeva''' (born 26 December 1964) is an Indian judge. He is currently serving as Chief Justice of the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2025-07-17 |title=Justice Sanjeev Sachdeva sworn in as Chief Justice of MP High Court |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/justice-sanjeev-sachdeva-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-mp-high-court/ |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Ritwik |date=2025-05-26 |title=Collegium recommends appointment of Justice Sanjeev Sachdeva as Madhya Pradesh High Court Chief Justice |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/collegium-recommends-appointment-of-justice-sanjeev-sachdeva-madhya-pradesh-high-court-chief-justice |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=संजीव सचदेवा बने MP हाई कोर्ट के 29वें चीफ जस्टिस , राजभवन में राज्यपाल मंगुभाई पटेल ने दिलाई शपथ |url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/madhya-pradesh-news/sanjeev-sachdeva-29th-chief-justice-of-mp-new-chief-justice-of-mp-high-court-governor-mangubhai-patel-take-oath-at-raj-bhavan-8891310 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=mpcg.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref> He formerly served as a judge of Madhya Pradesh High Court where was twice the Acting Chief Justice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-04 |title=Appointment of Justice Sanjeev Sachdeva as Acting Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court |url=https://doj.gov.in/document/appointment-of-sh-justice-sanjeev-sachdeva-judge-mp-high-court-as-acting-chief-justice-of-mp-high-04-07-2024/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Department of Justice, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-05-22 |title=Justice Sanjeev Sachdeva to take over as Acting Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/justice-sanjeev-sachdeva-to-take-over-as-acting-chief-justice-of-madhya-pradesh-high-court |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-28 |title=Justice Sanjeev Sachdeva Appointed as the New Acting Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court |url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/madhya-pradesh-news/justice-sanjeev-sachdeva-appointed-as-the-new-acting-chief-justice-of-madhya-pradesh-high-court-will-take-charge-in-place-of-justice-sheel-nagu-6037155 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=NDTV}}</ref> He later served as a judge of [[Delhi High Court]] before being transferred to Madhya Pradesh High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges of the Delhi High Court |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/judges/court/cj_sitting/former |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Delhi High Court}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2024-05-29 |title=Centre Notifies Transfer Of Delhi High Court's Justice Sanjeev Sachdeva, Justice V Kameswar Rao |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-justice-sanjeev-sachdeva-v-kameswar-rao-transfer-mp-karnataka-259169 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sachdeva, Sanjeev}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]

Sudhir (Indian actor)

2026-04-20T02:01:18Z

RoyalEddington6: Creating Basic Data W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudhir
| image = Dheer.jpg
| caption =
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[assistant director]]
| birth_date = 1944
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[British India]]
| birth_name = Bhagwandas Moolchand Luthria
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|5|12|1944|||df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = Sheila Ray (former)
| children = [[Ashok Banker]] (step-son)
| relatives = [[Milan Luthria]] (nephew)
| years_active = 1960–2009
}}
'''Bhagwandas Moolchand Luthria''' (1944 – 12 May 2014), better known as '''Sudhir''', was an [[India]]n [[actor]] in [[Hindi cinema]]. He was best known for his role in the films a [[war-drama film]] ''[[Haqeeqat (1964 film)|Haqeeqat]]'' , ''[[Khote Sikkay]]'' and ''[[Dharmatma]]'' with [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]] , ''[[Satte Pe Satta]]'' with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] , ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]],[[Gambler (film)|Gambler]] and [[Joshila]] with [[Dev Anand]]'' .<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/sudhir-of-satte-pe-satta-fame-passes-away_154982.html|title=Sudhir of 'Satte Pe Satta' fame passes away|author=Anindita Dev|department=[[Zee News]]|publisher=[[Essel Group]]|date=13 May 2014|accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/ht-city/20140514/281492159343136|title=Veteran Actor Sudhir Dead|work=HT City|date=14 May 2014|accessdate=1 August 2019|via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/satte-pe-satta-actor-sudhir-dead/story-w90Y6pKO2ZalJTcYFKdVkO.html|title=Satte Pe Satta actor Sudhir dead|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 May 2014|accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref> He acted in over 200 films in a career spanning from 1962 to 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-villain-sudhir-dies-1.1331823|title=Bollywood villain Sudhir dies|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=13 May 2014|accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref> He acted as both Lead and character actor in movies. As an lead and supporting actor in 60s and as a character actor mainly as villain after Mid 70s . He was one of Bollywood's best known [[villain]]s from the 1970s through the 1990s.

==Career==
He acted in ''[[Prem Patra]]'' starring [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] and [[Shashi Kapoor]] (1962) as Subhash. He appeared in Apna Ghar Apni Kahani ([[Pyas]]) opposite [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] in 1968, singing "''Jigar me dard kaisa ishko ulfat to nhi kahate''" and ''<nowiki/>'main ye sochkar uske dar se utha tha''<nowiki/>' from [[Haqeeqat (1964 film)|Haqeeqat]] (1964), ''<nowiki/>'mujhe raat din ye khayal hai'<nowiki/>'' and ''<nowiki/>'mere dil pe andheri sa chhan laga''' from Ek Phool Ek Bhool (1968).

He often played the second-in-command [[sidekick]] to villains [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Prem Nath]] and [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], a torturous police inspector, or a sleazy man. He was most known for his shrill voice, long moustache and sideburns.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Addictions/with-his-horseshoe-moustache-sudhir-was-a-familiar-bollywood-villain/|author=Ghosh, Avijit|title=With his horseshoe moustache, Sudhir was a familiar Bollywood villain|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 May 2014|accessdate=1 August 2019}}</ref> He starred in at least a dozen Amitabh Bachchan movies, such as ''[[Deewaar]]'', ''[[Kaalia]]'', ''[[Majboor (1974 film)|Majboor]]'', ''[[Sharaabi]]'', ''[[Satte Pe Satta]]'', ''[[Dostana (1980 film)|Dostana]]'', ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'' and ''[[Lal Baadshah]]''. Other notable appearances included [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]]'s 1974 hit ''[[Khote Sikkay]]'', its sequel ''[[Kachche Heere]]'', ''[[Dharmatma]]'', as well as ''[[Mera Gaon Mera Desh]]'', and roles of a disabled thief in [[Dev Anand]]'s ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]'' (1971), as Police Inspector (Special Appearances) in [[Subhash Ghai]]'s ''[[Meri Jung]]'' (1985) and in the [[Shah Rukh Khan]]-starring ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]'' (1999). His last film appearances were in ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]'' (2007) and ''Victoria House'' (2009).

He also played episodic roles in ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' in 2003.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|1961 || ''Umar Qaid'' || Rakesh ||
|-
|1962 || ''[[Prem Patra]]'' || Subhash ||
|-
|1964 || ''[[Haqeeqat (1964 film)|Haqeeqat]]'' || Ram Singh ||
|-
|1968 || ''Apna Ghar Apni Kahani'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1969 || ''Ustad 420'' || ||
|-
|''Ek Phool Ek Bhool'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1971 || ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]'' || Michael ||
|-
|''[[Mera Gaon Mera Desh]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
|''[[Gambler (film)|Gambler]]'' || Ram Mehta ||
|-
|1973 || ''[[Joshila]]'' || Kundan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1974 || ''[[Khote Sikkay]]'' || Bhaggu ||
|-
|''[[Majboor (1974 film)|Majboor]]'' || Ravi's co-worker ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1975 || ''[[Deewaar]]'' || Jaichand ||
|-
|''[[Dharmatma]]'' || Natwar ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1980 || ''[[Dostana (1980 film)|Dostana]]'' || Inspector Shinde ||
|-
|''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'' || Ranjeet ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1981 || ''[[Kaalia]]'' || Rawat ||
|-
|''[[Hotel (1981 film)|Hotel]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hotel {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hotel1981/cast-and-crew |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Lalwani
|
|-
|''[[Sannata (1981 film)|Sannata]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=022W3IbNB3s |title=Vinod Mehra, Sarika & Deepak Parashar {{!}} Ramsay Superhit Thriller Movie {{!}} Sannata 1981 |date=2024-10-12 |last=Rare Movies On VHS |access-date=2025-10-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|Defence Lawyer
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1982 || ''[[Satte Pe Satta]]'' || Som Anand ||
|-
|''[[Kachche Heere]]'' || Bhaggu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984 || ''[[Sharaabi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Boxer (1984 film)|Boxer]]'' || Gafoor ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1985 ||''[[Ram Tere Kitne Nam]]'' ||Diwan Lalchand ||
|-
|''[[Meri Jung]]'' || Bhosale (Police Inspector) ||
|-
|''[[Adventures of Tarzan]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1986||''[[Africadalli Sheela]]'' || || Kannada film
|-
|''[[Shatru (1986 film)|Shatru]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1987||''[[Kizhakku Africavil Sheela]]'' || || Tamil film
|-
|''[[Sheela (1987 film)|Sheela]]'' || ||
|-
|1988 || ''[[Gunahon Ka Faisla]]'' || Shiva ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1989 ||''[[Awara Zindagi]]'' || Tiger ||
|-
|''[[Sachché Ká Bol-Bálá]]'' || One of Bata's goons ||
|-
|''[[Jung Baaz]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Oonch Neech Beech]]'' || Chhote ||
|-
|''[[Na-Insaafi]]'' || John D'Souza ||
|-
|''[[Elaan-E-Jung]]'' || Arjun Singh's man ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1990 ||''[[Zahreelay]]'' || Jaichand Khurana ||
|-
|''[[C.I.D. (1990 film)|C.I.D.]]'' || Micheal ||
|-
|''[[Kali Ganga]]'' || Shera ||
|-
|''[[Gunahon Ka Devta (1990 film)|Gunahon Ka Devta]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Sheshnaag (film)|Sheshnaag]]'' || one of Aghori's Disciples ||
|-
|''[[Doodh Ka Karz]]'' || Jumman ||
|-
|''[[Zimmedaaar]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1991 || ''[[Farishtay]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Ajooba]]'' || Bandit ||
|-
|''[[Yeh Aag Kab Bujhegi]]'' || Investigating Officer Roshanlal ||
|-
|''[[Jhoothi Shaan]]'' || Abdul ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1992 || ''Kisme Kitna Hai Dum'' || |Inspector Khan ||
|-
| ''[[Shola Aur Shabnam (1992 film)|Shola Aur Shabnam]]'' || Brij (Jaichand's partner) ||
|-
|''[[Humlaa]]'' || Bhawani's man ||
|-
|''[[Tahalka]]'' || Dong's Right Hand ||
|-
|''[[Angaar (1992 film)|Angaar]]'' || Health Minister ||
|-
|''[[Baaz (1992 film)|Baaz]]'' || Gogi ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1993 ||''[[Aankhen (1993 film)|Aankhen]]'' || Tejeshwar's henchman ||
|-
|''Kundan''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundan (1993) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/-7519/cast-crew |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|Sudhir
|
|-
|''[[Dil Hai Betaab]]'' || Sudhir (Vikram's employee) ||
|-
|''[[Police Wala]]'' || Daniel ||
|-
|''[[Veerta]]'' || Mill Manager Mehta ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1994 ||''[[Raja Babu (film)|Raja Babu]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
|''[[Zamane Se Kya Darna]]'' || Gambler ||
|-
|''[[Gangster (1994 film)|Gangster]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Ekka Raja Rani]]'' || Police Commissioner Gaekwad ||
|-
|''[[Ikke Pe Ikka]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
|''[[Beta Ho To Aisa]]'' || J.K.'s henchman ||
|-
|''[[Mr. Azaad]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1995 ||''[[Jawab (1995 film)|Jawab]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Prem (film)|Prem]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Raja (1995 film)|Raja]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
|''[[Zamaana Deewana]]'' || Gullu (Hitman) ||
|-
|''[[Rock Dancer]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rock Dancer |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/rock-dancer/cast/2030213976/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>|| Boat Club Manager||
|-
|''[[Ram Shastra]]'' || Inspector Azhgar Ali ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1997 || ''[[Aakhri Sanghursh]]'' || Baggu ||
|-
|''[[Share Bazaar (film)|Share Bazaar]]'' || Police Commissioner ||
|-
|''[[Bhai Bhai (1997 film)|Bhai Bhai]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1998 || ''[[Dulhe Raja]]'' || SSP Nissar Khan ||
|-
|''[[Iski Topi Uske Sarr]]'' || Joseph ||
|-
|''[[Maharaja (1998 film)|Maharaja]]'' || Hunter ||
|-
|''[[Zulm-O-Sitam]]'' || Sikandar's Henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1999 || ''[[Lal Baadshah]]'' || Vikram's Henchman ||
|-
|''[[Safari (1999 film)|Safari]]'' || Uncle D'Silva ||
|-
|''[[Chudail No. 1]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]'' || Rocky ||
|-
|2000 || ''[[Billa No. 786]]'' || Balwant Rai ||
|-
|2002 || ''[[Humraaz]]'' || Tommy ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004 || ''[[Deewaar (2004 film)|Deewaar]]'' || Mushtaque ||
|-
|''[[Hatya (2004 film)|Hatya]]'' || Johny ||
|-
|2007 || ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]'' || Contest Co-announcer ||
|-
|2009 || ''Victoria House'' || Ramu Chowkidaar ||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Notes
|-
|1993–2001 || ''[[Zee Horror Show]]'' || ||
|-
|1997 || ''[[Betaal Pachisi (TV series)|Betaal Pachisi]]'' || Bash ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003 || ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' - The Case of Predictions || Dr. Kailash (episode 249–250) ||
|-
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' - The Case of Illusive Bomber || Jinjar (episode 269–270) ||
|}

== Death ==
He had long been suffering from a lung infection and he died on 12 May 2014 at the age of 70.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0837199}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhir}}
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]

Durjoy Datta

2026-04-18T17:01:11Z

RoyalEddington6:

{{short description|Indian author and screenwriter|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|date=August 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{COI|date=August 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Durjoy Datta
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|7 February 1987}}
| birth_place = [[Mehsana]], Gujarat, India
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Indian author and screenwriter
| education = [[Delhi College of Engineering]], [[Management Development Institute]]
| genre = Romance, [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| notableworks =
| awards =
| signature =
| years_active = 2008– Present
| website = {{URL|http://dattadurjoy.com/}}
| spouse = Avantika Mohan
| imagesize =
| death_cause =
}}

'''Durjoy Datta''' is an Indian author and screenwriter.

==Early and personal life==
Durjoy Datta was born on 7 February 1987 in Mehsana, [[Gujarat]], in a [[Bengali Hindu]] family,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/i-have-had-a-very-colourful-life-durjoy-datta/articleshow/27182114.cms|title=I have had a very colourful life: Durjoy Datta – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and was brought up in New Delhi. He completed his schooling at the Bal Bharati Public School, Pitampura, and went on to do mechanical engineering at [[Delhi Technological University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vowelor.com/about/durjoy-datta/|title = About: Durjoy Datta|date = 9 February 2017}}</ref> He has done his post-graduation from [[Management Development Institute]], Gurgaon and [[Frankfurt School of Finance & Management]], Germany. In 2011, he quit his job as a marketing analyst and became a full-time writer.<ref name="autohin">{{cite web|title=New-age authors cash in on growing market|url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/placeholder-ht-ui-businesssectionpage-topstories/new-age-authors-cash-in-on-growing-market/article1-1016478.aspx|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150626131209/http://www.hindustantimes.com/placeholder-ht-ui-businesssectionpage-topstories/new-age-authors-cash-in-on-growing-market/article1-1016478.aspx|url-status= dead|archive-date= 26 June 2015|website = hindustantimes.com|date = 24 February 2013|access-date = 1 May 2012}}</ref> He is married to model Avantika Mohan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/tweet-na/articleshow/51114154.cms|title=Tweet na?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-durjoy-datta-and-avantika-mohan-s-honeymoon-these-pics-will-give-you-serious-vacation-goals-2194162|title=Durjoy Datta's honeymoon pics are giving us ultimate relationship goals|date=20 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Career==
Durjoy Datta's first novel, ''[[Of Course I Love You ..! Till I Find Someone Better|Of Course I Love You!]]'' (co-authored with Maanvi Ahuja) was released by Srishti Publishers in 2008<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/829091/we-find-our-writers-through-unsolicited-submissions-we-read-every-manuscript-jayanta-kumar-bose|title='We find our writers through unsolicited submissions. We read every manuscript': Jayanta Kumar Bose|last=Gupta|first=Kanishka|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-06-05|language=en-US}}</ref> while he was still in college.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?277582|title = The Lo-Cal Literati|website = outlookindia.com|date = 18 July 2011|access-date = 30 May 2015}}</ref> In August 2009, his second novel, ''Now That You're Rich!'', was released.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hariharan|first=Nandhitha|title=Man behind the words|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/nxg/article95535.ece|website = thehindu.com|accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref> In the summer of 2010, his third novel, ''She Broke Up, I Didn't!'', released.<ref>{{cite news|title=Street-smart best-sellers|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/streetsmart-bestsellers/750123/0|accessdate=26 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> His fourth novel'', Ohh Yes, I Am Single!'', was co-written with Neeti Rustagi.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aastha Atray Banan|title=The Lovey-Dovey Boys|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/the-lovey-dovey-boys|accessdate=26 April 2012|newspaper=Open Magazine|date=21 April 2012}}</ref>
After graduating from MDI, Gurgaon, in 2011, he co-founded Grapevine India Publishers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/the-lovey-dovey-boys|title= The Lovey-Dovey Boys|website = openthemagazine.com|date = 21 April 2012|access-date = 30 May 2015}}</ref> His fifth novel, ''You Were My Crush!'', was published by Grapevine India Publishers in September 2011. ''[[If It's Not Forever]]!'', his sixth novel, was released on 1 February 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120301/jsp/entertainment/story_15196286.jsp | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | first=Sreyoshi | last=Dey | title=Books: Love, Sex And Marriage | date=1 March 2012 | access-date=19 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109201432/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120301/jsp/entertainment/story_15196286.jsp | archive-date=9 November 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/durjoy-datta-launches-new-novel-on-v-day-news-entertainment-mcppOxacifa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121170427/http://www.sify.com/news/durjoy-datta-launches-new-novel-on-v-day-news-entertainment-mcppOxacifa.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 January 2014 |title=Durjoy Datta launches new novel on V-Day |website=[[Sify]] |date=15 February 2012 |accessdate=7 July 2013}}</ref> In the same year, ''Till the Last Breath...'' was published.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ingoodbooks.com/398/shades-of-love/|title= Most remarkable and shocking story|website= ingoodbooks.com|date=26 November 2012|accessdate=28 June 2015}}</ref> On 4 February 2013, ''Someone Like You'', a novel he co-wrote with [[Nikita Singh]], was released by [[Penguin Books|Penguin India]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Username * |url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/durjoy-datta |title=Durjoy Datta |publisher=Penguin Books India |date= |accessdate=7 July 2013}}</ref> His ninth novel ''Hold My Hand'' released on 5 August 2013. His tenth novel ''When Only Love Remains'' was published on 19 June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/of-love-laced-stories-and-emotional-sagas/article1-1234351.aspx|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150626112127/http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/of-love-laced-stories-and-emotional-sagas/article1-1234351.aspx|url-status = dead|archive-date = 26 June 2015|title= Of love laced stories and emotional sagas|website = hindustantimes.com|date = 28 June 2014|access-date = 30 May 2015}}</ref> His eleventh novel ''World's ̷Best Boyfriend'' was published on 24 April 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/there-s-a-pressure-to-tell-a-new-story-every-time-durjoy-datta/article1-1352302.aspx|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150529030149/http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/there-s-a-pressure-to-tell-a-new-story-every-time-durjoy-datta/article1-1352302.aspx|url-status = dead|archive-date = 29 May 2015|title= There's a pressure to tell a new story every time|website = [[Hindustan Times]]|date = 28 May 2015|access-date = 30 May 2015}}</ref> His twelfth novel, ''Our Impossible Love'' and thirteenth novel, ''The Girl of my Dreams'' were published in 2016.<ref name = "dd">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/Fans-ask-me-to-leave-my-wife-for-them-Durjoy-Datta/articleshow/53335504.cms|title=Fans ask me to leave my wife for them: Durjoy Datta|website=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=31 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/for-love-madness-and-thrills/story-zCHOZkHiZczPzkyG2xJjQP.html|title = Durjoy Datta's The Girl of My Dreams is a psychological thriller|website = Hindustan Times|access-date = 31 December 2016}}</ref> He has co-authored books with Maanvi Ahuja, Neeti Rustagi, Orvana Ghai and Nikita Singh. He has also hosted [[TEDx]] talks<ref>{{cite web|title=TEDx Speakers – Durjoy Datta| url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/5618}}</ref> and conferences in colleges, and has written blogs for Miss Malini and [[That's So Gloss]].

He was listed among young achievers in Media and Communications by Whistling Woods International in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=happenings|url=http://www.whistlingwoods.net|accessdate=29 November 2011}}</ref> His debut show [[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq – My Life, My Choice]] won the ''Youth Show – fiction'' category at [[Zee Gold Awards]] in 2014 and at [[Indian Telly Awards]] in 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/popular|title = List of nominees and winners of 13th Indian Telly Awards, 2014|date = 9 September 2014|website = indiantelevision.com|access-date = 7 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150626121135/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/popular|archive-date = 26 June 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|title = List of nominees and winners of 14th Inwdian Telly Awards, 2015|date = 28 November 2015|website = indiantelevision.com|access-date = 6 December 2015|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160420095547/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|archivedate = 20 April 2016|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/I-have-had-a-very-colourful-life-Durjoy-Datta/articleshow/27182114.cms|title=I have had a very colourful life: Durjoy Datta – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref>

==Works==

===Novels===
* [[Of Course I Love You|Of Course I Love You..!...Till I Find Someone Better]] (co-author Maanvi Ahuja) (2008)
* Our Impossible Love (2016).<ref>{{cite web|title=Durjoy Datta to pen first non-fiction series with new take on love|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2017/aug/29/durjoy-datta-to-pen-first-non-fiction-series-with-new-take-on-love-1649751.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 August 2017 |access-date=17 February 2018}}</ref>
* The Girl of my Dreams (2016).<ref>{{cite web|title=Durjoy Datta's The Girl of My Dreams is a psychological thriller|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/for-love-madness-and-thrills/story-zCHOZkHiZczPzkyG2xJjQP.html|website=hindustantimes.com/|accessdate=17 February 2018|language=en|date=17 October 2016}}</ref>
* The Boy who Loved (2017)<ref>[https://www.vowelor.com/book/the-boy-who-loved-durjoy-datta-review/ "The Boy Who Loved"] by Durjoy Datta, ''Penguin Random House''</ref>
* The Boy with A Broken Heart (2017)<ref>[https://www.vowelor.com/book/the-boy-with-broken-heart-durjoy-datta/ "The Boy with A Broken Heart"] by Durjoy Datta, ''Penguin India Metro Reads''</ref>
*Wish I Could Tell You (2019)<ref>[https://www.vowelor.com/book/wish-i-could-tell-you-durjoy-datta/ "Wish I Could Tell You"] by Durjoy Datta, ''Penguin India Metro Reads''</ref>
* World's Best Girlfriend (2023) <ref>{{ cite web|url=https://www.fairobserver.com/culture/book/worlds-worst-best-girlfriend/ | title= World's Worst Best Girlfriend by Fair Observer| date= 24 September 2023}}</ref>

===Television shows===
* [[Sadda Haq (TV series)|''Sadda Haq – My Life, My Choice'']] (co-writer Sumrit Shahi) (2013–2016)
* ''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]'' [Screenplay writer (co-writer Raghuvir Shekhawat)] (2016–2017)
*''Never Kiss Your Best Friend'' [Screenplay writer] (2020)<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 January 2020|title=Never Kiss Your Best Friend review: An easy-breezy show on love and friendship|language=en-US|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/never-kiss-your-best-friend-review-nakuul-mehta-anya-singh-6238731/|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref>
*''Kill Dill - The Heartbreak Club'' [Dialogues and Screenplay Writer (co-writer Sumrit Shahi] (2025)

==Awards and recognition==
*2017 [[Crossword Book Award]], Popular Choice Award, fiction, for ''Our Impossible Love''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/latest/865564/josy-joseph-sujit-saraf-and-karan-johar-among-the-winners-of-this-years-crossword-book-awards |title=Josy Joseph, Sujit Saraf and Karan Johar among the winners of this year's Crossword Book Awards |work=Scroll.in |author= |date=17 January 2018 |accessdate=19 January 2018}}</ref>
*2018 Crossword Book Award, Popular Choice Award, fiction, for ''The Boy Who Loved''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Sudha Murthy, Ruskin Bond, Snigdha Poonam among winners of this year's Crossword Book Awards|url=https://scroll.in/latest/906481/sudha-murthy-ruskin-bond-snigdha-poonam-among-winners-of-this-years-crossword-book-awards|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Scroll.in|date=20 December 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150507111610/http://www.grapevineindia.com/index.php Grapevine India Publishers]
* [http://in.linkedin.com/pub/durjoy-datta/7/161/737 Work Summary]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://books.whatstrendingnow.com/top-ten-indian-romantic-novels/ Listed as one Top 10 Indian Authors]

==See also==

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Books}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Datta, Durjoy}}
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi Technological University alumni]]
[[Category: 21st-century Indian novelists]]

K. C. Das Grandsons

2026-04-16T03:52:37Z

RoyalEddington6: adding

{{Short description|Indian confectionery}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = K. C. Das Grandson Pvt. Ltd.
|image = Registered_brand_name_of_K.C._Das_Grandson.jpg
|image_border =
|image_size = 280px
|image_alt =
|caption =
|map =
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|map2 =
|abbreviation =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|formation = 1956
|extinction =
|type =
|status =
|purpose =
|headquarters =
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|coordinates = 
|region_served =
|membership =
|language =
|general_secretary =
|leader_title = Founder
|leader_name = Debendra Nath Das
|key_people =
|main_organ =
|parent_organization =
|affiliations =
|budget =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|website = {{URL|http://www.kcdas.com|kcdas.com}}
}}

'''K. C. Das Grandson Pvt. Ltd.''' Is an Indian [[confectionery]] best known for its [[sweet]]s and [[snacks]]. It is especially known for the white spongy form of [[rossogolla]] in [[Bengal]], invented by the founder's ancestor, [[Nobin Chandra Das]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041025/asp/calcutta/story_3894990.asp |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Metro |access-date=4 June 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006171057/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041025/asp/calcutta/story_3894990.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sandeep-o-nama.blogspot.com/2012/04/rosogolla-ancient-bengali-sweet.html|title=Chatterbox: Rosogolla – Ancient Bengali Sweet?|date=7 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2012/nov/23/a-sweet-rush-427483.html|title=A sweet rush|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In 2023, [[TasteAtlas]] described KC Das as having a "legacy extends beyond its sweets, as it represents a vital part of Kolkata's cultural and gastronomic heritage".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-16 |title=Bengal desserts make sweet impression on global list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-desserts-make-sweet-impression-on-global-list/articleshow/103701417.cms |access-date=2025-06-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Nobin Chandra Das#Birth of Rossogolla}}
During 1868, [[Nobin Chandra Das]], who belonged to Kolkata, experimentally developed the first [[Rossogolla]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/calcutta-celebrates-madly-mishti/articleshow/4902875.cms|title=Calcutta celebrates Madly Mishti - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sticky-sweet-success/867051/ |title=Sticky Sweet Success |publisher=Indian Express |date=2011-10-30 |accessdate=2012-07-13}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Nobin Chandra Das Inventor of Rossogolla |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RR-2ktZl75o |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Subsequently, [[K.C. Das]], who was [[Nobin Chandra Das|Nobin Das]]'s son began to can the rasgulla which resulted in the widespread availability of the sweets. His son, [[Sarada Charan Das]], incorporated and established the family enterprise as K.C.Das Private Limited and was primarily responsible for driving the explosive growth in business. In 1955, [[Sarada Charan Das|Sarada Charan]] had a major disagreement with his second son, Debendra Nath Das, which led to a permanent estrangement within the family. Debendra Nath Das chose to step out of the family and established his own Indian confectionery store in [[Kalighat]], naming it as "K. C. Das Grandson" after his late grandfather.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/history-of-rasgulla-2327.html|title=History Of Rasgulla - Origin Of Rasgulla, Interesting Information On Background Of Rasgulla|website=lifestyle.iloveindia.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Exports ==
K. C. Das Grandson’s products are widely consumed in Bengal and are also exported to countries such as [[Bangladesh]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States.]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Youtube|id=RR-2ktZl75o|title="Nobin Chandra Das Inventor of Rossogolla"}}

[[Category:Confectioners]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Confectionery companies of India]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1956]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1956]]

List of Indian astronauts

2026-04-16T00:52:37Z

RoyalEddington6: stub - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{for|foreign astronauts of Indian origin|List of astronauts of Indian origin}}

On 3 April 1984, [[Rakesh Sharma]] became the first Indian to travel to space. He traveled on board [[Soyuz T-11]] to the space station [[Salyut 7]] as part of the Soviet [[Interkosmos]] programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-down-to-earth-rakesh-sharma/article381946.ece/|title=The down to earth Rakesh Sharma|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 April 2010|access-date=5 April 2014|first=Pankaja|last=Srinivasan|archive-date=24 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724161536/http://m.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-down-to-earth-rakesh-sharma/article381946.ece/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the late 2000s, [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) announced that it is working on the technologies required for sending humans to space as a part of the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200708091621.htm| title=ISRO considering manned space mission: Nair|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 August 2007|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8483787.stm|title=India announces first manned space mission|work=[[BBC News]]|date=27 January 2010|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Gaganyaan Crew.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Members of the planned ''[[Gaganyaan]]'' program of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]]]

In 2018, the [[Government of India]] formally announced the launch of the ''[[Gaganyaan]]'' programme, which aimed to put a man in space by 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian will take national flag to space on board Gaganyaan by 2022, says PM Narendra Modi in Independence Day speech |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-will-take-national-flag-to-space-on-board-gaganyaan-by-2022-says-pm-narendra-modi-in-independence-day-speech/story-ctNAmDef79gbpj7OHrU8dP.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=15 August 2018 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> However, the plans were delayed partly due to the impact of [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=11 June 2020|title=Gaganyaan mission: No Gaganyaan unmanned flight this year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-gaganyaan-unmanned-flight-this-year/articleshow/76315319.cms|access-date=13 June 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> As per the revised timelines, the first crewed flight is planned as a part of ''[[Gaganyaan-4]]'', scheduled to launch in 2027.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/human-spaceflight/india-delays-its-1st-ever-gaganyaan-astronaut-launch-to-2026| title=India delays its 1st-ever Gaganyaan astronaut launch to 2026|work=[[Space.com]]|date=4 November 2024|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=India's Gaganyaan Mission in final phase, maiden crew launch in early 2027 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/gaganyaan-mission/story/indias-gaganyaan-mission-in-final-phase-maiden-crew-launch-in-early-2027-2720520-2025-05-06 |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>) On 27 February 2024, four men (''Gaganyatri'') – [[Ajit Krishnan]], [[Angad Pratap]], [[Prasanth Nair]], and [[Shubhanshu Shukla]], from the [[Indian Air Force]] were announced as candidates for the human spaceflight programme.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2024 |title=Astronauts on Isro's Gaganyaan mission trained at same centre in Russia where Rakesh Sharma underwent training |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/astronauts-on-gaganyaan-mission-trained-at-same-center-in-russia-where-rakesh-sharma-underwent-training/articleshow/108041061.cms |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> They trained at Russia's [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]], where Sharma had trained in 1984.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaganyaan Mission: How 4 Indian astronauts were trained in Russia - Gaganyaan astronauts named |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/gaganyaan-mission-how-4-indian-astronauts-were-trained-in-russia/gaganyaan-astronauts-named/slideshow/108043859.cms |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] }}</ref> Nair and Shukla trained at [[NASA]] facilities in preparation for their participation in the [[Axiom Mission 4]] to the [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{cite news |date=6 July 2024 |title=2 Gaganyaan astronauts to go to ISS aboard the Axiom Mission 4 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/2-gaganyaan-astronauts-to-go-to-iss-aboard-the-axiom-4-mission-9435821/ |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Shukla flew to space on 25 June 2025 as a part of the mission,<ref name="ISS">{{cite news |date=26 June 2025|title=Shubhanshu Shukla: Astronaut becomes first Indian to set foot on ISS |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crenw0nyqnqo |access-date=9 July 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Gaganyatri Shubhanshu Shukla called Dr V Narayanan, Chairman, ISRO and acknowledged the efforts of the ISRO team in ensuring his safe travel to the ISS |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/GaganyatriShubhanshuShukla_called_Dr_V_Narayanan.html#:~:text=On%20July%2006,%202025,%20in,and%20Secretary,%20Department%20of%20Space. |access-date=9 July 2025 |work=[[ISRO]]}}</ref> while Nair was his backup.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 August 2024 |title=Who is Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla, the 'prime astronaut' for Indo-US mission to space? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/who-is-shubhanshu-shukla-indo-us-space-mission-9492109/ |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref>

On 19 May 2024, [[Gopichand Thotakura]] became the first Indian to take a [[suborbital flight]] to space, as a part of the [[Blue Origin NS-25]] mission.<ref name="ET">{{cite news |last=John |first=Nirmal |date=12 April 2024 |title=Meet Gopichand Thotakura, the 2nd Indian citizen in space after Rakesh Sharma |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/gopichand-thotakura-set-to-become-second-indian-citizen-in-space-after-rakesh-sharma-to-be-part-of-blue-origins-next-mission/articleshow/109226700.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== List ==

Apart from the Indians who had traveled to space, the list also includes those who have trained for space travel but have not traveled to space.{{efn|name=Astro|Technically, the term 'astronaut' refers to only persons trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program as a crew member of a spacecraft.}}

{| class="sortable wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Interkosmos|Interkosmos Program]]
|-
! Name
! Image
! Birth
! Time in Space
! Missions
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| [[Rakesh Sharma]]
| [[Image:Rakesh Sharma.jpg|100px]]
| 13 January 1949
| 7 days, 21 hours, 40 minutes
| {{flagicon|USSR}} [[Soyuz T-11]] (3 April 1984)
|
*First Indian in space.
|-
| [[Ravish Malhotra]]
| [[File:Wing Commander Ravish Malhotra edit.jpg|100px]]
| 25 December 1943
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|
*Backup for Sharma in Soyuz T-11.
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Suborbital Flight]]
|-
| style="background-color:#f0f8ff;" | [[Gopichand Thotakura]]
| style="background-color:#f0f8ff;" | 
| style="background-color:#f0f8ff;" | 1993
| style="background-color:#f0f8ff;" | 9 minutes, 53 seconds
| style="background-color:#f0f8ff;" | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Blue Origin NS-25]] (19 May 2024)
| style="background-color:#f0f8ff;" |
*Second Indian in space.
*First Indian to take a [[suborbital flight]] to space.
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
|-
! Name
! Image
! Birth
! Time in Space
! Missions
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| [[Shubhanshu Shukla]]
| [[File:Wing Commander Shubhanshu Shukla.jpg|100px]]
| 10 October 1985
| 20 days, 2 hours and 59 minutes
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Axiom Mission 4]] (25 June 2025)
|
* Second Indian in [[Orbit]].
* Longest-stay by an Indian in space.
* First Indian in [[International Space Station|ISS]].
|-
| [[Prasanth Nair]]
|[[File:Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair.jpg|100px]]
| 26 August 1976
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|
* Backup for Shukla on Axiom Mission 4.
|-
| [[Ajit Krishnan]]
|[[File:Group Captain Ajit Krishnan.jpg|100px|]]
| 19 April 1982
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|
* Part of [[Gaganyaan]].
|-
| [[Angad Pratap]]
|[[File:Group Captain Angad Pratap.jpg|100px]]
| 17 July 1982
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|
* Part of Gaganyaan.
|}

==See also==
*[[History of spaceflight]]
*[[Human spaceflight]]
*[[List of Asian astronauts]]
*[[List of astronauts by selection]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Space exploration lists and timelines|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Indian astronauts|*]]
[[Category:Lists of astronauts by nationality|Indian]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by occupation|Astronauts]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]

Sirohi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:30Z

RoyalEddington6: Creating New Info W/ Sources

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sirohi
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-146-Sirohi.svg
| mla = [[Otaram Dewasi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Sirohi district|Sirohi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalore Lok Sabha constituency|Jalore]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:304492}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 146
}}
'''Sirohi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Sirohi district|Sirohi]] district.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1952||[[Jawan Singh (politician)|Jawan Singh]]||{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| rowspan=2|1957||Veerka
|-
| Mohbat Singh||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 1962||Dharmaram<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3380-rajasthan-1962/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=8 January 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| 1967||M. Singh<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3382-rajasthan-1967/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| 1972||Shanti Lal Kothari<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3383-rajasthan-1972/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| 1977||Raghu Nandan Vyas||{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| 1980||Devisahai Gopalia||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1985||Ramlal
|-
| 1990
|rowspan=2|[[Tara Bhandari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1993
|-
| 1998<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Sanyam Lodha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2003<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| 2008<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Otaram Dewasi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2013<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| 2018||[[Sanyam Lodha]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2023||[[Otaram Dewasi]]<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirohi<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ota Ram Dewasi
|votes = {{formatnum:114729}}
|percentage = 56.64
|change = +16.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanyam Lodha
|votes = {{formatnum:78924}}
|percentage = 38.96
|change = +30.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Motilal
|votes = {{formatnum:2298}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hemant Purohit
|votes = {{formatnum:2269}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2339}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change = -0.32
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35805}}
|percentage = 17.68
|change = +11.94
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202572}}
|percentage = 66.53
|change = +0.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Sirohi<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanyam Lodha
|votes = {{formatnum:81272}}
|percentage = 45.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Otaram Devasi
|votes = {{formatnum:71019}}
|percentage = 39.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jiva Ram Arya
|votes = {{formatnum:14656}}
|percentage = 8.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tejraj Solanki
|votes = {{formatnum:1966}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindusthan Nirman Dal
|candidate = Deepa Rajguru
|votes = {{formatnum:1790}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2621}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10253}}
|percentage = 5.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178484}}
|percentage = 66.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Sirohi district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.89|72.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Sirohi district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Domjur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:50Z

RoyalEddington6: put up initial article w/ refs

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Domjur
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Domjur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Domjur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Kalyan Ghosh (politician)|Kalyan Ghosh]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| constituency_no = 184
| established = 1951
| electors = 216,262
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Domjur Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 184 Domjur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Bally Jagachha (community development block)|Bally Jagachha]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Bankra I, Bankra II, Bankra III, Makardah II, Narna, Shalap I and Shalap II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Domjur (community development block)|Domjur]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Domjur Assembly constituency is part of No. 27 [[Sreerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/> Domjur was earlier (until 2008) part of [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-11-01 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|rowspan="3"|Tarapada Dey
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|A.H.Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2"|Joykesh Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Krishnapada Royl
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|Joykesh Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Padma Nidhi Dhar]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Mohanta Chatterjee
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Rajib Banerjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Kalyan Ghosh
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Domjur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tapas Maity
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gobinda Hazra
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dulu Das
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Aloke Koley
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
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{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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{{Election box hold with party link|
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{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Domjur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Kalyan Ghosh
|votes = 1,30,499
|percentage = 52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Rajib Banerjee]]|votes=87,879|percentage=35.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Uttam Bera|votes=22,768|percentage=9.07|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,50,978|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Domjur constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Rajib Banerjee]]
|votes = 148,768
|percentage = 67.76
|change = +13.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Protima Dutta
|votes = 41,067
|percentage = 18.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jayanta Das
|votes = 15,489
|percentage = 7.05
|change = +4.8
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kailash Naskar
|votes = 3,187
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = IUC
|candidate = Sabila Begum Sardar
|votes = 2,438
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 219,557
|percentage = 84.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Domjur constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=184| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163901/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=184| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Domjur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Rajib Banerjee]]
|votes = 101,042
|percentage = 54.07
|change = +16.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mohanta Chatterjee
|votes = 76,056
|percentage = 40.70
|change = -2.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Parthasarathi Baksi
|votes = 4,210
|percentage = 2.25
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sabila Begum
|votes = 1,526
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subrata Das
|votes = 1,322
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jugal Hazra
|votes = 870
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jayanta Mondal
|votes = 459
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 186,878
|percentage = 86.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 19.30
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Mohanta Chatterjee Das of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Domjur seat defeating his nearest rival Rajib Kuntal Banerjee of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Padma Nidhi Dhar of CPI(M) defeated Brajamohan Majumdar of Trinamool Congress in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Bhabani Prasad Bhattacharya of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> and Sachin Ray of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Joykesh Mukherjee of CPI(M) defeated Sachin Ray of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Mahadeb Manna of Congress in 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Krishna Pada Roy of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp166.htm |title =166 - Domjur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 November 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Krishna Pada Roy of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Joykesh Mukherjee of CPI(M) won in 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> A.H.Mondal of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Tarapada Dey of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]],<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Howrah topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Rahim Khan (Indian politician)

2026-04-11T20:26:05Z

RoyalEddington6: put up some stub needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Distinguish|Chaudhary Rahim Khan|text=[[Chaudhary Rahim Khan]], Former Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Faridabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Karnataka]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| governor = [[Thawarchand Gehlot]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Second Siddaramaiah ministry]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = *'''Municipal Administration'''
*'''Hajj'''
| term_start = 27 May 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title= Rahim Khan sworn as Cabinet Minister in Government of Karnataka|url= https://thecognate.com/karnataka-bidar-mla-rahim-khan-takes-oath-as-cabinet-minister-in-siddaramaiah-govt/|access-date= 31 May 2023|archive-date= 31 May 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230531172900/https://thecognate.com/karnataka-bidar-mla-rahim-khan-takes-oath-as-cabinet-minister-in-siddaramaiah-govt/|url-status= dead}}</ref>
| office1 = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Gurupadappa Nagamarapalli]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Bidar Assembly constituency|Bidar]]
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2013
| predecessor2 = [[Gurupadappa Nagamarapalli]]
| successor2 = [[Gurupadappa Nagamarapalli]]
| constituency2 = [[Bidar Assembly constituency|Bidar]]
| office3 = Minister of State for Youth Empowerment and Sports of Karnataka
| term_start3 = 22 December 2018
| term_end3 = 8 July 2019
| predecessor3 = [[Pramod Madhwaraj]]
| successor3 = [[K. S. Eshwarappa]]
| constituency =
| prime_minister1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|05|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bidar]], Mysuru State (Present-day [[Karnataka]]), India
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education = [[Pre-university course|PUC]]
| spouse = Ayesha Begum
Seema Aiman (m. 1998)
| website =
}}
'''Rahim Khan''' (born 1 May 1964) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a three-time MLA and he served as a Cabinet Minister in the [[Government of Karnataka]] and as a Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Bidar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bidar]].<ref name="Karnataka elections: BJP wrests one seat each from Congress and JD(S) in Bidar">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka elections: BJP wrests one seat each from Congress and JD(S) in Bidar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-bjp-wrests-one-seat-each-from-congress-and-jds-in-bidar/article66846973.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420083136/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-bjp-wrests-one-seat-each-from-congress-and-jds-in-bidar/article66846973.ece |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

He was the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of State for Youth Empowerment and Sports]] of Karnataka from 22 December 2018 to 8 July 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last=Desai |first=Rishikesh Bahadur |date=2016-02-17 |title=Bidar's MLA-elect comes from a humble background |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bidars-mlaelect-comes-from-a-humble-background/article8246590.ece |accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190216/khandre-campaign-won-bidar-seat-for-his-good-friend-rahim-khan.html | title=Khandre campaign won Bidar seat for his 'good friend' Rahim Khan | work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Kumaraswamy inducts 8 Ministers; 7 of them are from north Karnataka">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=22 December 2018 |title=Kumaraswamy inducts 8 Ministers; 7 of them are from north Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kumaraswamy-inducts-8-ministers-7-of-them-are-from-north-karnataka/article25810045.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117165619/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kumaraswamy-inducts-8-ministers-7-of-them-are-from-north-karnataka/article25810045.ece |archive-date=17 January 2025 |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Career ==
Khan is a three-time MLA from [[Bidar Assembly constituency|Bidar Constituency]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/bidar.html | title=Bidar (Karnataka) Elections and Results | work=elections.in | accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/528816/voting-byelection-bidar-north-smooth.html | title=Voting for byelection of Bidar North smooth | work=deccanherald.com | accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref> He represents the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Congress wins in Bidar, BJP takes Hebbal and Deodurg |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/counting-of-votes-for-karnataka-legislative-assembly-polls/article8244209.ece?homepage=true |accessdate=25 May 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He won the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election defeating Suryakanth Nagamarpalli of Janata Dal (S) by a margin of 10,780 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidar (Karnataka) Elections Results 2023 LIVE: Constituency Details, List of Candidates, Last Winner and more |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2023/bidar |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> He won the 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election as MLA from the Bidar seat for the second time representing Indian National Congress. In 2018, he defeated Surayakanth Nagmarpalli of BJP by a margin of 10,245 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Constituencies List 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/section/elections/karnataka-election-constituencies-list-2018/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2016 by-poll, Khan won the Bidar seat for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=reddy |first=k n |date=2016-02-19 |title=Khandre campaign won Bidar seat for his good friend' Rahim Khan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190216/khandre-campaign-won-bidar-seat-for-his-good-friend-rahim-khan.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> Rahim Khan has been appointed as Chairman for Karnataka Warehousing Corporation in 2016.<ref name="21 MLAs to head boards, corporations">{{cite news |date=2 November 2016 |title=21 MLAs to head boards, corporations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/21-MLAs-to-head-boards-corporations/article16091341.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423075123/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/21-MLAs-to-head-boards-corporations/article16091341.ece |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Rahim}}
[[Category:People from Yadgir district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]

Hauz Khas Complex

2026-03-29T19:43:56Z

RoyalEddington6: new

{{Short description|Site in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Cleanup|date=December 2023|reason=Clean-up for grammar and organization.}}
[[File:Feroze Shah's Tomb.JPG|thumb|Eastern limb of the madrasa from the tomb]]
[[File:Ferozesha tomb at the left end with Northern limb of the Madrasa.JPG|thumb|Northern limb of the madrasa starting with the tomb of Feruz Shah and ending in a mosque, with reservoir in the foreground]]
'''Hauz Khas Complex''' in [[Hauz Khas]], [[South Delhi]] houses a water tank, an [[Islamic]] [[seminary]], a [[mosque]], a [[tomb]], and pavilions built around an urbanized village with medieval history traced to the 13th century of [[Delhi Sultanate]] reign.<ref name=maps>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/delhi/tourism/hauz-khas-monument.html|title=Hauz Khas Monument|access-date=2009-04-26|publisher=Maps of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302204932/http://www.mapsofindia.com/delhi/tourism/hauz-khas-monument.html|archive-date=2008-03-02}}</ref><ref name=about>{{Cite web|url=http://delhitourismonline.com/hauzkhas.htm|title=About Hauz Khas|access-date=2009-05-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329143925/http://delhitourismonline.com/hauzkhas.htm|archive-date=2009-03-29}}</ref> It was part of [[Siri Fort|Siri]], the second medieval city of India of the Delhi Sultanate of [[Alauddin Khalji]] [[Dynasty]] (1296–1316).<ref name=maps/><ref name=about/>
The etymology of the name Hauz Khas in [[Persian language|Persian]] is derived from the words ‘Hauz’: "water tank" (or lake) and ‘Khas’:"royal"- the "Royal tank". The large water tank or reservoir was first built by [[Allauddin Khilji]] (the plaque displayed at the site records this fact) to supply water to the inhabitants of Siri.<ref name="Arch">{{Cite book |author=Sharma |first=Y. D. |url= |title=Delhi and its Neighborhood |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=2001 |location=New Delhi |pages=79–81 |language=en |access-date= }}</ref>
The tank was de–silted during the reign of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] (1351–88). Several buildings ([[Mosque]] and [[madrasa]]) and tombs were built overlooking the water tank or lake. [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah]]'s tomb pivots the L–shaped building complex which overlooks the tank.<ref name=Arch/>

In the 1980s, Hauz Khas Village, studded with domed tombs of [[Muslim]] royalty from the 14th to 16th centuries, was developed as an upper class residential commercial area in the [[metropolis]] of [[South Delhi]], India. It is now a relatively expensive tourist commercial area with numerous art galleries, upscale boutiques and fancy restaurants.<ref name=villagemap>{{Cite web|url=http://bpbweekend.com/delhi-services/bpb-map-to-hauz-khas-village|title=Hauz Khas Village Map|access-date=2012-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510031440/http://bpbweekend.com/delhi-services/bpb-map-to-hauz-khas-village|archive-date=10 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=village>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetware.com/delhi/new-hauz-khas-village-ind-delhi-hauz.htm|title= New Delhi - Hauz Khas Village|access-date=2009-04-26}}</ref>

== History ==
The water tank was built during Alauddin Khilji‘s reign (1296–1316) in the second city of Delhi to meet the water supply needs of the newly built fort at Siri and was originally known as Hauz-i-Alai after [[Khalji dynasty|Khilji]].<ref name=maps/>
But [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] (1351–88) of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] re-excavated the silted tank and cleared the clogged inlet channels. The tank was originally of about {{convert|50|ha|acre|abbr=on|1}} area with dimensions of {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} width and {{convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} length with {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} depth of water. When built, its storage capacity at the end of each [[monsoon season]] was reported to be 0.8 M. Now the tank size has substantially reduced due to encroachment and siltation but is well maintained in its present state (pictured).<ref name=arch>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7|title=Hauz Khas Complex|access-date=2009-04-27|publisher=Arch net Digital|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503084828/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7|archive-date=2012-05-03}}</ref><ref name="Welch">{{Cite web|url=http://www.archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=5205|title=A Medieveal Centre of Learning in India: The Hauz Khas Madrasa in Delhi -application|access-date=2009-04-28|author=Anthony Welch|work=dpc1013[1].pdf|format=pdf|pages=165–190|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507065538/http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=5205|archive-date=2008-05-07}}</ref><ref name="Lucy">{{Cite book |last=Peck |first=Lucy |title=Delhi, a thousand years of building |date=2010 |publisher=Lotus Collection |isbn=978-81-7436-354-1 |edition=5., updated impression |series=An INTACH Roli guide |location=New Delhi |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:HauzKhas Lake.jpg|thumb|HauzKhas Lake in foggy winter sunrise]]
Feruz Shah who ruled from his new city called [[Firozabad]] (now known as [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], the fifth city of Delhi, was an enlightened ruler. He was known for "his keen sense of historical precedent, statements of dynastic legitimacy and the power of monumental architecture". He is credited with construction of new monuments (several mosques and palaces) in innovative architectural styles, irrigation works and renovating/restoring old monuments such as the [[Qutub Minar]], [[Sultan Ghari]] and [[Suraj Kund]], and also erecting two inscribed [[Ashoka]]n [[Column|Pillars]], which he had transported from [[Ambala]] and [[Meerut]] in Delhi. At Hauz Khas, he raised several monuments on the southern and eastern banks of the reservoir.<ref name=Arch/><ref name=arch/><ref name="Welch" /><ref name=Lucy/>

[[File:Huaz Khas lake.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The Hauz Khas or the Royal Tank as revived now]]
;Recent lake restoration efforts

In efforts made in the past by the [[Delhi Development Authority]] to develop Hauz Khas village, the inlets to the reservoir were blocked and consequently the lake had gone dry for several years. To rectify the situation, a plan was implemented in 2004 to store storm water generated at the southern ridge of Delhi behind an [[embankment dam|embankment]] and then divert it into the lake. An outside source has also been tapped by feeding the water from the treatment plant at [[Sanjay Van]] into the lake. Unfortunately, in spite of the plans, a mixture of partially treated and raw sewage ended up flowing into the lake, creating a water body that was more similar to an oxidation pond than a lake. The water turned green from the amount of algae that grew and a foul smell permeated around the park and surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/delhi-s-hauz-khas-lake-is-dying-1255867-2018-06-09|title=Delhi's Hauz Khas lake is dying|date=June 9, 2018|first=Isha|last=Gupta|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref> Various attempts were made to remedy the problems and there were temporary minor improvements from time to time, but none were fully successful and the lake languished in this condition until 2018. The lake finally saw a permanent change in water quality in 2019 when a citizen initiative was started by EVOLVE Engineering and the Hauz Khas Urban Wetlands were created with public donations and with the help of a corporate sponsor. Two [[constructed wetland]]s were built, one to filter the incoming water flow and one to filter the existing water body, as well as numerous [[Floating island|floating wetland islands]] that were adopted by members of the public. Together they form the largest constructed wetland system in Delhi and are unique in that they were entirely funded by and built by individual citizens and a corporation. Although still in progress, the project has already started operation, and for the first time since its inception, clean water now flows into the lake. EVOLVE Engineering is made up of two professional engineers who are also helping the local authorities improve their management of the lake and ensure that the lake water quality continues to improve.

==Structures==
The notable structures built by Firuz Shah on the eastern and northern side of the reservoir consisted of the [[Madrasa]] (Islamic School of Learning – a theological college), the small Mosque, the Main tomb for himself and six domed pavilions in its precincts, which were all built between 1352 and 1354 A.D.<ref name=arch/>

;Madrasa
Established in 1352, the Madrasa was one of the leading institutions of Islamic learning in the Delhi Sultanate. It was also considered the largest and best equipped [[Islamic]] [[seminary]] anywhere in the [[world]]. There were three main Madrasa's in Delhi during Firuz Shah's time. One of them was the Firuz Shahi madrasa at Hauz Khas. After the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|sacking of Baghdad]], Delhi became the most important place in the world for Islamic education. The village surrounding the Madarsa was also called Tarababad (city of joy) in view of its affluent and culturally rich status, which provided the needed supporting sustenance supply system to the Madrasa.<ref name=Arch/>
<ref name=arch/><ref name="Welch" />

The madrasa structure has an innovative design. It was built in L-Shape as one contiguous structure on the south and east edges of the reservoir complex. One arm of the L-shape structure runs in the North–South direction measuring {{convert|76|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} and the other arm runs in the East–West direction measuring {{convert|138|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}. The two arms are pivoted at the large Tomb of Firuz Shah (pictured). At the northern end there is a small mosque. Between the mosque and the tomb two storied pavilions exist now on the northern side and similar pavilions on the eastern side, overlooking the lake, which were used as madrasa. The two arms are interconnected through small domed gateways passing through the tomb at the center. The North–South arm with balconies overlooking the reservoir is a two storied building with three towers of varying sizes. Ornamental brackets cover the upper storied balconies while the lower stories have corbelled support. Roof overhangs or [[eaves]] (chajjas) are seen now only in the upper stories though it is said that they existed on both stories when it was built.<ref name=arch/><ref name=Lucy/>
[[File:Hauz Khas.jpg|thumb|right|200px|North-South arm of the Madrasa and Mosque overlooking the reservoir]]
From each floor of the Madrasa, staircases are provided to go down to the lake. Many [[cenotaphs]], in the form of [[octagon]]al and [[Square (geometry)|square]] [[chhatris]] are also seen, which are reported to be possibly tombs of teachers of the Madrasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotels-new-delhi.com/tourist-attractions/forts/hauz-khas.html|title=Hauz Khas|access-date=2009-04-30|archive-date=29 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429224839/http://www.hotels-new-delhi.com/tourist-attractions/forts/hauz-khas.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://delhitourismonline.com/hauzkhas.htm|title=Hauz Khas|access-date=2009-04-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329143925/http://delhitourismonline.com/hauzkhas.htm|archive-date=2009-03-29}}</ref>
It is recorded that the first Director of the Madarasa was <blockquote>''one Jalal al-Din Rumi who knew fourteen sciences, could recite the [[Quran]] according to the seven known methods of recitation and had complete mastery over the five standard collections of the Traditions of the [[Prophet]]''</blockquote>The madrasa was well tended with liberal donations from the Royalty.<ref name=Lucy/>
[[Timur]], the [[Mongol]] ruler, who invaded Delhi, defeated Mohammed Shah [[Tughlaq]] in 1398 and plundered Delhi, had camped at this venue. Expressed in his own words, his impressions of the tank and buildings around Hauz Khas were vividly described as:<blockquote>''When I reached [the city’s] gates, I carefully reconnoitered its towers and walls, and then returned to the side of the Hauz Khas. This is a reservoir, which was constructed by Sultan Feruz Shah, and is faced all round with stone and [[stucco]]. Each side of the reservoir is more than a bows–shot long, and there are buildings placed around it. This tank is filled by rains in the rainy season, and it supports the people of the city with water throughout the year. The tomb of Sultan Firuz Shah stands on its bank''</blockquote>While his description of the place is correct but his ascribing construction of the tank to Firuz Shah was a misconception.<ref name=arch/><ref name="Welch" />
;Pavilions
[[File:View of tombs in Hauz Khas.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Three pavilions inside the Tomb precincts with a small Chhatri in the foreground]]
[[File:Tombs in the front courtyard of the Hauz Khas.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Pavilions adjoining the courtyard]]
[[File:Hauz Khas Complex.JPG|thumb|Hauz Khas Complex]]
The madrasa is flanked by the reservoir in the northern front and by a garden on its southern side at the second floor level. The entry to the garden is from the eastern gate which paases through the Hauz Khas village. The garden houses six impressive pavilions. The pavilions with domes are in different shapes and sizes ([[rectangular]], octagonal and [[hexagonal]]) and on the basis of inscriptions are inferred to be [[graves]]. A cluster of three hemispherical domes, a large one of {{convert|5.5|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} diameter and two smaller ones of {{convert|4.5|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} diameter, portray exquisite architectural features of foliated motifs on the drums with [[kalasa]] motifs on top of the domes. Each pavilion is raised on a plinth of about {{convert|0.8|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} and is supported by square shaped wide columns with [[entablature]] which have decorative [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]] that support beams with projecting [[canopy (building)|canopies]]. Ruins of a courtyard with a rectangular plan, are seen to the west of the three pavilions which are built of double columns. The pavilions and the courtyard are conjectured to have been used as part of the madrasa in the past.<ref name=arch/><ref name="Welch" />
Another striking structure in the garden, opposite to the Feruz Shah's tomb on the southern side, is a small eight pillared Chatri seen in the garden which has large cantilevered beams that supported flat eaves all round the small dome.

