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2026 SAFF Club Championship

2026-05-06T22:58:14Z

RowenaProctor6: added.

{{Short description|Association football tournament in South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= May 2023}}
{{Infobox international football competition
| tourney_name = [[SAFF Club Championship]]
| other_titles = لیگ لوبڈلہ جنوبی ایشیا 2026
| country = Pakistan
| year = 2026
| dates = July<ref>{{cite web|title=SAFF Club Championship to comprise two teams from India|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-12-indian-football-saff-club-championship-two-teams-from-india|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221090333/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-12-indian-football-saff-club-championship-two-teams-from-india|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SAFF executive committee announce inaugural SAFF club championship|date=8 January 2025|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-saff-executive-committee-reveals-inaugural-saff-club-championship-202501}}</ref>
| num_teams = 8
| associations = 7
| venues =
| cities =
| champion =
| count =
| second =
| matches =
| goals =
| attendance =
| top_scorer =
| player =
| goalkeeper =
| nextseason = [[2027 SAFF Club Championship|2027]]
| updated =
}}

'''2026 SAFF Club Championship''' will be the inaugural edition of the [[SAFF Club Championship]], an international men's club [[association football|football]] championship of [[South Asia|South Asian]] countries organised by the [[South Asian Football Federation]] (SAFF). It was stalled for over a decade due to lack of sponsors.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1751320/saff-announces-start-of-club-championship-from-next-year#:~:text=The%20new%20development%20is%20that,set%20for%20a%202024%20start.|date=6 May 2023|title=SAFF announces start of club championship from next year|work=www.dawn.com|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507103901/https://www.dawn.com/news/1751320/saff-announces-start-of-club-championship-from-next-year#:~:text=The%20new%20development%20is%20that,set%20for%20a%202024%20start.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/201018/first-ever-saff-club-cship-likely-next-year|date=6 May 2023|title=First-ever SAFF Club C'ship likely next year|work=www.newagebd.net|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506223516/https://www.newagebd.net/article/201018/first-ever-saff-club-cship-likely-next-year|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/news/saff-club-cship-next-year-3313111|date=6 May 2023|title=SAFF Club C'ship from next year|work=www.thedailystar.net|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506232500/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/news/saff-club-cship-next-year-3313111|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/x5ilnjbjn1|date=6 May 2023|title=সাফ ক্লাব চ্যাম্পিয়নশিপ হতে পারে আগামী বছর থেকে|language=bn|work=www.prothomalo.com|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507122814/https://www.prothomalo.com/amp/story/sports/football/x5ilnjbjn1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://www.newagebd.net/post/others/254845/saff-2025-to-be-held-on-home-and-away-format</ref>

==Format==
Initially, a centralized venue was planned for the tournament. Eventually, a home-and-away format was finalized as the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] expressed reservations over allotting two weeks during the regular Indian football calendar. It was planned to be held in 2024, but postponed to 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/saff-mulls-home-and-away-system-for-its-inaugural-club-championship-2143586|date=17 May 2023|title=SAFF mulls home and away system for its inaugural club championship|language=en|work=www.news9live.com|access-date=24 May 2023|archive-date=24 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524070252/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/saff-mulls-home-and-away-system-for-its-inaugural-club-championship-2143586|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1751320|date=7 May 2023|title=SAFF announces start of club championship from next year|language=en|work=www.dawn.com|access-date=24 May 2023|archive-date=24 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524070252/https://www.dawn.com/news/1751320|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Association team allocation==
A total of 8 teams from 7 SAFF member associations are set to participate in the 2026 SAFF Club Championship. The association ranking based on the [[AFC club competitions ranking|AFC member association coefficient rankings]] is used to determine the number of participating teams for each association. This will include two teams from [[All India Football Federation|India]] and one team from [[Football Association of Maldives|Maldives]], [[All Nepal Football Association|Nepal]], [[Bhutan Football Federation|Bhutan]], [[Pakistan Football Federation|Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh Football Federation|Bangladesh]] and [[Football Federation of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAFF Club Championship to comprise two teams from India |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-12-indian-football-saff-club-championship-two-teams-from-india |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Khel Now |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221090333/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-12-indian-football-saff-club-championship-two-teams-from-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Two spots for India in the inaugural SAFF Club Championship |date=7 December 2023 |url=https://thebridge.in/football/two-india-2024-saff-club-championship-45070 |publisher=thebridge.in |access-date=7 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180744/https://thebridge.in/football/two-india-2024-saff-club-championship-45070 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!bgcolor=#f7f8ff colspan=2|Participation for 2026 SAFF Club Championship
|-
|bgcolor=#90ee77 width=20| ||Participating
|-
|bgcolor=#ffcccc width=20| ||Not participating
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="20%" |[[AFC club competitions ranking|SAFF]] rank
! width="25%" |Member association
!width=20%|Slots
|-bgcolor=#90ee77
| align="center" |1
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[All India Football Federation|India]]
| align="center" |2
|-bgcolor=#90ee77
| align="center" |2
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh Football Federation|Bangladesh]]
| align="center" |1
|-bgcolor=#90ee77
| align="center" |3
|{{flagicon|Maldives }} [[Football Association of Maldives|Maldives]]
| align="center" |1
|-bgcolor=#90ee77
| align="center" |4
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[All Nepal Football Association|Nepal]]
| align="center" |1
|-bgcolor=#90ee77
| align="center" |5
|{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Football Federation of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
| align="center" |1
|-bgcolor=#90ee77
| align="center" |6
|{{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Bhutan Football Federation|Bhutan]]
| align="center" |1
|-bgcolor=#90ee77
| align="center" |7
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan Football Federation|Pakistan]]
|align=center|1
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=1|Total
!colspan=1 rowspan=1|Participating associations: 7
!colspan=1 rowspan=1|8
|}

==Teams==
The following teams will participate in the tournament:<ref name="Pakistani club to participate">{{cite web |last1=Lakhani |first1=Faizan |title=Pakistani club to participate in SAFF's inaugural club championship |url=https://www.geosuper.tv/latest/30371-pakistani-club-to-participate-in-saffs-inaugural-club-championship |publisher=Geo Super |access-date=30 November 2023 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043920/https://www.geosuper.tv/latest/30371-pakistani-club-to-participate-in-saffs-inaugural-club-championship |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Participants
|-
!Team
!Qualifying method
|-
|{{fbaicon|IND}} ''TBD''
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League]] runners-up
|-
|{{fbaicon|IND}} ''TBD''
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League]] third place
|-
|{{fbaicon|BAN}} ''TBD''
|[[2025–26 Bangladesh Football League|2025–26 Bangladesh Premier League]] champions
|-
|{{fbaicon|BHU}} [[Paro FC|Paro]]
|[[2025 Bhutan Premier League]] champions
|-
|{{fbaicon|MDV}} [[Maziya S&RC|Maziya]]
|[[2025–26 Dhivehi Premier League]] champions
|-
|{{fbaicon|NEP}} ''TBD''
|[[2026 ANFA National League]] champions
|-
|{{fbaicon|PAK}} ''TBD''
|[[2025–26 Pakistan Premier League]] champions
|-
|{{fbaicon|SRI}} ''TBD''
|[[2025–26 Sri Lanka Super League]] champions
|}

==Bracket==
The matches will be played in home and away [[knockout]] format.<ref>{{Cite web |title=@MarcusMargulhao: SAFF Club Championship will have eight teams, including two from India, the highest-ranked member association. |url=https://twitter.com/MarcusMergulhao/status/1732749583749701926 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180801/https://twitter.com/MarcusMergulhao/status/1732749583749701926 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{8TeamBracket-2Leg|seeds=yes|game-score-width=|group1=|RD1-group1=|leg-width=|aggregate=|noseeds=|group2=|score-width=bbbb|group3=|RD2-group1=[[Gokulam Kerala FC]]}}

==Quarter-finals==
{{TwoLegStart}}
{{TwoLegResult|||||||}}
{{TwoLegResult|||||||}}
{{TwoLegResult|||||||}}
{{TwoLegResult|||||||}}
|}

==Semi-finals==
{{TwoLegStart}}
{{TwoLegResult|||||||}}
{{TwoLegResult|||||||}}
|}

==Final==
{{TwoLegStart}}
{{TwoLegResult|||||||}}
|}

== See also ==
*[[2026 SAFF U-23 Championship]]
*[[2026 SAFF Futsal Championship]]
*[[2026 SAFF Women's Championship]]
*[[2026 SAFF Women's Futsal Championship]]
* [[2026 CAFA Silk Way Cup]]
* [[2025–26 ASEAN Club Championship]]
* [[2025–26 AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{SAFF Football}}
{{AFC teams}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:SAFF competitions]]

Electoral system of India

2026-05-05T17:22:08Z

RowenaProctor6: created new info

{{short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More sources|date=May 2026}}
{{No categories|date=May 2026}}
}}
The '''electoral system of India''' relates to regulation of elections to both chambers of the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] (the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]]), the [[President of India|president]] and the [[Vice President of India|vice president]], and various chambers of state, union territory and local level legislatures. Multiple methods are used to elect members of different chambers and there are different constitutional bodies responsible for the conduct of elections.

Article 326 of the [[Constitution of India]] gives right to every citizen above the age of 18 years (amended from 21 years via the [[Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|61st constitutional amendment]]) unless ineligible due to being involved in crime or corrupt practice or being mentally unsound shall have the right to vote in Lok Sabha and state/UT legislative assemblies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 326: Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/articles/article-326-elections-to-the-house-of-the-people-and-to-the-legislative-assemblies-of-states-to-be-on-the-basis-of-adult-suffrage/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Conduct of elections ==

=== [[Election Commission of India]] ===
Election Commission of India, a constitutional body independent from the [[Government of India|government]], has the right to conduct elections for the office of the [[President of India|president]] and the [[Vice President of India|vice president]] and members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assemblies]], [[State legislative councils of India|state legislative councils]] and legislative assemblies of the union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|National Capital Territory of Delhi]] and [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]].

=== [[State election commission (India)|State Election Commissions]] ===
Each state in India and three union territories (Chandigarh, [[Delhi State Election Commission|Delhi]], [[Puducherry State Election Commission|Puducherry]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir State Election Commission|Jammu and Kashmir]]) have an autonomous constitutional body independent from ECI<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-11 |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> responsible for conducting elections to urban local bodies such as [[Municipal corporations of India|municipal corporations]] and [[Municipal council (India)|municipalities]], and [[Panchayati Raj|panchayat]] institutions such as [[Gram panchayat|village panchayats]], [[Panchayat samiti|block panchayats]], and [[District council (India)|district councils]] within the respective state/UT. It is also responsible for the implementation of a model code of conduct during the election process, and updation of electoral rolls for all elections conducted by it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2021-11-23 |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> State Election Commissions were created for implementation of [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj]] system introduced by [[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd constitutional amendment]].

=== Election Commission for UTs ===
For all Union Territories without a separate body for conduct of local elections, i.e. the union territories of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Ladakh]], [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu]], Election Commission for UTs acts as a singular body to conduct elections to [[Autonomous Hill Council|autonomous hill councils]], [[Municipal corporations of India|municipal corporations]],[[Municipal council (India)|municipalities]], [[Gram panchayat|village panchayats]], [[Panchayat samiti|block panchayats]], and [[District council (India)|district councils]] within all of these 4 Union Territories.

== Voter registration ==
A person is eligible to register to vote by registering or after one of the qualifying dates (1 January, 1 April, 1 July or 1 October) such that it is the last qualifying date before they turn 18, though their name will be added on the electoral roll on the next qualifying date if they are an ordinary resident of the constituency they wish to enroll in and is not legally barred from voting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Register to Vote |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/faq/en/how-to-register/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Political parties ==
A person may contest election for any office or house either as an independent candidate or as member of a registered political party.

Out of the registered political parties, a party can be recognized as a state party or a national party by ECI which grants them additional benefits on appointing observers, star campaigners, access to ECI meetings, etc.

=== Criteria for recognition ===

==== National party status ====
A registered party is recognised as a national party only if it fulfills any one of the three conditions listed below:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968 |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_81_00001_195143_1517807327542&type=order&filename=Election%20Symbol%20Order,%201968.pdf |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

* If its candidates have secured at least 6% of total valid votes in at least four states (in latest Lok Sabha or Assembly elections) and the party has at least four MPs in the last Lok Sabha polls.
* If it has won at least 2% of the total seats in the Lok Sabha from at least three states.
* It is 'recognised' in four or more states.
{{clear}}

==== State party status ====
A registered party is recognised as a state party only if it fulfils any one of the five conditions listed below:<ref name=":0" />

* A party should secure at least six per cent of valid votes polled in an election to the state/UT legislative assembly and win at least two seats in that assembly.
* A party should secure at least six per cent of valid votes polled in an election to Lok Sabha and win at least one seat in Lok Sabha.
* A party should win at least three per cent of the total number of seats or any fraction thereof allotted to that state/UT.
* At least one MP for every 25 members or any fraction allotted to the state/UT in the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite web |last=admin1 |date=2023-04-11 |title=Recognition of National or State Party - Current Affairs |url=https://www.nextias.com/ca/current-affairs/11-04-2023/recognition-of-national-or-state-party |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009073548/https://www.nextias.com/ca/current-affairs/11-04-2023/recognition-of-national-or-state-party |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=2024-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Under the liberalised criteria, one more clause that it will be eligible for recognition as state party if it secures eight per cent or more of the total valid votes polled in the state.

=== List of recognized political parties ===

==== National parties ====
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sticky-header-multi"
|+Recognised national parties<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of national parties |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIir64S7nkVWlwNI5fVuQzQAzEINtKqZhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.eci.gov.in%2Feci-backend%2Fpublic%2Fapi%2Fdownload%3Furl%3DLMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzBiU51zPFZI5qMtjV1qgjFva%2BcZe4H5hLgRzEPbXgT4%2BLdDuMCbYQSF1jiuqiCO2KgKdCmUSHqA1uyd%2BQgGswdQ%3D%3D |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! rowspan="2" |Abbr.
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Flag
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Election
symbol
! rowspan="2" |Political
position
! rowspan="2" |Ideology
! rowspan="2" |Founded
! rowspan="2" |Leader
! colspan="2" |Government in states/UTs
! colspan="4" |Number of seats
|-
![[List of current Indian chief ministers|Chief]]
[[List of current Indian chief ministers|ministers]]
!Ruling
coalition{{efn|Indicates only if the party is part of the cabinet of the incumbent state/UT government.|name=Rule}}
![[Lok Sabha]]
![[Rajya Sabha]]{{efn|Includes 12 members nominated by the [[president of India]].|name=RS}}
![[State legislative assemblies of India|State]]
[[State legislative assemblies of India|assemblies]]{{efn|Excluding five nominated members in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and three nominated members in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]|name=Nom}}
![[State legislative councils of India|State]]
[[State legislative councils of India|councils]]
|-|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|'''AAP'''
|[[File:Aam_Aadmi_Party_flag_(2).svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:AAP_Symbol.png|class=skin-invert|50x50px]]
|[[Centrism|Centre]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lakshmi |first1=Rama |date=3 February 2020 |title=No soft Hindutva, no Left Revolution, Kejriwal establishing a new centre in Indian politics |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/no-soft-hindutva-no-left-revolution-kejriwal-establishing-a-new-centre-in-indian-politics/358776/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023071209/https://theprint.in/opinion/no-soft-hindutva-no-left-revolution-kejriwal-establishing-a-new-centre-in-indian-politics/358776/ |archive-date=23 October 2022 |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Asmin |date=29 March 2022 |title=The rise of AAP and a central question |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-rise-of-aap-and-a-central-question/article65268456.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506023225/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-rise-of-aap-and-a-central-question/article65268456.ece |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|{{Plainlist|*[[Welfarism]]<ref name="social">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/aam-aadmi-party-social-content|title=Understanding the Social Content of the Aam Aadmi Party|access-date=27 November 2022|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127152032/https://thewire.in/politics/aam-aadmi-party-social-content|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Indian nationalism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/india-ko-no-1-banana-hai-how-kejriwal-aap-are-playing-the-nationalism-game-this-year/1082793/|title=India ko no 1 banana hai'-how Kejriwal & AAP are playing the nationalism game this year|website=[[ThePrint]]|date=14 August 2022|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814194151/https://theprint.in/politics/india-ko-no-1-banana-hai-how-kejriwal-aap-are-playing-the-nationalism-game-this-year/1082793/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/delhi-budget-explained-arvind-kejriwal-deshbhakti-7221315/|title=Delhi Budget explained: Deshbhakti with 500 national flags, benefits for women and vision 2047|date=10 March 2021|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517102255/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/delhi-budget-explained-arvind-kejriwal-deshbhakti-7221315/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/arvind-kejriwal-says-hardcore-patriotism-honesty-and-humanity-are-three-pillars-of-aap-ideology-4161665.html|title=अरविंद केजरीवाल ने इन 3 को बताया AAP की विचारधारा|date=30 March 2022|access-date=30 March 2022|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401033005/https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/arvind-kejriwal-says-hardcore-patriotism-honesty-and-humanity-are-three-pillars-of-aap-ideology-4161665.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Populism]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kejriwal & AAP's Tryst With Hindutva – When Populism Trumps Ideology|date=6 November 2021|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/aap-kejriwals-tryst-with-hindutva-from-hanuman-chalisa-to-ram-mandir#read-more|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=1 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101020808/https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/aap-kejriwals-tryst-with-hindutva-from-hanuman-chalisa-to-ram-mandir#read-more|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="London School of Economics">{{citation|title=The populist politics of the Aam Aadmi Party|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2014/01/15/the-populist-politics-of-the-aam-aadmi-party|first1=Mitali|last1=Nikore|date=15 January 2014|access-date=30 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201080821/http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2014/01/15/the-populist-politics-of-the-aam-aadmi-party/|archive-date=1 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/out-of-ideas-is-aap-struggling-to-stay-politically-relevant-9416181.html|title=Out of ideas, is AAP struggling to stay politically relevant?|date=31 October 2022|access-date=28 November 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113053653/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/out-of-ideas-is-aap-struggling-to-stay-politically-relevant-9416181.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Secularism in India|Secularism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/aaps-vision-of-secularism-big-on-intention-weak-on-substance-1444157.html|title=AAP's vision of secularism: Big on intention, weak on substance|work=Firstpost |date=21 March 2014|access-date=28 April 2022|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428112335/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/aaps-vision-of-secularism-big-on-intention-weak-on-substance-1444157.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>|class=nowrap}}
|{{Start date and years ago|2012|November|26|df=yes|p=y|br=y}}
|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|543|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|245|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|121|4123|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|'''BSP'''
|[[File:Elephant_Bahujan_Samaj_Party.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Elephant_electoral_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=K. Chhibber |first1=Pradeep |title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India |last2=Verma |first2=Rahul |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=9780190623890 |page=130}}</ref>
|{{Plainlist|*[[Social justice]]<ref name="Shyam">Shyam Singh, 2010. "[https://www.isec.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/WP-242-Shyam-Singh.pdf Dalit Movement and Emergence of the Bahujan Samaj Party in Uttar Pradesh: Politics and Priorities]," Working Papers 242, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore.</ref>
*[[Self-Respect Movement|Self-respect]]<ref name="Shyam"/>
*[[Ambedkarism]]<ref name="Shyam"/>}}
|{{Start date and years ago|1984|April|14|df=yes|p=y|br=y}}
|[[Mayawati]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|4|4123|{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|'''BJP'''
|[[File:BJP_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Lotos_flower_symbol.svg|class=skin-invert|50x50px]]
|[[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Malik|first1=Yogendra K.|last2=Singh|first2=V.B.|title=Bharatiya Janata Party: An Alternative to the Congress (I)?|journal=Asian Survey|date=April 1992|volume=32|issue=4|pages=318–336|jstor=2645149|doi=10.2307/2645149}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Banerjee|first1=Sumanta|title=Civilising the BJP|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=22 July 2005|volume=40|issue=29|pages=3116–3119|jstor=4416896}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Samar|last=Halarnkar|title=Narendra Modi makes his move|work=BBC News|date=13 June 2012|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-18352532|quote=The right-wing Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), India's primary opposition party|ref={{harvid|BBC|2012}}|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308014030/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-18352532|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mogul|first=Rhea|date=15 April 2024|title=Narendra Modi: India's popular but controversial leader seeking a transformative third term|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/15/india/modi-profile-india-election-intl-hnk-dst/index.html|access-date=19 May 2024|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mehrotra|first1=Karishma|last2=Shih|first2=Gerry|date=20 April 2024|title=As India votes, women and the young could put Modi and BJP over the top|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/18/india-election-modi-women-youth/|access-date=19 May 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 October 2023|title=Modi's Hindu Nationalist Agenda Is Corroding India's Democracy|url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/will-modi-hindu-nationalism-damage-us-india-relations/|access-date=19 May 2024|website=World Politics Review|language=en-US}}</ref>}}
to [[Far-right politics|far-right]]{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources<ref name="Davies">{{Cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-iXGKN1AK4C&q=%22Bharatiya+Janata+Party%22%22far-right%22|title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right|last2=Lynch|first2=Derek|date=16 August 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-60952-9|pages=103|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gill|first=Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtJ2EAAAQBAJ&q=%22Bharatiya+Janata+Party%22%22far-right%22|title=The Handbook of Security|date=2022-06-22|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-91735-7|pages=158|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Leidig|first1=Eviane|last2=Mudde|first2=Cas|date=9 May 2023|title=Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): The overlooked populist radical right party|url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/jlp.22134.lei|journal=Journal of Language and Politics|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=360–377|doi=10.1075/jlp.22134.lei|issn=1569-2159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ammassari|first1=Sofia|last2=Fossati|first2=Diego|last3=McDonnell|first3=Duncan|title=Supporters of India's BJP: Distinctly Populist and Nativist|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/government-and-opposition/article/abs/supporters-of-indias-bjp-distinctly-populist-and-nativist/3D2C84D6F81E1F9CCDD89654B40AB6E8|journal=Government and Opposition|date=2023|language=en|volume=58|issue=4|pages=807–823|doi=10.1017/gov.2022.18|issn=0017-257X|hdl=10072/415334|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>}}
|{{Plainlist|*[[Conservatism in India|Conservatism]]{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources<ref name="mathewjoh">{{Cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|title=Conservatism and Ideology|last2=Garnett|first2=Mark|last3=Walker|first3=David M|date=2017|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-52900-2|pages=45–50|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061245/https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Björn Goldstein (2015) The unconscious Indianization of 'Western' conservatism – is Indian conservatism a universal model?, Global Discourse, 5:1, 44–65, {{doi|10.1080/23269995.2014.946315}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mazumdar|first1=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1|pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011|access-date=24 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|url-status=live|issn=2176-9257|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul|isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|pages=50–150|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
*[[Neoliberalism]]{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources<ref name="Surajit 2017">{{Cite journal|last=Mazumdar|first=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182|url-status=live|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1|pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|archive-date=14 April 2023|access-date=24 April 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first1=Shankar|title=Defining, Constructing and Policing a 'New India': Relationship between Neoliberalism and Hindutva|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=7 July 2006|volume=41|issue=26|pages=2803–2813|jstor=4418408|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017234207/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Kalpana|last2=Ung Loh|first2=Jennifer|last3=Purewal|first3=Navtej|title=Gender, Violence and the Neoliberal State in India|journal=Feminist Review|date=July 2018|volume=119|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1057/s41305-018-0109-8|s2cid=149814002|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210111943/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mathur|first1=Navdeep|title=The low politics of higher education: saffron branded neoliberalism and the assault on Indian universities|journal=Critical Policy Studies|date=2018|volume=12|issue=1|pages=121–125|doi=10.1080/19460171.2017.1403343|s2cid=148842457}}</ref>}}
*[[Hindutva]]<ref name="Angana.p">{{Cite book|last1=Chatterji|first1=Angana P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|title=Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India|last2=Hansen|first2=Thomas Blom|last3=Jaffrelot|first3=Christophe|date=2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-007817-1|pages=100–130|author-link=Angana P. Chatterji|author-link2=Thomas Blom Hansen|author-link3=Christophe Jaffrelot|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061226/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Christophe Jaffrelot|Jaffrelot, Christophe]], and Cynthia Schoch. "Conclusion to Part I." In Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy, 148–54. [[Princeton University Press]], 2021. {{doi|10.2307/j.ctv1dc9jzx.12}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul|isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Right-wing populism]]<ref>{{cite journal|volume=26|issue=3|journal=Democratization|first1=Duncan|last1=McDonnell|year=2019|first2=Luis|last2=Cabrera|title=The right-wing populism of India's Bharatiya Janata Party (and why comparativists should care)|pages=484–501|doi=10.1080/13510347.2018.1551885|s2cid=149464986}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Özçelik|first=Ezgi|title=Right-wing Populist Governments Rhetorical Framing of Economic Inequality : the Cases of BJP in India and AKP in Turkey|publisher=Koç University|year=2019}}</ref>}}
|{{Start date and years ago|1980|April|6|df=yes|p=y|br=y}}
|[[Nitin Nabin]]
|{{Composition bar|16|31|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|5|31|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|240|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|113|245|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1656|4123|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|165|426|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|'''CPI(M)'''
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:CPI(M)_Election_symbol.png|50x50px]]
|[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/|title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave'|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Withnall|first=Adam|date=2 January 2019|title=Protesters form 620km 'women's wall' in India as female devotees pray at Hindu temple for first time|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/womens-wall-protest-india-kerala-temple-hindu-pray-supreme-court-sexism-a8708381.html|website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-arrests-cpi-secretary-caa-protests|title=Manipur: CPI State Secretary, Blogger Arrested over CAA Protests|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Choudhury|first=Shubhadeep|date=4 May 2020|title=West Bengal has the highest mortality rate of COVID-19 patients: IMCT|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/west-bengal-has-the-highest-mortality-rate-of-covid-19-patients-imct-80301|work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Nandi|first=Proshanta|date=2005|title=Communism through the Ballot Box: Over a Quarter Century of Uninterrupted Rule in West Bengal|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume=54|issue=2|pages=171–194|doi=10.1177/0038022920050202|jstor=23620496|s2cid=157014751|issn=0038-0229}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Fernandes|first=Leela|date=1996|title=Review of Development Policy of a Communist Government: West Bengal since 1977, ; Indian Communism: Opposition, Collaboration and Institutionalization, Ross Mallick|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=55|issue=4|pages=1041–1043|doi=10.2307/2646581|jstor=2646581|s2cid=236090170|issn=0021-9118}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Moodie|first=Deonnie|date=August 2019|title=On Blood, Power and Public Interest: The Concealment of Hindu Sacrificial rites under Indian Law|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-and-religion/article/on-blood-power-and-public-interest-the-concealment-of-hindu-sacrificial-rites-under-indian-law/339C7920CEB8F426D575635EDC6ACE9B|journal=Journal of Law and Religion|volume=34|issue=2|pages=165–182|doi=10.1017/jlr.2019.24|s2cid=202333308|issn=0748-0814|url-access=subscription}}</ref>}}
|{{nowrap|[[Marxism–Leninism]]<ref name="OUP_Ideology">{{cite book|title=Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies|author=Chakrabarty, Bidyut|isbn=978-0-1999-7489-4|lccn=2014003207|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oEtRBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref name="IOLS">{{cite book|title=The Insurrection of Little Selves: The Crisis of Secular-nationalism in India|first=Aditya|last=Nigam|year=2006|isbn=9780195676068|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy|first=Walker|last=Connor|year=1984|isbn=9780691101637|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]}}</ref>}}
{{nowrap|[[Socialism]]<ref name="OUP_Ideology"/><ref>{{cite web|title=The CPI(M) and the Building of Capitalism – IDEAs|date=30 January 2008|url=https://www.networkideas.org/2008/01/30/the-cpim-and-the-building-of-capitalism/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpim.org/party-programme/|title=Party Programme|website=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|quote=The establishment of a people's democratic government, the successful carrying out of these tasks and the leadership of the working class in the people's democratic State will ensure that the Indian revolution will not stop at the democratic stage but will pass over to the stage of effecting socialist transformation by developing the productive forces.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CPI(M) deliberates on native socialism model|work=The Hindu|date=7 April 2012|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cpim-deliberates-on-native-socialism-model/article3291327.ece}}</ref>}}
{{nowrap|[[Secularism]]<ref name="IOLS"/>}}
|{{Start date and years ago|1964|November|7|df=yes|p=y|br=y}}
|[[M. A. Baby]]
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|4|543|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|245|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|79|4123|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|'''INC'''
|[[File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Hand_INC.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Centrism|Centre]]{{refn|<ref name="Barrington2009"/><ref name="centrist">{{cite web|title=Political Parties – NCERT|url=https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jess406.pdf|publisher=[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Jean-Pierre Cabestan, Jacques deLisle|title=Inside India Today (Routledge Revivals)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=heFSAQAAQBAJ&dq=Centrist+Indian+National+Congress&pg=PR10|quote=... were either guarded in their criticism of the ruling party – the centrist Indian National Congress – or attacked it almost invariably from a rightist position. This was so for political and commercial reasons, which are explained, ...|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-135-04823-5}}</ref>}}
|{{Plainlist|*[[Big tent]]<ref name="Barrington2009">{{cite book|author=Lowell Barrington|title=Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uuAtazupnAC&pg=PA379|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-618-49319-7|page=379}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Karl Ernest|last2=Brysac|first2=Shareen Blair|title=Pax Ethnica: Where and How Diversity Succeeds|url=https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye|url-access=registration|access-date=7 April 2016|year=2012|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-61039-048-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye/page/50 50]}}</ref>
*[[Liberalism in India|Liberalism]]<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Emiliano Bosio|editor2=Yusef Waghid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb6ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA270|title=Global Citizenship Education in the Global South: Educators' Perceptions and Practices|date=31 October 2022|page=270|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004521742}}</ref><ref name="Liberal1">{{cite book|last=DeSouza|first=Peter Ronald|date=2006|title=India's Political Parties Readings in Indian Government and Politics series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eeRhDwAAQBAJ&q=Indian+National+Congress+liberal+ideology|publisher=[[Sage Publishing]]|page=420|isbn=978-9-352-80534-1}}</ref><ref name="Liberal2">{{cite book|last1=Rosow|first1=Stephen J.|last2=George|first2=Jim|date=2014|title=Globalization and Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3mVoAEACAAJ|publisher=[[The Globe Pequot Publishing Group|Rowman & Littlefield]]|pages=91–96|isbn=978-1-442-21810-9}}</ref>
*[[Social democracy]]<ref name="Barrington2009"/><ref name="Agarwal1989">{{cite book|year=1989|editor1-last=Agrawal|editor1-first=S. P.|editor2-last=Aggarwal|editor2-first=J. C.|title=Nehru on Social Issues|location=New Delhi|publisher=Concept Publishing|isbn=978-817022207-1}}</ref>
*[[Secularism in India|Secularism]]<ref name="J.Soper">{{cite book|last1=Soper|first1=J. Christopher|last2=Fetzer|first2=Joel S.|date=2018|title=Religion and Nationalism in Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7BoDwAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=200–210|isbn=978-1-107-18943-0}}</ref>
*[[Civic nationalism]]<ref name="J.Soper"/>}}
|{{Start date and years ago|1885|December|28|df=yes|p=y|br=y}}
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|{{Composition bar|3|31|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|100|543|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|29|245|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|632|4123|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|60|426|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|'''NPP'''
|[[File:NPP_Flag.jpg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Book.svg|class=skin-invert|51x51px]]
|{{nowrap|[[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]}}<ref>{{cite web |date=9 July 2023 |title=NPP President Likha calls party 'secular' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/arunachal-pradesh-npp-president-likha-saaya-calls-party-secular-to-oppose-ucc-implementation-in-state-news-301506/amp#amp_ct=1691128650074&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16911285866845&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com}}</ref>
|{{Plainlist|*[[Conservatism in India|Conservatism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://highlandpost.com/dont-forget-your-roots-identity-conrad-tells-youth/|title=Don't forget your roots & identity, Conrad tells youth | Highland Post|date=25 November 2023}}</ref>
*[[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]<ref>{{cite web|title=National People's Party to further strengthen party base in the region|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/national-peoples-party-to-further-strengthen-party-base-in-the-region/articleshow/69703633.cms|first=Bikash|last=Singh|date=8 June 2019|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beyond BJP's rise, NPP emerges as biggest regional outfit in Northeast|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/beyond-bjp-s-rise-npp-emerges-as-biggest-regional-outfit-in-northeast/story-iIjmRA9E7JVK0tLN6fLycM.html|first=Utpal|last=Parashar|date=4 May 2018|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>}}
|{{Start date and years ago|2013|January|6|df=yes|p=y|br=y}}
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|50|4123|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}}
|-
|}

==== State parties ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|+Recognised state parties<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of state parties |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzBiU51zPFZI5qMtjV1qgjFva%2BcZe4H5hLgRzEPbXgT4%2BEJecVc93B3LTxyyJga%2BpSgKdCmUSHqA1uyd%2BQgGswdQ%3D%3D |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>{{efn|name="State parties"|There were 60 state parties listed in publication issued by the Election Commission of India on 23 March 2024. However, two out of 60 parties (Rashtriya Lok Samta Party and People's Democratic Front) have merged with other parties. Additionally, the name and symbol of Lok Janshakti Party and Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party have been frozen due to dispute. In January 2025, Janasena Party was recognised as a state party. Naam Tamilar Katchi was recognised as a state party in May 2025.}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Flag
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Election
symbol
! rowspan="2" |Founded
! rowspan="2" |Leader(s)
! rowspan="2" |Recognised in state(s)/UT(s)
! colspan="2" |Government in states/UTs
! colspan="4" |Seats
|-
!Chief minister
!Ruling coalition{{efn|name=Rule}}
![[Lok Sabha]]
![[Rajya Sabha]]
![[State legislative assemblies of India|State]]
[[State legislative assemblies of India|assemblies]]
![[Legislative council|State]]
[[Legislative council|councils]]
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" |'''State party in three states'''
|-|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[File:All_India_Trinamool_Congress_flag_(2).svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:All_India_Trinamool_Congress_symbol_2021.svg|50x50px]]
|1998
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
[[Tripura]]
[[West Bengal]]
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|29|543|{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|13|245|{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|230|4123|{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:CPI_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|1925
|[[D. Raja]]
|[[Kerala]]
[[Manipur]]
[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|245|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
|{{Composition bar|22|4123|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|426|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|[[File:JD(S)_Flag.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_female_farmer.svg|76x76px]]
|1999
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Karnataka]]
[[Kerala]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|18|4123|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|8|426|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|[[File:Janata_Dal_(United)_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Arrow.svg|50x50px]]
|2003
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Bihar]]
[[Manipur]]
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|12|543|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|4|245|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|87|4123|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|26|426|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}}}
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" |'''State party in two states'''
|-|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[File:AIADMK_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_two_leaves.svg|50x50px|Two Leaves]]
|1972
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|4|245|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|61|4123|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[File:Flag_DMK.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_rising_sun.svg|50x50px]]
|1949
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|22|543|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|10|245|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|137|4123|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Naga_People's_Front.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Cock.png|64x64px]]
|1963
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|[[Manipur]]
[[Nagaland]]
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|39|4123|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[File:Flag_of_Nationalist_Congress_Party.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Clock.png|50x50px]]
|1999
|[[Sunetra Pawar]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
[[Nagaland]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|245|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|44|4123|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|8|426|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|dab=yes}}
|
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Man_Blowing_Turha.png|50x50px]]
|2024
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
[[Nagaland]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}}}
|{{Composition bar|8|543|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|245|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}}}
|{{Composition bar|12|4123|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|426|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[File:RJD_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Hurricane_Lamp.png|71x71px]]
|1997
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
[[Tejashwi Yadav]]
|[[Bihar]]
[[Jharkhand]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|4|543|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|5|245|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|81|4123|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|5|426|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[File:Telugu_Desam_Party_Flag.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Cycle.png|50x50px]]
|1982
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Telangana]]
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|16|543|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|245|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|135|4123|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|10|426|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling_Fan.svg|50x50px]]
|2011
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Telangana]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|4|543|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|7|245|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|11|4123|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|35|426|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}}}
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | '''State party in one state'''
|-|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[File:All_India_Forward_Bloc_flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Lion.svg|50x50px]]
|1939
|[[Debabrata Biswas (politician)|Debabrata Biswas]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|4123|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[File:AIMIM_FLAG.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Kite.svg|50x50px|kite]]
|1927
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|[[Telangana]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}}}
|{{Composition bar|10|4123|{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|426|{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[File:All_India_N.R._Congress.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Jug.svg|61x61px]]
|2011
|[[N. Rangaswamy]]
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|10|4123|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|[[File:AIUDF_logo.webp|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Lock_And_Key.svg|50x50px]]
|2005
|[[Badruddin Ajmal]]
|[[Assam]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|15|4123|{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|[[File:ANSU_Party_flag.jpg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Banana.svg|50x50px]]
|1986
|[[Sudesh Mahto]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|4123|{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)|dab=yes}}
|[[File:Apna_dal_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Cup_and_Saucer.jpg|50x50px]]
|2016
|[[Anupriya Patel]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|12|4123|{{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|426|{{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Elephant.png|50x50px]]
|1985
|[[Atul Bora (AGP politician)|Atul Bora]]
|[[Assam]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|9|4123|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[File:Flag_of_Bharat_Rashtra_Samithi_new.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Car.png|50x50px]]
|2001
|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
|[[Telangana]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|4|245|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|39|4123|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|19|426|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[File:Biju_Janata_Dal_flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Conch.svg|50x50px]]
|1997
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|[[Odisha]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|7|245|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|51|4123|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|[[File:BPF-Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Nangol.svg|50x50px]]
|2005
|[[Hagrama Mohilary]]
|[[Assam]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|4123|{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|[[File:CPIML_LIBERATION_FLAG.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Flag_Logo_of_CPIML.png|51x51px]]
|1974
|[[Dipankar Bhattacharya]]
|[[Bihar]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}}}
|{{Composition bar|13|4123|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|426|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[File:Flag_DMDK.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Nagara.svg|50x50px]]
|2005
|Premallatha Vijayakant
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|4123|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Goa Forward Party}}
|[[File:Goa_Forward_Party_Flag.jpg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_Coconut.svg|50x50px]]
|2016
|[[Vijai Sardesai]]
|[[Goa]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Goa Forward Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Goa Forward Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Goa Forward Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Goa Forward Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|4123|{{party color|Goa Forward Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Goa Forward Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|[[File:Hill_State_People's_Democratic_Party_flag.jpg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Lion.svg|50x50px]]
|1968
|KP Pangniang
|[[Meghalaya]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|4123|{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|
|[[File:INLD1.svg|50x50px]]
|1996
|[[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
|[[Haryana]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|4123|{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Indian_Union_Muslim_League.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Lader.svg|59x59px]]
|1948
|[[Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal|Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal]]
|[[Kerala]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|543|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|245|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|{{Composition bar|15|4123|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}
|[[File:Flag_green_yellow.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_symbol_Dao.svg|50x50px]]
|2009
|[[Prem Kumar Reang]]
|[[Tripura]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|4123|{{party color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[File:JKNC-flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Plough.png|50x50px]]
|1932
|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
[[Omar Abdullah]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|245|{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}}}
|{{Composition bar|42|4123|{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party}}
|
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Cycle.png|50x50px]]
|1982
|[[Harsh Dev Singh]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|4123|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ink_Pot_and_Pen.png|50x50px]]
|1999
|[[Mehbooba Mufti]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|4123|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|[[File:Janasena_Party_Flag.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_glass_tumbler.svg|61x61px]]
|2014
|[[Pawan Kalyan]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Janasena Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Janasena Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Janasena Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Janasena Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|21|4123|{{party color|Janasena Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|426|{{party color|Janasena Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Jannayak Janta Party}}
|[[File:Jannayak_Janta_Party_flag_(1).svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_Key.svg|50x50px]]
|2018
|[[Dushyant Chautala]]
|[[Haryana]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|4123|{{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}
|
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Farmer_Ploughing_(within_Square).jpg|50x50px]]
|2016
|[[Renu Jogi]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|4123|{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[File:Jharkhand_Mukti_Morcha_flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow.svg|50x50px]]
|1972
|[[Hemant Soren]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|543|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|245|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|34|4123|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress|dab=yes}}
|[[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Auto_Rickshaw_Election_Symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|1964
|[[P. J. Joseph]]
|[[Kerala]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Kerala Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Kerala Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Kerala Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Kerala Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|4123|{{party color|Kerala Congress}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Kerala Congress}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (M)|dab=yes}}
|[[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_two_leaves.svg|50x50px]]
|1979
|[[Jose K. Mani]]
|[[Kerala]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|5|4123|{{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party|dab=yes}}
|[[File:Lok_Janshakti_Party_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|
|2000
|
|[[Bihar]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|4123|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|
|
|2021
|[[Chirag Paswan]]
|[[Nagaland]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|5|543|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|4123|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
|[[File:Maharashtra_Navnirman_Sena_Official_Flag.jpg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Mns-symbol-railway-engine.png|50x50px]]
|2006
|[[Raj Thackeray]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|4123|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Lion.svg|50x50px]]
|1963
|[[Deepak Dhavalikar]]
|[[Goa]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|4123|{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|
|
|1958
|[[Seeman]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|4123|{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|
|[[File:Election_Symbol_Star.svg|50x50px]]
|1961
|[[Zoramthanga]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|10|4123|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Maize.svg|50x50px]]
|1977
|[[Kamen Ringu]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|People's Party of Arunachal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|People's Party of Arunachal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|People's Party of Arunachal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|People's Party of Arunachal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|4123|{{party color|People's Party of Arunachal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|People's Party of Arunachal}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
|[[File:Logo_Rashtriya_Loktantrik_party.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Water_bottle_RLP_election_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|2018
|[[Hanuman Beniwal]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|4123|{{party color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}
|
|[[File:Revolutionary_Goans_Party_Symbol.jpg|50x50px]]
|2022
|[[Viresh Borkar]]
|[[Goa]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|4123|{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|[[File:RSP-flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Spade_and_Stoker.png|50x50px]]
|1940
|[[Manoj Bhattacharya]]
|[[Kerala]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|4123|{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[File:Samajwadi_Party_New_Flag.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Cycle.png|50x50px]]
|1992
|[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|37|543|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|4|245|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|112|4123|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|9|426|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[File:SAD_flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Shiromani_Akali_Dal_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|1920
|[[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|4123|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[File:Sikkim-Democratic-Front-flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Umberlla.png|51x51px]]
|1993
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|[[Sikkim]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|4123|{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[File:Sikkim_Krantikari_Morcha_flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Symbol_SKM.png|50x50px]]
|2013
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|[[Sikkim]]
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|32|4123|{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[File:Shiv_Sena-1575560401.jpg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow.svg|50x50px]]
|2022
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}
|{{Composition bar|7|543|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}
|{{Composition bar|59|4123|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}
|{{Composition bar|8|426|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (UBT)|dab=yes}}
|[[File:SS(UBT)_flag.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Flaming_Torch.png|74x74px]]
|2022
|[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|9|543|{{party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|245|{{party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|20|4123|{{party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|6|426|{{party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|[[File:Tipra_Logo.jpg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Pineapple.png|69x69px]]
|2019
|[[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]]
|[[Tripura]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|13|4123|{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Drums.png|59x59px]]
|1997
|[[Metbah Lyngdoh]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|11|4123|{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|
|[[File:UPPL_Election_Symbol.png|50x50px]]
|2015
|[[Urkhao Gwra Brahma]]
|[[Assam]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|7|4123|{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}
|
|[[File:Winnower_Symbol.png|50x50px]]
|2021
|[[Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|4|4123|{{party color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}}}
|-|{{Full party name with color|Zoram Nationalist Party}}
|
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Sun_without_Rays.png|50x50px]]
|1997
|H. Lalrinmawia
|[[Mizoram]]
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Zoram Nationalist Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Zoram Nationalist Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Zoram Nationalist Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Zoram Nationalist Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|4123|{{party color|Zoram Nationalist Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Zoram Nationalist Party}}}}
|-!{{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|
|
|2017
|[[Lalduhoma]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|{{Composition bar|1|31|{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}}}
|{{Composition bar|27|4123|{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|426|{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}}}
|-
|}

== Date of Elections ==
Though states make law for local elections, ECI is responsible for choosing date of election for all elections within its domain as long as the date of election is within the limitations set by the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]] and the Presidential And Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |House/Office
! colspan="2" |Cause of Vacancy
|-
!End of Term of House/Member
!Casual Vacancy (Death/Resignation/Ineligibility/Suspension)
|-
!President
| rowspan="2" |Before the end of term (Notification of election must be issued no earlier than 60 days of end of term)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Presidential And Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2167?locale=en |website=India Code}}</ref>
|Within 6 months of end of term
|-
!Vice President
|No time limit (As soon as possible)
|-
!Lok Sabha
| rowspan="2" |Between the day 6 months before end of term and the day before end of term
| rowspan="4" |No later than 6 months (or later if ECI with government consultation find it difficult)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Section 151A, The Constitution of India |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_3_81_00001_195143_1517807327542&orderno=185 |website=India Code}}</ref>
[No bye-election takes place if office is vacated less than a year before end of term.
|-
!State/UT legislative assembly
|-
!Rajya Sabha
| rowspan="2" |Before the end of term (Notification of election must be issued no earlier than 3 months of end of term)
|-
!State legislative council
|}

== Term of Member/House/Office ==
The table below states maximum term of the office or house or its member.
{| class="wikitable"
!House/Office
!General/Maximum Term
!Nature of office/house
|-
!President
|5 years
| rowspan="4" |Dissolvable
|-
!Vice President
|5 years
|-
!Lok Sabha
|5 years
|-
!State/UT legislative
|5 years
|-
!Rajya Sabha
|6 years (membership)
|Permanent/Undisolvable
|-
!State Legislative Council
|6 years (membership)
|Dissolvable by a state's respective legislative assembly
|}

== Eligibility to vote ==

=== Lok Sabha, state/UT legislative assembly and municipal/panchayat elections ===

==== Elected members ====
Every person in the electoral roll revised by ECI (or state election commission of their respective state of residence for municipal/panchayat elections) before election is eligible to cast one vote in their respective constituency.

Exception: In [[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha assembly constituency]] in [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]], only the members of sangha community can contest and vote.

==== Nominated members ====
Two legislative assemblies ([[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]) have nominated members. [[Government of India]] is allowed to nominate at-most three members to the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]. In [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|LG]] can nominate up to two members from Kashmiri migrant families (at least one woman), up to one displaced person from [[Pakistan occupied Kashmir|Pakistan occupied Jammu and Kashmir]], and up to two additional women if deemed underrepresented.

=== Rajya Sabha elections ===

==== Elected members ====
Every '''elected''' member of a state/UT legislative assembly can vote in Rajya Sabha elections in the state of their respective membership. Nominated members are barred from voting in Rajya Sabha elections.

==== Nominated members ====
President of India may nominate up to 12 individuals with special expertise in literature, science, art, or social service to Rajya Sabha, as per Article 80 of the Constitution of India.

=== Presidential elections ===
An [[Electoral College (India)|electoral collage]] with unequal amount of votes is used for presidential elections. All elected members of Lok Sabha, state legislative assemblies and legislative assemblies of Delhi, Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir are allowed to vote.

=== Vice Presidential elections ===
All members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are allowed to vote for Vice Presidential elections. This also includes nominated members of Rajya Sabha.

== Eligibility to contest elections ==
Except constituencies reserved for women, for Scheduled Castes or for Scheduled Tribes, where members of the particular community can contest, the following are the only conditions to contest in an election. For constituencies reserved for a particular community, the following conditions are mandatory in addition to being from teh respective community.