;Mosque
[[File:Northern tower at Huauz Khas Madrasa.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Mosque at the Northern Tower of the Madrasa]]
The northern end of the madrasa is secured to a small mosque. The [[qibla]] of the Mosque projects towards the reservoir by about {{convert|9.5|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}. A domed gateway from the south east provides entry into three rooms of size {{convert|5.3|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} x {{convert|2.4|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} whose utility is not traced. A C-shaped layout of a double row of pillars on a raised podium forms the prayer hall, which is open to the sky. The qibla wall seen clearly from the reservoir side has five [[mihrab]]s. The avant–garde setting of the central mihrab with a domed chhatri ([[cupola]]) with open sides is seen in the form of a pavilion projecting into the reservoir. The other mihrabs are set, on either side of the main mihrab, in the walls with grilled windows.<ref name=arch/><ref name="Welch" />

==Firoz Shah's Tomb==
{{Infobox religious building
|building_name= Tomb of Feroz Shah
|image= Feroze Sha's tomb with adjoining Madrasa.JPG
|caption= Tomb of [[Feroz Shah Tughlaq]]
|location= [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|geo={{coord|28|33|18|N|77|11|31|E|region:IN-DL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|religious_affiliation=[[Islam]]
|rite=
|province= Delhi
|territory=[[Delhi]]
|district= [[South Delhi]]
|consecration_year=
|status=[[Mosque]], [[Madrasa]] & [[Tomb]]
|leadership= [[Delhi Sultanate]]
|website=
|architect= Malik Ghazi Shahna
|architecture_type= [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]
|architecture_style=Tughluqid period
|facade_direction=
|year_completed=1352 to 1354 A.D.
|construction_cost=
|capacity=
|length= {{convert|14.8|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}
|width=
|width_nave=
|height_max={{convert|14.8|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}
|dome_quantity= Seven
|dome_height_outer=
|dome_height_inner=
|dome_dia_outer= {{convert|8.8|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} (Main dome)
|dome_dia_inner=
|minaret_quantity=
|minaret_height=
|spire_quantity=
|spire_height=
|materials=[[Red]] [[Sandstone]] & [[Marble]]
}}
Firuz Shah, who established the tomb, ascended the throne in 1351 (inherited from his cousin Muhammad) when he was middle aged, as the third ruler of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] and ruled till 1388. He was considered a well–liked ruler. His wife was a [[Hindu]] lady and his trusted [[Prime Minister]], Khan-i-Jahan Junana Shah was a Hindu convert. Firuz Shah assisted by his Prime Minister was responsible for building several unique monuments (mosques, tombs, pavilions), [[hunting]] lodges and [[irrigation]] projects (reservoirs) in his domains, apart from establishing and constructing a new [[Citadel]] (palace) in his new city of Firuzabad.<ref name="Firuz">{{Cite book |author=Sharma |first=Y. D. |url= |title=Delhi and its Neighborhood |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1982 |location=New Delhi |pages=23–28 |language=en |access-date= }}</ref>
Feruz died at the age of ninety due to infirmities caused by three years of illness between 1385 and 1388. On his death, his grandson Ghiya Suddin was proclaimed as his successor to the throne. During his enlightened rule Feroz abolished many vexatious [[taxes]], brought in changes in the laws on [[capital punishment]], introduced regulations in administration and discouraged lavish living styles. But the most important credit that is bestowed on him is for the large number of public works executed during his reign namely, 50 [[dams]] for irrigation across rivers, 40 mosques, 30 [[colleges]], 100 [[caravanserais]], 100 [[hospitals]], 100 [[public baths]], 150 bridges, apart from many other monuments of aesthetic beauty and entertainment.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historyindiahin00cowegoog|quote=History of Siri Fort.|title=The History of India: The Hindú and Mahometan Periods|year=1866|access-date=2009-05-04|author=Mountstuart Elphinstone|author2=Edward Byles Cowell|publisher= Scientific Society (Aligarh, India), Original from Oxford University|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyindiahin00cowegoog/page/n806 790]}}</ref>

Among the notable buildings of historical importance that he built within Hauz Khas [[religious precinct|precincts]] is the domed tomb for himself. The tomb which is very austere in appearance, is located at the intersection of the two arms of the L–shaped building which constitutes the madrasa. Entry to the tomb is through a passage in the south leading to the doorway. The passage wall is raised on a [[plinth]] which depicts the shape of a fourteen-faced [[polyhedron]] built in stones. Three horizontal units laid over eight vertical posts that are chamfered constitute the plinth. [[Squinches]] and [[muqarnas]] are seen in the solid interior walls of the tomb and these provide the basic support to the [[octagon]]al [[spherical]] [[dome]] of the tomb. The dome with a square plan – {{convert|14.8|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} in length and height – has a diameter of {{convert|8.8|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}. The maximum height of the tomb is on its face overlooking the reservoir. The domed gateway on the north has an opening which has height equal to two–thirds the height of the tomb. The width of the gate is equal to one-third of tombs' width. The entrance hall has fifteen bays and terminates in another doorway which is identical to the gateway at the entrance. This second doorway leads to the tomb chamber and [[cenotaph]], which are accessed from the gateway through the L–shaped corridor. Similar arrangement is replicated on the western doorway of the tomb leading to the open pavilion on the west. The ceiling in the dome depicts a circular [[gold]] [[medallion]] with [[Quranic]] [[inscriptions]] in Naksh characters. Foliated [[crenellations]] are seen on the outer faces of the base of the tomb. Interesting features seen on the northern and southern sides of the tomb, considered typical of the Tuglaq period layout, are the ceremonial steps provided at the ground level that connect to the larger steps leading into the reservoir.<ref name="Arch"/><ref name=arch/><ref name="Welch" /><ref name="Lucy"/>

The tomb, a square chamber, is made of local [[quartzite]] [[rubble]] with a surface [[plaster]] finish that sparkled in white colour when completed. The door, pillars and [[lintels]] were made of grey quartzites while red [[sandstone]] was used for carvings of the battlements. The door way depicts a blend of [[India]]n and [[Islamic]] [[architecture]]. Another new feature not seen at any other monument in Delhi, built at the entrance to the tomb from the south, is the stone [[Guard rail|railings]] (see picture). There are four [[graves]] inside the tomb, one is of Feruz Shah and two others are of

==Hauz Khas village==
[[File:Hauz Khas village.jpg|thumb|upright|An art gallery in the Hauz Khas village.]]

The Hauz Khas village which was known in the medieval period for the amazing buildings built around the reservoir drew a large congregation of Islamic scholars and students to the Madrasa for Islamic education. A very well researched essay titled "A Medieval Center of Learning in India: The Hauz Khas Madrasa in Delhi" authored by Anthony Welch of the [[University of Victoria]], [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[British Columbia]], refers to this site as "far and away the finest spot in Delhi not in the ingenuity of its construction and the academic purpose to which it was put but also in the real magic of the place". The present status of the village also retains not only the old charm of the place but has enhanced its aesthetic appeal through the well manicured green parks planted with ornamental trees all around with walk ways, and the sophisticated "gentrified" market and residential complexes which have sprung up around the old village. The tank itself has been reduced in size and well landscaped with water fountains. Welch, elaborating on the present status of the place, has said: "A centre of Musical culture in the 14th century, the village at the Hauz Khas had regained this erstwhile role in an unexpected guise." The village structure that gloriously existed in the medieval period was modernised in the mid 1980s presenting an upscale ambience attracting tourists from all parts of the world.<ref name="Welch" /><ref name=Lucy/> The village complex is surrounded by [[Safdarjung Enclave]], [[Green Park, Delhi|Green Park]], [[South Extension]], [[Greater Kailash]]. There are some of the India's most prestigious institutes situated in the neighbourhood including [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]], [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]], [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[Indian Statistical Institute]] and [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]].

==Controversies ==
Recently Hauz Khas Village came under environmental lens for massive illegal constructions that have come up in recent past and is posing threat to the monument and forest area of the region . Through a case filed by environmental and social activist Pankaj Sharma<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/09/24/the-man-who-shut-down-hauz-khas-village|title=Environmental case filed by Pankaj Sharma|newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=24 September 2013}}</ref> in National Green Tribunal of India, it was found that more than 50 restaurants in the locality were spilling waste in the forest lands and posing threat to flora and fauna of the region. The restaurants were forced to close down for 4 days and conditionally allowed to open on promise of following the environmental protection norms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Green-tribunal-ban-on-a-number-of-Hauz-Khas-restaurants/articleshow/22832064.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924020217/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-21/delhi/42271921_1_dpcc-restaurants-waste-water|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-09-24|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Restaurants closed for discharging untreated waste water}}</ref>

==Visitor information ==
Hauz Khas is close to Green Park and Safdarjung Development Area and is well connected by road and Metro rail to all city centers.

The complex is open for visitors all days of the week from 10 AM to 6 PM. In 2019, the monument was declared to be a ticketed site and a small ticketing counter was established for visitors.

The Deer Park at the entry to the tank is a beautifully landscaped lush green park where spotted [[Deer]]s, [[peacock]]s, [[rabbits]], [[guinea pigs]] and variety of [[birds]] around the tank could be seen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nafcub.org/about-delhi/monuments.htm |title=Monuments |access-date=2009-05-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120134333/http://www.nafcub.org/about-delhi/monuments.htm |archive-date=November 20, 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.greenparkdelhi.com/2009/07/the-real-hauz-khas/ The Real "Hauz Khas" ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427131935/http://www.greenparkdelhi.com/2009/07/the-real-hauz-khas/ |date=2011-04-27 }}</ref>

A light and sound show narrating the historicity of the complex is organized by the Tourism Department in the evenings.

The [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] of Government of India is in the process of setting up India's first night bazaar at Hauz Khas to be called the "Eco Night Bazaar". The objective is to provide organically grown foodgrains, seeds of rare plants, [[handmade paper]] products and a safe place to watch cultural festivals. [[Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation]] (DTDC) has also proposed setting up an open-air theatre to present cultural fests, folk dances and plays. Eco–friendly shopping kiosk made in bamboo with a [[bamboo]] [[bridge]] to cross the lake are also planned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-to-get-night-bazaar-in-Hauz-Khas/articleshow/825216.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023195250/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-08-24/delhi/27157842_1_bamboo-cultural-fests-hauz-khas|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-23|title= Delhi to get night bazaar in Hauz Khas|access-date=2009-05-03|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2004-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aananda.net/english/surroundings.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608155532/http://www.aananda.net/english/surroundings.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-06-08 |title=Surroundings: Delhi |access-date=2009-05-03 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:A plaque at the entrance of Hauz Khas complex.JPG| A plaque displayed at the entrance to the precincts of the tomb
File:Feroze Shah's Tomb.JPG|The Eastern Limb starting with Feruz Shah's tomb
File:Northern tower with dome.JPG|The Mosque at the northern end of the Madrasa with qiblas
File:The Eastern limb of the L shaped Madrasa at Hauz Khas.JPG|Another view of the East-west wing of the Madrasa
File:The western wing of the Madarasa at Hauz Khas.JPG|The East-West arm of the Madrasa overlooking the refurbished lake
File:Tombs encloswe within the moderrn buildings in Hauz Khas.JPG|View of Modern residential complex behind the pavilions in the garden
File:Dadi and Poti ka Gumbad, near Hauz Khas, Delhi.jpg|''Dadi-Poti ka Gumbad'' (mausoleums), close to the Hauz Khas Complex.
File:Three Domed Building inside Hauz Khas, 3 pavilions adjoining complex.JPG| Three Pavilions (Front View) Adjoining Complex
File:The Three tombs inside Feroz Shah Tomb Building.JPG| 3 tombs inside the Feroze Shah Tomb Monument
File:The Dome of Feroze Shah's Tomb.JPG| Inside view of the Dome of Feroze Shah's Tomb
</gallery>

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Architecture of the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:1526 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Delhi]]
[[Category:Madrasas in India]]

Bagdogra Airport

2026-03-29T07:44:49Z

RoyalEddington6:

{{short description|Airport in Siliguri, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Bagdogra Airport
| image = Bagdogra_International_Airport.jpg
| caption =
| image-width =
| IATA = IXB
| ICAO = VEBD
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label = '''IXB'''/VEBD
| type = [[Customs airport|Customs]]
| owner = [[Indian Air Force]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Siliguri]]
| location = [[Bagdogra]], Siliguri, [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| metric-elev = yes
| elevation-f = 412
| elevation-m = 126
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|40|52|N|088|19|43|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/bagdogra}}
| metric-rwy = yes
| r1-number = 18/36
| r1-length-f = 9,035
| r1-length-m = 2,754
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]/[[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 3,219,410 ({{increase}} 3.2%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 22,390 ({{increase}} 7.4%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 8,952 ({{increase}} 6%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

[[File:Bagdogra International Airport - during LGFC - Bhutan 2019 (24).jpg|thumb|Apron of the airport]]

'''Bagdogra Airport''' {{airport codes|IXB|VEBD}} {{efn|{{IPA|bn|bagɖogra bimanbɔndor }}}} is a [[customs airport]] serving the city of [[Siliguri]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is located in [[Bagdogra]], {{cvt|12|km}} south-west from the city centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/bagdogra_generalinfo.jsp|title=Airports Authority of India|access-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222055616/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/bagdogra_generalinfo.jsp|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is operated as a [[civil enclave]] at the Bagdogra Air Force Station of the [[Indian Air Force]]. It is the gateway to the [[hill station]]s of [[Darjeeling]], [[Gangtok]], [[Kurseong]], [[Kalimpong]], [[Mirik]] and other parts of North Bengal region. Siliguri, being a major transport and economic hub, the airport sees thousands of travellers and tourists annually. The [[Government of India]] conferred limited [[international airport]] status to the airport in 2002 with limited international operations to [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]] and [[Paro Airport|Paro]]. It is the second-busiest airport in the state after [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]].

The airport experiences [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen Climate Classification]] code: ''Cwa'') - hot humid summers and cool winters. There is significant precipitation in all seasons, but remains drier in winters.<ref name="TOI1" /><ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/International-status-to-Bagdogra-airport-hailed/articleshow/24001049.cms |title = International status to Bagdogra airport hailed | work= The Times of India| date= 2 October 2002| access-date = 15 July 2014}}</ref> Air traffic at Bagdogra crossed 1 million for the first time, growing at 43.6% per cent in 2014–15. In 2019–20, the airport served 3.2 million passengers, which was an increase of 11.2% from the previous year, making it the [[List of the busiest airports in India|17th-busiest airport in India]].This airport has routes to 13 airports and serves 3 countries ([[India]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Thailand]]). The most served route from this airport is to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], Delhi.

==Air Force Station==

The airbase is home to the IAF No. 20 Wing, as well to the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]] (Mig-21) FL [[fighter aircraft]] of the No. 8 Squadron and a Helicopter Unit.<ref>{{Cite web|title=20 Wing, Indian Air Force - Database|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/20%20Wing|access-date=22 October 2021|website=Bharat Rakshak|language=en-gb}}</ref> Along with the airbase at [[Hasimara]], [[Alipurduar district]]; it is responsible for combat air operations over a large area including Northern [[West Bengal]], [[Sikkim]] and if needed, [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2017|title=Why Bhutan is special to India|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-bhutan-is-special-to-india/article19195034.ece|access-date=22 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The base caters to all military air traffic for the Indian Army's [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]] based nearby in Sukna.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Indiablooms|title=Air Force Station Bagdogra celebrates Kargil Vijay Diwas {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/53154/air-force-station-bagdogra-celebrates-kargil-vijay-diwas.html|access-date=22 October 2021|website=Indiablooms.com|date=28 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Expansion==
The [[Government of West Bengal]] had handed over {{convert|14.5|acre|ha}} of land to the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] for developing infrastructure for night landing in 2010. AAI also expanded the [[airport apron|apron]] at the same time, enabling the parking of 5 [[narrow-body aircraft]] simultaneously.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Night-landing-facility-at-Bagdogra-soon/articleshow/5450515.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131109094533/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-16/kolkata/28143485_1_night-landing-landing-facility-bagdogra | url-status = live | archive-date = 9 November 2013 |title = Night-landing facility at Bagdogra soon |date = 16 January 2010| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 16 January 2010}}</ref> The IAF, which maintains the ATC and runway, permitted night landings by civilian aircraft allowing flights past 6 PM in 2013.

For its growing traffic over the years, in 2022, From 11 to 25 April, the airport was shut down for 14 days to refurbish its sole runway.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Subhro |date=18 January 2022 |title=14-day Closure Of Bagdogra Airport For Runway Repairs {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/14-day-closure-of-bagdogra-airport-for-runway-repairs/articleshow/88961420.cms |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The new terminal building, which started its construction in Q4 2024, is expected to be completed by March 2027 with 16 parking bays, 10 [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]] and a parallel taxiway to the runway. It will have a floor area of 1 lakh sq.m. at a cost of ₹ 3,000 crore and capable of handling 12.5 million passengers annually. [[CP Kukreja Architects]] did the design work of the new terminal building as the Architectural & Engineering Consultant, the construction bid going to [[Kalpataru Projects International Ltd]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2024 |title=Kalpataru Wins Siliguri Bagdogra Airport's New Terminal Contract |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2024/01/11/kalpataru-wins-siliguri-bagdogra-airports-new-terminal-contract/ |work=The Metro Rail Guy}}</ref> After the expansion of the airport, more international flights can land here, and will turn this customs airport into an international one.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bagdogra airport set for expansion|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bagdogra-airport-set-for-expansion/cid/1794500|access-date=18 December 2021|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==

{{Airport-dest-list

|3={{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airindiaexpress.com/where-we-fly/airports|title=Our Network|work=Air India Express|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>|4=[[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport|Agartala]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]] [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Dibrugarh Airport|Dibrugarh]]
|5=[[Akasa Air]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Akasa Air Flight Network|url=https://www.akasaair.com/fly-with-akasa/our-network|website=Akasa Air|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>|6=[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Akasa Air NW24 Ahmedabad Network Additions |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241022-qpnw24amd |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Dibrugarh Airport|Dibrugarh]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Akasa Air deepens its Skyprint in Assam adds Dibrugarh as 32nd destination|url=https://hospibuz.com/travel-hot-topics/akasa-air-deepens-its-skyprint-in-assam-adds-dibrugarh-as-32nd-destination-to-its-growing-network-10810701|website=Hospibuz|access-date=February 1, 2026}}</ref>, [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
|7=[[Drukair]]|8=[[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]], [[Paro Airport|Paro]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bagdogra to Paro, Bangkok Drukair|url=https://www.drukair.com.bt/Destinations/Bagdogra|website=www.drukair.com|access-date=8 July 2022|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530221724/https://drukair.com.bt/Destinations/Bagdogra|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bagdogra-Bangkok flight resumed: ভুটানের সঙ্গে জুড়ছে বাগডোগরা-ব্যাংকক, কবে উড়ান চালু? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/utility/story/bagdogra-bangkok-flight-resumed-2-years-after-covid-druk-air-ssr-420872-2022-07-04 |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |date=4 July 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>
|9=[[IndiGo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-indigo-airlines-6e|title=IndiGo Airlines Route Map and Destinations|website=FlightConnections.com|date=29 May 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Indigo1">{{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/flight-schedule.html|title=Flight Schedule for Domestic & International Flights |website=IndiGo |access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref>|10=[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]],<ref name="Indigo2"/> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport|Durgapur]], [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Navi Mumbai]]<ref name="Indigo2">{{cite news|last=Pall|first=Samreen|title=Durgapur: New Direct Flights To Bhubaneswar, Bagdogra, And Guwahati To Begin Starting August End|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/durgapur-new-direct-flights-to-bhubaneswar-bagdogra-and-guwahati-to-begin-starting-august-end-8928886.html|website=News18|date=11 June 2024|access-date=11 June 2024|language=en}}</ref>, [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
|11=[[SpiceJet]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Flight schedule|publisher=[[SpiceJet]]|url=https://www.spicejet.com/schedules.aspx|access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>|12=[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]}}

== Accidents and incidents ==

* '''23 May 2008:''' A [[MiG-21]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] had to perform a [[belly landing]] due to a technical snag and a jammed landing gear. The aircraft hard landed on the runway causing it to catch fire. The pilot ejected safely. The aircraft was written off subsequently.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 May 2008|title=MiG 21 crashes in Bengal, pilot safe|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/mig-21-crashes-in-bengal-pilot-safe/story-sDa1kZZITWR8EKQca0yYHN.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 September 2021|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912164844/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/mig-21-crashes-in-bengal-pilot-safe/story-sDa1kZZITWR8EKQca0yYHN.html |archive-date=12 September 2021 }}</ref>
* '''5 July 2013:''' AI879, an [[A320]] arriving from [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|New Delhi]] swerved off the taxiway while taxiing towards the apron after landing. No injuries were reported. The passengers were immediately de-boarded. The aircraft sustained minor damage and took about 7 hours to bring the stuck aircraft to the taxiway.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=6 June 2013|title=Flight skids off taxiway - Air India plane stuck at bagdogra for 7 hrs|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/flight-skids-off-taxiway-air-india-plane-stuck-at-bagdogra-for-7-hrs/cid/285507|url-status=live|access-date=12 September 2021|website=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912170252/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/flight-skids-off-taxiway-air-india-plane-stuck-at-bagdogra-for-7-hrs/cid/285507 |archive-date=12 September 2021 }}</ref>
*'''11 July 2014:''' A mishap was avoided between [[IndiGo]] flight 6E472 and [[Air India]] flight AI879. Both aircraft received a [[Traffic collision avoidance system|Traffic Collision Avoidance System]] warning. Following the Resolution Advisory given by the TCAS the IndiGo flight immediately descended and the Air India flight turned right. Both aircraft landed safely without any injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|first=|date=11 July 2014|title=Mishap avoided at Bagdogra airport as Indigo and Air India flight avoid collision|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/airport-mishap-701170.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 September 2021|website=[[News18 India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913064216/https://www.news18.com/news/india/airport-mishap-701170.html |archive-date=13 September 2021 }}</ref>
* '''15 February 2019:''' An [[AirAsia India|Air Asia India]] [[Airbus A320 family|A320]] scheduled for a flight from Bagdogra Airport to [[Kempegowda International Airport]] damaged its left wing sharklets while backtracking the runway. The two pilots were later suspended for 6 months by the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]] in view of violating laid down procedures.<ref>{{Cite web|first=|date=11 July 2019|title=DGCA suspends two AirAsia India pilots for violation|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/dgca-suspends-two-airasia-india-pilots-for-violations/articleshow/70179028.cms|url-status=live|access-date=13 September 2021|website=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118202948/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/dgca-suspends-two-airasia-india-pilots-for-violations/articleshow/70179028.cms |archive-date=18 November 2019 }}</ref>
* '''16 December 2019:''' An [[IndiGo]] [[A320neo]] bound for [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]] performed an emergency landing in view of engine related issues. The aircraft was using [[Pratt & Whitney PW1000G|Pratt & Whitney]] engines. Out of the two engines, one engine was not modified which caused the issue.<ref>{{Cite web|first=|date=16 December 2019|title=IndiGo A320neo flight diverted to Bagdogra due to engine glitch|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/indigo-a320neo-flight-diverted-to-bagdogra-due-to-engine-glitch-11576496883242.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 September 2021|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216235836/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/indigo-a320neo-flight-diverted-to-bagdogra-due-to-engine-glitch-11576496883242.html |archive-date=16 December 2019 }}</ref>
* '''7 March 2025:''' An [[Antonov An-32]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] crashed on landing at Bagdogra Airport. Although the aircraft was destroyed there were no fatalities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Accident Antonov An-32, Friday 7 march 2025 |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/483359 |work=Aviation Safety Network |date=7 March 2025 |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumari |first=Sweety |date=7 March 2025 |title=Indian Air Force's AN-32 craft crash lands in West Bengal's Bagdogra airport, crew safe |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/indian-air-forces-an-32-craft-crash-lands-west-bengal-bagdogra-airport-9874615/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/bagdogra Bagdogra Airport] at [[Airports Authority of India]] website.

{{Portalbar|India|Aviation}}
{{Airports in India}}
{{West Bengal transit}}
{{Darjeeling District}}
{{Darjeeling}}
{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Transport in Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Airports in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

DARPA

2026-03-28T06:17:46Z

RoyalEddington6: small adjust information per standard format

{{Short description|Technology research and development agency of the U.S. Department of Defense}}
{{about|the US military research agency}}
{{Use American English|date = July 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
| seal =
| logo = Darpa-logo-2026.png
| logo_caption = Logo of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
| image = DARPA_HQ_(52368078715).jpg
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Ballston, Virginia|Ballston]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]] in 2022
| formed = {{start date and age|1958|2|7}} (as ARPA)
| coordinates = {{nowrap|{{coord|38.8788|-77.1088|type:landmark_region:US-VA|display=inline,title}}}}
| preceding1 = Advanced Research Projects Agency
| jurisdiction = [[Federal government of the United States]]
| headquarters = 675 North Randolph St., [[Ballston, Virginia]], U.S.
| employees = 220<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/about-darpa |title=About Us|author= |date=n.d. |publisher=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref>
| budget = $4.122 billion (FY2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/budget-and-finance |title=Budget |author= |date=n.d. |publisher=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|www.darpa.mil}}
| parent_department = [[United States Department of Defense]]
| chief1_name = Stephen Winchell
| chief1_position = Director
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
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}}
The '''Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency''' ('''DARPA''') is a [[research and development]] agency of the [[United States Department of Defense]] responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Michael Aaron |date=December 23, 2022 |title=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency {{!}} United States government |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Defense-Advanced-Research-Projects-Agency |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |title=About DARPA |url=https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/about-darpa |access-date=June 26, 2021 |website=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> Originally known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the agency was created on February 7, 1958, by President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in response to the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]'s launch of [[Sputnik 1]] in 1957. By collaborating with academia, industry, and government partners, DARPA formulates and executes research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, often beyond immediate [[U.S. military]] requirements.<ref name="Commission2008">Dwight D. Eisenhower and Science & Technology, (2008). Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, [https://web.archive.org/web/20101027163454/http://eisenhowermemorial.org/onepage/IKE%20%26%20Science.Oct08.EN.FINAL%20%28v2%29.pdf Source].</ref> The name of the organization first changed from its founding name, ARPA, to DARPA, in March 1972, changing back to ARPA in February 1993, then reverted to DARPA in March 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil-embedded.com/guest-blogs/arpa-darpa-and-jason/|title=ARPA, DARPA, and Jason |publisher=Military Embedded Systems |language=en |access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>

''[[The Economist]]'' has called DARPA "the agency that shaped the modern world", with technologies such as "[[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine|Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine]] ... [[weather satellite]]s, [[Global Positioning System|GPS]], [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]], [[stealth technology]], [[Voice user interface|voice interfaces]], the [[personal computer]], and the [[internet]] on the list of innovations for which DARPA can claim at least partial credit".<ref name="Economist">{{cite news |title=A growing number of governments hope to clone America's DARPA |newspaper=The Economist |date=5 June 2021 |volume=439 |issue=9248 |pages=67–68 |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2021/06/03/a-growing-number-of-governments-hope-to-clone-americas-darpa |access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref> Its track record of success has inspired governments around the world to launch similar research and development agencies.<ref name="Economist" />

DARPA is independent of other military research and development and reports directly to senior Department of Defense management. DARPA comprises about 220 government employees in six technical offices, including nearly 100 program managers, who together oversee about 250 research and development programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/about-darpa|title=About DARPA |publisher=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-11}}</ref>
Stephen Winchell is the current director.<ref>{{cite web|title=About DARPA: Leadership|date=2025-02-22|access-date=2025-02-22|website=DARPA|language=en-US|url=https://www.darpa.mil/about#leadership}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:DARPA through 50 years.ogv|thumb|DARPA achievements for the past 50 years]]

===Early history (1958–1969)===
[[File:DARPA headquarters.jpg|thumb|DARPA's former headquarters in the [[Virginia Square, Virginia|Virginia Square]] neighborhood of [[Arlington County, Virginia]]. The agency is currently located in a new building at 675 North Randolph St.]]
The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was suggested by the [[President's Scientific Advisory Committee]] to President Dwight D. Eisenhower in a meeting called after the launch of Sputnik.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bethe |first1=Hans |title=Interview with Hans Bethe |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/oral-histories/oral-history-transcripts/bethe-hans.pdf |website=Eisenhower Library |access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref> ARPA was formally authorized by President Eisenhower in 1958 for the purpose of forming and executing research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science and be able to reach far beyond immediate military requirements.<ref name="Commission2008"/> The two relevant acts are the Supplemental Military Construction Authorization ([[United States Department of the Air Force|Air Force]])<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-IPAAAAIAAJ |title = Fiscal Year 1958 Supplemental Military Construction Authorization (Air Force): Hearings, Eighty-fifth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 9739 |date=1958|last1 = Subcommittee On Military Construction |first1 = United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services }}</ref> (Public Law 85-325) and Department of Defense Directive 5105.15, in February 1958. It was placed within the Office of the Secretary of Defense ([[Office of the Secretary of Defense|OSD]]) and counted roughly 150 people.<ref>{{cite mailing list| url=https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/irtf-discuss/I7gRirVOb4QX2sgBUDvcDfCJHUY/| author=Steve Crocker| date=15 March 2022| title=[Internet Policy] Why the World Must Resist Calls to Undermine the Internet| mailing-list=IETF-Discussion| quote=I was at (D)ARPA from mid 1971 to mid 1974}}</ref> Its creation was directly attributed to the launching of [[Sputnik]] and to U.S. realization that the [[Soviet Union]] had developed the capacity to rapidly exploit military technology. Initial funding of ARPA was $520 million.<ref name = Wizards20 >"$ 520 million appropriation and a $ 2 billion budget plan." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (p. 20). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> ARPA's first director, Roy Johnson, left a $160,000 management job at [[General Electric]] for an $18,000 job at ARPA.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1958-07-15 |title=ROY JOHNSON CHOSEN UNITED STATES OUTER SPACE AGENCY HEAD. |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/270920463 |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=[[The Queanbeyan Age]]}}</ref><ref name = Wizards21 >"Roy Johnson, ARPA's first director, was, like his boss, a businessman. At age fifty-two, he had been personally recruited by McElroy, who convinced him to leave a $160,000 job with General Electric and take an $18,000 job in Washington." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (p. 21). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> [[Herbert York]] from [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] was hired as his scientific assistant.<ref name = Wizards21a >"Herbert York, whom Killian had been keen on, was given the job and moved to ARPA from the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (p. 21). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref>

Johnson and York were both keen on space projects, but when [[NASA]] was established later in 1958, all space projects and most of ARPA's funding were transferred to it. Johnson resigned and ARPA was repurposed to do "high-risk", "high-gain", "far out" basic research, a posture that was enthusiastically embraced by the nation's scientists and research universities.<ref name = Wizards21,22 >"The staff of ARPA saw an opportunity to redefine the agency as a group that would take on the really advanced "far-out" research....The scientific community, predictably, rallied to the call for a reinvention of ARPA as a "high-risk high-gain" research sponsor— the kind of R& D shop they had dreamed of all along" Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (pp. 21,22). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> ARPA's second director was Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, who resigned in early 1961 and was succeeded by [[Jack Ruina]] who served until 1963.<ref name = Wizards23,24 >"In early 1961 ARPA's second director, Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, resigned" Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (pp. 23,24) Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> Ruina, the first scientist to administer ARPA, managed to raise its budget to $250 million.<ref name = Wizards23 >"Ruina raised ARPA's annual budget to $ 250 million." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (p. 23). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> It was Ruina who hired [[J. C. R. Licklider]] as the first administrator of the [[Information Processing Techniques Office]], which played a vital role in creation of [[ARPANET]], the basis for the future Internet.<ref name = Wizards27-39 >"J. C. R. Licklider." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet'' (pp. 27–39). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref>

Additionally, the political and defense communities recognized the need for a high-level Department of Defense organization to formulate and execute R&D projects that would expand the frontiers of technology beyond the immediate and specific requirements of the Military Services and their laboratories. In pursuit of this mission, DARPA has developed and transferred technology programs encompassing a wide range of scientific disciplines that address the full spectrum of national security needs.

From 1958 to 1965, ARPA's emphasis centered on major national issues, including space, [[ballistic missile defense]], and [[nuclear test]] detection.<ref name = Wizards23a >projects in ballistic missile defense and nuclear test detection, couched in terms of basic research, were the top priorities." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). ''Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet'' (p. 23). Simon & Schuster. Kindle edition.</ref> During 1960, all of its civilian space programs were transferred to the [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] ([[NASA]]) and the military space programs to the individual services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency {{!}} United States government|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Defense-Advanced-Research-Projects-Agency|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

This allowed ARPA to concentrate its efforts on the Project Defender (defense against ballistic missiles), [[Project Vela]] (nuclear test detection), and [[Project AGILE]] ([[counterinsurgency]] R&D) programs, and to begin work on computer processing, [[behavioral sciences]], and materials sciences. The DEFENDER and AGILE programs formed the foundation of DARPA sensor, [[surveillance]], and directed energy R&D, particularly in the study of [[radar]], [[infrared]] sensing, and [[x-ray]]/[[gamma ray]] detection.

ARPA at this point (1959) played an early role in [[Transit (satellite)|Transit]] (also called NavSat) a predecessor to the [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS).<ref>{{cite book | title=Transit to Tomorrow. Fifty Years of Space Research at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory | author1=Helen E. Worth | author2=Mame Warren | year=2009 | url=http://space50.jhuapl.edu/pdfs/book.pdf | access-date=2013-03-03 | archive-date=2020-12-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226045330/http://space50.jhuapl.edu/pdfs/book.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> "Fast-forward to 1959 when a joint effort between DARPA and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory began to fine-tune the early explorers' discoveries. TRANSIT, sponsored by the Navy and developed under the leadership of Richard Kirschner at Johns Hopkins, was the first satellite positioning system."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darpa.mil/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2565 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629003311/http://www.darpa.mil/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2565 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-06-29 |title=The Story of GPS |author=Catherine Alexandrow |date=Apr 2008 }}</ref><ref name=gap>{{cite book|url=http://www.darpa.mil/about/history/first_50_years.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506103713/http://www.darpa.mil/About/History/First_50_Years.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-05-06 |title=DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging the Gap |date=Apr 2008 }}</ref>

During the late 1960s, with the transfer of these mature programs to the Services, ARPA redefined its role and concentrated on a diverse set of relatively small, essentially exploratory research programs. The agency was renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1972, and during the early 1970s, it emphasized direct energy programs, information processing, and tactical technologies.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Concerning information processing, DARPA made great progress, initially through its support of the development of [[time-sharing]]. All modern operating systems rely on concepts invented for the [[Multics]] system, developed by a cooperation among [[Bell Labs]], [[General Electric]] and [[MIT]], which DARPA supported by funding [[Project MAC]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] with an initial two-million-dollar grant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2001/AILab.pdf |author1=Stefanie Chiou |author2=Craig Music |author3=Kara Sprague |author4=Rebekah Wahba |date=5 Dec 2001 |title=A Marriage of Convenience: The Founding of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514101306/http://mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2001/AILab.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-14 }}</ref>

DARPA supported the evolution of the [[ARPANET]] (the first wide-area packet switching network), Packet Radio Network, Packet Satellite Network and ultimately, the [[Internet]] and research in the [[artificial intelligence]] fields of speech recognition and signal processing, including parts of [[Shakey the robot]].<ref name="ieee">{{cite web |url=http://ghn.ieee.org/wiki/index.php/Oral-History:Bertram_Raphael |title=Oral History: Bertram Raphael |work=IEEE Global History Network |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |access-date=2012-02-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516195054/http://ghn.ieee.org/wiki/index.php/Oral-History%3ABertram_Raphael |archive-date=2013-05-16 }}</ref> DARPA also supported the early development of both [[hypertext]] and [[hypermedia]]. DARPA funded one of the first two hypertext systems, [[Douglas Engelbart]]'s [[NLS (computer system)|NLS]] computer system, as well as [[The Mother of All Demos]]. DARPA later funded the development of the [[Aspen Movie Map]], which is generally seen as the first hypermedia system and an important precursor of [[virtual reality]].

===Later history (1970–1980)===
The [[Mike Mansfield#Mansfield Amendments|Mansfield Amendment]] of 1973 expressly limited appropriations for defense research (through ARPA/DARPA) only to projects with direct military application.

The resulting "[[Human capital flight|brain drain]]" is credited with boosting the development of the fledgling personal computer industry. Some young computer scientists left the universities to startups and private research laboratories such as [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]].

Between 1976 and 1981, DARPA's major projects were dominated by air, land, sea, and space technology, tactical armor and anti-armor programs, infrared sensing for space-based surveillance, high-energy laser technology for space-based missile defense, antisubmarine warfare, advanced cruise missiles, advanced aircraft, and defense applications of advanced computing.

Many of the successful programs were transitioned to the Services, such as the foundation technologies in [[automatic target recognition]], space-based sensing, propulsion, and materials that were transferred to the [[Strategic Defense Initiative|Strategic Defense Initiative Organization]] (SDIO), later known as the [[Ballistic Missile Defense Organization]] (BMDO), now titled the [[Missile Defense Agency]] (MDA).

===Recent history (1981–present)===
During the 1980s, the attention of the Agency was centered on information processing and aircraft-related programs, including the [[Rockwell X-30|National Aerospace Plane (NASP)]] or Hypersonic Research Program. The Strategic Computing Program enabled DARPA to exploit advanced processing and networking technologies and to rebuild and strengthen relationships with universities after the [[Vietnam War]]. In addition, DARPA began to pursue new concepts for small, lightweight satellites ([[LIGHTSAT (DARPA)|LIGHTSAT]]) and directed new programs regarding defense manufacturing, submarine technology, and armor/anti-armor.

In 1981, two engineers, Robert McGhee and Kenneth Waldron, started to develop the Adaptive Suspension Vehicle (ASV) nicknamed the "Walker" at the [[Ohio State University]], under a research contract from DARPA.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kenneth J. Waldron |author2=Vincent J. Vohnout |author3=Arrie Pery |author4=Robert B. McGhee |title=Configuration Design of the Adaptive Suspension Vehicle |journal=The International Journal of Robotics Research |date=1 June 1984 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=37–48 |doi=10.1177/027836498400300204 |s2cid=110409452 }}</ref> The vehicle was 17 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 10.5 feet high, and had six legs to support its three-ton aluminum body, in which it was designed to carry cargo over difficult terrains. However, DARPA lost interest in the ASV, after problems with cold-weather tests.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://library.osu.edu/site/archives/2012/11/30/not-so-long-ago-in-an-osu-engineering-lab-nearby/ |title=Not so long ago, in an OSU engineering lab nearby… |website=The Ohio State University |date=30 November 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:IAO-logo.png|thumb|Logo of DARPA's [[Information Awareness Office]], a 2001 program to build vast warrantless databases of Americans’ [[personal data]] under the banner of “[[Total Information Awareness]],” that was defunded in 2003 amid public backlash.]]
In 2001, DARPA established the [[Information Awareness Office]] (IAO) with the stated mission of applying [[surveillance]] technology to target terrorists and other threats through "[[Total Information Awareness]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-11-17 |title=George Bush's Big Brother |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-nov-17-oe-turley17-story.html |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> This consisted of creating enormous computer databases to gather and store the [[Personal data|personal information]] of everyone in the United States, including personal e-mails, social networks, credit card records, phone calls, medical records, and numerous other sources, without any requirement for a [[search warrant]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-11-09 |title=THREATS AND RESPONSES: INTELLIGENCE; Pentagon Plans a Computer System That Would Peek at Personal Data of Americans (Published 2002) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/09/us/threats-responses-intelligence-pentagon-plans-computer-system-that-would-peek.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251025041626/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/09/us/threats-responses-intelligence-pentagon-plans-computer-system-that-would-peek.html |archive-date=2025-10-25 |access-date=2025-12-29 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2003, following public criticism that this would lead to a [[mass surveillance]] system, the IAO was defunded by [[United States Congress|Congress]], but several IAO projects persisted under different names until revealed by [[Edward Snowden]] in the [[2013 mass surveillance disclosures]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wired |title=U.S. Still Mining Terror Data |url=https://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2004/02/62390 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607185407/https://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2004/02/62390 |archive-date=2008-06-07 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=www.wired.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Lee |first=Newton |title=The Afterlife of Total Information Awareness and Edward Snowden’s NSA Leaks |date=2015 |work=Counterterrorism and Cybersecurity: Total Information Awareness |pages=151–182 |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Newton |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17244-6_7 |access-date=2025-12-29 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-17244-6_7 |isbn=978-3-319-17244-6}}</ref>

On February 4, 2004, the agency shut down its so called "LifeLog Project". The project's aim would have been, "to gather in a single place just about everything an individual says, sees or does".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2004/02/pentagon-kills-lifelog-project/|title=Pentagon Kills LifeLog Project|first=Wired|last=Staff|magazine=Wired|date=2004-02-04|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref>

On October 28, 2009, the agency broke ground on a new facility in [[Arlington County, Virginia]] a few miles from [[The Pentagon]].<ref>''[[The Washington Times]]'', "Pentagon Agency Breaks Ground", October 29, 2009.</ref>

In fall 2011, DARPA hosted the [[100 Year Starship|100-Year Starship]] Symposium with the aim of getting the public to start thinking seriously about interstellar travel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2012/01/28/fmoon-colony-newt-darpa-has-100-year-starship/|title=Forget the Moon Colony, Newt: DARPA Aims for 100 Year Starship|first=Tina|last=Casey|website=[[CleanTechnica]]|date=2012-01-28|access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref>

On June 5, 2016, [[NASA]] and DARPA announced that it planned to build new [[List of X-planes|X-planes]] with [[NASA]]'s plan setting to create a whole series of X planes over the next 10 years.<ref name="Building X Planes">{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/nasa-darpa-reveal-radical-future-160000121.html |title=NASA and DARPA plan to release new X-Planes |last=Grady |first=Mary |date=June 5, 2016 |website=[[Yahoo Tech]] |access-date=June 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611120846/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/nasa-darpa-reveal-radical-future-160000121.html |archive-date=June 11, 2016 }}</ref>

Between 2014 and 2016, DARPA shepherded the first [[Intelligent agent|machine-to-machine]] computer security competition, the [[Cyber Grand Challenge]] (CGC),
bringing a group of top-notch computer security experts to search for security [[Vulnerability (computing)|vulnerabilities]], [[Exploit (computer security)|exploit]] them, and create fixes that patch those vulnerabilities in a fully automated fashion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/tech/darpa-grand-cyber-challenge-hacking-000000417.html |title=Darpa to create Cyber Grand Challenge to fight security vulnerabilities |last=Howley |first=Daniel |date=17 July 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718190614/https://www.yahoo.com/tech/darpa-grand-cyber-challenge-hacking-000000417.html |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/cyber-grand-challenge|title=Cyber Grand Challenge (CGC)|publisher=DARPA|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610210818/https://www.darpa.mil/program/cyber-grand-challenge|archive-date=10 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is one of [[DARPA Prize Competitions|DARPA prize competitions]] to spur innovations.

In June 2018, DARPA leaders demonstrated a number of new technologies that were developed within the framework of the [[DARPA GXV-T|GXV-T]] program. The goal of this program is to create a lightly armored combat vehicle of not very large dimensions, which, due to maneuverability and other tricks, can successfully resist modern [[anti-tank weapon]] systems.<ref>[https://newatlas.com/darpa-gxv-t-demonstration-military-vehicle-technology/55198/ "DARPA demonstrates 6 new technologies behind the agile combat vehicles of tomorrow"] New Atlas, June 26, 2018</ref>

In September 2020, DARPA and the [[United States Department of the Air Force|US Air Force]] announced that the [[Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept]] (HAWC) are ready for free-flight tests within the next year.<ref>{{cite web |author=David Szondy |url=https://newatlas.com/military/darpa-us-air-force-hypersonic-weapon-captive-carry-flight-test/ |title=DARPA/US Air Force hypersonic air-breathing weapon ready for free flight |website=New Atlas |date=8 September 2020 }}</ref>

[[Victoria Coleman]] became the director of DARPA in November 2020.<ref name="Cohen">{{cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Rachel S. |title=Meet New DARPA Director Victoria Coleman |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/meet-new-darpa-director-victoria-coleman/ |website=Air Force Magazine |access-date=21 November 2020 |date=20 November 2020}}</ref>

In recent years, DARPA officials have contracted out core functions to corporations. For example, during fiscal year 2020, Chenega ran physical security on DARPA's premises,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for September 30, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2367105//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912185738/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2367105/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 12, 2021|access-date=2021-02-06|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> System High Corp. carried out program security,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for March 10, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2107920//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506011518/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2107920/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 6, 2021|access-date=2021-02-06|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> and Agile Defense ran unclassified IT services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for June 2, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2205772//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802030741/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2205772/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 2, 2021|access-date=2021-02-06|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> General Dynamics runs classified IT services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for October 22, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2391498//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919024648/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2391498/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 19, 2021|access-date=2021-02-06|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> Strategic Analysis Inc. provided support services regarding engineering, science, mathematics, and front office and administrative work.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for September 17, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2352082//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502191435/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2352082/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 2, 2021|access-date=2021-02-06|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" widths="350px" caption="DARPA history">
File:01 The Formative Years 1958 - 1975 (DARPA history).ogv|The formative years (1958–1975)
File:02 - The Cold War Era 1975 - 1989 (DARPA history).ogv|The Cold War era (1975–1989)
File:03 - The Post-Soviet Years 1989 - Present 2008 (DARPA history).ogv|The Post-Soviet years (1989–present)
</gallery>

==Organization==

===Current program offices===
DARPA has six technical offices that manage the agency's research portfolio, and two additional offices that manage special projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DARPA Offices |url=https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/offices |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=DARPA.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Projects and Technology Transition |url=https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/offices/special-projects-technology-transition |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=DARPA.mil}}</ref> All offices report to the DARPA director, including:
* The [[Defense Sciences Office|Defense Sciences Office (DSO)]]: DSO identifies and pursues high-risk, high-payoff research initiatives across a broad spectrum of science and engineering disciplines and transforms them into important, new game-changing technologies for U.S. national security. Current DSO themes include novel materials and structures, sensing and measurement, computation and processing, enabling operations, collective intelligence, and global change.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defense Sciences Office (DSO) |url=https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/offices/dso |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darpa.mil/DSO/ |title=DARPA/DSO Home Page |date=2 December 1998 |access-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981202153000/http://www.darpa.mil/DSO/ |archive-date=2 December 1998 }}</ref>
* The [[Information Innovation Office|Information Innovation Office (I2O)]] aims to ensure U.S. technological superiority in all areas where information can provide a decisive military advantage.
* The [[Microsystems Technology Office|Microsystems Technology Office (MTO)]] core mission is the development of high-performance, intelligent microsystems and next-generation components to ensure U.S. dominance in Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR), Electronic Warfare (EW), and Directed Energy (DE). The effectiveness, survivability, and lethality of systems that relate to these applications depend critically on microsystems and components.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsystems Technology Office (MTO) |url=https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/offices/mto |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=DARPA.mil}}</ref>
* The [[Strategic Technology Office (DARPA)|Strategic Technology Office (STO)]] mission is to focus on technologies that have a global theater-wide impact and that involve multiple Services.<ref name="darpa.mil">{{cite web |url=http://www.darpa.mil/offices.html |title=DARPA | Offices |access-date=2009-11-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015051855/http://www.darpa.mil/offices.html |archive-date=2009-10-15 }} DARPA Offices. Retrieved 2009-11-08.</ref>
* The [[Tactical Technology Office (DARPA)|Tactical Technology Office (TTO)]] engages in high-risk, high-payoff advanced military research, emphasizing the "system" and "subsystem" approach to the development of aeronautic, space, and land systems as well as embedded processors and control systems
* The [[Biological Technologies Office (DARPA)|Biological Technologies Office (BTO)]] fosters, demonstrates, and transitions breakthrough fundamental research, discoveries, and applications that integrate biology, engineering, and computer science for national security. Created in April 2014 by then Director [[Arati Prabhakar]], taking programs from the MTO and DSO offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2014-04-01|title=DARPA Launches Biological Technologies Office |date=1 April 2014 |website=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency}}</ref>

===Former offices===
* The [[Adaptive Execution Office|Adaptive Execution Office (AEO)]] was created in 2009 by the DARPA Director, [[Regina Dugan]]. The office's four project areas included technology transition, assessment, rapid [[productivity]] and [[adaptive system]]s. AEO provided the agency with robust connections to the warfighter community and assisted the agency with the planning and execution of technology demonstrations and field trials to promote adoption by the warfighter, accelerating the transition of new technologies into DoD capabilities.
* [[Information Awareness Office]]: 2002–2003
* The [[Advanced Technology Office (DARPA)|Advanced Technology Office (ATO)]] researched, demonstrated, and developed high payoff projects in maritime, communications, special operations, command and control, and information assurance and survivability mission areas.<ref>[https://www.militaryaerospace.com/communications/article/16709225/darpa-looks-to-ultrawideband-technology-for-advanced-tactical-networking/ DARPA looks to ultra-wideband technology for advanced tactical networking]
militaryaerospace.com. May 1, 2003</ref>
* The [[Special Projects Office (DARPA)|Special Projects Office (SPO)]] researched, developed, demonstrated, and transitioned technologies focused on addressing present and emerging national challenges. SPO investments ranged from the development of enabling technologies to the demonstration of large prototype systems. SPO developed technologies to counter the emerging threat of underground facilities used for purposes ranging from command-and-control, to weapons storage and staging, to the manufacture of weapons of mass destruction. SPO developed significantly more cost-effective ways to counter proliferated, inexpensive cruise missiles, UAVs, and other platforms used for weapon delivery, jamming, and surveillance. SPO invested in novel space technologies across the spectrum of space control applications including rapid access, space situational awareness, counterspace, and persistent tactical grade sensing approaches including extremely large space apertures and structures.
* The Office of Special Development (OSD) in the 1960s developed a real-time [[remote sensing]], monitoring, and predictive activity system on trails used by insurgents in Laos, Cambodia, and the Republic of Vietnam. This was done from an office in Bangkok, Thailand, that was ostensibly established to catalog and support the Thai fishing fleet, of which two volumes were published. This is a personal recollection without a published citation. A report on the ARPA group under which OSD operated is found here.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Joanne |first1=Sandstrom |title=The United States and Thailand |url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ieas/IEAS_12_0002.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722140418/https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ieas/IEAS_12_0002.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-22 |url-status=live |website=digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ |publisher=Berkeley.edu |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref>
A 1991 reorganization created several offices which existed throughout the early 1990s:<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6712/is_n27_v171/ai_n28601257/ | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708012812/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6712/is_n27_v171/ai_n28601257/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-07-08 | work=Defense Daily | title=DARPA restructures/creates new offices | year=1991}}</ref>
* The [[Electronic Systems Technology Office]] combined areas of the Defense Sciences Office and the Defense Manufacturing Office. This new office will focus on the boundary between general-purpose computers and the physical world, such as sensors, displays and the first few layers of specialized signal-processing that couple these modules to standard computer interfaces.
* The [[Software and Intelligent Systems Technology Office]] and the [[Computing Systems office]] will have responsibility associated with the Presidential High-Performance Computing Initiative. The Software office will also be responsible for "software systems technology, [[machine intelligence]] and software engineering."
* The [[Land Systems Office]] was created to develop advanced land vehicle and anti-armor systems, once the domain of the Tactical Technology Office.
* The [[Undersea Warfare Office]] combined areas of the Advanced Vehicle Systems and Tactical Technology offices to develop and demonstrate submarine stealth and counter-stealth and automation.

A 2010 reorganization merged two offices:
* The [[Transformational Convergence Technology Office|Transformational Convergence Technology Office (TCTO)]] and the [[Information Processing Techniques Office|Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO)]] were combined in 2010 to form the [[Information Innovation Office|Information Innovation Office (I2O)]].
** TCTO's mission was to develop new crosscutting capabilities from a broad range of emerging technological and social trends, particularly in areas related to computing and computing-reliant subareas of the life sciences, social sciences, manufacturing, and commerce.<ref name="darpa.mil"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpcwire.com/2010/09/22/embedded_clouds_a_look_back_at_hpec_2010/ |title=Embedded Clouds: A Look Back at HPEC 2010 |work=HPCwire |access-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707185535/http://www.hpcwire.com/2010/09/22/embedded_clouds_a_look_back_at_hpec_2010/ |archive-date=7 July 2015 |date=2010-09-22 }}</ref>
** IPTO focused on inventing the sensing, networking, computing, and software technologies vital to ensuring DOD military superiority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://schedule.sxsw.com/2014/events/event_IAP28839 |title=Schedule – sxsw.com |work=SXSW Schedule 2014 |access-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909201234/http://schedule.sxsw.com/2014/events/event_IAP28839 |archive-date=9 September 2015 }}</ref>

===Directors===
{{anchor|List of directors}}
Directors of DARPA have included:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.darpa.mil/attachments/DARPA_Directors_Sheet-web.pdf |title=DARPA Directors, 1958-Present |publisher=DARPA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910003008/https://www.darpa.mil/attachments/DARPA_Directors_Sheet-web.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Image
!Director
!Term start
!Term end
!{{abbr|Refs.|References}}
|-
|1
|[[File:Roy W. Johnson.jpeg|70px]]
|Roy W. Johnson
|1958
|1959
|
|-
|2
|[[File:Austin W. Betts.jpeg|70px]]
|Austin W. Betts
|1960
|1961
|
|-
|3
|[[File:Jack P. Ruina.jpeg|70px]]
|[[Jack Ruina]]
|1961
|1963
|
|-
|4
|[[File:RobertLSproul1970.jpg|70px]]
|[[Robert Sproull]]
|1963
|1965
|
|-
|5
|[[File:Portrait of Charles M. Herzfeld, Director of Defense Research and Engineering.jpg|70px]]
|[[Charles M. Herzfeld]]
|June 1965
|March 1967
|
|-
|6
|[[File:Eberhardt Rechtin.jpg|70px]]
|[[Eberhardt Rechtin]]
|1967
|1970
|
|-
|7
|[[File:SJLukasik1990.jpg|70px]]
|[[Stephen J. Lukasik]]
|1970
|1975
|
|-
|8
|[[File:George H. Heilmeier.jpg|70px]]
|[[George H. Heilmeier]]
|1975
|1977
|
|-
|9
|[[File:Robert R. Fossum.jpeg|70px]]
|Robert R. Fossum
|1977
|1981
|
|-
|10
|[[File:Robert S. Cooper, DARPA Director, 1981–1985.jpg|70px]]
|Robert S. Cooper
|1981
|1985
|
|-
|11
|[[File:Robert C. Duncan, DARPA Director, 1985–1988.jpeg|70px]]
|[[Robert C. Duncan (engineer)|Robert C. Duncan]]
|1985
|1988
|
|-
|12
|[[File:Ray S. Colladay, DARPA Director, 1988–1989.jpeg|70px]]
|Ray S. Colladay
|1988
|1989
|
|-
|13
|[[File:Craig I. Fields, DARPA Director, 1989–1990.jpeg|70px]]
|Craig I. Fields
|1989
|1990
|
|-
|14
|[[File:Victor H. Reis, DARPA Director, 1990–1992.jpeg|70px]]
|[[Victor H. Reis]]
|1990
|1992
|
|-
|15
|[[File:Gary L. Denman, DARPA Director, 1992-1995.jpeg|70px]]
|Gary L. Denman
|1992
|1995
|
|-
|16
|[[File:Verne L. Lynn, DARPA Director, 1995–1998.jpeg|70px]]
|Verne L. "Larry" Lynn
|1995
|1998
|
|-
|17
|[[File:Fernando L. Fernandez, DARPA Director, 1998 – 2001.jpeg|70px]]
|Fernando L. "Frank" Fernandez
|1998
|2001
|
|-
|18
|[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 010709-A-3569D-001.jpg|70px]]
|[[Anthony J. Tether]]
|June 18, 2001
|February 20, 2009
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://aviationweek.com/rumsfeld-appoints-anthony-tether-be-new-head-darpa |title=Rumsfeld appoints Anthony Tether to be new head of DARPA |date=June 20, 2001 |magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
| acting
|[[File:Robert Leheny - Darpa Director.png|70px]]
|Robert Leheny
|February 21, 2009
|July 19, 2009
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cra.org/govaffairs/blog/2009/07/new-darpa-director-announced/ |title=New DARPA Director Announced |date=July 2, 2009 |first=Peter |last=Harsha |publisher=[[Computing Research Association]]}}</ref>
|-
|19
|[[File:DARPA Director Dr regina dugan.jpeg|70px]]
|[[Regina E. Dugan]]
|July 20, 2009
|March 2012
|<ref name="Dugan leaves">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/03/dugan-darpa-google/ |title=Exclusive: Darpa Director Bolts Pentagon for Google |date=March 12, 2012 |first=Noah |last=Shachtman |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|acting
|[[File:2019 - Auto-Tech & TalkRobot - Day 1 VJR10650 (49018512253).jpg|70px]]
|Kaigham "Ken" Gabriel
|March 2012
|July 29, 2012
|<ref name="Dugan leaves"/>
|-
|20
|[[File:Arati Prabhakar, OSTP Director.jpg|70px]]
|[[Arati Prabhakar]]
|July 30, 2012
|January 20, 2017
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/07/darpa-solyndra/ |title=Exclusive: Darpa Gets a New Boss, and Solyndra Is in Her Past |first=Noah |last=Shachtman |date=July 10, 2012 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor="#e6e6aa"|acting
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Dr. Steven H. Walker.JPG|70px]]
|rowspan="2"|Steven H. Walker
|bgcolor="#e6e6aa"|January 20, 2017
|bgcolor="#e6e6aa"|November 8, 2017
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news/2017/steven-h-walker-appointed |title=New director takes helm as Agency approaches 60th anniversary |date=November 8, 2017 |publisher=DARPA}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/walker-stepping-down-as-darpa-head/ |title=Walker Stepping Down as DARPA Head |date=December 17, 2019 |first=Brian W. |last=Everstine |magazine=[[Air & Space Forces Magazine]]}}</ref>
|-
|21
|November 8, 2017
|January 10, 2019
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|acting
|[[File:Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Critical Technologies. Office of the Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering Peter Highnam.jpg|70px]]
|[[Peter Highnam]]
|January 11, 2019
|nowrap|September 23, 2020
|
|-
|22
|[[File:Victoria Coleman.jpg|70px]]
|[[Victoria Coleman]]
|nowrap|September 24, 2020
|January 20, 2021
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news/2020/victoria-coleman-director |title=Victoria Coleman Sworn In as 22nd DARPA Director |date=September 24, 2020 |publisher=DARPA}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|acting
|[[File:Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Critical Technologies. Office of the Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering Peter Highnam.jpg|70px]]
|Peter Highnam
|January 20, 2021
|March 14, 2021
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/darpa-changing-directors-again-in-third-recent-shuffle/ |title=DARPA Changing Directors Again in Third Recent Shuffle |date=January 21, 2021 |first=Rachel S. |last=Cohen |magazine=[[Air & Space Forces Magazine]]}}</ref>
|-
|23
|[[File:Stefanie Tompkins official portrait.jpg|70px]]
|[[Stefanie Tompkins]]
|March 15, 2021
|January 20, 2025
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news/2021/stefanie-tompkins-appointed |title=Agency veteran brings skillset, drive to convert bold technology visions into new capabilities for nation |date=March 15, 2021 |publisher=DARPA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.minesnewsroom.com/news/colorado-school-mines-names-stefanie-tompkins-new-provost |title=Colorado School of Mines names Stefanie Tompkins as new Provost |date=February 11, 2025 |first=Emilie |last=Rusch |publisher=Colorado School of Mines}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|acting
|
|Rob McHenry
|January 20, 2025
|May 19, 2025
|
|-
|24
| [[File:2025 Stephen Winchell (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|Stephen Winchell
|May 19, 2025
|Present
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Jon |date=2025-05-08 |title=Trump administration picks new DARPA director |url=https://defensescoop.com/2025/05/08/darpa-director-stephen-winchell/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=DefenseScoop |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About DARPA {{!}} DARPA |url=https://www.darpa.mil/about |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=www.darpa.mil}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Projects==
A list of DARPA's active and archived projects is available on the agency's website. Because of the agency's fast pace, programs constantly start and stop based on the needs of the U.S. government. Structured information about some of the DARPA's contracts and projects is publicly available.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Klabukov |first1=Ilya |last2=Alekhin |first2=Maksim |last3=Yakovets |first3=Andrey |date=2017 |title=DARPA SETA Support FY2010 / FY2015 Database |url=https://figshare.com/articles/SETA_Support_DARPA_FY2010_FY2015_Data_Base/4759186/2 |journal=Figshare |language=en-US |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.4759186.v2}}</ref>

===Active projects===
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{Update|section|date=April 2016}}
{{Update|section|inaccurate=yes|date=March 2017}}
}}

* AdvaNced airCraft Infrastructure-Less Launch And RecoverY X-Plane (ANCILLARY) (2022): The program is to develop and demonstrate a vertical takeoff and landing ([[VTOL]]) plane that can launch without the supporting infrastructure, with low-weight, high-payload, and long-endurance capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DARPA Seeks Leap-Ahead Capabilities for Vertical Takeoff and Landing X-Plane |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2022-09-07 |access-date=June 25, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref> In June 2023, DARPA selected nine companies to produce initial operational system and demonstration system conceptual designs for an uncrewed aerial system (UAS).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=John |date=2023-06-23 |title=DARPA selects teams to propose VTOL UAS designs with no infrastructure |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/darpa-selects-teams-to-propose-vtol-uas-designs-that-need-no-infrastructure/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
* AI Cyber Challenge (AIxCC) (2023): It is a two-year competition to identify and fix software vulnerabilities using AI in partnership with Anthropic, Google, Microsoft, and OpenAI which will provide their expertise and their platforms for this competition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=AIxCC |title=The AIxCC Experience is coming to: DEFCON 33 |url=https://aicyberchallenge.com/ |website=aicyberchallenge.com |publisher=DARPA |access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2023 |title=White House Press Release: Biden-⁠Harris Administration Launches Artificial Intelligence Cyber Challenge to Protect America's Critical Software |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/08/09/biden-harris-administration-launches-artificial-intelligence-cyber-challenge-to-protect-americas-critical-software/ |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=The White House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-09 |title=DARPA competition will use AI to find, fix software vulnerabilities |url=https://federalnewsnetwork.com/artificial-intelligence/2023/08/darpa-competition-will-use-ai-to-find-fix-software-vulnerabilities/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Federal News Network |language=en-US}}</ref> There will be a semifinal phase and the final phase. The finale will be held at [[DEF CON]] in Las Vegas in 2024 and 2025, respectively.<ref>{{Cite press release |last=OpenSSF |title=OpenSSF to Support DARPA on New AI Cyber Challenge (AIxCC) |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/openssf-to-support-darpa-on-new-ai-cyber-challenge-aixcc-301896959.html |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Air Combat Evolution (ACE) (2019): The goal of ACE is to automate air-to-air combat, enabling reaction times at machine speeds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Warwick |first=Graham |date=March 10, 2020 |title=DARPA's ACE Wants To Automate Dogfighting To Empower AI |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/darpas-ace-wants-automate-dogfighting-empower-ai |access-date=April 20, 2024 |website=Aviation Week}}</ref> By using human-machine collaborative dogfighting as its challenge problem, ACE seeks to increase trust in combat autonomy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keller |first=John |date=February 23, 2022 |title=DARPA to outfit F-16D jet fighter with artificial intelligence (AI) to boost trust in AI as a human partner |url=https://www.militaryaerospace.com/computers/article/14234351/artificial-intelligence-ai-dogfighting-trust |access-date=April 20, 2024 |website=militaryaerospace.com}}</ref> Eight teams from academia and industry were selected in October 2019.<ref name=":0" /> In April 2024, DARPA and U.S. Air Force announced that ACE conducted the first-ever in-air dogfighting tests of AI algorithms autonomously flying an F-16 against a human-piloted F-16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Cameron |date=April 18, 2024 |title=History made as US military conducts first ever human vs AI dogfight |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/04/18/us-military-conducts-first-ever-human-vs-ai-dogfight/ |access-date=April 20, 2024 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Revell |first=Eric |date=April 19, 2024 |title=Air Force confirms first successful AI dogfight |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/us-air-force-confirms-first-successful-ai-dogfight |access-date=April 20, 2024 |website=Fox Business}}</ref>
* Air Space Total Awareness for Rapid Tactical Execution (ASTARTE) (2020): The program is conducted in partnership with the Army and Air Force on sensors, artificial intelligence algorithms, and virtual testing environments in order to create an understandable common operating picture when troops are spread out across battlefields<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for December 29, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2458827//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512061037/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2458827/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 12, 2021|access-date=2021-01-28|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2020 |title=Real-time Airspace Awareness and De-confliction for Future Battles |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2020-04-07 |access-date=May 14, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref>
* Biomanufacturing: Survival, Utility, and Reliability beyond Earth (B-SURE) (2021): This program aims to address foundational scientific questions to determine how well industrial bio-manufacturing microorganisms perform in space conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B-SURE Teams Ready to Blast Off! |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2023-03-14a |access-date=May 10, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref> [[International Space Station]] (ISS) announced in April 2023 that Rhodium-DARPA Biomanufacturing 01 investigation was launched on SpaceX, and ISS crew members are carrying out this project which examines gravity's effect on production of drugs and nutrients from bacteria and yeast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhodium Scientific to Test the Concept of Biomanufacturing in Space |url=https://www.issnationallab.org/spxcrs27-rhodium-scientific-darpa/ |access-date=May 10, 2023 |website=ISS National Laboratory|date=6 April 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Big mechanism|Big Mechanism]]: Cancer research. (2015)<ref name="s1">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.347.6221.465| title = DARPA sets out to automate research| journal = Science| volume = 347| issue = 6221| page = 465| year = 2015| last1 = You | first1 = J.| pmid=25635066| bibcode = 2015Sci...347..465Y}}</ref> The program aims to develop technology to read research abstracts and papers to extract pieces of causal mechanisms, assemble these pieces into more complete causal models, and reason over these models to produce explanations. The domain of the program is cancer biology with an emphasis on signaling pathways. It has a successor program called [[World Modelers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DARPA 1958-2018 |url=https://www.darpa.mil/attachments/DARAPA60_publication-no-ads.pdf |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=darpa.mil |archive-date=December 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220305/https://www.darpa.mil/attachments/DARAPA60_publication-no-ads.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Big Mechanism |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/big-mechanism |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=darpa.mil |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513165023/https://www.darpa.mil/program/big-mechanism |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Modelers |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/world-modelers |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref>
*Binary structure inference system: extract software properties from binary code to support repository-based reverse engineering for micro-patching that minimizes lifecycle maintenance and costs (2020).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for July 1, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2244841//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722090007/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2244841/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 22, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Blackjack (satellite)|Blackjack]] (2017): a program to develop and test military [[satellite constellation]] technologies with a variety of "military-unique sensors and payloads [attached to] commercial [[satellite bus]]es. ...as an 'architecture demonstration intending to show the high military utility of global [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]] constellations and mesh networks of lower size, weight, and cost spacecraft nodes.' ... The idea is to demonstrate that 'good enough' payloads in LEO can perform military missions, augment existing programs, and potentially perform 'on par or better than currently deployed exquisite space systems.{{'}}"<ref name="sn20180531`">[https://spacenews.com/darpa-to-begin-new-effort-to-build-military-constellations-in-low-earth-orbit/ DARPA to begin new effort to build military constellations in low Earth orbit], [[SpaceNews]], 31 May 2018, accessed 22 August 2018.</ref> [[Blue Canyon Technologies]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for June 10, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2215443//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724200731/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2215443/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> Raytheon,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for June 12, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2218996//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802035031/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2218996/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 2, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> and SA Photonics Inc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for June 9, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2213629//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504164052/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2213629/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 4, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> were working on phases 2 and 3 as of fiscal year 2020. On June 12, 2023, DARPA launched four satellites for a technology demonstration in low Earth orbit on the SpaceX Transporter-8 rideshare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erwin |first=Sandra |date=2023-06-14 |title=DARPA downsizes Blackjack space experiment |url=https://spacenews.com/darpa-downsizes-blackjack-space-experiment/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[BlockADE]]: Rapidly constructed barrier. (2014)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141218032021/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20140705/NEWS04/307050033/DARPA-calls-industry-develop-compact-push-button-wall DARPA calls on industry to develop compact, push-button wall] – MarineCorpstimes.com, 5 July 2014</ref>
* Causal Exploration of Complex Operational Environments ("Causal Exploration") – computerized aid to [[military planning]]. (2018)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.janes.com/article/81590/darpa-seeks-to-model-conflicts-for-military-planners?from_rss=1 |first=Geoff |last=Fein |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |title=DARPA seeks to model conflicts for military planners |date=July 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.darpa.mil/attachments/FAQ_CE1-17-1USE.pdf |publisher=DARPA |title=HR001117S0012 Causal Exploration of Complex Operational Environments (Causal Exploration) Frequently Asked Questions |date=January 17, 2017 |access-date=July 9, 2018 |archive-date=July 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010415/https://www.darpa.mil/attachments/FAQ_CE1-17-1USE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Collaborative Operations in Denied Environment]] (CODE): Modular software architecture for UAVs to pass information to each other in contested environments to identify and engage targets with limited operator direction. (2015)<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/darpa-invites-industry-to-explore-collaborative-uav-408267/ DARPA invites industry to explore collaborative UAV technology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203215053/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/darpa-invites-industry-to-explore-collaborative-uav-408267/ |date=2015-02-03 }} – Flightglobal.com, 23 January 2015</ref><ref>[http://defensesystems.com/articles/2015/01/22/darpa-drones-pack-of-wolves-autonomy.aspx Pentagon issues call for drones that hunt like a pack of wolves] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203213513/http://defensesystems.com/articles/2015/01/22/darpa-drones-pack-of-wolves-autonomy.aspx |date=2015-02-03 }} – Defensesystems.com, 22 January 2015</ref>
*[[Control of Revolutionary Aircraft with Novel Effectors (CRANE)]] (2019): The program seeks to demonstrate an experimental aircraft design based on active flow control (AFC), which is defined as on-demand addition of energy into a boundary layer in order to maintain, recover, or improve aerodynamic performance. The aim is for CRANE to generally improve aircraft performance and reliability while reducing cost.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for June 19, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2226670//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504164050/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2226670/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 4, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2019 |title=Control of Revolutionary Aircraft with Novel Effecters (CRANE) Proposers Day (Archived) |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/control-of-revolutionary-aircraft-with-novel-effecters-proposers-day |access-date=May 14, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref> In May 2023, DARPA designated the experimental uncrewed aircraft the X-65 which will use banks of compressed air nozzles to execute maneuvers without traditional, exterior-moving flight controls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the X-65: DARPA's New Plane Has No External Control Surfaces |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/x-65-darpa-new-plane/ |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=airandspaceforces.com|date=16 May 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Computational Weapon Optic]] (CWO) (2015): Computer rifle scope that combines various features into one optic.<ref>[https://gizmodo.com/what-it-feels-like-to-shoot-the-military-s-experimental-1700448634 What It Feels Like to Shoot With the Military's Experimental Smart Scope] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506105808/http://gizmodo.com/what-it-feels-like-to-shoot-the-military-s-experimental-1700448634 |date=2015-05-06 }} – Gizmodo.com, 28 April 2015</ref>
* [[DARPA Triage Challenge (DTC)]] (2023): The DTC will use a series of challenge events to spur development of novel physiological features for medical triage. The three-year competition focuses on improving emergency medical response in military and civilian mass casualty incidents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DARPA Triage Challenge |url=https://triagechallenge.darpa.mil/ |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DARPA Triage Challenge to Promote Tech Use in Medical Response to Mass Casualty Incidents |url=https://executivegov.com/2022/11/darpa-challenge-to-promote-tech-use-in-medical-response-to-mass-casualties/ |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=executivegov.com|date=18 November 2022 }}</ref>
* [[DARPA XG|DARPA XG (2005)]] : technology for Dynamic Spectrum Access for assured military communications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sharedspectrum.com/resources/darpa-next-generation-communications-program/|title=DARPA neXt Generation Communications Program - SSC|language=en|access-date=2019-09-19|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101223820/http://www.sharedspectrum.com/resources/darpa-next-generation-communications-program/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO)]] (2021): The program is to demonstrate a [[nuclear thermal rocket]] (NTR) in orbit by 2027 in collaboration with NASA (nuclear thermal engine) and U.S. Space Force (launch).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hitchens |first=Theresa |date=2023-07-26 |title=DARPA, NASA tap Lockheed Martin to design, build DRACO nuclear rocket for deep space missions |url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2023/07/darpa-nasa-tap-lockheed-martin-to-design-build-draco-nuclear-rocket-for-deep-space-missions/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Breaking Defense |language=en-US |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316085306/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/darpa-nasa-tap-lockheed-martin-to-design-build-draco-nuclear-rocket-for-deep-space-missions/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Detection system consisting of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based assays paired with reconfigurable point-of-need and massively multi-plexed devices for diagnostics and surveillance<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for October 27, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2396088//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715222635/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2396088//|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2021|access-date=2021-01-25|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Electronics Resurgence Initiative]] (ERI) (2019): Started in 2019, the initiative aims at both national security capabilities and commercial economic competitiveness and sustainability. These programs emphasize forward-looking partnerships with U.S. industry, the defense industrial base, and university researchers. In 2023, DARPA expanded ERI's focus with the announcement of ERI 2.0 seeking to reinvent domestic microelectronics manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2023 |title=DARPA's ERI Summit 2023: microelectronics innovation |url=https://turtletimeline.com/darpas-eri-summit-2023-microelectronics-innovation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517173949/https://turtletimeline.com/darpas-eri-summit-2023-microelectronics-innovation/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=May 17, 2023 |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=TurtleTimeline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2023 |title=ERI Overview and Structure |url=https://www.darpa.mil/work-with-us/electronics-resurgence-initiative |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=darpa.mil |archive-date=May 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521183242/https://www.darpa.mil/work-with-us/electronics-resurgence-initiative |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Experimental Spaceplane 1]] (formerly XS-1): In 2017, Boeing was selected for Phases 2 and 3 for the fabrication and flight of a reusable unmanned space transport after it completed the initial design in Phase 1 as one of the three teams.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/experimental-space-plane|title=Experimental Spaceplane|website=www.darpa.mil|access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref> In January 2020, Boeing ended its role in the program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=2020-01-22 |title=Boeing drops out of DARPA Experimental Spaceplane program |url=https://spacenews.com/boeing-drops-out-of-darpa-experimental-spaceplane-program/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Fast Lightweight Autonomy]]: Software algorithms that enable small UAVs to fly fast in cluttered environments without [[GPS]] or external communications. (2014)<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/darpa-solicits-tender-for-uav-urban-operation-algorithms-407418/ DARPA solicits tender for UAV urban operation algorithms] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203214839/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/darpa-solicits-tender-for-uav-urban-operation-algorithms-407418/ |date=2015-02-03 }} – Flightglobal.com, 23 December 2014</ref>
*Fast Network Interface Cards (FastNICs): develop and integrate new, clean-slate network subsystems in order to speed up applications, such as the distributed training of machine learning classifiers by 100x.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Dr. Jonathan M.|date=|title=Fast Network Interface Cards (FastNICs)|url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/fast-network-interface-cards|access-date=February 5, 2021|website=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency}}</ref> Perspecta Labs<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for May 5, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2177362//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506011512/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2177362/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 6, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> and Raytheon BBN<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for June 11, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2217371//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506011507/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2217371/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 6, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> were working on FastNICs as of fiscal year 2020.
* [[Force Application and Launch from Continental United States]] (FALCON): a research effort to develop a small satellite [[launch vehicle]]. (2008)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/Falcon.htm|title=Falcon|year=2008|publisher=DARPA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822050303/http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/Falcon.htm|archive-date=2008-08-22}}</ref> This vehicle is under development by [[AirLaunch LLC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airlaunchllc.com/News.htm|title=Airlaunchllc News|publisher=Airlaunch|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514093237/http://airlaunchllc.com/News.htm|archive-date=2008-05-14}}</ref>
*Gamma Ray Inspection Technology (GRIT) program: research and develop high-intensity, tunable, and narrow-bandwidth gamma ray production in compact, transportable form. This technology can be utilized for discovering smuggled nuclear material in cargo via new inspection techniques, and enabling new medical diagnostics and therapies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wrobel|first=Dr. Mark|date=|title=Gamma Ray Inspection Technology (GRIT)|url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/gamma-ray-inspection-technology|access-date=2021-02-05|website=www.darpa.mil}}</ref> RadiaBeam Technologies LLC was working on a phase 1 of the program, Laser-Compton approach, in fiscal year 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for March 20, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2120442//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510224516/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2120442/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 10, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Glide Breaker program: technology for an advanced interceptor capable of engaging maneuvering hypersonic vehicles or missiles in the upper atmosphere. Northrop Grumman<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for January 24, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2065636//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714224904/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2065636/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 14, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> and Aerojet Rocketdyne<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for February 10, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2080211//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920054247/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2080211/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 20, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> were working on this program as of fiscal year 2020.
* [[DARPA Gremlins|Gremlins]] (2015): Air-launched and recoverable [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]] with distributed capabilities to provide low-cost flexibility over expensive multirole platforms.<ref>[http://www.defenseone.com/technology/2015/08/military-wants-swarm-bots-retrieve-midair/119795/?oref=d-river The Military Wants Swarm Bots It Can Retrieve in Midair] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901041853/http://www.defenseone.com/technology/2015/08/military-wants-swarm-bots-retrieve-midair/119795/?oref=d-river |date=2015-09-01 }} – Defenseone.com, 28 August 2015</ref> In October 2021, two X-61 Gremlin air vehicles were tested at the Army's Dugway Proving Ground, Utah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2021 |title=DARPA's latest 'Gremlins' test shows how the US military's biggest planes could be motherships in future wars |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/darpa-gremlins-test-shows-how-planes-can-be-drone-mothership-2021-12?op=1 |access-date=July 10, 2023 |website=businessinsider.com}}</ref>
* [[DARPA GXV-T|Ground X-Vehicle Technology]] (GXV-T) (2015): This program aims to improve mobility, survivability, safety, and effectiveness of future combat vehicles without piling on armor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GXV-T Advances Radical Technology for Future Combat Vehicles |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2018-06-22 |access-date=May 10, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ground X-Vehicle Technologies (GXV-T) |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/ground-x-vehicle-technologies |access-date=May 10, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref>
* [[High Operational Temperature Sensors]] (HOTS)(2023): The program is to develop sensor microelectronics consisting of transducers, signal conditioning microelectronics, and integration that operate with high bandwidth (>1 MHz) and dynamic range (>90 dB) at extreme temperatures (i.e., at least 800 °C).<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Operational Temperature Sensors (HOTS) Proposers Day |url=https://sam.gov/opp/8835c355e3b442e6b3b79f75ad0f1653/view |website=SAM.gov}}</ref>
*[[HIVE (Hierarchical Identify Verify Exploit)]] [[CPU architecture]]. (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/11/american-military-backs-an-entirely-new-kind-of-processor/ |title=American military backs an entirely new kind of processor |publisher=Engadget.com |date=2017-06-11 |access-date=2018-01-14}}</ref>
*[[Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept]] (HAWC). This program is a joint DARPA/[[United States Department of the Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] effort that seeks to develop and demonstrate critical technologies to enable an effective and affordable air-launched hypersonic cruise missile.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (HAWC) |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/hypersonic-air-breathing-weapon-concept |access-date=May 10, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref>
*[[Genetically modified virus#Insect Allies program|Insect Allies]] (2017–2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2016-10-19|title=DARPA Enlists Insects to Protect Agricultural Food Supply and Commodity Crops|website=www.darpa.mil|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbo.gov/utils/view?id=40638c9e7d45ed8310f9d4f4671b4a7b|title=Broad Agency Announcement Insect Allies, Biological Technologies Office, HR001117S0002 November 1, 2016|date=2016|website=FedBizOpps.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Insect Allies |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/insect-allies |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref>
* Intelligent Integration of Information (I3) in SISTO, 1994–2000 – supported database research and with ARPA CISTO and [[NASA]] funded the [[National Science Foundation|NSF]] [[Digital Library]] program, that led. a.o. to [[Google]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=170118|title = Intelligent integration of information|journal = ACM SIGMOD Record|date = June 1993|doi = 10.1145/170036.170118|last1 = Wiederhold|first1 = Gio|volume = 22|issue = 2|pages = 434–437| s2cid=215916846 }}</ref>
*Joint All-Domain Warfighting Software (JAWS): software suite featuring automation and [[predictive analytics]] for battle management and command & control with tactical coordination for capture ("target custody") and kill missions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for December 21, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2454191//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727210515/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2454191/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 27, 2021|access-date=2021-01-26|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> Systems & Technology Research of Woburn, Massachusetts, is working on this project, with an expected completion date of March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for December 21, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2454191//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727210515/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2454191/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 27, 2021|access-date=2021-02-11|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> Raytheon is also working on this project, with an expected completion date of April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for January 15, 2021|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2474326//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515194527/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2474326/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 15, 2021|access-date=2021-02-11|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Lasers for Universal Microscale Optical Systems (LUMOS): integrate heterogeneous materials to bring high performance lasers and amplifiers to manufacturable photonics platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keeler|first=Dr. Gordon|date=|title=Lasers for Universal Microscale Optical Systems (LUMOS)|url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/lasers-for-universal-microscale-optical-systems|access-date=February 5, 2021|website=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency}}</ref> As of fiscal year 2020, the Research Foundation for the State University of New York (SUNY) was working to enable "on-chip optical gain" to integrated photonics platforms, and enable complete photonics functionality "on a single substrate for disruptive optical microsystems."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for September 14, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2347324//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723050516/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2347324/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 23, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref>
*LongShot (2021): The program is to demonstrate an unmanned air-launched vehicle (UAV) capable of employing air-to-air weapons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LongShot |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/longshot |access-date=July 16, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref> Phase 1 design work started in early 2021. In June 2023, DARPA awarded a Phase 3 contract to General Atomics for the manufacturing and a flight demonstration in 2025 of an air-launched, flying and potentially recoverable missile carrier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DARPA LongShot Cleared To Move Into Flight Demonstration Phase {{!}} Aviation Week Network |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/missile-defense-weapons/darpa-longshot-cleared-move-flight-demonstration-phase |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=aviationweek.com}}</ref>
* Manta Ray: A 2020 DARPA program to develop a series of autonomous, large-size, [[unmanned underwater vehicle]]s (UUVs) capable of long-duration missions and having large payload capacities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for February 21, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2091020/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816211358/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2091020//|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 16, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[https://idstch.com/military/navy/darpa-manta-ray-developing-new-class-of-uuvs-capable-of-carrying-large-payloads-and-long-endurance-missions-to-support-persistent-operations/ DARPA Manta Ray Developing New Class of UUVs Capable of Carrying Large Payloads and Long Endurance Missions to Support Persistent Operations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505002601/https://idstch.com/military/navy/darpa-manta-ray-developing-new-class-of-uuvs-capable-of-carrying-large-payloads-and-long-endurance-missions-to-support-persistent-operations/ |date=2023-05-05 }} idstch.com April 21, 2022</ref> In December 2021, DARPA awarded Phase 2 contracts to Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation and Martin Defense Group to work on subsystem testing followed by fabrication and in-water demonstrations of full-scale integrated vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Naval News |date=2021-12-20 |title=DARPA Selects Two Teams to Build, Test Innovative Manta Ray UUV |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/12/darpa-selects-two-teams-to-build-test-innovative-manta-ray-uuv/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
:By May 2024, Manta Ray was not only the descriptor for the DARPA R&D program, but was also the name of a specific prototype UUV built by [[Northrop Grumman]], with initial tests conducted in the Pacific Ocean during 1Q2024. Manta Ray has been designed to be broken down and fit into 5 standard [[shipping container]]s, shipped to where it will be deployed, and be reassembled in the theatre of operations where it will be used. DARPA is working with the [[US Navy]] to further test and then transition the technology.<ref name=cnn20240513>{{cite news |title=Ghost Shark and Manta Ray: Australia and US unveil undersea drones |last=Lendon|first=Brad |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/13/tech/australia-us-undersea-drones-ml-hnk-intl/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |date=13 May 2024 |access-date=14 May 2024}}</ref>
*Media Forensics (MediFor): A project aimed at automatically spotting digital manipulation in images and videos, including [[Deepfakes]]. (2018).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/media-forensics |publisher=DARPA |title=Media Forensics (MediFor) |access-date=June 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/robotics/artificial-intelligence/experts-bet-on-first-deepfakes-political-scandal |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180625170659/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/robotics/artificial-intelligence/experts-bet-on-first-deepfakes-political-scandal |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 25, 2018 |quote=The threat is real enough that the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has funded a Media Forensics project aimed at finding ways to automatically screen for Deepfake videos and similarly deceptive examples of digital media. |title=Experts Bet on First Deepfakes Political Scandal |first=Jeremy |last=Hsu |date=June 22, 2018 |publisher=[[IEEE Spectrum]]}}</ref> MediFor largely ended in 2020 and DARPA launched a follow-on program in 2021 called the semantic forensics, or SemaFor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DARPA Launches New Programs to Detect Falsified Media |url=https://governmentciomedia.com/darpa-launches-new-programs-detect-falsified-media |access-date=May 10, 2023 |website=governmentciomedia.com|date=16 September 2021 }}</ref>
*Millimeter-wave GaN Maturation (MGM) program: develop new GaN transistor technology to attain high-speed and large voltage swing at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hancock|first=Dr. Timothy|date=|title=Millimeter-wave GaN Maturation (MGM)|url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/millimeter-wave-gan-maturation|access-date=February 5, 2021|website=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency}}</ref> HRL Laboratories LLC, a joint venture between Boeing and General Motors, is working on phase 2 as of fiscal year 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for September 8, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2340084//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924032610/https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2340084/|url-status=live|archive-date=September 24, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Modular Optical Aperture Building Blocks (MOABB) program (2015): design free-space optical components (e.g., telescope, bulk lasers with mechanical beam-steering, detectors, electronics) in a single device. Create a wafer-scale system that is one hundred times smaller and lighter than existing systems and can steer the optical beam far faster than mechanical components. Research and design electronic-photonic unit cells that can be tiled together to form large-scale planar apertures (up to 10 centimeters in diameter) that can run at 100 watts of optical power. The overall goals of such technology are (1) rapid 3D scanning using devices smaller than a cell-phone camera; (2) high-speed laser communications without mechanical steering; (3) and foliage-penetrating perimeter sensing, remote wind sensing, and long-range 3-D mapping.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keeler|first= Gordon|date=|title=Modular Optical Aperture Building Blocks (MOABB)|url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/modular-optical-aperture-building-blocks|access-date=February 5, 2021|website=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency}}</ref> As of fiscal year 2020, Analog Photonics LLC of Boston, Massachusetts, was working on phase 3 of the program and is expected to finish by May 2022.<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense Contract">{{Cite web|title=Contracts for September 10, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2343624//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903053831/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2343624/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 3, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Multi- Azimuth Defense Fast Intercept Round Engagement System (MAD-FIRES) program: develop technologies that combine advantages of a missile (guidance, precision, accuracy) with advantages of a bullet (speed, rapid-fire, large ammunition capacity) to be used on a medium-caliber guided projectile in defending ships.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raytheon tests motor for DARPA's MAD-FIRES self-defense interceptor|url=https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2019/05/07/Raytheon-tests-motor-for-DARPAs-MAD-FIRES-self-defense-interceptor/8511557240419/|access-date=2021-02-05|website=UPI|language=en}}</ref> Raytheon is currently working on MAD-FIRES phase 3 (enhance seeker performance, and develop a functional demonstration illuminator and engagement manager to engage and defeat a representative surrogate target) and is expected to be finished by November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for August 31, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2331179/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724200645/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2331179/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Near Zero Power RF and Sensor Operations]] (N-ZERO): Reducing or eliminating the standby power unattended ground sensors consume. (2015)<ref>[http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2015/02/darpa-nzero-program.html DARPA N-ZERO program seeks to reduce or eliminate need for standby power on unattended sensors] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215183927/http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2015/02/darpa-nzero-program.html |date=2015-02-15 }} – Militaryaerospace.com, 9 February 2015</ref>
* [[Neural implant]]s for soldiers. (2014)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://therundownlive.com/pentagon-rolls-out-darpa-plan-to-implant-chip-in-soldiers-brain/ |title=Pentagon Rolls Out DARPA Plan To Implant Chips In Soldiers' Brains – The Rundown Live |website=therundownlive.com |date=15 February 2014 |access-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603194645/http://therundownlive.com/pentagon-rolls-out-darpa-plan-to-implant-chip-in-soldiers-brain/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geek.com/science/pentagon-wants-to-fit-soldiers-with-a-little-black-box-brain-implant-1584484/ |title=Pentagon wants to fit soldiers with a little black box brain implant - Geek.com |date=10 February 2014 |website=geek.com |access-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330085123/http://www.geek.com/science/pentagon-wants-to-fit-soldiers-with-a-little-black-box-brain-implant-1584484/ |archive-date=30 March 2017 }}</ref>
*No Manning Required Ship ([[NOMARS]]): [[USX-1 Defiant]], a medium uncrewed surface vessel (USV) was first seen in public in March 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.twz.com/sea/mysterious-naval-vessel-spotted-in-washington-state-is-a-new-darpa-drone-ship|title=Mysterious Naval Vessel Spotted In Washington State Is A New DARPA Drone Ship|author=Joseph Trevithick|publisher=The War Zone|date=4 March 2025|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref>
*Novel, nonsurgical, bi-directional brain-computer interface with high spacio-temporal resolution and low latency for potential human use.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for October 30, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011623/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904//|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 14, 2021|access-date=2021-01-25|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Open, Programmable, Secure 5G (OPS-5G) (2020): The program is to address security risks of 5G networks by pursuing research leading to the development of a portable standards-compliant network stack for 5G mobile that is open source and secure by design. OPS-5G seeks to create open source software and systems that enable secure 5G and subsequent mobile networks such as 6G.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2020 |title=Improving 5G Network Security |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2020-02-05 |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2021 |title=DARPA and the Linux Foundation Create Open Software Initiative to Accelerate US R&D Innovation, 5G End to End Stack |url=https://usgovops.org/press-release/darpa-and-the-linux-foundation-create-open-software-initiative-to-accelerate-us-rd-innovation-5g-end-to-end-stack/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=US GOV OPS |archive-date=May 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521185531/https://usgovops.org/press-release/darpa-and-the-linux-foundation-create-open-software-initiative-to-accelerate-us-rd-innovation-5g-end-to-end-stack/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Operational Fires ([[OpFires]]): developing a new mobile ground-launched booster that helps hypersonic boost glide weapons penetrate enemy air defenses.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stults|first=Lt. Col. Joshua|date=|title=Operational Fires (OpFires)|url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/operational-fires|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency}}</ref> As of 17 July 2020, Lockheed Martin was working on phase 3 of the program (develop propulsion components for the missile's Stage 2 section) to be completed by January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for July 17, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2278883//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920045434/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2278883/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 20, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> The system was successfully tested in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operational Fires Program Successfully Completes First Flight Test |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2022-07-13a |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=DARPA.mil}}</ref>
* [[Persistent Close Air Support]] (PCAS): DARPA created the program in 2010 to seek to fundamentally increase Close Air Support effectiveness by enabling dismounted ground agents—Joint Terminal Attack Controllers—and combat aircrews to share real-time situational awareness and weapons systems data.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Persistent Close Air Support (PCAS) (Archived) |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/persistent-close-air-support |access-date=May 10, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref>
* [[Robotic Servicing of Geosynchronous Satellites program]] (RSGS): a [[telerobotic]] and [[autonomous robot|autonomous]] robotic satellite-servicing project, conceived in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/robot-mechanic-could-prevent-satellites-from-becoming-space-junk|title=Robot Mechanic Could Prevent Satellites From Becoming Space Junk|website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News|date=29 Jul 2017|first1=Gordon|last1=Roesler|first2=Paul|last2=Jaffe|first3=Glen|last3=Henshaw|first4=Alyssa|last4=Pagano}}</ref> In 2020, DARPA selected Northrop Grumman's SpaceLogistics as its RSGS partner. The [[United States Naval Research Laboratory|U.S. Naval Research Laboratory]] designed and developed the RSGS robotic arm with DARPA funding. The RSGS system is anticipated to start servicing satellites in space in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Soumya |date=2022-11-09 |title=US DARPA completes component-level tests for RSGS programme |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/us-darpa-tests-rsgs-programme/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Robotic Autonomy in Complex Environments with Resiliency (RACER)]] (2020): This is a four-year program and aims to make sure algorithms aren't the limiting part of the system and that autonomous combat vehicles can meet or exceed soldier driving abilities'''.'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robotic Autonomy in Complex Environments with Resiliency (RACER) |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/robotic-autonomy-in-complex-environments-with-resiliency |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DARPA Project Strives for Off-Road Unmanned Vehicles that React Like Humans |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2020-10-07 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref> RACER conducted its third experiment to assess the performance of off-road unmanned vehicles March 12–27, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2023 |title=RACER's Off-Road Autonomous Vehicles Teams Navigate Third Test |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2023-04-11 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref>
* SafeGenes: a synthetic biology project to program "undo" sequences into gene editing programs (2016)<ref>[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/u-s-military-preps-for-gene-drives-run-amok/ U.S. Military Preps for Gene Drives Run Amok] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090429/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/u-s-military-preps-for-gene-drives-run-amok/ |date=2016-12-21 }} – ScientificAmerican.com, 18 November 2016</ref>
* Sea Train (2019): The program goal is to develop and demonstrate ways to overcome range limitations in medium unmanned surface vessels by exploiting wave-making resistance reductions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Train |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/sea-train |access-date=May 20, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref><ref name="U.S. Department of Defense Contract" /> Applied Physical Sciences Corp. of Groton, Connecticut, is undertaking Phase 1 of the Sea Train program, with an expected completion date of March 2022.<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense Contract" /> Sea Train, NOMARS and Manta Ray are the three programs that could significantly impact naval operations by extending the range and payloads for unmanned vessels on and below the surface.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2023 |title=DARPA Lays Course for Unmanned Maritime Future |url=https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/darpa-lays-course-unmanned-maritime-future |access-date=May 20, 2023 |website=afcea.org}}</ref>
* Secure Advanced Framework for Simulation & Modeling (SAFE-SiM) program: build a rapid modeling and simulation environment to enable quick analysis in support of senior-level decision-making. As of fiscal year 2020, Radiance Technologies<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for August 25, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2324805//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722173323/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2324805/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 22, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> and L3Harris<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for September 11, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2345436//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710064443/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2345436/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 10, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> were working on portions of the program, with expected completion in August and September 2021, respectively.
*Securing Information for Encrypted Verification and Evaluation (SIEVE) program: use zero knowledge proofs to enable the verification of capabilities for the US military "without revealing the sensitive details associated with those capabilities."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baron|first=Dr. Joshua|date=|title=Securing Information for Encrypted Verification and Evaluation (SIEVE)|url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/securing-information-for-encrypted-verification-and-evaluation|access-date=February 5, 2021|website=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency}}</ref> Galois Inc. of Portland, Oregon, and Stealth Software Technologies of Los Angeles, California, are currently working on the SIEVE program, with a projected completion date of May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for April 17, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2155142//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628084455/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2155142/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 28, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for April 30, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2171906//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820232333/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2171906/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 20, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Semantic Forensics (SemaFor) program: develop technologies to automatically detect, attribute, and characterize falsified media (e.g., text, audio, image, video) to defend against automated disinformation. SRI International of Menlo Park, California, and Kitware Inc. of Clifton Park, New York, are working on the SemaFor program, with an expected completion date of July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for July 23, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2286392//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723050520/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2286392/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 23, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for July 29, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2293268//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726172344/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2293268/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 26, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Sensor plants: DARPA "is working on a plan to use plants to gather intelligence information" through DARPA's Advanced Plant Technologies (APT) program, which aims to control the physiology of plants in order to detect chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats. (2017)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://homelandprepnews.com/stories/25698-department-defense-develops-plant-biotechnology-program-latest-surveillance-tool-cbrn-threats/|title=Department of Defense develops plant biotechnology program as latest surveillance tool against CBRN threats|last=Williams|first=Terri|date=2017-12-11|work=Homeland Preparedness News|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Synthetic Hemo-technologIEs to Locate and Disinfect (SHIELD) (2023): The program aims to develop prophylaxes and prevent [[bloodstream infections]] (BSI) caused by bacterial/fungal agents, a threat to military and civilian populations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Synthetic Hemo-technologIEs to Locate and Disinfect (SHIELD) |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/SHEILD |access-date=July 16, 2023 |website=darpa.mil |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716185435/https://www.darpa.mil/program/SHEILD |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* SIGMA: A network of radiological detection devices the size of smart phones that can detect small amounts of radioactive materials. The devices are paired with larger detector devices along major roads and bridges. (2016)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murtha |first1=Alex |title=DARPA develops pocket-sized, affordable, networked radiation sensor |url=https://homelandprepnews.com/countermeasures/19585-darpa-develops-pocket-sized-affordable-networked-radiation-sensor/ |access-date=29 August 2016 |work=Homeland Preparedness News |issue=26 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330000216/https://homelandprepnews.com/countermeasures/19585-darpa-develops-pocket-sized-affordable-networked-radiation-sensor/ |archive-date=30 March 2017 }}</ref>
*[[SIGMA+ program]] (2018): by building on concepts theorized in the SIGMA program, develop new sensors and analytics to detect small traces of explosives and chemical and biological weaponry throughout any given large metropolitan area.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wrobel|first=Dr. Mark|date=|title=SIGMA+|url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/sigma-plus|access-date=February 5, 2021|website=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency}}</ref> In October 2021, SIGMA+ program, in collaboration with the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department (IMPD), concluded a three-month-long pilot study with new sensors to support early detection and interdictions of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHIPS Articles: WMD Threat Sensors Integrated, Tested in Police Vehicles |url=https://www.doncio.navy.mil/CHIPS/ArticleDetails.aspx?ID=15217 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.doncio.navy.mil}}</ref>
* SoSITE: [[System of Systems Integration Technology and Experimentation]]: Combinations of aircraft, weapons, sensors, and mission systems that distribute air warfare capabilities across a large number of interoperable manned and unmanned platforms. (2015)<ref>[http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1644 DARPA unveils new SoSITE program for maintaining air superiority] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305112235/http://airrecognition.com/index.php?id=1644&option=com_content&task=view |date=2016-03-05 }} – Airrecognition.com, 1 April 2015</ref>
*SSITH: System Security Integrated Through Hardware and Firmware - secure hardware platform (2017); basis for open-source, hack-proof voting system project and 2019 system prototype contract<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/darpa-is-building-a-dollar10-million-open-source-secure-voting-system/|title=DARPA Is Building a $10 Million, Open Source, Secure Voting System|last1=Zetter|first1=Kim|last2=Maiberg|first2=Emanuel|date=2019-03-14|website=Vice|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref>
* SXCT: [[Squad X Core Technologies]]: Digitized, integrated technologies that improve infantry squads' awareness, precision, and influence. (2015)<ref>[http://www.gizmag.com/darpa-squad-x-core-technologies-infantry/36020/ DARPA's Squad X Core Technologies program looks to create smarter, more aware infantry squads] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214010300/http://www.gizmag.com/darpa-squad-x-core-technologies-infantry/36020/ |date=2015-02-14 }} – Gizmag.com, 10 February 2015</ref>
* Tactical Boost Glide (TBG): Air-launched [[hypersonic]] boost glide missile. (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nextbigfuture.com/2016/09/darpa-gives-lockheed-1473-million-to.html |title=DARPA gives Lockheed $147.3 million to research Hypersonic Tactical Boost Glide Missiles - NextBigFuture.com |date=20 September 2016 |website=nextbigfuture.com |access-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330180048/http://www.nextbigfuture.com/2016/09/darpa-gives-lockheed-1473-million-to.html |archive-date=30 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/defence-notes/raytheon-wins-darpa-tbg-contract-modification/ Raytheon wins DARPA TBG contract modification] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518063039/http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/defence-notes/raytheon-wins-darpa-tbg-contract-modification/ |date=2015-05-18 }} – Shephardmedia.com, 4 May 2015</ref><ref name= erblandStults >{{cite web| url = https://www.darpa.mil/program/tactical-boost-glide| title = Dr. Peter Erbland, Lt. Col. Joshua Stults: Tactical Boost Glide (TBG) }}</ref>
* [[Tactically Exploited Reconnaissance Node]] (Tern)(2014): The program seeks to develop ship based UAS systems and technologies to enable a future air vehicle that could provide persistent ISR and strike capabilities beyond the limited range and endurance provided by existing helicopter platforms.<ref>[http://defensesystems.com/articles/2014/06/13/darpa-onr-tern-long-range-isr.aspx DARPA, Navy want long-range ISR drones for smaller ships] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112000124/http://defensesystems.com/articles/2014/06/13/darpa-onr-tern-long-range-isr.aspx |date=2014-11-12 }} – Defensesystems.com, 13 June 2014</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tern (Archived) |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/tern |access-date=May 14, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 28, 2015 |title=Tern Moves Closer to Full-Scale Demonstration of Unmanned VTOL Aircraft Designed for Small Ships |url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2015-12-28 |access-date=May 14, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref>
* [[ULTRA-Vis]] (Urban Leader Tactical Response, Awareness and Visualization): Heads-up display for individual soldiers. (2014)<ref>[http://breakingdefense.com/2014/05/darpas-wearable-display-augments-reality-for-foot-troops/ DARPA's ULTRA-Vis Augments Reality For Foot Troops] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221000601/http://breakingdefense.com/2014/05/darpas-wearable-display-augments-reality-for-foot-troops/ |date=2014-12-21 }} – Breakingdefense.com, 21 May 2014</ref>
*underwater network, heterogeneous: develop concepts and reconfigurable architecture, leveraging advancement in undersea communications and autonomous ocean systems, to demonstrate utility at sea.<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense Contract 2">{{Cite web|title=Contracts for March 5, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2103659//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727224539/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2103659/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 27, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref> Raytheon BBN is currently working on this program, with work expected through 4 May 2021, though if the government exercises all options on the contract then work will continue through 4 February 2024.<ref name="U.S. Department of Defense Contract 2" />
* [[Upward Falling Payloads]]: Payloads stored on the ocean floor that can be activated and retrieved when needed. (2014)<ref>[http://defensesystems.com/articles/2014/03/27/upward-falling-payloads-darpa.aspx Pentagon plans to seed ocean floor with payloads waiting to be activated] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111235935/http://defensesystems.com/articles/2014/03/27/upward-falling-payloads-darpa.aspx |date=2014-11-11 }} – Defensesystems.com, 27 March 2014</ref>
*Urban Reconnaissance through Supervised Autonomy (URSA) program: develop technology for use in cities to enable autonomous systems that U.S. infantry and ground forces operate to detect and identify enemies before U.S. troops come across them. Program will factor in algorithms, multiple sensors, and scientific knowledge about human behavior to determine subtle differences between hostiles and innocent civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Russell|first=Dr. Bartlett|date=|title=Urban Reconnaissance through Supervised Autonomy (URSA)|url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/urban-reconnaissance-through-supervised-autonomy|access-date=February 5, 2021|website=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency}}</ref> Soar Technology Inc. of Ann Arbor, Michigan, is currently working on pertinent vehicle autonomy technology, with work expected completed by March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracts for September 30, 2020|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2367105//|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912185738/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2367105/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 12, 2021|access-date=2021-02-05|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Warrior Web]]: Soft exosuit to alleviate musculoskeletal stress on soldiers when carrying heavy loads. (2014)<ref>[https://www.army.mil/article/125315/DARPA_s_Warrior_Web_project_may_provide_super_human_enhancements/ DARPA's Warrior Web project may provide super-human enhancements] – Army.mil, 5 May 2014</ref>
* Waste Upcycling for Defense (WUD) (2023): to turn scrap wood, cardboard, paper, and other cellulose-derived matter into sustainable materials such as building materials for re-use.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hu |first=Charlotte |date=2023-07-24 |title=DARPA would like to make scrap wood stronger with WUD |url=https://www.popsci.com/technology/darpa-wud/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Undated Programs ===

* Atmospheric Water Extraction (AWE) program[82]
* Captive Air Amphibious Transporter (CAAT)[97]
* broadband, electro-magnetic spectrum receiver system: prototype and demonstration[95]
* Clean-Slate Design of Resilient, Adaptive, Secure Hosts (CRASH), a DARPA Transformation Convergence Technology Office (TCTO) initiative[100]
* High Productivity Computing Systems[130]
* Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (HAWC)[133]
* Hypersonic Boost Glide Systems Research[134]
* Integrated Sensor is Structure (ISIS)[138] - This was a joint DARPA and U.S. Air Force program to develop a sensor of unprecedented proportions to be fully integrated into a stratospheric airship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Integrated Sensor is Structure (ISIS) (Archived) |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/integrated-sensor-is-structure |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511005030/https://www.darpa.mil/program/integrated-sensor-is-structure |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |access-date=May 10, 2023 |website=darpa.mil}}</ref>
* MEMS Exchange[154][155] - Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Implementation Environment (MX)<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the MEMS and Nanotechnology Exchange |url=https://www.mems-exchange.org/about/ |website=www.mems-exchange.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Innovation Timeline | DARPA |url=https://www.darpa.mil/about/innovation-timeline |website=www.darpa.mil}}</ref>
* PREventing EMerging Pathogenic Threats (PREEMPT)<ref>{{Cite web |title=PREventing EMerging Pathogenic Threats |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/preventing-emerging-pathogenic-threats |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406122410/https://www.darpa.mil/program/preventing-emerging-pathogenic-threats |archive-date=2020-04-06 |access-date=2020-04-06 |website=www.darpa.mil}}</ref>
* [[QuASAR]]: Quantum Assisted Sensing and Readout{{when|date=August 2018}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Quantum-Assisted Sensing and Readout (QuASAR) |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/quantum-assisted-sensing-and-readout |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113092959/https://www.darpa.mil/program/quantum-assisted-sensing-and-readout |archive-date=January 13, 2018 |access-date=2018-01-12 |website=www.darpa.mil |language=en-US}}</ref>
* QuBE: Quantum Effects in Biological Environments{{when|date=August 2018}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Quantum effects in Biological Environments (QuBE) |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/quantum-effects-in-biological-environments |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112214812/https://www.darpa.mil/program/quantum-effects-in-biological-environments |archive-date=January 12, 2018 |access-date=2018-01-12 |website=www.darpa.mil |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[QuEST|QUEST]]: Quantum Entanglement Science and Technology<ref>{{cite web |title=Quantum Entanglement Science and Technology (QuEST) – DARPA-BAA-08-24-PDF |url=http://open-grants.insidegov.com/l/23368/Quantum-Entanglement-Science-and-Technology-QuEST-DARPA-BAA-08-24-PDF |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=open-grants.insidegov.com |language=en-us}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
* Quiness: Macroscopic Quantum Communications<ref>{{cite web |title=Quiness |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/quiness |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042556/https://www.darpa.mil/program/quiness |archive-date=January 12, 2018 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=www.darpa.mil |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Race to Bring Quantum Teleportation to Your World |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/10/quantum-satellite-teleportation/ |access-date=2018-01-11 |magazine=WIRED |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[QUIST]]: Quantum Information Science and Technology{{when|date=August 2018}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Quantum Key Distribution Network |url=https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/timeline/quantum-key-distribution-network |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=www.darpa.mil |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Status of the DARPA/BBN Quantum Network |url=https://arxiv.org/ftp/quant-ph/papers/0503/0503058.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DARPA announces QuIST Program BAA |url=https://www.govcon.com/doc/darpa-announces-quist-program-baa-0001 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=www.govcon.com |language=en}}</ref>
*RADICS: Rapid Attack Detection, Isolation and Characterization Systems<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Walter |title=Rapid Attack Detection, Isolation and Characterization Systems (RADICS) |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/rapid-attack-detection-isolation-and-characterization-systems |access-date=March 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Technologies to rapidly restore the electrical grid after cyberattack come online |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-03-technologies-rapidly-electrical-grid-cyberattack.html |access-date=March 1, 2021 |work=[[Tech Xplore]]}}</ref>
*Rational Integrated Design of Energetics (RIDE): developing tools that speed up and facilitate energetics research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contracts for December 10, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2443378// |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801171645/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2443378/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2021 |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Remote-controlled insect]]s<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Ewen Callaway |date=2009-10-01 |title=Free-flying cyborg insects steered from a distance |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17895-freeflying-cyborg-insects-steered-from-a-distance.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413210119/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17895-freeflying-cyborg-insects-steered-from-a-distance.html |archive-date=2010-04-13 |access-date=2010-04-04 |magazine=New Scientist}}</ref>
*SyNAPSE[209] - Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Srinivasa |first1=N. |last2=Cruz-Albrecht |first2=J. M. |date=January 2012 |title=Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics: Analog Learning Systems |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpul.2011.2175639 |journal=IEEE Pulse |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=51–56 |doi=10.1109/mpul.2011.2175639 |issn=2154-2287 |pmid=22344953 |s2cid=20042976}}</ref>
* TransApps (Transformative Applications) - rapid development and fielding of secure mobile apps in the battlefield