Exception: In [[Sangha assembly constituency]] in [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]], only the eligible members of sangha community can contest and vote.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Office/House
!Minimum age
!Minimum number of nominations required
!Nominators
!Electoral roll requirement
!Common requirements
|-
!President
| rowspan="2" |35 years
|50 electors + 50 distinct seconders
|Members of the [[Electoral College (India)|electoral collage]]
| rowspan="4" |A registered voter in any parliamentary constituency in India
| rowspan="6" |
* A citizen of India
* Shall not hold an office of profit
* Mentally sound
* Must not be bankrupt
* Must have taken (or to take) oath or affirmation to uphold constitution of India prescribed by a person appointed by ECI
* Either never convicted for a crime, or convicted but not jailed for 2 years (or more), or convicted and imprisoned but released 6 years before filing nomination.
|-
!Vice President
|20 proposers + 20 distinct seconders
|Members of Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha
|-
!Lok Sabha
|25 years
|1 (if set up by national/state party)
10 (otherwise)
|Voters from the respective parliamentary constituency
|-
!Rajya Sabha
|30 years
|10% of legislative assembly membership or 10, whichever is less
|Members of the state/UT legislative assembly
|-
!State/UT legislative assembly
|25 years
|1 (if set up by national/state party)
10 (otherwise)
|Voters from the respective assembly constituency
|A registered voter in any assembly constituency in the respective state
|-
!State legislative council
|30 years
|10 electors
|Elector in the respective elector group (Teacher/Graduate/Local Authority/MLA)
|Elector in the respective elector group (for non MLA seats)
Voter in any assembly constituency in the respective state
|}

== System of voting ==

=== [[Lok Sabha]] and state/UT legislative assembly ===
All elections for members of Lok Sabha and state or union territory legislative assemblies are conducted using [[first past the post system]]. Voters are given a list of candidates in the [[electronic voting machine]] with candidates arranged in such a way that candidates set up by national party appear in alphabetical order above those set up by state parties in alphabetical order, which appear above those by registered unrecognised parties in alphabetical order above all independent candidates in alphabetical order, all followed by '''[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]''' option. Name of candidates appears in machine in Hindi, English and local languages (if any) along with their coloured photograph and a symbol chosen by (or reserved for) their respective political party (for candidates set up by a party) or a symbol preferred by the candidate out of the options given to them.

Except for polling booths with single voters, votes are generally anonymous.

Postal ballot option is available for public workers or those working for the Indian government if it is not possible for them to vote. ECI may use postal ballot for home voting of deemed necessary.

As in first past the post, the person with most votes win and a draw of lots is used in case of tie. Irrespective of the numebr of votes cast to NOTA, NOTA cannot be declared winner and the person with most votes win

=== [[Rajya Sabha]] elections ===
By means of [[single transferable vote]] through [[proportional representation]], elections for members of Rajya Sabha is held in state/UT legislative assemblies for staggered terms lasting six years each. Members of state legislative assembly must show their ballot to an official set up by their respective political parties if required by a political party. Votes cast by a person are anonymous to all others except the party official. The none of the above option is not available in these polls and paper ballot is used.

=== Municipal and Panchayat elections ===
Though there is no legal requirement to conducted local elections using [[first past the post system]], all states and union territories at all local levels use the first past the post system with almost no change from nationally used method except the NOTA system. In Haryana, Maharashtra and Delhi, if NOTA wins more votes than any other candidate, no candidate is declared winner and elections on every such constituency are held again. Use of EVM or paper ballot is decided by the laws of the state, though all states except [[Karnataka]] (which uses ballot papers) use EVMs.

=== State Legislative Council elections ===
Only six out of 28 states in India have [[bicameral]] legislature. Upper house of those state is a state legislative council. One third of the members are elected by members of local authorities, one third by [[MLAs]], one twelfth by teachers who had spent at least three years in teaching in educational institutions within the state not lower than [[Secondary school]]s, one twelfth by [[Graduation|graduates]] of three years' standing residing in that state. No elections are contested for the remaining one sigxth seats as they are nominated by the [[Governor (India)|governor]] from persons having knowledge or practical experience in fields such as [[literature]], [[science]], [[arts]], the [[Cooperative|co-operative movement]] and [[Social work|social services]]. Elections to these seats are conducted the same way as Rajya Sabha elections except that only MLA's constituencies can have an official set up by their respective political parties to view ballot of the voters from the respective parties.

=== [[Presidential elections in India|Presidential elections]] ===
Presidential elections are conducted though a complex method where combined value of vote of a state is decided in proportion to its population and a single vote is cast for entire value though a [[Ranked-choice voting|ranked choice voting system]] in an anonymous ballot. The [[Electoral College (India)|electoral collage]] consists of all elected members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and state/UT legislative assemblies. Population of a state/UT for its value of vote is used as per [[1971 census of India|1971 census]]. The votes are completely anonymous and are generally cast in central house of Parliament by MPs and the state/UT legislative assemblies by the respective MLAs. No political party can issue a whip to direct any of its MPs or MLAs on ranking any candidate.
{| align="center"
|<math>\mbox{Value of an MLA vote} = \lfloor \cfrac {\mbox{Total population of the state or union territory}} {\mbox{Total number of elected members of the State Legislative Assembly} \times {1000}} \rceil </math><math>\mbox{Value of an MP vote} = \lfloor\cfrac {\mbox{The sum of vote value of elected members of all the State Legislative Assemblies}} {\mbox{The sum of elected members of both the houses of Parliament}}\rceil </math>
|}

=== [[Vice-presidential elections in India|Vice Presidential elections]] ===
Vice presidential elections follow a [[ranked choice voting system]] in an anonymous ballot just like in Presidential elections but unlike presidential elections, value of vote of all electors is equal. Voting and counting of votes is held in the parliament itself and no political party can issue a whip to direct any of its MPs or MLAs on ranking any candidate.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:India]]

Pravati Parida

2026-05-05T11:24:05Z

RowenaProctor6: started a info more to come

{{Short description|Deputy Chief Minister of Odisha}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pravati Parida
| image = Pravati Parida in 2025.jpg
| office = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Odisha]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Basant Kumar Biswal]] (2000)
| successor = Incumbent
| governor = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]
| alongside = [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| office4 = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 4 June 2024
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 = Samir Ranjan Dash
| successor4 =
| constituency4 = [[Nimapara (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nimapada]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|5|12|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/pageerror.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/image.aspx|title=page error|website=odishaassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Pravati Parida''' (born 12 May 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Odisha]]. She became the first woman and 5th [[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|Deputy Chief Minister of Odisha]] under Mohan Majhi from 2024. She is also the Minister of Women and Child Development, Mission Shakti, and Tourism. She is an MLA from [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapada Assembly Constituency]] in [[Puri district]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She won the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pravati Parida, BJP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Pravati Parida, Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/pravati-parida-18106-1 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref name="h837">{{cite web |date=11 June 2024 |title=Who is Mohan Charan Majhi, BJP's first Odisha CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-mohan-charan-majhi-new-odisha-cm-bjp-bjd/articleshow/110909600.cms |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Parida is from [[Nimapada|Nimapara]]. She married Shyam Sundar Nayak, a former government servant. She completed her LLB at [[Utkal University]] in 1995 and enrolled as an advocate in [[Orissa High Court|Odisha High Court]], in the same year for some time.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Meet Pravati Parida, BJP leader set to be Odisha's first female Deputy CM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meet-pravati-parida-bjp-leader-set-to-be-odishas-first-female-deputy-cm-101718110776015.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Later, she also did M.A. in Public Administration in 2005, also from Utkal University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pravati Parida(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)): Constituency- NIMAPARA(PURI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1231 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Parida won the [[Nimapara Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Nimapara Assembly Election Result 2024: BJD's Dilip Kumar Nayak to take on BJP's Parvati Parida |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/nimapara-election-result-2024-bhubaneswar-nimapara-assembly-election-poll-results-updates/articleshow/110675471.cms |access-date=2024-06-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> in the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]. She polled 95,430 votes and defeated Dilip Kumar Nayak of [[Biju Janata Dal]] by a narrow margin of 4,588 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Nimapara Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/nimapara-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917548.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Nimapara Assembly Election Results 2024: Nimapara Odisha Election Schedule, Vote share and Results |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/nimapara-constituency/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

On 12 June 2024, she took oath as [[Deputy Chief Minister of Odisha]] along with [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] and [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] as chief minister at Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar. Governor [[Raghubar Das]] administered their oath. Prime minister [[Narendra Modi]], home minister [[Amit Shah]], defence minister [[Rajnath Singh]], along with chief ministers of 10 BJP-ruled states were present.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: BJP Tribal Leader, 4-Time MLA Mohan Majhi Sworn In As Odisha Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-chief-minister-swearing-in-live-updates-mohan-majhi-set-to-be-sworn-in-as-bjps-first-chief-minister-in-odisha-5874031 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2024-06-12 |title=Mohan Charan Majhi sworn in as Odisha's first BJP Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/mohan-charan-majhi-sworn-in-as-odishas-first-bjp-chief-minister/article68281205.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-13 |title=Odisha Cabinet portfolios: CM Mohan Charan Majhi keeps Home |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/odisha-cabinet-portfolios-cm-mohan-charan-majhi-keeps-home-ministry-kanak-vardhan-singh-agriculture-pravati-parida-women-child-development-finance-2024-06-15-937131 |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=India News |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Odisha New CM Live Updates: Mohan Charan Majhi declared new Odisha Chief Minister, KV Singh Deo, Pravati Parida to be Deputy CMs |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/odisha-new-cm-live-updates-bjp-odisha-new-chief-minister-2024-selection-live-news/3521378/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> She became the first female deputy CM of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Odisha's first female Deputy CM is Pravati Parida — 5 things to know about the high court lawyer |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/odishas-first-female-deputy-cm-is-high-court-lawyer-pravati-parida-5-points-11718117624306.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Current Indian deputy chief ministers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pravati, Parida}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Puri district]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Odisha]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Women deputy chief ministers of Indian states]]

Rogério de Faria

2026-05-03T20:11:38Z

RowenaProctor6: started first stub first draft

{{Short description|Portuguese-Brazilian businessman (1770–1848)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sir Rogério de Faria
| image =
| caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1770|10|14|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1848|3|15|1770|10|14|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Businessman
}}

'''Sir Rogério de Faria''' (14 October 1770 — 15 March 1848) was a Portuguese-Brazilian businessman.<ref name="Teo_2006">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fUS0OHs9R0C&pg=PA136 |title=Reflected in Water: Writings on Goa |editor=Jerry Pinto |editor-link=Jerry Pinto |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2006 |isbn=9780143100812 |pages=136–142 |author=Teotónio de Souza |author-link=Teotónio de Souza }}</ref>

==Early life==
Sir Rogério de Faria, also known as Sir Roger Faria, was a native of [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão Island]],<ref name="PintoTrade94">{{Cite book |last=Pinto |first=Celsa |author-link=Celsa Pinto |url=https://archive.org/details/tradefinanceinpo0000pint |title=Trade and finance in Portuguese India : a study of the Portuguese country trade, 1770-1840 |date=1994 |publisher=New Delhi : Concept Pub. Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-7022-507-2 |page=58}}</ref> son of Joao de Faria and Ana Maria D'Albuquerque e de Faria. The family migrated to [[Bombay]], [[British India]] after [[epidemics in Chorão Island]] in 1775. A [[Goan Catholic]] in international business, he was a pioneer in the [[opium trade]] in [[China]], long before the [[United Kingdom|British]] thought of entering this branch of commerce.

==Consul of Brazil in Bombay==
De Faria was known in [[Bombay]] and internationally as a "prince merchant".<ref name="PintoTrade94" /> A resident of Bombay, where he was [[Consul (representative)|Consul]] of [[Brazil]], de Faria did business in [[Bengal]], Bombay and [[Macau]]. He was a big supporter of fellow [[Goan]] mayor [[Bernardo Peres da Silva]], who had been appointed governor of [[Goa]] by the liberal government of [[Dom Pedro IV]] of [[Portugal]], but rejected by the military stationed in Goa. This was unacceptable to Sir Roger Faria because Da Silva was the first native born Portuguese Governor. Sir Roger Faria staked his fortune unsuccessfully on a naval expedition thwarted by heavy monsoons to restore Bernardo Peres da Silva to the post of Portuguese Governor of India.

==Biographies==
According to historian [[Teotonio de Souza]],<ref name="Souza1985">De Souza, Teotonio R. (1985) "Capital Input in Goa's Freedom Struggle" in ''Indo-Portuguese history: old issues, new questions.'' p 102-113 Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.</ref> he accessed part of de Faria's business correspondence dating back to 1789–1830, involving dealings with the [[Mhamai Kamat House]] in [[Portuguese Goa]]. De Souza<ref name="Souza1985" /> suggests that the pre-1818 papers offer "much interesting information" that could help correct and supplement "whatever we know about Rogerio de Faria from a few contemporary published sources and from a few late and sketchy biographies."

Abbé Cottineau's ''Journal'' describes Sir Rogerio Faria's house as "commanding a most lovely view of the sea, the ramparts, the suburbs, the city, the [[Colaba]] island, and the West coast as far as the so-called Malabar Point.<ref>''Instituto Vasco da Gama'', (May, 1874) n.29, p.105</ref> cited by Souza <ref name="Souza1985" />).

De Souza<ref name="Souza1985" /> says that Faria made his fortune in "opium-peddling", and writes: "We are not able to fully collaborate the statement, but we are told by the otherwise critical Indo-Portuguese administrator-historian, J.H. da Cunha-Rivara, that [[Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy|Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy]], the most glamorous [[Parsee]] figures of the mid-nineteenth century in the annals of Bombay, started his prosperous career as a simple clerk in the firm of Rogerio de Faria. Reporting the death of Sir Roger's daughter, Miss Margaret de Faria, the '''[[Bombay Gazette]]''' of 7 October 1889 added that Sir Jamsetjee had made his first voyage to China in a ship belonging to Sir Roger de Faria."

Faria faced prohibitive financial losses, after the naval expedition he backed to restore Bernardo Peres da Silva, the first native-born Portuguese Governor, failed owing to an inclement and ruinous monsoon. His only son died of tetanus after an accidental fall, a couple of years before him in 1848. The Goan journalist-editor A.M. da Cunha wrote a 30-page booklet <ref>''Sir Roger de Faria'', Nova Goa, 1928</ref> which Souza says "gives more details about the numerous progeny of Sir Roger than about him."

He lived out the rest of his life on a pension granted to him by his friend Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bombaywalla.org/facades-gloria-church-1913/|title=Gloria Faria {{!}} Bombaywalla|last=admin|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Naresh Fernandes writes in Bombaywallah.org:<ref>http://bombaywalla.org/facades-gloria-church-1913/ Facades: Gloria Church (1913)</ref> "Gloria Church in [[Byculla]], Bombay, now known as [[Mumbai]], contains a memorial stone to an almost-forgotten Bombay character: the Goan opium trader Sir Roger de Faria." His children married into other prominent Luso-Indian aristocratic families and his descendants continue to play prominent roles in Mumbai's politics and entertainment industry.

==Further reading==
* de Souza, Teotonio R, ''For Goa and Opium''. Goa: Penguin Books, 2006.
* de Souza, Teotonio R. "French slave-trading in Portuguese Goa (1773–1791)." ''Essays in Goan History'' (1989): 119–3.
* Trade and Finance in Portuguese India: A Study of the Portuguese Country Trade 1770–1840 by Celsa Pinto, Concept Publishing Company (1994)
* Markovits, Claude. "The political economy of opium smuggling in early nineteenth century India: Leakage or Resistance?." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 43.01 (2009): 89–111.
* Siddiqi, Asiya. "Pathways of the Poppy." ''India and China in the Colonial World'' (2005): 21.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faria, Rogerio de}}
[[Category:1770 births]]
[[Category:1848 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Chorão (island)]]
[[Category:Portuguese diplomats]]
[[Category:Brazilian diplomats]]
[[Category:Portuguese people of Goan descent]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:18th-century Portuguese businesspeople]]
[[Category:19th-century Portuguese businesspeople]]
[[Category:Opium in India]]
[[Category:Opium in China]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian businesspeople]]

Buchanpalle

2026-05-02T12:30:29Z

RowenaProctor6:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Buchanpalle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.524211|N|77.740352|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vikarabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Marpalle]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 554
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 501202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08416
| registration_plate = TS-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sangareddy]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1:1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Normal]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Buchanpalle''' is a village (Buchanpalle, [[Gram panchayat]]) in [[Marpalle]] mandal, [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]] [[district]], [[Telangana]] [[States and union territories of India|state]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Vikarabad district|url=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO's/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|website=Special Chief Secretary of Revenue Department|publisher=mines.telangana.gov.in|accessdate=12 January 2023|archiveurl=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Views/NewDistrictGos.aspx|archivedate=11 October 2016|format=PDF}}</ref> It is located at {{Coord|17.524211|N|77.740352|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Marpalli.html Marpalli at Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 617 metres (2027 ft).
==Local governance==

According to the Telangana State Election Commission, Gram Panchayat elections are conducted periodically to elect the Sarpanch and ward members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Know Your Sarpanch - Telangana State Election Commission |url=https://tsec.gov.in/knowYourSarpanch.do |website=Telangana State Election Commission |access-date=2026-05-02}}</ref>

In the 2025 Gram Panchayat elections, B. Venkatram Reddy was elected as the Sarpanch of Buchanpalle, reportedly winning against B. Mudhukar Mudiraj with a margin of around 500 votes.
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikarabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikarabad district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vikarabad district]]

{{Vikarabad-geo-stub}}

List of institutions of higher education in Bengaluru

2026-05-01T07:28:14Z

RowenaProctor6: Starting stub

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
[[File:National Law School of India University, Bangalore, India - 20130524-01.JPG|thumb|[[National Law School of India University]], ranked one in India, is called by a few as the 'Harvard of the East'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-21 |title=On diversity and inclusion in the "Harvard of the east" |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/on-diversity-and-inclusion-in-the-harvard-of-the-east/story-O0j7WacuQ1YK2S0UaKlb4M.html |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Harvard of the East |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2011/jul/11/inside-harvard-of-the-east-270437.html |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>]]
[[File:Christ University Hosur road Bangalore 4819.JPG|thumb|[[Christ University]]]]
[[Bangalore University]], established in 1886, provides affiliation to over 500 colleges, with a total student enrolment exceeding 300,000. The university has two campuses within Bengaluru – Jnanabharathi and Central College.<ref name="univ">{{Cite news
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/BU-overloaded-wants-to-split/articleshow/1114542.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-09/bangalore/27875270_1_bu-bed-colleges-bangalore-university
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 11 August 2011
| title = BU overloaded, wants to split
| access-date = 16 October 2007
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| date = 9 January 2007
}}</ref> [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]] was established in the year 1917, by Bharat Ratna Sir M. Visvesvaraya, At present, the UVCE is the only engineering college under the [[Bangalore University]]. Bengaluru also has many private Engineering Colleges affiliated to [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]. The Bangalore University was Trifurcated in the year 2017 for the proper management of the students & Colleges then the Bangalore University was Trifurcated in [[Bangalore University]], [[Bengaluru North University]] and [[Bengaluru City University]] .

Some of the institutes in [[Bengaluru]] which are the premier institutes for scientific research and study in India are:
* [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]
* [[Indian Institute of Science]], which was established in 1909 in Bangalore
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] (JNCASR),
* [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] (NCBS)
* [[NIMHANS|National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences]] (NIMHANS)
* [[Raman Research Institute]]

Nationally renowned professional institutes located in Bengaluru include
* [[Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore]] (IIM-B),
* [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
* [[Institute of Wood Science and Technology]],
* [[International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore]] (IIIT-B)
* [[National Institute of Design, Bangalore|National Institute of Design]](NID),
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT),
* [[National Law School of India University]] (NLSIU),
* [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore]] (UASB),

==Universities==


* [[REVA University|REVA University]]
* [[Alliance University]]
* [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]]
* [[Azim Premji University]]
* [[Bangalore University|Bengaluru University]]
* [[Bengaluru City University]]
* [[Bengaluru North University]]
* [[Christ University|Christ (Deemed to be University)]]
* [[CMR University]]
* [[CMR Institute of Technology]]
* [[Dayananda Sagar University]]
* [[Garden City University]]
* [[Jain University|Jain (Deemed to be University)]]
* [[Karnataka State Law University]]
* [[Kristu Jayanti University|Kristu Jayanti (Deemed to be University)]]
* [[M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences]]
* [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education|Manipal (Deemed to be University)]]
* [[NITTE|NITTE University]]
* [[PES University]]
* [[Presidency University, Bangalore|Presidency University]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
* [[REVA University|REVA University]]
* [[RV University]]
* [[Symbiosis International University]]
* [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore|St. Joseph's University]]
* [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore|University of Agricultural Sciences]]
* [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]

==Design==


* [[ICAT Design & Media College]], (Bachelor’s Degree, Master’s Degree & Post-Graduate Programs)
* [[Jyoti Nivas College]], (Visual Communication & Performing Arts, Media)
* [[Jain University]], (School of Design, Media and Creative Arts)
* [[National Institute of Design, Bangalore|National Institute of Design]] (NID), R&D Campus (M.Des, DDE, DRE, IID)
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (B.Des, B.F.Tech)
* [[Srishti School of Art, Design and Technology]] (Foundation Studies, Prof Diploma, Advanced Diploma)
* [[Strate School of Design]] ( M.Sc, B.Sc in Design)
* [[REVA University|REVA University]]
==Arts==
* [[Jyoti Nivas College]]

==Management==


* [[AIMS Institutes]]
* [[Alliance University]] - Alliance School of Business
* [[Christ University]] [[Bangalore]] School of Business and Management
* [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|Indian Institute of Management]]
* [[ISBR Business School]] (MBA, PGDM, PhD)
* [[Jagdish Sheth School of Management]]
* [[Center for Management Studies|Jain University - Center for Management Studies]] (BBA)
* [[Jyoti Nivas College]]
* [[Kristu Jayanti University|School of Business and Managemen , Kristu Jayanti (Deemed to be University)]]
* [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore|Mount Carmel College]]
* [[NITTE|NITTE University]] - NITTE School of Management
* [[Ramaiah Institute of Management|M.S.Ramaiah Institute of Management]] (MBA, PGDM)
* [[REVA University|REVA University]]
* [[Sri Bhagawan Mahaveer Jain College]] (BBA, MBA + PGPM, PG Diploma (Enterprise Management + PGDM), PGDBM)
* [[St. Hopkins College]]
* [[St. Joseph's Institute of Management, Bangalore|St Joseph's Institute of Management]]
* [[SVKM's NMIMS|SVKM'S NMIMS]] ([[Master of Business Administration|PGDM]], [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]], B.Sc. Finance, B.Sc. Economics)
* [[Symbiosis International University]]
* [[WE School]] (PGDM)
* [[Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship]]

==Commerce==


* [[Jyoti Nivas College]]
* [[REVA University|REVA University]]
* [[Christ University]] School of Commerce, Finance & Accountancy
* [[Kristu Jayanti University|School of Commerce, Accounting & Finance,Kristu Jayanti (Deemed to be University)]]
* [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore|Mount Carmel College]]
* [[Presidency College, Bangalore|Presidency College]]
* [[St. Joseph's College of Commerce]]

==Engineering==


* [[Acharya Institute of Technology]]
* [[Alliance University]] - Alliance College of Engineering and Design
* [[AMC Institutions|AMC Engineering College]]
* [[B.M.S. College of Engineering]]/ Bhusanayana Mukundadas Sreenivasaiah College of Engineering
* [[B.M.S. Institute of Technology and Management]]/ Bhusanayana Mukundadas Sreenivasaiah Institute of Technology and Management
* [[Bangalore Institute of Technology]]
* [[BNM Institute of Technology]]
* [[Brindavan College of Engineering]]
* [[BTL Institute of Technology]]
* [[CMR Institute of Technology]]
* [[CMR University]]
* [[Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering]]
* [[Dayananda Sagar University]]
* [[Don Bosco Institute of Technology, Bangalore|Don Bosco Institute of Technology]]
* [[Global Academy of Technology]]
* [[HKBK College of Engineering]]
* [[JSSATE|JSS Academy of Technical Education]]
* [[M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences]]
* [[MVJ College of Engineering]]
* [[New Horizon College of Engineering]]
* [[Oxford College of Engineering]]
* [[PES University]]
* [[Presidency University, Bangalore|Presidency University]]
* [[R.V. College of Engineering]]
* [[RV University]]
* [[Ramaiah Institute of Technology]]
* [[REVA University]]
* [[RNS Institute of Technology]]
* [[Sai Vidya Institute of Technology]]
* [[Sambhram Institute of Technology]]
* [[Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore|Sapthagiri College of Engineering]]
* [[Shri Pillappa College of Engineering]]
* [[Sri Sairam College of Engineering]]
* [[Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Bangalore|Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering]]
* [[T John Institute of Technology]]
* [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]]
* [[Vivekananda Institute of Technology]]

==Law==


* [[Christ University]] - School of Law
* [[KLE Society's Law College]]
* [[National Law School of India University]]
* [[Presidency University, Bangalore|Presidency University]]
* [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore]]
* [[University Law College, Bangalore University]], [[Bangalore University]]
* [[Kristu Jayanti University|Kristu Jayanti College of law]]
* [[REVA University|REVA University]]
==Medical==


* [[Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute]]
* [[Institute of Public Health Bengaluru]]
* [[Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS)]]
* [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences]]
* [[Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital]]
* [[Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research]]
* [[St. John's Medical College]]
* [[Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre]]

==Sciences==


* [[Christ University]]
* [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]
* [[Indian Institute of Horticultural Research]]
* [[Indian Institute of Science]]
* [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
* [[Institute of Wood Science and Technology]]
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]]
* [[Jyoti Nivas College]]
* [[Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru|Mount Carmel College]]
* [[National Tuberculosis Institute]]
* [[The Oxford College of Science]]
* [[REVA University|REVA University]]
* [[Kristu Jayanti University|School of Biological & Forensic Science, Kristu Jayanti (Deemed to be University)]]
* [[Kristu Jayanti University|School of Computational & Physical Sciences,Kristu Jayanti (Deemed to be University)]]
* [[St. Joseph's University, Bangalore|St. Joseph's University]]

==Others ==


* [[College of Fine Arts, Bengaluru]]
* [[Jyoti Nivas College]]
* [[National College, Bengaluru]]
* [[SGPTA PU College]]
* [[Sri Bhagawan Mahaveer Jain College]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Education in India}}

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Karnataka|Bangalore]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bengaluru| ]]
[[Category:Bengaluru-related lists|Educational institutions]]

Jawad Rahim

2026-04-29T06:57:51Z

RowenaProctor6: Adding Initial Info Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jawad Rahim
| image = Justice Dr Jawad Rahim.jpg
| caption =
| alma_mater = [[St Joseph's College, Bangalore|St. Joseph’s College]], [[University Law College, Bangalore]]
| office = Acting Chairperson, [[National Green Tribunal]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2019
| nominator = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| office1 = Judge, [[High Court of Karnataka]]
| term_start1 = 6 January 2006
| term_end1 = 2 September 2014
| nominator1 = [[President of India]]
| office2 = Secretary to the [[Chief Justice]], [[Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start2 = January 2005
| term_end2 = January 2006
| office3 = Chief Judge, Court of Small Causes, Bangalore
| term_start3 = 18 November 2004
| term_end3 = 16 January 2005
| nominator3 = [[Governor of Karnataka]]
| office4 = Secretary to the [[Government of Karnataka]], Department of Law
| term_start4 = 11 December 2003
| term_end4 = 17 November 2004
| office5 = Principal [[District courts of India|District]] and Sessions Judge, [[Tumkur]]
| term_start5 = 20 March 2000
| term_end5 = 10 December 2003
| office6 = I Additional District & Sessions Judge, [[Bangalore Rural]] District
| term_start6 = 6 June 1996
| term_end6 = 1 February 1999
| office7 = Additional District & Sessions Judge, [[Shimoga]]
| term_start7 = 5 June 1993
| term_end7 = 25 May 1996
| office8 = II Additional District Judge & Sessions Judge, [[Mysore]]
| term_start8 = February 1993
| term_end8 = May 1993
| birth_date = 2 September 1952
| death_date = 10 January 2024 (Aged 71)
| death_place = [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]], [[India]]
}}

[[File:Justice Jawad Rahim.jpg|thumb|Justice Jawad Rahim addressing students in an educational institution.]]
[[File:Justice Jawad Rahim with U Nisar Ahmed.jpg|alt=Justice Rahim and Mr U Nisar Ahmed walking|thumb|Jawad Rahim along with U Nisar Ahmed, a former [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] who served as Inspector General of Police, Karnataka.]]

'''Jawad Rahim''' (2 September 1952{{snd}}10 January 2024) was an Indian [[jurist]] and a judge of the [[Karnataka High Court|High Court of Karnataka]].

==Education and early career==
Born on 2 September 1952 in Bengaluru, Karnataka, he was the son of S.A. Rahim Siddiqui and Razia Banu. Rahim's academic journey included a [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] from [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore|St. Joseph’s College]], Bengaluru, and an [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]] from [[University Law College, Bangalore University|University Law College]], Bengaluru. He obtained a [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctorate]] in law ([[Legum Doctor|LL.D]]) from [[Tumkur University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Justice Jawad Rahim - Biodata |url=https://lawcommission.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Bio%20Data%20of%20Dr%20Justice%20Jawad%20Rahim%20(English).pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622105115/https://lawcommission.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Bio%20Data%20of%20Dr%20Justice%20Jawad%20Rahim%20(English).pdf |archive-date=2022-06-22 |website=Law Commission - Govt of Karnataka}}</ref>

Enrolling as an advocate at the Karnataka Bar Council in September 1975, Rahim specialized in civil and criminal law, practicing in both District Courts and the High Court. He served as [[Amicus curiae|Amicus Curiae]] in the High Court and offered legal counsel to various corporate bodies, educational institutions, and government bodies such as Karnataka State [[Central Waqf Council|Board of Wakf]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DR. JUSTICE JAWAD RAHIM |url=https://greentribunal.gov.in/dr-justice-jawad-rahim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713010359/https://greentribunal.gov.in/dr-justice-jawad-rahim |archive-date=2022-07-13 |website=National Green Tribunal, India}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rahim's judicial journey began in 1993 when he assumed the position of a direct [[District courts of India|District Judge]] from the [[Bar Council of Karnataka|Bar]]. He served as District Judge at [[Mysore district|Mysuru]], [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]], and [[Bangalore Rural district|Bengaluru Rural]] Districts. His career included roles as Principal District & [[Sessions Court|Sessions]] Judge in [[Madikeri]], [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]] District, and [[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru]] District, as well as Chief Judge, Court of Small Causes, Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges - Tumakuru District Court |url=https://tumakuru.dcourts.gov.in/former-judges/page/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115071700/https://tumakuru.dcourts.gov.in/former-judges/page/2/ |archive-date=2024-01-15 |website=Tumakuru Court - Govt of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges - Kodagu District Court |url=https://kodagu.dcourts.gov.in/former-judges/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115072137/https://kodagu.dcourts.gov.in/former-judges/ |archive-date=2024-01-15 |website=Kodagu Court - Govt of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Judges of the Supreme Court of India and the High Courts - Nov 2014 |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s35d6646aad9bcc0be55b2c82f69750387/uploads/2021/08/2021082341.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115075855/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s35d6646aad9bcc0be55b2c82f69750387/uploads/2021/08/2021082341.pdf |archive-date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Department of Justice, Govt of India |page=322}}</ref>

Elevated as a judge of the High Court of Karnataka on 6 January 2006, Rahim held this position until his [[superannuation]] on 1 September 2014.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Rahim also took on administrative roles. Notably, he served as the [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] to the [[Government of Karnataka]], Department of Law, Justice & Human Rights and Parliamentary Affairs in 2003-2004. Additionally, he held the position of Principal Secretary to the Hon'ble [[Chief Justice of Karnataka|Chief Justice]] of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Jawad Rahim |url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/bio_data/sitting_judges/jrj.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730084034/https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/bio_data/sitting_judges/jrj.htm |archive-date=2014-07-30 |website=Karnataka Judiciary}}</ref>

Rahim contributed to legal academia, serving as a resource person in the Karnataka Judicial Academy and Advocates’ Academy, Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012 |title=Karnataka Judicial Academy - Oct 2012 |url=https://kjablr.kar.nic.in/assets/e-newsletters/Newsletter-OCT2012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115075032/https://kjablr.kar.nic.in/assets/e-newsletters/Newsletter-OCT2012.pdf |archive-date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=KJA Newsletter |pages=8}}</ref> Additionally, he held the position of Governor at the Bengaluru Mediation Centre.<ref name=":0" />

Post his tenure at the Karnataka High Court, Rahim assumed the role of a Judicial Member of the [[National Green Tribunal|National Green Tribunal (NGT)]] in February 2016. He was later appointed the acting Chairperson of the NGT.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gill |first=Gitanjali Nain |date=2020 |title=Mapping the Power Struggles of the National Green Tribunal of India: The Rise and Fall? |journal=Asian Journal of Law and Society |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=85–126 |doi=10.1017/als.2018.28 |issn=2052-9015|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Judicial member ===
Rahim assumed a pivotal role in the National Green Tribunal (NGT) when he was appointed a Judicial Member on February 8, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press Trust of India |date=2018-05-29 |title=National Green Tribunal Member Opposes Appointment Of Acting Chairperson, Moves Supreme Court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-green-tribunal-member-opposes-appointment-of-acting-chairperson-moves-supreme-court-1859542 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811222425/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-green-tribunal-member-opposes-appointment-of-acting-chairperson-moves-supreme-court-1859542 |archive-date=2019-08-11 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

After about two years, Rahim was appointed the Acting Chairperson of NGT. On a plea by the NGT Bar Association, a [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] bench comprising [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] [[Dipak Misra|Dipak Mishra]], [[A. M. Khanwilkar|AM Khanwilkar]], and [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|DY Chandrachud]] appointed Rahim as the Acting Chairperson of the NGT.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-28 |title=Justice Rahim appointed acting chairperson of NGT |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/justice-rahim-appointed-acting-chairperson-of-ngt-5113810/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329031516/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/justice-rahim-appointed-acting-chairperson-of-ngt-5113810/ |archive-date=2018-03-29 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

On 27 March 2018, Rahim was appointed the Acting Chairperson of NGT.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Divan |first1=Shyam |title=Environmental law & policy in India: cases and materials |last2=Rosencranz |first2=Armin |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-19-286545-8 |edition=3rd |location=Oxford |pages=191 |language=en |chapter=Judicial Remedies and Procedures}}</ref> The Supreme Court ordered:<blockquote>

Justice Jawad Rahim shall discharge the duties of Chairperson of the National Green Tribunal for all purposes, including participating in the selection process for filling up vacancies of members, until a regular appointment of a new Chairperson is made and as per the terms of the Signed Reportable Order.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2017/41178/41178_2017_Order_27-Mar-2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215050454/https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2017/41178/41178_2017_Order_27-Mar-2018.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-15 |website=Supreme Court of India}}</ref></blockquote>This appointment granted Justice Rahim the responsibility of overseeing the NGT's operations and participating in vital decision-making processes.

Subsequently, controversy arose when a sitting judicial member, [[Raghuvendra Singh Rathore]], challenged Rahim's appointment as the Acting Chairperson. Rathore argued in the Supreme Court that he was the senior-most member of the [[National Green Tribunal (NGT)|tribunal]], contending that Rahim stood third in the seniority list, and challenged the decision based on established norms. He specifically emphasized the potential disruption of institutional conventions if senior members were superseded by junior judges. Rathore additionally requested the revision or adjustment of the Supreme Court's earlier judgment through which Rahim had been designated as the Acting Chairperson of the National Green Tribunal (NGT).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-29 |title=Sitting NGT member moves SC against acting Chairperson's appointment |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sitting-ngt-member-moves-sc-agnst-acting-chairpersons-appointment/articleshow/64372149.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112184001/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sitting-ngt-member-moves-sc-agnst-acting-chairpersons-appointment/articleshow/64372149.cms |archive-date=2024-01-12 |access-date= |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The matter reached the Supreme Court, where [[L. Nageswara Rao|L Nageswara Rao]] and [[Mohan Shantanagoudar|Mohan M Shantanagoudar]] directed it to be listed for further consideration after the summer vacation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-29 |title=NGT member moves SC for being superseded, not getting post of acting chairperson |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ngt-member-moves-sc-for-being-superseded-not-getting-post-of-acting-chairperson/articleshow/64372459.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109010916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ngt-member-moves-sc-for-being-superseded-not-getting-post-of-acting-chairperson/articleshow/64372459.cms |archive-date=2020-11-09 |access-date= |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> However, the Court took a dim view of it deeming it a matter of interim arrangement, and not a matter of final determination of seniority between the judges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PRUTHI |first=RUPALI |date=2018-03-28 |title=Justice Jawad Rahim appointed as acting Chairperson of NGT |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/justice-jawad-rahim-appointed-as-acting-chairperson-of-ngt-1522213622-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619091153/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/justice-jawad-rahim-appointed-as-acting-chairperson-of-ngt-1522213622-1 |archive-date=2021-06-19 |website=Jagranjosh}}</ref> Throughout the controversy, Rahim continued to discharge his duties, contributing to the NGT's work until a new Chairperson was appointed.

=== Notable judgements ===
Rahim, as the Judicial Member and later as the Acting Chairperson of the National Green Tribunal (NGT), was involved in numerous notable judgments.

==== Rolls-Royce ====
Rahim-led National Green Tribunal (NGT) declined a [[Rolls-Royce|Rolls Royce]] car owner's plea to renew the registration of his 1996 petrol-driven model, upholding the ban on petrol vehicles over 15 years old on [[Delhi]] roads. The NGT's decision, deemed final after the Supreme Court rejected an appeal, reflects the tribunal's steadfast commitment to curbing [[Vehicle pollution|vehicular pollution]] in the [[New Delhi|capital]]. Despite the [[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]] seeking modifications to previous orders, the NGT's bench, chaired by Rahim, maintained the prohibition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-09 |title=NGT has rejected a man's plea to be able to run his Rolls Royce on Delhi roads. Here's why |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/ngt-rejects-plea-for-95-rolls-royce-registration-renewal/articleshow/59071999.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611174011/http://www.businessinsider.in/NGT-has-rejected-a-mans-plea-to-be-able-to-run-his-Rolls-Royce-on-Delhi-roads-Heres-why/articleshow/59071999.cms |archive-date=2017-06-11 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>

==== Indian railways ====
In a 2018 ruling, Rahim imposed a ₹2 lakh fine on the Railways for its failure to furnish a report on the [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39828334 Tughlakabad gas leak] incident that occurred in May of the same year. Expressing dissatisfaction with the [[Indian Railways|Railways]]' delay in providing information about the gas leak near the Tughlakabad container depot, the NGT, led by Rahim, emphasized the significance of prompt disclosure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Shinjini |date=2018-05-23 |title=Tughlakabad gas leak: NGT fines Railways ₹2 lakh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/tughlakabad-gas-leak-ngt-fines-railways-2-lakh/article23972933.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612214446/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/tughlakabad-gas-leak-ngt-fines-railways-2-lakh/article23972933.ece |archive-date=2018-06-12 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==== Delhi Airport ====
In a pivotal ruling in 2017, the National Green Tribunal, chaired by Rahim, issued strict directives to combat [[noise pollution]] at the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] in New Delhi. The Tribunal mandated the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] to enforce a judgment-based use of [[Thrust reversal|reverse thrust]] by aircraft during take-offs and landings, emphasizing its application for reducing speed and noise. Additionally, the NGT ordered the construction of sound barriers and the creation of a green belt surrounding the airport's perimeter. The judgment also stipulated that all vehicles at the airport must operate on [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] and adhere to prescribed emission standards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ensure judgement based use of reverse thrust by planes: NGT |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/ensure-judgement-based-use-of-reverse-thrust-by-planes-ngt-1093382-2017-11-24 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=India Today |date=24 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Tumkur University bestowed upon him the Doctorate Degree, 'Doctor of Laws' (LL.D), [[Honorary degree|honoris causa]], recognizing his scholarly achievements and impact on legal interpretation, particularly in applying the doctrine of "[[Contra proferentem|Contra Preferentem]]".<ref name=":0" />

Rahim received the "Great Son of Karnataka" award during the All India Conference of Intellectuals. This honor, conferred by the [[Governor of Karnataka]], [[H. R. Bhardwaj]], on 23 December 2011, reflects the profound respect and admiration for his contributions.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
Rahim died on January 10, 2024, in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Karnataka High Court|High Court of Karnataka]]
* [[National Green Tribunal (NGT)|National Green Tribunal]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahim, Jawad}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:University Law College, Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Judges of the Karnataka High Court]]
[[Category:St. Joseph's College, Bangalore alumni]]
{{Improve categories|date=January 2024}}

List of nominated members of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly

2026-04-27T12:54:57Z

RowenaProctor6: Starting a page

The [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] in the Indian Union Territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] has 3 nominated members among its strength of 33<ref name="u062">{{cite web | title=
Explained: The trust vote in Puducherry
| website=PRS Legislative Research | date=27 April 2026 | url=https://prsindia.org/articles-by-prs-team/explained-the-trust-vote-in-puducherry | access-date=27 April 2026 |quote=The strength of the Legislative Assembly is 33, including 30 elected MLAs and three MLAs nominated by the central government}}</ref> (the rest are elected from 30 single-seat constituencies). These nominated members have all the powers of an elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], and are chosen by the [[Government of India|central government]].<ref name="s980">{{cite web | last=Radhakrishnan | first=R.K. | title=J&K MLA Nominations Stir Debate: Puducherry Precedent Raises Questions on Democracy | website=Frontline | date=13 August 2025 | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/jammu-kashmir-mla-nominations-puducherry-precedent/article69923804.ece | access-date=27 April 2026 |quote=In Puducherry, three of the 33 MLAs (9 per cent) are nominated ... that they would have all the powers of an elected MLA.}}</ref>

==Nominated members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+{{sronly|Nominated members of the Puducherry Lgislative Assembly}}
! scope=col | Assembly
! scope=col | Election
! scope=col | Member 1
! scope=col | Member 2
! scope=col | Member 3
! scope=col class=unsortable| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope=row | [[14th Puducherry Assembly|14th]]
| [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| V. Saminathan
| S. Selvaganapathy
| K.G. Shankar
| <ref name="e886">{{cite web | last=Radhakrishnan | first=R.K. | title=Running amok | website=Frontline | date=24 April 2018 | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/running-amok/article9774585.ece | access-date=27 April 2026 |quote=One nominee, BJP president V. Saminathan ... another nominee, party sympathiser and educationist S. Selvaganapathy ... The third nominee is the party’s Puducherry treasurer, K.G. Shankar.}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row | [[15th Puducherry Assembly|15th]]
| [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| R. B. Ashok Babu
| K. Venkatesan
| V. P. Ramalingam
| <ref name="2021nominatedMLAs">{{cite news |title=BJP grows stronger in Puducherry as 3 party men nominated as MLAs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/bjp-grows-stronger-in-puducherry-as-3-party-men-nominated-as-mlas-984849.html |newspaper=[[The Deccan Herald]] |date= 11 May 2021 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}

[[Category:Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]

Eldhose Paul

2026-04-24T12:01:53Z

RowenaProctor6: created post - done

{{short description|Indian athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Eldhose Paul
| image = Eldhose Paul.jpg
| caption = Paul in August 2022
| event = [[Triple jump]]
| coach =
| club =
| alma_mater = [[Mar Athanasius College]], [[Kothamangalam]]
National Cadet Corps<ref>{{cite news |title=After promising start to 2022, Eldhose Paul hoping to make big leap |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2022/mar/27/after-promising-start-to-2022-eldhose-paul-hoping-to-make-big-leap-2434606.html |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|11|7}}
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| pb = 17.03 m (CWG-

2022)<ref>{{cite news |title=Eldhose PAUL {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/india/eldhose-paul-14849696 |access-date=7 August 2022 |work=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref>
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport| Men's [[Triple jump]] }}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold| [[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's triple jump|Triple jump]]}}
}}
'''Eldhose Paul''' (born 7 November 1996) is an Indian athlete who competes in [[triple jump]]. In 2022, he became the first Indian to qualify for the final of the triple jump at the [[World Athletics Championships]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 July 2022 |title=Triple jumper Eldhose Paul qualifies for World C'ships final |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/triple-jumper-eldhose-paul-qualifies-for-world-cships-final-8044748/ |access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> At the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]], he became the first Indian to win a gold medal in men's triple jump.<ref name=cwg22>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2022 |title=Eldhose, Abdulla give India historic 1-2 in triple jump |url=https://www.espn.in/commonwealth-games/story/_/id/34362306/cwg-2022-eldhose-paul-abdulla-aboobacker-praveen-chithravel-mens-triple-jump-medals |access-date=7 August 2022 |work=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{iaaf name|id=14849696}}
{{Footer Commonwealth Champions Triple Jump Men}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Eldhose}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men triple jumpers]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in athletics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Manzoor Alam Quraishi

2026-04-20T02:06:14Z

RowenaProctor6: Starting new stub

{{Short description|Indian civil service}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manzoor Alam Quraishi
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Civil Service]] officer
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1917|07|24}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2000|02|13|1917|07|24}}
| birth_place = [[Ballia, Uttar Pradesh]]
| profession = civil service
| party =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Manzoor Alam Quraishi''' or ''' M. A Quraishi''' (born 24 July 1917) was a member of the [[Indian Civil Service]] of Uttar Pradesh Cadre by passing the relevant examination in 1941 soon after the enactment of [[Government of India Act 1935]]. His decision to serve the government of India made his career distinguishable as he was one of the few Muslim [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] members who opted for India as opposed to Pakistan at the [[Partition of India]] 1947.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Indian Muslim Society and Economy|author=OMAR KHALIDI|pages=177–202|journal=Oriente Moderno |date=26 January 2024 |volume=23 (84) |issue=1 |publisher= Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino|jstor=25817924 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25817924}}</ref>

==Early life==
Manzoor Alam Quraishi was born on 24 July 1917 in [[Rasra]] [[Ballia]] Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="our publication1"/> He was born to parents (Father Bashir Ahmad, [[Rasra]] [[Ballia]] district Uttar Pradesh) who belonged to the historic local Sunni Muslim community [[Iraqi Biradari]].<ref>{{cite book| last=Alhaj|first=Mohammad Hanif|title=Mardam Shumari.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Dl5q9nluGUWuc8BVjZY1BvljlYN2j2lZ|access-date=3 July 2022|page=42}}</ref>
He was educated at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], receiving the degree, respectively, B.A. (Hon) 1936; M.A. 1938.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alumni Aligarh|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/248774051/Alumni-Aligarh}}Manzoor Alam Quraishi ICS, under Vice Chancellors, retrieved 15 Dec 203</ref>

==Career==
He passed the Indian civil service examination in [[Delhi|India]] in 1941. In the same year, he was appointed on probation serving the United Province government as assistant magistrate for a year (and not trained in [[London]] due to the enactment of [[Government of India Act 1935]]).<ref name="our publication1">Manzoor Alam Quraishi, ICS, chapter-record of Services {{cite book|title=The India Office And Burma Office List 1945|publisher=London His Majesty’s Stationery Office|access-date=2015-08-04|page=306|url=https://www.archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282202/page/n313/mode/2up}}</ref>{{rp|306}} After probation he was allowed more time for on-ground administrative experience by serving the United Province Government as Joint Magistrate from 1942 to 1947. From 1947 to 1950, he was [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] (DM) in Pauri Garhwal.<ref>MR.M.A QURAISHI{{cite web|title=List of District Magistrate|url=https://pauri.nic.in/list-of-district-magistrate-since-1906-at-pauri-garhwal/}}date-access=25 Dec 2023</ref> By 1946/1947 the decision of the partition of India into two new countries by the British government based on the opinions of the political parties could not spare division within the prestigious [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]. The members of the ICS community were found to be biased toward the political parties. While most of the Muslim [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] opted for the newly formed Pakistan, MA Quraishi was one of the few nationalist and brave ICSs who opted for India as opposed to Pakistan. His action was noted as a victory for true democracy in India in addition to providing stability to civil services in [[Uttar Pradesh]] India.<ref>{{cite news |title=It was the Indian Civil Service that kept Pak going in|newspaper=The Sunday Guardian (Arun Bhatnagar)|url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/opinion/2590-it-was-indian-civil-service-kept-pak-going-early-years-3}} Retrieved 24 Dec 2023</ref><ref name="our publication2">{{cite book |title=The Great Partition|url=https://www.sanipanhwar.com/The%20Great%20Partition_%20The%20Making%20of%20India%20and%20Pakistan.pdf|year=2017|page=120}}retrieved 25 Dec 2023</ref>

From 1953 to 1957 he worked with the U.P. Government as the Administrator, Municipal Boards, and Improvement Trusts. During the time above, cities with big populations, among others, Lucknow, and Kanpur gained improvement in infrastructure including connectivity to other cities; amendment of the existing ‘THE UTTAR PRADESH MUNICIPALITIES ACT, 1916 took place’. He was the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] of Meerut, the biggest division in Uttar Pradesh responsible for administering law and order from 1957-1964. Since February 1964 he has been successful as Secretary of Agricultural Production and Rural Development, in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. In addition, he was Chairman of Agro-Industrial Corporation, U.P.; and a member of the Board of Management, [[Pantnagar University ]], and the Committee of Panel of Experts on Agricultural Administration, see the section below and.<ref>Manzoor Alam Quraishi ICS, chapter-Government,{{cite book|title=India Who's Who 1969|date=23 December 1969 |publisher=INFA, New Delhi |editor= V.S. Jha|access-date=2015-07-04|page=112|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.140274/page/n125/mode/2up}}</ref>

Based on his role toward the self-reliant policy in Food and Agriculture by the Uttar Pradesh government, he later served the Ministry of Agriculture/ or departments under Agriculture as secretary, [[Government of India]] from 1979 onward; and the vice-chancellor of Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad.<ref>{{cite book|title=Drought Strategy| isbn=9788170185628 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQs-AAAAYAAJ|last1=Quraishi | first1=Manzoor Alam | date= 1 Jan 1989 | publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|OCLC=21524783}}</ref><ref>Manzoor Alam Qureshi{{cite web|title=List of Notable AMU Alumni - AMU Old Boys Association|url=https://amuoldboys.org/list-of-notable-amu-alumni/}} retrieved 28 Feb 2025</ref> Preiviustly, he was an Indian ambassador to Saudi Arabia (1976-1979).<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Ambassadors|year=1976|url=https://www.eoiriyadh.gov.in/page/former-ambassadors/}} retrieved 27 June 2025</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |author1-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |translator= Murtaz Hussain F Qureshi |title=History of Dar al Ulum Deoband|page=315-Manzoor Alam Quraishi |url=https://archive.org/details/DUDbook_64/DudVolTwo-Pg001-329/}}</ref>

==Book, a memoir written, and seminar==
*{{cite book|title =Indian Administration, Pre & Post Independence: Memoirs| isbn=9788170181866 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsQlAAAAMAAJ | last1=Quraishi | first1=Manzoor Alam | date=23 December 1985 | publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|OCLC=13004480}}
*{{cite book|title= Indian agriculture and rural development : then and now - Catalog …|author= Quraishi, M.A.|year=1985|publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp.; New Delhi|url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999582420102121|OCLC=17201432}}
*{{cite book|title=Staff View: Seminar on Rural Development for Weaker Sections.|series=Seminar series (Indian Society of Agricultural Economics) |date=3 May 1974 |publisher=Indian Society of Agricultural Economics |url=https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/371149/Details}}
*{{cite web|title=Quraishi, M. A. - Webcat |url=http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/webcatplus/details/creator/1140422.html}}

==Death==
Quraishi died on 13 February 2000 in [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quraishi, Manzoor Alam}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Ballia]]
[[Category:People from Ballia district]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]

Mandapeta Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:37Z

RowenaProctor6: Starting article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mandapeta
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (48-Mandapeta highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Mandapeta Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[V. Jogeswara Rao]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 214,324
| established = 2008
| constituency_no = 48
| type = SLA
}}

'''Mandapeta Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[East Godavari district]] <ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref> of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=19, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[V. Jogeswara Rao]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2024 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2024, there are a total of 214,324 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Mandals ==

The three mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Mandapeta]]
|-
| [[Rayavaram, East Godavari|Rayavaram]]
|-
| [[Kapileswarapuram, East Godavari|Kapileswarapuram]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=4 |[[V. Jogeswara Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mandapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[V. Jogeswara Rao]]
|votes = 116,309
|percentage = 59.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Thota Trimurthulu]]
|votes = 71,874
|percentage = 37.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kamana Prabhakara Rao
|votes = 1,484
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,568
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 44,435
|percentage = 22.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 194,046
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mandapeta<ref name="Mandapeta Constituency Election Results">{{cite news |title=Mandapeta Constituency Election Results |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/mandapeta |access-date=12 May 2025 |issue= |publisher=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512114445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/mandapeta |archive-date=12 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[V. Jogeswara Rao]]
|votes = 78,029
|percentage = 41.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]
|votes = 67,429
|percentage = 36.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = V. Leela Krishna
|votes = 35,173
|percentage = 18.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,600
|percentage = 5.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,80,631
|percentage = 96.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mandapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[V. Jogeswara Rao]]
|votes = 100,113
|percentage = 58.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = G. V. Swamy Naidu
|votes = 64,099
|percentage = 37.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 36,014
|percentage = 20.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 171,609
|percentage = 87.59
|change = +4.87
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mandapeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[V. Jogeswara Rao]]
|votes = 68,104
|percentage = 43.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = V. V. S. S. Chowdhary
|votes = 50,664
|percentage = 32.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. C. Bikkina
|votes = 26,571
|percentage = 17.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,440
|percentage = 11.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 156,616
|percentage = 82.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.87|81.93|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:East Godavari district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Uplift Humanity India

2026-04-18T22:23:26Z

RowenaProctor6: creating some post and citations!