===Past or transitioned projects===
{{div col}}
*[[ACTIVE SOCIAL ENGINEERING DEFENSE]] - a research to automatically target social engineering attacks<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.darpa.mil/research/programs/active-social-engineering-defense | title=Active Social Engineering Defense }}</ref>
* [[4MM]] (4-minute mile): Wearable jetpack to enable soldiers to run at increased speed.<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/darpa-jetpacks-help-soldiers-run-fast-2014-9 Jetpacks Help Soldiers Run At The Speed Of Olympic Athletes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501030542/http://www.businessinsider.com/darpa-jetpacks-help-soldiers-run-fast-2014-9 |date=2015-05-01 }} – Businessinsider.com, 12 September 2014</ref>
* Air Dominance Initiative: a 2015 program to develop technologies to be used in [[sixth-generation jet fighter]]s.<ref>[https://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/air-space/strike/2015/01/28/sixth-generation-fighter-2016-budget/22477329/ New Budget Will Feature 6th Gen Fighter] – Defensenews.com, 28 January 2015</ref> The Air Dominance Initiative study led to the [[United States Department of the Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]'s sixth-generation air superiority initiative, the [[Next Generation Air Dominance]].
* Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) Continuous Trail Unmanned Vessel ([[ACTUV]]) (2010): A project to build an unmanned [[anti-submarine warfare]] vessel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ACTUV "Sea Hunter" Prototype Transitions to Office of Naval Research for Further Development|url=https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2018-01-30a|access-date=2020-06-05|website=www.darpa.mil}}</ref>
* [[AGM-158C LRASM]]: Anti-ship cruise missile.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug-6DgAAQBAJ&q=AGM-158C+LRASM:+Anti-ship+cruise+missile+darpa&pg=PT336|title = he Modern Weaponry of the World's Armed Forces|isbn = 9781946983794|date = 2017-04-24| publisher=Notion Press }}</ref>
* [[Adaptive Vehicle Make]]: Revolutionary approaches to the design, verification, and manufacturing of complex defense systems and vehicles.
* [[Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing observatory|ARPA Midcourse Optical Station]] (AMOS), a research facility that now forms part of the [[Haleakala Observatory]].
* [[ArcLight (missile)|ArcLight]]: Ship-based weapon system capable of striking targets nearly anywhere on the globe, based on the [[Standard Missile 3]].
* [[ARPANET]], earliest [[History of the Internet|predecessor of the Internet]].
* [[Assault Breaker]]: technology integration to defeat armored attacks
* ASTOVL, precursor of the [[Joint Strike Fighter program]]<ref name="MartinBaker">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090914194437/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/d25952ab-5881-4999-8593-6f7f196c8770/a_history_of_the_joint_strike_fighter_programme.aspx A history of the Joint Strike Fighter Program], Martin-Baker. Retrieved 4 August 2010</ref>
* The [[Aspen Movie Map]] allowed one to virtually tour the streets of [[Aspen, Colorado]]. Developed in 1978, it is the earliest predecessor to products like [[Google Street View]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marcus |first1=Foth |title=Handbook of Research on Urban Informatics: The Practice and Promise of the Real-Time City: The Practice and Promise of the Real-Time City |date=31 December 2008 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=978-1-60566-153-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZh3VimmzTgC |language=en|quote=The very first interactive street view is 'Aspen Movie Map'}}</ref>{{rp|244}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duarte |first1=Fabio |last2=Alvarez |first2=Ricardo |title=Urban Play: Make-Believe, Technology, and Space |date=3 August 2021 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-36226-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOkGEAAAQBAJ |language=en|quote=the first virtual travel system, in what could be considered an early precursor of Google's Street View}}</ref>{{rp|149}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eede |first1=Yoni Van Den |last2=Irwin |first2=Stacey O'Neal |last3=Wellner |first3=Galit |title=Postphenomenology and Media: Essays on Human–Media–World Relations |date=23 June 2017 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-4985-5015-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-EoDwAAQBAJ |language=en|quote=the first detailed VR simulation of an actual town}}</ref>{{rp|93}}
* [[Atlas (robot)|Atlas]]: A [[humanoid robot]].
* [[Battlefield Illusion]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2012/02/darpa-magic/#more-72714 |magazine=Wired |first=Noah |last=Shachtman |title=Darpa's Magic Plan: 'Battlefield Illusions' to Mess With Enemy Minds |date=2012-02-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329035749/http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2012/02/darpa-magic/ |archive-date=2014-03-29 }}</ref>
* [[BigDog]]/[[Legged Squad Support System]] (2012): legged robots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bostondynamics.com/dist/BigDog.wmv |title=Boston Dynamics {{!}} Big Dog Four Legged Squad - Archived copy |access-date=2012-05-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315102508/http://www.bostondynamics.com/dist/BigDog.wmv |archive-date=2012-03-15 }}</ref>
* [[Boeing Pelican]]
* [[Boeing X-37]] (2004): The X-37 program was transferred from NASA to DARPA in September 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Clark|first=Stephen|title=U.S. military's X-37B spaceplane lands in Florida – Spaceflight Now|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/10/27/u-s-militarys-x-37b-spaceplane-lands-in-florida/|access-date=2020-06-05|language=en-US}}</ref>
* The [[Boeing X-45]] [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle]] refers to a mid-2000s concept demonstrator for autonomous military aircraft.
* [[Boomerang (mobile shooter detection system)]]: an acoustic [[gunfire locator]] developed by [[BBN Technologies]] for detecting [[sniper]]s on military combat vehicles.
* [[CALO]] or "Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes": software
* [[Combat Zones That See]] (CTS): "track everything that moves" in a city by linking up a massive network of surveillance cameras<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/DARPA_Solicitation_Number_SN03-13:_Pre-Solicitation_Notice:_COMBAT_ZONES_THAT_SEE_(CTS)|title=DARPA Solicitation Number SN03-13: Pre-Solicitation Notice: COMBAT ZONES THAT SEE (CTS)|location=Wikisource}}</ref>
* [[Cognitive Technology Threat Warning System]] (CT2WS) (2011)<ref>[https://www.hrl.com/hrlDocs/pressreleases/2012/prsRls_120918.html/ DARPA Announces Success of Cognitive Technology Threat Warning System (CT2WS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112175230/http://www.hrl.com/hrlDocs/pressreleases/2012/prsRls_120918.html |date=2012-11-12 }} HRL.com September 18, 2011</ref>
* [[Consortium for Execution of Rendezvous and Servicing Operations]] (CONFERS) (2017).
* [[CPOF]]: the command post of the future—networked information system for Command control.
* [[DARPA Agent Markup Language|DAML]]
* [[DARPA ALASA program|ALASA]]: (Airborne Launch Assist Space Access): A rocket capable of launching a 100-pound satellite into low Earth orbit for less than $1 million.
* [[DARPA Falcon Project|FALCON]]
* [[DARPA Grand Challenge]]: [[driverless car]] competitions
* [[DARPA GXV-T]]: Ground X Vehicle <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/ground-x-vehicle-technologies |title=Ground X Vehicles (GXV-T) (Archived) |access-date=2020-04-19 }}</ref>{{when|date=August 2018}}
* [[DARPA Hydra|Hydra]]: Undersea network of mobile unmanned sensors. (2013)<ref>[https://www.wired.com/2013/09/hydra-darpa/ DARPA's Plan to Flood the Sea With Drones, Carrying More Drones] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221140925/https://www.wired.com/2013/09/hydra-darpa/ |date=2016-12-21 }} – Wired.com, 13 September 2013</ref>
* [[DARPA Network Challenge]] (before 2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://networkchallenge.darpa.mil/Default.aspx |title=DARPA Network Challenge |publisher=Darpa.mil |access-date=2010-04-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811233340/https://networkchallenge.darpa.mil/Default.aspx |archive-date=2011-08-11 }}</ref>
* [[DARPA Shredder Challenge 2011]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shredderchallenge.com |title=DARPA Shredder Challenge |publisher=DARPA |access-date=2011-10-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028051333/http://www.shredderchallenge.com/ |archive-date=2011-10-28 }}</ref> – Reconstruction of shredded documents
* [[DARPA Silent Talk]]: A planned program attempting to identify EEG patterns for words and transmit these for covert communications.<ref name="auto">{{cite magazine|last=Warwick |first=Graham |title=Darpa Plans Triple-Target Missile Demo |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/TRIPLE052209.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128235608/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2FTRIPLE052209.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 28, 2011 |magazine=Aviation Week |date=May 22, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[DARPA Spectrum Challenge]] (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darpa.mil/spectrumchallenge/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140611050904/http://www.darpa.mil/spectrumchallenge/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-06-11 |title=DARPA Spectrum Challenge |publisher=Darpa.mil |access-date=2014-06-10 }}</ref>
* DEFENDER
* [[Defense Simulation Internet]], a wide-area network supporting [[Distributed Interactive Simulation]]
* [[Discoverer II]] radar satellite constellation
* [[Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot|EATR]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.robotictechnologyinc.com/index.php/EATR | title=ENERGETICALLY AUTONOMOUS TACTICAL ROBOT (EATR) PROJECT | access-date=30 March 2023 }}</ref>
* [[EXACTO]]: [[Sniper rifle]] firing guided [[smart bullet]]s.
* [[DARPA Global autonomous language exploitation program|GALE]]: Global Autonomous Language Exploitation
* [[High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program]] (HAARP): An ionospheric research program jointly funded by DARPA, the U.S. Air Force's [[Air Force Research Laboratory|AFRL]] and the U.S. Navy's [[United States Naval Research Laboratory|NRL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/factSheet.html|title=HAARP Fact Sheet|publisher=HAARP|access-date=3 July 2018|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007235012/http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/factSheet.html|date=15 June 2007|archive-date=7 October 2009}}</ref> The most prominent area during this research was the high-power radio frequency transmitter facility, which tested the use of the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI).
* [[High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System]] (HELLADS)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1823017/darpa-unveils-drone-slaying-war-laser|title=DARPA Unveils Drone-Slaying War Laser|date=2012-03-08|work=Fast Company|access-date=2018-11-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hellads.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322054242/http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hellads.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-03-22|title=High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System (HELLADS)|date=2006-03-22|access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref> The goal of the HELLADS program was to develop a 150 kilowatt (kW) laser weapon system. In 2015, DARPA's contractor, General Atomics, successfully demonstrated a prototype.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} In 2020, General Atomics and Boeing announced to develop a 100 kW liquid laser system, with plans to scale it up to 250 kW.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hambling |first=David |title=General Atomics And Boeing's New Liquid Laser Could Win High-Energy Weapon Race |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2020/10/30/general-atomics-liquid-laser-could-win-high-energy-weapon-race/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
* [[High Performance Knowledge Bases]]
* [[HISSS]]
* [[Human Universal Load Carrier]]: battery-powered human exoskeleton.
* [[Hypersonic Research Program]]<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2008-2539|chapter=The DARPA/AF Falcon Program: The Hypersonic Technology Vehicle #2 (HTV-2) Flight Demonstration Phase|doi=10.2514/6.2008-2539|title=15th AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference|year=2008|last1=Walker|first1=Steven|last2=Sherk|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Shell|first3=Dale|last4=Schena|first4=Ronald|last5=Bergmann|first5=John|last6=Gladbach|first6=Jonathan|isbn=978-1-60086-985-3}}</ref>
* Luke Arm, a [[DEKA (company)|DEKA]] creation produced under the Revolutionizing Prosthetics program.
* [[MAHEM]]: Molten penetrating munition.
* MEMEX (2014–2017): an online search tool to fight human trafficking crimes on the dark web.<ref name="Darpa.mil Memex">{{cite web |url=https://www.darpa.mil/program/memex |title=Memex |access-date=July 8, 2023 |archive-date=July 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708182548/https://www.darpa.mil/program/memex |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2016, DARPA Memex program received the 2016 Presidential Award for Extraordinary Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Persons for the development of the anti-trafficking technology tool.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mspoweruser.com/microsoft-principal-researcher-chris-white-receives-2016-presidential-award/ |title=Combating Trafficking in Persons|date=25 October 2016 |access-date= July 8, 2023 }}</ref> The program was named and inspired by the [[memex|Vannevar Bush]]'s hypothetical device described in his 1945 article.<ref name="Darpa.mil Memex" />
* [[MeshWorm]]: an earthworm-like robot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/08/13/meshworm_darpa_mit_robot_a_sluggish_breakthrough_in_soft_robotics.html |title=Meshworm: DARPA, MIT robot a sluggish breakthrough in soft robotics |work=Slate Magazine |date=13 August 2012 |access-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707224301/http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/08/13/meshworm_darpa_mit_robot_a_sluggish_breakthrough_in_soft_robotics.html |archive-date=7 July 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Mind's Eye (US Military)|Mind's Eye]]: A visual intelligence system capable of detecting and analyzing activity from video feeds.<ref>{{cite news |title=DARPA Kicks Off Mind's Eye program |url=http://www.darpa.mil/news/2011/MindsEyeNewsRelease.pdf |publisher=Darpa.mil |date=2011-01-04 |access-date=2010-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124155519/http://www.darpa.mil/news/2011/MindsEyeNewsRelease.pdf |archive-date=2011-01-24 }}</ref>
* [[MOSIS]]
* [[MQ-1 Predator]]
* [[Multics]]
* [[Next Generation Tactical Wearable Night Vision]]: Smaller and lighter sunglass-sized night vision devices that can switch between different viewing bands.<ref>[http://kitup.military.com/2014/09/military-generation-night-vision.html Military Wants Next Generation Night Vision Goggles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103204554/http://kitup.military.com/2014/09/military-generation-night-vision.html |date=2014-11-03 }} – Kitup.Military.com, 30 September 2014</ref><ref>[http://archive.armytimes.com/article/20141012/NEWS04/310120010/Next-gen-night-vision-would-enable-troops-see-farther-clearer Next-gen night vision would enable troops to see farther, clearer] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20141126203246/http://archive.armytimes.com/article/20141012/NEWS04/310120010/Next-gen-night-vision-would-enable-troops-see-farther-clearer |date=2014-11-26 }} – Armytimes.com, 12 October 2014</ref>
* [[NLS (computer system)|NLS/Augment]]: the origin of the canonical contemporary computer user interface
* [[Northrop Grumman Switchblade]]: an unmanned oblique-wing flying aircraft for high speed, long range and long endurance flight
* [[DARPA One Shot|One Shot]]: Sniper scope that automatically measures crosswind and range to ensure accuracy in field conditions.<ref>[http://kitup.military.com/2014/02/darpa-develops-mountable-shot.html DARPA Develops Mountable One Shot Sniper System] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220211440/http://kitup.military.com/2014/02/darpa-develops-mountable-shot.html |date=2014-12-20 }} – Kitup.Military.com, 8 February 2014</ref>
* [[Onion routing]], a technique developed in the mid-1990s and later employed by [[Tor (network)|Tor]] to anonymize communications over a [[computer network]].
* [[Passive radar]]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
* [[DARPA Phoenix program|Phoenix]]: A 2012–early-2015 satellite project with the aim to recycle retired satellite parts into new on-orbit assets. The project was initiated in July 2012 with plans for system launches no earlier than 2016.<ref name=sn20130517>{{cite news|last=Ferster|first=Warren|title=DARPA Cancels Formation-flying Satellite Demo|url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/military-space/35375darpa-cancels-formation-flying-satellite-demo|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131101223116/http://www.spacenews.com/article/military-space/35375darpa-cancels-formation-flying-satellite-demo|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 1, 2013|access-date=2013-11-01|newspaper=Space News|date=2013-05-17}}</ref><ref name=aw20130123>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/awx_01_23_2013_p0-540178.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501165324/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2Fawx_01_23_2013_p0-540178.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-05-01 |title=Darpa Touts Progress On GEO Satellite Recycling Concept |magazine=Aviation Week |date=2013-01-23 |author=Graham Warwick |access-date=2013-01-25 }}</ref> At the time, [[Satlet]] tests in low Earth orbit were projected to occur as early as 2015.<ref name=sn20140321>{{cite news |last=Gruss|first=Mike |title=DARPA Space Budget Increase Includes M for Spaceplane |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/military-space/39938darpa-space-budget-increase-includes-27m-for-spaceplane |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140324034149/http://www.spacenews.com/article/military-space/39938darpa-space-budget-increase-includes-27m-for-spaceplane |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 24, 2014 |access-date=2014-03-24 |newspaper=Space News |date=2014-03-21}}</ref>{{update after|2017|8|1}}
* [[Policy Analysis Market]], evaluating the trading of information futures contracts based on possible political developments in several Middle Eastern countries. An application of [[prediction markets]].<ref name=nyt20030729>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/29/us/threats-responses-plans-criticisms-pentagon-prepares-futures-market-terror.html|title=THREATS AND RESPONSES: PLANS AND CRITICISMS; Pentagon Prepares A Futures Market On Terror Attacks|first=Carl|last=Hulse|date=29 July 2003|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name=ss201307>{{cite web| last=Lundin|first=Leigh |title=Pam, Prism, and Poindexter| url=https://www.sleuthsayers.org/2013/07/pam-prism-and-poindexter.html |work=Spying| publisher=SleuthSayers |access-date=January 4, 2014| date=July 7, 2013 |location=Washington}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirc.org/articles/policy_analysis.shtml|title=Policy Analysis Market and the Political Yuck.|website=www.sirc.org|access-date=August 23, 2018|archive-date=August 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174349/http://www.sirc.org/articles/policy_analysis.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[POSSE project|POSSE]]
* [[Project AGILE]], a [[Vietnam War]]-era investigation into methods of remote, [[asymmetric warfare]] for use in conflicts with [[Communist]] insurgents.
* [[Project MAC]]
* [[Proto 2]]: a thought-controlled prosthetic arm
* Rapid Knowledge Formation{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
* [[Sea Shadow]]
* [[SIMNET]]: Wide area network with vehicle simulators and displays for real-time distributed combat simulation: tanks, helicopters and airplanes in a virtual battlefield.
* [[System F6]]—''Future, Fast, Flexible, [[Fractionated Spacecraft|Fractionated Free-flying Spacecraft]] United by Information Exchange''—technology demonstrator: a 2006–2012
* I3 (Intelligent Integration of Information),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/theo-6/web-agent/www/i3.html |title=I3 Initiative Home Page |access-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212013/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/theo-6/web-agent/www/i3.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> supported the [[Digital Library]] research effort through [[National Science Foundation|NSF]]
* Strategic Computing Program
* Synthetic Aperture Ladar for Tactical Applications (SALTI)
* [[XOS 2|XOS]]: powered military exoskeleton $226 million technology development program. Cancelled in 2013 before the notionally planned 2015 launch date.<ref name=sn20130517/><ref name=sn20140321/>
* [[SURAN]] (1983–87)
* [[Project Vela]] (1963)
* [[UAVForge]] (2011)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.darpa.mil/NewsEvents/Releases/2011/2011/05/25_CAN_YOU_DESIGN,_BUILD_AND_FLY_THE_NEXT-GENERATION_UAV_.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529094352/http://www.darpa.mil/NewsEvents/Releases/2011/2011/05/25_CAN_YOU_DESIGN%2C_BUILD_AND_FLY_THE_NEXT-GENERATION_UAV_.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-05-29 |title=CAN YOU DESIGN, BUILD AND FLY THE NEXT-GENERATION UAV? |publisher=Darpa.mil |date=2011-05-25 |access-date=2011-07-14 }}</ref>
* Vertical Take-Off and Landing Experimental Aircraft ([[VTOL X-Plane]]) (2013)<ref name=wired20130225>
{{cite news|last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |title=Darpa Wants to Rethink the Helicopter to Make It Go Way Faster |url=https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/02/darpa-vtol-x/ |access-date=2013-02-26 |newspaper=Wired |date=2013-02-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226220538/http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/02/darpa-vtol-x/ |archive-date=2013-02-26 }}</ref>
* [[Viet Cong Motivation and Morale Project]] (1964–1968)
* [[DARPA Vulture|Vulture]]: Long endurance, high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle.
* [[VLSI Project]] (1978) – Its offspring include [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD Unix]], the [[RISC]] processor concept, many [[Computer-aided design|CAD]] tools still in use today.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
* [[Walrus HULA]]: high-capacity, long range cargo airship.
* [[Wireless Network after Next]] (WNaN), advanced tactical [[mobile ad hoc network]]
* WolfPack (2010)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.darpa.mil/STO/strategic/wolfpack.html |title=STO: WolfPack |publisher=Darpa.mil |agency=Strategic Technology Office |access-date=2010-04-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304071137/http://www.darpa.mil/STO/strategic/wolfpack.html |archive-date=4 March 2010 }}</ref>
* [[DARPA XDATA|XDATA]]: Processing and analyzing vast amounts of information. (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/I2O/Programs/XDATA.aspx |title=XDATA |date=8 May 2012 |access-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508230527/http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/I2O/Programs/XDATA.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Rockwell-MBB X-31]]
* [[Grumman X-29]]
{{div col end}}

==Notable fiction==



DARPA is well known as a high-tech government agency, and as such has many appearances in popular fiction. Some realistic references to DARPA in fiction are as "ARPA" in ''[[Tom Swift]] and the Visitor from Planet X'' (DARPA consults on a technical threat),<ref>Victor Appleton II, 1961. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17985/17985-h/17985-h.htm ''Tom Swift and the Visitor from Planet X''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215836/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17985/17985-h/17985-h.htm |date=2007-09-26 }}, originally published by Grosset & Dunlap of New York, now re-published by Project Gutenberg. ARPA is referred to on [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17985/17985-h/17985-h.htm#chap_8 page 68] published 1961</ref> in episodes of television program ''[[The West Wing]]'' (the ARPA-DARPA distinction), the television program ''[[Numb3rs]]'',<ref>''Numb3ers'', [http://www.cbs.com/primetime/ncis_los_angeles/recaps/105/recaps.php?season=1 Season 1, Episode 5] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325095828/http://www.cbs.com/primetime/ncis_los_angeles/recaps/105/recaps.php?season=1 |date=2010-03-25 }}, and [https://www.math.cornell.edu/~numb3rs/spulido/Numb3rs_season5/Numb3rs_517.html Season 5, Episode 17] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513021858/http://www.math.cornell.edu/~numb3rs/spulido/Numb3rs_season5/Numb3rs_517.html |date=2010-05-13 }}</ref> and the Netflix film ''[[Spectral]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Robinson|first=Tasha|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/9/13902914/spectral-review-netflix-aliens-sci-fi-movie-nic-mathieu|title=Spectral review: Netflix's new movie is Gears of War meets Aliens, on the cheap|website=[[The Verge]]|date=December 9, 2016|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Virginia}}
* [[Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center]] (NWC)
* [[Air Force Research Laboratory]] (AFRL)
* [[ARPA-E|Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy]] (ARPA-E)
* [[Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health]] (ARPA-H)
* [[ARPA-I|Advanced Research Projects Agency–Infrastructure]] (ARPA-I)
* [[Engineer Research and Development Center]] (ERDC)
* [[HSARPA|Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (HSARPA)
* [[Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity]] (IARPA)
*[[Joint European Disruptive Initiative]] (JEDI)
* [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] (LBNL or LBL)
* [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL)
* [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] (LANL)
* [[Marine Corps Combat Development Command]] (MCCDC)
* [[Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake]] (NAWS)
* [[Naval Research Laboratory]] (NRL)
* [[Office of Naval Research]] (ONR)
* [[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]] (PNNL)
* [[Sandia National Laboratories]] (SNL)
* [[United States Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center]] (ARDEC)
* [[United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command]] (RDECOM)
* [[United States Army Research Laboratory]] (ARL)
* [[United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory]] (MCWL)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''[https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a154363.pdf The Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1958–1974]''; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822174359/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a154363.pdf |date=2019-08-22 }}, Barber Associates, December 1975.
* ''[https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a241725.pdf DARPA Technical Accomplishments: 1958–1990]''; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822174403/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a241725.pdf |date=2019-08-22 }}, Volumes 1–3, Richard H. Van Atta, Sidney G. Reed, Seymour J. Deitchman, et al., [[Institute for Defense Analyses]], January 1990 – March 1991.
* {{cite book |last=Belfiore |first=Michael |title=The Department of Mad Scientists: How DARPA Is Remaking Our World, from the Internet to Artificial Limbs |publisher=Harper |date=2009 |isbn=9780061577932 |oclc=310399265 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/departmentofmads00belf }} [[William Saletan]] writes of Belfiore's book that "His tone is reverential and at times breathless, but he captures the agency's essential virtues: boldness, creativity, agility, practicality and speed." ({{cite news |last=Saletan |first=William |title=The Body Electric |date=December 24, 2009 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/27/books/review/Saletan-t.html }})
* Castell, Manuel, ''The Network Society: A Cross-cultural Perspective'', Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham, UK, 2004.
* {{cite book |last1=Jacobsen |first1=Annie |author1-link=Annie Jacobsen |title=The Pentagon's Brain: An Uncensored History of DARPA, America's Top-Secret Military Research Agency|publisher=Little, Brown and Company |date=2015|isbn=978-0316371766|oclc=900012161}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Norberg |first1=Arthur Lawrence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3lQAAAAMAAJ |title=Transforming Computer Technology: Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962–1986 |last2=O'Neill |first2=Judy Elizabeth |last3=Freedman |first3=Kerry J. |date=1996 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-5152-0 |language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sargent| first1=John F. Jr. |title=Defense Science and Technology Funding|date=February 21, 2018|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington, DC|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45110.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605180935/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45110.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-05 |url-status=live|access-date=26 March 2018}}
* {{cite magazine |first=John |last=Sedgwick |date=August 1991 |title=The Men from DARPA |magazine=[[Playboy (magazine)|Playboy]] |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=108–109, 122, 154–156}} 
* [[Sharon Weinberger|Weinberger, Sharon]], ''The Imagineers of War: The Untold Story of DARPA, the Pentagon Agency that Changed the World'', New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2017, {{ISBN|9780385351799}}.

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.darpa.mil/ Official website]

{{DARPA}}
{{DOD agencies}}
{{US research agencies}}
{{United States government agencies involved in environmental science}}
{{Dwight D. Eisenhower}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:DARPA| ]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Virginia]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Ballston, Virginia]]
[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]]
[[Category:Corporate spin-offs]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1958]]
[[Category:Life sciences industry]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1958]]
[[Category:Research and development in the United States]]
[[Category:Research projects]]
[[Category:United States Department of Defense agencies]]
[[Category:Defence science and technology agencies]]
[[Category:Government research]]

Posani Gentleman

2026-03-27T01:00:47Z

RoyalEddington6: put up first info w/ sources

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Posani Gentleman
| image = Posani Gentleman.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
| writer = Posani Krishna Murali
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Nallam Padmaja Nallam Srinivas (presenter)
| starring = Posani Krishna Murali [[Aarthi Agarwal]] Natasha
| narrator =
| cinematography = Anand C Kumar
| editing =
| music = U. Mallik Sharma
| studio = Veerabhadra Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2009|12|25|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Posani Gentleman''''' (also known as '''''Gentleman''''') is a 2009 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Posani Krishna Murali]], who co-stars in the film alongside [[Aarthi Agarwal]] and Natasha.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Muddu Krishna
*[[Aarthi Agarwal]] as Neeraja
*Natasha as Louis
*[[Nagendra Babu]]
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*Surekha Vani
*Shashank Agarwal as Neeraja's father
}}

== Production ==
The film began production under the title of ''Gentleman'' and the ''[[muhurat shot|muhurat]]'' took place on 24 July 2009 at [[Annapurna Studios]] with [[Chiranjeevi]] attending the function as a chief guest.<ref name="I"/> [[Posani Krishna Murali]] played the role of a team leader of a software company, [[Aarthi Agarwal]] played his wife, and Russian model Natasha plays his colleague and girlfriend.<ref name="N"/><ref name="I"/> Agarwal's real life father, Shashank Agarwal, portrays her father in the film.<ref name="I"/> [[Brahmanandam]] was to play the role of Professor Sankaragiri Manyam but was not featured in the film.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-gentleman.html|title=Gentleman film launch|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=24 July 2009|access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2009/Jul/25/posani-krishnas-gentleman-launched-70872.html|title=Posani Krishna’s Gentleman launched|date=25 July 2009|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref> The film completed production as of early September 2009 and was in post-production as of later October 2009.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2009/Sep/08/gentleman-completes-shooting-84546.html|title=‘Gentleman’ completes shooting|date=8 September 2009|work=The New Indian Express|via=Sampurn Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2009/Oct/24/gentleman-busy-in-re-recording-97774.html|title=‘Gentleman’ busy in re-recording|date=24 October 2009|work=The New Indian Express|via=Sampurn Media}}</ref> According to Posani Krishna Murali, the film delves into the topic of life after marriage and how the love between a husband and wife is not the same after around five years and is the best film of his career due to its message.<ref name="N"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by U. Mallik Sharma with lyrics by Chandu, Madhu, Paidisetti Ramu and Rani Pulamoja Devi.<ref name="N"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Gentleman Songs |url=https://www.raaga.com/telugu-hi/movie/gentleman-songs-A0001559 |website=www.raaga.com |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=te}}</ref> The audio launch was held on 3 November 2009 with [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]], [[Sairam Shankar]] (presenter Nallam Srinivas' classmate) and [[Kanna Babu]] attending the event as chief guests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-gentleman.html|title=Posani's Gentleman music launch|work=Idlebrain.com|location=Hyderabad|date=3 December 2009|access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Gentleman
| length1 = 4:14
| lyrics1 = Chandu Madhu
| extra1 = [[L. V. Revanth]], Pradyothan
| title2 = Are Kanti Papalo
| length2 = 4:24
| lyrics2 = Paidisetti Ramu
| extra2 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| title3 = Kehadoonga
| length3 = 4:29
| lyrics3 = Paidisetti Ramu
| extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| title4 = Come Come Come
| length4 = 4:15
| lyrics4 = Rani Pulamoja Devi
| extra4 = Naveen, Sagari
| title5 = Eppudu Vasthado
| length5 = 4:25
| lyrics5 = Chandu Madhu
| extra5 = Geetha Madhuri
| total_length = 21:47
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1580002}}

{{Posani Krishna Murali}}
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

Rajendra Bhosale

2026-03-24T20:51:17Z

RoyalEddington6: put up basic data basic info

{{Orphan|date=November 2025}}

'''Rajendra Dhondu Bhosale''' is an Indian police officer, known for his efforts to rescue [[missing children]] in [[Mumbai]], including a nine year long search for a missing child that resulted in tracing the child and reuniting the child with her family in 2022, well after his retirement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Smita |date=8 August 2022 |title='Meri Pooja mil gayi': The story of a missing girl and the cop who never stopped looking for her |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/mumbai-missing-girl-pooja-gaud-cop-rajendra-bhosale-8075362/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=V |date=2022-08-06 |title=Mumbai: A decade on, cops find abducted minor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/a-decade-on-cops-find-abducted-minor/articleshow/93381374.cms |access-date=2025-10-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Bhosale joined Police in 1978 as a constable. In 2011, he was assigned the charge of the missing bureau at Dadabhai Naoroji Nagar police station, where he pursued 340 separate cases of missing children (of 174 boys and 166 girls). Out of these, he traced 171 boy children and 165 girl children between 2011 and 2015. The remaining three boy children were also traced later, though not through his efforts. However, one child remained untraced, which troubled him even after his retirement in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2015 |title=Girl No.166: Will this retired cop ever stop looking for Pooja? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/girl-no-166-will-this-retired-cop-ever-stop-looking-for-pooja/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The mystery of vanishing children |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/mystery-vanishing-children-2142501 |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He continued his efforts, for a good seven years after his retirement, carrying the photo of the child wherever he went, till at last he traced and reunited the child with her family in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thaver |first=Mohamed |date=2022-09-06 |title=9 years and 7 months to Girl No. 166: A lost and found Mumbai story |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/9-years-7-months-girl-no-166-a-lost-and-found-mumbai-story-8073686/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhosale, Rajendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Padma Shri

2026-03-24T00:48:57Z

RoyalEddington6: improve formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Fourth highest civilian award of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox civilian award
| name = Padma Shri
| image = Padma Shri India IIIe Klasse.jpg
| alt = Padma Shri medal suspended from its riband
| image_size = 100px
| type = National Civilian
| country = {{flag|India}}
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1954}}
| firstawarded = 1954
| presenter = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|30px|State Emblem of India]] [[Government of India]]
| previous = [[Padma Vibhushan]] "Teesra Varg" (Class III)
| obverse = A centrally located lotus flower is embossed and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Shri" is placed below the lotus.
| reverse = A platinum [[State Emblem of India]] placed in the centre with the national motto of India, "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script
| ribbon = [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|100px]]
| higher = [[File:Kirti Chakra ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Kirti Chakra]] (military) [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Padma Bhushan]] (civilian)
| lower = [[File:Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak]]
| lastawarded = 2025
| total_awarded = 3448
| website = {{URL|https://padmaawards.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Padma Shri''' ([[IAST]]: ''padma śrī'', lit. 'Lotus Honour'), also spelled '''Padma Shree''', is the fourth-highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] of the [[Republic of India]], after the [[Bharat Ratna]], the [[Padma Vibhushan]] and the [[Padma Bhushan]]. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is conferred in recognition of "distinguished contribution in various spheres of activity including the arts, education, industry, literature, science, acting, medicine, social service and public affairs". It is awarded by the [[Government of India]] every year on [[Republic Day (India)|India's Republic Day]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf |title=Padma award's schema|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref>

==History==

[[File:Padmasree award certificate.jpeg|thumb|upright|Padma Shri certificate during the presidency of [[K. R. Narayanan]] awarded to Telugu journalist [[Turlapaty Kutumba Rao]]]]

Padma Awards were instituted in 1954 to be awarded to citizens of India in recognition of their distinguished contribution in various spheres of activity including the [[arts]], [[education]], [[Private industry|industry]], [[literature]], [[science]], [[acting]], [[medicine]], [[social service]] and [[Public affairs (broadcasting)|public affairs]]. It has also been awarded to some distinguished individuals who were not citizens of India but did contribute in various ways to India.

The selection criteria have been criticised in some quarters with the claim that many highly deserving artists have been left out in order to favour certain individuals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?283756 |title=Padma's Easy Slim Zone | Vrinda Gopinath |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=10 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Advani backs Merchant on Padma awards selection criticism|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/snooker/billiards/Advani-backs-Merchant-on-Padma-awards-selection-criticism/tpoint_articleshow/5531225.cms|access-date=1 November 2017|work=The Times of India|date=3 February 2010}}</ref> India has now created an online nomination platform for the common citizens to recommend the nomination for the annually given civilian "Padma" awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/SelectionGuidelines.aspx|title=Padma Awards Online Nomination|website=padmaawards.gov.in|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164054/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/SelectionGuidelines.aspx|archive-date=16 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On its obverse, the words "[[Padma (attribute)|Padma]]", meaning lotus in [[Sanskrit]], and "[[Sri|Shri]]", a Sanskrit-derived honorific equivalent to 'Mr.' or 'Ms.' (i.e., "Noble One in Blossom"), appear in [[Devanagari]] above and below a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] flower. The geometrical pattern on either side is in burnished [[bronze]]. All embossing is in [[white gold]].

{{as of|2025}}, 3448 people have received the award. In 2025, 113 people received the Padma Shri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Jan 2025 |title=Padma Awards 2025 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards2025_25012025.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125174835/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards2025_25012025.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.mha.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Refusals==
{{See also|List of people who have declined or renounced Indian honours and decorations}}

Several intended recipients, including musician [[Hemant Kumar|Hemanta Kumar Mukherjee]], [[sitar]] player [[Vilayat Khan]],<ref name="refusals">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA411|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic|author1=Kaminsky, Arnold P.|author2=Long, Roger D.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-37462-3|page=411|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000246/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA411|archive-date=21 September 2017}}</ref> academic and author [[Mamoni Raisom Goswami]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011900271700.htm|title=Artistes' angst |date=19 January 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 June 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> journalist Kanak Sen Deka<ref name="question_mark"/> and noted [[Bollywood]] screenwriter [[Salim Khan]], have declined the Padma Shri for various reasons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/salim-khan-declines-padma-shri/|title=Salim Khan declines to receive Padma Shri |date=27 January 2015|access-date=18 June 2018|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> Some intended recipients, such as environmental activist [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/STATE-EDITIONS/dehradun/noted-activist-sunderlal-bahuguna-turns-90.html|title=Noted activist Sunderlal Bahuguna turns 90 |date=10 January 2017|access-date=18 June 2018|newspaper=The Pioneer}}</ref> and [[English billiards]] champion [[Michael Ferreira]],<ref name="question_mark">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050129/asp/nation/story_4310835.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050313130541/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050129/asp/nation/story_4310835.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 March 2005|title=Refusal question mark on awards |date=28 January 2005|access-date=18 June 2018|newspaper=The Telegraph – India}}</ref> have refused the honour but have subsequently accepted a more prestigious one such as the [[Padma Bhushan]] or [[Padma Vibhushan]]. Other individuals, such as film-maker [[Aribam Syam Sharma]],<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Ratnadip |last1=Choudhury |first2=Divyanshu |last2=Dutta Roy |date=3 February 2019 |title=Veteran Manipuri Filmmaker Returns Padma Shri To Protest Citizenship Bill |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/veteran-manipuri-filmmaker-aribam-syam-sharma-returns-2006-padma-shri-award-in-protest-against-citiz-1987613 |work=NDTV |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> author [[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aura.edu.in/read/cbse/12/14/original/Page-112.html |title=Aura Virtual Campus |access-date=18 June 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213503/http://aura.edu.in/read/cbse/12/14/original/Page-112.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> Punjabi author [[Dalip Kaur Tiwana]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjabi-writer-tiwana-to-return-padma-shri/145837.html|title=Punjabi writer Tiwana to return Padma Shri|date=14 October 2015|access-date=18 June 2018|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618231623/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjabi-writer-tiwana-to-return-padma-shri/145837.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and noted poet [[Jayanta Mahapatra]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/jayanta-mahapatra-returns-padma-shri-protesting-intolerance/story-JRTZHWq1fjJClaEzoM3SoO.html|title=Jayanta Mahapatra returns Padma Shri protesting 'intolerance' |date=23 November 2015|access-date=18 June 2018|newspaper=The Hindustan Times}}</ref> have returned the honour after initially accepting it.

In 2022, Bengali singer "Gitashri" [[Sandhya Mukhopadhyay]], aged 90, turned down her offer for the Padma Shri award on the eve of the 73rd Republic Day of India. As per media reports, the veteran singer turned down the offer since she believes that her career spanning eight decades deserved a higher award than the Padma Shri. "Padma Shri is more deserving for a junior artiste", her daughter said.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/veteran-singer-sandhya-mukherjee-refuses-padma-shri-says-more-deserving-for-junior-artiste-2730358|title=Padma Shri More Deserving For Junior Artiste
|date=26 January 2022|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> Based on her refusal, her name was not included in the Padma awardees list for 2022.

==Awards by decade==
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1954–1959)]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1960–1969)]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1970–1979)]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1980–1989)]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1990–1999)]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2000–2009)]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2010–2019)]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)]]
{{clear|right}}

==Awards by field/occupation==

* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients in sports]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients in social work]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients in literature and education]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients in art]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients in civil service]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients in public affairs]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients in science and engineering]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients in trade and industry]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients in others]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients in medicine]]

==See also==
*[[Lists of Padma Shri award recipients]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/}}
* {{cite web|title=Awards & Medals|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/awards_medals|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=14 September 2015|access-date=22 October 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007054538/http://www.mha.nic.in/awards_medals|archive-date=7 October 2015}}
*{{cite web|title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (Public Section) Padma Awards Directory (1954–2017)|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616021314/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2017}}

{{Padma Shri Awards}}

[[Category:Awards established in 1954]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]

Bijjaragi

2026-03-23T09:42:36Z

RoyalEddington6: general adjusted intro based on references and improved wording

{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bijjaragi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16.69|N|75.74|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijapur District, Karnataka|Vijayapur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bijapur Taluk|Vijayapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,073
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = KA-28
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Vijayapura, Karnataka|Vijayapur]], [[Karnataka]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 914
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 69.1%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Vijayapura, Karnataka|Vijayapur]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bijjaragi''' is a village in the State of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 189900 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web |title=Yahoomaps India |url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archive-date=18 December 2008 |access-date=2008-12-18}} Bijjargi, Bijapur, Karnataka.</ref> It is located in the [[Vijayapura Taluk|Vijayapur taluk]] of [[Vijayapura district|Vijayapur district]], Karnataka.

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Census of India|Population Census of 2011]], there were a total of 1,532 families residing in the village. The total population of Bijjaragi was 8,073, out of which 4,218 were males and 3,855 were females.

==Geography==
The village is located at 16°54'46.7"N, 75°26'30.3"E.

==River==
[[Doni River]] is the nearest river and flows close to the village during the rainy season for a month or two.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Economy==
Farming and agriculture are the main occupations for many people in the village. Food crops grown include cereals - Jowar, Maize, Bajra, and Wheat - and pulses, red, Bengal, and green. The major oilseed crops are sunflower, groundnut, and safflower. Horticulture crops like grapes, pomegranate, ber, guava sapota, and lime are also grown.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Literacy rate==
The 2011 Census found that the literacy rate of Bijjaragi was 69.1%, which was higher than the overall 57.3% literacy rate of Bijapur district. The male literacy rate was 78.7% and the female literacy rate was 58.55%.

==Politics==
Bijjargi village has a [[gram panchayat]] administrated by the [[Babaleshwar Assembly constituency|Assembly Constituency for Babaleshwar]] of Bijapur District. Nationally, it is part of the [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Climate and Temperature==
{{Weather box
| collapsed =
| location = Bijjaragi
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| temperature colour = pastel
| Jan high C = 29.2
| Feb high C = 32.8
| Mar high C = 35.9
| Apr high C = 37.9
| May high C = 37.5
| Jun high C = 34.0
| Jul high C = 31.1
| Aug high C = 31.0
| Sep high C = 31.1
| Oct high C = 31.0
| Nov high C = 29.5
| Dec high C = 29.0
| Jan low C = 15.5
| Feb low C = 17.6
| Mar low C = 22.6
| Apr low C = 24.0
| May low C = 25.0
| Jun low C = 23.0
| Jul low C = 22.2
| Aug low C = 22.0
| Sep low C = 22.7
| Oct low C = 20.2
| Nov low C = 16.7
| Dec low C = 13.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 8.6
| Feb rain mm = 3.1
| Mar rain mm = 6.0
| Apr rain mm = 10.0
| May rain mm = 16.2
| Jun rain mm = 61.1
| Jul rain mm = 77.1
| Aug rain mm = 74.5
| Sep rain mm = 62.0
| Oct rain mm = 51.6
| Nov rain mm = 27.2
| Dec rain mm = 3.5
| date = May 2013
}}

The village has a semi-arid climate, and an average elevation of 606 metres (1988 ft) above sea level.

== Notable people ==
* [[Bhāskara II]] - It is believed that Bhaskaracharya II, an Indian mathematician and astronomer (1114–1185), was born in Bijjargi village.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Bijjaraji, Bhaskara's hometown |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/64711/bijjaraji-bhaskaras-hometown.html}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.bijapurcity.mrc.gov.in Welcome to Vijayapur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132943/http://www.bijapurcity.mrc.gov.in/ |date=22 April 2016 }}

{{Settlements in Bijapur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bijapur district, Karnataka]]

Megalithic graffiti symbols

2026-03-13T22:05:09Z

RoyalEddington6: put up - done

{{short description|Ancient markings in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

'''Megalithic markings''', '''Megalithic graffiti marks''', '''Megalithic symbols''' or '''Non-Brahmi symbols''' are terms used to describe markings found on mostly [[potsherds]] found in [[Deccan|Central India]], [[South India]] and [[Sri Lanka]] during the [[Megalithic]] [[Iron Age in South Asia|Iron Age]] period. They are usually found in burial sites but some have been found in habitation sites. They are tentatively dated from 1000 BCE to 300 CE marking the transition of the proto-historic period into the historic period of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. A number of scholars have tried to decipher the symbols since 1878, and currently there is no consensus as to whether they constitute un-deciphered writing or graffiti or symbols without any syllabic or alphabetic meaning.

In 1960, archaeologist [[B. B. Lal]] found that 89% of the surveyed megalithic symbols had their counterparts amongst the [[Indus script]]. He concluded that there was a commonness of culture between the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] and the later megalithic period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lal |first1=B. B. |year=1962 |title= From the Megalithic to Harappa: Tracing back the graffiti on the pottery |journal=Ancient India: Bulletin of the Archaeology Survey of India |volume=16 |issue= |pages=21–24}}</ref> In 2019, archaeologists in [[Tamil Nadu]] excavated further potsherds at [[Keezhadi excavation site|Keeladi]] with graffiti closely resembling symbols of the Indus script.<ref>Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu - Keezhadi, An urban settlement of sangam age on the banks of the river Vaigai (2019) p60-62 https://archive.org/details/keeladibookenglish18092019/page/n59/mode/2up</ref>

From archaeological [[stratigraphy]], potsherds with and without symbols are usually found at the lowest level, followed by potsherds with mixed symbols and [[Brahmi]] or [[Tamil Brahmi]] and eventually at the highest level potsherds are only found with Brahmi or Tamil Brahmi etchings. From around 300 CE, they disappear from grave sites.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rajan |first=K. |year=2008 |title=Situating the Beginning of Early Historic Times in Tamil Nadu: Some Issues and Reflections |journal=[[Social Scientist]] |volume=36 |issue=1/2 |pages=40–78}}</ref> Scholars such as [[Iravatham Mahadevan]] have tried to link the symbols directly to [[Indus Valley script]] or as derived due to lingering influence,<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mahadevan |first1=Iravatham |title=Megalithic pottery inscription and a Harappa tablet:A case of extraordinary resemblance |publisher=Harappa.com |url=https://www.harappa.com/content/arrow/megalithic-inscription.html |year=2004 |isbn=}}</ref> whereas others such as K. Rajan see the symbols as the genesis of the later Brahmi script.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rajan |first1=K. |last2=Bopearachchi |first2=Osmund |year=2002 |title=Graffiti Marks of Kodumanal (India) and Ridiyagama (Sri Lanka)- A Comparative Study |journal=Man and Environment |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=97–105}}</ref> Yet many others see no particular alphabetic value in them only as graffiti symbols used for socio-religious purposes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boivin |first1=Nicole |last2=Korisettar |first2=Ravi |last3=Venkatasubbaiah |first3=P. C. |year=2003 |title=Megalithic Markings in Context: graffiti marks on burial pots from Kudatini, Karnataka |journal=[[South Asian Studies]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2003.9628618}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Prehistoric technology}}

[[Category:Megalithic symbols|*]]
[[Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:History of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:History of Kerala]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Telangana]]
[[Category:Graffiti in India]]

Tharia Topan

2026-03-12T21:02:49Z

RoyalEddington6: Creating Some Entry Added Tags

{{Short description|Zanzibar merchant}}

'''Tharia Topan''' (1823–1891) was a [[Khoja]] merchant and chief of customs of the [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]] during the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wahab |first=Saada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOuoEAAAQBAJ&dq=tharia+topan&pg=PA76 |title=The History of Indians in Zanzibar from the 1870s to 1963 |date=2022 |publisher=Universitätsverlag Göttingen |isbn=978-3-86395-572-4 |pages=76 |language=en |quote=Tharia Topan was chief of customs in Zanzibar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bishara |first=Fahad Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdocDgAAQBAJ&dq=Tharia+Topan&pg=PA39 |title=A Sea of Debt |date=2017-03-10 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-15565-7 |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Early life ===
Tharia Topan was born in Lakhpar, [[Cutch State]] (1823) in [[British Raj|British India]], to a poor family engaged in vegetable trading. At the age of twelve, he was accused of stealing money, and was beaten and fled by hiding on a [[dhow]]. He awoke to find it already at sea bound for [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]], where he arrived without money and illiterate. He found work as a garden sweeper in the household of Ladwa Damji for six shillings a month and gradually learned to read and write, setting the stage for his later rise in trade.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wahab |first=Saada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOuoEAAAQBAJ&dq=tharia+topan&pg=PA76 |title=The History of Indians in Zanzibar from the 1870s to 1963 |date=2022 |publisher=Universitätsverlag Göttingen |isbn=978-3-86395-572-4 |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Dr Manjula K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0brEAAAQBAJ&dq=Tharia+Topan&pg=PT139 |title=In Search of Paradise: A Saga of Courage, Resilience and Resistance |date=2023-12-21 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-5437-0917-9 |language=en |quote=Tharia Topan, an Ismaili, came to Zanzibar as a boy and worked for the firm of Jairam Shivji for six shillings per month.}}</ref>

=== Career in Zanzibar ===
By his early twenties, Tharia Topan had become head of the credit department in the [[Jairam Shivji|Jairam Shivri]] firm. While working there, he took a small loan to buy a donkey cart and began selling cloves and trading other goods on his own. His ventures proved profitable, allowing him to amass wealth. In 1845, he returned to Kutch for the first time in twelve years, married and brought his wife back to Zanzibar to expand his business.

Topan diversified into the clove, spice and ivory trades, while also financing both local and [[Europe]]an merchants as a banker. In 1976, he was appointed chief of customs in [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]], and by the end of the century had opened offices in Bombay with agents stationed in several Swahili ports.

His commercial success inspired many aspiring migrants from [[British India]], particularly among the Khoja and other mercantile communities to travel to East Africa. Contemporary accounts report that he sponsored Isma'ili migrants to settle in Zanzibar and other towns, and sometimes directly employed them in this enterprises.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wahab |first=Saada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOuoEAAAQBAJ&dq=tharia+topan&pg=PA76 |title=The History of Indians in Zanzibar from the 1870s to 1963 |date=2022 |publisher=Universitätsverlag Göttingen |isbn=978-3-86395-572-4 |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

=== Old Dispensary (Zanzibar) ===
The construction of the [[Old Dispensary (Zanzibar)|Old Dispensary]] was commissioned in 1887 by Tharia Topan to celebrate [[Queen Victoria]]'s [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Golden Jubilee]]. Topan intended the building to serve as a charitable hospital for the poor. When he died in 1891, the building was still unfinished. His widows resumed work, but had to halt construction in 1893 when funds were exhausted. That same year, following a family dispute, the building was sold to a new owner, who completed it in 1894. He also contributed to the [[Charles Euan-Smith|Sir Charles Euan-Smith]] madrassa, helped establish an English school, and supported the [[Aga Khan]] and the Ismaili community, earning the title of Vara.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keller |first=Sara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDBuDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tharia+Topan&pg=PA179 |title=Knowledge and the Indian Ocean: Intangible Networks of Western India and Beyond |date=2018-09-11 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-96839-1 |pages=179 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Old Dispensary (Zanzibar)]]
* [[Barghash bin Said]]
* [[Tippu Tip]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Topan, Tharia}}
[[Category:1823 births]]
[[Category:1891 deaths]]
[[Category:Kutchi people]]
[[Category:People from Cutch State]]
[[Category:Zanzibari people of Indian descent]]

Don Seenu

2026-03-08T10:46:17Z

RoyalEddington6:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Don Seenu
| image = Don_Seenu_Soundtrack.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Gopichand Malineni]]
| story = Gopichand Malineni
| producer = [[R. R. Venkat]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Kona Venkat]] Gopichand Malineni
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ravi Teja]]|[[Shriya Saran]]|[[Anjana Sukhani]]|[[Srihari]]|[[Sayaji Shinde]]}}
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Sameer Reddy]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[R. R. Movie Makers]]
| distributor = {{ubl|R. R. Movie Makers|[[Lotus Five Star]]|Great India Films}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/donseenu.html |title=Don Seenu in Overseas – idlebrain.com – Ravi Teja & Shriya |website=Idlebrain.com |accessdate=2010-09-04 |archive-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124041213/http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/donseenu.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tollywoodandhra.com/tollywood-movie-news/great-india-films-releasing-don-seenu-movie-overaseas |title=Great India Films Releasing Don seenu Movie overaseas |website=TollywoodAndhra.com |date=2010-07-23 |accessdate=2010-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723110920/http://www.tollywoodandhra.com/tollywood-movie-news/great-india-films-releasing-don-seenu-movie-overaseas |archive-date=23 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|6|21|Malaysia|2010|8|6|India|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinema.com.my/movies/movie_contents.aspx?search=2010.6779.donseenu.12470&dt=08212010&section=showtimes |title=Don Seenu |website=Cinema.com.my |accessdate=2010-09-04}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 165 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maastars.com/26166/don-seenu-review |title=don seenu review movie talk film ratings don seenu review movie talk |website=Maastars.com |date=6 August 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-04 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017203039/http://www.maastars.com/26166/don-seenu-review |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|link=yes}}23 crore<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/7395/tollywood/Don-Seenu-releasing-with-3-5-crores-deficit-News-Details |title=Ravi Teja | Ravi Teja Don Seenu | Don Seenu | Don Seenu release | Ravi Teja Don Seenu release August | Sriya Saran | Sri Hari | Don Seenu release August 6 |website=Supergoodmovies.com |date=2 August 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904022948/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/7395/tollywood/Don-Seenu-releasing-with-3-5-crores-deficit-News-Details |archive-date=4 September 2010 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
| gross = ₹16 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2010 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2010/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Don Seenu''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Gopichand Malineni]] and produced by [[R. R. Venkat]]. The film stars [[Ravi Teja]], [[Shriya Saran]], and [[Anjana Sukhani]] in the lead roles, while [[Srihari]] and [[Sayaji Shinde]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]] with cinematography by [[Sameer Reddy]] and editing by Gautham Raju. The film was released on 6 August 2010 and became a commercial super hit at the box office. The film was remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Badsha - The Don]]''. The film was dubbed twice in Hindi as ''Sabse Bada Don'' in 2011 and 2022.

==Plot==
Srinivasa Rao aka Seenu dreams of becoming a gangster and always likes to be called "Don Seenu" since childhood due to the strong influence of the [[Amitabh Bachchan]] starrer ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]''. Due to his enterprising nature, Seenu gains access to the cream of the city's gangsters and uses his cleverness to play off the top two gangsters and fierce rivals: Madhavpur Machiraju and Narsingh. Seenu wants to join one of the dons and grow up in the ranks, where he joins hands with Machiraju.

In the process, Seenu is given a task to leave for [[Germany]] and win the heart of Narsingh's sister, whose marriage is fixed with Praveen Duggal, the son of [[Dubai]]-based crime boss Mukesh Duggal. Seenu goes to Germany and wins the heart of Deepthi but later discovers that he was shown the wrong girl. The wrong girl is none other than Machiraju's sister Deepthi. When Machiraju discovers that his henchman is the one who showed the wrong girl, Machiraju attempts to kill his henchman. Seenu manages to impress Deepthi and arrives back in India.

When Deepthi and Priya confront Seenu about the confusion, Seenu reveals that their brothers Narsingh and Machiraju were best friends turned foes, and his sister Lakshmi is Narsingh's estranged wife who was separated due to Machiraju's antics and Panduranga Rao's plan and thus wanted to prove his innocence by joining the gang. Mukesh calls Machiraju and Narsingh at the docks, where Seenu arrives with Lakshmi and makes Machiraju prove her innocence. Narsingh apologizes to Lakshmi, and they reconcile with each other and their child. A fight ensues where Seenu defeats Mukesh and happily leaves with his family.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Srinivasa Rao aka Don Seenu, a die-hard fan of [[Amitabh Bachchan]] who adores his film ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' and wants to become a don in Hyderabad.
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Deepthi, Machiraju's sister whom Seenu makes fall in love with him.
* [[Anjana Sukhani]] as Priya, Narsingh's sister whom Seenu also makes fall in love with him.
* [[Srihari]] as Narsingh, a famous don in Hyderabad and Machiraju's enemy in the race to dominate [[Hyderabad]].
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Madhavpur Machiraju, another famous don in Hyderabad and Narsingh's rival.
* [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri Shankar]] as Lakshmi, Seenu's sister and Narsingh's wife.
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Vishwas
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Rama Rao / Rams
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Mukesh Duggal
* [[John Kokken]] as Praveen Duggal
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Bhavani, Seenu's mother
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Seenu's friend
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Tambaraju, Narsingh's henchman
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Narsingh's gang member
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Narsingh's secret informer
* [[Brahmaji]] as Bobby, Machiraju's henchman
* Surekha Vani as Machiraju's wife
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Machiraju's henchman
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Machiraju's henchman
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Duggal's henchman
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Madhu Pitre
* [[Vijay Sai]] as Seenu's friend
* [[Venu Yeldandi]] as a bar waiter
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Baiju
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Accountant
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Seenu's friend
* Delhi Rajeswari
* [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]] as Sreeja's Boyfriend
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Don Seenu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| caption =
| alt =
| released = 22 July 2010
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:32
| label =[[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Subhapradam]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = Koothimuka
| next_year = 2010
}}

''Don Seenu'''s soundtrack is composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. The soundtrack album, which was released on 22 July at Taj Deccan Hotel in Hyderabad,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/top-stories/2010/don-seenu-audio-website-230710.html|title=Don Seenu's audio and website launched|website=[[Oneindia.in]]|accessdate=2010-04-30|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208203350/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/top-stories/2010/don-seenu-audio-website-230710.html|archivedate=8 December 2010}}</ref> Noted director [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] released the first audio CD, whereas movie mughal [[D. Ramanaidu]] released the audio cassette. It features 6 songs, with one being a remix.
{{tracklist
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:25
| title1 = Aidhella Vayasu
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Baba Sehgal]]
| length1 = 4:53
| title2 = Raja Raja Ravi Teja
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra2 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| length2 = 4:15
| title3 = Nayanakana
| lyrics3 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| extra3 = Venu, [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]], Bhargavi Pillai
| length3 = 4:11
| title4 = Aduguthundi
| lyrics4 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra4 = [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]], [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]
| length4 = 4:25
| title5 = Andhamemo Istaraku
| lyrics5 = Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar
| extra5 = Hemachandra , Malavika
| length5 = 4:17
| title6 = Aidhella Vayasu (Remix)
| lyrics6 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra6 = Baba Sehgal
| length6 = 3:14
}}

==Production and release==
[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] was signed as the lead but she was replaced by [[Shriya Saran]] later,<ref>{{cite web|date=2 March 2010|title=Shriya in Ravi Teja's film|url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14933574|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030134711/http://www.sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14933574|archive-date=30 October 2014|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=2010-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shriya replaces Trisha in RT's film – Telugu Movie News|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/54910.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305121849/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/54910.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2010|website=IndiaGlitz.com|accessdate=2010-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 March 2010|title=Shriya is Don Seenu|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/News/Trisha-chooses-Akshay-over-Ravi-Teja/articleshow/5636167.cms|website=Movies.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2010-09-04}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> which marks her return to Telugu cinema after five years.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 March 2010|title=Actress Shreya Saran | Comeback Tollywood | Don Seenu | Ravi Teja | Replaced Trisha – Oneindia Entertainment|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/top-stories/2010/shreya-comeback-telugu-020310.html|url-status=dead|website=Oneindia|access-date=2010-09-04|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712101047/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/top-stories/2010/shreya-comeback-telugu-020310.html|archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 March 2010|title=Shriya is back in Tollywood!|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=14933701|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030134713/http://www.sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=14933701|archive-date=30 October 2014|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=2010-09-04}}</ref> Hindi film actress [[Anjana Sukhani]] was signed also signed as a lead.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 March 2010|title=Anjana Sukhani in 'Don Seenu'|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/news-gossip/regional-/telugu/Anjana-Sukhani-in-Don-Seenu/articleshow/5646842.cms|website=Movies.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2010-09-04}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 March 2010|title=Actress Anjana Sukhani | Telugu Debut | Movie Don Seenu | Ravi Teja | Shreya Saran – Oneindia Entertainment|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/top-stories/2010/anjana-sukhani-debut-050310.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710115228/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/top-stories/2010/anjana-sukhani-debut-050310.html|archive-date=10 July 2012|website=Oneindia|access-date=2010-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 February 2007|title=Anjana Sukhani to make her Telugu debut|url=http://andhracafe.com/index.php?m=show&id=40865|website=Andhracafe.com|accessdate=2010-09-04|archive-date=8 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308232703/http://andhracafe.com/index.php?m=show&id=40865|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was released on 6 August 2010 in India and ran for over 50 days in theatres. The film recorded as Super hit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/60301.html|title=Telugu Cinema News – Telugu Movie Reviews |website=Indiaglitz.com|accessdate=17 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120235119/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/60301.html|archivedate=20 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Critical response==
A reviewer for Indiaglitz called the screenplay an "eyesore", noting an imbalance in pacing between the first and second halves. Praise was directed at Ravi Teja's performance as well as the abundance of humour throughout the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/12012.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726070252/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/12012.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2010|title=Telugu Cinema News – Telugu Movie Reviews – Telugu Movie Trailers|website=Indiaglitz.com|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20100914104413/http://www.donseenu.com:80/}}
*{{IMDb title|1692189}}

{{Gopichand Malineni}}

[[Category:2010 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2010 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 masala films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gopichand Malineni]]
[[Category:2010 comedy films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Amitabh Bachchan]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Germany]]
[[Category:Films set in Dubai]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Germany]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action comedy films]]

River delta

2026-03-07T09:38:37Z

RoyalEddington6: refine references also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river}}{{Distinguish|Delta River}}[[File:Lena River Delta - Landsat 2000.jpg|thumb|A satellite perspective of the river delta of the [[Lena (river)|Lena river]], Russia.]]
[[File:Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg|thumb|right|A satellite perspective of the [[Amazon Delta]], in South America.]]
[[File:Nile delta landsat false color.jpg|thumb|[[NASA]] satellite perspective, in false color, the River [[Nile Delta]].]]