{{Multiple issues|
{{promotional|date=September 2018}}
{{notability|Companies|date=September 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Uplift Humanity India
| image = Uplift Humanity Logo.png
| type =
| founded = {{Start date|2010|09}}
| vat_id =
| registration_id =
| founder = Anish Patel
| location = [[Basking Ridge, New Jersey]], [[United States]]
| coordinates = 
| origins =
| key_people = * Anish Patel (Founder & CEO)
* Sejal Jain ([[Chief operating officer|COO]])
* Martin Barrow (Director of Strategy)
| region_served = [[Mumbai]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Hyderabad, India]]
| product =
| focus = Education
| method =
| revenue =
| endowment =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees = 35<ref name="UpliftFacts">{{cite web |url=http://www.uplifthumanityindia.org/new/about_me.html |title=The Uplift Team |publisher=uplifthumanityindia.org |accessdate=August 11, 2013}}</ref>
| num_members =
| subsid =
| opponents =
| owner =
| former_name =
| website = {{URL|uplifthumanityindia.org}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Uplift Humanity India''' is a [[501(c)|501(c)(3)]] [[non-profit organization]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newjerseyhills.com/bernardsville_news/news/article_85943346-3b77-11e0-bc33-001cc4c002e0.html |title= Basking Ridge teen launches Uplift Humanity non-profit |accessdate=August 11, 2013}}</ref> that operates [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|rehabilitation]] programs throughout [[India]] to educate juveniles, needy and orphans in life skills and technology training. Uplift Humanity India is headquartered in [[Basking Ridge]], [[New Jersey]], and runs its programs in [[Mumbai]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. It was founded by Anish Patel in 2010 as a project to connect American students to at-risk youth in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://baskingridge.patch.com/groups/around-town/p/ridge-junior-establishes-international-organization-t63ed906d74 |title= Ridge Junior Establishes International Organization to Assist Indian Juveniles|date= 23 February 2011}}</ref>

==Programs==

===Rehabilitation Initiative===
Uplift Humanity India works with Indian-American teachers in the [[United States]] to write its curriculum used for teaching children in India. The latest curriculum, titled "A Look To The Future,"<ref name="US teens on mission uplift">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/US-teens-on-mission-uplift/articleshow/21134298.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808004328/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-18/vadodara/40656203_1_bal-gokulam-juveniles-teenagers |url-status=live |archive-date=August 8, 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title= US teens on mission uplift |access-date=August 11, 2013}}</ref> features lessons in life skills, self-esteem, honesty, and other values that have enabled juveniles to secure steady jobs and futures. The organization also uses an older version of the curriculum titled "One Step Forward" in some of its locations.<ref name="US teens on mission uplift"/> Students who previously committed minor crimes and participated in Uplift Humanity India's programs have started earning steady incomes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/US-teens-on-mission-uplift/articleshow/21134298.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808004328/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-18/vadodara/40656203_1_bal-gokulam-juveniles-teenagers | url-status=live | archive-date=August 8, 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] |title= US teens on mission uplift |access-date=August 11, 2013}}</ref> Starting in 2012, family planning and [[women's rights]] were added to the curriculum.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/US-teens-complete-2nd-rehab-programme-at-Bal-Gokulam/articleshow/14839539.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814193613/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-12/vadodara/32647399_1_juveniles-teenagers-programme |url-status=live |archive-date=August 14, 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title= US teens complete 2nd programme at Bal Gokulam |access-date=August 11, 2013}}</ref>

Each summer, Uplift Humanity India sends groups of [[high school]] and [[college]] students selected from across the [[United States]] to one of its programs in India. Once there, the students learn the specifics of the curriculum and start teaching in small groups in observation homes for about one month. Lessons are not conducted in a lecture format - rather, teaching is done in a participative manner that involves role playing, games, and video-based lessons.

Beginning in 2011 at the Bal Gokulam facility in [[Vadodara]], the rehabilitation initiative has since expanded to juvenile centers in [[New Delhi]], [[Indore]] and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=7&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=03-07-2011&pubname&edname&articleid=Ar00700&format&publabel=TOI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021024540/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=7&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=03-07-2011&pubname&edname&articleid=Ar00700&format&publabel=TOI |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 21, 2014 |title= US teens light up Vadodara kids' lives |accessdate=August 11, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Uplift volunteers working with juveniles in 2012.jpg|thumb|Uplift volunteers working with juveniles in 2012|315x315px]]

===Uplift Continuation Program===
In August 2013, Uplift Humanity India announced the launch of its Uplift Continuation Program beginning in October, which will provide continuing educational support to the children in the [[observation homes]] throughout the year. This effectively extends the program so that juveniles and orphans can receive training even when the American students are not visiting in the summer. These programs contain technology trends and vocational skills training to help the children find a career in the future.<ref name="US teens on mission uplift"/>

===Other programs===
Uplift Humanity India's Books Behind Bars program has donated more than 1000 books to jails in [[Newark, New Jersey]] and observation homes in India. The organization sponsors book donation drives in [[New Jersey]] each year to contribute to this cause.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uplifthumanityindia.org/new/Books_Behind_Bars.html |title=Books Behind Bars |accessdate=August 11, 2013 |archive-date=August 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821230502/http://www.uplifthumanityindia.org/new/Books_Behind_Bars.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Uplift Humanity India has also donated computer systems to the observation homes along with school supplies to supplement its curriculum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uplifthumanityindia.org/new/Computer_Donations.html |title=Computer Donations |accessdate=August 11, 2013 |archive-date=August 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821224953/http://www.uplifthumanityindia.org/new/Computer_Donations.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Every year, as part of its summer program, the organization also offers educational scholarships to the students performing well. These scholarships are used for continuing education and to help the children pursue job or career training. To date, the scholarships have totaled 1.5 lakh Rupees.<ref name="US teens on mission uplift"/>

==Recognition==
[[File:Uplift students meeting with Prime Minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi.png|thumb|Uplift students meeting with Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi|318x318px]]
Uplift Humanity India has received awards and recognition from [[Lions Club International]] and the [[New Jersey State Assembly]] for its efforts. Recently, it has been honored by [[Narendra Modi]], the Prime Minister of [[India]], who has joined Uplift Humanity India's rehabilitation programs in their cause.<ref name="US teens on mission uplift"/>

In 2014, Uplift Humanity signed on actor [[Sunkrish Bala]] as its official brand ambassador. In January 2014, it released a YouTube video with Hollywood Actors [[Hannah Simone]], [[Rizwan Manji]], [[Gulshan Grover]], and [[Sunkrish Bala]] spreading awareness and encouraging American youth to volunteer with the organization.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Gujarat-teens-mission-uplift-is-viral-in-US/articleshow/28916722.cms |title=Gujarat teens' mission uplift is viral in US - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140211191904/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-17/vadodara/46299999_1_uplift-humanity-india-bal-gokulam-programme |archive-date=11 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Times of India]] released an article stating that "the video featuring these actors went viral and hundreds of Americans applied to become a part of this programme."<ref name="The Times of India"/>

==See also==
* [[Social entrepreneurship]]
* [[Vocational rehabilitation]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.uplifthumanityindia.org Official website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pW6EwsA3Ci0&feature=c4-overview&list=UUqqpzqGrmAdnxVGqTs_Cbsg Biography video]
* [http://www.narendramodi.in/shri-modi-meets-american-indian-youngsters-who-worked-among-orphan-underprivileged-children-in-vadodara/ Video with Narendra Modi]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uplift Humanity India}}
[[Category:Charities based in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Companies based in Somerset County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:501(c)(3) organizations]]
[[Category:Educational charities based in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Foreign charities operating in India]]

Parvathipuram Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:49Z

RowenaProctor6: started new entry from scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Parvathipuram
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (12-Parvathipuram highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Parvathipuram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency_no = 12
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| district = [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Bonela Vijaya Chandra]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 182,333
}}
'''Parvathipuram''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=17, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Bonela Vijaya Chandra]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 182,333 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
The three [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh|Parvathipuram]]
|-
| [[Seethanagaram]]
|-
| [[Balijipeta]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Parvathipuram Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q58340909,Q7445958,Q4850894"}</mapframe>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| V. D. Veerabhadra Deo Bahadur
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| rowspan=2 |V.Chandrachudamani Dev
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| V. Ramanaidu
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan=2 |Chikati Parasuram Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2 |Mariserla Venkata Rami Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan=2 |Yarra Krishna Murty
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Mariserla Sivunnaidu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Vijaya Ramaraju Setrucharla]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Savarapu Jayamani]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Bobbili Chiranjeevulu
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Alajangi Jogarao]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Bonela Vijaya Chandra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bonela Vijaya Chandra]]
|votes = 83,905
|percentage = 44.04
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Alajangi Jogarao]]
|votes = 59,491
|percentage = 31.23
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bathina Mohana Rao
|votes = 1,640
|percentage = 0.86
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "5" candidates
|votes = 3,132
|percentage = 1.64
|change ={{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,465
|percentage = 1.82
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,51,633
|percentage = 79.59
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,90,512
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,414
|percentage = 12.81
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party =YSR Congress Party
|candidate =[[Alajangi Jogarao]]
|votes =75,304
|percentage = 41.18
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =Bobbili Chiranjeevulu
|votes =51,105
|percentage = 27.95
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = GONGADA GOWRI SANKARA Rao
|votes = 6,609
|percentage = 3.61
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "4" candidates
|votes = 4,136
|percentage = 2.26
|change ={{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,521
|percentage = 1.92
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,40,675
|percentage = 76.93
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,82,866
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,199
|percentage = 13.23
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Bobbili Chiranjeevulu
|votes = 62,458
|percentage = 35.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Jammana Prasanna Kumar
|votes = 56,329
|percentage =32.39
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Alajangi Jogarao
|votes = 6,511
|percentage =3.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = YAMMALA MANMADHA RAO
|votes = 1,587
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "4" Candidates
|votes = 2,563
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 830
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,30,278
|percentage = 74.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,73,905
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,129
|percentage = 3.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Savarapu Jayamani]]|votes=49,614|percentage=41.36|change=-7.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Bobbili Chiranjeevulu|votes=46,896|percentage=39.09|change=-7.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Latha Rittapalli|votes=10,946|percentage=9.13|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,718|percentage=2.27|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=120,053|percentage=73.17|change=-3.47}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Vijayaramaraju Satrucharla|votes=48,276|percentage=48.76|change=-5.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=D Jagadeeswara Rao|votes=46,480|percentage=46.94|change=+7.52}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,796|percentage=1.82|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=99,010|percentage=76.64|change=+1.54}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mariserla Sivunnaidu|votes=49,891|percentage=54.8|change={{increase}}13.7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Anna Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Majji Rao|votes=2,485|percentage=2.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Tandra Aruna|votes=1,859|percentage=2.0|change=-0.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Devarapalli Nookannadora|votes=690|percentage=0.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Mavudi Rao|votes=281|percentage=0.3|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,967|percentage=14.9|change=+4.2}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=93,764|percentage=75.1|change=-1.5}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Yarra Murty|votes=47,448|percentage=52.0|change={{increase}}0.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mariserla Sivunnaidu|votes=37,468|percentage=41.1|change={{decrease}}7.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Tandra Aruna|votes=2,075|percentage=2.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Karra Seethayya|votes=1,764|percentage=1.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janta Party|candidate=Appalaswamy Vangapandu|votes=734|percentage=0.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Gumpa Rao|votes=624|percentage=0.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gedala Raminaidu|votes=589|percentage=0.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Chinagudaba Subbarao|votes=420|percentage=0.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Vavilapalli Naidu|votes=112|percentage=0.1|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,980|percentage=10.7|change=+7.6}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=93,200|percentage=76.6|change=+1.2}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Yarra Murty|votes=42,555|percentage=51.6|change=-9.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sivunnaidu Mariserla|votes=39,866|percentage=48.4|change=+11.7}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,689|percentage=3.1|change=-21}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=85,830|percentage=75.4|change=+5.5}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Mariserla Naidu
|votes = 39,826
|percentage = 61.4
|change = +2.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Parasuram Doddi
|votes = 23,824
|percentage = 36.7
|change = +8.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mukkala Yallayya
|votes = 686
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chamala Surayya
|votes = 563
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,002
|percentage = 24.1
|change = -6.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 66,470
|percentage = 69.9
|change = -3.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Mariserla Naidu|votes=37,553|percentage=59.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Doddi Parasuramu|votes=17,815|percentage=28.0|change=+0.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Cheekati Naidu|votes=5,920|percentage=9.3|change=-0.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Congress (Socialist)|candidate=Dwarapureddi Suryanarayana|votes=1,529|percentage=2.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Yella Rao|votes=707|percentage=1.1|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=19,738|percentage=30.5|change=+8}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=64,788|percentage=73.2|change=-6.9}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Chikati Parasuram Naidu
|votes = 32,494
|percentage = 50.8
|change = {{decrease}}9.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vasireddi Naidu
|votes = 17,671
|percentage = 27.6
|change = -12.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = Paruvada Rao
|votes = 12,025
|percentage = 18.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pakki Rao
|votes = 1,801
|percentage = 2.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,823
|percentage = 22.5
|change = +2.76
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 65,893
|percentage = 80.1
|change = +8.56
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Chikati Naidu|votes=32,027|percentage=59.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Marisela Naidu|votes=21,467|percentage=40.13|change=+4.54}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,560|percentage=19.74|change=+4.56}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=53,494|percentage=71.54|change=+0.84}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Swatantra Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = V. Ramanaidu
|votes = 23,096
|percentage = 50.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = P.N. Cheekati
|votes = 16,190
|percentage = 35.59
|change = -23.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = L. Paruvaca
|votes = 4,016
|percentage = 8.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|candidate = V.R. Kothapalli
|votes = 2,186
|percentage = 4.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,906
|percentage = 15.18
|change = +17.63
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 45,488
|percentage = 70.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Swatantra Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Vyricherla Dev|votes=24,850|percentage=58.81|change=-1.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Paruvada Naidu|votes=17,403|percentage=41.18|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,447|percentage=17.63|change=-2.93}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=42,253|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Vyricherla Dev|votes=27,480|percentage=60.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Krishikar Lok Party|candidate=Cheekati Parasuram Naiudu|votes=18,111|percentage=39.72|change=+19.70}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,369|percentage=20.56|change=-14.85}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=45,591|percentage=70.06|change=+5.12}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Parvathipuram<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vyricherla Durgaprasad Veerabhadra Deo Bahadur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,129 |percentage=55.44% |change=55.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cheekati Parasuram Naiudu |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=10,160 |percentage=20.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muddidi Balu Paramkusan Naiudu |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=8,910 |percentage=17.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darapureddi Balarameswami |party=Independent politician |votes=3,540 |percentage=6.98% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,969 |percentage=35.41% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,739 |percentage=64.94% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,137 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|18.78|83.43|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Parvathipuram Manyam district}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Parvathipuram Manyam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Nithin Thimmaiah

2026-04-13T05:20:14Z

RowenaProctor6: started the data initial version

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 1988)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
|name=Nithin Thimmaiah
|image=
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1988|12|8|df=yes}}
|birth_place=[[Kodagu district]], [[Karnataka]], India
|death_date=
|death_place=
|height=
|position=[[Field hockey#Positions|Forward]]
|currentclub=
|youthclubs1=
|youthyears1=
|clubs1=
|years1=
|caps(goals)1=
|clubs2=
|years2=
|caps(goals)2=
|clubs3=
|years3=
|caps(goals)3=
|nationalteam1=[[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
|nationalyears1=
|nationalcaps(goals)1=
|updated=8 July 2016
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2013 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2013 Ipoh]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2012 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2012 Doha]]|}}
}}

'''Nithin Thimmaiah''' Nithin Thimmaiah is an Indian Field Hockey player from Kodagu (Coorg) district, Karnataka. He represented the Indian Hockey team in various international tournaments<ref>{{cite web | url=https://actionplusps.photoshelter.com/image/I0000eB0lblUfxaw | title=2012 Mens Hockey CHampions Trophy Melbourne Dec 8th | Marketing Action Plus }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/nithin-thimmaiah-of-india-runs-past-muhammad-rizwan-of-news-photo/156887435 | title=Nithin Thimmaiah of India runs past Muhammad Rizwan of Pakistan in }}</ref> since his debut in 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sardar-singh-to-lead-a-young-indian-team-in-asia-cup-630486.html | title=Sardar Singh to lead a young Indian team in Asia Cup | date=11 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hockey-asia-cup-india-eye-big-bangladesh-win-before-semis-634599.html | title=Hockey Asia Cup: India eye big Bangladesh win before semis | date=27 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worldsportpics.com/image/I0000jPovtQ2ISrk | title=Champions trophy | WorldSportPics }}</ref> He currently represents the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) in domestic hockey.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cag.gov.in/en | title=Home | Comptroller and Auditor General of India }}</ref>

== Education and early career ==
Hailing from Kodagu, he completed his education from St. Josephs Indian High School, Bangalore and St. Josephs College, Bangalore.{{cn|date=February 2024}} He has represented both his alma mater and Bangalore University in numerous tournaments. He has also represented Karnataka State Hockey Team from 2009 and became the captain of the team in 2014<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/501534/hockey-runs-our-blood.html | title='Hockey runs in our blood' | date=18 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/281091/karnataka-rout-himachal.html | title=Karnataka rout Himachal | date=25 September 2012 }}</ref>

In 2013, he represented Uttar Pradesh Wizards in the Hockey India League and the team went on to win a bronze medal.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/HIL--Punjab-Warriors--UP-Wizards-eke-out-2-2-draw-15065039 | title=HIL: Punjab Warriors, UP Wizards eke out 2-2 draw | date=3 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/thimmaiah-nithin-of-up-wizards-take-a-shot-as-goal-keeper-news-photo/160878550 | title=Thimmaiah Nithin of UP Wizards take a shot as Goal Keeper of Delhi }}</ref> Subsequently, in 2016, he represented Punjab Warriors in the Hockey India League, who went on to win the championship.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/HIL--Punjab-thrash-Mumbai-to-jump-to-the-top-of-table-16952184 | title=HIL: Punjab thrash Mumbai to jump to the top of table | date=13 February 2016 }}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==

In 2015, he was awarded the prestigious Ekalavya Award by the Government of Karnataka for his contributions to hockey.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/Karnataka-government-to-present-awards-to-sportpersons/article15472352.ece | title=Karnataka government to present awards to sportpersons | newspaper=The Hindu | date=6 October 2016 }}</ref> He is also the recipient of Karnataka Olympic Association Award (Best Sportsperson-Hockey) from the Government of Karnataka in 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hockeykarnataka.in/achievements/ | title=Achievements – Welcome to Hockey }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://hockeyindia.org/team/nithin-thimmaiah.html Player profile at Hockey India]

{{India FH Squad 2012 Champions Trophy}}
{{India FH Squad 2013 Asia Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thimmaiah, Nithin}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Karnataka]]

Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani

2026-04-12T15:08:54Z

RowenaProctor6: started some data nd citations

{{Short description|2026 Indian drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani
| image = Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rudra Jadon
| producer = {{Plain list|
* Eshita Singh
* Sanjay Bishnoi
* Utkarsh Singh
* Pratap Jadon Samar
}}
| writer =
| starring = {{Plain list|
* Eshita Singh
* Sanjay Bishnoi
}}
| music = {{Ubl
| '''Songs:'''
| Vicky Kaler
| Zakir
| Britto Khangchian
|'''Score''':
| Britto Khangchian
}}
| cinematography = Abhay Balkawade
| editing = {{Plain list|
* Sandeep Singh
* Rudra Jadon
}}
| studio = {{Plain list|
* Seraphity Studios
* 363 Trees Production
}}
| released = {{Film date|2026|2|6|df=yes}}
| runtime = 92 minutes<ref name=":THRI" />
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani''''' ({{translation|The story of Paro and Pinaki}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Rudra Jadon.<ref>{{cite news |title='पारो पिनाकी की कहानी' का टीजर रिलीज, दिखेगी अनोखी लव स्टोरी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-teaser-release-rudra-jadon-directorial-starring-eshitta-siingh-and-sanjay-bishnoi-2026-01-10 |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=10 January 2026 |language=hi}}</ref> The film stars Eshita Singh and Sanjay Bishnoi.<ref>{{cite news |title='पारो प‍िनाकी की कहानी' रिव्यू: गटर साफ करने वाले और सब्‍जी वाली की कहानी, इरादा नेक, पर खा गई मात |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-movie-review-in-hindi-starring-sanjay-bishnoi-eshita-singh-directed-by-rudra-jadon/moviereview/127979456.cms |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=6 February 2026 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Akhilesh Yadav, Jaya Bachchan, Arvind Kejriwal, among other leaders attend 'Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani' movie screening in Delhi |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/akhilesh-yadav-jaya-bachchan-arvind-kejriwal-among-other-leaders-attend-paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-movie-screening-in-delhi20251215225759/ |work=[[ANI News]] |date=15 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Eshita Singh plays the role of Mariyam, a vegetable vendor who is in love with Pinaki, a sewage cleaner played by Sanjay Bishnoi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani: अरविंद केजरीवाल ने देखी पारो-पिनाकी फिल्म, पूरी टीम को दी बधाई और शुभकामनाएँ |url=https://www.punjabkesari.com/delhi-ncr-news/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani/ |work=[[Punjab Kesari]] |date=16 December 2025 |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='पारो-पिनाकी की कहानी', की स्क्रीनिंग पर पहुंचे केजरीवाल, अहम भूमिका में संजय सिंह की बेटी इशिता |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/bharat/arvind-kejriwal-sanjay-singh-renuka-chaudhary-and-others-leaders-attended-screening-of-film-paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-hindi-news-dln25121602542 |work=[[ETV Bharat News]] |date=16 December 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> The film follows Pinaki's journey as he tries to find his girlfriend after she goes missing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani: Arvind Kejriwal watches 'Paro-Pinaki', congratulates filmmakers and extends best wishes |url=https://english.punjabkesari.com/india/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani/ |work=[[Punjab Kesari]] |date=16 December 2025}}</ref> It also deals with the interfaith romance between Pinaki, a Hindu boy, and Mariyam, a Muslim girl.<ref name=":FI" />

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=April 2026}}

== Cast ==
* Eshita Singh as Mariyam "Paro"
* Sanjay Bishnoi as Pinaki
* Hanuman Soni as Anwar
* Dhananjay Sardeshpande as Aamir
* [[Madan Deodhar]] as Ramdas
* Jagdish Laduram Motha as Aanand
* Sunny Jagdish Motha as Shanta
* Hemant Kadam as Pinaki's father
''Source''<ref name=":FI" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani (2026) Movie Review: A Heartfelt Social Drama That Finds Beauty In Society's Margins |url=https://indian.community/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-movie-review/ |website=indian.community |date=6 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cinema is a mirror of society: Punjab CM Mann on 'Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani' |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/cinema-is-a-mirror-of-society-punjab-cm-mann-on-paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-articleshow-gz1rqtr |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=2 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music was composed by Vicky Kaler, Zakir, and Britto Khangchian.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/eqXP09dBFnw_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=2 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Zakir, Britto Khangchian, Vicky Kaler on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1873968094 |website=[[Apple Music]] |date=2 February 2026}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Zindagi Jeena Chaundi Aa
| length1 = 2:06
| lyrics1 = Vicky Kaler
| music1 = Vicky Kaler, Zakir
| extra1 = Vicky Kaler
| title2 = Charkha
| length2 = 5:04
| lyrics2 = Baba Bulleh Shah, Khuwaja Ghulam Fareed
| music2 = Britto Khangchian
| extra2 = Rahul Solanki, Aarush Purabiya
| title3 = Chan Kithan
| length3 = 2:06
| lyrics3 = Vicky Kaler
| music3 = Britto Khangchian
| extra3 = Shailey Bidwaikar
| title4 = Aakhari Baari
| length4 = 2:40
| lyrics4 = Vicky Kaler
| music4 = Vicky Kaler, Zakir
| extra4 = Vicky Kaler
| title5 = Ekla Mat Chhod
| length5 = 6:14
| lyrics5 = {{mdash}}
| music5 = Britto Khangchian
| extra5 = Neeraj Aarya
| total_length = 18:10
}}

== Release ==
''Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani'' was released theatrically on 6 February 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Mulk to Paro Pinaki ki Kahani: Eshitta Singh's Return to the Big Screen |url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzzfeed/article/from-mulk-to-paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-eshitta-singh-s-return-to-the-big-screen-8784 |work=[[Mid-day]] |date=3 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=फेब्रुवारीत थिएटरमध्ये मनोरंजनाची मेजवाणी, 8 फिल्म होणार रिलीज, तर 3 सिनेमांमध्ये महाक्लॅश |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/february-2026-bollywood-8-hindi-films-movie-releases-list-assi-tu-yaa-main-marathi-news-1410707 |work=[[ABP Majha]] |date=31 January 2026 |language=mr}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote, "the storytelling is too undeveloped to realise any of the themes. It's a sensibility and craft issue, not a budget and aesthetic issue. The writing lacks life experience; the sound design is half-baked; the editing is patchy and transition shots are missing (the screen cuts to black if any action requires even the most basic choreography)".<ref name=":THRI">{{cite news |title='Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani' Movie Review: When Love And Intent Are Not Enough |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-movie-review-when-love-and-intent-are-not-enough |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=20 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Amit Bhatia of ''[[ABP Live]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and wrote, "Rudra Jadon’s writing is strong, and the direction is equally effective. No scene feels unnecessary, and the pacing ensures the audience never gets bored."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Amit |title=Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani: This Is The Real Saiyaara, A Love Story That Hits Your Soul |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-movie-review-this-is-the-real-saiyaara-a-love-story-that-hits-your-soul-1825739 |work=[[ABP Live]] |date=6 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=भाटिया |first1=अमित |title=ये है असली सैयारा, दिल छू लेगी ये फिल्म |url=https://www.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-review-rudra-jadon-movie-paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-review-read-here-in-hindi-3085297 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=6 February 2026 |language=hi}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "The direction and screenplay could have been sharper and more cohesive. Certain narrative choices raise questions [...] While it may not achieve the emotional and political heft of a Shyam Benegal film, ''Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani'' remains a well-intentioned, compassionate effort, one that may falter in execution".<ref>{{cite news |title=Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani Review: A Different Romance {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-review-a-different-romance-81507.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=6 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "The film incorporates themes such as caste discrimination, women’s exploitation, and poverty but fails to present them in a coherent manner. Despite its short runtime, the storytelling lacks clarity, and several ideas remain underdeveloped."<ref>{{cite news |title=Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani Movie Review: A sincere story undone by chaotic storytelling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani/movie-review/127972223.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

Ekta Gupta of ''[[Jagran Prakashan]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani Review: सिनेमा नहीं, एक सबक... क्यों हटकर है पारो और पिनाकी की कहानी? - paro pinaki ki kahani review eshita singh and sanjay bishnoi starrer love story break your heart in pieces |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/reviews-paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-review-eshita-singh-and-sanjay-bishnoi-starrer-love-story-break-your-heart-in-pieces-40133162.html |work=[[Jagran Prakashan]] |date=6 February 2026 |language=hi}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Film Information]]'' wrote, "Rudra Jadon’s story offers no novelty whatsoever and is also dull and boring. His screenplay is so weak that the drama just doesn’t move ahead. Although the lovers get separated, the audience simply don’t feel any empathy for the two of them."<ref name=":FI">{{cite news |title='PARO PINAKI KI KAHANI' REVIEW {{!}} 6 February 2026 |url=https://filminformation.com/reviews/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-review-6-february-2026/ |work=[[Film Information]] |date=6 February 2026}}</ref> Farhad Dalal of ''Popcorn Reviewss'' wrote, "The editing pattern remains a big drawback here. The style remains choppy, something that is further exposed given that there are no transition scenes along the way. As a result, even the tone of the drama feels jerky, never always allowing you to settle in the drama."<ref>{{cite web |title=Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani Movie Review - Strong Performances Elevate A Flawed But Important Social Drama! |url=https://popcornreviewss.com/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-2026-movie-review/ |website=Popcorn Reviewss |language=en |date=6 February 2026}}</ref> Manushri Bajpai of ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' rated the film 3.5/5.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paro Pinaki Ki Kahani: रोमांस नहीं बल्कि जिंदगी के कड़वे सच से रूबरू कराती है 'पारो पिनाकी की कहानी' |url=https://hindi.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/paro-pinaki-ki-kahani-review-in-hindi-film-story-will-give-you-goosebumps-article-2363073.html |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=6 February 2026 |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|32903849}}

[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]

Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa

2026-04-08T19:43:54Z

RowenaProctor6: started initial entry basic info

{{Short description|16th-century Indian scholar}}

'''Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa''' ({{circa|March 1513}}<ref name="z935">{{cite web | title=History of Dharmaśāstra | url=https://ia803203.us.archive.org/21/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.532511/2015.532511.history-of_text.pdf | access-date=7 April 2026 | quote=Nārāyanabhatta was born according to Sankarabhatta’s biography in śake 1435 in the month of Caitra ( i. e. about March 1513 A. D. ).}}</ref> – ?) was a renowned scholar and author in the field of [[Dharmaśāstra]], prosody, and [[Alankāra|Alaṅkāra]], residing in [[Benares]] during the 16th century. He belonged to the Bhaṭṭa family, originally from Maharashtra, known for their dedication to the study and composition of Dharmaśāstra texts. Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa's father, Rāmeśvara Bhaṭṭa, migrated from [[Pratisthana|Pratiṣṭhāna]] in Deccan to Banaras.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |title=History of Dharmaśāstra |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona |year=1990 |edition=2nd |pages=904}}</ref>

It is believed that he played a role in rebuilding the famous [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Viśvanātha temple]] in Banaras,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Hanlon |first=Rosalind |date=March 2011 |title=Speaking from Siva's temple: Banaras scholar households and the Brahman 'ecumene' of Mughal India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19472498.2011.553496 |journal=South Asian History and Culture |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=264–265 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2011.553496 |issn=1947-2498 |s2cid=145729224|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which had been repeatedly demolished by Muslim attackers in the past. {{refn|group=note|However, this effort was short-lived, as the temple was once again demolished by [[Aurangzeb]], who then constructed the [[Gyanvapi Mosque]] in 1678 on the site where the temple had stood.<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |date=May 2020 |title=Making Sense of Temples and Tirthas: Rajput Construction Under Mughal Rule |journal=The Medieval History Journal |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=9–49 |doi=10.1177/0971945820905289 |issn=0971-9458 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}

He is also the ancestor of authorities like Kamalākara Bhaṭṭa, [[Gaga Bhatt|Gāgā Bhaṭṭa]], Dinakara Bhaṭṭa, and others.<ref name="pen">{{Cite journal |last=Acharya |first=Kumuda Prasad |title=A CONCISE HISTORY OF SANSKRIT CHANDA LITERATURE |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/193486 |journal=Shodhganga|date=22 June 2012 |hdl=10603/193486 }}</ref>

== Works ==
Bhaṭṭa's notable works include a commentary on the ''Vṛttaratnākara'' of Kedāra Bhaṭṭa, ''Vṛttaratnāvalī'', ''Prayogaratna'', ''Tristhalisetu,<ref>Gokhale, R. (ed.). 1915. Tristhalīsetu of Narayan Bhatta. Pune: AnandashrmaMudranalaya.</ref>'' and ''Antyeșțipaddhati.''<ref name="Bhaṭṭa1985">{{cite book|author=Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa|editor=Richard Salomon|title=The Bridge to the Three Holy Cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8YhePJoCCWAC|year=1985|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi|isbn=978-0-89581-647-4|pages=xxvi–xxvii}}</ref> His work, ''Vṛttaratnāvalī'', is mentioned in a report by [[Lorenz Franz Kielhorn|F. Kielhorn]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kielhorn |first=Lorenz Franz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JovAQAAMAAJ |title=Report on the search for Sanskrit manuscripts |year=1881 |language=en}}</ref>

Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa's life and works provide valuable insights into the scholarly pursuits and cultural heritage of Benares during the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-03-29 |title=Narayana-bhatta, Nārāyaṇa-bhaṭṭa, Narayanabhatta: 4 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/narayana-bhatta |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pen" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayana Bhatta}}
[[Category:16th-century Indian scholars]]

A.R.G.S.T. Barnabas

2026-04-05T15:48:18Z

RowenaProctor6: done.

{{Short description|Indian religious leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| name = Rt. Rev. A.R.G.S.T. Barnabas
| title = [[Bishop]] of [[Diocese of Tirunelveli of the Church of South India| Tirunelveli Diocese]]
| image =
| caption =
| church = [[Christianity|Anglican]]
| archdiocese =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Tirunelveli of the Church of South India| Tirunelveli Diocese]]
| see = [[Church of South India]]
| term = 2021–present
| predecessor = Rt. Rev. Jayapaul David
| successor = Rt. Rev.J.J.Christhudass.

| ordination = 1985
| ordinated_by =
| consecration = 21 November 2021
| consecrated_by =
| rank = [[Bishop]]

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|3|21}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| previous_post = Council Chairman
}}
'''A.R.G.S.T. Barnabas''' is an [[India|Indian]] religious leader.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://danielrajammal.com/|title=T.D.T.A.D.S. Daniel Rajammal College of Education|website=danielrajammal.com}}</ref> Since 2021 he has been [[Bishop]] of [[Diocese of Tirunelveli of the Church of South India| Tirunelveli Diocese]]. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/rev-barnabas-is-new-bishop-of-tirunelveli-csi-diocese/article37599319.ece|title=Rev. Barnabas is new Bishop of Tirunelveli CSI Diocese|newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 November 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indiankanoon.org/search/?formInput=The%20Diocese%20Of%20Tirunelveli&pagenum=18|title= ARGST Barnabas is elected as Bishop of Tirunelveli CSI Diocese}}</ref>

Rev. Barnabas was born on 21 March 1960, He was educated at St.Jhon's College [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]]. and was educated at the [[Union Biblical Seminary|Union Biblical Seminary in Pune]] earning BA,BD degrees. He was ordained as a deacon in 1985 and served as presbyter with a service of more than 35 years in churches. The consecration of the Bishop was held at [[Holy Trinity Cathedral, Palayamkottai]] on Sunday 21 November 2021. He is the Sixteenth Bishop of the [[Diocese of Tirunelveli of the Church of South India| Tirunelveli Diocese]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anglican.ink/2021/11/24/bishop-in-tirunelveli-consecrated/|title=Bishop in Tirunelveli consecrated|first=George|last=Conger|date=25 November 2021|website=Anglican Ink © 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dioceseofkurunegala.com/news/244th-thanksgiving-service-of-csi-tirunelveli-diocese-india/|title= 244th Thanksgiving Service of CSI - Tirunelveli Diocese, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sarahtuckercollege.edu.in/chairmans-desk|title= sarah tucker college Chairman}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://csitirunelveli.org/ CSI Tirunelveli Diocese]
*[https://www.csisynod.com/deptnews_view.php?Id=6009&cat=C|csi synod]

{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Christianity|portal3= India}}
{{Dioceses in the Church of South India}}
{{India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:A.R.G.S.T. Barnabas}}
[[Category:21st-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:Indian Christian religious leaders]]
[[Category:Madurai Kamaraj University alumni]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Churches in Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Church of South India cathedrals]]

{{India-Anglican-bishop-stub}}

Creole language

2026-03-27T21:36:20Z

RowenaProctor6:

{{short description|Stable natural languages that have developed from a pidgin}}
{{Redirect|ISO 639:crp|text=This language code also incorporates [[pidgin]]s as well as creoles}}
{{For|the computer markup language|Creole (markup)}}
[[File: Guadeloupe creole 2010-03-30.JPG|thumb|An [[Antillean Creole]] traffic sign in Guadeloupe stating {{lang|gcf|Lévé pié aw / Ni ti moun ka joué la!}}, [[Literal translation|literally translating]] as "Lift your foot [i.e. slow down]. Children are playing here!" in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://languagesindanger.eu/book-of-knowledge/multilingualism-and-language-contact/|title=Multilingualism and language contact {{!}} Languages In Danger|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref>]]

A '''creole language''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://semantics.uchicago.edu/kennedy/classes/sum07/myths/creoles.pdf|title=The study of pidgin and creole languages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://euljss.eul.edu.tr/euljss/si526.pdf|title=Language varieties: Pidgins and creoles|access-date=2017-05-24|archive-date=2018-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712173017/http://euljss.eul.edu.tr/euljss/si526.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jcgood/jcgood-JPCL.pdf|title=Typologizing grammatical complexities, or Why creoles may be paradigmatically simple but syntagmatically average}}</ref> or simply '''creole''', is a stable form of [[contact language]] that develops from the process of different languages simplifying and mixing into a new form (often a [[pidgin]]), and then that form expanding and elaborating into a full-fledged language with [[Nativization|native speaker]]s, all within a fairly brief period.<ref>Millar, Robert M. (2015). Trask's historical linguistics. Routledge. pp. 305-306.</ref> While the concept is similar to that of a [[mixed language|mixed or hybrid language]], creoles are often characterized more narrowly by a tendency to systematize their inherited grammar (e.g., by eliminating irregularities). Like any language, creoles are characterized by a consistent system of [[grammar]], possess large stable vocabularies, and are [[Language acquisition|acquired]] by children as their native language.<ref>Calvet, Louis-Jean. (2006). Toward an Ecology of World Languages. Malden, MA: Polity Press. [173-6]</ref> These three features distinguish a creole language from a pidgin.<ref>McWhorter, J. H. (2005). ''Defining creole''. Oxford University Press.</ref> Creolistics, or creology, is the study of creole languages and, as such, is a subfield of [[linguistics]]. Someone who engages in this study is called a creolist.

The precise number of creole languages is not known, particularly as many are poorly attested or documented. About one hundred creole languages have arisen since 1500. These are predominantly based on European languages such as English and French<ref>{{cite web|title=Creole – Language Information & Resources|url=https://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Creole/|website=www.alsintl.com|access-date=October 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620093817/https://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Creole/|archive-date=June 20, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> due to the European [[Age of Discovery]] and the [[Atlantic slave trade]] that arose at that time.<ref>''Linguistics'', ed. Anne E. Baker, [[Kees Hengeveld]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=R8uWDVdRQlYC&pg=PT436 p. 436]</ref> With the improvements in [[ship-building]] and [[navigation]], traders had to learn to communicate with people around the world, and the quickest way to do this was to develop a pidgin; in turn, full creole languages developed from these pidgins. In addition to creoles that have European languages as their base, there are, for example, creoles based on [[Arabic]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], and [[Malay language|Malay]].

The [[lexicon]] of a creole language is largely supplied by the parent languages, particularly that of the most dominant group in the social context of the creole's construction. However, there are often clear [[phoneme|phonetic]] and [[semantic]] shifts. On the other hand, the grammar that has evolved often has new or unique features that differ substantially from those of the parent languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siegel |first=Jeff |title=The Emergence of Pidgin and Creole Languages |publisher=Oxford Linguistics |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-921666-6 |location=New York |pages=68–69 |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
A creole is believed to arise when a [[pidgin]], developed by adults for use as a second language, becomes the native and primary language of their children – a process known as [[nativization]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wardhaugh|2002|p=61}}</ref> The [[pidgin]]–creole life cycle was studied by American linguist [[Robert A. Hall, Jr.|Robert Hall]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hall|1966}}</ref>

Some linguists, such as Derek Bickerton, posit that creoles share more grammatical similarities with each other than with the languages from which they are phylogenetically derived.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bickerton|1983|pp=116–122}}</ref> However, there is no widely accepted theory that would account for those perceived similarities.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Winford|1997|p=138}}; cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Wardhaugh|2002}}</ref> Moreover, no grammatical feature has been shown to be specific to creoles.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wittmann|1999}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Mufwene|2000}}</ref><ref name="Gil 2001">{{Harvcoltxt|Gil|2001}}</ref><ref name="Muysken 2001">{{Harvcoltxt|Muysken|Law|2001}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lefebvre|2002}}</ref><ref name="DeGraff 2003">{{Harvcoltxt|DeGraff|2003}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=November 2022}}

Many of the creoles known today arose in the last 500 years, as a result of the worldwide expansion of European maritime power and trade in the [[Age of Discovery]], which led to extensive [[European colonialism|European colonial empires]]. Like most non-official and minority languages, creoles have generally been regarded in popular opinion as degenerate variants or [[dialect]]s of their parent languages. Because of that prejudice, many of the creoles that arose in the European colonies, having been stigmatized, have become [[Extinct language|extinct]]. However, political and academic changes in recent decades have improved the status of creoles, both as living languages and as object of linguistic study.<ref name=DeCamp>{{Harvcoltxt|DeCamp|1977}}</ref><ref name=Sebba>{{Harvcoltxt|Sebba|1997}}</ref> Some creoles have even been granted the status of official or semi-official languages of particular territories.

Other scholars, such as [[Salikoko Mufwene]], argue that pidgins and creoles arise independently under different circumstances, and that a pidgin need not always precede a creole nor a creole evolve from a pidgin. Pidgins, according to Mufwene, emerged in trade colonies among "users who preserved their native vernaculars for their day-to-day interactions". Creoles, meanwhile, developed in settlement colonies in which speakers of a European language, often [[indentured servants]] whose language would be far from the standard in the first place, interacted extensively with non-European [[slave]]s, absorbing certain words and features from the slaves' non-European native languages, resulting in a heavily [[basilect]]alized version of the original language. These servants and slaves would come to use the creole as an everyday vernacular, rather than merely in situations in which contact with a speaker of the superstrate was necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mufwene |first=Salikoko |date=2002a |url=http://humanities.uchicago.edu/faculty/mufwene/pidginCreoleLanguage.html |title=Pidgin and Creole Languages |website=Humanities.uchicago.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603044826/http://humanities.uchicago.edu/faculty/mufwene/pidginCreoleLanguage.html |archive-date=2013-06-03 }}</ref>

==History==
===Etymology===
{{wikt|creole}}
The English term ''creole'' comes from [[wiktionary:créole|French]] {{Langx|fr|créole|label=none}}, which is [[cognate]] with the [[wiktionary:criollo|Spanish term]] {{Langx|es|criollo|label=none}} and [[wiktionary:crioulo|Portuguese]] {{Langx|pt|crioulo|label=none}}, all descending from the verb ''criar'' ('to breed' or 'to raise'), all coming from Latin {{Langx|la|creare|label=none}} {{gloss|to produce, create}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Holm|1988}}.</ref> The specific sense of the term was coined in the 16th and 17th century, during the great expansion in European maritime power and trade that led to the establishment of European colonies in other continents.

The terms {{lang|es|criollo}} and {{lang|pt|crioulo}} were originally qualifiers used throughout the Spanish and Portuguese colonies to distinguish the members of an ethnic group who were born and raised locally from those who immigrated as adults. They were most commonly applied to nationals of the colonial power, e.g. to distinguish {{lang|es|[[Criollo people|españoles criollos]]}} (people born in the colonies from Spanish ancestors) from {{Langx|es|españoles peninsulares|label=none}} (those born in the Iberian Peninsula, i.e. Spain). However, in Brazil the term was also used to distinguish between {{lang|pt|negros crioulos}} (blacks born in Brazil from African slave ancestors) and {{lang|pt|negros africanos}} (born in Africa). Over time, the term and its derivatives (Creole, Kréol, Kreyol, [[Kreyòl]], Kriol, [[Krio language|Krio]], etc.) lost the generic meaning and became the proper name of many distinct ethnic groups that developed locally from immigrant communities. Originally, therefore, the term "creole language" meant the speech of any of those [[creole peoples]].

===Geographic distribution===
As a consequence of colonial European trade patterns, most of the known European-based creole languages arose in coastal areas in the equatorial belt around the world, including the [[Americas]], western [[Africa]], [[Goa]] along the west of [[India]], and along Southeast [[Asia]] up to [[Indonesia]], [[Singapore]], [[Macau]], [[Hong Kong]], the [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mauritius]], Réunion, [[Seychelles]] and [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chambers|first=Douglas B.|date=2008-12-01|title=Slave trade merchants of Spanish New Orleans, 1763–1803: Clarifying the colonial slave trade to Louisiana in Atlantic perspective|journal=Atlantic Studies|volume=5|issue=3|pages=335–346|doi=10.1080/14788810802445024|s2cid=159786747|issn=1478-8810}}</ref>

Many of those creoles are now extinct, but others still survive in the [[Caribbean]], the north and east coasts of [[South America]] ([[The Guyanas]]), western [[Africa]], [[Australia]] (see [[Australian Kriol language]]), the [[Philippines]] (see [[Chavacano]]), island countries such as [[Mauritius]] and [[Seychelles]] and in the [[Indian Ocean]].