A '''river delta''' is a [[landform]], typically triangular, created by the [[deposition (geology)|deposition]] of the [[sediment]]s that are carried by the waters of a [[river]], where the river merges with a body of slow-moving water or with a body of stagnant water.<ref>Miall, A. D. 1979. Deltas. in R. G. Walker (ed) Facies Models. Geological Association of Canada, Hamilton, Ontario.</ref><ref>Elliot, T. 1986. Deltas. in H. G. Reading (ed.). Sedimentary Environments and Facies. Backwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.</ref> The creation of a river delta occurs at the ''[[river mouth]]'', where the river merges into an [[ocean]], a [[sea]], or an [[estuary]], into a [[lake]], a [[reservoir]], or (more rarely) into another river that cannot carry away the sediment supplied by the feeding river. Etymologically, the term ''river delta'' derives from the triangular shape (Δ) of the uppercase Greek letter [[Delta (letter)|delta]]. In [[hydrology]], the dimensions of a river delta are determined by the balance between the watershed processes that supply [[sediment]] and the watershed processes that redistribute, sequester, and export the supplied sediment into the receiving basin.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Blum | first1 = M.D. | last2=Törnqvist | first2 = T.E. | year = 2000 | title = Fluvial Responses to Climate and Sea-level Change: A Review and Look Forward | journal = Sedimentology | volume = 47 | pages = 2–48 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00008.x| bibcode = 2000Sedim..47....2B | s2cid = 140714394 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Pasternack|first1=Gregory B.|last2=Brush|first2=Grace S.|last3=Hilgartner|first3=William B.|date=2001-04-01|title=Impact of historic land-use change on sediment delivery to a Chesapeake Bay subestuarine delta|journal=[[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]]|language=en|volume=26|issue=4|pages=409–427|doi=10.1002/esp.189|bibcode=2001ESPL...26..409P|s2cid=129080402 |issn=1096-9837}}</ref>

River deltas are important in human [[civilization]], as they are major agricultural production centers and population centers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schneider|first1=Pia|last2=Asch|first2=Folkard|date=2020|title=Rice production and food security in Asian Mega deltas—A review on characteristics, vulnerabilities and agricultural adaptation options to cope with climate change|journal=Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science|language=en|volume=206|issue=4|pages=491–503|doi=10.1111/jac.12415|issn=1439-037X|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JAgCS.206..491S }}</ref> They can provide [[Coast|coastline]] defence and can impact drinking water supply.<ref name="Anthony 53–78">{{Cite journal|last=Anthony|first=Edward J.|date=2015-03-01|title=Wave influence in the construction, shaping and destruction of river deltas: A review|journal=[[Marine Geology (journal)|Marine Geology]]|volume=361|pages=53–78|doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2014.12.004|bibcode=2015MGeol.361...53A}}</ref> They are also [[Ecology|ecologically]] important, with different species' assemblages depending on their landscape position. On [[geologic timescale]]s, they are also important [[carbon sink]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hage |first1=Sophie |last2=Romans |first2=Brian W. |last3=Peploe |first3=Thomas G. E. |last4=Poyatos-Moré |first4=Miquel |last5=Haeri Ardakani |first5=Omid |last6=Bell |first6=Daniel |last7=Englert |first7=Rebecca G. |last8=Kaempfe-Droguett |first8=Sebastian A. |last9=Nesbit |first9=Paul R. |last10=Sherstan |first10=Georgia |last11=Synnott |first11=Dane P. |last12=Hubbard |first12=Stephen M. |date=24 October 2022 |title=High rates of organic carbon burial in submarine deltas maintained on geological timescales |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-01048-4 |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=919–924 |doi=10.1038/s41561-022-01048-4 |bibcode=2022NatGe..15..919H |s2cid=253145418 |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420053410/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-01048-4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Etymology==
A river delta is so named because the shape of the [[Nile Delta]] approximates the triangular uppercase [[Delta (letter)|Greek letter delta]]. The triangular shape of the Nile Delta was known to audiences of [[classical Athenian]] [[Ancient Greek drama|drama]]; the tragedy ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' by [[Aeschylus]] refers to it as the "triangular Nilotic land", though not as a "delta".<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Celoria|first=Francis|year=1966|title=Delta as a geographical concept in Greek literature|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]|volume=57|issue=3|pages=385–388|doi=10.1086/350146|jstor=228368|s2cid=143811840}}</ref> [[Herodotus]]'s description of Egypt in his [[Histories (Herodotus)|''Histories'']] mentions the Delta fourteen times, as "the Delta, as it is called by the [[Ionians]]", including describing the outflow of [[silt]] into the sea and the convexly curved seaward side of the triangle.<ref name=":1" /> Despite making comparisons to other river systems deltas, Herodotus did not describe them as "deltas".<ref name=":1" /> The Greek historian [[Polybius]] likened the land between the [[Rhône]] and [[Isère (river)|Isère]] rivers to the Nile Delta, referring to both as islands, but did not apply the word delta.<ref name=":1" /> According to the Greek geographer [[Strabo]], the [[Cynicism (philosophy)|Cynic]] philosopher [[Onesicritus of Astypalaea]], who accompanied [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquests in [[Indus valley|India]], reported that [[Patalene]] (the delta of the [[Indus River]]) was "a delta" ({{Langx|grc-x-koine|καλεῖ δὲ τὴν νῆσον δέλτα|lit=he calls the island a delta|translit=kalei de tēn nēson délta}}).<ref name=":1" /> The Roman author [[Arrian]]'s [[Indica (Arrian)|''Indica'']] states that "the delta of the land of the Indians is made by the [[Indus River|Indus river]] no less than is the case with that of Egypt".<ref name=":1" />

As a [[generic term]] for the landform at the mouth of the river, the word delta is first attested in the English-speaking world in the late 18th century, in the work of [[Edward Gibbon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Word Stories: Unexpected Relatives for Xmas |url=https://www.druide.com/en/reports/unexpected-relatives-for-xmas |website=Druide |access-date=2020-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022205012/https://www.druide.com/en/reports/unexpected-relatives-for-xmas |archive-date=2020-10-22 |date=January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Formation ==
[[File:Delta Formation.svg|thumb|A delta forms where a river meets a lake.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA19071 |title=How a Delta Forms Where River Meets Lake |website=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |date=2014-08-12 |access-date=2017-12-12 |archive-date=2017-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212160758/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA19071 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
River deltas form when a river carrying sediment reaches a body of water, such as a lake, ocean, or a [[reservoir]]. When the flow enters the standing water, it is no longer confined to its [[stream channel|channel]] and expands in width. This flow expansion results in a decrease in the [[flow velocity]], which diminishes the ability of the flow to [[sediment transport|transport sediment]]. As a result, sediment drops out of the flow and [[deposition (geology)|is deposited]] as [[alluvium]], which builds up to form the river delta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pasternack.ucdavis.edu/research/projects/tidal-freshwater-deltas/tfd-modeling/|title=Dr. Gregory B. Pasternack – Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: TFD Modeling|website=pasternack.ucdavis.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-06-12|archive-date=2018-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930093758/http://pasternack.ucdavis.edu/research/projects/tidal-freshwater-deltas/tfd-modeling/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Boggs |first1=Sam |title=Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy |date=2006 |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River, N.J. |isbn=0131547283 |pages=289–306 |edition=4th}}</ref> Over time, this single channel builds a deltaic lobe (such as the bird's-foot of the Mississippi or [[Ural (river)|Ural river]] deltas), pushing its mouth into the standing water. As the deltaic lobe advances, the [[gradient]] of the river channel becomes lower because the river channel is longer but has the same change in elevation (see [[slope]]).

[[File:Sacramento Delta at flood stage, 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta|Sacramento–San Joaquin (California) Delta]] at flood stage, early March 2009]]

As the gradient of the river channel decreases, the amount of [[shear stress]] on the bed decreases, which results in the deposition of sediment within the channel and a rise in the channel bed relative to the [[floodplain]]. This destabilizes the river channel. If the river breaches its natural [[Levee|levees]] (such as during a flood), it spills out into a new course with a shorter route to the ocean, thereby obtaining a steeper, more stable gradient.<ref name="SlingerlandSmith">Slingerland, R. and N. D. Smith (1998), "Necessary conditions for a meandering-river avulsion", ''Geology'' (Boulder), 26, 435–438.</ref> Typically, when the river switches channels in this manner, some of its flow remains in the abandoned channel. Repeated channel-switching events build up a mature delta with a [[distributary]] network.

Another way these distributary networks form is from the deposition of [[mouth bars]] (mid-channel sand and/or gravel bars at the mouth of a river). When this mid-channel bar is deposited at the mouth of a river, the flow is routed around it. This results in additional deposition on the upstream end of the mouth bar, which splits the river into two distributary channels.{{sfn|Boggs|2006|p=295}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leeder |first1=M. R. |title=Sedimentology and sedimentary basins: from turbulence to tectonics |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK |isbn=9781405177832 |page=388 |edition=2nd}}</ref> A good example of the result of this process is the [[Wax Lake Delta]].

In both of these cases, depositional processes force redistribution of deposition from areas of high deposition to areas of low deposition. This results in the smoothing of the planform (or map-view) shape of the delta as the channels move across its surface and deposit sediment. Because the sediment is laid down in this fashion, the shape of these deltas approximates a fan. The more often the flow changes course, the shape develops closer to an ideal fan because more rapid changes in channel position result in a more uniform deposition of sediment on the delta front. The Mississippi and Ural River deltas, with their bird's feet, are examples of rivers that do not [[Avulsion (river)|avulse]] often enough to form a symmetrical fan shape. [[Alluvial fan]] deltas, as seen by their name, avulse frequently and more closely approximate an ideal fan shape.

Most large river deltas discharge to intra-cratonic basins on the trailing edges of passive margins due to the majority of large rivers such as the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], [[Nile]], [[Amazon River|Amazon]], [[Ganges]], [[Indus]], [[Yangtze]], and [[Yellow River]] discharging along passive continental margins.<ref name=Milliman>{{cite journal |last1=Milliman |first1=J. D. |last2=Syvitski |first2=J. P. M. |year=1992 |title=Geomorphic/Tectonic Control of Sediment Discharge to the Ocean: The Importance of Small Mountainous Rivers |journal=[[The Journal of Geology]] |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=525–544 |doi=10.1086/629606 |jstor=30068527 |bibcode=1992JG....100..525M |s2cid=22727856 }}</ref> This phenomenon is due mainly to three factors: [[topography]], basin area, and basin elevation.<ref name=Milliman/> Topography along passive margins tend to be more gradual and widespread over a greater area enabling sediment to pile up and accumulate over time to form large river deltas. Topography along active margins tends to be steeper and less widespread, which results in sediments not having the ability to pile up and accumulate due to the sediment traveling into a steep subduction trench rather than a shallow [[continental shelf]].

There are many other lesser factors that could explain why the majority of river deltas form along [[Passive margin|passive margins]] rather than active margins. Along active margins, orogenic sequences cause tectonic activity to form over-steepened slopes, brecciated rocks, and volcanic activity resulting in delta formation to exist closer to the sediment source.<ref name=Milliman/><ref name=Goodbred>{{cite journal |last1=Goodbred |first1=S. L. |last2=Kuehl |first2=S. A. |year=2000 |title=The significance of large sediment supply, active tectonism, and eustasy on margin sequence development: Late Quaternary stratigraphy and evolution of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta |journal=Sedimentary Geology |volume=133 |issue=3–4 |pages=227–248 |doi=10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00041-5|bibcode=2000SedG..133..227G }}</ref> When sediment does not travel far from the source, sediments that build up are coarser grained and more loosely consolidated, therefore making delta formation more difficult. Tectonic activity on active margins causes the formation of river deltas to form closer to the sediment source which may affect channel [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]], delta lobe switching, and auto cyclicity.<ref name=Goodbred/> Active margin river deltas tend to be much smaller and less abundant but may transport similar amounts of sediment.<ref name=Milliman/> However, the sediment is never piled up in thick sequences due to the sediment traveling and depositing in deep subduction trenches.<ref name=Milliman/>

At the mouth of a river, the change in flow conditions can cause the river to drop any sediment it is carrying. This sediment deposition can generate a variety of landforms, such as deltas, sand bars, spits, and tie channels. Landforms at the river mouth drastically alter the geomorphology and ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-22 |title=13.4: Landforms of Coastal Deposition |url=https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Introduction_to_Oceanography_(Webb)/13:_Coastal_Oceanography/13.04:_Landforms_of_Coastal_Deposition |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Geosciences LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref>

== Types ==
[[File:Mississippi Delta Lobes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Delta lobe switching in the [[Mississippi River Delta]],
&emsp;4600 yrs [[Before Present|BP]],
&emsp;3500 yrs BP,
&emsp;2800 yrs BP,
&emsp;1000 yrs BP,
&emsp;300 yrs BP,
&emsp;500 yrs BP,×
&emsp;current]]
Deltas are typically classified according to the main control on deposition, which is a combination of river, [[wind wave|wave]], and [[tide|tidal]] processes,<ref name="Galloway1975">Galloway, W.E., 1975, Process framework for describing the morphologic and stratigraphic evolution of deltaic depositional systems, in Brousard, M.L., ed., Deltas, Models for Exploration: Houston Geological Society, Houston, Texas, pp. 87–98.</ref><ref name="NienhuisEtAl2020">Nienhuis, J.H., Ashton, A.D., Edmonds, D.A., Hoitink, A.J.F., Kettner, A.J., Rowland, J.C. and Törnqvist, T.E., 2020. Global-scale human impact on delta morphology has led to net land area gain. Nature, 577(7791), pp.514-518.</ref> depending on the strength of each.<ref>Perillo, G. M. E. 1995. Geomorphology and Sedimentology of Estuaries. Elsevier Science B.V., New York.</ref> The other two factors that play a major role are landscape position and the grain size distribution of the source sediment entering the delta from the river.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Orton | first1 = G.J. | last2 = Reading | first2 = H.G. | year = 1993 | title = Variability of deltaic processes in terms of sediment supply, with particular emphasis on grain size | journal = Sedimentology | volume = 40 | issue = 3| pages = 475–512 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-3091.1993.tb01347.x| bibcode = 1993Sedim..40..475O }}</ref>

=== Fluvial-dominated deltas ===
Fluvial-dominated deltas are found in areas of low tidal range and low wave energy.{{sfn|Boggs|2006|p=293}} Where the river water is nearly equal in density to the basin water, the delta is characterized by ''homopycnal flow'', in which the river water rapidly mixes with basin water and abruptly dumps most of its sediment load. Where the river water has a higher density than basin water, typically from a heavy load of sediment, the delta is characterized by ''hyperpycnal flow'' in which the river water hugs the basin bottom as a [[density current]] that deposits its sediments as [[turbidite]]s. When the river water is less dense than the basin water, as is typical of river deltas on an ocean coastline, the delta is characterized by ''hypopycnal flow'' in which the river water is slow to mix with the denser basin water and spreads out as a surface fan. This allows fine sediments to be carried a considerable distance before settling out of suspension. Beds in a hypopycnal delta dip at a very shallow angle, around 1 degree.{{sfn|Boggs|2006|p=293}}

Fluvial-dominated deltas are further distinguished by the relative importance of the inertia of rapidly flowing water, the importance of turbulent bed friction beyond the river mouth, and [[buoyancy]]. Outflow dominated by [[inertia]] tends to form Gilbert-type deltas. Outflow dominated by turbulent friction is prone to channel bifurcation, while buoyancy-dominated outflow produces long distributaries with narrow subaqueous natural levees and few channel bifurcations.{{sfn|Boggs|2006|p=294}}

The modern Mississippi River delta is a good example of a fluvial-dominated delta whose outflow is buoyancy-dominated. Channel abandonment has been frequent, with seven distinct channels active over the last 5000 years. Other fluvial-dominated deltas include the Mackenzie delta and the Alta delta.{{sfn|Boggs|2006|p=295}}

==== Gilbert deltas ====
A Gilbert delta (named after [[Grove Karl Gilbert]]) is a type of fluvial-dominated{{sfn|Boggs|2006|pp=293-294}} delta formed from coarse sediments, as opposed to gently sloping muddy deltas such as that of the Mississippi. For example, a mountain river depositing sediment into a freshwater lake would form this kind of delta.<ref name="maine">[http://www.maine.gov/doc/nrimc/mgs/explore/surficial/facts/dec03.htm Characteristics of deltas]. (Available archived at [https://web.archive.org/web/20061012185632/http://www.maine.gov/doc/nrimc/mgs/explore/surficial/facts/dec03.htm] – checked Dec 2008.)</ref>
<ref>Bernard Biju-Duval, J. Edwin Swezey. "Sedimentary Geology". Page 183. {{ISBN|2-7108-0802-1}}. Editions TECHNIP, 2002. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2txTeLt5MXgC Partial text] on Google Books.</ref> It is commonly a result of homopycnal flow.{{sfn|Boggs|2006|p=293}} Such deltas are characterized by a tripartite structure of topset, foreset, and bottomset beds. River water entering the lake rapidly deposits its coarser sediments on the submerged face of the delta, forming steeping dipping foreset beds. The finer sediments are deposited on the lake bottom beyond this steep slope as more gently dipping bottomset beds. Behind the delta front, braided channels deposit the gently dipping beds of the topset on the delta plain.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=G.K. |author-link1=Grove Karl Gilbert |year=1885 |title=The topographic features of lake shores |publisher=US Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=443nAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA69 |access-date=23 February 2022 |pages=104–107 |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525143631/https://books.google.com/books?id=443nAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Backert |first1=Nicolas |last2=Ford |first2=Mary |last3=Malartre |first3=Fabrice |title=Architecture and sedimentology of the Kerinitis Gilbert-type fan delta, Corinth Rift, Greece |journal=Sedimentology |date=February 2010 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=543–586 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01105.x|bibcode=2010Sedim..57..543B |s2cid=129299341 }}</ref>

While some authors describe both lacustrine and marine locations of Gilbert deltas,<ref name=maine /> others note that their formation is more characteristic of the freshwater lakes, where it is easier for the river water to mix with the lakewater faster (as opposed to the case of a river falling into the sea or a salt lake, where less dense fresh water brought by the river stays on top longer).<ref name=chidsey /> Gilbert himself first described this type of delta on [[Lake Bonneville]] in 1885.<ref name=chidsey>"Geological and Petrophysical Characterization of the Ferron Sandstone for 3-D Simulation of a Fluvial-deltaic Reservoir". By Thomas C. Chidsey, Thomas C. Chidsey Jr (ed), Utah Geological Survey, 2002. {{ISBN|1-55791-668-3}}. Pages 2–17. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jacORXGQG9AC Partial text] on Google Books.</ref> Elsewhere, similar structures occur, for example, at the mouths of several creeks that flow into [[Okanagan Lake]] in [[British Columbia]] and form prominent [[Peninsula|peninsulas]] at [[Naramata, British Columbia|Naramata]], [[Summerland, British Columbia|Summerland]], and [[Peachland]].

=== Wave-dominated deltas ===
In wave-dominated deltas, wave-driven sediment transport controls the shape of the delta, and much of the sediment emanating from the river mouth is deflected along the coastline.<ref name="Galloway1975" /> The relationship between waves and river deltas is quite variable and largely influenced by the deepwater wave regimes of the receiving basin. With a high wave energy near shore and a steeper slope offshore, waves will make river deltas smoother. Waves can also be responsible for carrying sediments away from the river delta, causing the delta to retreat.<ref name="Anthony 53–78" /> For deltas that form further upriver in an estuary, there are complex yet quantifiable linkages between winds, tides, river discharge, and delta water levels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pasternack.ucdavis.edu/research/projects/tidal-freshwater-deltas/tfd-hydrometeorology/|title=Dr. Gregory B. Pasternack – Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: TFD Hydrometeorology|website=pasternack.ucdavis.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-06-12|archive-date=2018-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003152127/http://pasternack.ucdavis.edu/research/projects/tidal-freshwater-deltas/tfd-hydrometeorology|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pasternack|first1=Gregory B.|last2=Hinnov|first2=Linda A.|date=October 2003|title=Hydrometeorological controls on water level in a vegetated Chesapeake Bay tidal freshwater delta|journal=[[Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science]]|volume=58|issue=2|pages=367–387|doi=10.1016/s0272-7714(03)00106-9|bibcode=2003ECSS...58..367P|url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt5m64x13f/qt5m64x13f.pdf?t=p7r28s|access-date=2019-08-29|archive-date=2018-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724233149/https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt5m64x13f/qt5m64x13f.pdf?t=p7r28s|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, India.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Ganges Delta]] in [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] is the largest delta in the world, and one of the most fertile regions in the world.]]

=== Tide-dominated deltas ===
[[Erosion]] is also an important control in tide-dominated deltas, such as the [[Ganges Delta]], which may be mainly submarine, with prominent [[Shoal|sandbars]] and ridges. This tends to produce a "dendritic" structure.<ref name="Fagherazzi2008">Fagherazzi S., 2008, Self-organization of tidal deltas, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105 (48): 18692–18695,</ref> Tidal deltas behave differently from river-dominated and wave-dominated deltas, which tend to have a few main distributaries. Once a wave-dominated or river-dominated distributary silts up, it is abandoned, and a new channel forms elsewhere. In a tidal delta, new distributaries are formed during times when there is a lot of water around – such as floods or [[storm surge]]s. These distributaries slowly silt up at a more or less constant rate until they fizzle out.<ref name="Fagherazzi2008" />

=== Tidal freshwater deltas ===
A tidal freshwater delta<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pasternack.ucdavis.edu/research/projects/tidal-freshwater-deltas/|title=Gregory B. Pasternack – Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: Tidal Freshwater Deltas|website=pasternack.ucdavis.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-06-12|archive-date=2018-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930094738/http://pasternack.ucdavis.edu/research/projects/tidal-freshwater-deltas/|url-status=live}}</ref> is a sedimentary deposit formed at the boundary between an upland stream and an estuary, in the region known as the "subestuary".<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Pasternack |first=G. B. |year=1998 |title=Physical dynamics of tidal freshwater delta evolution |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University |oclc=49850378 }}</ref> Drowned coastal river valleys that were inundated by rising sea levels during the late [[Pleistocene]] and subsequent [[Holocene]] tend to have dendritic estuaries with many feeder tributaries. Each tributary mimics this salinity gradient from its brackish junction with the mainstem [[estuary]] up to the fresh stream feeding the head of tidal propagation. As a result, the tributaries are considered to be "subestuaries". The origin and evolution of a tidal freshwater delta involves processes that are typical of all deltas<ref name=":0" /> as well as processes that are unique to the tidal freshwater setting.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pasternack|first1=Gregory B.|last2=Hilgartner|first2=William B.|last3=Brush|first3=Grace S.|date=2000-09-01|title=Biogeomorphology of an upper Chesapeake Bay river-mouth tidal freshwater marsh|journal=[[Wetlands (journal)|Wetlands]]|volume=20|issue=3|pages=520–537|doi=10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020<0520:boaucb>2.0.co;2|bibcode=2000Wetl...20..520P |s2cid=25962433 |issn=0277-5212}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pasternack|first1=Gregory B|last2=Brush|first2=Grace S|date=2002-03-01|title=Biogeomorphic controls on sedimentation and substrate on a vegetated tidal freshwater delta in upper Chesapeake Bay|journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]]|volume=43|issue=3–4|pages=293–311|doi=10.1016/s0169-555x(01)00139-8|bibcode=2002Geomo..43..293P}}</ref> The combination of processes that create a tidal freshwater delta result in a distinct morphology and unique environmental characteristics. Many tidal freshwater deltas that exist today are directly caused by the onset of or changes in historical land use, especially [[deforestation]], [[intensive agriculture]], and [[urbanization]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pasternack|first1=Gregory B.|last2=Brush|first2=Grace S.|date=1998-09-01|title=Sedimentation cycles in a river-mouth tidal freshwater marsh|journal=[[Estuaries and Coasts]]|language=en|volume=21|issue=3|pages=407–415|doi=10.2307/1352839|issn=0160-8347|jstor=1352839|s2cid=85961542|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/61w6m8kc|access-date=2018-09-08|archive-date=2019-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072632/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/61w6m8kc|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> These ideas are well illustrated by the many tidal freshwater deltas prograding into [[Chesapeake Bay]] along the east coastline of the United States. Research has demonstrated that the accumulating sediments in this estuary derive from post-European settlement deforestation, agriculture, and urban development.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gottschalk | first1 = L. C. | year = 1945 | title = Effects of soil erosion on navigation in upper Chesapeake Bay | journal = Geographical Review | volume = 35 | issue = 2| pages = 219–238 | doi=10.2307/211476| jstor = 211476 | bibcode = 1945GeoRv..35..219G }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brush | first1 = G. S. | year = 1984 | title = Patterns of recent sediment accumulation in Chesapeake Bay (Virginia-Maryland, U.S.A.) tributaries | journal = [[Chemical Geology]] | volume = 44 | issue = 1–3| pages = 227–242 | doi=10.1016/0009-2541(84)90074-3| bibcode = 1984ChGeo..44..227B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Orson | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Simpson | first2 = R. L. | last3 = Good | first3 = R. E. | year = 1992 | title = The paleoecological development of a late Holocene, tidal freshwater marsh of the upper Delaware River estuary | journal = [[Estuaries and Coasts]] | volume = 15 | issue = 2| pages = 130–146 | doi=10.2307/1352687| jstor = 1352687 | bibcode = 1992Estua..15..130O | s2cid = 85128464 }}</ref>

=== Estuaries ===
Other rivers, particularly those on coasts with significant [[tidal range]], do not form a delta but enter into the sea in the form of an [[estuary]]. Notable examples include the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] and the [[Tagus]] estuary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lucie |first1=Toussaint |last2=Philippe |first2=Archambault |last3=Laura |first3=Del Franco |last4=Arnaud |first4=Huvet |last5=Matthieu |first5=Waeles |last6=Julien |first6=Gigault |last7=Ika |first7=Paul-Pont |date=September 2024 |title=The largest estuary on the planet is not spared from plastic pollution: Case of the St. Lawrence River Estuary |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025326X24007574 |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=206 |article-number=116780 |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116780|pmid=39083914 |bibcode=2024MarPB.20616780L }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Marta |last2=Cravo |first2=Alexandra |last3=Freire |first3=Paula |last4=Rosa |first4=Alexandra |last5=Santos |first5=Daniela |date=2020-06-20 |title=Temporal assessment of the water quality along an urban estuary (Tagus estuary, Portugal) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304420320300785 |journal=Marine Chemistry |volume=223 |article-number=103824 |doi=10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103824 |bibcode=2020MarCh.22303824R |issn=0304-4203|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Inland deltas ===
[[File:OkavangoDelta.png|thumb|right|Okavango Delta]]

In rare cases, the river delta is located inside a large valley and is called an [[inverted river delta]]. Sometimes a river divides into multiple branches in an inland area, only to rejoin and continue to the sea. Such an area is called an ''inland delta'', and often occurs on former lake beds. The term was first coined by [[Alexander von Humboldt]] for the middle reaches of the [[Orinoco River]], which he visited in 1800.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meade |first1=Robert H. |title=Suspended sediments of the modern Amazon and Orinoco rivers |journal=Quaternary International |date=January 1994 |volume=21 |pages=29–39 |doi=10.1016/1040-6182(94)90019-1|bibcode=1994QuInt..21...29M }}</ref> Other prominent examples include the [[Inner Niger Delta]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dadson |first1=Simon J. |last2=Ashpole |first2=Ian |last3=Harris |first3=Phil |last4=Davies |first4=Helen N. |last5=Clark |first5=Douglas B. |last6=Blyth |first6=Eleanor |last7=Taylor |first7=Christopher M. |title=Wetland inundation dynamics in a model of land surface climate: Evaluation in the Niger inland delta region |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=4 December 2010 |volume=115 |issue=D23 |pages=D23114 |doi=10.1029/2010JD014474|bibcode=2010JGRD..11523114D }}</ref> [[Peace–Athabasca Delta]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leconte |first1=Robert |last2=Pietroniro |first2=Alain |last3=Peters |first3=Daniel L. |last4=Prowse |first4=Terry D. |title=Effects of flow regulation on hydrologic patterns of a large, inland delta |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research & Management |date=2001 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=51–65 |doi=10.1002/1099-1646(200101/02)17:1<51::AID-RRR588>3.0.CO;2-V|doi-access=free }}</ref> the [[Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hart |first1=Jeff |first2=John |last2=Hunter |title=Restoring Slough and River Banks with Biotechnical Methods in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta |journal=Ecological Restoration |volume=22 |number=4 |year=2004 |pages=262–68 |doi=10.3368/er.22.4.262 |jstor=43442774.|bibcode=2004EcoRe..22..262H |s2cid=84968414 }}</ref> and the [[Sistan]] delta of Iran.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Beek |first1=Eelco |last2=Bozorgy |first2=Babak |last3=Vekerdy |first3=Zoltán |last4=Meijer |first4=Karen |title=Limits to agricultural growth in the Sistan Closed Inland Delta, Iran |journal=Irrigation and Drainage Systems |date=June 2008 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=131–143 |doi=10.1007/s10795-008-9045-7|s2cid=111027461 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Danube]] has one in the valley on the Slovak–Hungarian border between [[Bratislava]] and [[Iža]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petráš |first1=Rudolf |last2=Mecko |first2=Julian |last3=Oszlányi |first3=Július |last4=Petrášová |first4=Viera |last5=Jamnická |first5=Gabriela |title=Landscape of Danube inland-delta and its potential of poplar bioenergy production |journal=Biomass and Bioenergy |date=August 2013 |volume=55 |pages=68–72 |doi=10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.05.022|bibcode=2013BmBe...55...68P }}</ref>

In some cases, a river flowing into a flat arid area splits into channels that evaporate as it progresses into the desert. The [[Okavango Delta]] in [[Botswana]] is one example.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neuenschwander |first1=A.L. |last2=Crawford |first2=M.M. |last3=Ringrose |first3=S. |title=IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium |chapter=Monitoring of seasonal flooding in the Okavango Delta using EO-1 data |date=2002 |volume=6 |pages=3124–3126 |doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2002.1027105|isbn=0-7803-7536-X |s2cid=33284178 }}</ref> See [[endorheic basin]].

=== Mega deltas ===
The generic term ''mega delta'' can be used to describe very large Asian river deltas, such as the [[Yangtze River Delta|Yangtze]], [[Pearl River Delta|Pearl]], [[Red River Delta|Red]], [[Mekong Delta|Mekong]], [[Irrawaddy Delta|Irrawaddy]], [[Ganges Delta|Ganges-Brahmaputra]], and [[Indus River Delta|Indus]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seto |first1=Karen C. |title=Exploring the dynamics of migration to mega-delta cities in Asia and Africa: Contemporary drivers and future scenarios |journal=Global Environmental Change |date=December 2011 |volume=21 |pages=S94–S107 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.08.005|bibcode=2011GEC....21S..94S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Darby |first1=Stephen E. |last2=Hackney |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Leyland |first3=Julian |last4=Kummu |first4=Matti |last5=Lauri |first5=Hannu |last6=Parsons |first6=Daniel R. |last7=Best |first7=James L. |last8=Nicholas |first8=Andrew P. |last9=Aalto |first9=Rolf |title=Fluvial sediment supply to a mega-delta reduced by shifting tropical-cyclone activity |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=November 2016 |volume=539 |issue=7628 |pages=276–279 |doi=10.1038/nature19809 |pmid=27760114 |bibcode=2016Natur.539..276D |s2cid=205251150 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/401212/1/Darby_et_al_Nature_TCs_MERGED.pdf |access-date=2020-12-22 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613212102/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/401212/1/Darby_et_al_Nature_TCs_MERGED.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Sedimentary structure ==
[[File:Line5066 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|thumb|Delta on [[Kachemak Bay]] at low tide]]
The formation of a delta is complicated, multiple, and cross-cutting over time, but in a simple delta three main types of bedding may be distinguished: the bottomset beds, foreset/frontset beds, and topset beds. This three-part structure may be seen on small scale by [[crossbedding]].<ref name=maine /><ref>D.G.A Whitten, ''The Penguin Dictionary of Geology'' (1972)</ref>
*The bottomset beds are created from the lightest suspended particles that settle farthest away from the active delta front, as the river flow diminishes into the standing body of water and loses energy. This suspended load is deposited by [[sediment gravity flow]], creating a [[turbidite]]. These beds are laid down in horizontal layers and consist of the finest grain sizes.
*The foreset beds in turn are deposited in inclined layers over the bottomset beds as the active lobe advances. Foreset beds form the greater part of the bulk of a delta, (and also occur on the lee side of [[sand dunes]]).<ref name="BatesDict">Robert L. Bates, Julia A. Jackson, ''Dictionary of Geological Terms'' [[American Geological Institute|AGI]] (1984)</ref> The sediment particles within foreset beds consist of larger and more variable sizes, and constitute the [[bed load]] that the river moves downstream by rolling and bouncing along the channel bottom. When the bed load reaches the edge of the delta front, it rolls over the edge, and is deposited in steeply dipping layers over the top of the existing bottomset beds. Underwater, the slope of the outermost edge of the delta is created at the [[angle of repose]] of these sediments. As the foresets accumulate and advance, [[wikt:subaqueous|subaqueous]] landslides occur and readjust overall slope stability. The foreset slope, thus created and maintained, extends the delta lobe outward. In cross section, foresets typically lie in angled, parallel bands, and indicate stages and seasonal variations during the creation of the delta.
*The topset beds of an advancing delta are deposited in turn over the previously laid foresets, truncating or covering them. Topsets are nearly horizontal layers of smaller-sized sediment deposited on the top of the delta and form an extension of the landward [[alluvial plain]].<ref name="BatesDict" /> As the river channels meander laterally across the top of the delta, the river is lengthened and its gradient is reduced, causing the suspended load to settle out in nearly horizontal beds over the delta's top. Topset beds are subdivided into two regions: the upper delta plain and the lower delta plain. The upper delta plain is unaffected by the tide, while the boundary with the lower delta plain is defined by the upper limit of tidal influence.<ref>Hori, K. and Saito, Y. ''Morphology and Sediments of Large River Deltas''. Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo Geographical Society, 2003</ref>

== Existential threats to deltas ==
Human activities in both deltas and the [[River Basin|river basins]] upstream of deltas can radically alter delta environments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Day|first1=John W.|last2=Agboola|first2=Julius|last3=Chen|first3=Zhongyuan|last4=D’Elia|first4=Christopher|last5=Forbes|first5=Donald L.|last6=Giosan|first6=Liviu|last7=Kemp|first7=Paul|last8=Kuenzer|first8=Claudia|last9=Lane|first9=Robert R.|last10=Ramachandran|first10=Ramesh|last11=Syvitski|first11=James|date=2016-12-20|title=Approaches to defining deltaic sustainability in the 21st century|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771416301846|journal=[[Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science]]|series=Sustainability of Future Coasts and Estuaries|language=en|volume=183|pages=275–291|doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2016.06.018|bibcode=2016ECSS..183..275D|issn=0272-7714|access-date=2021-03-13|archive-date=2024-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525143652/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272771416301846|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Upstream [[land use change]] such as [[Erosion control|anti-erosion agricultural practices]] and hydrological engineering such as [[dam]] construction in the basins feeding deltas have reduced river sediment delivery to many deltas in recent decades.<ref name=":352">{{Cite journal|last1=Syvitski|first1=James P. M.|last2=Kettner|first2=Albert J.|last3=Overeem|first3=Irina|last4=Hutton|first4=Eric W. H.|last5=Hannon|first5=Mark T.|last6=Brakenridge|first6=G. Robert|last7=Day|first7=John|last8=Vörösmarty|first8=Charles|last9=Saito|first9=Yoshiki|last10=Giosan|first10=Liviu|last11=Nicholls|first11=Robert J.|date=2009-10-01|title=Sinking deltas due to human activities|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo629|journal=[[Nature Geoscience]]|language=en|volume=2|issue=10|pages=681–686|doi=10.1038/ngeo629|bibcode=2009NatGe...2..681S|issn=1752-0908|hdl=1912/3207|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-03-13|archive-date=2021-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505182330/https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo629|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This change means that there is less sediment available to maintain delta landforms, and compensate for [[erosion]] and [[sea level rise]], causing some deltas to start losing land.<ref name=":352" /> Declines in river sediment delivery are projected to continue in the coming decades.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dunn|first1=Frances E|last2=Darby|first2=Stephen E|last3=Nicholls|first3=Robert J|last4=Cohen|first4=Sagy|last5=Zarfl|first5=Christiane|last6=Fekete|first6=Balázs M|date=2019-08-06|title=Projections of declining fluvial sediment delivery to major deltas worldwide in response to climate change and anthropogenic stress|journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]]|volume=14|issue=8|pages=084034|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab304e|bibcode=2019ERL....14h4034D|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The extensive anthropogenic activities in deltas also interfere with [[Geomorphology|geomorphological]] and [[Ecology|ecological]] delta processes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Syvitski|first=James P. M.|date=2008-04-01|title=Deltas at risk|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-008-0043-3|journal=Sustainability Science|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=23–32|doi=10.1007/s11625-008-0043-3|bibcode=2008SuSc....3...23S |s2cid=128976925|issn=1862-4057|access-date=2021-03-13|archive-date=2024-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525143640/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11625-008-0043-3|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> People living on deltas often construct [[Flood defence|flood defences]] which prevent [[sedimentation]] from floods on deltas, and therefore means that [[sediment deposition]] can not compensate for [[subsidence]] and [[erosion]]. In addition to interference with delta [[aggradation]], pumping of [[Groundwater exploitation|groundwater]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Minderhoud|first1=P S J|last2=Erkens|first2=G|last3=Pham|first3=V H|last4=Bui|first4=V T|last5=Erban|first5=L|last6=Kooi|first6=H|last7=Stouthamer|first7=E|date=2017-06-01|title=Impacts of 25 years of groundwater extraction on subsidence in the Mekong delta, Vietnam|journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]]|volume=12|issue=6|pages=064006|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aa7146|issn=1748-9326|pmc=6192430|pmid=30344619|bibcode=2017ERL....12f4006M}}</ref> [[Oil Extraction|oil]], and [[Gas extraction|gas]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ABAM|first=T. K. S.|date=2001-02-01|title=Regional hydrological research perspectives in the Niger Delta|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal|volume=46|issue=1|pages=13–25|doi=10.1080/02626660109492797|bibcode=2001HydSJ..46...13A |s2cid=129784677|issn=0262-6667|doi-access=free}}</ref> and constructing infrastructure all accelerate [[subsidence]], increasing [[relative sea level]] rise. Anthropogenic activities can also destabilise river channels through [[sand mining]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hackney|first1=Christopher R.|last2=Darby|first2=Stephen E.|last3=Parsons|first3=Daniel R.|last4=Leyland|first4=Julian|last5=Best|first5=James L.|last6=Aalto|first6=Rolf|last7=Nicholas|first7=Andrew P.|last8=Houseago|first8=Robert C.|date=2020-03-01|title=River bank instability from unsustainable sand mining in the lower Mekong River|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0455-3|journal=[[Nature Sustainability]]|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=217–225|doi=10.1038/s41893-019-0455-3|bibcode=2020NatSu...3..217H |s2cid=210166330|issn=2398-9629|hdl=10871/40127|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-03-13|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613091441/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0455-3|url-status=live}}</ref> and cause [[Salinisation|saltwater intrusion]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eslami|first1=Sepehr|last2=Hoekstra|first2=Piet|last3=Nguyen Trung|first3=Nam|last4=Ahmed Kantoush|first4=Sameh|last5=Van Binh|first5=Doan|last6=Duc Dung|first6=Do|last7=Tran Quang|first7=Tho|last8=van der Vegt|first8=Maarten|date=2019-12-10|title=Tidal amplification and salt intrusion in the Mekong Delta driven by anthropogenic sediment starvation|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=18746|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-55018-9|pmid=31822705|pmc=6904557|bibcode=2019NatSR...918746E|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref> There are small-scale efforts to correct these issues, improve delta environments and increase [[environmental sustainability]] through [[Sedimentation enhancing strategy|sedimentation enhancing strategies]].

While nearly all deltas have been impacted to some degree by humans, the [[Nile Delta]] and [[Colorado River Delta]] are some of the most extreme examples of the devastation caused to deltas by damming and diversion of water.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-03-01|title=Impact of human interventions and coastal processes along the Nile Delta coast, Egypt during the past twenty-five years|journal=The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research|language=en|volume=42|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1016/j.ejar.2016.01.002|issn=1687-4285|doi-access=free|last1=Ali|first1=Elham M.|last2=El-Magd|first2=Islam A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Witze|first=Alexandra|date=2014-03-20|title=Water returns to arid Colorado River delta|journal=Nature News|language=en|volume=507|issue=7492|pages=286–287|doi=10.1038/507286a|pmid=24646976|bibcode=2014Natur.507..286W|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Historical data documents show that during the Roman Empire and Little Ice Age (times when there was considerable anthropogenic pressure), there was significant sediment accumulation in deltas. The industrial revolution has only amplified the impact of humans on delta growth and retreat.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maselli|first1=Vittorio|last2=Trincardi|first2=Fabio|date=2013-05-31|title=Man made deltas|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=3|article-number=1926|bibcode=2013NatSR...3.1926M|doi=10.1038/srep01926|issn=2045-2322|pmc=3668317|pmid=23722597}}</ref>

== Deltas in the economy ==
Ancient deltas benefit the economy due to their well-sorted [[sand]] and [[gravel]]. Sand and gravel are often quarried from these old deltas and used in concrete for [[highways]], buildings, sidewalks, and landscaping. More than 1 billion tons of sand and gravel are produced in the United States alone.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Mineral Photos – Sand and Gravel|url=http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photosandgr.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006200708/http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photosandgr.html|archive-date=2011-10-06|access-date=2011-11-02|website=Mineral Information Institute}}</ref> Not all sand and gravel quarries are former deltas, but for ones that are, much of the sorting is already done by the power of water.{{Cn|date=November 2024}}

[[File:Pori aerial 3.jpg|thumb|The [[Kokemäenjoki|Kokemäki River]] (''Kokemäenjoki'') flows through the city of [[Pori]] in [[Satakunta|Satakunta, Finland]]. Its delta, where the delta islands remain between the [[Distributary|distributaries]], starts near the centre.]]
Urban areas and human habitation tend to be located in lowlands near water access for transportation and [[sanitation]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=A.|first=Stefan|date=2017-05-22|title=Why are cities located where they are?|url=http://www.thiscityknows.com/location-of-cities-it-has-a-lot-to-do-with-water-resources-history-and-being-in-the-northern-hemisphere/|access-date=2020-01-05|website=This City Knows|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606030143/http://www.thiscityknows.com/location-of-cities-it-has-a-lot-to-do-with-water-resources-history-and-being-in-the-northern-hemisphere/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This makes deltas a common location for civilizations to flourish due to access to flat land for farming, freshwater for sanitation and [[irrigation]], and sea access for trade. Deltas often host extensive industrial and commercial activities, and agricultural land is frequently in conflict. Some of the world's largest regional economies are located on deltas such as the [[Pearl River Delta]], [[Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone|Yangtze River Delta]], [[Low Countries|European Low Countries]] and the [[Greater Tokyo Area]].{{Cn|date=November 2024}}

== Examples ==

{{See also|:Category:River deltas}}
The [[Ganges Delta|Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta]], which spans most of [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]] and empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]], is the world's largest delta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appendix A: The Major River Deltas Of The World |url=https://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/PUBLICATIONS/HCBK04/DeltaData%26Images.pdf |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=[[Louisiana State University]] |archive-date=2022-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222200504/https://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/PUBLICATIONS/HCBK04/DeltaData%26Images.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Selenga River]] delta in the [[Republics of Russia|Russian republic]] of [[Buryatia]] is the largest delta emptying into a body of fresh water, in its case [[Lake Baikal]].{{Cn|date=November 2024}}

== Deltas on Mars ==
Researchers have found a number of examples of deltas that formed in [[Lakes on Mars|Martian lakes]]. Finding deltas is a major sign that Mars once had large amounts of water. Deltas have been found over a wide geographical range. Below are pictures of a few.<ref>Irwin III, R. et al. 2005. An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 2. Increased runoff and paleolake development. Journal of Geophysical Research: 10. E12S15</ref>

<gallery>
File:Delta in Ismenius Lacus.jpg|Delta in [[Ismenius Lacus quadrangle]], as seen by [[Thermal Emission Imaging System|THEMIS]]
File:Delta in Lunae Palus.jpg|Delta in [[Lunae Palus quadrangle]], as seen by THEMIS
File:Delta in Margaritifer Sinus.jpg|Delta in [[Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle]] as seen by THEMIS
File:Distributary fan-delta.jpg|Probable delta in [[Eberswalde crater]], as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Image in [[Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle]].
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Wetlands}}
*{{annotated link|Alluvial fan}}
*{{annotated link|Avulsion (river)}}
*{{annotated link|Braided channel}}
*{{annotated link|Estuary}}
*{{annotated link|Levee}}
*{{annotated link|Nile Delta}}
*{{annotated link|Mouth bar}}
*{{annotated link|Regressive delta}}
*{{annotated link|Geology of the Pearl River Delta|Pearl River Delta}} – Complex delta in south-east China
*{{annotated link|Peresyp}}
*{{annotated link|Tidewater glacier cycle}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-007-3961-1}}, {{doi|10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8}}, pp. 7–48
* KUENZER C. and RENAUD, F. 2012: Climate Change and Environmental Change in River Deltas Globally. In (eds.): Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-007-3961-1}}, {{doi|10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8}}, pp. 7–48
* {{cite journal | last1 = Ottinger | first1 = M. | last2 = Kuenzer | first2 = C. | last3 = LIU | last4 = Wang | first4 = S. | last5 = Dech | first5 = S. | year = 2013 | title = Monitoring Land Cover Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta from 1995 to 2010 based on Landsat 5 TM | journal = Applied Geography | volume = 44 | pages = 53–68 | doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.003| bibcode = 2013AppGe..44...53O }}
* Claudia Kuenzer, Valentin Heimhuber, Juliane Huth, Stefan Dech: ''Remote Sensing for the Quantification of Land Surface Dynamics in Large River Delta Regions - A Review.'' Remote Sensing, 11(17), 2019, S. 1-42. doi: 10.3390/rs11171985. ISSN 2072-4292.
* Michel Leonard Wolters, Claudia Kuenzer: ''Vulnerability assessments of coastal river deltas - categorization and review.'' Journal of Coastal Conservation, 3/2015 (3/2015), 2015, S. 1-24, doi: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11852-015-0396-6 10.1007/s11852-015-0396-6]. ISSN 1400-0350.

== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|Historical Geology|Deltas}}
{{Commons category|River deltas}}
*[http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/DELTA_LISTS/continents.htm Louisiana State University Geology] – World Deltas
* http://www.wisdom.eoc.dlr.de WISDOM Water-related Information System for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong Delta
*[http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Wave-dominated_river_deltas Wave-dominated river deltas on coastalwiki.org] – A coastalwiki.org page on wave-dominated river deltas

{{river morphology}}
{{coastal geography}}
{{aquatic ecosystem topics}}
{{Wetlands}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Ecology]]
[[Category:River deltas| ]]
[[Category:Coastal geography]]
[[Category:Sedimentology]]
[[Category:Fluvial landforms]]
[[Category:Water streams]]
[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Water]]

Jadubai Jorat

2026-03-05T01:03:15Z

RoyalEddington6: data

{{Short description|Marathi-language comedy series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jadubai Jorat.jpg
| image_size =
| company = Trrump Carrd Production
| last_aired = {{End date|2018|03|31|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|07|24|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 216
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer = Tejendra Neswankar
| country = India
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Comedy]] [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Jadubai Jorat''''' ({{translation|Fat Lady in vigor}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] comedy series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/television/jadubai-jorat-to-capture-afternoon-tv-viewers.php|title=‘Jadubai Jorat’ to capture afternoon TV Viewers|website=Marathi Movie World}}</ref> It starred [[Nirmiti Sawant]] and [[Kishori Shahane]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/nirmiti-and-kishori-together/articleshow/59429809.cms|title=Nirmiti Sawant & Kishori Shahane in Jadubai Jorat - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 24 July 2017 and produced by Tejendra Neswankar under the banner of Trrump Carrd Production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-zee-marathi-new-serial-jadubai-jorat-starts-from-24th-july-5649188-pho.html|title=छोट्या पडद्यावर निर्मिती सावंत-किशोरी शहाणेचं कमबॅक, ही आहे ‘जाडूबाई जोरात’ची स्टोरी|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
''Jadubai Jorat'' tells the audience that beauty is not what appears on the exterior but it is what is within. The story is about Jui Kanvinde Samant, a simple working woman from [[Maharashtra]], who has sacrificed all her interests to take care of her family as a [[homemaker]]. As a result, she has neglected her personal appearances as well and has developed much [[obesity]]. One day, however, Jui meets her childhood friend, Mallika Raje Pradhan, an [[Upper class|upper-class]] independent woman, who challenges her to [[Weight loss|lose weight]] and become fit just like her. The question is whether Jui will accept Mallika's challenge and make the impossible possible as her love for [[food]] wins over her determination to lose weight every time which forms the central part of the story.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Nirmiti Sawant]] as Jui Anna Kanvinde / Jui Suryakant Samant (Jadubai): Surya's wife; Sayali and Yash's mother; Anna's daughter; Appa and Uma's daughter-in-law; Nanda's sister-in-law; Swara's aunt; Mallika's childhood friend
* [[Kishori Shahane]] as Mallika Shantanu Raje / Mallika Shrikar Pradhan: Shri's wife; Rugved's mother; Maharaj's employer; Surya's ex-girlfriend; Jui's childhood friend

=== Recurring ===
* Siddharth Khirid as Rugved Shrikar Pradhan: Sayali's boyfriend; Shri and Mallika's son; Maharaj's employer
* Sanchita Kulkarni as Sayali Suryakant Samant: Rugved's girlfriend; Surya and Jui's daughter; Yash and Swara's older sister; Anna, Appa and Uma's older granddaughter; Nanda and Sameer's niece
* [[Anand Kale]] as Suryakant Appa Samant (Surya): Jui's husband; Sayali and Yash's father; Appa and Uma's son; Anna's son-in-law; Nanda's older brother; Sameer's brother-in-law; Swara's uncle; Mallika's ex-boyfriend
* Vighnesh Joshi as Shrikar Shankar Pradhan (Shri): Mallika's husband; Rugved's father; Maharaj's employer
* [[Jayant Savarkar]] as Anna Kanvinde: Jui's father; Surya's father-in-law; Sayali and Yash's maternal grandfather; Appa and Uma's co-father-in-law
* Pradeep Joshi as Appa Samant: Uma's husband; Surya and Nanda's father; Jui and Sameer's father-in-law; Sayali and Yash's paternal and Swara's maternal grandfather; Anna and Ragini's co-father-in-law
* Sanjeevani Samel as Uma Appa Samant: Appa's husband; Surya and Nanda's mother; Jui and Sameer's mother-in-law; Sayali and Yash's paternal and Swara's maternal grandmother; Anna and Ragini's co-mother-in-law
* Pradnya Edake Jawale as Nanda Appa Samant / Nanda Sameer Naik: Sameer's wife; Swara's mother; Appa and Uma's daughter; Ragini's daughter-in-law; Surya's younger sister; Jui's sister-in-law; Sayali and Yash's aunt
* Parth Ghatge as Yash Suryakant Samant: Surya and Jui's son; Sayali's younger and Swara's older brother; Anna, Appa and Uma's grandson; Nanda and Sameer's nephew
* Amey Borkar as Viraj Vasant Barve: Mr. Barve's son; Rugved and Sayali's friend
* Rajesh Chitnis as Vasant Raghuram Barve: Viraj's father; Surya and Shri's friend
* Yogita Chavan as Gargi Ranjit Singh Nimbalkar: Aabasaheb and Richa's daughter; Rugved's suitress
* Mugdha Godbole Ranade as Richa Ranjit Singh Nimbalkar: Aabasaheb's wife; Gargi's mother; Mallika's friend
* Ragini Samant as Ragini Naik: Sameer's mother; Nanda's mother-in-law; Swara's paternal grandmother

== Reception ==
=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
* 17 September 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/new-serial-jadubai-jorat-esakal-news-60575|title=झी मराठीची नवी मालिका ‘जाडूबाई जोरात’ २४ जुलैपासून|website=[[Sakal]]|language=mr}}</ref>

=== Airing history ===
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Airing Date !! Days !! Time (IST)
|-
| 1 || 24 July – 25 November 2017 || rowspan="2"| Mon-Sat || 1 pm
|-
| 2 || 27 November 2017 – 31 March 2018 || 6 pm<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/jadubai-jorat-serial-in-prime-time-of-zee-marathi-now-telecast-at-6-pm-1591823/lite/|title=काय, ‘जाडूबाई जोरात’ आता दुपारी पाहता येणार नाही!|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14087714}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]

Swati (1986 film)

2026-03-03T23:58:53Z

RoyalEddington6: refine lead after review and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Swati
| image = Swati86.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Kranthi Kumar]]
| producer = [[L. V. Prasad]]
| writer = [[Kranthi Kumar]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Sharmila Tagore]] [[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]] [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Vinod Mehra]] [[Sarika]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[Hari Anumolu]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] A. Sanjeevi
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1986|05|02|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Swati''''' is a 1986 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Kranthi Kumar. The film stars [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] in the title role alongside an ensemble star cast consisting of [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Raja Bundela]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]] and [[Sarika]]. Meenakshi Sheshadri's performance was highly appreciated and is considered amongst her best performances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/nov/16/16829|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331084915/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/nov/16/16829|url-status=live|archive-date=31 March 2020|title=5 memorable roles of Meenakshi Seshadri – Birthday special|last=Thombare|first=Suparna|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-asin-quits-acting-after-marriage-other-actresses-who-chose-family-over-career-2199087|title=Asin quits acting after marriage: Other actresses who chose family over career|date=2016-04-06|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref> The film was a remake of the director's own [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film of the [[Swati (1984 film)|same name]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1998|isbn=0-19-563579-5|pages=468|orig-date=1994}}</ref> The film belongs to the art house cinematic genre, known in India as [[parallel cinema]].

==Plot==
Sharda (Sharmila Tagore) is in love with a young man named Satya Prakash. Sharda becomes pregnant, and Satya Prakash wants to marry her as soon as possible. He goes out to get the wedding date fixed with Panditji, but a few goons come and attack him, and in the process, he kills one goon. At the same time, a few goons attack Sharda and tell her that Satya Prakash has sold her, and they try to gang-rape her. She somehow manages to run away, but gets heartbroken when her boyfriend doesn't return and believes what the goons have told her. She decides to keep the child, names her Swati, re-locates to a small town in Southern India, and finds employment as a nurse with Dr. Rajendra. Years later, Swati (Meenakshi Sheshadri) has grown up to be an assertive young woman who is not only outspoken but also quite capable of physically defending herself. However, her attitude alienates her and Sharda from the community in general. She befriends Ram Mohan, an activist, who is often in trouble with the police. With no one to look after her mother after she gets married, Swati asks Rajendra, now a widower, to marry Sharda, to which he agrees. The marriage takes place, and both move in to live a wealthy lifestyle with Rajendra and his daughter, Anandi (Madhuri Dixit). Rajendra and Sharda decide to find a suitable groom for Swati, but before that could happen, Anandi finds out that she is pregnant with her boyfriend's child. So Swati and Sharda hide this and Swati's existence from Anandi's in-laws. So Swati moves out, while Anandi's marriage takes place with Prasad Chiranjivi Gupta. But Sharda's troubles with Swati are far from over, as Sharda's long-lost boyfriend, Satya Prakash, will soon return into her life, turning Sharda and Swati's lives upside down.

==Cast==
*[[Shashi Kapoor]] as Dr. Rajendra Prasad
*[[Sharmila Tagore]] as Sharda
*[[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]] as Ram Mohan
*[[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] as Swati
*[[Madhuri Dixit]] as Anandi
*[[Vinod Mehra]] as Satyaprakash
*[[Raja Bundela]] as Kamdev Prasad Chiranjilal Rokadia "Kapil Dev"
*[[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Arjun]] as Manohar Joshi
*Madhu Kapoor as Laxmi Joshi
*[[Shubha Khote]] as Saroj Bhatnagar
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Satyanarayan Chaubey
*[[Sarika]] as Dancer / Singer

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:93%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Hindi Boli, Urdu Boli, Angrezi Mein Samjhaya"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "Shaadi Mubarak Bole Shehnai, Badhai Badhai"
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Main Tere Saath Hoon, Tu Mere Saath Hai"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Manhar Udhas]]
|-
| "Aane Do Aane Do Ab Zubaan Pe Dil Ki"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Manhar Udhas]]
|-
| "Jannat Ka Khwab"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0092033|title =Swati}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1986 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kranthi Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Pandanti Samsaram

2026-03-03T21:59:00Z

RoyalEddington6: put up the info w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Pandanti Samsaram.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]
| writer = [[Paruchuri brothers]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Krishna
| story = Paruchuri brothers
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Krishna
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj|Prithvi]]
*[[Ravali]]
*[[Charulatha]]
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing = Krishna
| music =
| studio = [[Padmalaya Studios]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|5|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pandanti Samsaram''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[family film|family]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and starring himself, [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]], [[Ravali ]], [[Charulatha]] and [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Krishnamanaidu
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj|Prithvi]] as Narendra
*[[Ravali]]<ref name="F"/>
*[[Charulatha]]<ref name="F"/>
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Chalapathi
*[[Babu Mohan]]
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
*[[Prasad Babu]]
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]]
*[[Gokina Rama Rao]]
*[[Sivaji Raja]]<ref name="F"/>
*[[Gautam Raju]]
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]]
*[[Suma Kanakala]]
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]]
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in February of 2001,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news102.html|title=Krishna's Pandanti Samsaram|date=30 January 2001|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328203333/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news102.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] also worked as a director and editor of the film.<ref name="M">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news112.html|title=Krishna without Mustache|date=27 February 2001|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327164736/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news112.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This film marked the debut of Krishna's two grandsons Ghattamaneni Jaya Krishna and Ashok Galla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news125.html|title=Superstar's 9-month-old grandson film debut|date=5 April 2001|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327164736/https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news125.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/101119/man-of-the-moment-1.html|title=Man of the moment|first=Sashidhar|last=Adivi|date=10 November 2019|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328204759/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/101119/man-of-the-moment-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]] with lyrics by [[Jaladi Raja Rao|Jaladi]].<ref name="M"/> Krishna acted without a mustache for a song in the film; he had never removed his mustache since his role in ''[[Thene Manasulu (1965 film)|Thene Manasulu]]'' (1965).<ref name="M"/> He played nine roles in another song in the film including [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]], [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Chatrapati Sivaji]], [[Subash Chandra Bose]], and [[Veerapandya Kattabomman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news120.html|title=9 avatars by Krishna|date=9 March 2001|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327164736/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news120.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "The film is so contrived to the core, and there is so little intelligence involved in its making, there is hardly anything in it to talk about".<ref name="F">{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/pandanti-samsaram/telugu/pandanti-samsaram-movie-reviews-437-2.html|title=Pandanti Samsaram Review|website=fullhyd.com|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119211754/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/pandanti-samsaram/telugu/pandanti-samsaram-movie-reviews-437-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film ran for fifty days in two theatres: Mini Odeon in [[Hyderabad]] (now defunct) and Priyadarshini in [[Vijayawada]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news144.html|title=Krishna in the direction of Thriller Manju|date=3 July 2001|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327164736/https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news144.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Padmalaya Studios films]]

Nandeeswarudu

2026-03-03T17:50:12Z

RoyalEddington6: slightly expand citations for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nandeeswarudu
| image = Nandeeswarudu poster.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Anji Sreenu Yarajala
| producer = Dr. Kota Gangadhar Reddy Segu Ramesh Babu
| story = Anji Sreenu Yarajala Ravi Bhillagari
| screenplay = Anji Sreenu Yarajala
| starring = [[Taraka Ratna|Nandamuri Taraka Ratna]] [[Jagapathi Babu]] [[Sheena Shahabadi]]
| music = Parthasaradhi
| cinematography = N. Sudhakar Reddy
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy
| based_on = [[Deadly Soma]]
| studio = KFC & SRB Art Productions
| released = {{Film date|2012|1|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Nandeeswarudu''''' is a 2012 Indian Telugu-language [[action film]] produced by Kota Gangadhar Reddy & Segu Ramesh Babu on KFC & SRB Art Productions banner and directed by Sreeenu Yarajala. The film stars [[Taraka Ratna|Nandamuri Taraka Ratna]], [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Sheena Shahabadi]], and music composed by Parthasarathy. It is a remake of the 2005 [[Kannada film]] ''[[Deadly Soma]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/telugu-review-nandeeswarudu-is-a-bad-remake-439844.html | title=Telugu Review: 'Nandeeswarudu' is a bad remake | date=23 January 2012 }}</ref> The film recorded as a flop at box-office.<ref>Y. Sunita Chowdhary (21 January 2012) [https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Nandeeswarudu-Why-this-kolaveri/article12642801.ece Nandeeswarudu: Why this kolaveri?] ''The Hindu''</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with Nandeswara / Nandu, a crime lord whose existence makes it hard to defile the government. So, the Home Minister sets a target of wiping out him through a sheer cop, Commissioner Eeswar Prasad. Eeswar Prasad is a sincere & daredevil as well as a jokester. At present, he pays attention to Nandu's past. Nandu is a resident of an adjacent village; his father, Ananda Bhupati, is an arbiter and the forefront of that territory. He leads a delightful life with a conscientious joint family, and his mother Lakshmi aspires him to see as [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]]. To achieve it, Nandu lands in the city where he crushes Pragati. Meanwhile, Ranga Rao, father-in-law of Nandu's sibling Sivaji humiliates and boots Ananda Bhupati. Knowing it, Nandu breaks his leg and must pay the penalty.

Soon after the release, Nandu knocks back to reach home as he cannot enter the premises as a criminal. Plus, the oath given to his mother obstructs him. He gets back to the city and stays with his friends. After which, he spots the malevolent forces prevailing around under the charge of diabolic goon Babanna and his acolytes Vasanth & Naganna. Once, Vasanth mortifies his friend Seenu's mother, Yashoda, and chops the hand of boy Chinna, who shares a close intimacy with Nandu. At that point, enraged Nandu decapitates him and, following, slaughters Naganna too. From there, the public started adoring him, and he sought justice for people in need affected by the failure of the law & order system.

Now, Eeswar Prasad gives Nandu an ultimatum and warns his family. Like a shot, they retort and feel proud of their son's eminence. Here, Eeswar Prasad, with the aid of the Chief Minister, seeks approval to eliminate the ruffians in the city and dethrone the Home Minister. Accordingly, the Home Minister mingles with Babannaa and ploys to slay Nandu when his friend Saleem dies. Hence, Nandu onslaughts and ceases them. Later, Eeswar Prasad arrives and encounters Nandu. Next, Eeswara Prasad is assigned a new mission. To attain it, he solicits the support of a dynamic officer; therein, Nandu enters as a cop. Indeed, Eeswar Prasad has made a [[fake encounter]], removed the charges on Nandu, and molded him into a Police. At last, Nandu and his family express their gratitude to Eeswar Prasad. The movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Nandu & Pragati.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Taraka Ratna|Nandamuri Taraka Ratna]] as Nandeeswarudu / Nandu
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Commissioner Eeswar Prasad
* [[Sheena Shahabadi]]
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Ananda Bhupathi
* [[Mannava Balayya|M. Balayah]] as Satya Murthy
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as DGP
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Babanna
* [[Nagineedu]] as Home Minister
* [[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Saleem
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Banerjee
* [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Vasanth
* Mukthar Khan as Naganna
* [[Vijayachander]] as CM
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Seenu
* [[Sivaji Raja]] as Sivaji
* Director Sarath as Sarath
* Kota Shankar Rao as Ranga Rao
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seeta]] as Lakshmi
* Delhi Rajeswari as Yashoda
* Lahari as Lahari
* Jayavani as Bangaram
* [[Rachana Maurya]] as an [[item number]]
* Master Athulith as Young Nadeswarudu
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name =
| type = film
| artist = Parthasaradhi
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2011
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 28:52
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Parthasarathy
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[Parthu|Parthasaradhi]]. Lyrics are written by Ram Paidesetti. The music released on ADITYA Music Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:52
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Racha Racha
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length1 = 4:29

| title2 = Naa Rupe Mirchi
| extra2 = [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length2 = 4:33

| title3 = Chettu Meeda
| extra3 = Parthu, [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| length3 = 4:28

| title4 = Bindas Bindas
| extra4 = Parthu
| length4 = 3:55

| title5 = Adire Andalu
| extra5 = [[Taraka Ratna|Nandamuri Taraka Ratna]],Kalpana
| length5 = 4:17

| title6 = Yegire
| extra6 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| length6 = 2:44

| title7 = Nandeeswarudu
| extra7 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length7 = 4:12
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3371380}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2012 crime action films]]
[[Category:Biographical action films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]

Buchinaidu Kandriga (film)

2026-03-03T09:19:35Z

RoyalEddington6: put up basic article basic info!

{{Short description|2020 Indian film in Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Buchinaidu Kandriga (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = 
| director = Krishna Poluru
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Pamidimukkala Chandra Kumari
| starring = Munna Drishika Chander
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ram K. Mahesan
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = Mihiraamsh
| studio = 
| distributor = [[aha (streaming service)|aha]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|8|21}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Buchinaidu Kandriga''''' is a 2020 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by Krishna Poluru and starring Munna and Drishika Chander with [[Ravi Varma Adduri|Ravi Varma]] in a negative role. The film was released on [[aha (streaming service)|aha]] on 21 August 2020.

== Cast ==
*[[Munna (actor)|Munna]] as Balu
*Drishika Chander as Swapna
*[[Ravi Varma Adduri|Ravi Varma]] as Swapna's father
*Subbarao
*Prabhavathi
*[[Pavithra Jayaram]]

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Buchinaidu Kandriga
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Mihiraamsh
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2020
| recorded = 2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:50
| language = Telugu
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year = 2020
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| oEoJ5JgOfTs| Buchinaidu Kandriga - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music was composed by Mihiraamsh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6yCn4jS2Fhc7NA0mc0HTzt|title=Bucchi Naidu Kandriga|date=2020|work=[[Spotify]]|access-date=2024-01-08|archive-date=2024-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108211141/https://open.spotify.com/album/6yCn4jS2Fhc7NA0mc0HTzt|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Arere
| extra1 = Aditi Bhavaraju
| length1 = 2:17
| title2 = Koduku
| extra2 = Suresh
| length2 = 3:53
| title3 = Kottha Lokam
| extra3 = Aditi Bhavaraju
| length3 = 3:32
| title4 = O Silaka
| extra4 = Sai Charan
| length4 = 2:56
| title5 = Prema O Prema
| extra5 = Adheef Mohamed
| length5 = 2:29
| title6 = Priyathama
| extra6 = Sai Charan
| length6 = 3:43
| total_length = 18:50
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "While it’s worth appreciation that Poluru chooses to touch upon the subject of honour killings, showing how it’s a relevant subject even today is something the film fails at".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/buchinaidu-khandriga/ottmoviereview/77660909.cms|title=BUCHINAIDU KHANDRIGA REVIEW : A ROUTINE LOVE STORY THAT TESTS YOUR PATIENCE|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 August 2020|first=Thadhagath|last=Pathi|access-date=9 January 2024|archive-date=17 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517054349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/buchinaidu-khandriga/ottmoviereview/77660909.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India|Samayam]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "The whole movie seems to be going in a flow but some scenes are boring here and there. Another minus is that there is not a single scene that will amaze the audience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/buchinaidu-kandriga-thurpu-veedhi-telugu-movie-review-rating/moviereview/77674550.cms|title=బుచ్చినాయుడు కండ్రిగ|date=21 August 2020|first=Varaprasad|last=Makireddy|language=te|work=[[The Times of India|Samayam]]|access-date=9 January 2024|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717051106/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/buchinaidu-kandriga-thurpu-veedhi-telugu-movie-review-rating/moviereview/77674550.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt12826550}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020 Telugu-language films]]

Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (2025 film)

2026-03-03T09:10:05Z

RoyalEddington6: Adding some details initial version - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Nitin–Bharath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

{{About|the 2025 film|the 1996 film of the same name|Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Nitin–Bharath
| writer =
| screenplay = Nitin–Bharath
| story = Sandeep Bolla
| producer =
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Pradeep Machiraju]]
* Deepika Pilli
}}
| cinematography = M. N. Balreddy
| editing = Kodati Pavan Kalyan
| music = [[Radhan]]
| studio = Monks & Monkeys
| distributor = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|4|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film co-written and directed by Nitin–Bharath.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulagam |first=Satya |date=2025-04-11 |title=అక్కడ అమ్మాయి ఇక్కడ అబ్బాయి రివ్యూ: లవ్ ప్లస్ కామెడీ...‌ సేఫ్ ఫార్ములాతో ప్రదీప్ మాచిరాజు సినిమా - హిట్టా? పట్టా? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi-2025-review-telugu-pradeep-machiraju-deepika-pilli-movie-review-rating-204084 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref> The film features [[Pradeep Machiraju]] and Deepika Pilli in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-04-09 |title=Pradeep Machiraju: I am more interested in storytelling than the medium |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2025/Apr/09/pradeep-machiraju-i-am-more-interested-in-storytelling-than-the-medium |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 11 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-03-21 |title=Pradeep Machiraju's 'Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi' locks April 11 release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/pradeep-machirajus-akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi-locks-april-11-release-956049 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Krishna, a civil engineer from Hyderabad, believes in one strange principle – never help anyone. He is sent to Bhairi Lanka village to construct bathrooms, but the villagers refuse him entry simply because he's an outsider. The village has one peculiar rule: no outsider can talk to and see Raja, the only girl in the village because every man there wants to marry her. Krishna is permitted to stay only if he agrees to avoid her completely. Everything goes smoothly until villagers learn about the relationship between Krishna and Raja.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Pradeep Machiraju]] as Krishna
* Deepika Pilli as Raja Kumari
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Krishna’s brother-in-law
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Bilal
* [[Getup Srinu]] as Paani
* [[Muralidhar Goud]] as Krishna’s father
* [[G. M. Sundar]] as Rajanna
* [[John Vijay]] as criminal
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Krishna’s mother
* [[Jhansi (actress)|Jhansi]] as Raja’s mother
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Krishna’s relative
* [[Rajitha]] as Krishna’s relative
* [[Brahmaji]] as Pan India Prabhakar
* [[Rajendran]] as Krishna’s boss
* Kodati Pavan Kalyan
* [[Chandrika Ravi]] (special appearance in the song "Modhati Chinuku")
}}

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Radhan]]
| title1 = Le Le Le Le
| length1 = 3:50
| lyrics1 = Sridhar Aavunoori
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| title2 = Touch Lo Undu
| length2 = 3:47
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = Laxmi Dasa, P Raghu
| title3 = Modhati Chinuku
| length3 = 3:18
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose
| extra3 = [[Sid Sriram]], Aishwarya Kumar
| title4 = Priyamara
| length4 = 3:26
| lyrics4 = [[Rakendu Mouli]]
| extra4 = Sarath Santhosh, Lipsika Bhasyam
| title5 = Andala Chandamama
| length5 = 2:20
| lyrics5 = M. A. Soma Sekhar
| extra5 = M. A. Soma Sekhar
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi'' was released on 11 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-16 |title='Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi' sets a release date |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi-sets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref>

Banda Kalyan of ''[[Samayam Telugu]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and was critical of the screenplay and story.<ref>{{Cite web |title='అక్కడ అమ్మాయి ఇక్కడ అబ్బాయి' మూవీ రివ్యూ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/pradeep-machiraju-akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/120198240.cms |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]'' cited it as "a <bdi>comedy of conveniences with scattered laughs</bdi>", while rating it 2 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-04-11 |title=Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi Movie Review: A comedy of conveniences with scattered laughs |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Apr/11/akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi-movie-review-a-comedy-of-conveniences-with-scattered-laughs |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Home Media==
The digital streaming rights were acquired by [[ETV Win]]. It premiered on 8 May 2025 in Telugu.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=35162892|title=Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi}}
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Radhan]]

Dear Dad (2016 film)

2026-03-02T06:21:52Z

RoyalEddington6: put up new article w/ refs!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dear Dad
| image = Dear Dad poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Tanuj Bhramar
| producer = Ratnakar M. Shaan Vyas
| starring = [[Arvind Swamy]] Himanshu Sharma Ekavali Khanna Aman Uppal Bhavika Bhasin
| writer = Tanuj Bhramar
| music = Raghav-Arjun Ujjwal Kashyap
| cinematography = Mukesh Gnanesh
| editing = Charu Shree Roy
| released = {{film date|df=y|2016|5|13}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Dear Dad''''' is a 2016 drama film written and directed by Tanuj Bhramar. The film narrates the tale of a father-son duo – 14-year-old Shivam (Himanshu Sharma), and his 45-year-old dad Nitin ([[Arvind Swamy]]).<ref name=arvind>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/dear-dad-poster-featuring-arvind-swami-himanshu-sharma/ |title=Dear Dad Poster - Featuring Arvind Swami & Himanshu Sharma |publisher=koimoi.com |date=1 April 2016}}</ref> The film was released on 13 May 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/arvind-swamys-dear-dad-first-look-poster-revealed-6255-slide-40447 |title=Arvind Swamy's 'Dear Dad' first look poster revealed |publisher=ibtimes.co.in |date=1 April 2016}}</ref> This is the third Hindi film that [[Arvind Swamy]] has acted in.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Arvind Swamy]] as Nitin Swaminathan<ref name=arvind/>
* Himanshu Sharma as Shivam Swaminathan
* [[Ekavali Khanna]] as Nupur Swaminathan
* Indu Ramchandani as Nitin's Mom
* Ranjith Thakur as Nitin's Father
* Sonika Chopra as Principal Sonika
* Aman Uppal as Aditya Taneja
* Shivam Pradhan as Baba Kaam Bengali
* Bhavika Bhasin as Vidhi Swaminathan
* Chinmai Chandranshuh as Arun
* Ravneet Kler as Ayush Deewan
* Yugdeep as Shivam's friend
* Abhijeet as Shivam's friend
* Nishant as Shivam's friend
* Kanak as Natasha
* B Akshay as Shubh Sharma
* Aditya Suresh as Young Shivam Swaminathan
* Sidharth Bansal as Young Shivam Swaminathan
}}

== Release ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and stated that "Dear Dad deserves a watch simply for the profound point it makes about accepting people for who they are and loving them unconditionally".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dear-dad/movie-review/52249927.cms|title=Dear Dad, Story, Trailers | Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film a rating of three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Luckily, “Dear Dad” is strong enough to withstand extraneous attacks. It is a strong subject and a potentially powerful film replete with the tenderness and brutality that those whom we love tend to thrust on us when pushed to the wall".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/dear-dad-review-what-if-your-dad-is-gay/story-8tC1MemTD2Mn97dWeL5L8H.html|title=Dear Dad review: What if your dad is gay?|date=14 May 2016|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "So once the disclosure is over and done with there’s nothing else to keep you hooked, Arvind Swamy’s pleasing presence and earnest effort notwithstanding".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dear-dad-review-sensitive-subject-laid-out-too-quickly/article8593911.ece|title=Dear Dad: Cuts to the chase too quickly|first=Namrata|last=Joshi|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 May 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5615116}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films set in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2016 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:LGBTQ-related comedy-drama films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{2010s-LGBTQ-comedy-drama-film-stub}}

Jaswant Singh II

2026-02-25T15:28:46Z

RoyalEddington6: general update structure as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|Maharaja of Jodhpur (1838–1895)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jaswant Singh
| title = [[Maharaja]] of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]]
| image = Jaswant Singh II of Jodhpur State.jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Bourne & Shepherd]], 1877
| succession = Maharaja of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]]
| reign = 4 February 1873 – 11 October 1895
| reign-type = Tenure
| predecessor = [[Takht Singh]]
| successor = [[Sardar Singh of Jodhpur|Sardar Singh]]
| suc-type =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1838|6|6}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmadnagar(now Himmatnagar)]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1895|10|11|1838|df=y}}
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| spouse = Rajba Kanwar Puariji Bijay Kanwar Nain Raiji Guman Kanwar Roop Kanwar Anand Kanwar 8 others
| issue = Raja Tej Singh Raja Sawai Singh Suraj Kanwar [[Sardar Singh of Jodhpur|Sardar Singh]] Keshari Singh 5 others
| house = [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore-Jodhpur]]
| father = [[Takht Singh|Maharaja Takht of Jodhpur]]
| mother = Maharani Gulab Kanwar, Princess of [[Sirohi State|Sirohi]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Jaswant Singh II''', [[GCSI]],<ref>The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the ...
By Sir Roper Lethbridge:pp 218</ref> (6 June 1838 – 11 October 1895)<ref>Sir William Wilson Hunter, Imperial gazetteer of India, Volume 21, Page 34</ref><ref>Nirmal Upadhyaya, The administration of Jodhpur State, 1800–1947 A.D.</ref> was [[Maharaja of Jodhpur]] from 4 February 1873 – 11 October 1895.

==Birth==
He was born in 1838 at [[Ahmadnagar,Gujarat|Ahmadnagar]] in [[Gujarat]] and was eldest son of [[Takht Singh]] and his consort, Maharani Gulab Kanwar, daughter of Maharaja Sheo Singh of [[Sirohi State|Sirohi]].<ref name=zz/>

==Marriage==
He had eight wives, of which the first was the daughter of the Jam Sahib of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]], Rajba Kanwar. Puariji Bijay Kanwar was his chief consort and mother of Maharaja [[Sardar Singh of Jodhpur|Sardar Singh]].<ref name=x>{{Cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/theprincelystates/j/jodhpur |title=Jodhpur |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404211334/https://sites.google.com/site/theprincelystates/j/jodhpur |url-status=live }}</ref>

He also kept concubines, including his favorite Nanhi Jaan, a [[Muslims|Muslim]] court dancer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Amar |url=http://archive.org/details/reversinggazeama00amar |title=Reversing the Gaze |date=2002 |publisher=Westview Press, 2002. |isbn=978-0-8133-3626-8 |pages=547}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |date=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh |pages=1320 |language=en}}</ref>

==Accession==
He acceded to the throne of Jodhpur in 1873 upon death of his father, Takht Singh,<ref name=zz/>

==Reign==
[[File:16 Attributed to Narsingh. Maharaja Jaswant Singh II of Marwar, ca. 1880, watercolor, 39.4 x 29.5 cm, The Brooklyn Museum..jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait of Jaswant Singh II {{circa|1880}}]]
The reign of Jaswant Singh II was marked with remarkable prosperity and reforms and development works. He established Courts of Justice, introduced system of revenue settlement and reorganizing all the state departments.<ref name=zz/> Further, he developed infrastructure of the state by introducing telegraphs, railways ([[Jodhpur State Railway]]), and developing roads.<ref name=zz>Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey edited by Arnold Wright, 1922:pp 200.</ref> He formed [[Imperial Service Cavalry Corps]], which later rendered active service in European War.<ref name=zz/> He was honoured and created the [[Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India]] in 1875.<ref name=zz/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24280/pages/6669 |title=London Gazette, 31 December 1875 |access-date=23 December 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102039/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24280/pages/6669 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Swami Dayananda incident==
Jaswant Singh had invited [[Dayananda Saraswati|Swami Dayananda]] as he was influenced by his ideas. But the tragedy occurred when Dayananda was poisoned on 29 September 1883, when he was the royal guest of Jaswant Singh II, by Dayananda's own cook, who had conspired with a court dancer Nanhi Jaan.<ref name=g/> The Maharaja was quick to arrange the services of Dr. Surjamal of Jodhpur jail. His treatment relived some symptoms but could not reduce the pain. Maharaja then called Sub Assistant Surgeon Ali Mardan Khan who prescribed high dosage of medicine but Dayananda's condition continued to deteriorate. Ali Mardan Khan subsequently suggested sending Dayananda Saraswati to [[Mount Abu]] as the colder climate might help recovery. This advice was reiterated by the Residency Surgeon.<ref name=g>World Perspectives on Swami Dayananda Saraswati By Gaṅgā Rām Garg :pp 96–98</ref>

==Death==
He died 11 October 1895 and was succeeded by his middle son [[Sardar Singh of Jodhpur|Sardar Singh]]. <ref name=x/>

== Jaswant Thada ==
[[File:Jaswant Thada Dawn.jpg|300px|thumb|The Jaswant Thada mausoleum in Jodhpur, India]]
The [[Jaswant Thada]] is an architectural landmark located in [[Jodhpur]]. It is a white marble memorial built by Sardar Singh in 1899 in memory of
Maharaja Jaswant Singh II.<ref>The Indian Encyclopaedia: Indo-Pak War-Kamla Karri by Subodh Kapoor – 2002 – Page 3755 Jasvvant Thada, Close to the fort complex lies this white marble cenotaph, built in 1899, in commemoration of Maharaja Jaswant Singh II. Rare portraits of Jodhpur's rulers are, also, to be seen at Jaswant Thada.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-bef
| before = Maharaja [[Takht Singh]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Ahmednagar State|Kunwar of Ahmednagar]]
| years = 1841–1843
}}
{{S-non
| reason = none,state ceded to Idar
}}
{{S-bef
| before = Maharaja [[Takht Singh of Jodhpur|Takht Singh]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Rulers of Marwar|Rulers of Marwar (Jodhpur) The Rathore Dynasty]]
| years = 4 February 1873– 11 October 1895
}}
{{S-aft
| after = [[Sardar Singh of Jodhpur|Maharaja Sardar Singh]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jaswant}}
{{Jodhpur}}
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1895 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Marwar|Jsswant II]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]

Palnadu district

2026-02-24T18:42:33Z

RoyalEddington6: further correct information for clarity further and corrected details

{{Short description|District in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palnadu District
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Kotappa konda 4.jpg
|photo1b = Dhyana Buddha Project.jpg
|photo2a = Sri Lakhsmichnnakesava swami temple45.jpg
|photo2b = Anupu ei01-45.jpg
|photo3a = Spot-billed Pelican in Uppalapadu P1110580.jpg
|photo3b = Ethipothala water falls.JPG
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Kotappakonda]], [[Dhyana Buddha statue]] in [[Amaravati]], Lakshmi Channakeshava Swami Temple in [[Macherla]], Pelicans in Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary, [[Ethipothala Falls]], Buddhist monuments in Anupu
| image_map = Palnadu in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg
| map_caption = Location of Palnadu district in Andhra Pradesh
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 4 April 2022
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flag icon image|Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Narasaraopet]]
| parts_type = Administrative divisions
| parts = {{bulleted list|
| [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|3 revenue divisions]]
| [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|28 mandals]]
}}
| leader_title = [[District magistrate (India)|District collector and magistrate]]
| leader_name = P. Arun Babu, [[Indian Administrative Service|I.A.S.]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Palnadu District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India | url=https://palnadu.ap.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-08-28 | website=palnadu.ap.gov.in}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name1 = Kanchi Srinivasa Rao, [[Indian Police Service|I.P.S.]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name2 = [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasaraopet]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name3 = [[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]]
| leader_title4 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituencies]]
| leader_name4 = [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|07]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 7298
| area_footnotes = {{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=V}}
| population_total = 2041723
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name="demographics"/>
| native_name = 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://palnadu.ap.gov.in/}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| map_caption1 = Interactive map outlining district
}}

'''Palnadu district''' is a [[district]] in coastal Andhra Region in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. With [[Narasaraopet]] as its administrative headquarters, it was formed on 4 April 2022.

==Etymology==
{{main|Palnadu #History}}
This district has derived its name from the [[Palnadu]], also historically referred to as Pallava Nadu, the “land of the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]]”. The term is believed to originate from the early Pallava clans who originated in this region before they later expanded their influence toward the Tamil plains.<ref>{{harvnb|Aiyangar|Nilakanta Sastri|1960|pp=315–316}}{{Missing long citation|date=July 2023}}: "This view, which till recently was no more than an intelligent guess, seems to gain support from a Prakrit Brahmi inscription recently discovered in the Palnad taluk of the Guntur district. In spite of its mutilated condition, it clearly mentions Sihavamma [[Simhavarman I]] of the ''Palava'' dynasty and Bharadaya gotta... This is the earliest Pallava inscription so far known."</ref>

==History==
The district was formed on 4th April 2022 from [[Gurazala revenue division|Gurazala]], [[Sattenapalli revenue division|Sattenapalli]] and [[Narasaraopet revenue division|Narasaraopet]] revenue divisions of erstwhile Guntur district.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raghavendra|first=V.|date=26 January 2022|title=With creation of 13 new districts, AP now has 26 districts|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|url-status=live|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126110443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|archive-date=26 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2022|title=AP issues draft gazette notification on 26 districts|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260122/ap-issues-draft-gazette-notification-inviting-objections-to-having-26.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129231708/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260122/ap-issues-draft-gazette-notification-inviting-objections-to-having-26.html|archive-date=29 January 2022|access-date=11 February 2022|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2022|title=New districts to come into force on April 4|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece|access-date=31 March 2022|website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2022|title=కొత్త జిల్లా తాజా స్వరూపం|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/ap-top-news/general/2501/122062849|access-date=31 March 2022|website=[[Eenadu.net]]|language=te}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Palnadu district is bordered by [[NTR district]] on north, [[Bapatla district]] on south east, [[Prakasam district]] on south west and [[Guntur district]] on east. It is also surrounded by [[Suryapet district]] and [[Nalgonda district]] in [[Telangana state]] at west.

==Land utilisation==
The total geographical area of the district is {{convert|730123|ha|sqkm}} and {{convert|150759|ha|sqkm|abbr=on}} is covered by forest. The net area sown is {{convert|315650|ha|sqkm|abbr=on}}. The total cropped area in the district is {{convert|347114|ha|sqkm|abbr=on}}. The area sown more than once during the year is {{convert|31464|ha|sqkm|abbr=on}}.

==Natural resources==
The district is rich in mineral resources. The principal minerals available are limestone, lime, Napa slabs, copper and lead. Limestone is being utilised by the cement factories of Macherla. There are copper mines at Agnigundala of Ipur Mandal.

==Climate==
The normal rainfall of the district is {{convert|775.3|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} The climate is generally warm in summer and the heat is very severe in Rentachintala Mandal, where the maximum temperature in the state is recorded. Summer (March to June): the summer months are hot and dry, with temperatures often reaching high levels. This period is characterized by high temperatures and low rainfall. Monsoon (July to September): the monsoon season brings rainfall to the region. During this period, the district receives the majority of its annual precipitation. The monsoon rains are essential for agriculture and overall water supply. Post-monsoon/winter (October to February): after the monsoon season, the region experiences a post-monsoon period, followed by relatively cooler months during winter. The temperatures are milder during this time. {{citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Palnadu district based on 2011 census data<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|86.73}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|11.30}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.59}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.38}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

The district had a population of 20,41,723, of which 458,551 (22.46%) lived in urban areas based on 2011 census data. Palnadu district has a sex ratio of 994 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 3,75,554 (18.39%) and 1,42,944 (7.00%) of the population respectively.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Guntur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/146/download/234/DH_2011_2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>{{rp|77–82}} 87.12% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 9.90% [[Urdu]] and 2.41% [[Lambadi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Palnadu district based on 2011 census data<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 87.12 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 9.90 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Lambadi]] |value3 = 2.41 |color3 = khaki
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.57 |color4 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

== Politics ==

The district is part of [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. There are seven assembly constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/Right%20to%20Infn.Act/annex1.htm|title=District-wise Assembly-Constituencies|work=ceoandhra.nic.in}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|#
!width="200px"|Name
!District
!Members
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|85
|[[Pedakurapadu (Assembly constituency)|Pedakurapadu]]
| rowspan="7" | Palnadu
| Bhashyam Praveen
|rowspan="7" {{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|rowspan="7" |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|-
|96
|[[Chilakaluripet (Assembly constituency)|Chilakaluripeta]]
| [[Prathipati Pulla Rao]]
|-
|97
|[[Narasaraopet (Assembly constituency)|Narasaraopeta]]
| Dr. [[Chadalavada Aravinda Babu]]
|-
|98
|[[Sattenapalle (Assembly constituency)|Sattenapalle]]
| [[Kanna Lakshminarayana]]
|-
|99
|[[Vinukonda (Assembly constituency)|Vinukonda]]
| [[G. V. Anjaneyulu]]
|-
|100
|[[Gurajala (Assembly constituency)|Gurajala]]
| [[Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao]]
|-
|101
|[[Macherla (Assembly constituency)|Macherla]]
| [[Julakanti Brahmananda Reddy]]
|}

== Administrative divisions ==
{{Overpass-turbo|https://overpass-turbo.eu/s/1tnX|Mandals of Palnadu district}}

The district is divided into 3 revenue divisions: [[Gurazala revenue division|Gurazala]], [[Narasaraopet revenue division|Narasaraopet]] and [[Sattenapalle revenue division|Sattenapalle]], which are further subdivided into a total of 28 mandals.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Gopi Dara|date=Nov 12, 2022 |title=Andhra Pradesh: 3 mandals to be shifted to other divisions {{!}} Vijayawada News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-3-mandals-to-be-shifted-to-other-divisions/articleshow/95466172.cms |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mandals ===
The list of 28 mandals in Palnadu district, divided into 3 revenue divisions, is given below.
{{Div col}}
# [[Gurazala revenue division]]
## [[Dachepalle mandal|Dachepalle]]
## [[Durgi mandal|Durgi]]
## [[Gurazala mandal|Gurazala]]
## [[Karempudi mandal|Karempudi]]
## [[Machavaram mandal|Machavaram]]
## [[Macherla mandal|Macherla]]
## [[Piduguralla mandal|Piduguralla]]
## [[Rentachintala mandal|Rentachintala]]
## [[Veldurthi mandal|Veldurthi]]
# [[Narasaraopet revenue division]]
## [[Bollapalle mandal|Bollapalle]]
## [[Chilakaluripet mandal|Chilakaluripeta]]
## [[Edlapadu mandal|Edlapadu]]
## [[Ipur mandal|Ipur]]
## [[Nadendla mandal|Nadendla]]
## [[Narasaraopet mandal|Narasaraopet]]
## [[Nuzendla mandal|Nuzendla]]
## [[Rompicherla mandal|Rompicherla]]
## [[Savalyapuram mandal|Savalyapuram]]
## [[Vinukonda mandal|Vinukonda]]
# [[Sattenapalli revenue division]]
## [[Amaravathi mandal, Andhra Pradesh|Amaravathi]]
## [[Atchampet mandal|Atchampet]]
## [[Bellamkonda mandal|Bellamkonda]]
## [[Krosuru mandal|Krosuru]]
## [[Muppalla mandal|Muppalla]]
## [[Nekarikallu mandal|Nekarikallu]]
## [[Pedakurapadu mandal|Pedakurapadu]]
## [[Rajupalem mandal|Rajupalem]]
## [[Sattenapalli mandal|Sattenapalli]]
{{Div end}}

== Cities and towns ==
{|class="wikitable sortable
|+ List of towns in Palnadu District
!City !! Civic status of town !!revenue division !! population
|-
| [[Narasaraopet]]
| Municipality Grade - 1
| Narasaraopet
| 117,489
|-
| [[Chilakaluripet]]
| Municipality Grade - 1
| Narasaraopet
| 101,398
|-
| [[Piduguralla]]
| Municipality Grade - 2
| Gurazala
| 63,103
|-
| [[Vinukonda]]
| Municipality Grade - 2
| Narasaraopet
| 62,550
|-
| [[Macherla]]
| Municipality Grade - 2
| Gurazala
| 57,290
|-
| [[Sattenapalle]]
| Municipality Grade - 2
| Sattenapalle
| 56,721
|-
| [[Dachepalle]]
| Municipality Grade - 2
| Gurazala
| 36,280
|-
| [[Gurazala]]
| Municipality Grade - 2
| Gurazala
| 30,464
|}

== Tourist attractions ==
{{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-latd=16.3241|frame-long=79.8184|zoom=7|text=Palnadu district tourist attractions (After zooming, move the cursor over icons for more details)
|type=point|coord={{coord|16.573|80.358}}|title=Amaravati Stupa
|type2=point|id2=Q15695058|title2=Kotappakonda
|type3=point|id3=Q749108|title3=Nagarjuna Sagar
|type4=point|id4=Q5403702|title4=Ettipotala
|type5=point|id5=Q3764606|title5=Kondaveedu Kota
|type6=shape-inverse|id6=|title6=Palnadu district|description6=Palnadu District|stroke-color6= #0000FF|stroke-width6=3
}}
* [[Kotappakonda]]
* [[Ethipothala Falls]]
* [[Kondaveedu Fort]]

== Notable people ==
* [[Palanati Brahmanaidu]], Palnadu Kingdom
* [[Nayakuralu Nagamma]], Palnadu Kingdom
* [[Kaneganti Hanumanthu]], freedom fighter
*[[Gurram Jashuva]], poet
* [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]], 3rd Chief Minister of United Andhra Pradesh & 11th Union Minister of Home Affairs and served as Governor of Maharashtra and Other States
*[[Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy]], 8th Chief Minister of United Andhra Pradesh
*[[Kodela Siva Prasada Rao]], 1st Speaker of Andhra pradesh Legislative Assembly and former home minister
* [[Vavilala Gopalakrishnayya]], journalist and he was elected to the assembly
*[[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]], Former Cabinet Minister of United Andhra Pradesh
* [[Brahmanandam | Brahmanandam Kanneganti]], Indian actor, popular telugu cinema comedian

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last1=Aiyangar |first1=S. K. |author-link1=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar |last2=Nilakanta Sastri |first2=K. A. |author-link2=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |chapter=The Pallavas |editor1=R. C. Majumdar |editor2=K. K. Dasgupta |title=A Comprehensive History of India, Volume III, Part 1: A.D. 300–985 |publisher=Indian History Congress/People's Publishing House |location=New Delhi |year=1960 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98114/page/n337 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98114/page/n5}}
{{Cite book |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3e4da3b7fbbce2345d7772b0674a318d5/uploads/2022/04/2022042164.pdf|title=District Hand Book of Statistics – Palnadu district|year=2022|author=CPO}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Palnadu district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q110714862}}
{{Palnadu district}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord|16.2|80.0|display=title,inline}}

[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Palnadu district|*]]

Printing press

2026-02-18T20:54:32Z

RoyalEddington6: quick fix

{{Short description|Mechanism that applies ink to a medium}}
{{About|the historical device created by Johannes Gutenberg|the modern technology of printing|Printing}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox machine
| image = PrintMus 038.jpg
| caption = A recreated Gutenberg press at the [[International Printing Museum]] in [[Carson, California]]
| classification = [[Machine]]
| application = [[Printing]]
| inventor = [[Johannes Gutenberg]]
| invented = {{start date and years ago|1440|df=y|p=y}}
}}
{{History of printing}}
A '''printing press''' is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an [[ink]]ed surface resting upon a [[printing|print]] medium (such as [[paper]] or [[cloth]]), thereby transferring the ink. It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the cloth, paper, or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink and accelerated the process. Typically used for texts, the invention and [[global spread of the printing press]] was one of the most influential events in the second millennium.<ref>For example, in 1999, the [[A&E Network]] ranked [http://www.wmich.edu/mus-gened/mus170/biography100 Gutenberg no. 1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829092813/http://www.wmich.edu/mus-gened/mus170/biography100|date=29 August 2010}}. In 1997, [[Time–Life]] magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lifemillennium1000frie/page/165/mode/1up |title=The Life Millennium : the 100 most important events & people of the past 1000 years |publisher=Life Books, Time Inc.; Distributed by Bulfinch Press |page= 166 |editor=Friedman, Robert |date=1998|isbn=978-0-8212-2557-8 |access-date=20 March 2024}}; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume [http://rhsweb.org/library/1000PeopleMillennium.htm 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303082307/http://rhsweb.org/library/1000PeopleMillennium.htm|date=3 March 2012}}. The [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07090a.htm Johann Gutenberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414190953/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07090a.htm|date=14 April 2008}} entry of the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the [[Christian era]].</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McLuhan|1962}}; {{harvnb|Eisenstein|1980}}; {{harvnb|Febvre|Martin|1997}}; {{harvnb|Man|2002}}</ref>

In [[Germany]], around 1440, the goldsmith [[Johannes Gutenberg]] invented the [[movable type|movable-type]] printing press, which started the [[Printing Revolution]]. Modelled on the design of existing [[screw press]]es, a single [[Renaissance]] movable-type printing press could produce up to 3,600 pages per workday,<ref name="Wolf 1974, 67f."/> compared to forty by [[History of typography in East Asia|hand-printing]] and a few by [[scribe|hand-copying]].<ref name="Ch'on Hye-bong 1993, 12"/> Gutenberg's newly devised [[hand mould]] made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal [[movable type]] in large quantities. His two inventions, the hand mould and the movable-type printing press, together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents in Europe, particularly for shorter print runs.

From [[Mainz]], the movable-type printing press spread within several decades to over 200 cities in a dozen European countries.<ref name="Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean 1976 by Anderson, Benedict 1993, 58f.">Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976). ''The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800''. London: New Left Books. Quoted in: Anderson, Benedict. ''Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo''. Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico, 1993. {{ISBN|978-968-16-3867-2}}. pp. 58f.</ref> By 1500, printing presses in operation throughout [[Western Europe]] had already produced more than 20 million volumes.<ref name="Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean 1976 by Anderson, Benedict 1993, 58f."/> In the 16th century, with presses spreading further afield, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies.<ref name="Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean 1976 by Anderson, Benedict 1993, 58f."/> The earliest press in the [[Western Hemisphere]] was established by Spaniards in [[New Spain]] in 1539,<ref>{{Cite web |title=College of University Libraries and Learning Sciences News - Research Guides at University of New Mexico |url=https://libguides.unm.edu/blog/the-beginnings-of-printing-in-mexico |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=libguides.unm.edu}}</ref> and by the mid-17th century, the [[Early American publishers and printers|first printing presses arrived in British colonial America]] in response to the increasing demand for [[Bible]]s and other religious literature.<ref>[[Printing press#berthold1970|Bertold, 1970]], pp. 20, 26, 39,</ref> The operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of printing and lent its name to a new medium of expression and communication, "[[Newspaper|the press]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Weber|2006|p=387}}: {{quote|At the same time, then, as the printing press in the physical, technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was born.}}</ref>

The spread of mechanical movable type printing in Europe in the [[Renaissance]] introduced the era of [[mass communication]], which permanently altered the structure of society. The relatively unrestricted circulation of information and ideas transcended borders, captured the masses in the [[Reformation#Printing|Reformation]], linked the collaborative networks of the [[Scientific_Revolution#Printing|Scientific Revolution]], and threatened the power of political and religious authorities. The sharp increase in [[literacy]] broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging [[middle class]]. Across Europe, the increasing cultural self-awareness of its peoples led to the rise of proto-[[nationalism]] and accelerated the development of European [[vernaculars]], to the detriment of [[Latin]]'s status as [[lingua franca]].<ref>Anderson, Benedict: ''Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo'', Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico 1993, {{ISBN|978-968-16-3867-2}}, pp. 63–76</ref> In the 19th century, the replacement of the hand-operated Gutenberg-style press by steam-powered [[rotary press]]es allowed printing on an industrial scale.<ref>{{harvnb|Gerhardt|1978|p=217}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of printing}}

=== Economic conditions and intellectual climate ===
{{See also|History of capitalism|Medieval university}}
[[File:Laurentius de Voltolina Vorlesung vor Studenten - Min 1233 - Kupferstichkabinett Berlin.jpg|thumb|A [[medieval university]] class, 1350s]]

The rapid economic and socio-cultural development of [[Late Middle Ages|late medieval society]] in Europe created favorable intellectual and technological conditions for Gutenberg's improved version of the printing press: the entrepreneurial spirit of [[history of capitalism|emerging capitalism]] increasingly made its impact on medieval modes of production, fostering economic thinking and improving the efficiency of traditional work processes. The sharp rise of [[Medieval university|medieval learning]] and literacy amongst the [[middle class]] led to an increased demand for books which the time-consuming hand-copying method fell far short of accommodating.<ref>{{harvnb|Eisenstein|1980}}; {{harvnb|Febvre|Martin|1997}}; {{harvnb|Man|2002}}</ref>

=== Technological factors ===
{{See also|History of Western typography|Medieval technology}}

Technologies preceding the press that led to the press's invention included: [[Papermaking|manufacturing of paper]], development of ink, [[woodblock printing]], and invention of [[eyeglasses]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Colin|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of France|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43294-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00jone_0/page/133 133]|edition=1st|date=1994-10-20|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00jone_0}}</ref> At the same time, a number of medieval products and technological processes had reached a level of maturity which allowed their potential use for printing purposes. Gutenberg took up these far-flung strands, combined them into one complete and functioning system, and perfected the printing process through all its stages by adding a number of inventions and innovations of his own:

[[File:Holzspindelkelter von 1702.jpg|thumb|left|Early modern [[wine press]]. Such [[screw press]]es, used in Europe for a wide range of uses, provided Gutenberg with the model for his printing press.]]

The [[screw press]] which allowed direct pressure to be applied on a flat plane was already of great antiquity in Gutenberg's time and was used for a wide range of tasks.<ref>{{harvnb|Wolf|1974|pp=21–35}}</ref> Introduced in the 1st century AD by the [[Roman agriculture|Romans]], it was commonly employed in agricultural production for [[Pressing (wine)|pressing grapes]] for wine and olives for oil, both of which formed an integral part of the [[Mediterranean cuisine|Mediterranean]] and [[Medieval cuisine|medieval diet]].<ref>{{harvnb|Onken|2009}}; {{harvnb|White|1984|pp=31ff.}}; {{harvnb|Schneider|2007|pp=156–159}}</ref> The device was also used from very early on in urban contexts as a cloth press for printing patterns.<ref>{{harvnb|Schneider|2007|p=158}}</ref> Gutenberg may have also been inspired by the paper presses which had spread through the [[Holy Roman Empire|German lands]] since the late 14th century and which worked on the same mechanical principles.<ref>{{harvnb|Schulte|1939|p=56}}</ref>

During the [[Islamic Golden Age]], Arab Muslims were printing texts, including passages from the [[Qur’an]], embracing the Chinese craft of paper making, developed it and adopted it widely in the [[Muslim world]], which led to a major increase in the production of manuscript texts. In [[Egypt]] during the [[Fatimid]] era, the printing technique was adopted reproducing texts on paper strips by hand and supplying them in various copies to meet the demand.<ref name=bloom8>{{cite book |first=Jonathan |last=Bloom |year=2001 |title=Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World |url=https://archive.org/details/paperbeforeprint00bloo |url-access=limited |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-08955-4 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/paperbeforeprint00bloo/page/n23 8]–10, 42–45}}</ref>

Gutenberg adopted the basic design, thereby mechanizing the printing process.<ref>{{harvnb|Wolf|1974|pp=39ff.}}</ref> Printing, however, put a demand on the machine quite different from pressing. Gutenberg adapted the construction so that the pressing power exerted by the [[platen]] on the paper was now applied both evenly and with the required sudden elasticity. To speed up the printing process, he introduced a movable undertable with a plane surface on which the sheets could be swiftly changed.<ref>{{harvnb|Wolf|1974|pp=39–46}}</ref>

[[File:metal movable type.jpg|thumb|[[Movable type]] sorted in a letter case and loaded in a [[composing stick]] on top]]
The concept of movable type existed prior to 15th century Europe; sporadic evidence that the [[typographical principle]], the idea of creating a text by reusing individual characters, was known and had been cropping up since the 12th century and possibly before (the oldest known application dating back as far as the [[Phaistos disc#Typography|Phaistos disc]]).
The first [[movable type]] was invented by [[History of science and technology in China|Chinese engineer]] [[Bi Sheng]] in the 11th century during the [[Song dynasty]], and a book dating to 1193 recorded the first copper movable type.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2012|p=911}}

This received limited use compared to woodblock printing. The technology spread outside China, as the oldest printed book using [[Type case|metal movable type]] was the ''[[Jikji]]'', printed in Korea in 1377 during the [[Goryeo]] era. Other notable examples include the [[Prüfening dedicatory inscription|Prüfening inscription]] from Germany, [[letter tiles]] from England and [[Altarpiece of Pellegrino II]] in Italy.<ref>Germany: {{harvnb|Brekle|1995|pp=23–26}}, {{harvnb|Brekle|1997|p=62}}, {{harvnb|Brekle|2005|p=25}}; England: {{harvnb|Lehmann-Haupt|1940|pp=93–97}}, {{harvnb|Brekle|1997|p=62}}; Italy: {{harvnb|Lipinsky|1986|pp=75–80}}, {{harvnb|Koch|1994|p=213}}. Lipinsky surmises that this typographical technique was known in [[Constantinople]] from the 10th to the 12th century and that the [[Venice|Venetians]] received it from there (p. 78).</ref> However, the various techniques employed (imprinting, punching and assembling individual letters) did not have the refinement and efficiency needed to become widely accepted. Tsuen-Hsuin and Needham, and Briggs and Burke suggest that the movable-type printing in China and Korea was rarely employed.<ref name=Needham>{{cite book |title=Paper and Printing |author=Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin |author-link=Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin |author2=Joseph Needham |author2-link=Joseph Needham |series=Science and Civilisation in China|volume=5 part 1|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=158, 201|year=1985}}</ref><ref name=Briggs>Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002). ''A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet'', Polity, Cambridge, pp. 15–23, 61–73.</ref>

Gutenberg greatly improved the process by treating [[typesetting]] and [[printing]] as two separate work steps. A goldsmith by profession, he created his type pieces from a [[lead]]-based [[alloy]] which suited printing purposes so well that it is still used today.<ref name="EB: Printing">"Printing". ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (2006).</ref> The mass production of metal letters was achieved by his key invention of a special [[hand mould]], the [[Matrix (printing)|matrix]].<ref name="Childress 2008, 51–55">{{harvnb|Childress|2008|pp=51–55}}</ref> The [[Latin alphabet]] proved to be an enormous advantage in the process because, in contrast to [[Logogram|logographic writing systems]], it allowed the type-setter to represent any text with a theoretical minimum of only around two dozen different letters.<ref>{{harvnb|Childress|2008|pp=51–55}}; {{harvnb|Hellinga|2007|p=208}}: "Gutenberg's invention took full advantage of the degree of abstraction in representing language forms that was offered by the alphabet and by the Western forms of script that were current in the fifteenth century."</ref>

Another factor conducive to printing arose from the book existing in the format of the [[codex]], which had originated in the [[Roman Empire|Roman period]].<ref>{{harvnb|Roberts|Skeat|1983|pp=24–30}}</ref> Considered the most important advance in the history of the book prior to printing itself, the codex had completely replaced the ancient [[scroll]] at the onset of the Middle Ages (AD{{nbsp}}500).<ref>{{harvnb|Roberts|Skeat|1983|pp=1, 38–67, 75}}: "The most momentous development in the history of the book until the invention of printing was the replacement of the roll by the codex; this we may define as a collection of sheets of any material, folded double and fastened together at the back or spine, and usually protected by covers." (p. 1)</ref> The codex holds considerable practical advantages over the scroll format: it is more convenient to read (by turning pages), more compact, and less costly, and both [[recto and verso]] sides could be used for writing or printing, unlike the scroll.<ref>{{harvnb|Roberts|Skeat|1983|pp=45–53}}. Technically speaking, a scroll could be written on its back side, too, but the very few ancient specimens found indicate that this was never considered a viable option. (p. 46)</ref>

[[File:Gutenberg Bible, Lenox Copy, New York Public Library, 2009. Pic 01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|A paper [[codex]] of the [[42-line Bible]], Gutenberg's major work]]

A fourth development was the early success of medieval papermakers at mechanizing paper manufacture. The introduction of water-powered [[paper mill]]s, the first certain evidence of which dates to 1282,<ref>{{harvnb|Burns|1996|p=418}}</ref> allowed for a massive expansion of production and replaced the laborious handcraft characteristic of both Chinese<ref>{{harvnb|Thompson|1978|p=169}}; {{harvnb|Tsien|1985|p=68−73}}; {{harvnb|Lucas|2005|p=28, fn. 70}}</ref> and Muslim papermaking.<ref>{{harvnb|Thompson|1978|p=169}}; {{harvnb|Burns|1996|pp=414–417}}</ref> Papermaking centres began to multiply in the late 13th century in [[Italy]], reducing the price of paper to one-sixth of [[parchment]] and then falling further. [[Papermaking]] centers reached Germany a century later.<ref>{{harvnb|Burns|1996|p=417}}</ref>

Despite this it appears that the final breakthrough of paper depended just as much on the rapid spread of movable-type printing.<ref>{{harvnb|Febvre|Martin|1997|pp=41–44}}; {{harvnb|Burns|1996|p=419}}: "In the West, the only inhibiting expense in the production of writings for an increasingly literate market was the manual labor of the scribe himself. With his mechanization by movable-type printing in the 1440s, the manufacture of paper, until then relatively confined, began to spread very widely. The Paper Revolution of the thirteenth century thus entered a new era."</ref> Codices of parchment, which in terms of quality is superior to any other [[writing material]],<ref>{{harvnb|Roberts|Skeat|1983|pp=7f.}}: "Despite all that has been said above, even the strongest supporters of papyrus would not deny that parchment of good quality is the finest writing material ever devised by man. It is immensely strong, remains flexible indefinitely under normal conditions, does not deteriorate with age, and possesses a smooth, even surface which is both pleasant to the eye and provides unlimited scope for the finest writing and illumination."</ref> still had a substantial share in Gutenberg's edition of the [[42-line Bible]].<ref>The ratio between paper and parchment copies is estimated at around 150 to 30 ({{harvnb|Hanebutt-Benz|2000|pp=158–189}}).</ref> After much experimentation, Gutenberg managed to overcome the difficulties which traditional water-based inks caused by soaking the paper, and found the formula for an oil-based ink suitable for high-quality printing with metal type.<ref>{{harvnb|Childress|2008|p=60}}</ref>

== Function and approach ==
[[File:Printing press.jpg|thumb|Printing press, engraving by W Lowry after [[John Farey Jr.]], 1819]]
[[File:Printer in 1568-ce.png|thumb|This [[woodcut]] from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text-blocks. Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day, printing {{Circa|3,600}} pages in the process.<ref name="Wolf 1974, 67f."/>]]A printing press, in its classical form, is a standing mechanism, ranging from {{convert|5|to|7|ft}} long, {{convert|3|ft}} wide, and {{convert|7|ft}} tall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gutenberg Press |url=https://www.printmuseum.org/gutenberg-press |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=International Printing Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> The small individual metal letters known as type would be set up by a compositor into the desired lines of text.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Life in the old print shop {{!}} Revolutions in Communication |url=https://revolutionsincommunication.com/features/life-in-a-print-shop/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Several lines of text would be arranged at once and were placed in a wooden frame known as a [[Galley proof|galley]]. Once the correct number of pages were composed, the galleys would be laid face up in a frame, also known as a forme,<ref>Lyons 2011, p. 59</ref> which itself is placed onto a flat stone, 'bed,' or 'coffin.'