[[Atlantic Creole]] languages are based on European languages with elements from African and possibly [[Amerindian languages]]. [[Indian Ocean]] Creole languages are based on European languages with elements from [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] and possibly other Asian languages. There are, however, creoles like [[Nubi language|Nubi]] and [[Sango language|Sango]] that are derived solely from non-European languages.

===Social and political status===
Because of the generally low status of the Creole peoples in the eyes of prior European colonial powers, creole languages have generally been regarded as "degenerate" languages, or at best as rudimentary "dialects" of the politically dominant parent languages. Because of this, the word "creole" was generally used by linguists in opposition to "language", rather than as a [[Grammatical modifier|qualifier]] for it.<ref name=Meijer>See {{Harvcoltxt|Meijer|Muysken|1977}}.</ref>

Another factor that may have contributed to the relative neglect of creole languages in linguistics is that they do not fit the 19th-century [[neogrammarian]] "tree model" for the evolution of languages, and its postulated regularity of sound changes (these critics including the earliest advocates of the [[wave model (linguistics)|wave model]], [[Johannes Schmidt (linguist)|Johannes Schmidt]] and [[Hugo Schuchardt]], the forerunners of modern [[sociolinguistics]]). This controversy of the late 19th century profoundly shaped modern approaches to the [[comparative method]] in [[historical linguistics]] and in [[creolistics]].<ref name=DeCamp /><ref name=Meijer /><ref name="Traugott 1977">{{Harvcoltxt|Traugott|1977}}</ref>

[[File:Timoun Syèj (Creole).jpg|thumb|[[Haitian Creole]] in use at car rental counter in [[Florida]], U.S. in 2014]]

Because of social, political, and academic changes brought on by [[decolonization]] in the second half of the 20th century, creole languages have experienced revivals in the past few decades. They are increasingly being used in print and film, and in many cases, their community prestige has improved dramatically. In fact, some have been standardized, and are used in local schools and universities around the world.<ref name=DeCamp /><ref name=Sebba /><ref>Holm (1988, 1989) </ref> At the same time, linguists have begun to accept that creole languages are in no way inferior to other languages. The terms "creole" or "creole language" are now used for any language suspected to have undergone [[creolization]], and no longer imply any geographic restrictions nor ethnic prejudices.

There is controversy about the extent to which creolization influenced the evolution of [[African-American Vernacular English]] (AAVE). In the American education system, as well as in the past, the use of the word [[Ebonics (word)|''ebonics'']] to refer to AAVE mirrors the historical negative connotation of the word ''creole''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Robert L.|date=2016-07-25|title=The Ebonics Controversy|journal=Journal of Black Psychology|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=208–214|doi=10.1177/00957984970233002|s2cid=145764278}}</ref>

==Classification==
===Historic classification===
According to their external history, four types of creoles have been distinguished: plantation creoles, fort creoles, [[Maroon (people)|maroon]] creoles, and creolized pidgins.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt |Arends|Muysken|Smith|1995|p=15}}</ref> By the very nature of a creole language, the [[Phylogeny|phylogenetic]] classification of a particular creole usually is a matter of dispute; especially when the pidgin precursor and its parent tongues (which may have been other creoles or pidgins) have disappeared before they could be documented.

Phylogenetic classification traditionally relies on inheritance of the lexicon, especially of "core" terms, and of the grammar structure. However, in creoles, the core lexicon often has mixed origin, and the grammar is largely original. For these reasons, the issue of which language is ''the'' parent of a creole – that is, whether a language should be classified as a "French creole", "Portuguese creole" or "English creole", etc. – often has no definitive answer, and can become the topic of long-lasting controversies, where social prejudices and political considerations may interfere with scientific discussion.<ref name=DeCamp /><ref name=Sebba /><ref name="Traugott 1977" />

===Substrate and superstrate===
The terms [[Substrata (linguistics)|substrate]] and [[superstratum|superstrate]] are often used when two languages interact. However, the meaning of these terms is reasonably well-defined only in [[second language acquisition]] or [[language shift|language replacement]] events, when the native speakers of a certain source language (the substrate) are somehow compelled to abandon it for another target language (the superstrate).<ref name=Weinreich>{{Harvcoltxt|Weinreich|1979}}</ref> The outcome of such an event is that previous speakers of the substrate will use some version of the superstrate, at least in more formal contexts. The substrate may survive as a second language for informal conversation. As demonstrated by the fate of many replaced European languages (such as [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]], [[Breton language|Breton]], and [[Venetian language|Venetian]]), the influence of the substrate on the official speech is often limited to pronunciation and a modest number of loanwords. The substrate might even disappear altogether without leaving any trace.<ref name=Weinreich />

However, there is dispute over the extent to which the terms "substrate" and "superstrate" are applicable to the genesis or the description of creole languages.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Mufwene|1993}}</ref> The language replacement model may not be appropriate in creole formation contexts, where the emerging language is derived from multiple languages without any one of them being imposed as a replacement for any other.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Singler|1988}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Singler|1996}}</ref> The substratum–superstratum distinction becomes awkward when multiple superstrata must be assumed (such as in [[Papiamento]]), when the substratum cannot be identified, or when the presence or the survival of substratal evidence is inferred from mere typological analogies.<ref name="Muysken 2001"/> On the other hand, the distinction may be meaningful when the contributions of each parent language to the resulting creole can be shown to be very unequal, in a scientifically meaningful way.<ref>Recent investigations about substrates and superstrates, in creoles and other languages, includes {{Harvcoltxt |Feist|1932}}, {{Harvcoltxt |Weinreich|1979}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Jungemann|1955}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Martinet|1964}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Hall|1974}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Singler|1983}}, and {{Harvcoltxt|Singler|1988}}.</ref> In the literature on [[Atlantic Creole]]s, "superstrate" usually means European and "substrate" non-European or African.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Parkvall|2000}}</ref>

===Decreolization===
Since creole languages rarely attain official status, the speakers of a fully formed creole may eventually feel compelled to conform their speech to one of the parent languages. This [[decreolization]] process typically brings about a [[post-creole speech continuum]] characterized by large-scale variation and [[hypercorrection]] in the language.<ref name=DeCamp />

It is generally acknowledged that creoles have a simpler grammar and more internal variability than older, more established languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/2013_APiCS/files/abstracts.html |title=Creole and pidgin language structure in cross-linguistic perspective |date=August 2013 |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology – Department of Linguistics}}</ref> However, these notions are occasionally challenged.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt |Arends |Muysken |Smith |1995 |p=9}}</ref> (See also [[language complexity]].)

Phylogenetic or [[linguistic typology|typological]] comparisons of creole languages have led to divergent conclusions. Similarities are usually higher among creoles derived from related languages, such as the [[languages of Europe]], than among broader groups that include also creoles based on non-[[Indo-European languages]] (like Nubi or Sango). [[French-based creole languages]] in turn are more similar to each other (and to varieties of French) than to other European-based creoles. It was observed, in particular, that [[definite article]]s are mostly prenominal in [[English-based creole languages]] and English whereas they are generally postnominal in French creoles and in the [[Quebec French|variety of French]] that was [[History of Quebec French|exported to what is now Quebec in the 17th and 18th century]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Fournier|1998}}, {{Harvcoltxt |Wittmann|1995}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Wittmann|1998}}.</ref> Moreover, the European languages which gave rise to the creole languages of European colonies all belong to the same subgroup of Western [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] and have highly convergent grammars; to the point that [[Sapir Whorf|Whorf]] joined them into a single [[Standard Average European]] language group.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt |Whorf|1956}}</ref> French and English are particularly close, since English, through extensive borrowing, is typologically closer to French than to other Germanic languages.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bailey|Maroldt|1977}}</ref> Thus the claimed similarities between creoles may be mere consequences of similar parentage, rather than characteristic features of all creoles.

==Creole genesis==
There are a variety of theories on the origin of creole languages, all of which attempt to explain the similarities among them. {{Harvcoltxt|Arends|Muysken|Smith|1995}} outline a fourfold classification of explanations regarding creole genesis:
# Theories focusing on European input
# Theories focusing on non-European input
# Gradualist and developmental hypotheses
# Universalist approaches

In addition to the precise mechanism of creole genesis, a more general debate has developed whether creole languages are characterized by different mechanisms than traditional languages (which is McWhorter's 2018 main point)<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Creole Debate |last=McWhorter |first=John |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=2018| location=Cambridge |pages=3}}</ref> or whether in that regard creole languages develop by the same mechanisms as any other languages (e.g. DeGraff 2001).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeGraff |first=Michael |date=2001 |title=On the origin of creoles |journal=Linguistic Typology}}</ref>

===Theories focusing on European input===
====Monogenetic theory of pidgins and creoles====
The [[monogenetic theory of pidgins]] and creoles hypothesizes that all Atlantic creoles derived from a single [[Mediterranean Lingua Franca]], via a West African Pidgin Portuguese of the seventeenth century, [[relexification|relexified]] in the so-called "slave [[Factory (trading post)|factories]]"{{explain |date= January 2021}} of Western Africa that were the source of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. This theory was originally formulated by [[Hugo Schuchardt]] in the late nineteenth century and popularized in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Taylor,<ref>such as in {{Harvcoltxt|Taylor|1977}}</ref> Whinnom,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Whinnom|1956}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Whinnom|1965}}</ref> Thompson,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thompson|1961}}</ref> and Stewart.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Stewart|1962}}</ref> However, this hypothesis is now not widely accepted, since it relies on all creole-speaking slave populations being based on the same Portuguese-based creole, despite no to very little historical exposure to Portuguese for many of these populations, no strong direct evidence for this claim, and with Portuguese leaving almost no trace on the lexicon of most of them, with the similarities in grammar explainable by analogous processes of loss of inflection and grammatical forms not common to European and West African languages. For example, {{Harvcoltxt|Bickerton|1977}} points out that relexification postulates too many improbabilities and that it is unlikely that a language "could be disseminated round the entire tropical zone, to peoples of widely differing language background, and still preserve a virtually complete identity in its grammatical structure wherever it took root, despite considerable changes in its phonology and virtually complete changes in its lexicon".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bickerton|1977|p=62}}</ref>

====Domestic origin hypothesis====
Proposed by {{Harvcoltxt|Hancock |1985}} for the origin of English-based creoles of the West Indies, the domestic origin hypothesis argues that, towards the end of the 16th century, English-speaking traders began to settle in the Gambia and [[Sierra Leone]] rivers as well as in neighboring areas such as the Bullom and Sherbro coasts. These settlers intermarried with the local population leading to mixed populations, and, as a result of this intermarriage, an English pidgin was created. This pidgin was learned by slaves in slave depots, who later on took it to the West Indies and formed one component of the emerging English creoles.

====European dialect origin hypothesis====
The [[French-based creole languages|French creoles]] are the foremost candidates to being the outcome of "normal" [[language change|linguistic change]] and their [[creoleness]] to be sociohistoric in nature and relative to their colonial origin.<ref>There are some similarities in this line of thinking with [[Ian F. Hancock|Hancock's]] domestic origin hypothesis.</ref> Within this theoretical framework, a [[French-based creole languages|French creole]] is a language [[phylogenetic]]ally based on [[French language|French]], more specifically on a 17th-century [[Koiné language|koiné]] French extant in [[Paris]], the French Atlantic harbors, and the nascent French colonies. Supporters of this hypothesis suggest that the non-Creole French dialects still spoken in many parts of the Americas share mutual descent from this single koiné. These dialects are found in [[Canada]] (mostly in [[Québec]] and in [[Acadian]] communities), [[Louisiana]], [[Saint-Barthélemy]] and as [[Language isolate|isolates]] in other parts of the Americas.<ref>Wittmann (1983, 1995, 2001), {{Harvcoltxt|Fournier|1998}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Fournier|Wittmann|1995}}; cf. the article on Quebec French and the History of Quebec French</ref> Approaches under this hypothesis are compatible with [[gradualism]] in [[Language change|change]] and models of [[#Imperfect L2 learning|imperfect language transmission]] in koiné genesis.

====Foreigner talk and baby talk====
The Foreigner Talk (FT) hypothesis argues that a pidgin or creole language forms when native speakers attempt to simplify their language in order to address speakers who do not know their language at all. Because of the similarities found in this type of speech and speech directed to a small child, it is also sometimes called [[baby talk]].<ref>See, for example, {{Harvcoltxt|Ferguson|1971}}</ref>

{{Harvcoltxt|Arends|Muysken|Smith|1995}} suggest that four different processes are involved in creating Foreigner Talk:
* Accommodation
* Imitation
* Telegraphic condensation
* Conventions

This could explain why creole languages have much in common, while avoiding a monogenetic model. However, {{Harvcoltxt|Hinnenkamp|1984}}, in analyzing German Foreigner Talk, claims that it is too inconsistent and unpredictable to provide any model for language learning.

While the simplification of input was supposed to account for creoles' simple grammar, commentators have raised a number of criticisms of this explanation:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wardhaugh|2002|p=73}}</ref>
# There are a great many grammatical similarities amongst pidgins and creoles despite having very different [[lexifier]] languages.
# Grammatical simplification can be explained by other processes, i.e. the innate grammar of [[Derek Bickerton|Bickerton's]] [[language bioprogram theory]].
# Speakers of a creole's lexifier language often fail to understand, without learning the language, the grammar of a pidgin or creole.
# Pidgins are more often used amongst speakers of different substrate languages than between such speakers and those of the lexifier language.

Another problem with the FT explanation is its potential circularity. {{Harvcoltxt|Bloomfield|1933}} points out that FT is often based on the imitation of the incorrect speech of the non-natives, that is the pidgin. Therefore, one may be mistaken in assuming that the former gave rise to the latter.

====Imperfect L2 learning====
The imperfect L2 ([[second language]]) learning hypothesis claims that pidgins are primarily the result of the imperfect L2 learning of the dominant lexifier language by the slaves. Research on naturalistic L2 processes has revealed a number of features of "interlanguage systems" that are also seen in pidgins and creoles:
* invariant verb forms derived from the infinitive or the least marked finite verb form;
* loss of determiners or use of demonstrative pronouns, adjectives or adverbs as determiners;
* placement of a negative particle in preverbal position;
* use of adverbs to express [[modality (natural language)|modality]];
* fixed single word order with no inversion in questions;
* reduced or absent nominal plural marking.

Imperfect L2 learning is compatible with other approaches, notably the European dialect origin hypothesis and the universalist models of language transmission.<ref>Based on 19th-century intuitions, approaches underlying the imperfect L2 learning hypothesis have been followed up in the works of {{Harvcoltxt|Schumann|1978}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Anderson|1983}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Seuren|Wekker|1986}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Arends|Muysken|Smith|1995}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Geeslin|2002}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Hamilton|Coslett|2008}}.</ref>

===Theories focusing on non-European input===
Theories focusing on the substrate, or non-European, languages attribute similarities amongst creoles to the similarities of African substrate languages. These features are often assumed to be transferred from the substrate language to the creole or to be preserved invariant from the substrate language in the creole through a process of [[relexification]]: the substrate language replaces the native [[lexical items]] with lexical material from the superstrate language while retaining the native grammatical categories.<ref>See the article on [[relexification]] for a discussion of the controversy surrounding the retaining of substrate grammatical features through relexification.</ref> The problem with this explanation is that the postulated substrate languages differ amongst themselves and with creoles in meaningful ways. {{Harvcoltxt|Bickerton|1981}} argues that the number and diversity of African languages and the paucity of a historical record on creole genesis makes determining lexical correspondences a matter of chance. {{Harvcoltxt|Dillard|1970}} coined the term "cafeteria principle" to refer to the practice of arbitrarily attributing features of creoles to the influence of substrate African languages or assorted substandard dialects of European languages.

For a representative debate on this issue, see the contributions to {{Harvcoltxt|Mufwene|1993}}; for a more recent view, {{Harvcoltxt|Parkvall |2000}}.

Because of the sociohistoric similarities amongst many (but by no means all) of the creoles, the [[Atlantic slave trade]] and the plantation system of the European colonies have been emphasized as factors by linguists such as {{Harvcoltxt|McWhorter|1999}}.

===Gradualist and developmental hypotheses===
One class of creoles might start as [[pidgin]]s, rudimentary second languages improvised for use between speakers of two or more non-intelligible native languages. Keith Whinnom (in {{Harvcoltxt|Hymes|1971}}) suggests that pidgins need three languages to form, with one (the superstrate) being clearly dominant over the others. The lexicon of a pidgin is usually small and drawn from the vocabularies of its speakers, in varying proportions. Morphological details like word [[inflection]]s, which usually take years to learn, are omitted; the syntax is kept very simple, usually based on strict word order. In this initial stage, all aspects of the speech – syntax, lexicon, and pronunciation – tend to be quite variable, especially with regard to the speaker's background.

If a pidgin manages to be learned by the children of a community as a native language, it may become fixed and acquire a more complex grammar, with fixed phonology, syntax, morphology, and syntactic embedding. Pidgins can become full languages in only a single [[generation]]. "Creolization" is this second stage where the pidgin language develops into a fully developed native language. The vocabulary, too, will develop to contain more and more items according to a rationale of lexical enrichment.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wardhaugh|2002|pp=56–57}}</ref>

===Universalist approaches===
{{Further|Universal grammar}}
[[linguistic universal|Universalist]] models stress the intervention of specific general processes during the transmission of language from generation to generation and from speaker to speaker. The process invoked varies: a general tendency towards [[semantic]] [[transparency (linguistic)|transparency]], first-[[language learning]] driven by universal process, or a general process of [[discourse]] [[organization]]. [[Derek Bickerton|Bickerton's]] [[language bioprogram theory]], proposed in the 1980s, remains the main universalist theory.<ref>
See {{Harvcoltxt|Bickerton|1981}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Bickerton|1983}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Bickerton|1984}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Bickerton|1988}}, and {{Harvcoltxt|Bickerton|1991}}
</ref>
Bickerton claims that creoles are inventions of the children growing up on newly founded [[plantations]]. Around them, they only heard pidgins spoken, without enough structure to function as [[natural language]]s; and the children used their own [[innate]] linguistic capacities to transform the pidgin input into a full-fledged language. The alleged common features of all creoles would then stem from those innate abilities being universal.

==Recent studies==
The last decades have seen the emergence of some new questions about the nature of creoles: in particular, the question of how complex creoles are and the question of whether creoles are indeed "exceptional" languages.

===Creole prototype===
Some features that distinguish creole languages from noncreoles have been proposed (by Bickerton,<ref>See {{Harvcoltxt|Bickerton|1983}}</ref> for example).

[[John McWhorter]]<ref>See {{Harvcoltxt|McWhorter|1998}}, {{Harvcoltxt|McWhorter|2005}}, {{Harvcoltxt|McWhorter|2018}}</ref> has proposed the following list of features as defining the '''creole prototype''', that is, any language born recently of a pidgin:
* a lack of contextual inflection, that is, a lack of inflection that marks only agreement in case or gender (as opposed to inherent inflection that marks tense, mood or number);
* a lack of functional tone marking, that is, a lack of tone that serves to distinguish lexical items (e.g. Mandarin Chinese {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|mā}} {{gloss|mother}} vs. {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|mǎ}} {{gloss|horse}}) or to encode grammatical features; and
* a lack of semantically opaque word formation, that is, a lack of words like "understand" or "make up", the meaning of which is not analyzable in terms of the meanings of their components.

McWhorter argues that the absence of these three features is predictable in languages that were born recently of a pidgin, since learning them would constitute a distinct challenge to the non-native speaker. Over the course of generations, however, such features would be expected to gradually {{nowrap|(re-)}}appear, and therefore "many creoles would harbor departures from the Prototype identifiable as having happened after the creole was born" (McWhorter 2018). As one example, McWhorter (2013) notes that the creole [[Sranan Tongo|Sranan]], which has existed for centuries in a [[diglossia|diglossic]] relationship with Dutch, has borrowed some Dutch verbs containing the {{lang|nl|ver-}} prefix ({{lang|srn|fer-}} in Sranan) and whose meaning is not analyzable; for instance the pair {{lang|srn|morsu}} {{gloss|to soil}}, {{lang|srn|fermorsu}} {{gloss|to squander}}.

McWhorter claims that these three properties characterize any language that was born recently as a pidgin, and states "At this writing, in twenty years I have encountered not a single counterexample" (McWhorter 2018). Nevertheless, the existence of a creole prototype has been disputed by others:
* [[Henri Wittmann]] (1999) and David {{Harvcoltxt|Gil|2001}} argue that languages such as [[Manding languages|Manding]], [[Soninke language|Soninke]], [[Magoua dialect|Magoua French]] and [[Riau Indonesian]] have all these three features but show none of the sociohistoric traits of creole languages. McWhorter (2011, 2018) disagrees: for instance, he points out that Soninke has "a goodly amount" of inherent (i.e. non-contextual) inflection, that Magoua "retains ample marking of gender, person and number distinctions on verbs as well as conjugational classes" and therefore that these languages should not be considered creoles.
* Others (see overview in {{Harvcoltxt|Muysken|Law|2001}}) have claimed the existence of creoles that serve as counterexamples to McWhorter's hypothesis – the existence of [[inflectional morphology]] in [[Berbice Dutch Creole]], for example, or [[Tone (linguistics)|tone]] in [[Papiamentu]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Muysken|Law |2001}}</ref> Again, McWhorter (2018) disagrees. For instance, he points out that the use of tone in Papiamentu to distinguish participial verb forms from base ones appeared only after extensive contact with native Spanish speakers.

===Exceptionalism===
Building up on this discussion, McWhorter proposed that "the world's simplest grammars are Creole grammars", claiming that every noncreole language's grammar is at least as complex as any creole language's grammar.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|McWhorter|1998}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|McWhorter|2005}}</ref> Gil has replied that [[Riau Indonesian]] has a simpler grammar than [[Saramaccan]], the language McWhorter uses as a showcase for his theory.<ref name="Gil 2001"/> The same objections were raised by Wittmann in his 1999 debate with McWhorter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1999a-prototype.html|title=Prototype as a Typological Yardstick to Creoleness|website=www.nou-la.org}}</ref>

The lack of progress made in defining creoles in terms of their morphology and syntax has led scholars such as [[Robert Chaudenson]], [[Salikoko Mufwene]], [[Michel DeGraff]], and [[Henri Wittmann]] to question the value of ''creole'' as a typological class; they argue that creoles are structurally no different from any other language, and that ''creole'' is a sociohistoric concept – not a linguistic one – encompassing displaced populations and slavery.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Mufwene|2000}}, Wittmann (2001)</ref>

{{Harvcoltxt|Thomason|Kaufman|1988}} spell out the idea of creole exceptionalism, claiming that creole languages are an instance of nongenetic language change due to language shift with abnormal transmission. Gradualists question the abnormal transmission of languages in a creole setting and argue that the processes which created today's creole languages are no different from universal patterns of language change.

Given these objections to ''creole'' as a concept, DeGraff and others question the idea that creoles are exceptional in any meaningful way.<ref name="DeGraff 2003" /><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ansaldo|Matthews|2007}}</ref> Additionally, {{Harvcoltxt|Mufwene|2002}} argues that some [[Romance language]]s are potential creoles but that they are not considered as such by linguists because of a historical bias against such a view.

==Controversy==
Creolistics investigates the relative creoleness of languages suspected to be creoles, what Edgar Schneider calls "the [[cline (linguistics)|cline]] of creoleness".<ref>{{Citation
|last=Schneider |first=Edgar W. |year=1990 |title=The cline of creoleness in English-oriented Creoles and semi-creoles of the Caribbean |journal=English World-Wide |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=79–113 |doi=10.1075/eww.11.1.07sch}}</ref> No consensus exists among creolists as to whether the nature of creoleness is [[prototypical]] or merely evidence indicative of a set of recognizable phenomena seen in association with little inherent unity and no underlying single cause.

==="Creole", a sociohistoric concept===
''Creoleness'' is at the heart of the controversy with [[John McWhorter]]<ref>As in {{Harvcoltxt|McWhorter|1998}}</ref> and Mikael Parkvall{{sfnp|Parkvall|2001}} opposing [[Henri Wittmann]] (1999) and [[Michel DeGraff]].<ref>As in {{Harvcoltxt|DeGraff|2003}} and {{Harvcoltxt|DeGraff|2005}}</ref> In McWhorter's definition, creoleness is a matter of degree, in that prototypical creoles exhibit all of the three traits he proposes to diagnose creoleness: little or no [[inflection]], little or no [[Tone (linguistics)|tone]], and [[Transparency (linguistic)|transparent]] [[derivation (linguistics)|derivation]]. In McWhorter's view, less prototypical creoles depart somewhat from this [[prototype]]. Along these lines, McWhorter defines [[Haitian Creole]], exhibiting all three traits, as "the most creole of creoles".{{sfnp|McWhorter|1998|p=809}} A creole like [[Palenquero]], on the other hand, would be less prototypical, given the presence of inflection to mark plural, past, gerund, and participle forms.{{sfnp|McWhorter|2000}} Objections to the McWhorter–Parkvall hypotheses point out that these typological [[parameters]] of creoleness can be found in languages such as [[Manding languages|Manding]], [[Soninke language|Sooninke]], and [[Magoua dialect|Magoua French]], which are not considered creoles. Wittmann and DeGraff come to the conclusion that efforts to conceive a [[yardstick]] for measuring [[creoleness]] in any scientifically meaningful way have failed so far.{{sfnp|Wittmann|1999}}{{sfnp|DeGraff|2003}} {{Harvcoltxt|Gil|2001}} comes to the same conclusion for [[Riau Indonesian]]. {{Harvcoltxt|Muysken|Law|2001}} have adduced evidence as to creole languages which respond unexpectedly to one of McWhorter's three features (for example, [[inflectional morphology]] in [[Berbice Creole Dutch]], [[Tone (linguistics)|tone]] in [[Papiamentu]]). {{Harvcoltxt|Mufwene|2000}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Wittmann|2001}} have argued further that Creole languages are structurally no different from any other language, and that Creole is in fact a sociohistoric concept (and not a linguistic one), encompassing displaced population and slavery. {{Harvcoltxt|DeGraff|Walicek|2005}} discuss creolistics in relation to [[colonialism|colonialist]] ideologies, rejecting the notion that Creoles can be responsibly defined in terms of specific grammatical characteristics. They discuss the history of linguistics and nineteenth-century work that argues for the consideration of the sociohistorical contexts in which Creole languages emerged.

==="Creole", a genuine linguistic concept===
On the other hand, McWhorter points out that in languages such as [[Bambara language|Bambara]], essentially a dialect of [[Manding languages|Manding]], there is ample non-transparent derivation, and that there is no reason to suppose that this would be absent in close relatives such as [[Mandinka language|Mandinka]] itself.{{sfnp|McWhorter|2005|p=16}} Moreover, he also observes that [[Soninke language|Soninke]] has what all linguists would analyze as [[inflection]]s, and that current lexicography of Soninke is too elementary for it to be stated with authority that it does not have non-transparent derivation.{{sfnp|McWhorter|2005|pp=35, 369}} Meanwhile, [[Magoua dialect|Magoua French]], as described by [[Henri Wittmann]], retains some indication of [[grammatical gender]], which qualifies as inflection, and it also retains non-transparent derivation.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wittmann|1996}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Wittmann|1998}} as interpreted by {{Harvcoltxt|Parkvall|2000}}.</ref> Michel DeGraff's argument has been that [[Haitian Creole]] retains non-transparent derivation from French.

===Additional resources===
{{Harvcoltxt|Ansaldo|Matthews|Lim|2007}} critically assesses the proposal that creole languages exist as a homogeneous structural type with shared and/ or peculiar origins.

{{Harvcoltxt|Arends|Muysken|Smith|1995}} groups creole genesis theories into four categories:

* Theories focusing on the [[Europe]]an input
* Theories focusing on the non-European input
* [[Gradualist]] and [[Developmental linguistics|developmental]] hypotheses
* [[Universalist]] approaches

The authors also confine [[Pidgins]] and [[mixed languages]] into separate chapters outside this scheme whether or not relexification come into the picture.

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web | title=Creole Languages| author-last=Muysken|author-first=
Pieter|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.68|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Linguistics | date=9 June 2016|url=https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-68?d=%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-68&p=emailAaW29v.yG9TnU}}

==See also==
* [[Criollo people]]
* [[Diglossia]]
* [[Language contact]]
* [[Lingua franca]]
* [[List of creole languages]]
* [[Macaronic language]]
* [[Middle English creole hypothesis]]
* [[Nation language]]
* [[Nicaraguan Sign Language]]
* {{annotated link|Trading zones|Trading zones (metaphor)}}

===Creoles by parent language===
* [[Arabic-based creole languages]]
* [[Assamese language|Assamese]]-based: [[Nagamese Creole|Nagamese]]
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-[[Meitei language|Meitei]] creole: [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]
* [[Chinese-based creole languages]]
* [[Dutch-based creole languages]]
* [[English-based creole languages]]
* [[French-based creole languages]]
* [[German-based creole languages]]
* [[Hindi]]-based: [[Andaman Creole Hindi]]
* [[Japanese-based creole languages]]
* [[Kongo language|Kongo]]-based: [[Kituba language|Kituba]]
* [[Malay-based creole languages]]
* [[Ngbandi language|Ngbandi]]-based: [[Sango language|Sango]]
* [[Portuguese-based creole languages]]
* [[Spanish-based creole languages]]
* [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]-based: [[Vedda language|Vedda]]
* [[Swahili language|Swahili]]-based: [[Kutchi-Swahili]]

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|chapter=Pidgins and Creoles
|publisher=Blackwell Publishing
| year=2002
|pages=57–86
}}
* {{Citation
|first = Uriel
|last = Weinreich
|orig-year = 1953
|year = 1979
|title = Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems
|location = New York
|publisher = Mouton Publishers
|isbn = 978-90-279-2689-0
}}
* {{citation
|last=Whinnom
|first=Keith
|year=1956
|title=Spanish Contact Vernaculars in the Philippine Islands
|place=Hong Kong
}}
* {{citation
|last=Whinnom
|first=Keith
|year=1965
|title=The origin of the European-based creoles and pidgins
|journal=Orbis
|volume=14
|pages=509–27
}}
* {{citation
|last=Whorf
|first=Benjamin
|author-link=Benjamin Lee Whorf
|editor=John Carroll
|year=1956
|title=Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=MIT Press
}}
* {{citation
|last=Winford
|first=D
|year=1997
|title=Creole Formation in the Context of Contact Languages
|journal=Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
|volume=12
|issue=1
|pages=131–151
|doi=10.1075/jpcl.12.1.06win
}}
*{{citation
|last=Wittmann
|first=Henri
|author-link=Henri Wittmann
|year=1973
|title=Le joual, c'est-tu un créole?
|journal=La Linguistique
|volume=9
|issue=2
|pages=83–93
|url=http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1973a-joual.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Wittmann
|first=Henri
|editor-last=Fournier
|editor-first=Robert
|editor2-last=Wittmann
|editor2-first=Henri
|year=1995
|chapter=Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17e siècle et origines du français québécois
|chapter-url=http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1995a-fda.pdf
|title=Le Français des Amériques
|pages=281–334
|place=Trois-Rivières
|publisher=Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières
}}
*{{citation
|last=Wittmann
|first=Henri
|year=1996
|chapter=La forme phonologique comparée du parler magoua de la région de Trois-Rivières
|title=Mélanges linguistiques
|editor-last=Fournier
|editor-first=Robert
|place=Trois-Rivières
|publisher=Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières
|series=Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 13
|pages=225–43
|chapter-url=http://www.nou-la.org/1996a-pfmag.pdf
}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{citation
|last=Wittmann
|first=Henri
|year=1998
|chapter=Les créolismes syntaxiques du français magoua parlé aux Trois-Rivières
|title=Français d'Amérique: variation, créolisation, normalisation (Actes du colloque, Université d'Avignon, 8-11 Oct.)
|editor-last=Brasseur
|editor-first=Patrice
|place=Avignon
|publisher=Université d'Avignon, Centre d'études canadiennes
|pages=229–48
|chapter-url=http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1998b-csmag.pdf
}}
*{{citation
|last=Wittmann
|first=Henri
|year=1999
|title=Prototype as a typological yardstick to creoleness
|journal=The Creolist Archives Papers On-Line
|publisher=Stockholms Universitet
|url=http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1999a-prototype.html
}}
*{{cite book |last=Wittmann |first=Henri |date=2001 |title=Lexical diffusion and the glottogenetics of creole French |url=http://www.nou-la.org/ling/2001c-lexical_diffusion/01h2LexDiffFin.html |chapter=CreoList debate, parts I-VI, appendixes 1-9 |series=The Linguist List |publisher=Eastern Michigan University & Wayne State University }}
*{{citation
|last1=Wittmann
|first1=Henri
|last2=Fournier
|first2=Robert
|year=1996
|chapter=Contraintes sur la relexification: les limites imposées dans un cadre théorique minimaliste
|title=Mélanges linguistiques
|editor-last=Fournier
|editor-first=Robert
|place=Trois-Rivières
|publisher=Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières
|series=''Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée'' 13
|chapter-url=http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1996e-chiar.pdf
|pages=245–280
}}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
* {{citation
|last1=Arends
|first1=Jacques
|last2=Muysken
|first2=Pieter
|last3=Smith
|first3=Norval
|year=1995
|title=Pidgins and Creoles: An introduction
|place=Amsterdam
|publisher=Benjamins
|isbn=90-272-5236-X
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Arends
|first=Jacques
|year=1989
|title=Syntactic Developments in Sranan: Creolization as a gradual process
|publisher=Katholieke Universiteit ti Nijmegen
|place=Nijmegen
|isbn=90-900268-3-5
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last1=Bakker
|first1=Peter
|last2=Borchsenius
|first2=Finn
|last3=Levisen
|first3=Carsten
|last4=Sippola
|first4=Eeva
|authorlink4=Eeva Sippola
|title=Creole Studies: Phylogenetic Approaches
|publisher=
|year=2017
|url=https://doi.org/10.1075/z.211
}}
* {{citation
|last=Bickerton
|first= Derek
|author-link=Derek Bickerton
|title=Bastard Tongues: A Trailblazing Linguist Finds Clues to Our Common Humanity in the World's Lowliest Languages
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yRB7V1oE4sC
|publisher=Macmillan
|year=2009
|isbn=978-0-8090-2816-0
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=DeGraff
|first=Michel
|year=2001
|title=On the origin of creoles: A Cartesian critique of Neo-Darwinian linguistics
|url=http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/people/faculty/degraff/darwin/anti-simplest.html
|journal=Linguistic Typology
|volume=5
|issue=2–3
|pages=213–310
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=DeGraff
|first=Michel
|year=2002
|title=Relexification: A reevaluation
|url=http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/people/faculty/degraff/degraff-anthling-44-04.pdf
|journal=Linguistic Anthropology
|volume=44
|issue=4
|pages=321–414
|jstor=30028860
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=DeGraff
|first=Michel
|year=2003
|title=Against Creole Exceptionalism
|journal=Language
|volume=79
|issue=2
|pages=391–410
|doi=10.1353/lan.2003.0114
|s2cid=47857823
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Eckkrammer
|first=Eva
|editor=Hoogbergen, Wim
|year=1994
|chapter=How to Pave the Way for the Emancipation of a Creole Language. Papiamentu, or What Can a Literature Do for its Language
|title=Born Out of Resistance. On Caribbean Cultural Creativity
|place=Utrecht
|publisher=Isor-Publications
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Fertel
|first=Rien
|year=2014
|title=Imagining the Creole City: The Rise of Literary Culture in Nineteenth-Century New Orleans
|location=Baton Rouge, LA
|publisher=Louisiana State University Press
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Gil
|first=David
|year=2001
|title=Creoles, Complexity and Riau Indonesian
|journal=Linguistic Typology
|volume=5
|pages=325–371
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Good
|first=Jeff
|s2cid=18601673
|year=2004
|title=Tone and accent in Saramaccan: Charting a deep split in the phonology of a language
|journal=Lingua
|volume=114
|issue=5
|pages=575–619
|doi=10.1016/S0024-3841(03)00062-7
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Holm
|first=John
|year=1989
|title=Pidgins and Creoles
|volume=2
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Hunter Smith
|first=Norval Selby
|year=1987
|title=The Genesis of the Creole Languages of Surinam
|publisher=Universiteit van Amsterdam
|place=Amsterdam
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Lang
|first=Jürgen
|title=Les langues des autres dans la créolisation : théorie et exemplification par le créole d'empreinte wolof à l'île Santiago du Cap Vert
|place=Tübingen
|publisher=Narr
|year=2009
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=McWhorter
|first=John H.
|author-link=John McWhorter
|year=1998
|title=Identifying the creole prototype: Vindicating a typological class
|journal=Language
|volume=74
|pages=788–818
|doi=10.2307/417003
|jstor=417003
|issue=4
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=McWhorter
|first=John H.
|year=2005
|title=Defining Creole
|place=Oxford
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Meisel
|first=Jürgen
|author-link=Jürgen M. Meisel
|year=1977
|title=Langues en Contact – Pidgins – Creoles
|place=Tübingen
|publisher=Narr
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Mufwene
|first=Salikoko
|editor-last=Neumann-Holzschuh
|editor-first=Ingrid
|editor2-last=Schneider
|editor2-first=Edgar
|year=2000
|chapter=Creolization is a social, not a structural, process
|title=Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages
|place=Amsterdam
|publisher=John Benjamins
|pages=65–84
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last1=Muysken
|first1=Pieter
|last2=Law
|first2=Paul
|year=2001
|title=Creole studies: A theoretical linguist's field guide
|journal=Glot International
|volume=5
|issue=2
|pages=47–57
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Parkvall
|first=Mikael
|year=2000
|title=Out of Africa: African influences in Atlantic Creoles
|place=London
|publisher=Battlebridge
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Singler
|first=John Victor
|year=1988
|title=The homogeneity of the substrate as a factor in pidgin/creole genesis
|journal=Language
|volume=64
|pages=27–51
|doi=10.2307/414784
|jstor=414784
|issue=1
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Singler
|first=John Victor
|year=1996
|title=Theories of creole genesis, sociohistorical considerations, and the evaluation of evidence: The case of Haitian Creole and the Relexification Hypothesis
|journal=Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
|volume=11
|issue=2
|pages=185–230
|doi=10.1075/jpcl.11.2.02sin
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Wittmann
|first=Henri
|author-link=Henri Wittmann
|year=1983
|title=Les réactions en chaîne en morphologie diachronique
|url=http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1983c-morphodia.pdf
|journal=Actes du Colloque de la Société Internationale de Linguistique Fonctionnelle
|volume=10
|pages=285–92
|ref=none}}
* {{citation
|last=Wittmann
|first=Henri
|year=1998
|title=Le français de Paris dans le français des Amériques
|url=http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1998a-fpparis.pdf
|journal=Proceedings of the International Congress of Linguists
|volume=16
|place=Amsterdam
|publisher=Elsevier
|ref=none}}
* Wittmann, Henri (1999). [http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1999a-prototype.html "Prototype as a typological yardstick to creoleness."] ''The Creolist Archives Papers On-Line'', Stockholms Universitet.
* Wittmann, Henri (2001). [http://www.nou-la.org/ling/2001c-lexical_diffusion/01h2LexDiffFin.html "Lexical diffusion and the glottogenetics of creole French."] CreoList debate, parts I-VI, appendixes 1–9. ''The Linguist List'', Eastern Michigan University|Wayne State University

==External links==
{{Commons category|Creole languages}}
* [https://kreolmagazine.com/ International Magazine Kreol]
* [http://www.acblpe.com/en Association of Portuguese and Spanish Lexically-based Creoles]
* [http://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/index.html Language Varieties]
* {{Answers.com|creoles}}
* [http://www.odlt.org/ballast/creole.html Creole definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924003940/http://odlt.org/ballast/creole.html |date=2019-09-24 }} at the Online Dictionary of Language Terminology (ODLT)
* [http://www.louisianacreoledictionary.com/ Louisiana Creole Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929115406/http://www.louisianacreoledictionary.com/ |date=2019-09-29 }}
* [https://sites.google.com/site/societypidgncreolelinguistics/home Society for Pidgin & Creole Linguistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011105330/https://sites.google.com/site/societypidgncreolelinguistics/home |date=2020-10-11 }}
* [https://apics-online.info/ Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures (APiCS)]

===In French===
* [http://creoles.free.fr/ Groupe Européen de Recherches en Langues Créoles]
* {{WorldCat|id=lccn-n80009567/|name=Groupe d'études et de recherches en espace créolophone}}
* [https://abecsnet.wordpress.com/ Associação Brasileira de Estudos Crioulos e Similares]
* [http://www.scl-online.net/ Society for Caribbean Linguistics]

{{Creoles, pidgins and mixed languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pidgins and creoles| ]]
[[Category:Linguistics terminology]]

St. Francis De'Sales High School, Nagpur, Maharashtra

2026-03-22T20:33:46Z

RowenaProctor6:

{{Short description|Educational institution in Nagpur, India}}

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}

{{Cleanup school|date=February 2026}}

'''St. Francis De'Sales High School''' (SFS School) and Junior College [[Nagpur]] is an educational institution in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Established in 1870, the school was managed by the [[Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales]]. SFS School is governed by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nagpur|Nagpur Archdiocese]]. It is located Sadar, Nagpur, Maharashtra.

St. Francis De'Sales High school is currently Headed by Fr. Prashant (Principal). The school was traditionally an all-boys institution until it became a [[co-educational school]] in 2008. The school is affiliated to the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Making SFS School co-ed was the biggest change'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Making-SFS-School-co-ed-was-the-biggest-change/articleshow/9763289.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629133037/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-28/nagpur/29937959_1_nun-higher-education-girl-students |url-status=live |archive-date=29 June 2013 |date=28 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref>

==House System==

The School's house system was introduced by Rev. Fr. Edmond Deage around 1938–39. The houses are named in remembrance of three distinguished former principals and are used to foster competition across academic, literary, and sports fields. Each house has a designated colour and motto:<ref name="souvenir">{{cite web |url=https://fliphtml5.com/idnkb/khrj/Tradivance_/|title=SFS School Souvenir – Tradivance |publisher=SFS High School}}</ref>

* '''Pelvat House''' (Red) – Motto: '''"Through difficulties to the heights"'''

* '''Coppel House''' (Blue) – Motto: '''"Faithful to the end"'''

* '''Dufresne House''' (Green) – Motto: '''"Duty before pleasure"'''

The Junior College, which is attached to the school, has a separate house system established by former principal Rev. Fr. Maurice Fernandes. Its two houses are S.F.S. House (Motto: "Sacrifice before self") and Don Bosco House (Motto: "Rise and shine").<ref name="souvenir" />

==History==

SFS High School was established in 1867 at [[Kamptee]] before relocating to its present location in Sadar, [[Nagpur]] in 1870. The school has commemorated several major milestones, including 125 years in 1995, 140 years in 2010, 150 years in 2020, and 155 years of existence in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harish Salve rekindles memories at SFS High School's anniversary prog |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/harish-salve-rekindles-memories-at-sfs-high-schools-anniversary-prog/articleshow/116925140.cms |date=5 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Down Memory Lane: Salve advises students to chase dreams |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2025/1/4/Down-Memory-Lane-Salve-advises-students-to-chase-dreams.html |date=4 January 2025 |work=The Hitavada|access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

The school's origins trace back to Kamptee, where Fr. Mabboux opened a school in a small room on 4 March 1867, with Br. Alick Rigley as its first Head Master and Nicholas Appao as its first enrolled student. After a new building was constructed in Nagpur by Fr. John Thevenet, Fr. Mabboux moved the institution along with 50 boarders from Kamptee. The school became fully independent in Nagpur on 21 January 1870.<ref name="souvenir" />

In its early days, the curriculum included Urdu, which was later replaced by Latin, helping to secure a government grant. Under Fr. Charles Felix Pelvat, the school was raised to a full-fledged High School, acquired a "First Art" (F.A.) course, and became affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. The second floor was built in 1884 to be used as a dormitory. During the tenure of Fr. Francis Stephan Coppel in the 1890s and 1900s, the school focused on all-round development, starting a gymnasium, a printing press, science labs, a school band, and music classes.<ref name="souvenir" />

===Renovations and Technology (1995–2007)===

During the tenure of Rev. Fr. Ivan Lobo (1995–2007), the school underwent a period of significant renovation and technological upgrade. The entire building was re-plastered and repainted, and the grounds were levelled. New constructions included three modern computer labs, a new staircase to the auditorium, and a new gate on Link Road. Through a donation from alumnus Dr. Shrikant Jichkar, the school acquired computers and internet access. Other additions included an LCD projector, a digital printing machine, an EPBX digital phone system, and an LPG plant for the chemistry lab. In 2001–02, the school uniform was changed from white shirts and khaki pants to blue shirts and navy-blue pants with a maroon cardigan for winter.<ref name="souvenir" />

===Transition To co-education (2007–2013)===

Rev. Sr. Arpita Mathew took charge in 2007 as the school's first female principal. The most significant change during her tenure occurred in the 2008–09 academic year, when the school, traditionally an all-boys institution, became co-educational.<ref>{{cite news |title='Making SFS School co-ed was the biggest change'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Making-SFS-School-co-ed-was-the-biggest-change/articleshow/9763289.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629133037/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-28/nagpur/29937959_1_nun-higher-education-girl-students |url-status=live |archive-date=29 June 2013 |date=28 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> Other changes included introducing navy-blue blazers for staff, adding house-coloured T-shirts for the Saturday uniform. School timings were revised from 9:00 AM - 3:00 PM (Before) TO 7:45 AM. – 1:40 PM (After). The foundation stone for a new Primary School building was also laid during this period.<ref name="souvenir" />

===Infrastructure and Digital Upgrades (2013–2017)===

Under Rev. Sr. Manisha Paul (2013–2017), the new Primary School building was completed and inaugurated in 2013–14 by Archbishop Abraham Viruthakulangara. The campus was further redeveloped by demolishing a fountain at the front gate to create a new parking area and cycle shed. In the classrooms, traditional blackboards were replaced with modern green boards and interactive smart boards, and CCTV cameras were installed across the campus.<ref name="souvenir" />

===Modernization and Sesquicentennial (2017–present)===

During the tenure of Rev. Fr. Prashant Samuel (2017–present), the school continued its modernization. In January 2020, the school inaugurated its Sesquicentennial (150th) Year with a Feast Mass celebrated by Archbishop Elias Gonsalves. Major campus upgrades included replacing the second-floor asbestos roof, renovating the study hall, auditorium, chapel, and both staffrooms, and installing air conditioning. The Physics and Chemistry labs were modernized with new equipment. Wi-Fi was installed in classrooms to support online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic, and 75-inch interactive smart panels were added to all classes. Infrastructure changes included building a new assembly stage, renovating the basketball court, repainting the entire building, and relocating the cycle shed.<ref name="souvenir" />

==List Of Principals==


The following is a list of the principals of the school since its establishment in Nagpur.<ref name="souvenir" />

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! No. !! Principal<ref name="souvenir" /> !! Term<ref name="souvenir" />

|-

| 1 || Rev. Fr. Francis Mabboux || 1870–1873

|-

| 2 || Rev. Fr. Maurice Victor Domenge || 1873–1875

|-

| 3 || Rev. Fr. Charles Felix Pelvet || 1875–1881

|-

| 4 || Rev. Fr. Etieme Marie Bonaventure || 1891–1894

|-

| 5 || Rev. Fr. Francis Stephan Coppel || 1894–1907

|-

| 6 || Rev. Fr. Louis Dufresne || 1907–1915 & 1919–1927

|-

| 7 || Rev. Fr. Carlo Casimir Fernandes || 1915–1919

|-

| 8 || Rev. Fr. Joseph Gros || 1927–1937

|-

| 9 || Rev. Fr. Edmond Deage || 1937–1951

|-

| 10 || Rev. Fr. Francis D'Souza || 1951–1954

|-

| 11 || Rev. Fr. Gerson Mascarenhas || 1954–1956

|-

| 12 || Rev. Fr. Cecil De Sa || 1956–1960

|-

| 13 || Rev. Fr. Mathew Fernandes || 1960–1969 & 1970–1976

|-

| 14 || Rev. Fr. George Vaz || 1969

|-

| 15 || Rev. Fr. Oswald D'Souza || 1976–1982

|-

| 16 || Rev. Fr. Maurice Fernandes || 1982–1995

|-

| 17 || Rev. Fr. Ivan Lobo || 1995–2007

|-

| 18 || Rev. Sr. Arpita Mathews || 2007–2013

|-

| 19 || Rev. Sr. Manisha Paul || 2013–2017

|-

| 20 || Rev. Fr. Prashant Samuel || 2017–Present

|}

==Notable alumni==
{{Alumni|date=February 2026}}

A number of the school's alumni have become notable figures, achieving distinction in various national and international fields.
{| class="wikitable sortable"

! No.