The text is inked using two [[Ink ball|balls]], pads mounted on handles. The balls were made of dog skin leather, because it has no pores,<ref>[http://www.pressinstitute.in/file-folder/rindsurvey/Rind%20June%202015%20SN.pdf] RIND Survey (The Press Institute of India- Research Institute for Newspaper Development) June 2015, p14</ref> and stuffed with sheep's wool and were inked. This ink was then applied to the text evenly. One damp piece of paper was then taken from a heap of paper and placed on the tympan. The paper was damp as this lets the type 'bite' into the paper better. Small pins hold the paper in place. The paper is now held between a [[frisket]] and [[tympan]] (two frames covered with paper or parchment).

These are folded down, so that the paper lies on the surface of the inked type. The bed is rolled under the [[platen]], using a [[windlass]] mechanism. A small rotating handle called the 'rounce' is used to do this, and the impression is made with a screw that transmits pressure through the platen. To turn the screw the long handle attached to it is turned. This is known<ref name=":0" /> as the bar or 'Devil's Tail.' In a well-set-up press, the springiness of the paper, frisket, and tympan caused the bar to spring back and raise the platen, the windlass turned again to move the bed back to its original position, the tympan and frisket raised and opened, and the printed sheet removed. Such presses were always worked by hand. After around 1800, iron presses were developed, some of which could be operated by [[steam power]].

The function of the printing press was described by William Skeen in 1872:
{{Blockquote| this sketch represents a press in its completed form, with tympans attached to the end of the carriage, and with the frisket above the tympans. The tympans, inner and outer, are thin iron frames, one fitting into the other, on each of which is stretched a skin of parchment or a breadth of fine cloth. A woollen blanket or two with a few sheets of paper are placed between these, the whole thus forming a thin elastic pad, on which the sheet to be printed is laid. The frisket is a slender frame-work, covered with coarse paper, on which an impression is first taken; the whole of the printed part is then cut out, leaving apertures exactly corresponding with the pages of type on the carriage of the press. The frisket when folded on to the tympans, and both turned down over the forme of types and run in under the platten, preserves the sheet from contact with any thing but the inked surface of the types, when the pull, which brings down the screw and forces the platten to produce the impression, is made by the pressman who works the lever,—to whom is facetiously given the title of "the practitioner at the bar.".<ref>{{cite book|title = Early Typography|last = Skeen|first =William|publisher =Government Printer, Colombo |year =1872|location =Ceylon|pages = 122}}</ref>}}

== Gutenberg's press ==
{{See also|Letterpress printing}}
[[File:Printing and writing materials - their evolution (1904) (14777458662).jpg|thumb|Johannes Gutenberg, 1904 reconstruction]]
[[Johannes Gutenberg]]'s work on the printing press began in approximately 1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehn—a man who had previously instructed in [[Lapidary|gem-cutting]]—and Andreas Heilmann, owner of a paper mill.<ref name="meggs58-69"/> However, it was not until a 1439 [[lawsuit]] against Gutenberg that an official record existed; witnesses' testimony discussed Gutenberg's types, an inventory of metals (including lead), and his type molds.<ref name="meggs58-69"/>

Having previously worked as a professional goldsmith, Gutenberg made skillful use of the knowledge of metals he had learned as a craftsman. He was the first to make type from an [[alloy]] of [[lead]], [[tin]], and [[antimony]], which was critical for producing durable type that produced high-quality printed books and proved to be much better suited for printing than all other known materials. To create these lead types, Gutenberg used what is considered one of his most ingenious inventions,<ref name="meggs58-69">Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 58–69) {{ISBN|0-471-29198-6}}</ref> a special [[Matrix (printing)|matrix]] enabling the quick and precise molding of new type blocks from a uniform template. His [[type case]] is estimated to have contained around 290 separate letter boxes, most of which were required for special characters, [[typographic ligature|ligatures]], [[punctuation marks]], and so forth.<ref>{{harvnb|Mahnke|2009|p=290}}</ref>

Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil-based [[ink]] which was more durable than the previously used water-based inks. As printing material he used both paper and [[vellum]] (high-quality parchment). In the [[Gutenberg Bible]], Gutenberg made a trial of colour printing for a few of the page headings, present only in some copies.<ref>{{harvnb|Kapr|1996|p=172}}</ref> A later work, the [[Mainz Psalter]] of 1453, presumably designed by Gutenberg but published under the imprint of his successors [[Johann Fust]] and [[Peter Schöffer]], had elaborate red and blue printed initials.<ref>{{harvnb|Kapr|1996|p=203}}</ref>

== The printing revolution ==

The [[printing revolution]] occurred when the spread of the printing press facilitated the wide circulation of information and ideas, acting as an "agent of change" through the societies that it reached.<ref>([[Elizabeth L. Eisenstein|Eisenstein (1980)]])</ref> Demand for bibles and other religious literature was one of the main drivers of the very rapid initial expansion of printing.<ref>[[Printing press#newgass1958|Newgass, 1958]], pp. 32–33</ref> Much later, printed literature played a major role in rallying support, and opposition, during the lead-up to the [[English Civil War]], and later still the [[American Revolution|American]] and [[French Revolution]]s through newspapers, pamphlets and bulletins.<ref>[[Printing press#bailyn1981|Bailyn, 1981]], pp. 1–3</ref> The advent of the printing press brought with it issues involving censorship and freedom of the press.<ref>[[Printing press#duniway1906|Duniway, 1906]], pp. 54–56</ref>

=== Mass production and spread of printed books ===
{{See also|Global spread of the printing press|List of early modern newspapers}}
[[File:Printing towns incunabula.svg|thumb|left|The spread of printing in the 15th century from [[Mainz]], Germany]]
[[File:European Output of Printed Books ca. 1450–1800.svg|thumb|European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Buringh|van Zanden|2009|p=417, table 2}}</ref>]]

The invention of mechanical movable type printing led to a huge increase of printing activities across Europe within only a few decades. From a single print shop in [[Mainz]], Germany, printing had spread to no less than around 270 cities in Central, Western and Eastern Europe by the end of the 15th century.<ref name="ISTC">{{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/index.html |title=Incunabula Short Title Catalogue |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-date=12 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312185857/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As early as 1480, there were printers active in 110 different places in Germany, Italy, [[France]], [[Spain]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Switzerland]], [[England]], [[Bohemia]] and [[Poland]].<ref name="Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean 1976 by Anderson, Benedict 1993, 58f."/> From that time on, it is assumed that "the printed book was in universal use in Europe".<ref name="Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean 1976 by Anderson, Benedict 1993, 58f."/>

In Italy, a center of early printing, print shops had been established in 77 cities and towns by 1500. At the end of the following century, 151 locations in Italy had seen at one time printing activities, with a total of nearly three thousand printers known to be active. Despite this proliferation, printing centres soon emerged; thus, one third of the Italian printers published in [[Venice]].<ref>{{harvnb|Borsa|1976|p=314}}; {{harvnb|Borsa|1977|p=166−169}}</ref>

By 1500, the printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million copies.<ref name="Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean 1976 by Anderson, Benedict 1993, 58f."/> In the following century, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies.<ref name="Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean 1976 by Anderson, Benedict 1993, 58f."/>

European printing presses of around 1600 were capable of producing between 1,500<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pollak |first1=Michael|title=The performance of the wooden printing press|journal=The Library Quarterly|date=1972|volume=42|issue=2|pages=218–264|doi=10.1086/620028|jstor=4306163|s2cid=144726990}}</ref> and 3,600 impressions per workday.<ref name="Wolf 1974, 67f.">{{harvnb|Wolf|1974|pp=67f.}}: {{quote|From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600, assuming a fifteen-hour workday, was between 3.200 and 3.600 impressions per day.}}</ref> By comparison, [[Far Eastern]] printing, where the back of the paper was manually rubbed to the page,<ref>Needham 1965, p. 211: {{quote|The outstanding difference between the two ends of the Old World was the absence of screw-presses from China, but this is only another manifestation of the fact that this basic mechanism was foreign to that culture.}} {{harvnb|Widmann|1974|p=34, fn. 14}}: {{quote|In East Asia, both woodblock and movable type printing were manual reproduction techniques, that is hand printing.}} {{harvnb|Duchesne|2006|p=83}}; {{harvnb|Man|2002|pp=112–115}}: {{quote|Chinese paper was suitable only for calligraphy or block-printing; there were no screw-based presses in the east, because they were not wine-drinkers, didn't have olives, and used other means to dry their paper.}} Encyclopædia Britannica 2006: "Printing": {{quote|The second necessary element was the concept of the printing press itself, an idea that had never been conceived in the Far East.}}</ref> did not exceed an output of forty pages per day.<ref name="Ch'on Hye-bong 1993, 12">Ch'on Hye-bong 1993, p. 12: {{quote|This method almost doubled the printing speed and produced more than 40 copies a day. Printing technology reached its peak at this point.}}</ref>

Of [[Erasmus]]'s work, at least 750,000 copies were sold during his lifetime alone (1469–1536).<ref>{{harvnb|Issawi|1980|pp=492}}</ref> In the early days of the Reformation, the revolutionary potential of bulk printing took princes and [[papacy]] alike by surprise. In the period from 1518 to 1524, the publication of books in Germany alone skyrocketed sevenfold; between 1518 and 1520, [[Martin Luther|Luther]]'s tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies.<ref>{{harvnb|Duchesne|2006|p=83}}</ref>

The rapidity of typographical text production, as well as the sharp fall in unit costs, led to the issuing of the first [[newspaper]]s (see ''[[Relation (journal)|Relation]]'') which opened up an entirely new field for conveying up-to-date information to the public.<ref>{{harvnb|Weber|2006|pp=387f.}}</ref>

[[Incunable]] are surviving pre-16th century print works which are collected by many of the libraries in Europe and [[North America]].<ref>The British Library [http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/index.html Incunabula Short Title Catalogue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312185857/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/index.html|date=12 March 2011}} gives 29,777 separate ''editions'' (not copies) as of 8 January 2008, which however includes some print items from the 16th century (retrieved 11 March 2010). According to Bettina Wagner: "Das Second-Life der Wiegendrucke. Die Inkunabelsammlung der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek", in: Griebel, Rolf; Ceynowa, Klaus (eds.): "Information, Innovation, Inspiration. 450 Jahre Bayerische Staatsbibliothek", K G Saur, München 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-598-11772-5}}, pp. 207–224 (207f.), the [[Incunabula Short Title Catalogue]] lists 28,107 editions published before 1501.</ref>

=== Circulation of information and ideas ===
{{See also|Scientific Revolution#Printing|The Gutenberg Galaxy}}
[[File:Printing3 Walk of Ideas Berlin.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Walk of Ideas|"Modern Book Printing" sculpture]], commemorating Gutenberg's invention on the occasion of the [[2006 World Cup]] in Germany]]

The printing press was also a factor in the establishment of a community of [[scientists]] who could easily communicate their discoveries through the establishment of widely disseminated scholarly journals, helping to bring on the [[Scientific_Revolution#Printing|Scientific Revolution]].{{sfn|Eisenstein|1980}}{{pn|date=August 2023}} Because of the printing press, [[author]]ship became more meaningful and profitable. It was suddenly important who had said or written what, and what the precise formulation and time of composition was. This allowed the exact citing of references, producing the rule, "One Author, one work (title), one piece of information" (Giesecke, 1989; 325). Before, the author was less important, since a copy of [[Aristotle]] made in Paris would not be exactly identical to one made in Bologna. For many works prior to the printing press, the name of the author has been entirely lost.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

Because the printing process ensured that the same information fell on the same pages, page numbering, [[Table of contents|tables of contents]], and [[Index (publishing)|indices]] became common, though they previously had not been unknown.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} The process of reading also changed, gradually moving over several centuries from oral readings to silent, private reading.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Over the next 200 years, the wider availability of printed materials led to a dramatic rise in the adult literacy rate throughout Europe.<ref>Peck, Josh. "The State of Publishing: Literacy Rates." ''McSweeney's Internet Tendency''. McSweeney, 5 July 2011. Web. 28 August 2014.</ref>

The printing press was an important step towards the [[democratization of knowledge]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/business/google-s-total-library-putting-the-world-s-books-on-the-web-a-473529.html|title=Google's Total Library: Putting The World's Books On The Web|first=Malte Herwig, DER|last=SPIEGEL|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=28 March 2007|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=28 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128001828/http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,473529-2,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ojr.org/ojr/technology/1057780670.php|title=Howard Rheingold, "Moblogs Seen as a Crystal Ball for a New Era in Online Journalism", ''Online Journalism Review''|date=9 August 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014065536/http://www.ojr.org/ojr/technology/1057780670.php|archive-date=14 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Within 50 or 60 years of the invention of the printing press, the entire [[Classics|classical canon]] had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe (Eisenstein, 1969; 52). More people had access to knowledge both new and old, more people could discuss these works. Book production became more commercialised, and the first [[copyright]] laws were passed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arl.org/focus-areas/copyright-ip/2486-copyright-timeline#.Wl1E7ainHIU|title=Copyright Timeline: A History of Copyright in the United States {{!}} Association of Research Libraries® {{!}} ARL®|last=Eshgh|first=Amy|website=www.arl.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref> On the other hand, the printing press was criticized for allowing the dissemination of information that may have been incorrect.<ref name="CrickWalsham2004">{{cite book|author1=Julia C. Crick|author2=Alexandra Walsham|title=The uses of script and print, 1300–1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8005wHw-KsC|access-date=25 March 2011|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81063-0|page=20}}</ref><ref name="Bilton2010">{{cite book|author=Nick Bilton|title=I Live in the Future & Here's How It Works: Why Your World, Work, and Brain Are Being Creatively Disrupted|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VXRLlTDNrUC&pg=PA53|access-date=25 March 2011|date=14 September 2010|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-59111-1|page=53}}</ref> Several critics of the printing press around that time period raised concerns about possible societal effects. For instance, the Dominican friar Filippo de Strata around 1473-1474 characterized the printing press as a "whore" (''meretrix'') compared to the "virgin" pen. He said that most printers focused more on profits than accuracy and classical scholarship.<ref name="Lee2022">{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Alexander |title=The war against printing |url=https://engelsbergideas.com/essays/the-war-against-printing/ |website=Engelsberg Ideas |date=August 1, 2022 |access-date=January 14, 2026}}</ref> Additionally, the Benedictine abbot Johannes Trithemius in his 1492 treatise ''De laude scriptorum manualium'' argued that printing would make monks intellectually lazy, that books on paper were less durable than parchment manuscripts, and that hand-copying sacred text was a spiritual activity that could not be replicated through technological imitation.<ref name="Scribes">{{cite book |last1=Trithemius |first1=Johannes |last2=Behrendt |first2=Roland |title=In praise of scribes: De laude scriptorum |date=1974 |publisher=Coronado Press |location=Lawrence, Kansas |isbn=0872910660}}</ref>

Furthermore, the Florentine humanist Niccolò Perotti in 1470 argued that many books in circulation were very inaccurate, and should have never been printed. In 1481, Gerolamo Squarzafico also claimed that many printers were mostly illiterate, where Giorgio Merula also was concerned that printing could have negative effects on classical scholarship. Some critics were also concerned that religious heterodoxy could spread, as biblical texts could be accessed by anyone without proper training.<ref name="Lee2022" />

A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works, to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area, increasing the variety of published works. The printed word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars, in effect 'decreasing' their variability. This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited{{Who|date=March 2015}} as one of the causes of the rise of [[nationalism]] in Europe.

A third consequence of popularization of printing was on the economy. The printing press was associated with higher levels of city growth.<ref name="Dittmar2011">{{cite news|author1=Jeremiah Dittmar|title=Information technology and economic change: The impact of the printing press|url=http://voxeu.org/article/information-technology-and-economic-change-impact-printing-press|access-date=3 August 2017|publisher=VoxEU}}</ref> The publication of trade-related manuals and books teaching techniques like [[double-entry bookkeeping]] increased the reliability of trade and led to the decline of merchant guilds and the rise of individual traders.<ref name="Raj2017">{{cite news|author1=Prateek Raj|title=How the Postal System and the Printing Press Transformed European Markets|url=http://evonomics.com/europe-markets-guilds-merchants-declined/|access-date=3 August 2017|publisher=Evonomics}}</ref>

== Industrial printing presses ==
{{See also|History of printing}}
At the dawn of the [[Industrial Revolution]], the mechanics of the hand-operated Gutenberg-style press were still essentially unchanged, although new materials in its construction, amongst other innovations, had gradually improved its printing efficiency. By 1800, [[Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope|Lord Stanhope]] had built a press completely from [[cast iron]] which reduced the force required by 90%, while doubling the size of the printed area.<ref name="meggs130-133">Meggs, Philip B. ''A History of Graphic Design''. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 130–133) {{ISBN|0-471-29198-6}}</ref> With a capacity of 480 pages per hour, the Stanhope press doubled the output of the old style press.<ref name="Bolza 1967, 80">{{harvnb|Bolza|1967|p=80}}</ref> Nonetheless, the limitations inherent to the traditional method of printing became obvious.

[[File:Koenig's steam press - 1814.png|thumb|[[Friedrich Koenig|Koenig]]'s 1814 steam-powered printing press]]

Two ideas altered the design of the printing press radically: First, the use of steam power for running the machinery, and second the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders. Both elements were for the first time successfully implemented by the German printer [[Friedrich Koenig]] in a series of press designs devised between 1802 and 1818.<ref name="Bolza 1967, 88">{{harvnb|Bolza|1967|p=88}}</ref> Having moved to London in 1804, Koenig soon met [[Thomas Bensley]] and secured financial support for his project in 1807.<ref name="meggs130-133"/> Patented in 1810, Koenig had designed a steam press "much like a hand press connected to a [[steam engine]]."<ref name="meggs130-133"/> In April 1811, the first production trial of this model occurred. He produced his machine with assistance from German engineer [[Andreas Friedrich Bauer]].

In 1814, Koenig and Bauer sold two of their first models to ''[[The Times]]'' in [[London]], capable of 1,100 impressions per hour. The first edition so printed was on 28 November 1814. They improved the early model so that it could print on both sides of a sheet at once. This began the long process of making [[newspaper]]s available to a mass audience, which helped spread literacy. From the 1820s it changed the nature of [[book]] production, forcing a greater standardization in titles and other [[metadata (computing)|metadata]]. Their company [[Koenig & Bauer AG]] is still one of the world's largest manufacturers of printing presses today.

===Rotary press===
The steam-powered [[rotary printing press]], invented in 1843 in the [[United States]] by [[Richard M. Hoe]],<ref name="meggs147">{{Cite book|last=Meggs|first=Philip B.|author-link=Philip B. Meggs|title=A History of Graphic Design|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=1998|edition=Third|page=147|isbn=978-0-471-29198-5}}</ref> ultimately allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day. Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper, as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace. Hoe's original design operated at up to 2,000 revolutions per hour where each revolution deposited 4 page images, giving the press a throughput of 8,000 pages per hour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard March Hoe {{!}} American inventor and manufacturer |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-March-Hoe |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> By 1891, The [[New York World]] and Philadelphia Item were operating presses producing either 90,000 4-page sheets per hour or 48,000 8-page sheets.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Harry Thurston. |title=The International Cyclopædia A Compendium of Human Knowledge, Revised with Large Additions · Volume 12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YpRAAAAYAAJ |year=1895 |publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company |access-date=28 June 2020 |page=168}}</ref>

In the middle of the 19th century, there was a separate development of [[jobbing presses]], small presses capable of printing small-format pieces such as [[billhead]]s, letterheads, business cards, and envelopes. Jobbing presses were capable of quick setup, with an average setup time for a small job was under 15 minutes, and quick production. Even on treadle-powered jobbing presses it was considered normal to get 1,000 impressions per hour [iph] with one pressman, with speeds of 1,500 iph often attained on simple envelope work.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Job printing emerged as a reasonably cost-effective duplicating solution for commerce at this time.

== Printing capacity ==
The table lists the maximum number of pages which the various press designs could print ''per hour''.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Printing speed of press designs
!Design
!Year
!Impressions per hour
|-
! colspan="3" |Hand-operated presses
|-
|[[Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg]]-style
|{{circa|1600}}
|240<ref name="Wolf 1974, 67f."/>
|-
|[[Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope|Stanhope]] press
|{{circa|1800}}
|480<ref name="Bolza 1967, 80"/>
|-
! colspan="3" |Steam-powered presses
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Friedrich Koenig|Koenig]] press
|1812
|800<ref>{{harvnb|Bolza|1967|p=83}}</ref>
|-
|1813
|1100<ref>{{harvnb|Bolza|1967|p=87}}</ref>
|-
|1814
|2000<ref name="Bolza 1967, 88"/>
|-
|1818
|2400<ref name="Bolza 1967, 88"/>
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px" style="text-align:left">
File:Handtiegelpresse von 1811.jpg|Printing press from 1811
File:Iserlohn-Druckpresse1-Bubo.JPG|[[Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope|Stanhope]] press from 1842
File:Cccasarealjf.JPG|Imprenta Press V John Sherwin from 1860
File:1890 Reliance Printing Press.jpg|Reliance Printing Press from the 1890s
File:One of Toledo Blade's Big Presses, Toledo, Ohio - DPLA - ac45dd72060a183713cbf7f487305972 (page 1) (cropped).jpg|''[[The Blade (Toledo, Ohio)|Toledo Blade]]'' newspaper printing press
File:Old Threshers Miehle Press Drum.jpg|A Miehle flat-bed cylinder press in operation
</gallery>

== See also ==

;General
* [[Early American publishers and printers]]
* [[Imprimatur]]
* [[Printer's hat]]
* [[Printing]]
* [[Typography]]
* [[William Caxton]], the first person to introduce a printing press into England in 1476

;Printing presses
* [[Adana Printing Machines]]
* [[Albion press]]
* [[Flexography]]
* [[Heidelberg Platen Press]]
* [[Augustus Applegath]], inventor of the vertical-drum rotary printing press

;Other inventions
* [[Color printing]]
* [[Composing stick]]
* [[Desktop publishing]]
* [[Electronic publishing]]
* [[Lithography]]
* [[Offset printing]]
* [[Printer (computing)]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
'''On the effects of the printing press'''
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Bailyn |editor1-first=Bernard |editor2-last=Hench |editor2-first=John B. |title=The Press & the American Revolution |publisher=Boston: Northeastern University Press (Originally published: Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society) |year=1981 |orig-year=1980 |isbn=978-0-9303-50307 |url=https://archive.org/details/pressamericanrev0000unse |ref=bailyn1981}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=z5JZAAAAMAAJ Google book])
* {{citation
|last=Berthold
|first=Arthur Benedict
|title=American colonial printing as determined by contemporary cultural forces, 1639–1763
|publisher=New York : B. Franklin
|year=1970
|isbn=978-0-8337-02616
|url=https://archive.org/details/americancolonial0000bert
|ref=berthold1970}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Boruchoff
|first1=David A.
|contribution=The Three Greatest Inventions of Modern Times: An Idea and Its Public
|title=Entangled Knowledge: Scientific Discourses and Cultural Difference
|editor=Klaus Hock |editor2=Gesa Mackenthun
|publisher=Waxmann
|year=2012
|location=Münster
|pages=133–163
|isbn=978-3-8309-2729-7
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Buringh
|first1=Eltjo
|last2=van Zanden
|first2=Jan Luiten
|title=Charting the "Rise of the West": Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries
|journal=[[The Journal of Economic History]]
|volume=69
|issue=2
|pages=409–445
|year=2009
|doi=10.1017/s0022050709000837
|s2cid=154362112
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Eisenstein
|first=Elizabeth L.
|author-link=Elizabeth L. Eisenstein
|title=The Printing Press as an Agent of Change
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|year=1980
|isbn=978-0-521-29955-8
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/printingpressasa0000eise
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Eisenstein
|first=Elizabeth L.
|title=The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|edition=2nd, rev.
|year=2005
|isbn=978-0-521-60774-2
}} [More recent, abridged version]
* {{Citation
|last1=Febvre
|first1=Lucien
|author-link1=Lucien Febvre
|last2=Martin
|first2=Henri-Jean
|author-link2=Henri-Jean Martin
|title=The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800
|publisher=Verso
|place=London
|year=1997
|isbn=978-1-85984-108-2
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Man
|first=John
|author-link=John Man (author)
|title=The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World
|publisher=Headline Review
|place=London
|year=2002
|isbn=978-0-7472-4504-9
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/gutenbergrevolut0000manj
}}
* {{Citation
|last=McLuhan
|first=Marshall
|author-link=Marshall McLuhan
|title=The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man
|publisher=University of Toronto Press
|edition=1st
|year=1962
|isbn=978-0-8020-6041-9
}}
* {{cite book |last=Schlesinger |first=Arthur M. |title=Prelude To Independence The Newspaper War On Britain 1764 1776 |author-mask=2 |publisher=Alfred A.Knopf |year=1958 |url=https://archive.org/details/preludetoindepen010547mbp |ref=schlesinger1958 }}

'''Technology of printing'''
* {{Citation
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|publisher=Fayard
|place=Paris
|year=1992
|isbn=978-2-213-02865-1
}}
* {{Citation
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|title=Friedrich Koenig und die Erfindung der Druckmaschine
|journal=Technikgeschichte
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=79–89
|year=1967
}}
* {{Citation
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|first=Gedeon
|title=Druckorte in Italien vor 1601
|journal=[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]]
|pages=311–314
|year=1976
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Borsa
|first=Gedeon
|title=Drucker in Italien vor 1601
|journal=[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]]
|pages=166–169
|year=1977
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Brekle
|first=Herbert E.
|author-link=Herbert E. Brekle
|title=Eine weitere Spur einer typographischen Werkstatt beim Kloster Prüfening im 12. Jahrhundert
|journal=[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]]
|volume=70
|pages=23–26
|year=1995
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Brekle
|first=Herbert E.
|title=Das typographische Prinzip. Versuch einer Begriffsklärung
|url=http://www.typeforum.de/news_332.htm
|journal=[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]]
|volume=72
|pages=58–63
|year=1997
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Brekle
|first=Herbert E.
|title=Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119. Eine paläographisch-typographische Untersuchung (brief summary)
|url=http://www.typeforum.de/news_308.htm
|publisher=Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft
|place=Regensburg
|year=2005
|isbn=978-3-937527-06-2
}}
* {{Citation
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|first=Robert I.
|editor-last=Lindgren
|editor-first=Uta|editor-link= Uta Lindgren
|contribution=Paper comes to the West, 800–1400
|title=Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation
|edition=4th
|year=1996
|publisher=Gebr. Mann Verlag
|location=Berlin
|isbn=978-3-7861-1748-3
|pages=413–422
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Childress
|first=Diana
|title=Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press
|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books
|place=Minneapolis
|year=2008
|isbn=978-0-7613-4024-9
}}
* Ch'on Hye-bong: "Typography in Korea", ''Koreana'', Vol. 7, No. 2 (1993), pp. 10–19
* {{worldhistory}}
* {{Citation
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|place=Philadelphia
|year=2004
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}}
* {{Citation
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|journal=The Journal of the Historical Society
|volume=6
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|pages=69–91
|year=2006
|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5923.2006.00168.x
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Fontaine
|first=Jean-Paul
|title=L'aventure du livre: Du manuscrit medieval a nos jours
|publisher=Bibliothèque de l'image
|place=Paris
|year=1999
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Gerhardt
|first=Claus W.
|title=Warum wurde die Gutenberg-Presse erst nach über 350 Jahren durch ein besseres System abgelöst?
|journal=[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]]
|pages=43–57
|year=1971
}}
* {{Citation
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|title=Besitzt Gutenbergs Erfindung heute noch einen Wert?
|journal=[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]]
|pages=212–217
|year=1978
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Hanebutt-Benz
|first=Eva-Maria
|contribution=Gutenbergs Erfindungen
|title=Gutenberg. Aventur und Kunst: Vom Geheimunternehmen zur ersten Medienrevolution
|publisher=Stadt Mainz
|year=2000
|location=Mainz
|pages=158–189
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* {{Citation
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|contribution=The Gutenberg Revolutions
|title=A Companion to the History of the Book
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|editor2-last=Rose
|editor2-first=Jonathan
|publisher=Blackwell Publishing
|pages=207–220
|year=2007
|isbn=978-1-4051-2765-3
}}
* Hind, Arthur M., ''An Introduction to a History of Woodcut'', Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 (in USA), reprinted Dover Publications, 1963 {{ISBN|0-486-20952-0}}
* {{Citation
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|title=Europe, the Middle East and the Shift in Power: Reflections on a Theme by Marshall Hodgson
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* {{Citation
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|publisher=Scolar
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}}
* {{Citation
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|title=Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik (1985–1991)
|series=[[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]: Hilfsmittel
|volume=14
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* {{Citation
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|title=Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII. Jahrhunderts
|journal=[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]]
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* {{Citation
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* {{Citation
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|publisher=Books on Demand
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* Needham, Joseph: "Science and Civilisation in China", Physics and Physical Technology (Vol. 4), Mechanical Engineering (Part 2), Cambridge University Press, 1965
* {{Citation
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* Encyclopædia Britannica 2006: "Printing". Retrieved 27 November 2006
* {{Citation
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* {{Citation
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* {{Citation|last=Tsien|first=Tsuen-Hsuin|series=Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology (Vol. 5, Part 1)|title=Paper and Printing|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1985}}
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|title=Geschichte der Druckpressen
|place=Frankfurt/Main
|publisher=Interprint
|edition=1st
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== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160606062022/http://www.chb.hss.ed.ac.uk/ Centre for the History of the Book] (archived 6 June 2016)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928194729/http://www.citrinitas.com/history_of_viscom/press.html Gutenberg printing] − Photos of ''Incunabula'' and the Gutenberg Bible (1455) (archived 28 September 2007)
* [https://archive.org/details/Printing1947 Internet Archive: Printing (1947)] − a film from the Prelinger Archives explaining the printing industry

{{Letterpress}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Printing|press]]
[[Category:Johannes Gutenberg]]
[[Category:15th-century introductions]]
[[Category:1445 establishments]]
[[Category:Textual scholarship]]
[[Category:15th-century inventions]]
[[Category:German inventions]]
[[Category:1440 in Europe]]
[[Category:1440s in the Holy Roman Empire]]

Soban Singh Jeena Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Almora

2026-02-13T02:41:09Z

RoyalEddington6: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University]]

V. Geetha

2026-02-12T03:18:58Z

RoyalEddington6: Creating Some Details Basic Info

{{short description|Indian feminist activist}}
{{for|feminist writer from [[Kerala]]|P. Geetha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. Geetha
| image = File:Va.GEETHA.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Writer in Tamil and in English on history, culture and gender.
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = Undoing Impunity- Speech after sexual violence, Gender (Theorizing Feminism) and Towards a non-Brahmin Millennium.
}}
'''V. Geetha''' is an Indian feminist activist who writes on issues related to caste, gender, education and civil rights.<ref name="Indian">{{Cite news|url=http://www.kamalan.travel/in-conversation-with-geetha/|title=In conversation with V.Geetha, Editorial Director, Tara Books|date=17 July 2017|newspaper=Kamalan Travel|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212091044/http://www.kamalan.travel/in-conversation-with-geetha/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/profile/23249|title=V.Geetha Profile|last=Geetha|first=V.|website=caravanmagazine.in|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002055446/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/profile/23249|url-status=dead}}</ref> She operates from [[Madras]] (now known as Chennai) and has carried out research on the nature and proliferation of [[NGOs]] operating in [[Tamil Nadu]]. She has set up the federation of women's groups in the state and is also the editorial director at [https://tarabooks.com/ Tara Books].<ref name="Mageli2014">{{cite book|author=Eldrid Mageli|title=Organising Women's Protest: A Study of Political Styles in Two South Indian Activist Groups|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg2tAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|date=14 January 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-79169-7|pages=16–}}</ref><ref name="Indian" /> Other than this, she has translated two of [[Perumal Murugan|Perumal Murugan's]] novels into English.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/profile/author/v-geetha/|title=V. Geetha|website=The Indian Express|date=23 May 2016 |access-date=2018-05-26}}</ref> Based on her research, she has observed that "Violence as an experience seemed to me to represent a point of intersection of trajectories of hurt, touch, love, fear, hunger and shame. It seemed to inhere as much in the grime of every day life, in habitual tone, gesture and touch, as it did in the particular and determined act of violence."<ref name="Mehrotra2003">{{cite book|author=Deepti Priya Mehrotra|title=Home Truths: Stories of Single Mothers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vppYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT238|date=23 May 2003|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-85890-37-6|pages=238–}}</ref>

==Education ==
V. Geetha is a feminist activist, writer and historian from Chennai, Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tnlabour.in/working-class-vision/3586|title=Class and Caste in Tamil Literature: An Interview with V. Geetha|date=2016-04-22|work=தொழிலாளர் கூடம் (Thozhilalar koodam)|access-date=2018-05-26}}</ref> She studied at [[Madras Christian College]] and [[University of Iowa]] and was involved in political activism during her college days. Among various notable literary stalwarts, works by Shakespeare inspired her the most. 19th century fiction writers like George Eliot, [[Leo Tolstoy]] and Joseph Conrad has also influenced her intellectual understanding. Among Indian writers, she is fond of Medieval Vaishnavaite Bhakti Poetry and the modernists including A. Madavaihah and [[Subramania Bharati]]. Apart from this, Bangla writer Sabitri Ray, historian Sheila Rowbotham and critic Marina Warner are few among many women writers who have influenced her literary inclination. As far as her political ideology is concerned, teachings of Ambedkar, Periyar, Fanon and K.Balagopal has had an immense influence on her.<ref name="Indian" />

== Career ==
After completing her studies in 1988, she was active in the women's movement for over two decades, even as she worked at giving extramural lectures to women workers, activists and students. Working in the Indian women's movement, she and several others were instrumental in setting up an independent feminist initiative in Tamil Nadu - the Tamil Nadu Women's Coordination Committee (1990). Among other things, the Committee held state-level conferences of importance, including on Violence against Women (1992), on Women, Politics and Autonomy (1997), and Remembering Gujarat (2002). Geetha was also an active member of Snehidi, a women's group that worked with those who faced abuse in the family. This work was carried on for over 8 years and in association with the Tamil Nadu State Legal-Aid Board.
Along with S. V. Rajadurai, she published a series of pioneering Tamil texts that introduced key western Marxist thinkers. Starting from 1991, Rajadurai and Geetha have published in Tamil and English on the Tamil Non-Brahmin movement, including the radical [[Self-Respect Movement|Self-respect movement]] of E V Ramasamy Periyar.
She is now engaged in writing, teaching and research on subjects related to women.<ref name="Mageli2014" /><ref name="Amazon">{{Cite book|title=Gender (Theorizing Feminism)|date=1 March 2002 |isbn = 978-8185604459|last1 = Kītā|first1 = Va}}</ref> In 1998, she joined Tara books as an editorial director and has been associated with various kinds of art and literary projects on mythology and indigenous tribal and folk traditions since then.<ref name="Indian" />

== Notable publications ==
She has been consistently engaged in writing and translation work and has been actively contributing to various magazines and news portals. Some of her notable publications are: Translation of two novels of [[Perumal Murugan]] in [[tamil language|Tamil]] into English;<ref name="ManishaKrishna">{{cite book|author1=Priyam, Manisha|author2=Menon, Krishna|author3=Banerjee, Madhulika|title=Human Rights, Gender and the Environment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnw-BAAAQBA&pg=PA117|isbn=978-81-317-4316-4|pages=117–}}</ref> ''Towards a Non-Brahmin Millennium: from Iyothee Thass to Periyar'' co-authored with S.V. Rajadurai; ''Undoing Impunity- Speech after sexual violence''; ''Religious Faith, Ideology, Citizenship: The View from Below'' co-authored with Nalini Rajan Kita in which several essays deal with varied topics of history and thoughts starting from the [[Gandhi]]an era of [[civil disobedience]] during the [[British Raj]], on freedom movement which involved suppression of freedom and resulted in humiliation of people, and on the [[Islam]]ic dogmas of [[Muslim Brotherhood|universal brotherhood]]. She has discussed issues of [[secularism]] as it has evolved in the 21st century in many parts of [[South East Asia]]n region and when communal issues have dominated in India;<ref name="KītāGeetha2011">{{cite book|author1=Va Kītā|author2=V. Geetha|author3=Nalini Rajan|title=Religious Faith, Ideology, Citizenship: The View from Below|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuBBYgEACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67785-1}}</ref> and the book titled ''Fingerprint'' in which she has noted that [[fingerprinting]] has been opposed by people on the grounds that it violates fundamental rights of people as it tends to "foreclose their identities".<ref name="Geetha2009">{{cite book|author=V.. Geetha|title=Fingerprint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_AIOwAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Tara|isbn=978-81-906756-2-8}}</ref> Currently, she is engaged in researching the works of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zubaanbooks.com/bookauthor/v-geetha/|title=V. Geetha {{!}} Author {{!}} Zubaan|website=zubaanbooks.com|access-date=2018-05-26}}</ref>

In ''Undoing Impunity- Speech after sexual violence,''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Undoing Impunity – Speech After Sexual Violence|last=Geetha|first=V.|date=2016-11-29|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9789384757779|language=en}}</ref> she unravels the idea of impunity with respect to sexual violence in South Asian context. She further highlights the idea of social recognition to describe how state not just misuses laws to disregard the victims of sexual violence but also denies their existence to further delineate them. The author argues that this can only be resolved through the collective effort from both the state as well as the citizens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/05/15/book-excerpt-undoing-impunity-v-geetha/|title=Book Excerpt: Undoing Impunity – Speech After Sexual Violence By V. Geetha|date=2018-05-15|work=Feminism in India|access-date=2018-05-26}}</ref> ''Towards a non-Brahmin Millennium'' is another book co-authored by V. Geetha which revisits the various transformations of Dravidian movements and highlights the radical and social content embedded within the non-Brahminism. Keeping in mind the contemporary Dravidian politics, the authors also throw light on the relevance of non-Brahmin movements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramaswamy|first=Sumathi|date=1 March 2000|title=Book Reviews : V. GEETHA and S.V. RAJADURAI, Towards a Non-Brahmin Millennium: From Iyothee Thass to Periyar, Calcutta, Samya, 1998, pp. 556|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=37|pages=97–99|doi=10.1177/001946460003700109|s2cid=143492548}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geetha, V.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

National Space Day (India)

2026-02-07T20:15:18Z

RoyalEddington6: stub - done

{{Short description|National holiday in India}}
{{Cleanup press release|1=article|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox holiday
| type = National
| holiday_name = National Space Day
| date = 23 August
| official_name = National Space Day
| observedby = [[India]]
| significance = Commemorates Chandrayaan-3's successful landing on the Moon
| firsttime = 23 August 2024
| image = ISRO NSpD Logo.png
| relatedto = {{URL|https://www.isro.gov.in/NSPD2025/}} {{URL|https://www.nationalspaceday.space/}}
{{URL|https://www.spacerevolutionday.org/}}
| alt = Logo of the first National Space Day, showcasing a stylised Vikram lander on a curved moon, with theindian tricolour in the background
| caption = Logo of National Space Day
| frequency = Annually
| startedby = [[ISRO]]
}}

'''National Space Day''' in India commemorates the successful landing of [[Chandrayaan-3]] on the [[Moon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Space Day |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/NSPD2024/ |website=ISRO Website |ref=ISRO-NSPD}}</ref> It is celebrated on 23 August.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 August 2023|title=Chandrayaan-3 Lander on the Moon|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-chandrayaan-3-vikram-lander-touch-down-live-updates/article67219323.ece|accessdate=26 August 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
On 23 August 2023, [[ISRO]] reached a significant milestone by successfully landing Chandrayaan-3's lander and rover on the Moon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-24 |title=Chandrayaan mission a key milestone in ISRO's journey: Kasturirangan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan-3-mission-success-has-opened-up-potential-for-moons-use-as-take-off-point-for-future-planetary-missions-kasturirangan/article67231284.ece |access-date=2023-08-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> With this, India became the fourth country to land on the Moon and first to land near the southern polar region of the Moon. The soft-landing was followed by successful deployment of Pragyan Rover. Recognizing this achievement, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] proclaimed August 23 as "National Space Day" in India.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: India To Celebrate August 23 As 'National Space Day' |newspaper=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/chandrayaan-3-india-to-celebrate-august-23-as-national-space-day/videoshow/103080187.cms |accessdate=26 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Soumya Pillai |date=26 August 2023 |title=PM Modi announces August 23 as 'National Space Day', lauds Isro scientists |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-declares-august-23-as-national-space-day-chandrayaan-3-lands-successfully-on-moon-s-south-pole-101693025185154.html |accessdate=26 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=PM Modi declares August 23 as National Space Day, says India now in front row of nations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/narendra-modi-bengaluru-isro-moon-landing-8910185/ |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Programms on first National Space Day ==
The first National Space Day was celebrated across India in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISRO on X |url=https://x.com/isro/status/1819240160913248651 |website=ISRO on X |ref=ISRO-X-First}}</ref> The Government of India organized a month-long campaign to showcase the achievements of India's space missions and to inspire the youth. Its theme, '''"Touching Lives while Touching the Moon: India's Space Saga"''', highlights the significant impact of space exploration on society and technology.<ref name="PIB-NSpD">{{cite web |title=NATIONAL SPACE DAY 2024: EMBRACING INDIA'S SPACE SAGA WITH A MONTH OF INSPIRING EVENTS Join the National Space Day 2024 Celebrations |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=151986&ModuleId=3 |website=PIB National Space Day |access-date=7 August 2024 |ref=PIB-NSpD}}</ref>

=== Two-day finale at Bharat Mandapam ===

[[File:2024 NSpD Two-day Finale at Bharat Mandapam.jpg|thumb|2024 NSpD two-day finale at Bharat Mandapam]]

A two-day event took place at Bharat Mandapam in honour of National Space Day, showcasing a range of high-profile sessions, interactive exhibitions, and significant announcements related to India's space achievements.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-23 |title=National Space Day 2024: India celebrates historic Chandrayaan-3 success and inspires future generations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/national-space-day-2024-india-celebrates-historic-chandrayaan-3-success-and-inspires-future-generations/articleshow/112730189.cms |access-date=2025-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Space on Wheels – Showcasing ISRO's Vision for Scientific Advancement ===

[[File:2024 NSpD Space on Wheels.png|thumb|2024 NSpD Space on Wheels]]

This project involves mobile exhibition buses that will travel to various universities and colleges during National Space Day celebrations. On 24 January 2023, ISRO signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with a prominent science organisation Vijnana Bharati (VIBHA), which is dedicated to promoting scientific knowledge and awareness, to collaborate on a unique initiative called “Space on Wheels.”<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-23 |title=All one needs to know about India's first National Space Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/all-one-needs-to-know-about-indias-first-national-space-day/articleshow/112683871.cms |access-date=2025-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The primary goal of this initiative is to disseminate information about ISRO's activities and India's space missions to school students across all states of India. This collaboration represents a joint effort between VIBHA and ISRO to enhance public understanding of space science and foster greater interest in space exploration.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Department of Space |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=151986&ModuleId=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116073407/https://pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=151986&ModuleId=3 |archive-date=2024-11-16 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=www.pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== ISRO Space Tutors: Engaging and Educating ===

Space Tutors are educators and mentors registered with ISRO who are dedicated to advancing space science and technology education. They play a crucial role in engaging students and the public through various outreach activities. In response to the evolving educational landscape, ISRO is committed to disseminating enriched knowledge in the space domain.

To support this, numerous NGOs and educational institutions have developed frameworks that encourage students to register and explore space science and technology. These frameworks include educational modules with books and lab work that complement regular classroom learning. Additionally, digital content creators and online educators use social media and mobile applications to offer virtual learning experiences.

ISRO's 120 registered Space Tutors will organize outreach events such as talks, quizzes, and exhibitions across the country, aiming to promote space education and raise awareness about space activities and applications. They will receive support through promotional materials to enhance their efforts in fostering scientific curiosity and innovative thinking among students.<ref name=":0" />

=== Bharatiya Antariksh Hackathon ===

[[File:2024 NSpD Bharathiya Antariksh Hackathon.jpg|thumb|2024 NSpD Bharathiya Antariksh Hackathon]]

The Bharatiya Antariksh Hackathon 2024 is a key feature of the National Space Day-2024 celebrations, aiming to discover innovative ideas and solutions in Space Tech.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launching of Bhartiya Antariksh Hackathon-2024 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/LaunchingBhartiyaAntarikshHackathon2024.html |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> As India continues to advance in space research and exploration, this premier event seeks to inspire the next generation of innovators to contribute to the nation's space missions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-05 |title=ISRO chairman launches Bharatiya Antariksh Hackathon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/isro-chairman-launches-bharatiya-antariksh-hackathon/article68371277.ece |access-date=2025-08-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Organized by ISRO, the national-level hackathon will present students with various problem statements, encouraging them to develop creative solutions. Teams will be shortlisted based on their responses to compete in the finale at selected centres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-03 |title=Space Day: Isro launches Bhartiya Antriksh Hackathon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/space-day-isro-launches-bhartiya-antriksh-hackathon/articleshow/111463622.cms |access-date=2025-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Exceptional students from the finale will be offered internships at ISRO centres. The top three winners of the hackathon will have the opportunity to showcase their applications during the National Space Day celebrations on 23 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=National Space Day: How India is celebrating the occasion; know events - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/science/national-space-day-how-india-plans-to-celebrate-the-occasion-know-events-19461931.htm |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/aug/doc202488369401.pdf | title=National space day 2024: Embracing India's space saga with a month of inspiring events | website=static.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

=== ISRO Robotics Challenge ===

[[File:ISRO Robotics Challenge.jpg|thumb|ISRO Robotics Challenge]]

The ISRO Robotics Challenge began on 8 November 2023, with an extended period for registration and proposal submissions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-13 |title=Isro turns to students for design of wheeled rover for future missions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/isro-turns-to-students-for-design-of-wheeled-rover-for-future-missions/articleshow/105173636.cms |access-date=2025-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO Robotics Challenge-URSC 2024 (IRoC-U2024): Inviting Indian students to join Space exploration |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_Robotics_Challenge_URSC2024.html |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> Following team selections and the release of competition details, participants showcased their hardware and rover functionality through video submissions and design reports.<ref name=":0"/>

With the tagline “Let's Build a Space Robot”, this challenge offers students a chance to engage in space robotics. Teams from institutions are tasked with creating robots for an extraterrestrial-inspired arena, addressing real-world space robotics challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title='Let's build a space robot': ISRO is hosting a challenge for students with a cash prize of Rs 5 lakh; see details - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/lets-build-a-space-robot-isro-is-hosting-a-challenge-for-students-with-a-cash-prize-of-rs-5-lakh-see-details-405821-2023-11-15 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Science commemorative events}}
{{Indian Department of Space}}

[[Category:August observances]]
[[Category:Observances in India]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:Celebrations of spaceflight]]

Americans in India

2026-01-25T08:44:13Z

RoyalEddington6: expand intro as per guidelines and updated info

{{short description|Ethnic group in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Americans in India
| image =
| caption =
| population = 1,500,000 (2024–25) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of O.. {{!}} migrationpolicy.org |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination |access-date=2025-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075252/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination |archive-date=19 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-04 |title=International Migrant Stock {{!}} Population Division |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock |access-date=2025-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210709/https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock |archive-date=4 September 2022 }}</ref>
| regions = [[Bangalore]]{{·}}[[Chennai]]{{·}}[[Hyderabad]]{{·}}[[Mumbai]]{{·}}[[New Delhi]] {{·}} [[Kochi]]
| langs = [[English language|English]]{{·}}[[Languages of India|Indian languages]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| rels = Christianity{{·}}[[Hinduism]]{{·}}[[Islam]]{{·}}[[Sikhism]]
| related = [[Emigration from the United States|American diaspora]]
}}

'''Americans in India''' comprise immigrants from the United States living in India, along with Indian citizens of American descent. They have a history stretching back to the late 18th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Bhagat|1970}}</ref>

==History==
During [[World War II]], more than 400,000 American soldiers were sent to India.<ref>{{harvnb|Vest|1948|p=223}}</ref>

After the end of [[British India|British colonial rule in India]] in 1947, the "colonial third culture" surrounding employment, which featured expatriates in superior roles, natives in subordinate roles, and little informal socialisation between the two, began to be replaced with a "co-ordinate third culture", based around the common social life of Americans working in multinational corporations and their Indian colleagues. Americans who came to India for work slowly assimilated into this culture.<ref>{{harvnb|J. Useem|1966|p=146}}</ref> Many companies in those days found they had difficulty retaining American employees with children; they found educational facilities at the high school level to be inadequate.<ref>{{harvnb|R. Useem|1966|p=132}}</ref>

In a break from the long tradition of older American expatriates coming to India to manage local subsidiaries of American companies, a trend began in the 2000s of younger Americans taking jobs at Indian companies, especially in the information technology sector, often at lower wages than they had previously earned in the U.S. In 2006 there were estimated to be roughly 800 American immigrants working in high-tech companies in India.<ref>{{citation|title=M.B.A. Students Bypassing Wall Street for a Summer in India|periodical=The New York Times|date=10 August 2005|access-date=6 March 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/10/business/worldbusiness/10intern.html|last=Rai|first=Saritha}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Americans seek opportunity in booming Bangalore|date=3 April 2006|access-date=6 March 2009|last=Chea|first=Terence|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-121108666.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023110727/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-121108666.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|periodical=Associated Press}}</ref>

==Numbers==
In 2002, one widely cited estimate stated that 60,000 Americans, including African Americans, lived in India. However, exact numbers were difficult to come by because many did not register with the embassy.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/08/world/many-americans-unfazed-go-on-doing-business-in-india.html|periodical=The New York Times|title=Many Americans, Unfazed, Go On Doing Business in India|first1=Barry|last1=Bearak|first2=Seth|last2=Mydans|date=8 June 2002|access-date=6 March 2009}}</ref> Some media reports around the time of the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 U.S. presidential election]] stated that 10,000 Americans lived in India at the time.<ref>{{citation|last=Guha|first=Seema|title=Obama fans have already called a party in Delhi|periodical=DNA India|date=4 November 2008|access-date=6 March 2009|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1203199}}</ref> However ,this conflicted with another figure given by the head of the U.S. consulate in Mumbai, who estimated that there were 9,000 living in Mumbai and its surroundings alone, representing almost 0.1% of its total population.<ref>{{citation|title=How Americans in India vote for US polls?|periodical=The Times of India|date=29 October 2008|access-date=6 March 2009|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/903355.cms}}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Music ===
American music first came to India at the turn of the 20th century, mediated to some extent through Britain and involving a significant amount of African American [[jazz]] music.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Biswarup |date=2024-10-01 |title=Introduction: western popular music and Indian modernity |journal=South Asian History and Culture |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=359–373 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2024.2414698 |issn=1947-2498 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Excerpt|Sport in British India#North America|paragraphs=1|files=1}}

==In fiction==
''[[Outsourced (TV series)|Outsourced]]'' aired on [[NBC]] during the 2010 television season, depicting an American manager at a call center in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=NBC Cancels 'Outsourced': First TV Show Set in India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/NBC-Cancels-Outsourced-First-TV-Show-Set-in-India/articleshow/8487307.cms |newspaper=Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |date=21 May 2011 |access-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>

==Education==
American schools in India include:
* [[American Embassy School, New Delhi|American Embassy School]] (Delhi)
* [[American School of Bombay]]
* American International School Chennai

==Notable people==
This is a list of current and [[list of former United States citizens who relinquished their nationality|former U.S. citizens]] whose notability is related to their residence in India.
* [[Akhil Akkineni]], American actor of Indian descent, who works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films
*[[Tom Alter]], actor in the [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] industry, former U.S. citizen<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/06/movies/an-american-star-of-the-hindi-screen.html|title=An American Star of the Hindi Screen|periodical=The New York Times|access-date=6 March 2009|date=6 July 1989|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy}}</ref>
* [[Martha Chen]], American citizen and raised in India
* [[Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston|Mary Curzon]], Baroness Curzon of Kedleston, CI (27 May 1870 – 18 July 1906); as Vicereine of India, she held the highest official title in history of any American woman up to her time
* [[Monica Dogra]], American singer and actor of Indian origin based in Mumbai
* [[Ellis R. Dungan]], American director who worked in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films
* [[Goa Gil]], American-born musician, DJ, remixer and party organizer
* [[Lauren Gottlieb]], actress and dancer
* [[Nathaniel Higginson]], Governor of Madras (1692–98)
*[[Deva Katta]], an Indian-born film director who later acquired U.S. citizenship, works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films
* [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]], American actor of Indian origin, who works in [[Hindi]] films
* [[Akshay Oberoi]], an American actor of Indian origin, who works in [[Hindi]] films
* [[Jiah Khan]], British-American actress and singer
* Dr. [[Anna Sarah Kugler]], first medical missionary of the [[Evangelical Lutheran General Synod of the United States of North America]]
* [[Pooja Kumar]], American actress born to Indian immigrants; works in the Tamil industry
* [[Justin McCarthy (dancer)|Justin McCarthy]], American-born Indian [[Bharatnatyam]] dancer, instructor and choreographer
* Dr. [[Ida S. Scudder]], doctor and founder of Christian Medical College, Vellore
* [[Nandini Nimbkar]], president of the [[Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute]] (NARI)
* [[Alexx O'Nell]], actor and singer
* [[Joseph Allen Stein]], American architect
* [[Samuel Evans Stokes]], later [[Satyananda Stokes]], came to India in 1904 to work at a leper colony in the Simla Hills, politician, freedom fighter in India's Independence Movement
* [[Romulus Whitaker]], herpetologist and wildlife conservationist, born in New York City, became an Indian citizen in 1975
* [[Elihu Yale]], [[Governor of Madras Presidency]] (1684–85, 1687–92), founder of [[Yale University]]
* [[Gadwal Vijayalakshmi]], Mayor of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] (GHMC) since 2021. Indian-born former American citizen.<ref>{{cite web |title=From renouncing US citizenship to becoming Hyderabad mayor, the story of Vijayalaxmi |url=https://www.siasat.com/from-renouncing-us-citizenship-to-becoming-hyderabad-mayor-the-story-of-vijayalaxmi-2088027/ |website=The Siasat Daily |last=Vibhavari |first=Sruthi |date=11 February 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Amit Jogi]]. Chhattisgarh MLA (2013–2018) from [[Marwahi Assembly constituency|Marwahi]], former American citizen.
* John Packard (Grandfather of Actor [[Gavin Packard]] who came to India as a US Army veteran and stayed there.)
* Drew Hicks, A social media personality and YouTuber who got famous for speaking Bhojpuri and Hindi videos

==See also==
{{Portal|India|United States}}
*[[Indian Americans]]
*[[India–United States relations]]
{{Clear}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|3}}

===Sources===
*{{citation|last=Bhagat|first=G.|title=Americans in India, 1784–1860|publisher=New York University Press|year=1970|oclc=119335}}
**Reviewed by {{citation|doi=10.2307/1868817|title=Review: Americans in India, 1784–1860, G. Bhagat|first1=Robert A.|last1=Huttenback|date=April 1972|volume=77|journal=The American Historical Review|page=567|issue=2|publisher=American Historical Association|jstor=1868817|last2=Bhagat|first2=G.}}
*{{citation|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=368|issue=1|year=1966|pages=146–156|doi=10.1177/000271626636800114|title=Work Patterns of Americans in India|first=John|last=Useem|s2cid=146651358|ref=CITEREFJ._Useem1966}}
*{{citation|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=368|issue=1|year=1966|pages=132–145|doi=10.1177/000271626636800113|title=The American Family in India|first=Ruth Hill|last=Useem|s2cid=145784887|ref=CITEREFR._Useem1966}}
*{{citation|last=Vest|first=Eugene B.|date=October–December 1948|title=Native Words Learned by American Soldiers in India and Burma in World War II|journal=American Speech|volume=23|pages=223–231|issue=3/4|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.2307/486923|jstor=486923}}