! Name

! Notability

|-

| 1

| Col. [[C. K. Nayudu]]

| First Captain Of The [[India national cricket team|Indian National Cricket Team]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayudu |first=Chandra |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D0PeBAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhisp |title=C.K. Nayudu, a Daughter Remembers |date=1995 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=978-81-7167-283-7 |pages=16 |language=en |author-link=Chandra Nayudu}}</ref>

|-

| 2

| Archbishop Eugene D'Souza<ref name="souvenir" />

| Archbishop Of The Roman Catholic Archdiocese Of Bhopal

|-

| 3

| Dr. [[Jamshed Jiji Irani]]

| Former Managing Director Of Tata Steel

|-

| 4

| Jimmy Mehta

| Former National Tennis Champion <ref>{{cite web | url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=163849791 | title=India's Jimmy Mehta plays a shot as his partner G. Vasant looks on during... | work=The Hindu Images }}</ref>

|-

| 5

| [[Rajkumar Hirani]]

| Bollywood Writer and Leading Director

|-

| 6

| Air Vice Marshal Gordon D'Souza<ref name="souvenir" />

| Air Vice Marshal In The Indian Air Force

|-

| 7

| Vice Admiral R.F. Contractor<ref name="souvenir" />

| Former Director General Of The Indian Coast Guard (PVSM, VSM, NM)

|-

| 8

| Major-General S. Tewari<ref name="souvenir" />

| Major General In The Indian Army

|-

| 9

| Lt Gen. M.S. Sodhi<ref name="souvenir" />

| Former Head of The Corps of Signals, Indian Army

|-

| 10

| Lt Gen Christopher (Bobby) Baretto<ref name="souvenir" />

| Lieutenant General In The Indian Army (PVSM)

|-

| 11

| [[Tarun Bose]]

| Indian Film Actor

|-

| 12

| Bishop Sylvester Monteiro<ref name="souvenir" />

| Bishop Of The Roman Catholic Diocese Of [[Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]]

|-

| 13

| Adv. [[Harish Salve]]

| Former Solicitor General Of India

|-

| 14

| Dr. [[Shrikant Jichkar]]

| MBBS, MD, IPS, IAS, Writer, Educationist, Politician, Former Home Minister (GoM) & Holder Of 20 University Degrees

|-

| 15

| [[Akash Khurana]]

| Indian Actor, Screenwriter, Director, And Author

|-

| 16

| [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]

| 47th [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] Of The Supreme Court Of India

|-

| 17

| Justice Pratap Hardas<ref name="souvenir" />

| Former Judge Of The Bombay High Court

|-

| 18

| Shri [[Mukul Wasnik]]

| General Secretary, Indian National Congress And Former Union Cabinet Minister

|-

| 19

| Dr. [[Anees Ahmed]]<ref name="souvenir" />

| Former Minister (GoM) And Former Member Of The Maharashtra Assembly

|-

| 20

| Khusro Faramurz Rustomji, IP (KF Rustomji)<ref name="souvenir" />

| Founder and Former Director General Of The Border Security Force (BSF)

|-

| 21

| Lt General Joy Chatterjee, PVSM, VSM, PHS<ref name="souvenir" />

| Former Director and Commandant Of The Army Hospital (Research and Referral), New Delhi

|-

| 22

| Eric Pearce<ref name="souvenir" />

| Introduced Hockey In Australia (With His Brothers)

|-

| 23

| Bishop Joseph Rosario<ref name="souvenir" />

| Bishop Of Amravati

|-

| 24

| Archbishop Cecil Desa<ref name="souvenir" />

| Archbishop Of Agra And Former Principal S.F.S.

|-

| 25

| Major Gen. Glenn Ford<ref name="souvenir" />

| Major General In The Indian Army

|-

| 26

| Vice Admiral Rajaram Swaminathan<ref name="souvenir" />

| Vice Admiral In The Indian Navy (AVSM, NM)

|-

| 27

| Air Commodore Sanjeev Gosewade<ref name="souvenir" />

| Air Commodore In The Indian Air Force

|-

| 28

| Commodore Debesh Lahiri<ref name="souvenir" />

| Commodore In The Indian Navy

|-

| 29

| Justice Avinash Gharote<ref name="souvenir" />

| Judge Of The Bombay High Court

|-

| 30

| Justice Anil Satyavijay Kilor<ref name="souvenir" />

| Judge Of The Bombay High Court

|-

| 31

| Dr. Prasad Dhurajati<ref name="souvenir" />

| Ace Scientist

|-

| 32

| Dr. Dilip Yavagal<ref name="souvenir" />

| MD, MBBS, FSVIN, FAHA, FAAN, Professor, University Of Miami Miller School Of Medicine

|-

| 33

| Dr. Yunus Langha<ref name="souvenir" />

| Paediatric Dentist, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist, Educationist

|-

| 34

| Dr. (Prof) Prashant P. Joshi<ref name="souvenir" />

| MD, M.Sc., Executive Director & CEO AIIMS Nagpur

|-

| 35

| Dr. Peshotan S (Pesho) Kotval<ref name="souvenir" />

| MD, PhD, MBA, FASM, FAIUM, DABR, Materials Scientist And Diagnostic Radiologist

|-

| 36

| Dr. Anjan Chatterjee<ref name="souvenir" />

| Ex. Addl DG, Geological Survey Of India

|-

| 37

| Khushroo Poacha<ref name="souvenir" />

| Philanthropist, Founder Of Seva Kitchen And Indian Blood Donors

|-

| 38

| Sameer Meghe<ref name="souvenir" />

| MLA, Entrepreneur & Social Worker, Educationist

|-

| 39

| Jamashp Bapuna<ref name="souvenir" />

| Director Of The Bapuna Group And Joint Managing Director Of Dinshaw's Dairy Food

|-

| 40

| Usman Ghani<ref name="souvenir" />

| Cricketer, Vidherba Ranji Team (Captain), Coach

|-

| 41

| Dr. Ashwin Praful Pimpalwar<ref name="souvenir" />

| MD, FRCS (Ped Surg), MCH (Ped Surg), MS (Gen Surg), MBA (1983 Batch)

|-

| 42

| Dawar Khan<ref name="souvenir" />

| Founder Director Of Nutty Bakers India Wake and Bake Nagpur

|}

==Motto==

[[wikt:sapere aude|''Sapere Aude'']] which means '''"Dare to be Wise".'''

== References ==

<references />

==Official Website==

[http://sfsnagpur.in/ Official website]

[http://sfscollege.org.in/ The SFS College Nagpur, Official website]

'''Coordinates: 21°9'37"N 79°4'53"E'''

==See also==

[[List of schools in Maharashtra]]

[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]

[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Maharashtra]]

[[Category:Schools in Nagpur]]

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1867]]

[[Category:1867 establishments in India]]

Sarada K. Sarma

2026-03-22T07:33:47Z

RowenaProctor6: creating some page basic info!

{{Short description|British academic}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Sarada Kanta Sarma
|image =
|image_size = 300px
|caption = Sarada Kanta Sarma
|birth_date =
|birth_place = India
|residence =
|citizenship = British, Indian
|fields = [[Engineering Seismology]], [[Soil Mechanics]]
|workplaces = [[Imperial College London]]
|alma_mater = [[Imperial College London]] [[Indian Institute of Technology]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Nicholas Ambraseys]]
|notable_students =
|thesis_title = Response characteristics and stability of earth dams during strong earthquakes
|thesis_year = 1968
|known_for = [[Sarma method]] of [[Slope stability analysis]] (static & seismic)
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards =
|religion =
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Sarada Kanta Sarma''' is a geotechnical engineer, emeritus reader of engineering [[seismology]] and senior research investigator at [[Imperial College London]]. He has developed a method of seismic slope stability analysis which is named after him, the [[Sarma method]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sarma | first1 = S. K. | title = Seismic stability of earth dams and embankments | doi = 10.1680/geot.1975.25.4.743 | journal = Géotechnique | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 743–761 | year = 1975 }}</ref>

== Curriculum ==
Sarma was initially educated in India, studying [[civil engineering]] at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur and then geotechnical engineering at [[Skempton Building|Imperial College]] specialising in [[earthquake engineering]] and engineering seismology. He worked under the supervision of professor [[Nicholas Ambraseys]] and obtained his [[PhD]] degree in 1968; being the first PhD degree awarded by the Imperial College Engineering Seismology Section (followed by Dimitri Papastamatiou in 1971<ref>[http://www.eaee.boun.edu.tr/bulletins/v19/dimitri.htm Dimitri Papastamatiou]</ref>). His thesis title was "Response characteristics and stability of earth dams during strong earthquakes".<ref>Sarma S. K. (1968), ''Response characteristics and stability of earth dams during strong earthquakes''. PhD Thesis, Imperial College, University of London</ref> He joined the staff in 1967 as a lecturer in Engineering Seismology.

== Scientific work ==
His major research focused on engineering seismology and geotechnical engineering. He specialised in seismic analysis and performance of soil slopes, earth dams and the earthquake resistant design of foundations and design code development and evaluation.

He developed a new method of analysing the [[Slope stability|stability of slopes]] and dams in seismic conditions and calculating the permanent displacements due to strong shaking. This method, published in the 1970s (several publications of this method are found in 1973,<ref>Sarma S. K. (1973), ''Stability analysis of embankments and slopes''. Geotechnique, 23, 423 - 433, {{ISSN|0016-8505}}</ref> 1975<ref>Sarma S. K. (1975), ''Seismic stability of earth dams and embankments''. Geotechnique, 25, 743 - 761, {{ISSN|0016-8505}}</ref> and 1979<ref>Sarma S. K. (1979), ''Stability analysis of embankments and slopes''. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 1979, 105, 1511 - 1524, {{ISSN|0093-6405}}</ref>) is named after him ([[Sarma method]]) and it is a special case of a Limit Equilibrium method of geotechnical analysis. It has been extensively used in seismic analysis software for many years, although nowadays modern [[finite element analysis]] software are more widely used for special case studies.

The [[Sarma method]] is called an advanced and rigorous method of static and seismic [[slope stability analysis]]. It is called advanced, because it can take account of non-circular failure surfaces. Also, the multi-wedge approach allows for non-vertical slices<ref>[http://www.experts123.com/q/how-are-non-vertical-slices-generated-when-using-sarmas-method.html Non-vertical slices using Sarma's method]</ref> and irregular slope geometry.<ref>[http://www.experts123.com/q/what-is-the-advantage-of-using-sarmas-method.html Advantages of using Sarma's method]</ref> It is called a rigorous method, because it can satisfy all the three conditions of equilibrium, horizontal and vertical forces and moments. The Sarma method is nowadays used as a verification to finite element programs (also [[Finite element limit analysis|FE limit analysis]]) and it is the standard method used for seismic analysis.

In recognition of his contribution to earthquake engineering, he has been awarded a number of awards<ref>British Geotechnical Society Prize of the Institution of Civil Engineers (1967) jointly with Professor Ambraseys, for the paper "''The response of earth dams to strong earthquakes''"</ref> and has been invited to give lectures,<ref>[http://www.becs.ac.in/events-2009.html BESU Lectures Series] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071301/http://www.becs.ac.in/events-2009.html |date=2011-07-17 }}</ref> serve the academic advisory board of several conferences<ref>[http://www.civil.tohoku-gakuin.ac.jp/yoshida/tc4/5icege/Bulletin1.pdf 5th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://www.iaee.or.jp/ World Conference on Earthquake Engineering]</ref> and provide consulting work and advice<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2003/oct/02/thisweekssciencequestions.geology Can dogs really predict earthquakes?]</ref><ref>[http://www.theengineer.co.uk/news/haiti-needs-seismic-resistant-buildings/1000572.article Haiti needs seismic-resistant buildings]</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/pages/press_releases/10-01-13_haiti_earthquake.htm Expert reaction to the earthquake in Haiti]</ref> for various dam projects. Sarma retired from Imperial College in 2004.

==See also==
* [[Slope stability]]
* [[Imperial College Civil & Environmental Engineering]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/people/s.sarma Sarada K Sarma]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarma, Sarada K.}}
[[Category:Academics of Imperial College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of Imperial College London]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Earthquake engineering]]
[[Category:Indian seismologists]]
[[Category:Geotechnical engineers]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Indian civil engineers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Arpan Shah

2026-03-09T02:22:54Z

RowenaProctor6: added.

{{Short description|Indian architect (1975)}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Arpan Shah
| caption = Shah in 2017
| image = Ar. Arpan Shah.jpg
| birth_name = Arpan Deepak Shah
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1975|1|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's High School, Loyola Hall, Ahmedabad]], [[CEPT University|CEPT - School of Architecture]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Rajal Mehta Shah|2010}}
| website = {{URL|mododesigns.co.in}}
}}

'''Arpan Shah''' (21 January 1975) is an Indian architect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://architizer.com/firms/modo-designs-architect-arpan-shah/|title=Modo Designs - Architect Arpan Shah|date=June 4, 2013|website=Architizer}}</ref> He is an alumnus of [[CEPT University|CEPT - School of Architecture]]

He has worked under [[B. V. Doshi]], at his [[Ahmedabad]] office between 1999 and 2000, Following which he grew to open his own firm Modo Designs in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=architectsadmin |date=2022-07-13 |title=Top 20 Architects & Interior Designers in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India |url=https://thearchitectsdiary.com/top-20-architects-interior-designers-in-ahmedabad-gujarat-india/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=The Architects Diary |language=en-US}}</ref> His works have been recipients of multiple awards.

==Personal life and career==
Arpan Shah was born in [[Mumbai]], and grew up in [[Ahmedabad]] to parents Deepak and Varsha Shah.

He was schooled at [[St. Xavier's High School, Loyola Hall, Ahmedabad]], following which he completed his [[Architecture|Architectural]] studies from [[CEPT University|CEPT - School of Architecture]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cept.ac.in/news/alumni-shortlisted-for-the-new-proposed-ft-building-at-cept-university |title=Alumni shortlisted for the new proposed FT building at CEPT University}}</ref> along with an exchange study in [[RMIT University|RMIT]], [[Melbourne]]. His formative days at [[CEPT University|CEPT - School of Architecture]] were an architectural education under notable teachers including [[B. V. Doshi]], [[Anant Raje]] and Kurula Varkey.

Arpan Shah married Rajal Mehta Shah in 2010, and has two children, Ameya and Reya.

==Style==
Arpan Shah's intent has been to see design as a participatory and an exploratory process, involving research, explorations and refinement. The essential approach has been to develop architectural designs as responsive and which are characteristic of the
purpose, place and people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mododesigns.co.in/about-us/ |title=Modo Designs - An architecture firms in Ahmedabad, india|first=Modo|last=Designs|website=www.mododesigns.co.in}}</ref>

==Famous works==
*Interpretation center, Taranga Hills - [[Anandji Kalyanji Trust|Anandji Kalyanji Jain Trust]]
*Symphony corporate house - [[Achal Bakeri]], [[Symphony Limited]]
*Symphony Forest Park - [[Symphony Limited]] & [[Amdavad Municipal Corporation]]
*Torrent cables office - [[Torrent Cables]]
*Bodyshine Essentials Unit - Abhay Mangaldas ([[Sarabhai family]]) - House of MG
*SS outhouse - Vikram I. Shah,[[Shalby Hospitals|Shalby hospitals]]
*Studio Retreat - [[Sambhaav]]
*Designer's abode - Shyamal & Bhumika Shodhan
*The House of Courtyards - Utkarsh Shah - Adi Heritage group
*The Verandah house - Munshaw family
*The House by the trees - Patel family
*The Elemental house - Vadodaria family
*The Inside out house - Nimbark family
*The Terra cotta house - Dalal family
*Sun Evoq - Sun Group
*Altius vibe - Synthesis Spacelinks

==Awards==
*AD100 ([[Architectural Digest]], India)- The most influential designers in the subcontinent', 2018 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/magazine-story/ad100-awards-subcontinent-architects-pakistan-bangladesh-sri-lanka/|title=AD100 Awards | The Subcontinent: Architects redefining design in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka|date=March 8, 2018|website=Architectural Digest India}}</ref>
*Best of Houzz 2018 award in 'design category' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.houzz.com/photos/aranya-house-asian-family-room-ahmedabad-phvw-vp~94688178|title=Aranya House - Asian - Family Room - Ahmedabad - by Modo Designs|website=Houzz}}</ref>
*[[NDTV]] Design and Architecture Award 2016 (category - house award for hot and dry climatic zone)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/daawards/awards-2016-house-award-climatic-zone-hot-dry/|title=House Award: Climatic Zone (Hot And Dry) | Awards 2016|date=January 4, 2017}}</ref>
*[[Kohler Co.]] Bold Design Award 2016 ( category - Bold Luxury) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kbda.asia/over-the-year-2016#winners1|title=KOHLER Bold Design Awards|website=www.kbda.asia}}</ref>
*[[Asian Paints]] ID Honours (India Design 2019) - Holiday Homes category <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiadesignid.com/id-honours-2019/|title=Asian Paints ID Honours |website=www.indiadesignid.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/expo-explores-why-ahmedabad-is-called-mecca-of-architecture-7552332/ 'Indian Express']
*[http://www.estrade.in/minimum-matter-maximum-content Estrade]
*[https://www.designboom.com/architecture/modo-designs-aranya-house-india/ Arpan Shah Aranya House]
*[https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/weekend-home-outskirts-of-ahmedabad-reinterprets-openness/#s-cust0 Architectural digest]
*[https://www.archdaily.com/982368/terracotta-house-modo-designs The terra cotta house]
*[https://designwanted.com/inside-out-house-revives-historical-essence/ Design Wanted]
*[https://indiadesignid.com/news/the-elemental-house-by-modo-designs-features-a-distinct-organisation-of-three-layers-of-open-space/ India Design]
*[https://www.archdaily.com/1000245/the-courtyard-house-modo-designs Arch Daily]
*[https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/ahmedabad-contemporary-design-vernacular-traditional-architecture-courtyard-home-gujarat/#s-cust0 The House of Courtyards]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Arpan}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mukhtiar Chadha

2026-03-08T02:55:08Z

RowenaProctor6: minor update references based on references further and corrected details to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mukhtiar Chadha
| image = Mukhtair_chadha_movie_poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director =Director Gifty
| producer = Vivek Ohri<ref>{{cite news|title=We follow the principle of professionalism: Vivek Ohri|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/entertainment/news/we-follow-the-principle-of-professionalism-vivek-ohri-45293.aspx}}</ref>
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Director Gifty
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
* Oshin Sai
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]
* [[Inderpal Singh]]
* [[Kiran Juneja]]
* Vikash Kumar
* Jaswant Rathore
}}
| music = JSL Singh
| cinematography =
| editing =
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* Ohri Productions Pvt. Ltd.
* Wahid Sandhar Showbiz
}}
| distributor = [[Eros International]]<ref name="Team 2015">{{cite web | last=Team | first=indiantelevision.com | title=Eros acquires worldwide rights of Diljit Dosanjh's 'Mukhtiar Chadha' | website=Indian Television Dot Com | date=10 October 2015 | url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/movies/hindi/eros-acquires-worldwide-rights-of-diljit-dosanjh-s-mukhtiar-chadha-151010 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|11|27|ref1=<ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015">{{cite web | title=Diljit Dosanjh's 'Mukhtiar Chadha' to release on Nov 27 | website=hindustantimes.com | date=9 October 2015 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/diljit-dosanjh-s-mukhtiar-chadha-to-release-on-nov-27/story-b2Iq3HzDvYfh7PJeKTqcXL.html | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 120 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/mukhtiar-chadha-film | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125232656/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/mukhtiar-chadha-film | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 November 2015 | title=''MUKHTIAR CHADHA'' (12A) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=23 November 2015 | accessdate=24 November 2015}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INRConvert|8.16|c}}
}}

'''''Mukhtiar Chadha''''' is a Punjabi [[romantic comedy]] film starring [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and Oshin Brar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mukhtiar Chadha Punjabi Movie|url=http://simplybhangra.com/punjabi-movies/6252-punjabi-movie-mukhtiar-chadha-ft-diljit-dosanjh.html|publisher=SimplyBhangra|accessdate=7 April 2015}}</ref> The film was directed and written by Director Gifty while it was produced by Ohri Productions & Wahid Sandhar Showbiz and by presentation of [[Eros International]].<ref name="India 2015">{{cite web | author=India | title=Eros to release Diljit Dosanjh's 'Mukhtiar Chadha' on November 27 | website=The Indian Express | date=9 October 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/eros-to-release-diljit-dosanjhs-mukhtiar-chadha-on-november-27/ | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> The other roles are done by [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]], [[Kiran Juneja]], [[Vikas Kumar|Vikash Kumar]], Jaswant Rathore and Rajasthani comedian Khayali. Dialogues of the film were written by [[Raman k jangwal|Raman k Jangwal]] & Manoj Sabberwal.<ref name="IBNLive 2015">{{cite web | title=Diljit Dosanjh starrer 'Mukhtiar Chadha' to release on November 27 | website=IBNLive | date=10 October 2015 | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/diljit-dosanjh-starrer-mukhtiar-chadha-to-release-on-november-27-1149803.html | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] as Mukhtiar Chadha
* Oshin Brar as Dimple
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Chidi Hussain
* [[Kiran Juneja]] as Mukhtiar's Mother
* [[Inderpal Singh]] as Mukhtiar's maternal uncle
* Vikash Kumar as Scientist
* Khayali Saharan as Balingdi

==Plot==
Mukhtiar Chadha (Diljit Dosanjh) is a [[Delhi]]-based jack of all trades, without a stable source of income. He lives with his widowed mother (Kiran Juneja), and does a variety of professions including being a property dealer, and sometimes being a con-artist. He is also an avid investor in stocks. Mukhtiar also falls in love with his neighbor (Oshin Brar), though the girl's father does not approve of him.

Trouble arises for Mukhtiar, when he brokers a land deal, but the buyers (Yashpal Sharma and Khayali Ram) illegally grab his client's land by only making a part payment to his client. Mukhtiar fights those goons and manages to defeat them.

==Planning and Shooting==
Director Gifty (Chetan Parwana) and [[Diljit Dosanjh]] decided about movie while working on music track called ''Kharku''.<ref name="Box Office India : India’s premier film trade magazine 2015">{{cite web | title=A film works only if it can establish a connection with the audience | website=Box Office India : India’s premier film trade magazine | date=14 November 2015 | url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/a-film-works-only-if-it-can-establish-a-connection-with-the-audience/ | accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref> [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] claimed he was the funniest villain ever to be seen in Punjabi cinema and termed the film as ''hardcore comedy''.<ref>{{cite news|title=My film will change perceptions about Punjabi comedy films, says actor Yashpal|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/my-film-will-change-perceptions-about-punjabi-comedy-films-says-actor-yashpal/159715.html}}</ref> Oshin Brar was also part of music video ''Kharku'' when she was offered this film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Another debutante, Oshin has her eyes set on Punjabi film industry|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/another-debutante-oshin-has-her-eyes-set-on-punjabi-film-industry/160517.html}}</ref> She had to walk barefoot on desert sand while shooting the movie song ''Main Deewani'' at [[Jaisalmer]] thus burning her feet<ref>{{cite news|title=ये एक्ट्रेस पहले अपने नाम के साथ लगाती थी साईं, देखें तस्वीरें|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news-hcf/c-3-1154223-ch0409-NOR.html}}</ref> and in conditions of 55 degree Celsius temperatures she was dehydrated.<ref>{{cite news|title=When Oshin ran barefoot in 55 degrees heat|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/entertainment/news/when-oshin-ran-barefoot-in-55-degrees-heat-45247.aspx}}</ref>

During the filming of the song 'Main Deewani,' the cast and crew faced significant challenges due to the extreme heat in Jaisalmer. Despite the harsh conditions, including temperatures reaching 55 degrees Celsius, the team managed to complete the shoot, showcasing their dedication and resilience.

==Promotions==
During Promotions Diljit revealed his character Mukhtiar Singh Chadha is seen with a typical Delhi Sikh trader accent, for which he took diction classes in [[Old Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=I knew I'd be an instant hit… but I faced a lot of competition: Dosanjh ahead of Mukhtiar Chadha.|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/i-knew-id-be-an-instant-hit-but-i-faced-a-lot-of-competition-dosanjh-ahead-of-mukhtiar-chadha/}}</ref> Oshin Brar also visited an education institute in Hisar for the promotions.<ref>{{cite news|title=ओम शिक्षण संस्था की गतिविधियां देखने पहुंचीं पंजाबी फिल्म अभिनेत्री औसीन बरार|url=http://haryana.punjabkesari.in/hisar/news/mukhtiar-chadha-reception-personality-creative-founding-member-416813}}</ref> For promotions of ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' and ''Mukhtiar Chadha'' together on an entertainment channel, Diljit also interviewed [[Shah Rukh Khan]] where [[Shah Rukh Khan|SRK]] pulled off a mimicry of Chadhaji's character successfully to Diljit in Chaddaji's language saying famous dialogue assisted by [[Kriti Sanon]] alongside Dilwale team, [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Rohit Shetty]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Shah Rukh Khan loves Diljit Dosanjh 'from the core of his mind'|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-loves-diljit-dosanjh-from-the-core-of-his-mind/story-PngcnezV1jALLNKszQprQJ.html}}</ref> for [[Dubsmash]] video.<ref>{{cite news|title=SRK Pulls off Dubsmash Hit 'Chadhaji's Mimicry|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/SRK-Pulls-off-Dubsmash-Hit-Chadhajis-Mimicry/2015/11/20/article3138230.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127040334/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/SRK-Pulls-off-Dubsmash-Hit-Chadhajis-Mimicry/2015/11/20/article3138230.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>

==Songs==
''Mukhtiar Chadha'' has music from JSL Singh and lyrics by rapper Ikka Singh.

===Track listing===
*"Shoon Shaan" - [[Diljit Dosanjh]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Planning to watch Diljit Dosanjh's 'Mukhtiar Chadha'? Here's an exciting opportunity to win free movie tickets|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/planning-to-watch-diljit-dosanjhs-mukhtiar-chadha-heres-an-exciting-opportunity-to-win-free-movie-tickets-1158810.html}}</ref>
*"Main Deewani" - [[Nooran Sisters]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Watch: Diljit Dosanjh aka Mukhtiar Chadha romances Oshin Sai in the new song 'Main Deewani'|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/watch-diljit-dosanjh-romances-oshin-sai-in-mukhtiar-chadha-new-song-1162522.html}}</ref>
*"Click Click" - Diljit Dosanjh<ref>{{cite news|title=Mukhtiar Chadha released its new track "Click Click"|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/entertainment/news/mukhtiar-chadha-released-its-new-track-click-click-45124.aspx}}</ref>
*"Gapuchi Gapuchi Gum Gum" - Diljit Dosanjh
*"Gun Vargi Bolian Pave" - Diljit Dosanjh
*"Kol Kinare" - Diljit Dosanjh

==Release==
The film was released on 27 November 2015.<ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015">{{cite web | title=Diljit Dosanjh's 'Mukhtiar Chadha' to release on Nov 27 | website=hindustantimes.com | date=9 October 2015 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/diljit-dosanjh-s-mukhtiar-chadha-to-release-on-nov-27/story-b2Iq3HzDvYfh7PJeKTqcXL.html | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> Trailer of film was released on 22 October 2015 and was regarded as very funny.<ref>{{cite news|title='Mukhtiar Chadha' trailer: Diljit Dosanjh is back to leave you in splits|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/mukhtiar-chadha-trailer-diljit-dosanjh-is-back-to-leave-you-in-splits-1156892.html}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Box office===

''Mukhtiar Chadha'' was released in 85 cinema halls in the five key international markets on 27 November such as Canada, UK, US, Australia, and New Zealand. It did decent business collecting {{INRConvert|2.31|c}} at the overseas box office in 10 days.<ref name="Hooli 2015">{{cite web | last=Hooli | first=Shekhar H | title=Judge Singh LLB affects Mukhtiar Chadha's collection at box office in opening weekend | website=International Business Times, India Edition | date=8 December 2015 | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/judge-singh-llb-affects-mukhtiar-chadhas-collection-box-office-opening-weekend-658563 | accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''[[CNN-IBN]]'' in their movie review by Divya Pal<ref>{{cite news|title='Mukhtiar Chadha' review: Diljit Dosanjh wins hearts in this part-predictable, part-obscure comedy|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/mukhtiar-chadha-review-diljit-dosanjh-wins-hearts-in-this-part-predictable-part-obscure-comedy-1169757.html}}</ref> and live Twitter review appreciated the movie and actor [[Diljit Dosanjh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Diljit Dosanjh's 'Mukhtiar Chadha': Live tweet review|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/diljit-dosanjhs-mukhtiar-chadha-live-tweet-review-1169325.html}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reviewed the movie as a good watch and stated Diljit Dosanjh's comic timing makes it a fun film with a ''laughter guarantee for a good part of it''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mukhtiar Chadha review: Diljit Dosanjh's film is clichéd but funny|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/mukhtiar-chadha-review-diljit-dosanjh-takes-you-on-a-fun-trip/story-bMAXJC9nPmm36plyS37l2K.html}}</ref> Jasmine Singh of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' wrote that Diljit has definitely showed yet again that he is a spontaneous actor who can act without a storyline and also the film has a lot of fun-filled moments.<ref>{{cite news|title=MOVIE REVIEW: MUKHTIAR CHADHA Diljit saves the lean day|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-reviews/movie-review-mukhtiar-chadha/163664.html}}</ref> Punjabi channels like [[ABP Sanjha]]<ref name="Punjabi News 2015">{{cite web | title=mukhtiar chadha review | website=Punjabi News | date=27 November 2015 | url=http://abpsanjha.abplive.in/bollywood/mukhtiar-chadha-review-98034 | language=pa | accessdate=27 November 2015}}</ref> and Hamdard TV<ref name=":: Hamdard TV :: 2015">{{cite web | title=ਮੂਵੀ ਰੀਵੀਊ ਖਬਰਾਂ | website=Hamdard TV | date=3 November 2015 | url=http://www.hamdardtv.com/video/5450 | language=pa | accessdate=27 November 2015}}</ref> gave very positive reviews to the film.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4415900|Mukhtiar Chadha}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|mukhtiar_chadha|Mukhtiar Chadha}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhg8q8myyuM Mukhtiar Chadha | Official Trailer with English Subtitle | Punjabi Movie | Diljit Dosanjh, Oshin Sai]
* [http://www.erosintl.com/Eros-In-News/Eros-International-acquires-Punjabi-film-%E2%80%93-Diljit-.aspx Eros International acquires Punjabi film – Diljit Dosanjh starrer Mukhtiar Chadha]
* [https://www.facebook.com/mukhtiarchadha Official Facebook]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhtiar Chadha}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 Punjabi-language films]]

Early Telugu epigraphy

2026-03-02T02:11:52Z

RowenaProctor6: minor update

{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=March 2012}}
Historians have deciphered writings on the walls of temples describing the names and ''[[gotra]]''s (family groupings) of some [[Telugu people|Telugu]] rulers and the contributions made by them to the temples and towns.

== Ancient inscriptions ==

=== Vishnukundina ===
* No. 1. (A. R. No. 581 of 1925) On a white marble pillar near the entrance into the temple of Ramalingasvami at Velpuru, Sattenpalli Taluk, [[Guntur]] District. Undated.

This is the only stone inscription of this dynasty so far found and it is damaged and incomplete. Only the name of the family Vishnukundi and that of a ruler '''Madhava Varma''' are legible.

=== Western Chalukya dynasty ===
* No. 27. (A. R. No. 596 of 1909.) On the Naga pillar in the temple of Virabhadra outside the village of Gurazala, Palnadu Taluk, same District. S. [10]51.

States that a [[Brahmin]] named Dara son of Kommana who was the head of Kummunuru village and who claimed to be an incarnation of the serpent king [[Sesha]], put up a ''[[Nāga|Naga-stambha]]'' in front of the temple of [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva|Siva]] built by himself and that Betabhupa of the '''Haihaya''' family, a dependent of Bhulo Kamalla Deva ([[Someshvara III]]) made a gift of four ''kharis'' of land to the said temple.

=== Eastern Chalukya dynasty ===
* No. 4. (A. R. No. 431 of 1915) On a ''nandi'' slab set up near the temple of Someshvara at [[Eluru]], Narasaraopeta Taluk, Same District. S. 925.

Records the grant of land to god Somanathadeva by '''Paricheda''' Chikka Bhimaraju.

=== Chola dynasty ===
* No. 64. (A. R. No. 567 of 1925.) On a big white marble pillar set up near the dhvajastambha in the temple of Ramalingesvara, Velpuru, Sattenepalli Taluk, Guntur District. S. 1030

Records the gift of a perpetual lamp by Kota '''Gokaraju''' son of Bhima to the temple of Ramesvara of Velupuru.

=== Early Cholas of Renadu ===
* No. 607. (A. R. No. 380 of 1904.) On two faces of a broken pillar lying in the courtyard of the temple of Chennakesavasvami at Kalamalla, Kamalapuram Taluk, same District. Undated.

Damaged and unintelligible. Mentions '''Dhananjaya MuttaRasu(Raju)''' and Renadu.Here in this place these people population is so high

=== Eastern Ganga ===
* No. 651. (A. R. No. 99 of 1909.) On a stone lying near Paravastu Rangacharya's house at Vizagapatam. S. 101[3] (h) 17th year of Ananta Varma Deva.

Records the gift of “''perumbadi''” (?) by the "city twelve" of Visakhapattanamu alias Kulottunga-Chodapattanamu to Matamana of Malamandala. The description of the donor is not quite intelligible.
* No. 675 (A. R. No. 681 of 1926.) On a pillar in the [[mandapa]] in front of the central shrine in the temple of Nilakanthesvara, Narayanapuram, Bobbili Taluk, same District. S. 1053.

Records gift of a perpetual lamp by '''Chodaraju''' Maha Devi (and another ?) to the temple of Nilisvara for the merit of Chodagangadeva.
* No. 727. (A. R. No. 827 of 1917.) On a stone lying at the entrance into the temple of Tumbesvara, Pratapur, Chatrapur Taluk, [[Ganjam district|Ganjam District]]. Year missing. Incomplete.

Mentions. ''Ananta Varma''

=== Gajapati ===
* No. 732. (A. R. No. 802 of 1922.) On the four faces of the Garuda-pillar planted near the dhvajastambha in the temple of Chennakesava, Idupulapadu, same Taluk and District. S. 1422. (Raudri)

Records the gift by Pratapa-Radra of the village Idvulapadu to the east of Vinikonda, to Madhava-mantrin of the Bharadvaja-gotra and the Yajnyavalkya-saka. Gives a '''genealogy of the Gajapatis''' and of the donor.
* No. 733. (A. R. No. 375 of 1926.) On a stone built into a gate of the fort at Tangeda, Palnad Taluk, same District. S. 14[3]1 (Sukla)

Damaged. Unintelligible; Mentions some Khan. States that Pratapa-Rudradeva '''Gajapati''' was ruling.
* No. 741. (A. R. No. 54 of 1912.) On a pillar in the temple of Kesavasvami at Chodavaram, Viravalli Taluk, Vizagapatam District. Saka year not given (Kalayukti)

Records the consecration of the image of Garutmanta by Bondu Mallayya for the prosperity etc. of '''Bhupatiraju''' Vallabha Raju-Mahapatra.

=== Kakatiya dynasty ===
* No. 257. (A. R. No. 324 of 1915.) On the Garudastambha in the temple of Venugopalasvami, Uppumaguluru, Narasaraopeta Taluk, same District. S. 1133. Damaged and partly illegible.

Refers to the gift of an oil-mill and land made by Balli '''Chodaraju''' presumably to some temple.
* (A. R. No. 138 of 1917.) On a slab lying in front of the temple of Venugopalasvami, Potturu, Guntur Taluk, Guntur District. S. 1168.

Incomplete. The portion which describes the actual grant is missing. The portion available refers to what was probably a gift made to a Siva temple by '''Paricheda''' Bhimaraja, Tammu Bhimaraju, Devaraju and Ganapa Deva Raju for the merit of their father Komma Raju and mother Surala Devi. Contains the usual Parichedi titles.
* No. 373. (A. R. No. 283 of 1924.) On a pillar lying in the temple of Chandramaulisvara, Anumanchipalli, Nandigama Taluk, [[Krishna district|Krishna District]]. S. 1182. (Raudri)

States that a certain Brahmin Chavali Bhaskara consecrated the image of Sagi-Ganapesvara and that king Sagi Manma endowed the temple with land. Describes the '''Sagi family as of Kshatriya caste''' (bahujakula) and gives the donor's genealogy.
* No. 376. (A. R. No. 769 of 1922.) On a stone built into the back wall of the temple of Chennakesavasvami, Nayanipalli, Bapatla Taluk, Guntur District. Year unknown.

States that, in the course of his conquest of the South, king Ganapati Deva protected the king of Nelluru have killed his enemies Padihari Bayyana, Tikkana and others, that he vanquished '''Kulottunga Rajendra Choda''' of Dravila mandala, that he received presents of elephants from the king of Nelluru, that he saved the Bhringi matha on the Sriparvata and that he consecrated the image of Kumara Ganapesvara-mahadeva after his own name in ... palli. The concluding portion is missing.
* No. 381. (A. R. No. 142 of 1913.) On a slab brought from Yanamadala and preserved in the Collector's Office, Guntur, same District. S. 11. 3.

Incomplete and somewhat damaged. States that a certain Beta Raju founded the temple of Gopalasvami and endowed it with land, that Queen Ganapama gave it an oil-mill and a garden and that certain merchants assigned to it certain customs duties and taxes. Ganapama was probably the wife of the '''Kota chief'''.
* No. 395. (A. R. No. 94 of 1917.) On the huge Nandi pillar lying near the ruined temple in Malkapuram, Guntur Taluk, Guntur District. (Published in the Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society, Vol. IV, pp. 147–64.) S. 1183. (Durmati)

Gives a detailed account of the Kakatiya family and of the foundation and pontifical succession of the Golaki-matha of the Saivas and states that king Ganapatideva promised the village of Mandara in the Velanadu-Kandravati country to his guru Visvesvara Sivacharya and that Ganapati's daughter Rudramadevi made a formal gift of that village along with the village of Velangapundi, that Visvesvara Siva established a new village with the name of Visvesvara-Golaki and peopled it with person of different castes brought from various parts of the country, that he also established the temple of Visvesvara, a [[Sanskrit]] college, a ''matha'' for Saivas, a choultry for feeding people without distinction of caste and creed, a general land a maternity hospital, besides some other things and that he made grants of land for the maintenance of all these institutions. Gives a detailed description of the administration of the trust and of the village affairs. Incidentally, it mentions a large number of other religious and charitable institutions established by Visvesvara Siva in several other places. '''Kakatiyas are described as belonging to the Solar race of Kshatriyas'''.
* No. 426. (A. R. No. 222 of 1905.) On the north wall of the dark room in the temple of Tripurantakesvara, Tripurantakam, Kurnool District. S. 1192. (Pramoduta).

States that '''Paricheda''' Vadamani Kota Deva Raju gave 17 cows for a lamp in the temple of Tripurantakadeva.
* No. 468. (A. R. No. 318 of 1924.) On a pillar lying near a dilapidated mosque among the ruins of the fort at Gudimetta, Nandigama Taluk, Krishna District. S. 1213.

States that Dadi Somaya-Sahini and Peddaya-Sahini gave lands to the temple of Visvanatha-Mahadeva who were the officers of ''Rudraraju''.
* No. 544. (A. R. No. 270 of 1924.) On a pillar set up in the temple of Anjaneyasvami at Konakanchi, same Taluk and District. Undated.

States that, while ''Sagi'' Potaraja "was ruling the Nathavadi country with Gudimetla as his capital", his ''kampu'' Birama's sons Kassevu-Setti and Kurivi-Setti and the latter's wife Surama got the temple of Narendresvara plastered, consecrated the images of Narayana Deva and Brahma Deva and also got the temples of attendant gods plastered, and gave two tanks for the naivedya and Patrapagudamu in these temples. Also states that Kurri-Setti of the Teliki thousand tribe of Bejevada presented two lamps to the temples.

=== Vijayanagara dynasty ===

==== Krishna Deva Raya ====
* No. 45. (A.R. No. 491 of 1906.) Pulivendla, Pulivendla Taluk, [[Cuddapah District]]. On a slab set up at the entrance of the Ranganathasvamin temple. Krishnaraya, AD 1509. This is dated Saka 1431, Sukla, Kartika su. 12, Monday, corresponding to AD 1509, 24 October, which was, however, Wednesday and not Monday.
[[File:Vijayastambha (Victory Pillar) at Potnuru 03.JPG|thumb|'''Sri Krishna Devaraya Vijayastambha''' (Victory Pillar) at '''Potnuru''' in [[Visakhapatnam District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]
It records a gift of the village Kunddal Kundu to the god Sri Ranga Raju of Pulivindla by Narasayya Deva Maharaju, brother of Basava Raju, son of Tamma Raju, grandson of Valla Bharaya and great-grandson of '''Bejawada''' Madhava Varma of Vasishtha-gotra and Surya-vamsa. The gift village is said to be situated in Pulivindalasthala, a subdivision of Mulkinadu in Gandhi Kotasima of Udayagiri Rajya.
* No. 52. (A.R. No. 18 of 1915.) Srisailam, Nandikotkur Taluk, [[Kurnool district]]. On stones built into the floor of the platform in the eastern porch of the Mallikarjuna temple. Krishnaraya, AD 1515. This is dated [[Saka]] 1438 (current), Yuva, Sravana su. 15, Wednesday, lunar eclipse, corresponding regularly to 25 July 1515.

The record is important for the historical information contained in it. The king, it is stated, started out from [[Vijayanagara]] on a campaign of conquest towards the east, conquered at a stretch Udayagiri, Addanki, Vinukonda, Bellamkonda, Nagarjunikonda, Tangedu, Ketavaram and other hill-forts and land-forts and captured Tirumala Kataraya Mahapatra. Having taken Kondavidu, he captured alive Virabhadra Raya, Nara Hari Deva, Rachuri Mallukhanu, Uddandakhanu, Jannala Kasavapatra, '''Pusapati Rachiraju''', '''Srinatha Raju''', '''Lakshmipati Raju''', Paschima Balachandra Mahapatra and others. Later he reinstated the captives in their places, visited Amaresvara at [[Dharanikota]] and performed the [[Tulapurusha]] ceremony in the presence of the god on the banks of the river Krishnaveni. He had the Ratnadhenu and Sapta Sagara Mahadanas performed by his queens Chinna Devi and Tirumala Devi respectively. Finally he visited Sriparvata, where he had the [[mandapa]] built in the car street of the temple. The epigraph refers to the gift of the villages Paramanchala and Atukuru formerly made to the god of the place in the year Srimukha. It also mentions the remission of levies on loads (Kanchi-kavadi), pack-horses, bullocks, asses and head-loads.

The details of the date given for the said Srimukha viz., Vaisakha su. 11 and Thursday do not agree for the year. But they work out correctly for the previous year Bhava. Hence assuming the cyclic year to be a mistake for Bhava, the date would correspond to AD 1514, 4 May.
* No. 57. (A.R. No. 474 of 1919.) Little [[Kanchipuram]], Kanchipuram Taluk, Chingleput District. On the north wall of the rock in the Arulala-perumal temple. Krishnaraya, 1517 AD. This is dated Saka 1438, Dhatri, Pushya ba. 7, Wednesday, corresponding to AD 1517, 14 January.

States that the king, having conquered [[Udayagiri, Andhra Pradesh|Udayagiri]], captured Ravutaraya-mahapatra, and having taken the hill fortresses of Addanki, Vinikonda, Bellamkonda, Tangeda, Ketavaram, etc., captured alive Vira Bhadra Raya, son of Pratapa Rudra '''Gajapati Raju'''. Narahari Deva, son of Kumara Hamvira and others, performed Tulapurusha at Amaresvara in Dharanikota, returned to Vijayanagara and started out again on a campaign of conquest towards [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], reached Bejawada, conquered Kondapalli, captured Praha Raju Siras Chandra Mahapatra, Bodajana Mahapatra, Bujilikhanu and others, took at a stretch all the fortresses of [[Telangana]] such as Anantagiri, Udrakonda, Urlugonda, Aruvapalli, Jallipalli, Kandikonda, Kappaluvayi, [[Nalgonda]], Kambhammettu, Kanakagiri, Samkkaragiri, etc., installed the jayastambha at Simhadri Potnuru and performed the mahadana there, returned to Rajamahendra and desiring to have the mahadanas performed by his queens Chinna Devi and Tirumala Devi, returned to Vijayanagara and having visited, on the above date, with his queens, god Varada Raju at Vishnu Kanchi, and paid one thousand varahas as kanika, had the punyakoti-vimana of the god gilded with gold and granted the villages Vershara, Tiruppalukadalu, Govindacheri, Nurappandangal and Peluru yielding altogether annually 1,500 varahas, to meet the expenses for the fort nightly pulukkappu service and daily offerings to the god.
* No. 73. (A.R. No. 353 of 1915.) Kundurru, Narasarowpet Taluk, [[Guntur district]]. On a Naga pillar lying in front of a deserted temple. Krishnaraya, AD 1522. This is dated Saka 1445 (current) Chitrabhanu, Vaisakha ba. 3. Monday, corresponding to AD 1522, 13 May (Tuesday).

The record is incomplete. It registers the grant of a piece of land in the village of Konudortta in Vinukondasima for offerings to god Purushottama of the village by Maha Mandalesvara Sarvayya Deva '''Chodaraju''', son of Alamandala Yarayya Deva Chodaraju of [[Kasyapa]]-[[gotra]]. Vinikondasima is said to have been given to the donor as nayankara by Maha Pradhana Saluva Timmarasayya.

==== Sadasiva Raya ====
* No. 129. (A.R. No. 690 of 1917.) Kovelakuntla, Koilkuntla Taluk, [[Kurnool district]]. On a slab set up in front of the Ankalamma temple. [[Sadasiva Raya]], 1543 AD. This is dated Saka 1465, Sobhakrit, Nija-Sravana ba. 10., corresponding to AD 1543, 25 August (Saturday).

It registers the grant of income derived from ''svamyatas'' in his ''nayankara'' territory of Kovila Kuntlasima for the Cherapu (Sirappu) and Paruventa festivals of the goddess Ahankal Amma by Maha Mandalesvara '''Nandyala''' Avubhalesvara Deva Maharaju, son of Singa Raju Deva Maharaju and the grandson of Narasingayya Deva Maharaju of the lunar race.
* No. 139. (A.R. No. 498 of 1906.) Mopuru, Pulivendla Taluk, Cuddapah District. On a slab set up in front of the central shrine of the Bhairavesvara temple. Sadasiva, AD 1545. This is dated Saka 1466, Krodhin, Magha su. 7, Rathasaptami, Monday, corresponding to AD 1545, 19 January, '50.

It records the remission of all taxes like Durga Vartana, Danayani Vartana, bedige, kanika and others in favour of the Vidvan mahajanas of the villages belonging to temples and to agraharas in Ghandikota Sakalisima obtained by the donor, Timmaya Deva Maharaju, son of Narasingaya Deva Maharaju and grandson of Maha Mandalesvara '''Nandyala''' Avubhala Deva Maharaju as Nayankara from the king. A similar remission of these taxes in the villages granted to the Bhai Ravesvara temple of Mopura is also recorded with the stipulation that the amount accrued was to be utilised for the daily worship and the rathosvava of the god.
* No. 167. (A.R. No. 377 of 1926.) Tangeda, [[Palnadu]] Taluk, [[Guntur district]]. On a slab set up in front of the deserted temple of Sita Rama Svamin in the fort. Sadasiva, AD 1548. This is dated Saka 1470, Kilaka, vaisakha su. 15, Sunday, lunar eclipse corresponding to AD 1548, 22 April.

It registers the grant of the village Kachavaram in Tangedasima to the god Lakshmi Narasimha at Tangeda by Deva '''Chodaraju''', son of Mummaya Deva Chodaraju and the grandson of Maha Mandalesvara Apratika Malla Kurucheti Somaya Deva Chodaraju of the solar race and belonging to the Kasyapa-gotra, apastamba-sutra and Yajus-sakha at the command of Rama Raja Vithalaya Deva Maharaju who is said to have conferred the Tangedasima as nayankara the donor.
* No. 175. (A.R. No. 369 of 1920.) Chitrachedu, Gooty Taluk, [[Anantapur district]]. On a slab in the compound of the mosque. Sadasiva, AD 1550. This is dated Saka 1473 (current), Sadharana, Ashadha su. 10 corresponding to AD 1550, 23 June, (Monday).

This fragmentary record mentions the pontiff Santa Bhiksha Vritti Ayyavaru and his three spiritual sons, the Narapati, Asvapati and '''Gajapati''' kings who seem to have made some gifts to god Mallikarjuna of Srisaila worshipped by them.
* No. 191. (A.R. No. 584 of 1909.) Macherla, Palnadu Taluk, Guntur District. On a slab set up in the courtyard of the Virabhadresvara temple. Sadasiva, AD 1554. The record is dated in Chronogram 'rasa-saila-veda..’ and the numerals 76, Ananda, Ashadha, su. 15, Friday, lunar eclipse. The word for the numeral 1 is apparently lost. The details of the date correspond to AD 1554, 15 June 1551, if the month was ''Adhika Ashadha''.

The inscription which is damaged, records a grant of 14 putti and 10 tumu of land constituting it into a village by name Lingapuram, by Ling Amma, wife of Veligoti Komara Timma Nayaka to the gods Ishta Kamesvara and Viresvara of Macherla situated to the north of Macherla and west of the Chandra Bhaga river, in Nagarjuna-konda-sima which Komara Timma Nayaka is said to have obtained as nayankara from Maha Mandalesvara Rama Raju '''Thirumalaraju''' Deva Maharaju.
* No. 201. (A.R. No. 161 of 1905.) Markapur, Markapur Taluk, Kurnool District. On the east wall, left of entrance, of the [[antarala]]-[[mandapa]] in the Chenna-kesava-svamin temple. Sadasiva, AD 1555.
This is dated Saka 1476, Ananda, Magha su. 7, corresponding to AD 1555, 29 January.

It records a gift of the various toll incomes due from the 18 villages, viz., Marakarapuram, Channavaram, Konddapuram, Yachavaram, Rayavaram, Gonguladinna, Tarnumbadu, Surepalli, Vanalapuram, Chanareddipalle, Gangireddipalle, Korevanipalle, Medisettipalle, Gollapalle, Jammuladinna, Tellambadu, Kamalpuram and Kondapalli to god Chennakesava by Maha Mandalesvara '''Madiraju''' Narappadeva Maharaju, son of Aubhalayya Deva Maharaju, grandson of Maha Mandalesvara Madiraju Singa Raju Deva Maharaju, of Kasyapa-gotra and '''Surya-vamsa''', and nephew of Maha Mandalesvara Rama Raju '''Thirumalaraju'''. The gift villages are said to be situated in Kochcherla Kotasima which was held by the donor as Nayankara from the king. Records in addition that the lanjasunkham (levy on prostitutes) collected during the festivals at Marakapuram was also made over to the temple and that five out of every six dishes of offerings to the deity, were to be made over to the satra (feeding house) for feeding paradesi Brahmanas of the smartha sect, the sixth dish being the share of the sthanikas, the adhikaris and the karanas.
* No. 205. (A.R. No. 59 of 1915.) Chinna Ahobalam, Sirvel Taluk, Kurnool District. On the west wall of the Narasimha-svamin shrine in the Narasimha-svamin temple. Sadasiva, AD 1555. This is dated Saka 1478 (current), Rakshasa, Sravana ba. 7 corresponding to 9 August 1555,(Friday).

The record is damaged and fragmentary. It seems to register a gift (of land) to god Ahobala Narasimha by '''Ganapatiraju''' who belonged to the Kasyapa-gotra Apastamba-sutra and Yajus-sakha and was the son of Nandi Raju and the grandson of Maha Mandalesvara Krishna Raju of the solar race.
* No. 228. (A.R. No. 411 of 1911.) Vontimitta, Sidhavatam Taluk, Cuddapah District. On a slab set up near the eastern gopura of the Kodanda Rama Swamy temple. Sadasiva, AD 1558. This is dated Saka 1480, Kalayukt, and Ashadha su. 12, Monday, corresponding to 27 June 1558.

The inscription records a gift of the village Vontimetta with its hamlets in Sidhavatam-sima of Udayagiri Rajya to god Raghu Nayaka of the same village said to have been consecrated by Jambavanta, by Naga Raja Deva Maharaju of Kasyapa-gotra, and Surya-Vamsa and the son-in-law of Rama Raju and Gutti Yara '''Thirumalaraju''' Deva Maharaju of Kasyapa-gotra, and Surya-Vamsa and the sons of Sri Ranga Raju and the grandsons of '''Aravidu Rama Raju''' of Atreya-gotra and Soma-Vamsa. The gift village was situated in Siddhavatamsima which the donor appears to have held as his nayankara
* No. 234. (A.R. No. 394 of 1920.) Guntakallu, Gooty Taluk, [[Anantapur district]]. On a stone set up in front of the Krishnasvamin temple. Sadasiva, AD 1558. This is dated Saka 14[80], Kalayukti, Kartika su. 12, corresponding to 24 October 1558.

It records a gift of land to the ''mannevaru'', ''melavaru'', ''Naga svaralavaru'' and ''uyyala sevavaru'' for services in the temple of Kesava Perumal in Guntakallu in Guttisima by Maha-Mandalesvara '''Madiraju''' Vallabhai. Guttisima is said to have been held by the donor as nayankara from Maha-mandalesvara Rama Raju '''Tirumalaraju''' Deva-Maharaju
* No. 235. (A.R. No. 79 of 1915.) Pedda Ahobalam, Sirvel Taluk, Kurnool District. On a slab set up near the sixteen-pillared mandapa on the way to upper Ahobalam. Sadasiva, AD 1558. This is dated Saka 14[80], Kalayukt, Margasirsha su. 3, corresponding to 13 November 1558, (Sunday).

It records the grant of a piece of land and some money by Emberumanar-Jiyyamgaru, the mudrakarta of Vam Sathagopa-Jiyyamgaru and others for conducting certain festivals when god Ahobalesvara was seated in the 16 pillared mandapa constructed by Maha-mandalesvara Kurucheti Timmaraju, son of Vobul Raju and grandson of Baichana Deva '''Chodaraju''' of the solar race, when the god was taken (in procession) to Diguva [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]] and back to the temple (''nagaru'')
* No. 240. (A.R. No. 311 of 1922.) Vyapulapalle, Hamlet of Mudivedu, Madanapalle Taluk, [[Chittoor District]]. On a rock in the village. Sadasiva, AD 1559. This is dated Saka 1481, Siddharthin, Sravana ba. 12 Friday corresponding to 31 July 1559. The weekday, however, was Monday.

It registers a gift of wet and dry lands to god Lakshmi Narasimha at Ramagiridurga by Jillela Vengalayya-Deva-Maharaju, son of Krishnam Raju and grandson of Peda Krishnam Raju of '''Kasyapa-gotra''', Apastamba-sutra and Yajus-sakha. The gift lands are stated to be situated in Vempalapalli in the village of Mudivada in Vailipatisima belonging to Rama-giri-durga of Penugonda Marjavada which the donor is said to have obtained as amara from Rama Raju Tirumalaraju Deva Maharaju.
* No. 251. (A.R. No. 15 of 1904.) [[Hampi]], Hospet Taluk, Bellary District. On the north wall of the mandapa in front of the deserted shrine to the west of the Vitthalasvamin temple. Sadasiva, 1561 AD. This is dated Saka 1483, Raudri (current), [[Phalguna]], the other details being lost.

It registers an agreement (''kaulu'') granted by Kurucheti Sri Ranga Raju, son of Obulraju of the solar race and '''Kasyapa-gotra''' to a person (name lost) for his having level-led and brought under cultivation a specified piece of land stipulating an annual payment of one ghatti varaha by him into the treasury of god [[Vithoba|Vitthalesvara]] and a fourth share of the produce to the donor. The details pertaining to the rest of the produce are lost. Refers to a gift of garden land made to (the shrine of) [[Tirumangai]]-Alvar on the occasion of Prathama-ekadasi.
* No. 269. (A.R. No. 166 of 1905.) Markapur, Markapur Taluk, Kurnool District. On a pillar of the garuda-mandapa in the Chennkesavasvamin temple. Sadasiva, 1569 AD. This is dated Saka 1491, Sukla, Ashadha su. 12 corresponding to 25 June 1569

The record is partly built in. It registers a gift of the income out of the akula mantrayam to the god by Chennapa-nayaka, son of Komara Timma-nayaka and grandson of '''Veligoti''' Peda Timma Nayaka of '''Recherla'''-gotra. The donor is said to have obtained Kochcherla kotasima as nayankara from Maha Mandalesvara Rama Raju '''Thirumalaraju'''.

==== Ranga Raya ====
* 97 (No. 201 of 1967) Chidipiralla (Kamalapuram Taluk) On a stone near the Anjaneya temple. S. 1501; Bhadhanya, (AD 1578)
It records the digging of irrigation canals at Chadupurella as the old ones became out of use, by Mahamandal-eswara Katta Mama Singa Raya Deva Choda Maharaja, who is said to be holding the Nayamkara of Chadupurala n the Ghandikota sima (as a subordinate chief) under his son-in-law Mahamandal-eswara '''Nandyala''' Narashim-ayya Deva Maharaja.
* 131 (No. 2 of 1968) ANnaluru (Proddutur Taluk) On a slab in front of the Chennakesava temple. Araviti(?)
It registers the grant of the village Annaluru to the God Allimenu Mamgga Tiruvemggalanatha-Deva by Bukka Raju ''Tirumalaraju.''
* 169 (No. 227 of 1968) Gurijala (Pulivendala Taluk) On a slab near the temple of Ganesh. Maha Mandalesvara Tirumalaraja. Paridhavi
The record refers to a lease deed of some land executed by some Rama Raju of Mahamandela-eswara '''Tirumalaraju''', in favour of probably some cultivators of Gurizala, the levy or tax being at the rate of 2 ''rukas''. Details not clear.

==== Venkatapati Raya ====
* 244 Siddhavatam (Siddhavatam Taluk) On the east wall near the entrance of the old fort. Saka 1527; Visvasu
The inscriptions refers itself to the reign of Venkatapati Raya and enumerates the achievements of the Matli Chiefs Ellama Raju and his son Ananta Raju. The latter is stated to have built the radiant and extensive stone wall at Siddhavatam which his father had acquired in the battle of Utukuru. In the Telugu portion, which is a stsamalika, it is stated that while Vira Venkata Raya was ruling the empire from Chandragiri-sima, Anata Raju constructed the tank, Ananta Raju-cheruvu at Siddhavatam which his father had acquired at the point of his sword after defeating '''Konda''' Raju Tirupati Raju in battle and built a wall around the town so that it might protect the temple of Siddhavatesvara. His is also said to be the author of Kakutstha-vijayamu and of the Kavyas. (Published in [[Epigraphia Indica]] xxxxvii. pp. 103–112, by Dr. N. Venkata Ramanayya)

=== Moghul ===
No. 776. (A. R. No. 56 of 1912.) On a pillar in the temple of Kesavasvami at [[Chodavaram, Visakhapatnam|Chodavaram]], Viravalli Taluk, Vizagapatam District. S. 1658. (Akshaya)

Incomplete. Says that '''Pusapati''' Vijaya Rama Raju, son of Sita Rama Raju '''was ruling the land''' and mentions the god Kesavasvami and the village [[Chodavaram, Visakhapatnam|Chodavaram]].

== See also ==
* [[Rajus]]
* [[Early Indian epigraphy]]

== External links ==
# [http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume10/kakatiya_dynasty_1.html South Indian Inscriptions]

[[Category:Telugu language]]
[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]

Early Muslim period in Lahore

2026-02-27T10:34:27Z

RowenaProctor6: cleanup

The '''early Muslim period''' refers to the start of Muslim rule in the [[history of Lahore]]. In 664/682, the city was besieged by Muslim forces led by [[Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra|Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra]].<ref name="salkin1996">{{Cite book |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781884964046 |editor=Schellinger and Salkin |location=UK |page=522+ |chapter=Lahore}}</ref><ref>Wink 2002, p. 121.</ref>

Few references to [[Lahore]] remain from before its capture by [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni]] in the eleventh century. The sultan took Lahore after a long siege and battle in which the city was torched and depopulated. In 1021, Sultan Mahmud appointed [[Malik Ayaz]] to the throne and made Lahore the capital of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]]. As the first Muslim governor of Lahore, Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city. He added many important features, such as city gates and a masonry fort, built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of the previous one,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5gOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA159|title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture|author=Andrew Petersen|year=1996 |page=159|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415060844 |access-date=2012-10-13|archive-date=2014-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704123128/http://books.google.com/books?id=t5gOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA159|url-status=live}}</ref> which had been demolished in the fighting (as recorded by Munshi [[Sujan Rai Bhandari|Sujan Rae Bhandari]], author of the ''[[Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh]]'' in 1695–96). The present [[Lahore Fort]] stands on the same location. Under Ayaz's rule, the city became a cultural and academic center, renowned for poetry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm |title=.GC University Lahore |publisher=Gcu.edu.pk |access-date=2012-10-13 |archive-date=2018-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028220243/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The tomb of Malik Ayaz can still be seen in the Rang Mahal commercial area of town.<ref>{{cite book |author1=James L. Wescoat |author2=Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn |author3=Dumbarton Oaks |author4=Arthur M. Sackler Gallery |publisher=Smithsonian Institution page 149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC&pg=PA149 |title=Early Mughal Lahore |year=1996 |isbn=9780884022350 |access-date=2012-10-13 |archive-date=2014-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704124922/http://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC&pg=PA149 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1034, the city was captured by [[Ahmad Niyaltigin|Nialtigin]], the rebellious governor of [[Multan]]. However, his forces were expelled by Malik Ayaz in 1036.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu2">{{cite book |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=16 |page=106 |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313205336/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif |archive-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After the fall of the Ghaznavid Empire, Lahore was ruled by various Muslim Empires known as the [[Delhi Sultanate]], including the [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]], [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaqs]], [[Sayyid Dynasty|Sayyid]]{{efn|Not an Empire but a Timurid Vassal}}, [[Lodi dynasty|Lodis]] as well as the [[Sur Dynasty|Surids]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].<ref>[http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm History of Lahore] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229181550/http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm |date=2008-12-29 }}, Lahore City Government. Retrieved on September 19, 2007.</ref> When Sultan [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]] was crowned here in 1206, he became the first Muslim [[sultan]] in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web |author=Frances Pritchett |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/1200_1299/index_1200_1299.html |title=index_1200_1299 |publisher=Columbia.edu |access-date=2012-10-13 |archive-date=2017-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114142833/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/1200_1299/index_1200_1299.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy.<ref name="bosworth">{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA305 |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9047423836 |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate. Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sadasivan |first=Balaji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC |title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India |date=14 August 2018 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814311670}}</ref> Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fled the Mongols,<ref>{{cite book |author=Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJbmTL8svpwC |title=Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century |date=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-81-908918-0-6}}</ref> while the Mongols held the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chief [[Toghrul]].<ref name="jackson">{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA309 |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |date=16 October 2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521543290 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>[[File:QutubuddinAibakMausoleum.JPG|thumb|200px|The mausoleum of Qutub ud Din Aibak in [[Anarkali Bazaar]], Lahore, Pakistan.]]
The last Lodi ruler, Ibrahim Lodi was greatly disliked by his court and subjects. Upon the death of his father Sikander Lodi, he quashed a brief rebellion led by some of his nobles who wanted his younger brother Jalal Khan to be the Sultan. After seizing the throne by having Jalal Khan murdered, he never really did succeed in pacifying his nobles. Subsequently Daulat Khan, the governor of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and Alam Khan, his uncle, sent an invitation to Babur, the ruler of [[Kabul]] to invade [[Delhi]].

In 1241, the ancient city of Lahore was conquered by the [[Mongol]]s, the entire population of the city was massacred and the city was leveled to the ground. There are no buildings or monuments in Lahore that predates Mongol destruction.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC&q=The+Dancing+Girl%3A+A+History+of+Early+India|title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India|isbn=9789814311670 |via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=2012-10-13|archive-date=2022-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124535/https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC&q=The+Dancing+Girl%3A+A+History+of+Early+India|url-status=live|last1=Sadasivan |first1=Balaji |year=2011 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies }}</ref>

The new [[Mughal dynasty]] was to rule India for another 300 years.<ref name="google63">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9D4Ob1YcJgC&pg=PA63 |title=South Asia: An Environmental History - Christopher V. Hill - Google Books |isbn=9781851099252 |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=2012-10-13 |archive-date=2020-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729095859/https://books.google.com/books?id=f9D4Ob1YcJgC&pg=PA63 |url-status=live |last1=Hill |first1=Christopher V. |year=2008 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref>
The [[First Battle of Panipat]] (April 1526) was fought between the forces of [[Babur]] and the Delhi Sultanate. Ibrahim Lodi was killed on the battlefield. By way of superior generalship, vast experience in warfare, effective strategy, and appropriate use of artillery, Babur won the First Battle of Panipat and subsequently occupied [[Agra]] and Delhi. The new Mughal dynasty was to rule India for another 300 years.
<ref name="google63"/>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Further reading==
*Khalid, Kanwal. "[https://ia903205.us.archive.org/31/items/13-kanwal-khalid-lahore-during-the-ghaznavid-period-90-3-2015/%2813%29%20Kanwal%20Khalid%20Lahore%20During%20the%20Ghaznavid%20Period-90-3-2015.pdf Lahore During The Ghaznavid Period: A Socio- Political and Cultural Study]."

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{LahoreTopics}}

[[Category:History of Lahore]]
[[Category:Islam in Lahore]]

Mathikettan Shola National Park

2026-02-23T05:12:58Z

RowenaProctor6: further correct section per sources additionally and added references

{{Short description|National park in South India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Mathikettan Shola National Park
| iucn_category = II
| image = Indian Elephant.jpeg
| image_caption =
| map = India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Pethotty]], [[Idukki]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Munnar]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|02|N|77|08|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 12.82
| established = 21 November 2003
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
}}
'''Mathikettan Shola National Park''' is a 12.82 km2 [[national park]] in Santhanpara village of [[Udumbanchola]] taluk in [[Idukki district]] of [[India]]'s [[Kerala]] state. It was notified as a national park on 21 November 2003.<ref>[http://forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=150&Itemid=97 Mathikettan Shola National Park] Kerala Forests and Wildlife Department, 2009</ref> Considering the unique nature of the shola forest in Mathikettan and its importance as an elephant strip, the state government has declared it as a National park in 2008. Central government has notified its area varying from zero to one kilometre around the boundary as eco sensitive zone. The park is located between other reserve forests like Eravikulam National Park and Pampadam Shola National Park.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-18|title=Mathikettan Shola National Park complete detail – updated|url=http://natureconservation.in/mathikettan-shola-national-park-complete-detail-updated/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=NatureConservation.in|language=en-US|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710161631/http://natureconservation.in/mathikettan-shola-national-park-complete-detail-updated/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Mathikettan derives from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word literally meaning 'one who had his mind confused', as the local people say that one forgets the path once he enters into the park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathikettan Shola National Park {{!}} Far Horizon Tours India |url=https://www.farhorizontours.com/india/south/kerala/mathikettan-shola-national-park |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=www.farhorizontours.com |language=en}}</ref> It notified as a national park to protect the wildlife and rich biodiversity of the area. The Shola forest in the area is bestowed with unit with geological fauna and flora and geomorphological wealth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathikettan Shola National Park |url=https://www.munnarinfo.in/61509/mathikettan-shola-national-park#:~:text=About%20Mathikettan%20Shola%20National%20Park&text=The%20shola%20forest%20in%20the,the%20Bodinayakkanur%20and%20Kottamalai%20areas. |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=www.munnarinfo.in}}</ref>

==History==
This tract was notified as a [[Reserve Forest]] by the Travancore Government in 1897. Part of the land, prior to becoming a national park, had been leased out for the production of [[Cardamom]]. It was declared a National Park on 21 November 2003 to protect its ecological, faunal, floral and geographical wealth and its environment.<ref>(21 November 2003) The Hindu, retrieved 6/21/2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20040328095047/http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/21/stories/2003112106720400.htm ''Mathikettan declared National Park'']</ref>

==Fauna==
Elephants which visit Mathikettan shola from the Munnar Division become trapped between the [[Bodinayakkanur]] and [[Kottamalai]] areas. This is due to private establishments on the northern side of Mathikettan, as well as degraded forests and human settlements on the southern side in areas of Chinnamanur Forest beat in Gudalur range.<ref>ANAIMALAI - PARAMBIKULAM, Asian nature Conservation Foundation [http://www.asiannature.org/anaimalai.php Threat of isolated elephant herds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608171132/http://www.asiannature.org/anaimalai.php |date=8 June 2007 }}</ref>

==Visitor information==
There are 2 viewing centres called Njandaar mettu and Uchilukuth mettu. One can see Tamilnadu from these mountains. Mathikettan Shola can be approached from Poopara via [[Munnar]], on the Munnar - [[Kumily]] Highway. One can also reach Poopara on the Idukki route via [[Kothamangalam]]. The nearest airports are [[Madurai]] Airport and [[Cochin]] International Airport. [[Tiruvalla]] Railway Station is the nearest railway station. Lodging facilities are available at Poopara.

==Notes==
{{reflist|}}

{{commons category|Mathikettan Shola National Park}}

{{Protected areas of Kerala}}
{{National Parks of India}}

[[Category:National parks in Kerala]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1897]]
[[Category:1897 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Geography of Idukki district]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Kerala]]

{{Idukki-geo-stub}}
{{India-protected-area-stub}}

Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-22T03:42:37Z

RowenaProctor6:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ludhiana {{Small|PB-7}}
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Punjab/Ludhiana.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]
| preceded_by = [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| assembly_cons = [[Ludhiana East Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana East]] [[Ludhiana South Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana South]] [[Atam Nagar Assembly Constituency|Atam Nagar]] [[Ludhiana Central Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana Central]] [[Ludhiana West Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana West]] [[Ludhiana North Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana North]] [[Gill Assembly Constituency|Gill]] [[Dakha Assembly Constituency|Dakha]] [[Jagraon Assembly Constituency|Jagraon]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = IYC President.JPG
}}

'''Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency''' (S. No. 7) is one of the 13 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]]. This Lok Sabha constituency is composed of 9 [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Legislative Assembly Constituencies]] from [[Ludhiana district]], which are given further in the table. The incumbent [[Member of parliament|MP]] is [[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]] from [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), who won recently in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]

== Punjab Legislative Assembly segments ==
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|60
|[[Ludhiana East Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana East]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
|[[Daljit Singh Grewal]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=7}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|61
|[[Ludhiana South Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana South]]
|[[Rajinder Pal Kaur Chhina]]
|-
|62
|[[Atam Nagar Assembly Constituency|Atam Nagar]]
|[[Kulwant Singh Sidhu]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|63
|[[Ludhiana Central Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana Central]]
|[[Ashok Prashar Pappi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|64
|[[Ludhiana West Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana West]]
|[[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]
|-
|65
|[[Ludhiana North Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana North]]
|[[Madan Lal Bagga]]
|-
|66
|[[Gill Assembly Constituency|Gill]] (SC)
|[[Jiwan Singh Sangowal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|68
|[[Dakha Assembly Constituency|Dakha]]
|[[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
|{{party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|70
|[[Jagraon Assembly Constituency|Jagraon]] (SC)
|[[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart|value1=57.894|value2=26.315|value3=5.263|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (11 Times)]]|label2=[[Shiromani Akali Dal|'''SAD '''(5 Times)]]|label3=[[Swatantra Party|'''Swatantra Party''' (1 Time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|color3={{party color|Swatantra Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Ludhiana Lok Sabha|label4=[[Indian National Congress (I)|'''INC (I)''' (1 Time)]]|label5=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|'''SAD (A)''' (1 Time)]]|color4={{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|color5={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)}}|value4=5.263|value5=5.263}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ludhiana Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/punjab/parliamentary-constituencies/ludhiana.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |Bahadur Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|1957^
|[[Ajit Singh Sarhadi]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Kapur Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Devinder Singh Garcha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Devinder Singh Garcha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Mewa Singh Gill]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election |1989]]
|[[Rajinder Kaur Bulara]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)}}" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|Shiromani Akali Dal (A)]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1992]]
|[[Gurdial Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amrik Singh Aliwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Gurcharan Singh Galib]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Sharanjit Singh Dhillon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election |2009]]
|[[Manish Tewari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]
|}

==Election results==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Ludhiana]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]
|votes = {{formatnum:322224}}
|percentage = 30.42
|change = {{decrease}}6.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate =[[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|votes = {{formatnum:301282}}
|percentage = 28.45
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Ashok Prashar Pappi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:237077}}
|percentage = 22.38
|change = {{increase}}20.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Ranjit Singh Dhillon]]
|votes = {{formatnum:90220}}
|percentage = ,8.52
|change = {{decrease}}20.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:5076}}
|percentage = 0.48
|change = {{decrease}} 0.53
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:20942}}
|percentage = 1.98
|change = {{decrease}} 5.32
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:1059157}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}} 6.24
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Ludhiana]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|votes = {{formatnum:383795}}
|percentage = 36.66
|change = {{increase}}9.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Lok Insaaf Party
|candidate =[[Simarjit Singh Bains]]
|votes = {{formatnum:307423}}
|percentage = 29.36
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Maheshinder Singh]]
|votes ={{formatnum:299435}}
|percentage =28.6
|change = {{increase}}5.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Prof. Tejpal Singh Gill
|votes = {{formatnum:15945}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change = {{decrease}}23.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:10538}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:76732}}
|percentage = 7.30
|change = {{increase}}5.51
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:1047025}}
|percentage = 62.20
|change ={{decrease}}8.38
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|Loser = Lok Insaaf Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Ludhiana]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|votes = {{formatnum:300459}}
|percentage = 27.27
|change = {{decrease}}23.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[H. S. Phoolka|Harvinder Singh Phoolka]]|votes={{formatnum:280750}}|percentage=25.48|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]|votes={{formatnum:256590}}|percentage=23.28|change={{decrease}}16.37}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = [[Simarjit Singh Bains]]
|votes = {{formatnum:210917}}
|percentage = 19.14
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Navjot Singh Mandair|votes={{formatnum:8317}}|percentage=0.76|change={{decrease}}3.10}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:19709}}|percentage=1.79|change={{decrease}}11.64}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:1101967}}|percentage=70.58|change={{increase}}5.90}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{decrease}}25.81
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Ludhiana]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manish Tewari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:449264}}
|percentage = 53.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Gurcharan Singh Galib]]
|votes = {{formatnum:335558}}
|percentage = 39.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kehar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:32660}}
|percentage = 3.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Harbans Singh Sodhi
|votes = {{formatnum:2685}}
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = DBSP
|candidate = Sanjeev Kumar Atwal
|votes = {{formatnum:2564}}
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:113706}}
|percentage = 13.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:846890}}
|percentage = 64.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ludhiana district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/punjab/ludhiana/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Ludhiana lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}

{{coord|30.9|75.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Ludhiana district]]

Vijai Shukla

2026-02-21T12:41:53Z

RowenaProctor6: creating initial entry from scratch

{{Short description|Indian-Danish food scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
[[File:Vijai Shukla.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Professor Dr. Vijai Shukla]]
'''Dr. Vijai Shukla''' (born 23 March 1948) is an Indian-Danish [[food scientist]], researcher and professor in [[lipidology]], and a central figure in the study of [[essential fatty acids]]. He is also the president of the International Food Science Center based in [[Denmark]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifsc.dk |title=Home |website=International Food Science Centre A/S}}</ref> [[Fellow]] of the [[American Oil Chemists' Society]] (AOCS)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aocs.files.cms-plus.com/MembershipPDF/Fellows_past2012.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 August 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000912/http://aocs.files.cms-plus.com/MembershipPDF/Fellows_past2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[adjunct professor]] to the Department of Food Science and Nutrition at [[University of Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fscn.cfans.umn.edu/people/faculty/index.htm |title=Faculty : Department of Food Science and Nutrition : College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences : University of Minnesota |access-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821035208/http://fscn.cfans.umn.edu/people/faculty/index.htm |archive-date=21 August 2013 }}</ref>

==Career==
Shukla gained his master's degree in [[Organic Chemistry]] in 1969 from the [[University of Allahabad]] and his Ph.D. in 1973 from the same university. Subsequently, he received a post-doctoral [[UNESCO]] award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chemlink.co.uk/gb_lunkad_nutridan_info_-_rev_apr_2004.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410153503/http://www.chemlink.co.uk/gb_lunkad_nutridan_info_-_rev_apr_2004.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref> and did work first at the [[Charles University in Prague]] and then in 1975 at the Institute of Neurochemistry in Experimental Life Sciences in [[Copenhagen]], and at the Federal Centre for Lipid Research in [[Münster]], [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ejlt.200800055 | volume=110 | title=Society News: Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 4/2008 | journal=European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology | year=2008 | issue=4 | pages=374–375}}</ref>

In 1979 he was appointed R&D manager by then Aarhus Oliefabrik (now [[AarhusKarlshamn]]), a leading company in the manufacture of [[vegetable oils]] and [[specialty food ingredients|specialty fats]]. In 1990 he joined Karlshamn as Research Director, and started his own company in 1991, IFSC, of which he is still President.<ref>"Verdensmanden fra Lystrup" in Aarhus Stiftstidende, 2005</ref>
Shukla's research includes both the field of physical phenomena and the mechanisms of [[autoxidation]], isolation of [[lipids]], spectral phenomena related to lipids (e.g. pulsed [[Nuclear magnetic resonance]]), modern analytical methodology, and involvement of [[essential fatty acids]] in health and disease such as [[multiple sclerosis]] and [[Batten Disease]] where he has made significant scientific contributions.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jensen | first1 = E | last2 = Shukla | first2 = V. K. S. | last3 = Nielsen | first3 = G. | last4 = Clausen | first4 = J. | year = 1978 | title = Biochemical abnormalities in Batten's syndrome | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 309–318 | doi=10.3109/00365517809108429| pmid = 684364 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shukla | first1 = V. K. S. | last2 = Jensen | first2 = E. | last3 = Clausen | first3 = J. | year = 1978 | title = Serum fatty acids and peroxidase abnormalities in Batten's disease | journal = Res. Exptl. Med. | volume = 173 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–34 | doi=10.1007/bf01851371| pmid = 684285 | s2cid = 31156609 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shukla | first1 = V. K. S. | last2 = Jensen | first2 = E. | last3 = Clausen | first3 = J. | title = Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase deficiency in Multiple Sclerosis | journal = Acta Neurologica Scandinavica | volume = 56 | issue = 542| page = 1977 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shukla | first1 = V. K. S. | last2 = Clausen | first2 = J. | year = 1978 | title = Linoleate and fatty acids pattern of serum lipids in Multiple Sclerosis | journal = Acta Neurol. Scand. | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 270–274 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0404.1978.tb05875.x| pmid = 665149 | s2cid = 35068858 | doi-access = }}</ref>

Shukla has authored close to 120 peer-reviewed papers, reviews and book chapters, and 15 books.<ref>"Han trækker verdens topchefer til Lystrup", Aarhus Stiftstidende 20/3-2008 page 22</ref><ref>http://www.presswire.dk/default.asp?o=1&pid=55574 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> He was the Associate Editor for the peer-reviewed journal INFORM from 1989–97 and remains Associate Editor of the Journal of the [[American Oil Chemists Society]] and of Lipid Technology.
In 1996 he received the [[American Oil Chemists' Society]] (AOCS) Herbert Dutton Award for "significant contributions to analytical methodologies"<ref>http://aocs.files.cms-plus.com/Membership/awardrecognition/Duttonpastwinners.pdf {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> and was given the prestigious [[Stephen S. Chang]] Award in 2002 for "decisive accomplishments in research for the improvement or development of products related to lipids".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aocs.files.cms-plus.com/MembershipPDF/Changpastwinners.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 August 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002455/http://aocs.files.cms-plus.com/MembershipPDF/Changpastwinners.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Shukla has, apart from his engagement in [[basic science]], also focused continuously on the translation of knowledge gained into industrial applications and commercial enterprise. In 1996 he established a refinery in the [[Netherlands]], and demonstrated that total oxidation can be arrested during processing, and resulting speciality fats of extremely fresh quality can be delivered to customers in the scale of 500-1000 tonnes per shipment.<ref>"Fedt, fødevarer - og en fin forstand" in Børsen, 26/8-1996</ref> Another achievement is the encapsulation of high amounts of essential [[PUFA]] of fish or plant origin combined with natural antioxidant systems to be used as nutritional supplement and as additive in cosmetic formulations.<ref>Shukla, Vijai K.S.: Designing Natural Cosmetics through the Dynamics of Naturally Derived Lipids, INFORM, Vol. 15 (4) (April 2004).</ref><ref>Shukla, V.K.S.. A designer oil for better health. INFORM, Vol. No. 14 (June 2003)</ref><ref>Shukla, Vijai K.S.; Bhattacharya, Kaustuv: Correcting omega-6/omega-3 balance in human diet by internally stabilised designer oil, Agro Food industry hi-tech, Tekno Scienze, Anno 15, May/June 2004</ref> In 2005 he was bestowed by the AOCS with the status of Fellow,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aocs.files.cms-plus.com/MembershipPDF/Fellows_past2012.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 August 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000912/http://aocs.files.cms-plus.com/MembershipPDF/Fellows_past2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> awarded to members of the AOCS whose achievements in science entitle them to "exceptionally important recognition", and who have rendered “unusually important service to the society or to their profession".<ref>http://aocs.files.cms-plus.com/inform/2004/7/awards.pdf page 481</ref>

Prior to his current position as [[adjunct professor]] to the Department of Food Science and Nutrition at the [[University of Minnesota]], Dr. Shukla held the position as adjunct professor to the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition of the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chemlink.co.uk/gb_lunkad_nutridan_info_-_rev_apr_2004.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410153503/http://www.chemlink.co.uk/gb_lunkad_nutridan_info_-_rev_apr_2004.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>"Han trækker verdens topchefer til Lystrup" in Aarhus Stiftstidende 20/3-2008 page 22</ref> for 10 years.

Recently, Shukla has developed a designer oil by the name of ''Nutridan'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nutridan.dk/shop/frontpage.html |title=Omega 3|kolesterolfrie|hørfrø|flax|zink|madolier|hesteolie|petfood |access-date=5 August 2013 |archive-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518211008/http://www.nutridan.dk/shop/frontpage.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> containing high amounts of [[polyunsaturated fatty acid|essential polyunsaturated fatty acids]]. The oils used are of vegetable origin, and extracted by physical means. The oil is used both as a health supplement and in cooking, and is novel because of its solvent-free nature, not being derived from fish origin as many similar oils, and being high in natural [[antioxidants]].<ref>"Østjysk olieforsker belønnet med amerikansk pris" in Lokalavisen NordÅrhus 3/5-2005, page 10</ref>

==Qualitree / Cosmeceuticals==

Prof. Vijai Shukla and International Food Science Centre are active members of QualiTree, a research-based tree oil production in West Africa, that aims to reduce proverty by increasing food security and income in Burkina Faso and Mali, through sustainable growth and development of local industrial food production and marketing of oil products from native trees.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Selected articles==

Shukla, V. K. S.; Clausen, J.: Linoleate and fatty acids pattern of serum lipids in Multiple Sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand.. 57, 270, 1978.

Shukla, V. K. S.; Srivastava, K. C.: Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and serum lipid pattern: A comparison between Indian immigrants and Danes. Z. Ernarungswissenschaft, 17, 240, 1978.

Shukla, V. K. S.; Spener, F.: High performance liquid chromatography of triglycerides of Flacourtiaceae seed oils containing cyclopentenyl fatty acids (chaulmoogric oils). J. Chromatog. 348, 441, 1985.

Shukla, V. K. S.: Application of high performance liquid chromatography for evaluation of lipid structures. J. Dispersion Science and Technology, 10, 581, 1989.

Shukla, V. K. S.; Perkins, E. G.: The presence of oxidative polymeric materials in encapsulated fish oils. Lipids. Vol. 26, No. 1, 1991.
MSK Syed Rahmatullah, Shukla, V. K. S., Mukherjee, K.D.: Enrichment of ␣-Linolenic Acid from Evening Primrose Oil and Borage Oil via Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis. JAOCS. Vol. 71, no. 6 (June 1994).

"The Role of Dietary Fats and Oils". Fats, Oleochemicals and Surfactants. Challenges in the 21st Century. V.V.S. Mani and A.D. Shitole. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. Ltd. OTAI, 1997.

Shukla, V. K. S.: "Chocolate – The Chemistry of Pleasure". INFORM, Vol. 8, no. 2 (February 1997).

Shukla, V. K. S.; Kragballe, K: Exotic Butters and Cosmetic Lipids. INFORM, Vol. 9, no. 5 (May 1998).

Shukla, V. K. S.; Bhattacharya, K.: Mango Butter in Cosmetic Formulations. Cosmetic & Toiletries, Vol. 117, no. 6 (June 2002)

Shukla, V. K. S.: A designer oil for better health. INFORM, Vol. No. 14 (June 2003).

Shukla, V. K. S.; Bhattacharya, K.: Extending the shelf life of cosmetic products through novel stabilisation of exotic butters and oils, SÖFW-Journal Seifen, Öle, Fette, Wachse, 129, Jahrgang 9- 2003.

Shukla, V. K. S.; Bhattacharya, K.: the Magic of Rosemary. Oils & Fats International, January 2004

Shukla V. K. S.: Designing natural cosmetics through the dynamics of naturally derived lipids. INFORM, Vol. 15, no. 4 (April 2004)

Shukla V. K. S.; Bhattacharya K.: Enhancing the Stability of Natural Oils and Butters with Rosemary Extracts. Cosmetic & Toiletries, Vol. 119, no. 5 (May 2004).

Shukla V. K. S.: The Challenges of Skin Care. INFORM, Vol. 15 no. 5 (May 2004)

Shukla V. K. S.: New Horizons in the Development of Natural Oils and Butters as Cosmetic Ingredients. Cosmetic Science Technology (2005)

Shukla V. K. S.: Innovative Organic Lipids in Filtering the Chemistry in Cosmeceuticals. Cosmetic Science Technology (2009)

Shukla, V. K. S., Le Poole, Hendrik A.C.: Review of Some Unconventional Tree Seed Oils from Africa for Application in Cosmetics, Cosmetic Science Technology (2010)

Shukla, V. K. S.; Nielsen, S.: Novel Introduction of Spice and Fruit Butters and Oils in Cosmetic Applications. Cosmetic Science Technology (2012)

Shukla V. K. S.; Nielsen, S.: Enhancing the Value of Cosmeceuticals Through Internally Stabilised Spice Formulations. Cosmetic Science Technology (2013)

Shukla V. K. S.; Nielsen, S.: Studies in the Evaluation of Unconvenional Oils from Burkina Faso - Part One: Rich in Oleic Acid (C18:1 n-9). Cosmetic Science Technology (2014)

==References==
{{reflist}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Vijai}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota faculty]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Danish scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian food scientists]]

Caving

2026-02-18T19:49:01Z

RowenaProctor6: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Recreational pastime of exploring cave systems}}
{{Redirect|Caver|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Potholing|the process of digging small deep holes to look for buried public utilities|Vacuum excavation}}
[[Image:Caving2.jpg|thumb|Caving in a muddy section of [[Black Chasm Cave]] in [[California]]|alt=A man caving in muddy passage with helictite formations on the walls and ceiling]]
[[Image:Alabama cave 2005-04-24.km.jpg|thumb|220px|upright|Stephens Gap, a vertical cave in [[Alabama]]]]

'''Caving''', also known as '''spelunking''' (United States and Canada) and '''potholing''' (United Kingdom and Ireland), is the recreational [[pastime]] of exploring wild [[cave]] systems (as distinguished from [[show cave]]s). In contrast, [[speleology]] is the scientific study of caves and the cave environment.<ref name="CAVE1">[http://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/BushAndMountainRecreation/Caving/3/en Caving in New Zealand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303234052/http://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/BushAndMountainRecreation/Caving/3/en |date=2009-03-03 }} (from [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]], Accessed 2012-11.)</ref>

The challenges involved in caving vary according to the cave being visited; in addition to the total absence of light beyond the entrance, negotiating [[Pitch (ascent/descent)|pitches]], squeezes,<ref name=CHALL/> and water hazards can be difficult.<ref name=CAVENZ>{{cite news|title=Caving in New Zealand|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/new-zealand/4118082/Caving-in-New-Zealand|access-date=12 November 2012|newspaper=Stuff.co.nz - Fairfax NZ News|author=Pearson, Anna}}</ref> [[Cave diving]] is a distinct, and more hazardous, sub-speciality undertaken by a small minority of technically proficient cavers.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Caving |url=http://british-caving.org.uk/wiki3/doku.php?id=press:about_caving |publisher=[[British Caving Association]] |website=british-caving.org.uk |access-date=31 August 2018 |language=en |quote=... people start... as sporting cavers and develop... other interests such as... cave diving... |archive-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831175050/http://british-caving.org.uk/wiki3/doku.php?id=press:about_caving |url-status=dead }}</ref> In an area of overlap between recreational pursuit and scientific study, the most devoted and serious-minded cavers become accomplished at the [[Cave survey|surveying and mapping of caves]] and the formal publication of their efforts. These are usually published freely and publicly, especially in the UK and other European countries, although in the US they are generally more private.

Although caving is sometimes categorized as an "[[extreme sport]]," cavers do not commonly use this terminology and typically dislike the term being used in reference to caving, as it implies a disregard for safety.<ref name=CHALL>{{cite news|title=Many find caving's challenges, thrills illuminating|url=http://newsok.com/many-find-cavings-challenges-thrills-illuminating/article/3253500/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326062046/http://newsok.com/many-find-cavings-challenges-thrills-illuminating/article/3253500/|archive-date=March 26, 2013|access-date=12 November 2012|newspaper=NewsOK|date=8 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Extreme Caving - Gorgeous settings present dangers and challenges in Omnimax film|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_YZIAAAAIBAJ&pg=3867,4897282&dq=caving+extreme-sport&hl=en|access-date=12 November 2012|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=6 April 2001|author=Chiacchia, Ken}}</ref> Though caving is a fairly safe sport compared to other activities that are sometimes classified as "extreme sports", incidents do occur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rob |title=How Dangerous Is Caving Really? – Facts, not opinions |url=https://startcaving.com/caving-guides/safety |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=startcaving.com |language=en-US}}</ref> These tend to be related to [[Flood|flooding]], [[hypothermia]], rock falls, caver falls, [[Single-rope technique|SRT]] accidents, or some combination of these.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sovie |first=Adia |date=May 2024 |title=American Caving Accident Reports 2021 and 2022 |url=https://caves.org/wp-content/uploads/Publications/aca/May_24_News.pdf |work=NSS News |pages=8-29}}</ref>

Many caving skills overlap with those involved in [[canyoning]] and [[mine exploration|mine]] and [[urban exploration]].

== Motivation ==
Caving is often undertaken for the enjoyment of the [[outdoor activity]] or for physical exercise, as well as original exploration, similar to [[mountaineering]] or [[Underwater diving|diving]]. Physical or biological science is also an important goal for some cavers, while others are engaged in cave photography.<ref name=CHALL/> Virgin cave systems comprise some of the last unexplored regions on [[Earth]] and much effort is put into trying to locate, enter and survey them. In well-explored regions (such as most developed nations), the most accessible caves have already been explored, and gaining access to new caves often requires [[cave digging]] or cave diving.

Caving, in certain areas, has also been utilized as a form of eco and adventure tourism, for example [[Caving in New Zealand|in New Zealand]]. Tour companies have established an industry leading and guiding tours into and through caves. Depending on the type of cave and the type of tour, the experience could be adventure-based or ecological-based. There are tours led through lava tubes by a guiding service (e.g. [[Lava River Cave]], the oceanic islands of [[Cueva del Viento|Tenerife]], [http://cave.is/caves-in-iceland/leidarendi-cave/ Iceland] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20080218044937/http://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/craterrimtour_tube.htm Hawaii]).

Caving has also been described as an "individualist's team sport" by some,<ref name=CAVENZ/> as cavers can often make a trip without direct physical assistance from others but will generally go in a group for companionship or to provide emergency help if needed. Some however consider the assistance cavers give each other as a typical team sport activity.<ref name=REALU>{{cite news|title=Plunge into Roanoke's real underground|url=http://www.roanoke.com/neighbors/columnists/foley/wb/153436|access-date=12 November 2012|newspaper=Roanoke Times|date=7 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208213820/http://www.roanoke.com/neighbors/columnists/foley/wb/153436|archive-date=2011-12-08}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term ''potholing'' refers to the act of exploring ''potholes'', a word originating in the north of [[England]] for predominantly [[vertical caving|vertical caves]].[[File:Caveman-ic.jpg|thumb|upright|Caving in the north of [[England]]]]
[[Clay Perry]], an American caver of the 1940s, wrote about a group of men and boys who explored and studied caves throughout [[New England]]. This group referred to themselves as ''spelunkers'', a term derived<ref>{{OEtymD|spelunk}}</ref> from the [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|spēlunca}}'' ("cave, cavern, den").<ref>{{L&S|spelunca|ref}}</ref> This is regarded as the first use of the word in the [[Americas]]. Throughout the 1950s, ''spelunking'' was the general term used for exploring caves in [[American English|US English]]. It was used freely, without any positive or negative connotations, although only rarely outside the US.

In the 1960s, the terms ''spelunking'' and ''spelunker'' began to be considered [[wiktionary:déclassé|déclassé]] among experienced enthusiasts. In 1985, Steve Knutson – editor of the [[National Speleological Society]] (NSS) publication ''American Caving Accidents'' – made the following distinction:

{{Blockquote|…Note that (in this case) the term 'spelunker' denotes someone untrained and unknowledgeable in current exploration techniques, and 'caver' is for those who are.}}

This sentiment is exemplified by [[bumper sticker]]s and T-shirts displayed by some cavers: "Cavers rescue spelunkers". Nevertheless, outside the caving community, "spelunking" and "spelunkers" predominately remain neutral terms referring to the practice and practitioners, without any respect to skill level.