==Further reading==
*Blood, Archer K. (2005). The cruel birth of Bangladesh: Memoirs of an American diplomat. Dhaka: University Press.
*{{citation|last=Heideman|first=Eugene P.|title=From Mission to Church: The Reformed Church in America Mission to India|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8028-4900-7}}
*{{citation|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=368|issue=1|year=1966|pages=157–170|doi=10.1177/000271626636800115|title=Some Minor Pathologies in the American Presence in India|first=Richard D.|last=Lambert|s2cid=145463917}}
*{{citation|title=American-Educated Indians and Americans in India: A Comparison of Two Modernizing Roles|first1=John|last1=Useem|first2=Ruth Hill|last2=Useem|journal=Journal of Social Issues|volume=24|issue=4|year=1968|pages=143–158|doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.1968.tb02319.x }}
*{{citation|url=http://chronicle.com/article/What-I-Did-When-I-Couldnt/66281/|last=Hudson|first=Dana Andrew|journal=Chronicle of Higher Education|date=18 July 2010|access-date=27 July 2010|title=What I Did When I Couldn't Find a Job}}; a personal account from an unemployed American who moved to [[Sikkim]] to work as a newspaper editor

==External links==
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=1357180n Young Americans in India], a video report from [[CBS News]]

{{Americans abroad}}
{{Immigration to India}}

[[Category:American diaspora in Asia|India]]
[[Category:American expatriates in India| ]]
[[Category:Diasporas in India|Americans]]
[[Category:American emigrants to India| ]]
[[Category:Indian people of American descent| ]]
[[Category:American emigration]]

Selma George

2026-01-08T00:03:07Z

RoyalEddington6: Creating First Post Needs Work

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Selma George
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]], [[Carnatic music]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1974–1987
| label = Audiotracs
| website =
}}
'''Selma George''' is an Indian film singer in [[Malayalam cinema]] during the 1970s.<ref name="soundbox">{{cite web|url=http://www.soundbox.co.in/golden-jubilee-of-a-golden-voice/|title=Golden jubilee of a golden voice | Soundbox|publisher=soundbox.co.in|accessdate=6 August 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055558/http://www.soundbox.co.in/golden-jubilee-of-a-golden-voice/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She sang in 40 films, and her most popular song was "Saradindu Malardeepa" from the 1979 film, ''Ulkadal''.<ref name="malayalachalachithram">{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=1353|title=Selma George|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com|accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref> She is the daughter of famous singer [[Pappukutty Bhagavathar]]. She is a recipient of the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in Light Music category (2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/light-music/467 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Light Music |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She was born the only daughter to famous singer [[Pappukutty Bhagavathar]] and Baby at Vyppinkara, [[Ernakulam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Innalathe Tharam- Pappukutty Bhagavathar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2AJc7Gu0dw|publisher=Amritatv|accessdate=24 January 2014}}</ref> She completed her studies in Carnatic music from the [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts]], at Tripunithara. Her brother [[Mohan Jose]] is an actor in Malayalam movies. She married Malayalam film director [[K. G. George]] on 7 February 1977 at the St. Mathias Church in Chennai. They have a son, actor Arun, and a daughter, Thara.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/may/06/%e2%80%98george-was-obsessed-with-films%e2%80%99-474748.html|title='George was obsessed with films' | newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=6 May 2013|first=Shevlin|last=Sebastian|access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song
! Film
! Year
|-
| Jagadeeshwari Jayajagadeeshwari
| [[Devi Kanyakumari (film)|Devi Kanyaakumaari]]
| 1974
|-
| Jagadeeshwari Jayajagadeeshwari [F]
| Devi Kanyaakumaari
| 1974
|-
| Pattudayaada
| Vrindaavanam
| 1974
|-
| Malayattoor Malayumkeri
| [[Thomasleeha]]
| 1975
|-
| Maanum Mayilum
| [[Agni Pushpam]]
| 1976
|-
| Chingakkulirkaatte
| Agnipushpam
| 1976
|-
| Pranayamalarkkaavil
| [[Mallanum Mathevanum]]
| 1976
|-
| Ethethu Ponmalayil
| Ozhukkinethire
| 1976
|-
| Paarayidukkil Mannundo
| [[Thulavarsham]]
| 1976
|-
| Maadathakkili
| Thulavarsham
| 1976
|-
| Achan Naaleyorappooppan
| [[Aayiram Janmangal]]
| 1976
|-
| Gange priya
| Kaamalola
| 1977
|-
| Oro Poovum Viriyum Pulari Pon
| [[Vyaamoham]]
| 1978
|-
| Prethabhoomiyil Naavukal
| [[Iniyaval Urangatte]]
| 1978
|-
| Maarathoru
| [[Onappudava]]
| 1978
|-
| Devi Bhagavathi
| [[Mannu]]
| 1978
|-
| Paadiyathonnum Paattalla
| Thurakkoo Oru Vaathil
| 1978
|-
| Pooja Madhuvinu
| Soundaryam
| 1978
|-
| Ente kadinjool pranaya
| [[Oolkatal|Ulkadal]]
| 1979
|-
| Sharadindu Malardeepa
| Ulkadal
| 1979
|-
| Neelakkuda Choodi Maanam
| [[Mela (1980 film)|Mela]]
| 1980
|-
| Bharatha Muniyoru Kalam Varachu
| [[Yavanika]]
| 1982
|-
| Machaanethedi
| Yavanika
| 1982
|-
| Mookathayude souvarnam
| [[Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback]]
| 1983
|-
| Prabhaamayi
| Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback
| 1983
|-
| Enneyunarthiya Pularkalathil [Kannillathe Nizhal Paambukal]
| Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback
| 1983
|-
| Kanneeraattil mungi
| [[Adaminte Vaariyellu|Adaaminte Variyellu]]
| 1984
|-
| Neelakkurinjikal Poothu
| [[Kathakku Pinnil|Kadhaykku Pinnil]]
| 1987
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2048129}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/songs.php?tag=Search&singers=Selma%20George&limit=29 Selma George at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George, Selma}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Manpreet Singh (soldier)

2025-12-24T09:29:58Z

RoyalEddington6: new - done

{{Short description|Indian Army officer (1982 – 2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Colonel]]
| name = Manpreet Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[Kirti Chakra|KC]], [[Sena Medal|SM]]
| image = File:Colonel Manpreet Singh.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = Color passport size photograph of a middle aged man wearing an army uniform.
| caption = Portrait of Col. Manpreet Singh
| birth_date = 1982
| death_date = 13 September 2023 (aged 41)
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], India
| death_place = [[Anantnag]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| death_cause = [[killed in Action|KIA]]
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 2005 – 2023
| rank = [[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Colonel]]
| servicenumber = IC-67028M
| unit = [[File:Sikh Light Infantry Insignia (India).svg|18px]] [[Sikh Light Infantry|12 SIKH LI]] [[File:Rashtriya Rifles Logo.svg|24px]] [[Rashtriya Rifles|19 RR]]
| commands = [[File:Rashtriya Rifles Logo.svg|24px]] [[Rashtriya Rifles|19 RR]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
** [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
*** [[2023 Anantnag encounter]]{{KIA}}
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[File:Kirti Chakra ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Kirti Chakra]] [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Sena Medal]] (Gallantry)
| alma_mater = [[Indian Military Academy]]
}}

[[Colonel]] '''Manpreet Singh''' [[Kirti Chakra|KC]], [[Sena Medal|SM]] (born, 1982) was a decorated officer of the [[Indian Army]] who was [[martyred in action|killed in action]] during an operation in [[Anantnag]] with three other security personnel. For his bravery in the action, he was conferred India's second highest peacetime gallantry award the [[Kirti Chakra]] posthumously. He had also been awarded the [[Sena Medal]] for gallantry previously.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Manpreet Singh |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/5057 |website=Gallantry Awards, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Army Colonel Manpreet Singh posthumously awarded Kirti Chakra for sacrifice in J&K's Anantnag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-army-colonel-manpreet-singh-posthumously-awarded-kirti-chakra-for-sacrifice-in-jks-anantnag/amp_articleshow/112524150.cms&ved=2ahUKEwjor4y8_7KIAxVIS2cHHVVrBeYQyM8BKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw2yEggJb_zbZmrKVu2qKgxK |work=Times of India}}</ref>

==Early life==
Singh was born in 1982 in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He was a resident of village Bharonjian located in the [[Mohali district]] of Punjab. He was the son of Late [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Lakhmeer Singh and Smt. Manjeet Kaur. His grandfather Sheetal Singh and uncle Ranjit Singh had also served in the [[Indian Army]]. He had a brother Sandeep Singh and sister Sandeep Kaur. He did his schooling at the [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan|Kendriya Vidyalaya]] in [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]], Punjab. He completed his graduation at SD College in [[Chandigarh]], where he pursued a [[Bachelor of Commerce|B. Com]] degree. Thereafter he got a degree in [[Chartered Accountancy Course (India)|Chartered Accountancy]]. He worked as a [[chartered accountant]] for a few years. Then, he successfully cleared the [[Combined Defence Services Examination|Combined Defence Services]] (CDS) examination in 2004 and joined the Army.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Manpreet Singh, KC, SM |url=https://honourpoint.in/profile/colonel-manpreet-singh-sm/ |website=Honourpoint}}</ref>

==Military career==
He passed out from the [[Indian Military Academy]], located in [[Dehradun]], and was commissioned as a [[Lieutenant]] in 2005. He was commissioned into the [[Sikh Light Infantry|12 Sikh Light Infantry]] unit of the [[Indian Army]]. Later he was deputed to serve with the [[Rashtriya Rifles|19 Rashtriya Rifles Battalion]], deployed in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] for counter-insurgency operations. He served as the [[Second-in-command|Second in Command]] (2IC) from 2019 to 2021 with 19 RR, and later became the [[Commanding officer|Commanding Officer]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2023 |title=Army Colonel Killed In Action Was Offered A Peace Posting. He Refused |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-colonel-manpreet-singh-killed-in-action-was-offered-a-peace-posting-he-refused-kashmir-encounter-anantnag-4390018 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

=== Anantnag operation ===
During 2023, 19 RR was deployed in the [[Anantnag district]] of Jammu and Kashmir for counterinsurgency operations. In the span of 5 years, [[Lieutenant colonel|Lt Col]] Manpreet Singh had taken part in numerous operations and was decorated with the [[Sena Medal]] for gallantry in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=2 years ago, Col Manpreet Singh received Sena Medal for neutralising terrorists |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/2-yrs-ago-col-manpreet-singh-received-sena-medal-for-neutralising-terrorists-544054/amp |work=The Tribune}}</ref> On 13 Sep 2023, the security forces received information from the intelligence services about the presence of some hardcore terrorists in the dense forests surrounding Gadool village of [[Kokernag]] in South Kashmir's Anantnag district.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Colonel Manpreet Singh martyred in Anantnag operation: Father of two kids; 'We spoke at 6.45am' |url=https://hindustantimes.com/india-news/colonel-manpreet-singh-martyred-in-anantnag-encounter-father-of-two-kids-we-spoke-at-645am-101694662469978.html |archive-url= |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A joint team of 19 RR and [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] was dispatched to that location on the same night. When the team arrived, the hidden terrorists initiated heavy gun fire to cover their escape. Singh was commanding the operation and ordered his soldiers to start firing. A fierce gun battle was going on. In the operation Col. Manpreet Singh, [[Major (rank)|Major]] Aashish Dhonchak, [[Sepoy]] Pradeep Singh from 19 RR and [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Himayun Bhat from [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] were killed in action.<ref>{{Cite news |title=All about Colonel Manpreet Singh — Army officer killed in action in J&K |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/jammu-kashmir-col-manpreet-singh-army-officer-rr-anantnag-let-17814481.htm |work=CNBCTV}}</ref> For Singh's bravery, legacy and leadership, he was posthumously awarded India's second highest peacetime gallantry award, the [[Kirti Chakra]], on 15 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Army's Colonel Manpreet Singh awarded posthumous Kirti Chakra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-colonel-manpreet-singh-posthumous-kirti-chakra-jammu-kashmir-anantnag-2582208-2024-08-14 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mohali Colonel awarded Kirti Chakra posthumously |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/mohali-colonel-awarded-kirti-chakra-posthumously/amp |work=The Tribune}}</ref> DSP Himayun Bhat was also awarded the [[Kirti Chakra]] posthumously for his bravery, while [[Major (rank)|Major]] Aashish Dhonchak and [[Sepoy]] Pradeep Singh were awarded with the third highest peacetime gallantry award the [[Shaurya Chakra]] posthumously.<ref>{{Cite news |title=DSP Himayun Bhat, Col Manpreet Singh Conferred Gallantry Awards {{!}} The Tales Of Bravery |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/dsp-humayun-bhat-colonel-manpreet-singh-anantnag-gallantry-awards-2024-kirti-chakra-shaurya-chakra |work=Outlook India}}</ref> In one single operation, 2 Kirti Chakras and 2 Shaurya Chakras were posthumously awarded to the fallen soldiers.

==Kirti Chakra Citation==
The [[Kirti Chakra]] citation on the Official [[Indian Army]] Website reads as follows:
{{Blockquote|{{center|'''CITATION''' 
'''COLONEL MANPREET SINGH, SENA MEDAL (POSTHUMOUS)''' 
'''IC-67028M, THE SIKH LIGHT INFANTRY/ 19TH BATTALION THE RASHTRIYA RIFLES''' 
'''(Effective date of the award: 13 September, 2023)'''
}}
"On 13 September 2023, Colonel
Manpreet Singh, Sena Medal was
heading a specific search and
destroy operation in densely
forested hills of a village in
Anantnag District.
As the terrorist hideout was located
and identified, terrorists opened
indiscriminate fire in a bid to
escape. Colonel Manpreet Singh,
Sena Medal unmindful of his own
safety, returned fire towards the
escaping terrorists resulting in
killing of one terrorist. Displaying
extraordinary leadership the officer
quickly reorganised the party to
plug the escape routes. He
continued to direct fire on the
terrorists. However, in the ensuing
gunfight Colonel Manpreet Singh,
Sena Medal sustained severe Gun
Shot Wound on the Forehead.
Colonel Manpreet Singh, Sena
Medal displayed raw courage and
unparallel leadership by leading
from the front. His undaunting
valour and quick decision making
led to the elimination of one
terrorist and preventing escape of
other terrorists. The neutralized
terrorist was later identified as
affiliated to a proscribed terrorist
group.
For displaying conspicuous
bravery, raw courage, exemplary
leadership and excellent tactical
acumen with sheer disregard to
his own safety, Colonel Manpreet Singh, Sena Medal is awarded with “KIRTI CHAKRA (POSTHUMOUS)”."<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/|title=Recipients of Gallantry Awards 9n the occasion of Independence Day,2024|publisher=Gallantry Awards Website of the Indian Ministry of Defence}}</ref>}}

==Personal life==
Singh married Ms Jagmeet Kaur in 2016. They have a son, Kabir Singh, and a daughter, Vani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Manpreet Singh KC SM |url=https://honourpoint.in/profile/colonel-manpreet-singh-kc-sm/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Honourpoint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Manpreet}}
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kirti Chakra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]

Subhūticandra

2025-12-22T12:53:49Z

RoyalEddington6: Creating The Data Initial Version

{{Short description|Buddhist monk and scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|name = Subhūticandra
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|image = Manuscript of the Subantaratnākara.png
|caption = 15th century manuscript of the Subantaratnākara by Subhūticandra. This was copied by a Nepalese Buddhist monk called ''Dharmaraṣika''<ref>{{cite web |title=Subantaratnākara (MS Or.148) |url=https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-OR-00148/1 |website=Sanskrit Manuscripts |publisher=Cambridge University Library}}</ref>
|alias =
|dharma name =
|birth_date = {{circa|11th century CE}}
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{circa|12th century CE}}
|death_place =
|nationality =
|religion = [[Buddhism]]
|school = {{plainlist|
* [[Mahayana]]
}}
|lineage =
|title =
|location =
|education = {{plainlist|
* [[Nalanda]]
* [[Vikramashila]]
}}
|teacher =
|reincarnation of =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|students =
|spouse =
|children =
}}
'''Subhūticandra''' (also spelled as '''Subhutichandra''') was an 11/12th-century Indian [[Buddhist]] monk and scholar active in the monastic universities of [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramashila]].<ref name=Deokar2012>{{cite journal |last1=Deokar |first1=Lata |title=Subhūticandra: A Forgotten Scholar of Magadha |journal=Journal of the Centre for Buddhist Studies, Sri Lanka |date=2012 |volume=10 |pages=137–154 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7228101}}</ref><ref name=Deokar2014>{{cite journal |last1=Deokar |first1=Lata |title=SUBHŪTICANDRA'S KAVIKĀMADHENU |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=2014 |volume=95 |pages=136–147 |jstor=26493979 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26493979}}</ref> His most notable work is the ''Kavikāmadhenu'' which is a commentary on the [[Amarakosha|''Amarakośa'']] which has been referred to as "one of the great monuments of Indian lexicography".<ref name=Kuijp2009>{{cite journal |last1=van der Kuijp |first1=Leonard |title=On the Vicissitudes of Subhūticandra's Kāmadhenu Commentary on the Amarakoṣa in Tibet |journal=Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies |date=2009 |issue=5 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4449362}}</ref> In the 1930s, the historian and author, [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] discovered three palm leaf manuscripts of Subhūticandra's works written in the Magadhi script in [[Samye]] monastery. The [[Göttingen State and University Library]] has preserved one of these manuscripts while the other two have been kept in the library of Bihar Research Society in [[Patna]].<ref name= Deokar2012 />

From his works and translations, he had knowledge of [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]] and [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]] and his works have been referenced and quoted in the historical literature of [[India]], [[Burma]], [[Tibet]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=Formigatti>{{cite book |last1=Formigatti |first1=Camillo Alessio |title=Indic Manuscript Cultures Through the Ages Material, Textual, and Historical Investigations |date=2017 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=9783110543124 |pages=650–658 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3FLDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> The scholar, Lata Deokar has noted that very few Indian Buddhist writers have seen their works cross into such a wide geographic range.<ref name= Deokar2012 />

==Life==
Subhūticandra was active during the reign of the King [[Bhoja]] of the [[Paramara dynasty]] as he quotes from his work, the [[Shringara-Prakasha]]. This would place him at some point in the 11th and 12th centuries. Tibetan sources indicate that he was a scholar of [[grammar]], [[poetry]] and [[Sanskrit]] at both the monasteries of [[Vikramashila]] and [[Nalanda]]. In Nalanda, he worked under the monk [[Abhayakaragupta]]; in Vikramasila, his masters were Śākyarakṣita and Aṭitacandra.<ref name= Deokar2014 /> The terminology and language used by Subhūticandra in his works indicate that he was a native of the region of [[Magadha]] in the modern-day state of [[Bihar]] in [[India]].<ref name= Deokar2012 />

His works and affiliation with other Buddhist scholars also make it clear that he was a devout Buddhist.<ref name= Deokar2012 /><ref name= Deokar2014 />

==Teachings==
Subhūticandra was known for his extensive knowledge of [[Sanskrit grammar]], particularly the Cāndra grammatical tradition. He cites various grammatical texts, including the ''Cāndravyākaraṇa'', ''Cāndravṛtti'', ''Cāndravyākaraṇapañjik''ā, and others.
He also incorporates discussions from the Pāṇinian tradition, referencing texts like the [[Aṣṭādhyāyī]] and Vyākaraṇamahābhāṣya.
Subhūticandra's work shows his familiarity with Prakrit grammars, quoting authors like Hevvara and texts such as Prākṛtaprakāśa.<ref name= Formigatti />

In addition to grammar, Subhūticandra was knowledgeable in lexicography and poetics. His commentary on the Amarakośa—a seminal Sanskrit thesaurus—highlights his familiarity with this area.<ref name= Formigatti />

===Subantaratnākara===
This text, attributed to Subhūticandra, is a lesser-known work that deals with the declension of nouns and adjectives according to the Cāndra grammatical school. The text is preserved in several manuscripts, primarily in Nepal.
The Subantaratnākara underscores his contributions to grammatical analysis, particularly within the Buddhist scholastic tradition.<ref name= Formigatti />

==Transmission==
Subhūticandra was a teacher of notable figures, such as Pa tshab Lo tsā ba, who studied important Buddhist sutras with him at Vikramaśīla, further spreading his teachings.<ref name= Formigatti />

Four manuscripts of the ''Kavikāmadhenu'' survive of which two have been found in Tibet and as they were written in the [[Newari script]], they were likely copied in the [[Kathmandu Valley]].<ref name= Kuijp2009 /> One of these manuscripts was in the [[Sakya Monastery]] complex while the other was held at the ''Ngor evaṃ chos ldan'' Monastery north of the Sakya monastery. It is unknown how these manuscripts entered Tibet. The Ngor monastery manuscript has been dated to 1191.<ref name= Kuijp2009 />

==Works==

*''Kavikāmadhenu''
*''Subvidhānaśabdamālāparikrama''
* ''Subantaratnākara'', a commentary on the ''Subvidhānaśabdamālāparikrama''
* An abridged version of the ''Rūpāvatāra''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Monks of Vikramashila]]
[[Category:Monks of Nalanda]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:11th-century Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:12th-century Buddhist monks]]

India and the World Bank

2025-12-17T14:55:46Z

RoyalEddington6: stub

{{short description|Cooperation between the World Bank and India}}
{{multiple issues|
{{cleanup|reason=needs checking to see if there's any criticism |date=January 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{primary sources|date=January 2019}}
}}
[[File:The Joint Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Shri Venu Rajamony, the State Project Director, Rajasthan, Mrs. Poonam and the Country Director India, World Bank.jpg|thumb|311x311px|The Joint Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, [[Venu Rajamony]], the State Project Director, Rajasthan, Mrs. Poonam and the Country Director India, World Bank]]

The cooperation between the [[World Bank]] and [[India]] goes back to the foundation of the [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|International Bank of Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) in 1944. As one of 44 countries, India prepared the agenda for the [[Bretton Woods Conference]] in June 1944.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} The Indian delegation was led by [[Jeremy Raisman|Sir Jeremy Raisman]], who was a finance member of the Indian government and proposed the name "International Bank for Reconstruction and Development".<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=36|issue=28|pages=2641–2655|language=en|jstor = 4410856|last1 = Chandavarkar|first1 = Anand|title=Sir (Abraham) Jeremy Raisman, Finance Member, Government of India (1939-45): Portrait of an Unsung Statesman Extraordinaire|year=2001}}</ref> India received its first bank loan of US$34million from the IBRD in November 1948 for railway rehabilitation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/403631468260367305/pdf/L1620WP0Bank0l0ia00public00BOX2671B.pdf|title=World Bank Document|website=documents.worldbank.org|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> Since then, India has become the country with the largest country program<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/09/20/world-bank-group-focus-on-india-growth-jobs-human-capital|title=World Bank Group to Focus on India Growth, Jobs, Human Capital|website=World Bank|language=en|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> and its lending portfolio of the World Bank group inheres of 104 operations with a total volume of $27.1 billion. [[Parameswaran Iyer]] is the present Executive Director of World Bank nominated by India.

== Economy of India ==
India is one of the fastest growing countries in the world. According to the annual report of the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], India shows a GDP growth rate of 7.3% for 2018. India is the third largest country in purchasing power parity<ref name="Overview">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india/overview|title=Overview|website=World Bank|language=en|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> and is expected to keep their annual growth rate. India was able to lift 133 million people out of poverty between 1994 and 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://in.one.un.org/poverty-and-urbanisation/|title=Poverty and Urbanisation|website=UN India|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> Still, with a population of 1.3 billion people, India shows 5% of its population living in extreme poverty.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/10/india-is-no-longer-home-to-the-largest-number-of-poor-people-in-the-world-nigeria-is/|title=India is no longer home to the largest number of poor people in the world. Nigeria is.|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> In June 2018, India experienced a current account deficit of US$15.8 billion<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiamacroadvisors.com/page/category/economic-indicators/international-balance/balance-of-payment-bop/|title=India Balance of Payments{{!}}Current account{{!}}Analysis{{!}}2011-2018{{!}}Charts|website=indiamacroadvisors.com|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> that represents the highest deficit within the last five years. India exported US$261billion in 2016, which makes it the 17th largest export country in the world. However, India's export structure is still not really diversified and is primarily focused on commodity and [[primary goods]]. Diamonds and jewelry and packaged medications accounted for around 20% of the export sector.<ref name="Overview"/>

== Projects and Alliances ==

=== Country Partnership Framework for India ===
The World Bank lends around US$27.1 billion to India, which makes it the largest country of IBRD support. In September 2018, the World Bank Group began a new partnership with India. The partnership emphasizes an efficient and [[sustainable growth]] path and fosters competitiveness to create new job opportunities and investments in human capital. It is embedded in the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] of the United Nations and focuses on strengthening of public-sector institutions in order to create strong governance. The country partnership framework between the World Bank and India is the largest country partnership framework in the [[World Bank Group]] and it supports India's transition to a middle-income country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india/overview|title=Country Partnership Framework}}</ref>

=== Education ===
[[File:School boys learning computers in Goa, India in the 1990s 01.png|thumb|371x371px|School boys learning computers in Goa, India]]

==== Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) ====

The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a government program which was first issued in 2001. The program aimed to provide elementary education for around 200 million children across the country. The program is supported by the World Bank, the European Commission and the United Kingdom DFID, but is governmental led. During the first phase in 2001 - 2003, the World Bank contributed US$500 million, before the World Bank increased its contribution in a second phase by additional US$600 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01291/WEB/0__CO-49.HTM|title=India - Education for All: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan|website=web.worldbank.org|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> In 2009, India passed its [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009|Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act]] that mandated elementary education as a fundamental right. The number of out-of-school children declined in India by 29.1 million from 2001 to 2013 and the number of children in elementary education increased steadily to 200 million. In 2012, 95 percent of the children had access to primary education. The Indian government and the World Bank agreed on a new credit agreement with a total volume of US$1006 million to support and finance SSA III.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/05/29/improve-learning-elementary-education-ssa|title=Government of India and World Bank Sign $1006.20 Million Agreement to Improve Learning Outcomes and Retention in Elementary Education}}</ref> The program focuses on improving quality and developing learning indicators by the National Council for Education Research and Training in order to evaluate children's progress in acquiring educational knowledge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1081228.pdf|title=Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan- A Successful Scheme of Education in India}}</ref> A recent survey conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) revealed that the literacy rate among individuals aged seven years and older in the country was recorded at 77.7 percent from July 2017 to June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest literacy (most eduacated) rate in India state wise |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/education/news/these-are-indias-most-literate-states/slidelist/77991055.cms |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===

==== The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Project ====

The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana aims to connect unconnected habitations with all-weather roads. Key to the program is an all-weather access to the respective roads.

The program was first set into place in December 2000 and has connected more than 80% of communities in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/over-80-habitations-connected-with-roads-under-pmgsy/articleshow/62093821.cms|title=Over 80% habitations connected with roads under PMGSY|date=2017-12-16|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> The program was launched by then minister [[Atal Behari Vajpayee]] and is under the control of the ministry of rural development. To guarantee proper execution of the program, three management mechanisms have been put in place. Therefore, the program emphasizes in house quality control, a structured independent quality monitoring and independent national quality monitors which are arranged by the National Rural Roads Development Agency to inspect the progress and provide guidance to the local authorities. The World Bank initially started to finance the program in 2004. The World Bank Group agreed on an additional US$500million loan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/05/31/government-india-world-bank-sign-usd500-million-additional-financing-project-for-all-weather-rural-roads-using-green-technologies|title=Project Signing: Government of India and World Bank Sign $500 Million Additional Financing Project for All-Weather Rural Roads Using Green Technologies|website=World Bank|language=en|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> to finance the PMGSY in May 2018 and now has invested US$1.8billion into the program. The program has converted around 35,000 km of rural roads to all-weather roads to the benefit of 8 million people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/india-world-bank-sign-500-million-loan-pact-for-rural-roads/articleshow/64401762.cms|title=India, World Bank sign $500 million loan pact for rural roads|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2018-05-31}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===

=== Uttarakhand Health Systems Development Project ===
The Uttarakhand Health Systems Development Project (UKHSDP) is a project intended to be implemented over a period of six years, beginning with its approval by the World Bank in 2017 and ending with an expected completion date of September 2023.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P148531|title=Uttarakhand Health Systems Development Project|website=World Bank|language=en|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> The UKHSDP was issued through the [[International Development Association]] (IDA) in conjunction with the Department of Medical Health and Family Welfare of the government of Uttarakhand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/514451468281106778/pdf/PID-Print-P148531-02-05-2014-1391658464716.pdf|title=Project information document (PID) Concept stage|last=Pandian|first=D. Senthil|date=February 5, 2014|website=World Bank}}</ref> The goal of the project is to "support Uttarakhand in improving the access to and quality of health services, and providing health financial risk protection"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukhsdp.org/brief-about-project.php|title=Brief About the Project|website=UKHSDP|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref> and the project has a total project cost of [[United States dollar|USD]]$125 million, USD$100 million of which was awarded by the World Bank. The remaining USD$25 million was funded by the local government.<ref name=":3" />

The need for the project stems from unequal access to quality health care, which is impeded by the size and distribution of settlements paired with the region's topography. The [[Uttarakhand]] region is a very hilly, mountainous region that sees a population spread out between major cities with a density of more than 500 people per square kilometer to rural areas with less than 50 people per square kilometer.<ref name=":0" /> The UKHSDP notes that there is a deep employment asymmetry among its most rural areas with 48% vacancies in its listings for medical officers and 75% vacancies for medical specialists.<ref name=":0" />

The project has two component areas: innovations in the private sector and stewardship and system improvement. The first component focuses on a logistical fix to the current healthcare system and builds off a previously completed [[International Development Association|IDA]] project from 2008. The goal is to hire outside contractors in multiple areas to help with contract management and other system-wide logistical support positions. The system as a whole would improve the supply chain, multi-sectoral communication, data management, and information systems implementation. The second component address the direct action part of their original issue of getting health professionals to rural areas and has three subcategories: mobile specialty units, integration of Public-Private partnership (PPP) centers, and expanding the [[Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana|RSBY]] health coverage to adolescent primary care and care for the poor affected with Noncommunicable diseases (NCD's).<ref name=":0" />

As of October 1, 2019 the project's Project Development Objectives (PDO) and Overall Implementation Progress (IP) has been moderately satisfactory, an improvement from its prior rating of moderately unsatisfactory.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/654271569921109990/pdf/Disclosable-Version-of-the-ISR-Uttarakhand-Health-Systems-Development-Project-P148531-Sequence-No-06.pdf|title=Implementation Status & Results Report|last=World Bank|date=October 1, 2019|website=World Bank}}</ref>

=== Tamil Nadu Health System Reform Program ===
The Tamil Nadu Health System Reform Program is a relatively new project having been approved in March 2019. If all goes as planned the expected closing date for the reform project would be May 2024.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P166373|title=Tamil Nadu Health System Reform Program|website=World Bank|language=en|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref> A large scale project in size, the cost estimated for the total project is USD 5.515 billion. The contribution by the [[World Bank|World bank]] to the project is USD 287 million.<ref name=":4" /> Currently as the project stands, it seeks to expand on a project the [[Tamil Nadu]] government just completed with the [[World Bank|World bank]] in 2015. This previous project, known as the "Tamil Nadu Health Additional Financing project" sought to extend financing for a project started in 2004 called the Tamil Nadu Health Systems project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/235791468282272372/pdf/PID0Protal0Version010Appraisal0Stage.pdf|title=PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID)|last=Kudesia|first=Preeti|date=May 19, 2004|website=World bank}}</ref> This project established the goals to fix many of the system wide issues the region was facing. The original goal was to improve healthcare sector effectiveness and efficiency in providing aid to many of the poor and underrepresented groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/235791468282272372/pdf/PID0Protal0Version010Appraisal0Stage.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu Health Systems Project|last=Kudesia|first=Preeti|date=September 28, 2019|website=World Bank}}</ref>

The current project looks to pick up where Tamil Nadu Health systems project left off by addressing a complex agenda for health care service delivery. While the previous project sought to establish networks and better system wide execution of healthcare and its surveillance ability, the current project takes a results based approach in the hopes of directly influencing three areas of growth; 1)Quality of care 2)[[non-communicable disease]]s (NCDs) and injury and 3)equity of healthcare access.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/911731524845968367/pdf/Concept-Stage-Program-Information-Document-PID-Tamil-Nadu-Health-System-Reform-Project-P166373.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu Health System Reform Project (P166373) Program Information Document (PID)|last=Prayashi|first=Bandana|date=April 25, 2018|website=World bank}}</ref> These three categories highlight needs in the greater Tamil Nadu providence for healthcare reform to help bring the state to a more modern healthcare environment. Implementation of these categorical objectives are hoped to be realized through facility accreditation and procedures to ensure healthcare quality consistency, better quality of care towards trauma, [[mental health]], and [[Non-communicable disease|NCDs]], and improved access for geographically disadvantaged and well as financially disadvantaged.<ref name=":2" />

The program notes deficiencies in current healthcare equity by showing large ranges in percentage by cities that have access to contraceptives as well as vaccinations. The program sites NCDs as a rapidly prevailing issue in the state due to the changing of the demographic within it. As the population continues to shift towards an aging population the prevalence of NCDs like hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cancer become evermore concerning, especially in regards to access to healthcare treatment for these diseases across the state as a whole.<ref name=":2" />

Currently as it stands, only USD 720,000 has been disbursed on the project and much of the initial reporting is waiting on board to be generated by the government to oversee reporting numbers.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{World Bank}}
[[Category:Economy of India]]
[[Category:World Bank Group relations]]
[[Category:India and the United Nations|World Bank]]

P. V. V. Lakshmi

2025-12-16T02:21:46Z

RoyalEddington6: put up the info from scratch

{{Short description|Indian badminton player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = P. V. V. Lakshmi
| image =
| caption =
| full_name = Pandimukkala Venkata Vara Lakshmi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1974|11|8}}
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/under-her-watchful-eye/article2773536.ece|title=Under her watchful eye|first=J. r|last=Shridharan|date=4 January 2012|access-date=17 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Pullela Gopichand]]|2002}}
| height = 170 cm<ref>{{cite web|title=Pulella Gopichand|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/go/pulella-gopichand-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418031619/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/go/pulella-gopichand-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|publisher=[[Sports Reference]]|access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>
| weight =
| event =
| highest_ranking =
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| country = [[India]]
| coach =
| handedness = Right
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport|Women's badminton}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze | [[Badminton at the 1998 Commonwealth Games|1998 Kuala Lumpur]] | Women's team }}
| bwfbadminton_id = 6218
| bwf_id = D440A716-C72C-4E95-8B0E-90695242314D
}}

'''Pandimukkala Venkata Vara Lakshmi''' (born 8 November 1974), better known as '''P. V. V. Lakshmi''', is an Indian former badminton player. She is an eight-time Indian national champion<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/under-her-watchful-eye/article2773536.ece|title=Under her watchful eye|last=Shridharan|first=J. r|date=2012-01-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in [[badminton]] and [[Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|represented India]] in the [[1996 Atlanta Olympics]]. She is also the wife of [[Pullela Gopichand]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/india-in-olympics-2016/badminton/Sindhu-has-a-coach-I-didnt-have-my-husband/articleshow/53805442.cms|title=PV Sindhu has a coach I didn't have, Pullela Gopichand's wife says | newspaper=Times of India|date=22 August 2016|first=Vijay|last=Tagore|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref> She was the bronze medalist in [[Badminton at the 1998 Commonwealth Games |badminton at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in the Women's Team event]].

==Gopichand Badminton Academy==
P. V. V. Lakshmi, was very supportive of Gopichand during the formation of [[Gopichand Badminton Academy]] and even contributed to the effort of securing monetary support.<ref name="ppba">{{cite news|last=A.|first=Joseph Antony|title=Master of multi-tasking|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 April 2004}}</ref> Despite other donations, Gopichand could only gather US$1.75 million. It was then they decided to mortgage his family home and raise the remaining money for the already delayed project. In 2008, the facility was eventually completed at the cost of $2.5 million.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news|last=Anand|first=Geeta|title=Badminton Academy Trains Saina but Still Struggles|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703726404575533462260048940|access-date=15 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=6 October 2010}}</ref> Immediately after the construction, the [[Government of India]] sent the [[India at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] team to train at this facility. The government increased the daily rate they pay per player to $20 for this special Games camp. This was a big jump from the $5 daily fee per player that the government had previously paid for other training camps.<ref name="WSJ"/>

In 2008, they appealed to [[Bollywood]], the [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[Cinema of India|cinema industry]] to become badminton's brand ambassador. They felt that by having a popular cinema icon supporting the sport will help popularize it.<ref>{{cite news|title='Badminton needs Bollywood brand ambassadors' |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Badminton-needs-Bollywood-brand-ambassadors/369011/ |access-date=15 October 2010 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204091231/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Badminton-needs-Bollywood-brand-ambassadors/369011/ |archive-date= 4 December 2008 }}</ref>

Despite [[Saina Nehwal]]'s success in international tournaments, Gopichand and Lakshmi found it hard to run the Academy. To run it at an optimal level, it requires $300,000 a year. As of 2010, he was making do with $100,000 to pay the training cost for 60 players and was holding off hiring more coaches.<ref name="WSJ"/>

== Achievements ==
=== IBF International ===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+Women's singles
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1999
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[B. R. Meenakshi]]
| align="left" | 11–7, 4–11, 10–13
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+Women's doubles
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1998
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Madhumita Bisht]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Archana Deodhar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manjusha Kanwar]]
| align="left" | 6–15, 15–13, 15–9
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1999
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Archana Deodhar
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Trupti Murgunde]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ketaki Thakkar]]
| align="left" | 9–15, 15–3, 15–3
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+Mixed doubles
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1998
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vincent Lobo]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinod Kumar (badminton)|Vinod Kumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Madhumita Bisht]]
| align="left" | 12–15, 14–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1999
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[J. B. S. Vidyadhar]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Vinod Kumar {{flagicon|IND}} [[B. R. Meenakshi]]
| align="left" | 17–14, 15–6
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

==Personal life==
P. V. V. Lakshmi married fellow badminton player [[Pullela Gopichand]] on 5 June 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/jun/05gopi.htm|title=rediff.com sports: Gopichand to wed PVV Lakshmi|website=Rediff.com|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> They have two children, a daughter named [[Gayatri Gopichand]] and a son named Vishnu. Gayathri, who is the elder of the two siblings, is an international women's doubles badminton player for India. Her son Vishnu is also training at the Gopichand Academy. After their marriage, Gopichand concentrated on the badminton academy and Lakshmi helped him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Sindhu-has-a-coach-I-didnt-have-my-husband/articleshow/53805442.cms|title=Sindhu has a coach I didn't have - my husband |newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 August 2016 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{BWFB|6218}}
* {{BWFT|D440A716-C72C-4E95-8B0E-90695242314D|member_id=6218}}
* {{Olympics.com}}
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{CGF profile}}

{{Badminton in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshmi, P. V. V.}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]
[[Category:Indian national badminton champions]]
[[Category:Olympic badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Telangana]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportswomen]]

List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Kashmiri

2025-12-04T02:56:17Z

RoyalEddington6: done - done

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=2016-05-05 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2011 || Nisar Azam || ''Patte Leji Zoon Daras'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2012 || Farooq Shaheen || ''Gashe Malar'' || Literary Criticism ||
|-
| 2013 || Saba Shaheen || ''Vola Kael Ravay'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2014 || style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" colspan=7| '''''No Award'''''
|-
| 2015 || style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" colspan=7| '''''No Award'''''
|-
| 2016 || Aadil Mohi-ud-din || ''Zol Dith Sadras'' || Criticism ||
|-
| 2017 || Nighat Sahiba || ''Zard Panike Dair'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2018 || Dheeba Nazir || ''Za’reen Zakham'' || Short Stories || <ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Sagar Nazir || ''Thaer Angnech'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2020 || Muzaffar Ahmad Parray || ''Wavech Baavath'' || Poetry || <ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |date=2021-03-12 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Razi Tahir Bhagat || ''Yele Aene Phut'' || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=staging.theprint.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Shaista Khan || ''Brande Baras Peth'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2023 || Nighat Nasreen || ''Lalli Nilvath Tchalli Na Zanh'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2023|url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2023.pdf|access-date=27 June 2023|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Mohd. Ashraf Ziya || ''Aene Baedas'' || Articles ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Saiqa Sehar || ''Harfas Harfas Zaag'' || Criticism ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kashmiri]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Kashmiri]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
* [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

Majeru

2025-11-26T04:26:16Z

RoyalEddington6: details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name =Majeru
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type =Village
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|mapsize =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
|pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name ={{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 =[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 =[[Krishna district]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
|subdivision_name3 =[[Challapalli]]
|coordinates = {{coord|16.137|81.007|display=inline,title}}
|altitude =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 =
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 811
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = Post code
|postal_code =521131
|area_code =
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|blank1_name =
|blank1_info =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Majeru''' is a village in [[Challapalli]] [[Mandal]] in [[Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

Majeru's assigned post office is in [[Lakshmipuram, Krishna|Lakshmipuram]] (Krishna).

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}

Kondalaraopalem

2025-11-24T20:25:14Z

RoyalEddington6: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kondalaraopalem
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|51|N|81|03|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru District|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsils of India|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pedavegi mandal, Andhra Pradesh|Pedavegi mandal]]
| population_total = 1674
| pop_est_as_of = 2011
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi =
| area_total_km2 = 27.1
| elevation_m = 12
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC]]+05:30)
| website = 
}}

'''Kondalaraopalem''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Pedavegi mandal, Andhra Pradesh|Pedavegi mandal]] of Eluru [[revenue division]]. The nearest railway station is located at Eluru which is more than 10 km from Kondalaraopalem.

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Kondalaraopalem had a population of 1674. The total population constitutes 829 males and 845 females with a sex ratio of 1019 females per 1000 males. 162 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 1025. The average literacy rate stands at 62.76%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588367-kondalaraopalem-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Kondalaraopalem Population Census|accessdate=18 May 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Mike Pandey

2025-11-12T18:51:12Z

RoyalEddington6:

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mike Pandey
|image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = The President of IDPA, Mike Pandey addressing a press conference, at the 45th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2014), in Panaji, Goa on November 26, 2014.jpg
|bSize = 850
|cWidth = 230
|cHeight = 230
|oTop = 170
|oLeft = 335
|Location=center}}
| caption = Mike Pandey, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[45th International Film Festival of India|2014]])
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]
| citizenship = India
| other_names =
| known_for = Conservation of Wildlife
| occupation = Producer at [[Riverbank Studios]]
| website = http://www.riverbankstudios.com/
}}

'''Mike H. Pandey''' is an Indian [[film maker]], specializing in films about wildlife and the environment. He has won over 300 awards for his work to spread awareness about [[biodiversity]] and species conservation, including helping conserve and protect key species such as whale sharks, elephants, tigers, vultures and horseshoe crabs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/04/30102904/Mike-Pandey-receives-8216Go.html|title=Archives Top and Latest News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/mike-pandey-indias-bear-grylls/article30401081.ece|title=Meet Mike Pandey, India's Bear Grylls|work=The Hindu|date=27 December 2019}}</ref>

==Biography==
Born in [[Nairobi]], Kenya, the [[Nairobi National Park]], which was at the back of the Pandey household proved a rich source of inspiration for both Mike and his brother Ishwar. Mike's adventures with the camera started when he was barely seven when his uncle presented him a Kodak Browning Box camera on his birthday.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025|reason=source needed for verification}}He still owns this heirloom. Trained and educated in the UK and US the brothers experiences have been wide and varied from training in Hollywood, USA as interns, to Director of special effects and war scenes in films like Razia Sultan, Betaab, Gazab etc. in India. However, Mike's passion and care for the natural world pulled him back to Indian wildlife. In 1973, Mike set up [[Riverbank Studios]], a film studio in New Delhi, which focused on creating films about conservation and the wildlife.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025|reason=source needed for verification}}

[[File:Manish Tewari presenting the Limca Book of Record ‘People of the Year’2013 to the Iconic Documentary Film-Maker, Shri Mike Pandey, at a function, in New Delhi on April 10, 2013.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Mike Pandey (left) receiving ''People of the Year (2013)'': [[Limca Book of Records|Limca Book of Record]], from [[Manish Tewari]] (second from right) ]]

In 1994, he became the first Asian producer / director to win the Wildscreen Panda Award, also known as the Green Oscar, for his film The Last Migration - Wild Elephant Capture in [[Surguja district|Surguja]]. In 2000, his film ''[[Shores of Silence|Shores of Silence: Whale Sharks in India]]'', won the Green Oscar for the second time. The film also led to the ban on the killing of whale sharks on Indian shores.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025|reason=source needed for verification}} This film has also won a National Award for Best Film in the "Exploration & Adventure" Category, 2005. In October 2004, he did India proud once again by winning the Green Oscar for the Third time for his film Vanishing Giants – a story of his passion and involvement with elephants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mike-Pandey-wins-third-Green-Oscar/articleshow/885790.cms|title=Mike Pandey wins Third Green Oscar|last=|first=|date=14 October 2004|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> This film also led to the ban of cruel and outdated techniques of elephant capture in India. The CMS – UNEP Award for Outstanding Achievement In Global Conservation, the Prithvi Ratan or was also awarded to Mike at the CMS Vatavaran Film Festival in November 2003, for his outstanding contribution towards generating awareness, which led to the conservation of a global heritage - the Whale Shark. Mike was also presented with the Award for Cinematic Excellence by Western India's Cinematographers Association in Mumbai, 2005.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025|reason=source needed for verification}}

Mike has also produced some of India's most popular television programmes like Earth Matters – a series on the wildlife and environment of India that has won four international awards and Khullam Khulla – a fun learning educational series for children. It has also reached 800 million people weekly in multiple languages for 18 years. With over three decades of filmmaking experience, Mike has produced over 600 films and won scores of awards both national and International. His powerful films are living proof of the difference a film can make in bringing about changes locally, nationally and globally.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025|reason=source needed for verification}}

He was born in [[Nairobi]] to Indian-origin parents and was a [[Kenyan]] citizen by birth. He had a chance meeting in Nairobi in the 1970s with future PM [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who encouraged him to immigrate to his ancestral land of India, reportedly telling Pandey: ''"We need a man of your talents in India."''<ref>{{Cite web |last=needs citation |title= |url=}}</ref> Gandhi helped arrange assignments from [[Doordarshan]] for Pandey, although Pandey soon received other commissions as well. He subsequently made numerous award-winning films for Doordarshan and also became an Indian citizen. He was honoured with the V Shantaram Award at the Mumbai International film Festival in Mumbai in 2012 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mike-pandey-gets-shantaram-award/article2857895.ece|title=Mike Pandey gets Shantaram Award}}</ref>

Mike is now{{When|date=October 2025}} working on his latest film - The Return of the Tiger, which is supported by Hindi film Industry actors, [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[John Abraham]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2025|reason=source needed for verification}}

{{Commons category}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.riverbankstudios.com/}}
* [http://www.earthmattersfoundation.org/about.html Earth Matters website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/themikepandeychannel Official YouTube Channel]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Mike}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Kenyan conservationists]]
[[Category:Kenyan filmmakers]]
[[Category:People from Nairobi]]
[[Category:Kenyan people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Kenyan emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

The Leela

2025-10-05T07:04:30Z

RoyalEddington6: Creating First Stub More To Come!

{{short description|Indian luxury hotel chain}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2022}}
{{COI|date=July 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{infobox company
| name = The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts
| logo = The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts logo.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|THELEELA}} {{BSE|544408}}
| foundation = [[Mumbai]], India (1986)
| founder = [[C. P. Krishnan Nair]]
| location_city = Mumbai
| location_country = India
| key_people =
| industry = [[Hospitality]]
| products = [[Hotels]] and [[resorts]]
| revenue = {{INRConvert|714|c}} (2017)
| owner = [[Brookfield Asset Management]]
| homepage = {{url|https://www.theleela.com/}}
}}

'''The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts''' is an Indian luxury [[hotel chain]] founded in 1986 by [[C. P. Krishnan Nair]] and currently owned by [[Brookfield Asset Management]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Philip|first=Lijee|title=CP Krishnan Nair: The man who started a career when most think of retirement|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/cp-krishnan-nair-the-man-who-started-a-career-when-most-think-of-retirement/articleshow/35271717.cms|access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref>

==History==
The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts were founded as part of [[The Leela Group]], which was named after the founder [[C. P. Krishnan Nair]]'s wife. Capt. Nair bought 11 acres of land near his house in [[Sahar Village, Mumbai]] to build his first hotel, The Leela Mumbai, in 1986. It was the first [[Luxury resorts|luxury]] hotel near the current [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]].<ref name="LeelaHistory">{{cite web|title=Introduction and History|url=https://www.theleela.com/the-leela/about-the-leela/?tab=2|website=www.theleela.com|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>

Headquartered in Mumbai, The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts is owned by a Brookfield Asset Management-sponsored private real estate fund and operates twelve award-winning properties in major cities and leisure destinations across India. These include the flagship hotel in the capital city of New Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Udaipur, Jaipur, Gurugram, East Delhi, Mumbai, Gandhinagar, Kovalam and Ashtamudi.

In 2001, the group's first modern hotel was built with 357 rooms in the IT capital of India, Bangalore, inspired by the [[Mysore Palace]] and the architecture of the 13th century [[Vijayanagara]] empire, and is surrounded by seven acres of gardens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many rooms in leela palace delhi? |url=https://lotcottages.com/how-many-rooms-in-leela-palace-delhi}}</ref> By 2009, two more properties were added to this portfolio: The Leela Palace in [[Udaipur]] ([[Rajasthan]]) and The Leela Ambience [[Gurgaon]].

[[File:Airport road Bangalore.jpg|thumb|The Leela Palace, [[Bangalore]]]]
[[File:The Leela Palace Chennai.jpg|thumb|The Leela Palace, [[Chennai]]]]

The Leela Ambience [[Gurgaon]] Hotel & Residences is the group's first non-owned, managed property. The Leela Palace New Delhi opened in April 2011; the palace is inspired by Sir [[Edwin Lutyens]] Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best of the Best 2012: Hotels: The Leela Palace New Delhi |date=19 May 2023 |url=https://robbreport.com/travel/destinations/best-of-the-best-2012-hotels-the-leela-palace-new-delhi-228606/}}</ref> The group opened a new hotel in [[Chennai]] in 2013 called The Leela Palace Chennai. The second Managed hotel was taken over in year 2015, in East Delhi, The Leela Ambience Convention Hotel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When was Leela Udaipur built? |date=26 September 2023 |url=https://www.rampfesthudson.com/when-was-leela-udaipur-built/}}</ref> In 2021, the group further expanded its portfolio with three new hotels; The Leela Palace Jaipur, The Leela Gandhinagar and The Leela Bhartiya City Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leela to open up three more properties in 2021 |url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hotels/leela-to-open-up-three-more-properties-in-2021/81424210}}</ref> There are plans to open new hotels in Hyderabad, Sikkim and Agra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leela to open up three more properties in 2021 |url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hotels/leela-to-open-up-three-more-properties-in-2021/81424210}}</ref>

The brand has marketing alliances with US-based [[Preferred Hotels and Resorts]] and is a member of [[Global Hotel Alliance]] based in Dubai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hotel Leela to soon announce global foray with a deal in Dubai |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=7 April 2013 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/hotel-leela-to-soon-announce-global-foray-with-a-deal-in-dubai/articleshow/19426302.cms}}</ref> A previous marketing alliance with Swiss-based [[Kempinski]] ended in October 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leela snaps marketing, branding ties with Kempinski| url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/leela-snaps-marketing-branding-ties-with-kempinski/article5210658.ece| date=7 October 2013| access-date=9 January 2023| author=Special Correspondent| website=thehindu.com}}</ref>

In a deal in October 2019, the company sold its hotel properties and operations as well as hotel assets located in New Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Udaipur to Canada-based [[Brookfield Asset Management]], in an INR 3,950 crore settlement, marking the entry of Brookfield in India’s hospitality market.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hotel Leelaventure Limited completes sale transaction with Brookfield|url=https://www.theleela.com/the-leela/media/press-releases/hotel-leelaventure-limited-completes-sale-transaction-with-brookfield/|access-date=2021-08-24|website=www.theleela.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sapam|first=Bidya|date=2019-10-22|title=Hotel Leelaventure completes sale of assets to Brookfield|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/hotel-leelaventure-completes-sale-of-assets-to-brookfield-11571754320592.html|access-date=2021-08-24|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-26|title=Most beautiful 5-star hotel in Udaipur, Leela gets sold, Brookfield purchases for 2.13 billion|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/brookfield-purchased-5-star-hotel-leela-in-udaipur-mc23-nu-1044672-1.html|access-date=2021-08-24|website=News Track|language=English}}</ref>

[[ITC Limited|ITC]] Group had objected to the sale of Leela owned hotels citing reasons of misappropriation of funds in the sale transaction which was led by the consortium of banks and also due to the fact the interests of minority shareholders were overlooked, and other bids submitted by interested bidders were not considered by [[JM Financial]], the asset reconstruction company in Mumbai. The Securities Appellate Tribunal in September 2019 rejected the petition of ITC clearing the way for Brookfield to acquire the hotels.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Vyas|first1=Maulik|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/sat-throws-out-itc-plea-against-leela-brookfield-deal/articleshow/71317103.cms?from=mdr|title=SAT ends Leela over asset deal with Brookfield, for Now|date=2019-09-27|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-04-19|last2=Zachariah|first2=Reena}}</ref>

In addition to ITC, there were other suitors for the Leela Hotels & Resorts, including that of [[Habtoor Hospitality|Rashid Al-Habtoor]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=habtoor+nair+dinesh+leela&tbm=isch#imgrc=aEVOrpZdt1IG5M|title=habtoor nair dinesh leela - Google Search|website=www.google.com|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref> a UAE businessman jointly with an [[Arms dealer|Arms Dealer]] [[Abhishek Verma (arms dealer)|Abhishek Verma]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Happy birthday Abhishek Verma cake cutting with Nair family ~ February 23, 2020| date=29 February 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KINsGHlXsY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/5KINsGHlXsY |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2020-04-19}}{{cbignore}}</ref> who submitted their bid of US$600 million in January 2019 however their bids were not entertained and questions were raised on the conduct of JM Financial in this sale transaction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/jm-fin-arc-conduct-in-leela-saga-questionable-ians-exclusive/1522548|title=JM FIN ARC conduct in Leela saga questionable (IANS Exclusive)|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref>

==Business structure==
''The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts'' is the trading name of ''Leela Palaces and Resorts Limited''.<ref name="leela-hotel-company-info">{{cite web|title=Leela Hotels: Company Information|url=https://www.theleela.com/the-leela/about-the-leela/company-information/|website=Leela Hotels|access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> ''Hotel Leelaventure Limited'' is the ultimate [[holding company]] of the hotel group, and is traded on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] ({{Bombay Stock Exchange|500193}}) and [[National Stock Exchange of India]] ({{nse|HLVLTD}}).<ref name="leela-hotel-company-info" /> Hotel Leelaventure Limited is itself part of [[The Leela Group]] business [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]].<ref name="leela-hotel-company-info" />

==Awards==
* Travel + Leisure USA World’s Best Awards – The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts ranked the fifth best hospitality brand in the world, July 2016 <ref>{{cite web|title=The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts ranked the fifth best hospitality brand in the world|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/the-leela-voted-worlds-fifth-best-hotel-brand-980946.html|website=moneycontrol|date=19 July 2016 }}</ref>
* Experiential Venue Awards 2017 – The Leela Palaces, Hotels & Resorts wins the 'India's Favorite Hospitality Group For MICE & Weddings', July 2017<ref>{{cite web|title=Experiential Venue Awards 2017- The Leela Palaces, Hotels & Resorts wins the 'India's Favorite Hospitality Group For MICE & Weddings|url=https://www.theleela.com/the-leela/media/awards/|website=The Leela}}</ref>
* Travel + Leisure USA World’s Best Awards – The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts ranked in Top 10 best hotels Brands in the world, July 2019 <ref>{{cite web|title=The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts ranked in Top 10 best hotels brand in the world|url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/worlds-best/hotel-top-brands | website=Travel + Leisure}}</ref>
* Travel + Leisure USA World’s Best Awards 2024 – #3 World’s Best Hotel Brand <ref>{{cite web|title=Travel + Leisure USA World's Best Awards 2024|url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/wba-2024-hotel-brands-8659809|website=travelandleisure|date=9 July 2014 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|The Leela}}
*{{official}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leela Palaces, Hotels And Resorts}}
[[Category:Hotel chains in India]]
[[Category:Hospitality companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]