== History ==
In the mid-19th century, [[John Birkbeck]] explored potholes in England, notably [[Gaping Gill]] in 1842 and [[Alum Pot]] in 1847–8, returning there in the 1870s. In the mid-1880s, [[Herbert E. Balch]] began exploring [[Wookey Hole Caves]] and in the 1890s, Balch was introduced to the [[caves of the Mendip Hills]]. One of the oldest established caving clubs, [[Yorkshire Ramblers' Club]], was founded in 1892.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yrc.org.uk/yrcweb/index.php/theclub-menu|title=The Club|work=Yorkshire Rambler's Club Website|publisher=YRC Committee|access-date=10 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231092919/http://www.yrc.org.uk/yrcweb/index.php/theclub-menu|archive-date=31 December 2013}}</ref>

Caving as a specialized pursuit was pioneered by [[Édouard-Alfred Martel]] (1859–1938), who first achieved the descent and exploration of the [[Gouffre de Padirac]], in France, as early as 1889 and the first complete descent of a {{convert|110|m|adj=on}} wet vertical shaft at Gaping Gill in 1895. He developed his own techniques based on ropes and metallic ladders. Martel visited [[Kentucky]] and notably [[Mammoth Cave National Park]] in October 1912. In the 1920s famous US caver [[Floyd Collins]] made important explorations in the area and in the 1930s, as caving became increasingly popular, small exploration teams both in the [[Alps]] and in the karstic high plateaus of southwest France ([[Causses]] and [[Pyrenees]]) transformed cave exploration into both a scientific and recreational activity. [[Robert de Joly]], [[Guy de Lavaur]] and [[Norbert Casteret]] were prominent figures of that time, surveying mostly caves in Southwest France.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

During [[World War II]], an alpine team composed of [[Pierre Chevalier (caver)|Pierre Chevalier]], [[Fernand Petzl]], Charles Petit-Didier and others explored the [[Dent de Crolles]] cave system near [[Grenoble]], France which became the deepest explored system in the world at that time at a depth of {{convert|658|m}}. The lack of available equipment during the war forced Pierre Chevalier and the rest of the team to develop their own equipment, leading to technical innovation. The scaling-pole (1940), nylon ropes (1942), use of explosives in caves (1947) and mechanical rope-ascenders (Henri Brenot's "monkeys", first used by Chevalier and Brenot in a cave in 1934) can be directly associated to the exploration of the Dent de Crolles cave system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1997 |title=La Dent de Crolles et son réseau souterrain |url=https://cds38.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/DentDeCrolles22.pdf |publisher=Comité départemental de spéléologie de l'Isère}}</ref>

In 1941, American cavers organized themselves into the [[National Speleological Society]] (NSS) to advance the exploration, conservation, study and understanding of caves in the United States. American caver [[Bill Cuddington]], known as "Vertical Bill", further developed the [[single-rope technique]] (SRT) in the late 1950s.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Smith, Bruce L. R.; Padgett, Allen; Speleological Society Vertical Section, National |title=On rope: North American vertical rope techniques for caving... rappellers |publisher=Vertical Section, National Speleological Society |year=1996 |isbn=1-879961-05-9 |location=Huntsville, Ala. |pages= |authorlink=}}</ref> In 1958, two Swiss alpinists, Juesi and Marti teamed together, creating the first rope ascender known as the [[Jumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vertical caving terminology and methods |url=https://www.cavinguk.co.uk/info/verticalterminology.html |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=www.cavinguk.co.uk}}</ref> In 1968 Bruno Dressler asked Fernand Petzl, who worked as a metals machinist, to build a rope-ascending tool, today known as the [[Petzl Croll]], that he had developed by adapting the Jumar to vertical caving. Pursuing these developments, Petzl started in the 1970s a caving equipment manufacturing company named [[Petzl]]. The development of the [[Abseiling|rappel rack]] and the evolution of mechanical ascension systems extended the practice and safety of vertical exploration to a wider range of cavers.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

== Practice and equipment ==
{{Main|Caving equipment}}
[[Image:caving1.jpg|thumb|Caver in an [[Alabama]] cave showing common caving wear: coveralls, helmet-mounted lights, heavy boots and gloves.]]

[[Hard hat]]s are worn to protect the head from bumps and falling rocks. The caver's primary light source is usually mounted on the helmet in order to keep the hands free. Electric [[LED]] lights are most common. Many cavers carry two or more sources of light – one as primary and the others as backup in case the first fails. More often than not, a second light will be mounted to the helmet for quick transition if the primary fails. [[Carbide lamp]] systems are an older form of illumination, inspired by miner's equipment, and are still used by some cavers, particularly on remote expeditions where electric charging facilities are not available.<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/BushAndMountainRecreation/Caving/4/en Caving equipment and culture] (from [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]])</ref>

The type of clothes worn underground varies according to the environment of the cave being explored, and the local culture. In cold caves, the caver may wear a warm base layer that retains its insulating properties when wet, such as a fleece ("furry") suit or polypropylene underwear, and an oversuit of hard-wearing (e.g., [[cordura]]) or waterproof (e.g., [[Polyvinyl chloride|PVC]]) material. Lighter clothing may be worn in warm caves, particularly if the cave is dry, and in tropical caves thin polypropylene clothing is used, to provide some abrasion protection while remaining as cool as possible. [[Wetsuit]]s may be worn if the cave is particularly wet or involves stream passages. On the feet [[boot]]s are worn – hiking-style boots in drier caves, or rubber boots (such as [[wellies]]) often with [[neoprene]] socks ("wetsocks") in wetter caves. [[Knee]]-pads (and sometimes [[Elbow-joint|elbow]]-pads) are popular for protecting joints during crawls. Depending on the nature of the cave, gloves are sometimes worn to protect the hands against abrasion or cold. In pristine areas and for restoration, clean oversuits and powder-free, non-latex [[Medical gloves|surgical gloves]] are used to protect the cave itself from contaminants.
Ropes are used for descending or ascending pitches (single rope technique or SRT) or for protection. [[Knot]]s commonly used in caving are the [[figure-of-eight loop|figure-of-eight]]- (or [[figure-of-nine loop|figure-of-nine]]-) loop, [[bowline]], [[alpine butterfly knot|alpine butterfly]], and [[Italian hitch]]. Ropes are usually rigged using [[bolt (climbing)|bolts]], [[sling (climbing equipment)|sling]]s, and [[carabiner]]s. In some cases cavers may choose to bring and use a flexible metal ladder.

In addition to the equipment already described, cavers frequently carry packs containing [[First aid|first-aid]] kits, emergency equipment, and food. Containers for securely transporting [[urine]] are also commonly carried.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minimum-Impact Caving|url=https://caves.org/conservation/cavingcode.shtml|access-date=2021-06-28|website=caves.org|archive-date=2021-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628022708/https://caves.org/conservation/cavingcode.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> On longer trips, containers for securely transporting [[feces]] out of the cave are carried.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-03-26|title=How Spelunking Works|url=https://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/climbing/spelunking.htm|access-date=2021-03-01|website=HowStuffWorks|language=en}}</ref>

During very long trips, it may be necessary to camp in the cave – some cavers have stayed underground for many days, or in particularly extreme cases, for weeks at a time. This is particularly the case when exploring or mapping extensive cave systems, where it would be impractical to retrace the route back to the surface regularly. Such long trips necessitate the cavers carrying provisions, sleeping, and cooking equipment.

== Safety ==
[[Image:Caving3.jpg|thumb|right|A caver begins rope descent of a vertical shaft using an abseil rack.]]
{{See also|Cave rescue}}
Caves can be dangerous places; hypothermia, [[falling (accident)|falling]], [[flooding]], falling rocks and physical [[Fatigue (medical)|exhaustion]] are the main risks. Rescuing people from underground is difficult and time-consuming, and requires special skills, training, and equipment. Full-scale cave rescues often involve the efforts of dozens of rescue workers (often other long-time cavers who have participated in specialized courses, as normal rescue staff are not sufficiently experienced in cave environments), who may themselves be put in jeopardy in effecting the rescue. This said, caving is not necessarily a high-risk sport (especially if it does not involve difficult climbs or diving). As in all physical sports, knowing one's limitations is key.

Caving in warmer climates carries the risk of contracting [[histoplasmosis]], a fungal infection that is contracted from bird or bat droppings. It can cause [[pneumonia]] and can disseminate in the body to cause continued infections.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stenn|first=Frederick|title=Cave Disease or Speleonosis|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|year=1960|volume=105|issue=2|pages=181–183|doi=10.1001/archinte.1960.00270140003001|pmid=13834312}}</ref>

In many parts of the world, [[leptospirosis]], a type of bacterial infection spread by animals including rats,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/leptospirosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx |quote=Leptospirosis is a type of bacterial infection spread by animals. It's caused by a strain of bacteria called leptospira. In 90% of cases, leptospirosis only causes mild flu-like symptoms, such as a headache, chills and muscle pain. However, in some cases the infection is more severe and can cause life-threatening problems, including organ failure and internal bleeding. In its most severe form, leptospirosis is also known as Weil's disease. |title=Leptospirosis |website=NHS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003143507/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/leptospirosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx |archive-date= Oct 3, 2017 }}</ref> is a distinct threat. The presence of rat urine in rainwater or precipitation that enters the cave's water system is the primary vector of infection. Complications are uncommon, but can be serious.
These safety risks while caving can be minimized by using a number of techniques:

*Checking that there is no danger of flooding during the expedition. Rainwater funneled underground can flood a cave very quickly, trapping people in cut-off passages and [[drowning]] them. In the UK, drowning accounts for almost half of all caving fatalities (see [[List of UK caving fatalities]]).
*Using teams of several cavers, preferably at least four. If an injury occurs, one caver stays with the injured person while the other two go out for help, providing assistance to each other on their way out.
*Notifying people outside the cave as to the intended return time. After an appropriate delay without a return, these will then organize a search party (usually made up by other cavers trained in [[cave rescue]]s, as even professional emergency personnel are unlikely to have the skills to effect a rescue in difficult conditions).
*Use of [[Headlamp (outdoor)|helmet-mounted lights]] (hands-free) with extra batteries. American cavers recommend a minimum of three independent sources of light per person,<ref>{{cite book|section=What to Bring: Lights|title=A Guide to Responsible Caving|publisher=[[National Speleological Society]]|year=2016|page=11|url=https://caves.org/brochure/Guide_to_Resp_Caving_2016.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418030325/http://caves.org/brochure/Guide_to_Resp_Caving_2016.pdf|archive-date=2016-04-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> but two lights is common practice among European cavers.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
*Sturdy clothing and footwear, as well as a [[helmet]], are necessary to reduce the impact of abrasions, falls, and falling objects. Synthetic fibers and woolens, which dry quickly, shed water, and are warm when wet, are vastly preferred to cotton materials, which retain water and increase the risk of hypothermia. It is also helpful to have several layers of clothing, which can be shed (and stored in the pack) or added as needed. In watery cave passages, [[polypropylene]] thermal underwear or wetsuits may be required to avoid [[hypothermia]].
*Cave passages look different from different directions. In long or complex caves, even experienced cavers can become lost. To reduce the risk of becoming lost, it is necessary to memorize the appearance of key navigational points in the cave as they are passed by the exploring party. Each member of a cave party shares responsibility for being able to remember the route out of the cave. In some caves it may be acceptable to mark a small number of key junctions with small stacks or "cairns" of rocks, or to leave a non-permanent mark such as high-visibility [[flagging (tape)|flagging tape]] tied to a projection.
*[[Pit cave|Vertical caving]] uses ladders or single rope technique (SRT) to avoid the need for climbing passages that are too difficult. SRT is a complex skill and requires proper training and well-maintained equipment. Some drops that are [[Abseiling|abseiled]] down may be as deep as several hundred meters (for example [[Harwoods Hole]]).

==Cave conservation==
Many cave environments are very fragile. Many [[speleothem]]s can be damaged by even the slightest touch and some by impacts as slight as a breath. Research suggests that increased carbon dioxide levels can lead to "a higher equilibrium concentration of calcium within the drip waters feeding the speleothems, and hence causes dissolution of existing features."<ref name="Baker 1998 165–175">{{cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=A.|last2=Genty|first2=D.|title=Environmental pressures on conserving cave speleothems: effects of changing surface land use and increased cave tourism.|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|date=June 1998|volume=53|issue=2|pages=165–175|doi=10.1006/jema.1998.0208}}</ref> In 2008, researchers found evidence that respiration from cave visitors may generate elevated carbon dioxide concentrations in caves, leading to increased temperatures of up to 3 °C and a dissolution of existing features.<ref name="Baker 1998 165–175"/>

Pollution is also of concern. Since water that flows through a cave eventually comes out in streams and rivers, any pollution may ultimately end up in someone's drinking water, and can even seriously affect the surface environment, as well. Even minor pollution such as dropping [[organic material]] can have a dramatic effect on the cave biota.

Cave-dwelling species are also very fragile. Often, a particular species found in a cave may live within that cave alone, and be found nowhere else in the world; an example is the [[Alabama cave shrimp]]. Cave-dwelling species are accustomed to a near-constant climate of temperature and humidity, and any disturbance can be disruptive to the species' life cycles. Though cave wildlife may not always be immediately visible, it is typically nonetheless present in most caves.

[[Bat]]s are one such fragile species of cave-dwelling animal. Bats which [[hibernation|hibernate]] are most vulnerable during the winter season, when no food supply exists on the surface to replenish the bat's store of energy should it be awakened from hibernation. Bats which [[Bird migration|migrate]] are most sensitive during the summer months when they are raising their young. For these reasons, visiting caves inhabited by hibernating bats is discouraged during cold months; and visiting caves inhabited by migratory bats is discouraged during the warmer months when they are most sensitive and vulnerable. Due to an affliction affecting bats in the northeastern US known as [[white nose syndrome]] (WNS),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/northeast/white_nose.html|title=Page Redirect|author=Northeast Region Web Development Group|work=fws.gov|access-date=2009-04-09|archive-date=2008-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209135731/http://www.fws.gov/northeast/white_nose.html}}</ref> the US Fish & Wildlife Service has called for a moratorium effective March 26, 2009, on caving activity in states known to have hibernacula (MD, NY, VT, NH, MA, CT, NJ, PA, VA, and WV) affected by WNS, as well as adjoining states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caves.org/WNS/USFWS-WNS_cave_advisory_news_rls_2009-03-26_final-1.pdf|title=U.S Fish and Wildlife Service Advisory|date=2009-03-26|accessdate=2022-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829110619/http://www.caves.org/WNS/USFWS-WNS_cave_advisory_news_rls_2009-03-26_final-1.pdf|archivedate=2022-08-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some cave passages may be marked with flagging tape or other indicators to show biologically, aesthetically, or archaeologically sensitive areas. Marked paths may show ways around notably fragile areas such as a pristine floor of [[sand]] or [[silt]] which may be thousands of years old, dating from the last time water flowed through the cave. Such deposits may easily be spoiled forever by a single misplaced step. Active formations such as [[flowstone]] can be similarly marred with a muddy footprint or handprint, and ancient human artifacts, such as fiber products, may even crumble to dust under all but the most gentle touch.

In 1988, concerned that cave resources were becoming increasingly damaged through unregulated use, Congress enacted the [[Federal Cave Resources Protection Act of 1988|Federal Cave Resources Protection Act]], giving land management agencies in the United States expanded authority to manage cave conservation on public land.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Iraola|first=Roberto|title=Statutory overview: The Federal Cave Resources Protection Act of 1988|journal=Fordham Environmental Law Review|date=October 2005|volume=17|pages=89–271}}</ref>

== Caving organizations ==
{{main|Caving organizations}}
Cavers in many countries have created organizations for the administration and oversight of caving activities within their nations. The oldest of these is the [[French Federation of Speleology]] (originally Société de spéléologie) founded by Édouard-Alfred Martel in 1895, which produced the first periodical journal in speleology, ''Spelunca''. The first University-based speleological institute in the world was founded in 1920 in [[Cluj-Napoca]], Romania, by [[Emil Racovita]], a Romanian biologist, zoologist, speleologist and explorer of Antarctica.

The [[British Speleological Association]] was established in 1935. In the United States, the [[National Speleological Society]] in the US was founded in 1941; however, it was originally formed as the Speleological Society of [[Washington, D.C.|the District of Columbia]] on May 6, 1939.

An international speleological congress was proposed at a meeting in Valence-sur-Rhone, France in 1949 and first held in 1953 in Paris. The [[International Union of Speleology]] (UIS) was founded in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uis-speleo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=184|title=What is the UIS?|website=www.uis-speleo.org|access-date=2019-04-28}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|List of caves}}
* {{annotated link|List of longest caves}}
* {{annotated link|List of deepest caves}}
* {{annotated link|Speleology}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons|Cave|Caving}}
{{Wiktionary}}

{{Caves}}
{{Subterranea}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Caving| ]]
[[Category:Caves]]

[[ro:Speologie]]
[[vi:Thám hiểm hang động]]

Chidananda S Naik

2026-02-18T02:46:00Z

RowenaProctor6: created new details - done

{{Short description|Indian director (born 1995)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chidananda S Naik
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
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| other_names =
| occupation = Director
| years_active = 2023{{Endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know...]]'' (2023)
}}
'''Chidananda S Naik''' is an Indian doctor-turned-filmmaker from Mysuru, Karnataka, known for his short film ''[[Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know...]]'' In 2024, he won the first prize at [[Cinéfondation|La Cinéf]], a sidebar competition for student films at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=16 June 2024 |title=MIFF 2024 {{!}} Chidananda S Naik: 'Medicine itself drew me towards art; while we delved into anatomy, I often pondered about emotions and feelings' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/chidananda-s-naik-interview-2-article-12749643.html}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in 1995 in [[Shimoga|Shivamogga]], Karnataka, Chidananda pursued a career in medicine and completed his MBBS at [[Mysore Medical College & Research Institute|Mysore Medical College]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sampalli |first=Shashi |date=2024-06-07 |title=Chidananda S. Naik interview: 'My only goal is to make a good film' |url=https://thefederal.com/films/chidananda-s-naik-interview-my-only-goal-is-to-make-a-good-film-126272 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref> He was inspired by [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s ''[[Dreams (1990 film)|Dreams]]'' (1990) during this seventh grade''.''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudevan |first=Praveen |date=2024-05-11 |title=Kannada short film 'Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know' to be screened in Cannes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-short-film-sunflowers-were-the-first-ones-to-know-to-be-screened-in-cannes/article68149619.ece |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His experiences with patients led him to explore filmmaking. He then enrolled in a Direction course at FTII, Pune and graduated.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Chidananda made ''[[Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know...]]'' in four days at the end of his one-year television course in the Film and Television Institute of India. The 16-minute film is based on a Kannada folk tale.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=24 May 2024 |title=India's Chidananda S Naik wins Cannes La Cinef first prize for Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/indias-chidananda-s-naik-wins-cannes-la-cinef-first-prize-for-sunflowers-were-the-first-ones-to-know-101716512811591.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Indian films Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know and Bunnyhood win first and third prize at Cannes Film Festival's La Cinef |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/indian-films-sunflowers-were-the-first-ones-to-know-bunnyhood-win-prize-cannes-film-festival-la-cinef-9348782/ |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival]] and was one of 18 titles judged by a jury of five members, chaired by Belgian actress [[Lubna Azabal]].<ref name=":1" />

Chidananda is the first student from FTII's one-year Television course to win [[Cinéfondation|La Cinéf]].<ref name=":0" /> Commenting on the choice of the jury, director [[S. S. Rajamouli]] has rejoiced an Indian short had received it, saying "Indian talent breaching boundaries".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-25 |title=SS Rajamouli REACTS to 'Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know' winning at Cannes 2024: 'Indian talent breaching boundaries' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-reacts-to-sunflowers-were-the-first-ones-to-know-winning-at-cannes-2024-indian-talent-breaching-boundaries/articleshow/110406940.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

* ''[[Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know...]]'' (2023) (short film; 16 min)

== Awards ==

* ''Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know...'' - 1st prize at [[Cinéfondation#Prize winners|LA CINEF 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=SUNFLOWERS WERE THE FIRST ONES TO KNOW... |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/f/sunflowers-were-the-first-ones-to-know/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Festival de Cannes |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know...'' - Best Script (Non Feature) at [[71st National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards{{!}} Mysuru's Chidananda S Naik bags another honour after Cannes win |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/71st-national-film-awards-mysurus-chidananda-s-naik-sunflowers-were-the-first-ones-to-know-best-script/article69884481.ece |access-date=2025-08-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* ''Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know...'' - Winner of Indian Competition at [[Bengaluru International Short Film Festival]] 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BISFF Winners 2024 |url=https://bisff.in/winners/2024-winners/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=15062066}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:S Naik, Chidananda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Amita Aggarwal

2026-02-17T13:52:13Z

RowenaProctor6: stub.

{{short description|Indian clinical immunologist (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Amita Aggarwal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1960}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = [[Rakesh Aggarwal (gastroenterologist)|Rakesh Aggarwal]]
| fields = {{ublist | [[Clinical immunology]] | [[Rheumatology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences|SGPGI, Lucknow, India]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[AIIMS, New Delhi]] | [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences|SGPGI, Lucknow]] | [[Royal Melbourne Hospital]] | [[University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies in [[autoimmune]] [[rheumatic diseases]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2001 [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] Dr. Kamala Menon Award | 2004 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] }}
}}
'''Amita Aggarwal''' (born 1960) is an Indian clinical immunologist, rheumatologist and a Professor. She is currently the Executive Director at All India Institute of Medical Sciences ,Bibinagar. She is the former head at the Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology of the [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]], Lucknow. Known for her studies in [[autoimmune]] [[rheumatic diseases]], Aggarwal is a recipient of the Shakuntala Amir Chand Award of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] and an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] and the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded her the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for her contributions to biosciences in 2004.

== Early life & education ==
[[File:AIIMS central lawn.jpg|thumb|235px|AIIMS Delhi]]
Amita Aggarwal, born in 1960,<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=A |title=NASI fellows |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=26 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726040729/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=A |url-status=dead }}</ref> earned her medical degree of MBBS as well as a post-graduate degree (MD in Internal Medicine) from the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] and secured the degree of DM in Clinical Immunology from [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SGPGI).<ref name="Current faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sgpgi.ac.in/faculty.html |title=Current faculty |date=2017-12-16 |website=Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences |access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref>

== Career ==
Amita's career started at SGPGI as a member of faculty in 1996 and she holds the position of a Professor and Head at the Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology.<ref name="New Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Inaugurate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.amrita.edu/news/new-department-rheumatology-and-clinical-immunology-inaugurated |title=New Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Inaugurate |date=2017-12-16 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en |access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref> In between, she received advanced training in Rheumatology at the [[Royal Melbourne Hospital]] in 1995 on an APLAR fellowship and at the [[University of Oklahoma Health Science Center]] on a research associateship from the [[Department of Biotechnology]]. In addition, she has trained at the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], Atlanta, USA.<ref name="Current faculty" />

== Legacy ==
{{TopicTOC-Immunology}}
Aggarwal is known for her research in the field of [[autoimmune]] [[rheumatic diseases]], especially the pathogenesis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). She described that the phenotype of JIA in Indian patients is different from that elsewhere and that enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) is the most common. She has contributed significantly to understanding the pathogenesis of ERA, such as the role of macrophages and T cells, various cytokines and gut microbiome. Besides JIA, she has made seminal contributions in the area of nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). She is currently coordinating a multi-institutional network project on SLE to understand the diversity of SLE across India.

She has contributed immensely to developing manpower for Rheumatology by training nearly 100 students who are now spread across India. She has been holding a National Workshop on Autoantibodies to train Indian physicians in the laboratory diagnostics of autoimmune diseases. She heads the regional diagnostic centre of the Foundation for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (FPID),<ref name="FPID Centers in India">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fpid.org/node/112 |title=FPID Centers in India |date=2017-12-16 |website=www.fpid.org |language=en |access-date=2017-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216201237/http://www.fpid.org/node/112 |archive-date=16 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an international organization established to combat [[primary immunodeficiencies]] (PID).<ref name="WELCOME to FPID.ORG">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fpid.org/welcome |title=WELCOME to FPID.ORG |date=2017-12-16 |website=www.fpid.org |language=en |access-date=2017-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216201255/http://www.fpid.org/welcome |archive-date=16 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is one of the resource persons for PID facilities in India.<ref name="PID Facilities in India">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ispid.org.in/downloads/SGPGIMS,%20Lukhnow.pdf |title=PID Facilities in India |date=2017-12-16 |website=SGPGI |access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref>
She has held the office of the President of the Indian Rheumatology Association.<ref name="IRA Executive Committee">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianrheumatology.org/iraexicutive.php |title=IRA Executive Committee |date=2017-12-16 |website=www.indianrheumatology.org |access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref> She was also the national coordinator for India of the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization.

== Awards and honors ==
Aggarwal received the Shakuntala Amir Chand Prize of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] in 1998, for her studies in auto-immune rheumatic diseases and the ICMR honoured her again in 2001 with the Dr. Kamala Menon Award.<ref name="ICMR Kshanika Oration Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icmr.nic.in/award/award2005.pdf#page=9 |title=ICMR Kshanika Oration Award |date=2017-12-16 |website=Indian Council of Medical Research |access-date=2017-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107062831/http://www.icmr.nic.in/award/award2005.pdf#page=9 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded her the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2004.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The award orations delivered by her include the Zydus Oration of the Indian Association of Rheumatology (2002), Dr. Coelho Memorial Lecturer (2005) of the Association of Physicians of India and the Kshanika Oration (2005) of ICMR.<ref name="Kshanika Oration award">{{Cite web |url=http://14.139.245.149:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/9929/1/25%20Aniversary%20SGPGI%20souvenir.pdf |title=Kshanika Oration award |date=2017-12-16 |website=SGPGI |access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref><ref name="Awards 2005">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icmr.nic.in/award/awards05.htm |title=Awards 2005 |date=2005 |website=www.icmr.nic.in |access-date=2017-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101213716/http://www.icmr.nic.in/award/awards05.htm |archive-date=1 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected her as a fellow in 2013<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017-11-24 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> and she received the elected fellowship of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] in 2014.<ref name="NAMS fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nams-india.in/docs_pdfs/fellow2014.pdf |title=NAMS fellows |date=2017-12-16 |website=National Academy of Medical Sciences |access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/amita.aggarwal.1/bibliography/public/
* {{Cite journal |ref=none |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Shruti |last2=Misra |first2=Ramnath |last3=Aggarwal |first3=Amita |date=2020-01-15 |title= Patients with enthesitis-related arthritis show similar monocyte dysfunction pattern as seen in adult axial spondyloarthropathy |journal= Ped Rheumatol |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.1186/s12969-020-0403-9|pmid=31941549 |pmc=6964050 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |ref=none |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=S |last2=Yadav |first2=A |last3=Aggarwal |first3=A |date= 2019-02-08 |title=Evidence for M2 macrophage activation in patients with enthesitis-related arthritis category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. |journal= Clin Rheumatol |language=en |volume=38 |issue= 6 |pages=1715–1719 |doi=10.1007/s10067-018-04408-x|pmid=30734215 |s2cid=59615997 }}
* {{Cite journal |ref=none |last1=Zanwar |first1=A|last2=Phatak |first2=A |last3=Aggarwal |first3=A |date= 2018-12-01 |title= Prospective validation of the Juvenile Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Index (JSpADA) in children with enthesitis-related arthritis. |journal= Clin Rheumatol |language=en |volume=57 |issue=12|pages=2167–2171 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/key246|pmid=30107576|s2cid=52006552}}
* {{Cite journal |ref=none |last1=Aggarwal |first1=A |last2=Gupta |first2=R |last3=Negi |first3=V |last4= Rajasekhar| first4=L | last5=Misra | first5=R | last6=Chaturvedi |first6=P| last7=Sinha | first7=S |date= 2017-05-01|title= Urinary haptoglobin, alpha-1 anti-chymotrypsin and retinol-binding protein identified by proteomics as potential biomarkers for lupus nephritis. |journal= Clin Exp Immunol |language=en |volume=188 |issue= 2 |pages=254–262 |doi=10.1111/cei.12930|pmid=28120479 |pmc=5383437 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |ref=none |last1=Aggarwal |first1=A |last2=Sarangi |first2=AN |last3=Gaur |first3=P |date=2017-03-01 |title= Gut microbiome in children with enthesitis-related arthritis in a developing country, and the effect of probiotic administration. |journal=Clin Exp Immunol |language=en |volume=187 |issue=3 |pages=480–489 |doi=10.1111/cei.12900|pmid=27861762 |pmc=5290238 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |ref=none |last1=Gaur |first1=P |last2=Myles |first2=A |last3=Misra |first3=R | last4=Aggarwal | first4=A |date=2017-02-01 |title= Intermediate monocytes are increased in enthesitis-related arthritis category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. |journal=Clin Exp Immunol |language=en |volume=187 |issue=2 |pages=234–241 |doi=10.1111/cei.12880|pmid=27706807 |pmc=5217887 |doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis]]
* [[Genetic polymorphism]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.indianrheumatology.org/president_message.php |title=President's Message |date=2017-12-16 |website=Indian Rheumatology Association |access-date=2017-12-16}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aggarwal, Amita}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Indian immunologists]]
[[Category:Indian rheumatologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical administrators]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:University of Oklahoma alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Women academic administrators]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scientists from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Women rheumatologists]]

Ranjish Hi Sahi (web series)

2026-02-13T16:21:41Z

RowenaProctor6: started first info w/ refs

{{short description|2022 Hindi web series}}
{{COI|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
| director = [[Pushpdeep Bhardwaj]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| company =
| network = [[Voot]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|13}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Ranjish Hi Sahi''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language web series on [[Voot]], written and directed by [[Pushpdeep Bhardwaj]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-20 |title='Ranjish Hi Sahi' Review: Yet Another Ode to Mahesh Bhatt's Narcissism - |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/ranjish-hi-sahi-review-mahesh-bhatt-narcissism/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2022-01-19 |title='Ranjish Hi Sahi' review: Amala Paul shines in this recreation of Mahesh Bhatt's universe |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ranjish-hi-sahi-review-amala-paul-shines-in-this-recreation-of-mahesh-bhatts-universe/article38291851.ece |access-date=2022-04-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-13 |title=Ranjish Hi Sahi review: Amala Paul shines in Mahesh Bhatt's misty-eyed tribute to Parveen Babi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ranjish-hi-sahi-review-amala-paul-shines-in-mahesh-bhatt-s-misty-eyed-tribute-to-parveen-babi-101642047327924.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-13 |title=Ranjish Hi Sahi review: Nostalgia is a lazy crutch for this been-there-seen-it Voot Select show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ranjish-hi-sahi-review-nostalgia-is-a-lazy-crutch-for-this-been-there-seen-it-voot-select-show-7720935/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]], [[Amala Paul]], [[Amrita Puri]] and [[Zarina Wahab]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2022 |title=Ranjish Hi Sahi Review: Tahir Raj Bhasin, Amala Paul, Amrita Puri are stuck in this aimless story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/ranjish-hi-sahi-review-tahir-raj-bhasin-amala-paul-amrita-puri-are-stuck-in-this-aimless-story-1899167-2022-01-12 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2022 |title='Ranjish Hi Sahi' is a dull, overdramatic affair - |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Jan/15/ranjish-hi-sahi-is-adulloverdramatic-affair-2406923.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Tahir Raj Bhasin]] as Shankar
*[[Amala Paul]] as Anna Parvez
*[[Amrita Puri]] as Anju
*[[Zarina Wahab]]
*[[Gram_Chikitsalay|Aayush Tiwari]] as Tari

== Plot ==
A maverick film director gets drawn into an extra-marital affair with a superstar changing his life; his marriage with his first love spirals as he is torn between two worlds. Set in 1970s Bollywood, this is the story of Shankar, Amna and Anju.
It seems to be loosely based on the affair between [[Mahesh Bhatt]] and [[Parveen Babi]] in the 1980s.
<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
Devarsi Ghosh of [[Hindustan Times]] said "What is particularly new in Ranjish Hi Sahi is the empathy and kindness with which each character is explored. It’s almost as if [[Mahesh Bhatt]] is forgiving himself for his shortcomings and sins as husband, father, lover and son."<ref name=":0" /> Anuj Kumar of [[The Hindu]] said "The filmmaker has created a web-series that is heavily inspired by not only his bond with Parveen Babi, but also his early struggles in the film industry."<ref name=":2" /> Suprana Sharma of [[Rolling Stone India]] gave the film one and a half stars and said "The series is packed with cliches, and throughout its eight episodes, it maintains a steadfast, special relationship with banality, regularly dishing out drivel while striking pretentious postures."<ref name=":1" />

Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV]] gave the film two and a half stars and said "It is the story of a man, a son, a husband, a father and a lover whose choices threaten to derail his life and career. Not a bad deal on paper. But with nothing new to offer."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranjish Hi Sahi Review: The Series Is Amala Paul's Show More Than Anybody Else's |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranjish-hi-sahi-review-the-series-is-amala-pauls-show-more-than-anybody-elses-2-5-stars-2707391 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Hiren Kotwani of [[The Times of India]] gave the film three stars and said "An interesting retelling of a period love story backed by fabulous performances".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ranjish Hi Sahi Season 1 Review : An interesting retelling of a period love story backed by fabulous performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/ranjish-hi-sahi/season-1/seasonreview/88730303.cms |access-date=2022-04-23 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Mirza Nurul Huda

2026-02-10T10:45:14Z

RowenaProctor6: small expand citations per sources additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Vice President of Bangladesh from 1981 to 1982, Governor of East Pakistan in 1969}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Mirza Nurul Huda
|native_name = মির্জা নূরুল হুদা
|native_name_lang = bn
|image = Mirza Nurul Huda Brussels 1976.jpg
|caption = Nurul Huda at the European Union in Brussels (1976)
|office = 4th [[Vice President of Bangladesh]]
|president = [[Abdus Sattar (president)|Abdus Sattar]]
|term_start = 24 November 1981
|term_end = 23 March 1982
|predecessor = Abdus Sattar
|successor = [[Mohammad Mohammadullah]]
|office2 = 8th [[Governor of East Pakistan]]
|term_start2 = 23 March 1969
|term_end2 = 24 March 1969
|predecessor2 = [[Abdul Monem Khan]]
|successor2 = [[Muzaffaruddin]]
| office1 = [[Government of East Pakistan|Minister of Finance of East Pakistan]]
| predecessor1 = [[Md. Hafizur Rahman]]
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 29 March 1965<ref>{{cite book |author1=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts |date=1965 |location=United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCsDqaDRGJoC |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=English}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 1969
|birth_date = {{birth date|1919|08|01|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Delduar Upazila|Jangalia]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1991|12|22|1919|08|01|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]] [[Cornell University]]
|relatives = [[Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan]] (father-in-law) [[Wahiduddin Mahmud]] (son-in-law)
|spouse = Kulsum Huda
|children = Simeen Mahmud Mirza Najmul Huda Zareen Ahmed
}}
'''Mirza Nurul Huda''' (1 August 1919 – 22 December 1991) was an economist and academic who served as the 3rd [[Vice President of Bangladesh]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Sirajul Islam |first= |year=2012 |editor1-last=Sirajul Islam |editor1-first= |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|chapter=Huda, Mirza Nurul|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Huda,_Mirza_Nurul |editor2-last=Salam |editor2-first=Muhammad}}</ref> He served as the governor of East Pakistan and the finance minister of Bangladesh.<ref name=bpedia/>

== Early life ==
Nurul Huda was born in Jangalia village, [[Tangail District|Tangail]], British India (now [[Delduar Upazila]], Bangladesh) on 1 August 1919.<ref name=bpedia/> He studied at the [[Bindu Basini Govt. Boys' High School|Bindubashini High School]] in Tangail.<ref name=weekend>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2008/08/01/remembrance.htm|title=Dr M. N. Huda As I knew him|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=1 August 2008|first=|last=Azizul Jalil|access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref> He completed his bachelor's and master's from the [[University of Dhaka]] and graduated in 1940 and 1941 respectively. In 1949, he completed his Ph.D. in agricultural economics from [[Cornell University]]. The same year he joined the economics faculty at the University of Dhaka.<ref name=bpedia/> In late 1952, the [[Radio Pakistan]], Dhaka had arranged debates with Nurul Huda as the moderator.<ref name=weekend/> He went to London for a year as a Nuffield Fellow in 1955.<ref name=weekend/>

== Career ==
[[File:Mirza Nurul Huda.jpg|thumb|Nurul Huda at Radio Pakistan, Dhaka (1952)]]
From 1962 to 1965, he was the member of the planning commission of Pakistan. He protested against the economic discrimination of East Pakistan.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}} He was the Ministry of Planning and Finance of East Pakistan from 1965 to 1969.<ref name=bpedia/> On 23 March 1969, he replaced [[Abdul Monem Khan]] as the governor of East Pakistan but he had to resign from the position a day after upon the declaration of martial law in Pakistan by [[Yahya Khan]].<ref name=bpedia/> He went back to his teaching profession and in 1969, he was made the chairman of the economics department of the University of Dhaka.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

Nurul Huda was appointed a member of the council of advisers of government of Bangladesh on 26 November 1975 and held the charge of the ministries of agriculture, commerce, finance, industries and planning. In 1979, President [[Ziaur Rahman]] appointed him the minister of finance of Bangladesh. He was made vice president by Justice [[Abdus Sattar (president)|Abdus Sattar]] on 24 November 1981 and served until 23 March 1982.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC|title=Bangladesh: Past and Present|last=Ahmed|first=Salahuddin|date=2004-01-01|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788176484695|page=221|language=en}}</ref><ref name=bpedia/>

==Works==
Nurul Huda had about twenty research publications to his credit. He edited the book titled "The Test of Time: My Life and Days" written by [[Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bangabhaban.gov.bd/Homes/banglahistory_submenu/12/51|title=BANGABHABAN - The President House of Bangladesh|website=bangabhaban.gov.bd|language=en|access-date=2017-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414050508/http://bangabhaban.gov.bd/Homes/banglahistory_submenu/12/51|archive-date=2016-04-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Nurul Huda was married to Kulsum Huda, a daughter of Speaker of Pakistan's National Assembly [[Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan]].<ref name=weekend/> Kulsum was one of the founders and vice chancellors of [[Central Women's University]]. Their daughter [[Simeen Mahmud]] (d. 2018) was a demographer at the [[Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/researcher-simeen-mahmud-no-more-1550740|title=Researcher Simeen Mahmud no more|date=2018-03-20|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-08-24|language=en}}</ref> Simeen was married to the economist [[Wahiduddin Mahmud]]. Their eldest son Mirza Najmul Huda is an economist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/simeens-works-beacon-light-1569250|title=Simeen's works a beacon of light|date=2018-04-29|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-08-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cwcdhaka.edu.bd/details?id=2|title=Central Women's College|access-date=2018-08-24|language=en}}</ref> Another daughter is Zareen Huda Ahmed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/tribute/remembering-our-sister-simeen-mahmud-1556134|title=Remembering our sister Simeen Mahmud|date=2018-04-01|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-08-24|language=en}}</ref>

Nurul Huda died on 22 December 1991 in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh.<ref name=bpedia/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nurul Huda, Mirza}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Tangail District]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Dhaka]]
[[Category:Governors of East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Advisers of Sayem ministry]]
[[Category:Provincial ministers of East Pakistan]]

{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

Ashvini

2026-02-06T02:12:10Z

RowenaProctor6: added.

{{Short description|1st lunar mansion of Hindu astrology}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:Aries constellation map.svg|thumb|200px|[[Aries (constellation)|Aries constellation]] showing Ashivini]]

{{Nakshatras}}
'''Ashvini''' (अश्विनी, {{IAST3|aśvinī}}) is the first [[nakshatra]] ([[Lunar station|lunar mansion]]) in [[Indian astronomy]], having a spread from 0°-0'-0" to 13°-20'. It corresponds to the head of [[Aries (constellation)|Aries]], including the stars [[Beta Arietis|β]] and [[Gamma Arietis|γ Arietis]], and possibly also [[Hamal|α Arietis]] in the oldest versions of the asterism. Ashvini literally means "twin horse-man"; it is depicted as a horse's head and represents twin physician gods, the [[Ashvins]].<ref name=ASE>{{cite web |title=Aśvini (अश्विनी) |url=https://ase.exopla.net/index.php/Ashvini |website=All Skies Encyclopaedia |publisher=[[IAU Working Group on Star Names]] |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> The name ''aśvinī'' is used by [[Varāhamihira]] (6th century). The older name of the asterism, found in the [[Atharvaveda]] (AVS 19.7; in the dual<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/av/av19007.htm|title = Atharva Veda: Book 19: Hymn 7: A Prayer to the Lunar Mansions and other Powers for protection and prosperity}}</ref>) and in [[Pāṇini]] (4.3.36), was ''aśvayúja'', "harnessing horses".<ref>{{Cite web|title=അശ്വതി നക്ഷത്രക്കാരുടെ പൊതുസ്വഭാവം|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/astrology/astro-news/2021/02/15/aswathy-birth-star-characteristics.html|access-date=2021-02-17|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref> This nakshatra belongs to [[Mesha (month)|Mesha Rasi]].

==Astrology==
Ashvini is ruled by [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]], the descending lunar node. In [[electional astrology]], Ashvini is classified as a small constellation, meaning that it is believed to be advantageous to begin works of a precise or delicate nature while the moon is in Ashvini.<ref>Hart De Fouw, Robert Svoboda. ‘’Light on Life: An Introduction to the Astrology of India.’’ 2003: pg. 204. {{ISBN|0-940985-69-1}}</ref> Ashvini is ruled by the [[Ashvins|Ashvinas]], the heavenly twin brother gods who served as physicians to the gods and goddesses.<ref>[[Ralph T. H. Griffith|Ralph Griffith]], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/index.htm ''The Rig Veda''] 1895</ref> Ashvini is represented by the [[Beehive|bee hive]].<ref>Dennis M. Harness. ''The Nakshatras: The Lunar Mansions of Vedic Astrology''. Lotus Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-914955-83-7}}. pg. 2</ref>

Traditional [[Indian name|Indian names]] are determined by which pada (quarter) of a nakshatra the Ascendant was in at the time of birth. In the case of Ashvini, the given name would begin with the following syllables: Chu, Che, Cho, La.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mypanchang.com/nakshatras.html|title=Baby names|publisher=mypanchang.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Nakshatras]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Jyotish Vidya}}

[[Category:Nakshatra]]
[[Category:Aries (constellation)]]

K. S. Sudarshan

2026-02-02T17:51:50Z

RowenaProctor6: updated

{{Short description|Leader of the Indian RSS (1931–2012)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. S. Sudarshan
| image =
| caption = Sudarshan in 2003
| office = 5th [[Sarsanghchalak]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
| termstart = 10 March 2000
| termend = 21 March 2009
| succeeded = [[Mohan Bhagwat]]
| preceded = [[Rajendra Singh (RSS)|Rajendra Singh]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Engineering]]
| alma_mater = [[Jabalpur Engineering College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Engineer|Political activist}}
| birth_name = Kuppahalli Sitaramayya Sudarshan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|06|18}}
| birth_place = [[Raipur district|Raipur]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Chhattisgarh]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|09|15|1931|06|18}}
| death_place = [[Raipur district|Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India
}}
'''Kuppahalli Sitaramayya Sudarshan''' (18 June 1931 – 15 September 2012) was an Indian political activist and the fifth ''[[Sarsanghachalak]]'' (Chief) of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] [[paramilitary]] organisation, from 2000 to 2009.

==Biography==
Sudarshan was born in [[Kannada Brahmin]] family in [[Raipur]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British Raj|British India]].<ref>{{cite news |date=25 April 2005 |title=RSS turns heat on BJP as KS Sudarshan warns party of straying from its ideological moorings |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20050425-rss-turns-heat-on-bjp-as-ks-sudarshan-warns-party-of-straying-from-its-ideological-moorings-787917-2005-04-25 |access-date= |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KS Sudarshan, former RSS chief, passes away |url=http://www.timesofindia.com/articleshow/16407076.cms |access-date=15 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Maitra |first=Pradip |date=16 September 2012 |title=Sudarshan, a RSS hardliner who wanted to pray in mosque on Eid |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sudarshan-a-rss-hardliner-who-wanted-to-pray-in-mosque-on-eid/story-YTJyKvqtg3MjrCdOPts07H.html |access-date= |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> He received his [[Bachelor of Engineering]] in [[Telecommunications]] (Honours) from [[Jabalpur Engineering College]] (formerly named as Government Engineering College) in [[Jabalpur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Former RSS chief KS Sudarshan cremated in Nagpur |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-rss-chief-ks-sudarshan-cremated-in-nagpur-499428 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> His parents hailed from Kuppahalli village, [[Mandya district]], in the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], a [[princely state]].

He was only nine years old when he first attended an RSS [[Shakha|''shakha'']]. In 1954, he was appointed as a ''[[pracharak]]'' (propagator), with his initial posting in [[Raigarh district]], then part of [[Madhya Pradesh]] (now located in [[Chhattisgarh]]). In 1964, he became the ''prant pracharak'' of the RSS for Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=":0" /> Five years later, in 1969, he was appointed convener of the All-India Organisations' Heads. This was followed by an assignment in [[Northeast India|north-eastern India]] in 1977. In 1979, he assumed leadership of the ''Bauddhik Cell'', an ideological and intellectual wing of the RSS. In 1990, he was appointed Joint General Secretary of the organisation.<ref name="born">{{cite web |last=Diwanji |first=Amberish |date=9 February 2000 |title=K S Sudarshan: Born into RSS |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/mar/10rss2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417072606/https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/mar/10rss2.htm |archive-date=17 April 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

Sudarshan became ''Sarsanghachalak'' of the RSS on 11 March 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=HT This Day: March 11, 2000 -- Sudarshan takes over as RSS chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/htthis-day-march-11-2000-sudarshan-takes-over-as-rss-chief-101646739130801.html |access-date= |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> He succeeded [[Rajendra Singh (RSS)|Rajendra Singh]], who had stepped down on health grounds.<ref name="rss2">{{cite web |date=10 March 2000 |title=While time hardens cement, at this age, it does not heal bones |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/mar/10rss1.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

In his acceptance speech, Sudarshan recounted being personally selected to lead the RSS in the [[Madhya Bharat]] region. He stated that although he was initially reluctant to assume the responsibility, the then RSS ''Sarsanghachalak'' [[M. S. Golwalkar]] played a key role in persuading him to accept the position.<ref name="born" />

A hardliner, many of his statements drew sharp criticism from both the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and [[Dalit]]s across India.<ref name=":0" /> He frequently clashed with the government of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bidwai |first=Praful |author-link=Praful Bidwai |date=6 May 2005 |title=Convulsions in the Parivar |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/columns/article30204522.ece/ |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |author-link=Shekhar Gupta |date=25 December 2017 |title=When an RSS chief was supremely unimpressed with Atal Bihari Vajpayee |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/when-rss-chief-was-unimpressed-with-vajpayee/24749/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408013221/https://theprint.in/opinion/when-rss-chief-was-unimpressed-with-vajpayee/24749/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> He stepped down as ''Sarsanghachalak'' on 21 March 2009, due to poor health, with [[Mohan Bhagwat]] succeeding him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2009 |title=Sudarshan announces retirement, Mohan Bhagwat new RSS chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sudarshan-announces-retirement-mohan-bhagwat-new-rss-chief/articleshow/4296248.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411012107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sudarshan-announces-retirement-mohan-bhagwat-new-rss-chief/articleshow/4296248.cms |archive-date=11 April 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2009 |title=Sudarshan steps down; Mohan Bhagwat new RSS chief |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/Mar/21/sudarshan-steps-down-mohan-bhagwat-new-rss-chief-34724.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113181935/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/Mar/21/sudarshan-steps-down-mohan-bhagwat-new-rss-chief-34724.html |archive-date=13 November 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

He struggled with [[dementia]] in his later years, at one time having gone missing in [[Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2012 |title=Former RSS chief goes missing, traced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-rss-chief-goes-missing-traced/article3721436.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225172249/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-rss-chief-goes-missing-traced/article3721436.ece |archive-date=25 February 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2012 |title=Former RSS chief Sudarshan found 7 hrs after he goes missing in Mysore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/former-rss-chief-ks-sudarshan-goes-missing-from-mysore-112122-2012-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218065451/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/former-rss-chief-ks-sudarshan-goes-missing-from-mysore-112122-2012-08-02 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> He died on 15 September 2012, due to a heart attack.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2012 |title=Ex-RSS chief Sudarshan passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/exrss-chief-sudarshan-passes-away/article3900330.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217082945/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/exrss-chief-sudarshan-passes-away/article3900330.ece |archive-date=17 December 2019 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Anuja |date=15 September 2012 |title=KS Sudarshan, former RSS chief, passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ks-sudarshan-former-rss-chief-passes-away/articleshow/16407076.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916093353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ks-sudarshan-former-rss-chief-passes-away/articleshow/16407076.cms |archive-date=16 September 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He was [[Cremation|cremated]] in Nagpur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Sabyasachi |date=16 September 2012 |title=Former RSS chief KS Sudarshan cremated in Nagpur |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-rss-chief-ks-sudarshan-cremated-in-nagpur-499428 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

==Ideology and views==
Sudarshan deeply opposed the [[Constitution of India]], stating "Throw away the outdated Indian Constitution which speaks of British legacy."<ref name=":0" /> He once also stated "This constitution does not reflect the basic ethos of this nation."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Thapar |first=Karan |author-link=Karan Thapar |date=17 December 2024 |title=Full Text {{!}} Constitution, Majority, BJP: What an RSS Chief Told Karan Thapar Decades Ago |url=https://thewire.in/article/politics/ks-sudarshan-rss-bjp-karan-thapar-archive/ |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref>

Sudarshan viewed India as a [[Hindu Rashtra|Hindu nation]], asserting, "India by definition is Hindu. The culture of this country is Hindu. Because Hindus form the backbone of this nation." He further emphasised his belief by stating, "It is the ancient-most nation in the world." Sudarshan also regarded all Indians, irrespective of their religion, as inherently Hindu, claiming, "Their [Muslims and Christians] forefathers were Hindu. And the blood flowing in their veins is also, and the blood of their forefathers is Hindu."<ref name=":2" />

He was a vocal critic of the [[Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee|government led by Vajpayee]], the first prime minister of India from the BJP, who headed a coalition administration under the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA). He perceived Vajpayee as having made comparatively limited contributions to governance, compared to his predecessors such as [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]. Additionally, he expressed frustration with [[L. K. Advani]], whom he regarded as having failed to influence the Vajpayee government towards a more overtly ideological orientation. Statements suggesting that both Vajpayee and Advani step aside and let a younger leadership take charge of the BJP created a rift within the [[Sangh Parivar]].<ref name="rss4">{{cite web |last=Venkatesan |first=V. |date=6 May 2005 |title=Conflict in the Parivar |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2209/stories/20050506001802400.htm |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918045328/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2209/stories/20050506001802400.htm |archive-date=18 September 2012 |website= |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|title=[[Sarsanghchalak]]
|before=[[Rajendra Singh (RSS)|Rajendra Singh]]
|after=[[Mohan Bhagawat]]
|years=2000–2009}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sangh Parivar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudarshan, K.S.}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Activists from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Activists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Activists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalists]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Madhya Bharat politicians]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]
[[Category:People from Raipur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People with dementia]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mysore]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh sanghchalaks]]
[[Category:Sarsanghchalaks]]

2020 Uttarakhand forest fires

2026-02-02T09:08:05Z

RowenaProctor6: cleanup structure for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Wildfire]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Aruna Vasudev

2026-01-29T01:39:49Z

RowenaProctor6: info

{{Short description|Indian scholar and film critic (1936–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aruna Vasudev
| image = Aruna_Vasudev01.jpg
| caption = Vasudev in 2010
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|11|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|9|5|1936|11|1|df=y}}
| death_place =
| spouse = Sunil Roy (died 1993)
| children = One
}}

'''Aruna Vasudev''' (1 November 1936<ref>[https://fipresci.org/news/aruna-vasudev/ Aruna Vasudev, 1936 – 2024]</ref> – 5 September 2024) was an Indian critic, author, editor, painter, and maker of documentaries who was considered an eminent scholar on [[Asian cinema]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Lifetime Achievement Awards - Aruna Vasudev and Adoor Gopalakrishnan|url=http://www.iffcolombo.com/lifetime-achievement-awards-aruna-vasudev-and-adoor-gopalakrishnan-iffcolombo-2015/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306235213/http://www.iffcolombo.com/lifetime-achievement-awards-aruna-vasudev-and-adoor-gopalakrishnan-iffcolombo-2015/|archive-date=6 March 2019|access-date=22 November 2017|website=IFFCOLOMBO 2015 - International Film Festival of Colombo 2015|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=39699306&privcapId=27146001&previousCapId=109888&previousTitle=IDEAglobal,%20Ltd.|title=Aruna Vasudev: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=22 November 2017}}</ref> and was described as the "mother of Asian Cinema".<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/aruna-vasudev-gets-4-lifetime-awards-1-year-847|title=Aruna Vasudev gets 4 lifetime awards in 1 year|date=22 January 2016|work=asianage.com/|access-date=22 November 2017}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
A younger sister of [[Uma Vasudeva]], she was born in 1936. After marrying Sunil Kumar Roy, an Indian diplomat, she chose to retain her maiden name.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/verve-power-women-2016-aruna-vasudev|title=Power Moment: Aruna Vasudev|date=7 July 2016|work=Verve Magazine|access-date=22 November 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

His Excellency Sunil Roy died in New York from cancer in 1993, having previously served as Indian Ambassador to Poland, then Mexico, and High Commissioner to Nigeria.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/01/obituaries/sunil-k-roy-indian-diplomat-73.html www.nytimes.com]</ref>

In the early 1960s, she attended film classes in New York where her father was working and created a number of short documentaries after her return to India. She received a doctorate from the [[University of Paris]] on cinema and censorship.<ref>[https://in.ambafrance.org/Aruna-Vasudev-conferred-Officier-de-l-Ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres www.in.ambafrance.org]</ref> Her PhD thesis was published as a book titled ''Liberty and Licence in the Indian Cinema'' in 1979.<ref name=":3" />

== Career ==
Vasudev recently served as director of Osian's-Connoisseurs of Art Private Limited.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.osians.co.in/ |title=www.osians.co.in |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230145048/http://www.osians.co.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was also one of the Trustees of the Public Service Broadcasting Trust in India.<ref>[https://psbt.org/ www.psbt.org]</ref>

She started as a greenhorn helping in the makeup rooms of Doordarsan in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050716/asp/weekend/story_4976326.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101093738/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050716/asp/weekend/story_4976326.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2007|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Weekend|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=22 November 2017}}</ref>

She launched ''[[Cinemaya]]'' in 1988 as a publication that showcases filmmakers from Asia. In 1991, she founded the internationally renowned [[Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema|NETPAC]] as an organisation to forward the cause of Asian films.<ref name=":1" />

From 1990, she was the President or Jury Member of international film festivals including [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival|Karlovy Vary]], [[Locarno Festival|Locarno]], [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] (Camera d'Or), [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria International Film Festival|Las Palmas]], [[Busan International Film Festival|Pusan]], [[Singapore International Film Festival|Singapore]], [[Fajr International Film Festival|Fajr]] ([[Tehran]]), and [[International Antalya Film Festival|Antalya]].

==Death==
On 5 September 2024, it was announced that Vasudev had died at the age of 87.<ref>{{cite news |title=Film scholar Aruna Vasudev, 'Mother of Asian Cinema', passes away at 88 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/film-scholar-aruna-vasudev-mother-of-asian-cinema-passes-away-at-88/article68608690.ece |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=5 September 2024}}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
===Honours===
Appointed Cavaliere [[Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity|della Stella della Solidarietà Italiana]] in 2004,<ref>[https://presidenti.quirinale.it/Elementi/187633 www.presidenti.quirinale.it]</ref> in 2019 Vasudev was honoured by the French Government as Officier [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|des Arts et des Lettres]],<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041018/nation.htm#11 www.tribuneindia.com]</ref> the highest accolades from two major film-producing countries, Italy and France.<ref name=":1" />

===Awards===
In 1997, Vasudev won the Korean Cinema Award at the [[Busan International Film Festival|Pusan International Film Festival]].

In 2006, Vasudev received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the [[Cinemanila International Film Festival]].

In 2015, Vasudev was honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2nd edition of the International Film Festival of Colombo<ref>[https://ceyiff.com/ www.ceyiff.com]</ref> for her contributions towards putting Asian cinema on the international map.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/adoor-gopalakrishnan-aruna-vasudev-to-be-honoured-at-colombo-film-festival/article7810543.ece|title=Adoor, Aruna Vasudev to be honoured at Colombo Film festival|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|date=27 October 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 November 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> At the [[Hawaii International Film Festival]] the same year, Vasudev won a Vision in Film Award.

The Tripoli Film Festival<ref>[http://www.tripoli-filmfestival.org/ www.tripoli-filmfestival.org]</ref> has named its prize for Best Writing on Cinema as the “Aruna Vasudev Award”.<ref name=":4" />

== Media ==

=== Film ===
In 2021, a documentary titled ''Aruna Vasudev: Mother of Asian Cinema'' was released by filmmaker Supriya Suri. The film explores the legacy created by Vasudev's work and the impact it made on Asian cinema <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aruna Vasudev: Mother of Asian Cinema (Supriya Suri) India |url=https://imagineindiafestival.com/2022/03/30/aruna-vasudev-mother-of-asian-cinema-suriya-suri-india/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Imagine India International Film Festival}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aruna Vasudev: Mother of Asian Cinema |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12747822/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=IMDb}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|4033792}}
*[http://www.cinemaya.net/ Cinemaya official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306235422/http://www.cinemaya.net/ |date=6 March 2019 }}
*[http://www.netpacasia.org/About 25 years of NETPAC]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasudev, Aruna}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]

Andhra Kavula Charitramu

2026-01-24T05:40:07Z

RowenaProctor6: added

{{Short description|Biographical anthology of Telugu poets compiled by Kandukuri Veeresalingam}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2022}}

'''Andhra Kavula Charitramu''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: ఆంధ్ర కవుల చరిత్రము; meaning ''Chronicle of Telugu Poets'') is a compilation of the life histories of Telugu [[poet]]s by [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] (1848-1919). It was published in three parts by Hitakarini Samajam, [[Rajahmundry]]. It is a history of Telugu literature, though the author dealt more with the lives of the poets than their poetry.<ref>{{cite book |last1=K. M. George |title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems |date=1992 |page=403 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=9788172013240 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&dq=Andhra+Kavula+charitramu&pg=PA403}}</ref>

The first part has details of about 40 biographies of Telugu poets of Early period starting from [[Nannayya]], adikavi (first poet) of Telugu language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kandukuri |first1=Veeresalingam |title=Andhra Kavula Charitramu (First part about Purvandhra Kavulu)|date=1978 |publisher=Hitakarini Samajamu |location=Rajahmahendravaramu |url=https://archive.org/details/aandhrakavula-charitramu/mode/2up |accessdate=21 July 2020 |language=Telugu}}</ref> It was dedicated to Sri Rajah [[Rao Venkata Kumara Mahipati Surya Rau]] Bahadur, Maharajah of Pithapuram. The author himself wrote in his ''Sweeyacharitramu'' (autobiography) that the first part was published by himself in 1897. It was published in 1917 again. After his death, it was published in 1937<ref>{{cite book |title=The Complete Works of Rao Bahadur K. Veeresalingam Pantulu, Part I |date=1937 |publisher=P. Prakasa Rao and Brothers |location=Rajahmundry |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.330830/mode/2up |accessdate=21 July 2020 |language=Telugu}}</ref> and 1949.

The second part consists of about 60 biographies of Telugu poets of Middle period starting from [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kandukuri |first1=Veeresalingam |title=Andhra Kavula Charitramu (Second part about Madhyakalapu Kavulu) |date=1940 |publisher=Hitakarini Samajam |location=Rajamahendravaram |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.497226/mode/2up |accessdate=21 July 2020 |language=Telugu}}</ref> It was published in 1940.

The third part enumerated short profiles of about 140 Telugu poets of Modern period starting from Haribhattu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kandukuri |first1=Veeresalingam |title=Andhra Kavula Charitramu (Third part about Adhunika Kavulu) |date=1950 |publisher=Hitakarini Samajamu |location=Rajamahendravaram |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.373095/mode/2up |accessdate=21 July 2020 |language=Telugu}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Biographical books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian literature]]

Kabiranjan Saikia

2025-12-07T16:08:16Z

RowenaProctor6:

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kabiranjan Saikia
| image =
| caption =
| alias = Swadhinata Phukon
| birth_name = Kabiranjan Phukan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1974|2|15}}
| birth_place = Assam, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2000|5|26|1974|2|15}}
| death_place = Assam, India
| occupation = Poet, Activist
| notable_works = ''Rokta Arti'', ''Your Lush Green Fields''
| movement = Assamese Literature, Assamese Independence Movement
| organizations = [[United Liberation Front of Assam]] (ULFA)
| awards = 
}}

Swadhinata Phukan (born Kabiranjan Saikia; 1974–2000) was an Indian poet, social activist, and participant in the [[Assam separatist movements|Freedom Movement]] for Assam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barbora |first=Sanjay |date=2015 |title=Uneasy Homecomings: Political Entanglements in Contemporary Assam |url=https://www.academia.edu/13851170 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=290–303 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1032473 |issn=0085-6401}}</ref> He was recognized for his literary contributions and his involvement in social and political activism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabiranjan Saikia / Swadhinota Phukan, Author at RAIOT |url=https://raiot.in/author/swadhintap/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=RAIOT |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarma |first=Dibyajyoti |title=Rendezvous with Rebels: Question of Conflict and a Tale of Adventure |url=https://www.academia.edu/19715608 |journal=Academia}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kabiranjan Saikia was born on February 15, 1974, in Assam, India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Cerebration |url=https://cerebration.org/phukan.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=cerebration.org}}</ref> He published his first book, ''Rokta Arti'' (Blood Offering), at the age of twelve.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASSAM NEWS |url=https://rajivkonwar100.blogspot.com/2011/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swadhinata Phukan: victim of extrajudicial execution {{!}} Assam Portal |url=https://www.assam.org/node/2377 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.assam.org}}</ref>

==Career==
Saikia's literary works focus on themes of freedom, resistance, and social justice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-08 |title=Kabiranjan Saikia |url=https://www.timesofassam.com/tag/kabiranjan-saikia/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=TIMES OF ASSAM |language=en-US}}</ref> His poetry often explored the socio-political landscape of Assam, highlighting the struggles and aspirations of its people. One of his notable poems, "Your Lush Green Fields," reflects themes of empathy and solidarity with the marginalized.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Axomiya Archives » RAIOT |url=https://raiot.in/tag/axomiya/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=RAIOT |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabiranjan Saikia |url=https://theweseantimes.ink/vow/stories/kabiranjan.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=theweseantimes.ink}}</ref>

=== Notable works ===
Sources:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-20 |title=Two Poems by Kabiranjan Saikia (Swadhinata Phukan) |url=https://obtusesubjectivity.wordpress.com/2020/09/20/two-poems-by-kabiranjan-saikia-swadhinata-phukan/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Obtuse Subjectivity |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Complete poems of Kabiranjan Saikia in Assamese,Edited by Saumitra |url=https://www.scientiabooks.in/product/mai-kabiranjan-uttapta-hoba-khoja-eta-kabitar-nam/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=SCIENTIA BOOK SHOP |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Rokta Arti'' (Blood Offering)
* ''Your Lush Green Fields''
* Nowadays
* A Night of Screams

==Activism and legacy==
Kabiranjan Saikia's activism was closely linked to his literary career. He served as the Assistant Publicity Secretary for the [[United Liberation Front of Assam]](ULFA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confronting the state: ULFA's quest for sovereignty 9788132107040, 8132107047 |url=https://dokumen.pub/confronting-the-state-ulfas-quest-for-sovereignty-9788132107040-8132107047.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}</ref> Despite his affiliation with the group, Saikia openly criticized some of its practices through his writings. He consistently opposed violence and often urged the Assamese people to seek reconciliation with the [[Indian Army|Indian Military]]. He had also authored an article in ''Ganatantra'' that was sharply against the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), for taking up arms and for targeting innocent [[Indian people|Indians]] from mainland [[India]], at a time when opposing the group was uncommon.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Slain Ulfa Leader Kabiranjan Saikia: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Slain Ulfa Leader Kabiranjan Saikia {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/slain-ulfa-leader-kabiranjan-saikia |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Kabiranjan Saikia died in 2000 at the age of 26, reportedly at the hands of the state police. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Voice of MASS {{!}} Assam Portal |url=https://www.assam.org/index.php/node/2376 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.assam.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swadhinata Phukan: victim of extrajudicial execution {{!}} Assam Portal |url=https://www.assam.org/node/2377 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.assam.org}}</ref>His death has been viewed by some as a significant event in his legacy as a poet and activist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/top-ulfa-leader-shot/cid/896831|title=TOP ULFA LEADER SHOT}}</ref> His poetry continues to be influential, resonating with themes of social justice and the struggles of the Assamese people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cerebration |url=https://cerebration.org/phukan.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=cerebration.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chima |first=Jugdep S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8sqBwAAQBAJ&dq=Kabiranjan+Saikia&pg=PA57 |title=Ethnic Subnationalist Insurgencies in South Asia: Identities, Interests and Challenges to State Authority |date=2015-03-24 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-55706-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Assamese literature]]
* [[Assamese nationalism|Assamese National Movement]]
* [[United Liberation Front of Assam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in Sahitya Akademi]
* [https://www.assamtribune.com Assam Tribune]
* [https://www.cerebration.org/phukan.html Cerebration]

[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Assamese-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese literature]]
[[Category:Indian nonviolence advocates]]

Kilimanoor Gram Panchayat

2025-12-01T22:43:09Z

RowenaProctor6:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kilimanoor Grama Panchayath
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.803654|N|76.876625|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Chirayinkeezhu
| government_type =
| governing_body = kilimanoor grama panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 19.04
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 20055
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 937
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 695601<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/pin/pinsearch.aspx|title=India Post :Pincode Search|accessdate=2008-12-16|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520133707/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pin/pinsearch.aspx|archivedate=2012-05-20}}</ref>
| registration_plate = KL-
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kilimanoor Assembly Constituency]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = kilimanoor grama panchayath
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
''' Kilimanoor Grama Panchayat ''' is a [[Panchayati raj|panchayath]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|the Thiruvananthapuram district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archivedate=2008-12-08 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Thiruvananthapuram district}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram district settlements}}
[[Category:Villages in Thiruvananthapuram district]]

{{Thiruvananthapuram-geo-stub}}

Timothy Shira

2025-11-10T13:59:16Z

RowenaProctor6: further correct intro to improve readability and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Timothy Shira
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Deputy Speaker of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Resubelpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Resubelpara]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Salseng C. Marak]]
| term_end1 = 2025
| successor1 = [[Limison D. Sangma]]
|term_start2 = 2003
|predecessor2 = [[Salseng C. Marak]]
|term_end2 = 2013
|successor2 = [[Salseng C. Marak]]
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| otherparty =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =
}}
'''Timothy Shira''' is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He is a member of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]. He is Minister of Fisheries in Meghalaya 16 Sep 2025.

In 2003, he was elected from [[North Garo Hills district]]'s [[Resubelpara]] assembly constituency of Meghalaya.<ref>{{ cite web |title=Election results |publisher=Election Commission of India, New Delhi|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S15/partycomp42.htm }}</ref> He is elected as the Protem Speaker for the assembly in March 2023.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shira, Timothy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:People from North Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Garo people]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya]]
{{Meghalaya-politician-stub}}

Birnagar

2025-10-29T11:33:59Z

RowenaProctor6: improved article

{{Short description|Town in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Birnagar
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Birnagar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Temples in Birnagar, Rajshekhar Basu (bottom right) & Nabin Chandra Sen (right)
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2433|N|88.5582|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = <!d -->
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Birnagar Municipality
| website = {{URL|www.birnagarmunicipality.org/}}
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Birnagar City|url=https://www.ranaghat.gov.in/overview-of-birnagar-municipality.html}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 13
| population_total = 32,799
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 741127
| registration_plate =
| footnotes =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_size = 600px
}}

'''Birnagar''' (formerly known as '''Ula''') is an island town situated in the [[Hooghly River]], within the [[Ranaghat]] subdivision of [[Nadia district]] in [[West Bengal|West Bengal, India]]. It traces its origins back to the pre-colonial era when it was established. Prior to the [[British Empire|British colonization]] of India, Birnagar was known as "Ula."

[[Birnagar railway station|The Birnagar railway station]] is located 81 kilometers north of [[Kolkata]] within the [[Sealdah railway division]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm
|title=District Wise List of Statutory Towns
|access-date=2007-10-06
|work=Census of India 2001, Urban Frame
|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041827/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm
|archive-date=2007-09-27
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Birnagar is the oldest municipality in Nadia district, consisting of 14 wards. The first chairman of Birnagar was the renowned poet [[Nabinchandra Sen]].

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2019}}

[[File:Ruined_Bishnu_temple_at_Ula_Birnagar_in_Nadia_district,_West_Bengal_03.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=The oldest temple found at Ula is the Vishnu temple located to the north-east of the Mitra-Mustafi house.|The oldest temple found at Ula is the Vishnu temple located to the north-east of the Mitra-Mustafi house.]]
According to historical records, Birnagar was initially an island in the Hoogly River, but its course shifted away from the then settlement of Ula around 1707. Before British colonization, the area was referred to as Ula or Ulo. The name "Ula" still persists in the titles of some local institutions, such as the library and hospital, and is also mentioned in [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s short story ''Post Master''. The Birnagar Municipality has a history of around 150 years, with its inaugural chairman being Kabi Nabinchandra Sen. In the past, Birnagar was divided between two [[Zamindar|zamindars]]: the Mukherjees and the Mustafis.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Ranaghat subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|13|53|N|88|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Nrisinghapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Nrisinghapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|25|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2=Ghoralia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ghoralia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|15|N|88|28|52|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Harinadibhastsala | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Harinadibhastsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|28|7|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Beharia | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Beharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|12|5|N|88|30|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Phulia | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Phulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|20|40|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Bagula | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bagula]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|18|45|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Badkulla | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badkulla]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|50|N|88|30|55|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Patuli | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|17|20|N|88|31|47|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gangni | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Gangni]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kamgachhi | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kamgachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|12|55|N|88|33|40|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Raghabpur | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Raghabpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|12|0|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Panpara | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Panpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|33|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Aistala | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Aistala]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|55|N|88|33|2|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Satigachha | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Satigachha]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|8|15|N|88|33|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Anulia | numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Anulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|55|N|88|32|44|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Gopalpur | numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Gopalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|6|10|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Parbbatipur | numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Parbbatipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|35|18|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Halalpur Krishnapur | numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Halalpur Krishnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Hijuli | numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Hijuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|9|40|N|88|34|44|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Ranaghat (CT) | numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|8|5|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Nasra | numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Nasra, Ranaghat]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|7|51|N|88|38|28|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Gangnapur | numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Gangnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|5|50|N|88|31|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Belgharia | numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Belgharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|30|N|88|31|40|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ranaghat |label-size24=13 | numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[Ranaghat]] (M)|label-color24=#800000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|16|4|N|88|26|13|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Shantipur |label-size25=13 | numbered25=M| mark-title25= [[Shantipur]] (M)|label-color25=#800000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|15|25|N|88|33|29|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Birnagar | numbered26=M| mark-title26= Birnagar (M)|shape-color26=black| label-size26=13|label-color26=black 
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|8|50|N|88|35|21|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Cooper's Camp |label-size27=11 | numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Cooper's Camp]] (M)|label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|16|25|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Taherpur |label-size28=11 | numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Taherpur]] (M)|label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|13|34|N|88|40|30|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Panikhali| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Panikhali]] (R)| shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|14|34|N|88|36|17|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Aranghata| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Aranghata]] (R)| shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|14|44|N|88|42|21|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Duttapulia| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Duttapulia]] (R)| shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|22|3|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Hanskhali| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Hanskhali]] (R)| shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|9|45|N|88|30|38|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Habibpur| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Habibpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|11|58|N|88|37|50|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Dhantala| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Dhantala]] (R)| shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|10|27|N|88|35|48|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Nokari| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Nokari]] (R)| shape-color35=#C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|6|50|N|88|31|25|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Payradanga| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Payradanga]] (R)| shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|18|0|N|88|21|0|E}}|label37= Bhagirathi| labela37=River|label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-75| label-pos37=top| label-size37=11| mark-size37=0| mark-title37=none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|19|40|N|88|35|0|E}}|label38= Churni |labela38 = River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-65| label-pos38=top| label-size38=11| mark-size38=0| mark-title38=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|22|30|N|88|46|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=3.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Birnagar is situated at coordinates {{coord|23.2433|N|88.5582|E|display=inline}}.

According to the maps in the ''District Census Handbook 2011'' for Nadia, the census towns of [[Kamgachhi]], [[Raghabpur]], [[Panpara]], [[Aistala]], [[Satigachha]], [[Anulia]], [[Halalpur Krishnapur]], [[Hijuli]], and [[Ranaghat]] (CT) form a cluster around Ranaghat within the Ranaghat I and Ranaghat II CD blocks. Additionally, other localities such as [[Nokari]], Nasra, [[Cooper's Camp]], Birnagar, [[Habibpur]], [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]], and [[Parbbatipur]] are also associated with this cluster.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Ranaghat I CD block, page 449, and Map of Ranaghat II CD block, page 475| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 October 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Nadia district consists mainly of alluvial plains located to the east of the [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. These plains are intersected by distributaries such as [[Jalangi River|Jalangi]], [[Churni River|Churni]], and [[Ichamati River|Ichhamati]]. Due to the siltation of these rivers, floods occur periodically.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref> The Ranaghat subdivision is bordered by the [[Bhagirathi River]] to the west, with [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and Hooghly districts situated on the opposite bank. Topographically, the Ranaghat subdivision encompasses the Krishnanagar-Santipur Plain, which occupies the central part of the district, and the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain, a low-lying area in the southeastern part. The Churni River separates these two plains. A portion of the eastern border forms the boundary with [[Bangladesh]], while the lower section is part of the [[North 24 Parganas district]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref> The subdivision has experienced significant urbanization, with 41.68% of the population residing in urban areas and 58.32% living in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Birnagar<ref>{{cite web|title=Towns in Birnagar - Religion 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801685-birnagar-west-bengal.html}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Birnagar
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|width=
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|98.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|1.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|blue|0.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|blue|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Not stated |black|0.06}}
}}

According to the 2021 Indian census, Birnagar has a population of 41,200, comprising 16,658 males and 16,141 females, as reported by Census India in 2011.

In Birnagar (M), a significant portion of the population belongs to the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Caste]] (SC), comprising 35.40%, while [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribe]] (ST) members constitute 0.65% of the total population. The child sex ratio in Birnagar is approximately 943, compared to the West Bengal state average of 956.

In the 2011 census, the following municipalities, notified areas, outgrowths, and census towns were part of the Ranaghat Urban Agglomeration:[[Ranaghat]] (M), Birnagar (M), [[Cooper's Camp]] (NA), Magurkhali (OG), [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT), [[Hijuli, Nadia|Hijuli]] (CT), [[Aistala]] (CT), [[Satigachha]] (CT), [[Nasra, Ranaghat|Nasra]] (CT), [[Panpara]] (CT), [[Raghabpur, Nadia|Raghabpur]] (CT), [[Kamgachhi]] (CT), [[Anulia]] (CT) and [[Halalpur Krishnapur]] (CT).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 18 October 2020}}</ref>

== Education ==

The town features several primary and high schools, along with institutions offering higher education.
;Higher-secondary schools
* Birnagar High School (Uttar Para)
* Shivkali Girls' High school (Library Para)

;Primary schools
*
* Birnagar High Attached GSFP School
; 1 NCPL

;Other schools
* Ramkrishna Ashramic primary (Bengali Medium) (Khan para)
* Gunedranath Public School (English medium) (Library Para)
* Chatterji Noble School (English Medium) (Kharda Para)

;College
* Birnagar Kabinabin Chandra Sen Teachers Training Institute<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://birnagarkncs-teachers-training-college.com/ |title=Birnagar Kabinabin Chandra Sen Teachers Training College |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223001607/http://birnagarkncs-teachers-training-college.com/ |archive-date=23 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Other institutions
* In addition to numerous computer centers, the town is home to various non-governmental organizations (NGOs). One such organization, YOURS (Ula Youth Organization For Reformation Service), organizes programs such as MDP, ESDP, and IMC focusing on various technical skills. Additionally, there are several dance and drawing schools available in the area.

;Computer training institutes:
* BCTI (Birnagar Computer Training Institute, W.B. Govt. Regd. Computer Training Institute, Estd: 2007) Birnagar, Hat, near Birnagar Municipality Market Complex
* Edutech Academy (Rashtriya Youth Computer Saksharata Mission # ISO 9001:2015 Certified # Govt. Of India Affiliated @ RYCSM) Palitpara Bazar, Birnagar, Nadia

The literacy rate of Birnagar city stands at 84.60%, surpassing the state average of 76.26%. In Birnagar, the male literacy rate is approximately 88.26%, while the female literacy rate is 80.82%.

==Library==
Ula Sadharon Pathagar<ref>http://rrrlf.nic.in/hindi/rrrlf_hindi/Book/Web/DigitalLibrary/ViewLibrary.aspx?Lib_ID=221300393{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> was founded in 1922, located in Library Para near Shivkali Girl's Higher Secondary School. Membership is open to individuals over 18 years of age, allowing them to borrow one book at a time for a duration of one month.

;Library statistics
*Total books - 12000
*Magazines - 13
*Rare books - 63
*Registered members - 856

==Birnagar Municipality==
Established over 200 years ago, Birnagar municipality holds the distinction of being the oldest municipality in the Nadia district. Notably, the first chairman of Birnagar municipality was the esteemed poet [[Nabinchandra Sen]]. The municipality comprises 14 wards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brnagar Municipality Official Website|url=http://birnagarmunicipality.org/about_us.php|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009185855/http://birnagarmunicipality.org/about_us.php|archive-date=9 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Birnagar Municipality oversees the administration of 6,702 households, providing essential services such as water and [[sewerage]]. Additionally, it possesses the authority to construct roads within the municipality's boundaries and levy taxes on properties falling within its jurisdiction.

==Notable people==
* [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] (born Kedarnath Datta)
* [[Nabinchandra Sen]]
* [[Rajsekhar Bose]] or Parasuram

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]

Gramin Bank of Aryavart

2025-10-28T07:17:38Z

RowenaProctor6: brief expanded information for consistency also and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Jaipur–Udaipur City Antyodaya Express

2025-10-20T07:08:21Z

RowenaProctor6:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}{{Italic title}}

{{Short description|Antyodaya Express train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 800000
| name = Jaipur Junction – Udaipur City ''Antyodaya Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Antyodaya Express]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}} (JP)
| stops = 10
| end = {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}} (UDZ)
| distance = {{convert|428.5|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 7h 15m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Run all 7 days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Yes
| otherfacilities =
| stock = 1
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 20971/20972
| speed = {{cvt|59|km/h}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Jaipur–Udaipur City Antyodaya Express''' is an [[Antyodaya Express|Antyodaya]] class of superfast express train belonging to {{rwd|Jaipur}} division, [[North Western Railway]] that it planned to be run between {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}}. It is planned to be operated with 20971/20972 train numbers on Daily basis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trains To Be Introduced – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/trains/tobeintroduced|website=India Rail Info|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=jaipur-udaipur-city-antyodaya-express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/jaipur-udaipur-city-antyodaya-express-20971/70750/272/158#st|last=|first=|date=|website=indianrailinfo.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Service ==

The Jaipur to Udaipur city train (20971) is proposed to leaves Jaipur junction every day at 6:15 p.m. and reaches Udaipur at 1:30 p.m. The reverse train (20971) leaves Udaipur every day at 3:05 p.m. and reaches Jaipur junction at 10:25 p.m the next day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=20972, Udaipur City–Jaipur Antyodaya Express Time Table, Route and schedule|url=https://www.travelkhana.com/travelkhana/utilities/train-stations/20972|website=www.travelkhana.com|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>

== Route and halts ==
*{{stnlnk|Bhilwara}}
*{{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}}

==Coach composition ==
The trains is completely [[LHB coach|LHB]] general coaches (unreserved) designed by [[Indian Railways]] with features of LED screen display to show information about stations, train speed etc. Vending machines for water. Bio toilets in compartments as well as CCTV cameras and mobile charging points and toilet occupancy indicators. The [[rake (train)|rake]] of this train is not sharing with any other services and the maintenance is done at Jaipur junction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=20971|url=https://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,537,1953|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:ORANGE;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:GREEN;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:ORANGE;"| 18

|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||EOG
|}

== See also ==
* [[Antyodaya Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Antyodaya Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaipur-Udaipur City Antyodaya Express}}
[[Category:Antyodaya Express trains]]
[[Category:Train-related introductions in 2021]]

2020–21 FC Goa season

2025-10-14T12:37:00Z

RowenaProctor6: brief fixed structure as per guidelines also and added references

{{short description|2020–21 football season for Football Club Goa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football club season
|club=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|season=2020–21
|chrtitle= President
|chairman= Akshay Tandon
|ceotitle=
|ceo=
|mgrtitle=Head Coach
|manager= [[Juan Ferrando]]
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]{{efn|name=COVID|Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the [[2020–21 Indian Super League]] would be held entirely in [[Goa]], behind closed doors and [[FC Goa]] was allotted the [[Fatorda Stadium]] as their home ground for the season.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mergulhao |first1=Marcus |title=ISL opts for league standings to decide groups and home grounds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-opts-for-league-standings-to-decide-groups-and-home-grounds/articleshow/77601617.cms |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>}}
|league=[[Indian Super League]]
|league result= [[2020–21 Indian Super League|4th]]
| cup1 = [[2020–21 Indian Super League#Semi-finals|Play-offs]]
| cup1 result = Semi-finals
|cup2= [[AFC Champions League]]
|cup2 result= [[2021 AFC Champions League#Group stage|Group stage]]
|league topscorer= [[Igor Angulo]] (13)
|season topscorer= Igor Angulo (14)
|average attendance = 🔒 Closed Doors{{efn|name=COVID}}
|highest attendance=
|lowest attendance=
| pattern_la1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_la2 = _orange_border
| pattern_ra1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_ra2 = _orange_border
| pattern_sh1 = _whitebottom
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so1 = _orange_top
| pattern_so2 = _3_orange_stripes
| leftarm2 = 000000
| body1 = CB4616
| body2 = 000000
| rightarm1 = CB4616
| leftarm1 = CB4616
| rightarm2 = 000000
| shorts1 = CB4616
| shorts2 = 000000
| socks1 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = 000000
| pattern_b1 = _fcgoa2021h
| pattern_b2 = _fcgoa2021a
|prevseason=[[2019–20 FC Goa season|2019–20]]
|nextseason=''[[2021–22 FC Goa season|2021–22]]''
}}

The '''2020–21 season''' was the club's seventh season since its establishment in 2014, and their seventh season in the [[Indian Super League]]. In addition to the [[2020–21 Indian Super League|league]], the club will also compete in the [[Super Cup (India)|Indian Super Cup]], and the [[2021 AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]] reaching till its group stages.

==Players==
===Current squad===
{{updated|29 January 2021}}<ref>{{cite web
| title = Squad
| url = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/496-fc-goa-profile
| publisher= [[Indian Super League]]
| access-date = 28 October 2020}}</ref>
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem|Dheeraj Singh]]|other=|no=1}}
{{fs player|other=|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sanson Pereira]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=4|nat=ESP|pos=DF|name=[[Iván Garrido González|Iván González]]}}
{{fs player|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Alberto Noguera]]|other=|no=5}}
{{Football squad player|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Leander D'Cunha|other=|no=6}}
{{fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Seiminlen Doungel|Len Doungel]]|other=|no=7}}
{{fs player|nat=AUS|pos=DF|name=[[James Donachie]]||other=on loan from [[Newcastle Jets FC|Newcastle Jets]]|no=8}}
{{fs player|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]|other=|no=9}}
{{fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Brandon Fernandes]]|other=|no=10}}
{{fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Princeton Rebello]]|other=|no=11}}
{{fs player|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]|other=|no=13}}
{{fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Phrangki Buam]]|other=|no=16}}
{{fs mid}}
{{fs player|other=|no=17|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=[[Igor Angulo]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Makan Chote]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Seriton Fernandes]]}}
{{Football squad player|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Saviour Gama]]|other=|no=21}}
{{fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Redeem Tlang]]|other=|no=22}}
{{fs player|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Edu Bedia]]|other=Captain|no=23}}
{{fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Lenny Rodrigues]]|other=|no=24}}
{{fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Ishan Pandita]]|other=|no=26}}
{{Football squad player|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Aibanbha Dohling]]|other=|no=27}}
{{fs player|other=|no=32|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]}}
{{fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Mohammed Ali]]|other=|no=37}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]]|other=on loan from [[Hyderabad FC]]|no=50}}
{{fs end}}

==Transfers==
===Transfers in===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:150px" |Date from
! style="width:50px" |Position
! style="width:200px" |Name
! style="width:155px" |Previous club
! style="width:155px" |Ref
|-

|22 July 2020
|FW
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Igor Angulo]]
|{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Górnik Zabrze]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-fc-goa-sign-spanish-striker-igor-angulo/articleshow/77105144.cms|title=ISL: FC Goa rope in Spanish striker Angulo | Football News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 July 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|2 August 2020
|FW
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Redeem Tlang]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-redeem-tlang-leaves-northeast-united/|title=Redeem Tlang sends heartfelt message to fans, leaves NorthEast United|date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2 August 2020
|FW
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Makan Chote]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-makan-chothe-always-wanted-to-play-for-fc-goa/1snh9tkkh11g81t4v6qoc5ugrq|title=After making his mark at Punjab FC, Makan Winkle Chothe eyeing a first-team spot at FC Goa! | Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>
|-
|7 August 2020
|MF
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Jorge Ortiz Mendoza|Jorge Ortiz]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[CD Atlético Baleares|Atlético Baleares]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/fc-goa-sign-spanish-winger-jorge-ortiz/articleshow/77395718.cms|title=FC Goa sign Spanish winger Jorge Ortiz - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=6 August 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|9 August 2020
|DF
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Iván Garrido González|Iván González]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa|Cultural Leonesa]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/isl-fc-goa-sign-real-madrid-youth-product-ivan-gonzalez/|title=ISL: FC Goa sign Real Madrid youth product Ivan Gonzalez|date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|4 September 2020
|MF
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alberto Noguera]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[CD Numancia|Numancia]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/alberto-noguera-fc-goa-two-year-contract-isl/article32515813.ece|title=ISL: Alberto Noguera signs two-year deal with FC Goa|first=Team|last=Sportstar|website=Sportstar|date=3 September 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|25 September 2020
|DF
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[James Donachie]]
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Newcastle Jets FC|Newcastle Jets]]
|<ref>http://www.persianfootball.com/news/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persianfootball.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F09%2F02%2Fhadi-mohammadi-joins-indian-super-leagues-fc-goa%2F {{deadlink|date=July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|15 January 2021
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem|Dheeraj Singh]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-15|title=FC Goa sign Dheeraj as keeper Nawaz stalls on new deal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-sign-dheeraj-as-keeper-nawaz-stalls-on-new-deal/articleshow/80273672.cms|access-date=2021-01-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|22 January 2021
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-22|title=FC Goa signs Adil Khan on loan for the rest of the season|url=https://fcgoa.in/news/fc-goa-signs-adil-khan-on-loan-for-the-rest-of-the-season/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=FC Goa|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2 February 2021
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Glan Martins]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-02|title=ISL: FC Goa announce signing of Glan Martins|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-fc-goa-announce-signing-of-glan-martins/articleshow/80649865.cms|access-date=2021-01-02|website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2 February 2021
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-02|title=FC Goa complete signing of Amarjit Singh Kiyam|url=https://fcgoa.in/news/fc-goa-complete-signing-of-amarjit-singh-kiyam/|access-date=2021-01-02|website=FC Goa|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Loan Returns===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#8080FF; color:Black;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#8080FF; color:Black;" |'''No.'''
! style="background:#8080FF; color:Black;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#8080FF; color:Black;" |'''From'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Winger (association football)|RW]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 14
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Alexander Romario Jesuraj]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]]
|-
|}

===Loan outs===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#8080FF; color:Black;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#8080FF; color:Black;" |'''No.'''
! style="background:#8080FF; color:Black;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#8080FF; color:Black;" |'''To'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Winger (association football)|LW]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Seiminlen Doungel]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC]]
|-
|}

===Transfers out===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:150px" |Date from
! style="width:50px" |Position
! style="width:200px" |Name
! style="width:155px" |To
! style="width:155px" |Ref
|-
|1 July 2020
|DF
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Peña (Spanish footballer)|Carlos Peña]]
|Retired
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/fc-goa-star-carlos-pena-retires-from-professional-football|title=FC Goa star Carlos Pena retires from professional football|website=Indian Super League|date=9 April 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|1 August 2020
|MF
|{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[Ahmed Jahouh]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/isl-2020-21-fc-goas-ahmed-jahouh-play-for-mumbai-city-fc-next-season/|title=ISL 2020-21: FC Goa's Ahmed Jahouh to play for Mumbai City FC next season|date=8 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1 August 2020
|DF
|{{Flagicon|SEN}} [[Mourtada Fall]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Talnikar |first1=Neil |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-mourtada-fall-mumbai-city-fc/|title=Exclusive: FC Goa's Mourtada Fall set for a move to Mumbai City FC|work=Khel Now |date=7 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1 August 2020
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mandar Rao Dessai]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/isl-2020-21-fc-goa-captain-likely-join-mumbai-city-fc/|title=ISL 2020-21: FC Goa captain likely to join Mumbai City FC|date=8 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1 August 2020
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Kingsley Fernandes]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bizbehindsports.com/2020/07/09/kingslee-fernandes-reunites-with-churchill-brothers-fc/|title =Kingslee Fernandes reunites with Churchill Brothers FC|date =9 July 2020 |access-date = 2020-08-05|website = www.bizbehindsports.com|language = en}}</ref>
|-
|18 August 2020
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Jackichand Singh]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-transfer-jamshedpur-fc-jackichand-singh-fc-goa-redeem/53g5zxyblbsv1v716ve9t5wpk|title=Jamshedpur FC agree terms with Jackichand Singh, Goa line-up Redeem Tlang as replacement | Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>
|-
|26 August 2020
|FW
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.co/isl-2020-transfer-news-manvir-singh-signs-3-year-deal-with-atk-mohun-bagan/|title=ISL 2020 transfer news: Manvir Singh signs 3-year deal with ATK-Mohun Bagan|first=Kunal|last=Dhyani|date=25 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|5 September 2020
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 September 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/hyderabad-fc-sign-defender-chinglensana-singh/articleshow/77948353.cms|title=Hyderabad FC sign defender Chinglensana Singh|access-date=29 January 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|28 July 2020
|MF
|{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Boumous]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/isl-hugo-boumous-complete-record-rs-1-6-crore-move-mumbai-city/|title=ISL: Hugo Boumous set to complete record Rs 1.6 crore move to Mumbai City|date=28 July 2020|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|1 February 2021
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Lenny Rodrigues]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcgoa.in/news/fc-goa-and-lenny-rodrigues-part-ways/|title=FC Goa and Lenny Rodrigues part ways|date=1 February 2021|access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Current technical staff ==
{{as of|June 2020}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1" style="background:Midnightblue; color:white; text-align:center;" | Position
!colspan="1" style="background:Midnightblue; color:white; text-align:center;" | Name
|-
|Head coach
| |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juan Ferrando]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://validate.perfdrive.com/sportskeeda/captcha?ssa=a2b2a50f-f262-d1fc-dd1c-b63dbf9f460f&ssc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportskeeda.com%2Famp%2Findian-football%2Fisl-juan-ferrando-set-to-become-new-fc-goa-manager&ssi=17ab7179-a33a-1155-c49c-431426276322&ssk=contactus@shieldsquare.com&ssm=17787552968909548100221672775057&ssn=9362d4d61108bd5ac49942209d3e2bb19d46c881c369-e87c-b525-75d740&sso=6404e5a1-a7e4b3129c266e195ba96bac112f22dbb08e0e79618f82a3&ssp=18135751201602368964160236242252035&ssq=94452745963760636234859637434272338153776&ssr=MjA4LjgwLjE1My42MQ==&sst=citoid&ssw=|title=ShieldSquare Captcha|website=validate.perfdrive.com}}</ref>
|-
| Assistant & conditioning coach
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javi Gonzalez]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.co/indian-super-league-fc-goa-rope-in-javier-gonzalez-as-strength-and-conditioning-coach/|title=Indian Super League: FC Goa rope in Javier Gonzalez as strength and conditioning coach|work=InsideSport |date=13 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Clifford Miranda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/clifford-miranda-to-stay-on-as-fc-goas-assistant-coach|title=Clifford Miranda to stay on as FC Goa's assistant coach|website=Indian Super League|date=10 July 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|India}} Virender Singh
|-
|Technical Director
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Derrick Pereira]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/fc-goa-announce-new-coaching-team|title=FC Goa announce new coaching team|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=3 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref>
|-
|Director of Football
|{{flagicon|India}} Ravi Puskur
|-
|}

==Pre-season and friendlies==
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2020|11|1|df=y}}
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30]])
|round = [[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]]
|score = 3–2
|report =
|team1 = Goa
|goals1 = [[Igor Angulo|Angulo]] {{goal}} [[Seminlen Doungel|Doungel]] {{goal}} Pandita {{goal}}
|team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|goals2 = [[David Grande|Grande]] {{goal}} [[Mobashir Rahman|Mobashir]] {{goal}}
|stadium = [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|location = [[Goa]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= Friendly
|date = 8 November 2020
|time = 16:00 IST
|team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|score = 0–3
|report =https://twitter.com/MarcusMergulhao/status/1325419991496192000
|team2 = Goa
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Igor Angulo]] {{goal}} [[Princeton Rebello]] {{goal}} [[Sanson Pereira]] {{goal}}
|location = [[Goa]], [[India]]
|referee =
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date = 11 November 2020
|time = 16:00
|team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|score = 4–2
|report = https://twitter.com/HydFCOfficial/status/1326505496547749888
|team2 = Goa
|goals1 = Lalawmpuia {{goal}} [[Abhishek Halder|Halder]] {{goal||2}} [[Rohit Danu|Danu]] {{goal}}
|goals2 = [[Makan Chote|Chote]] {{goal}} [[Brandon Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal}}
|location = [[Panaji]]
|stadium = Don Bosco Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
}}

==Competitions==

===Overview===
{{Fb overview2
|c=3
|c1=[[2020–21 Indian Super League|ISL]]|fm1=22 November 2020 |lm1=8 March 2021 |sr1=Matchday 1 |fp1= |w1=7 |d1=12 |l1=3 |f1=33 |a1=25
|c2=[[2021 AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]] |fm2=14 April 2021 |lm2=29 April 2021|sr2=Group Stage 1st round |fp2= |w2=0 |d2=3 |l2=3 |f2=2 |a2=9
|u=15 April 2021
|s= [https://fbref.com/en/squads/3249478a/Goa-Stats FBref]
}}

===Indian Super League===
{{main|2020–21 Indian Super League}}

====League table====
{{:2020–21 Indian Super League|showteam=FCG}}

====Results by matchday====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Matchday
|label1= Ground
| res1= H/H/H/H/A/A/H/A/A/A/B/H/H/A/H/B/A/A/A/H/A/H
|label2= Result
| res2= D/L/D/W/W/L/L/W/W/D/W/D/D/D/D/D/D/W/W/D/D/D
|label3= Position
| res3= 4/8/7/6/4/6/8/5/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/4

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=green2|color_2-4=yellow1

|updated=28 February 2021
|source= [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/standings Indian Super League]
}}

====Matches====
{{Football box collapsible
|id=FCGvBFC
|round = 1
|date=22 November 2020
|time= 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Goa
|score= 2–2
|report= https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bengaluru-squander-two-goal-lead-and-share-the-spoils-with-goa
|team2=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|goals1=
* [[Igor Angulo|Angulo]] {{goal|66||69}}
|goals2=
* [[Cleiton Silva|Silva]] {{goal|27}}
* [[Juanan]] {{goal|57}}
|location=[[Margao]]
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance= 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee= [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
|result= D
|motm = [[Igor Angulo]] (FC Goa)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=FCGvMCFC
|date = {{Start date|2020|11|25|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30]])
|round = 2
|team1 = Goa
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36477-fc-goa-vs-mumbai-city-fc
|team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|goals1 =
*[[Seriton Fernandes|Seriton]] {{yel|30}}
*[[Redeem Tlang|Tlang]] {{sentoff|0|40}}
*[[Alexander Romario Jesuraj|Romario]] {{yel|73}}
*[[Edu Bedia]] {{yel|90}}
|goals2 =
*[[Sarthak Golui|Sarthak]] {{yel|24}}
* [[Mandar Rao Dessai|Mandar]] {{yel|34}}
* [[Amey Ranawade|Ranawade]] {{yel|65}}
* [[Adam Le Fondre|Le Fondre]] {{goal|90+5|pen}}
|location = [[Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance= 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
|result = L
|motm = [[Adam Le Fondre|Le Fondre]] (Mumbai City)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id=FCGvNEUFC
|round = 3
|date= 30 November 2020
|time= 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Goa
|score= 1–1
|report= https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36483-fc-goa-vs-northeast-united-fc
|team2=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|goals1=
* [[Igor Angulo|Angulo]] {{goal|43}}
|goals2=
* [[Idrissa Sylla|Sylla]] {{goal|40|pen}}
|location= [[Margao]]
|stadium= [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance= 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee= Crystal John
|result= D
|motm = [[Khassa Camara|Camara]] (NorthEast United)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id=FCGvKBFC
|round = 4
|date= 6 December 2020
|time= 21:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Goa
|score= 3–1
|report= https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36490-fc-goa-vs-kerala-blasters-fc
|team2=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1=
* [[Igor Angulo|Angulo]] {{goal|30||90+4}}
* [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Ortiz]] {{goal|52}}
|goals2=
* [[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Kumar]] {{yel|34}}
* [[Costa Nhamoinesu|Nhamoinesu]] {{sentoff|2|40|90+2}}
* [[Rahul Kannoly Praveen|Praveen]] {{yel|66}}
* [[Vicente Gómez Umpiérrez|Gómez]] {{goal|90}}
|location= [[Margao]]
|stadium= [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance= 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee= Harish Kundu
|result= W
|motm = [[Igor Angulo|Angulo]] (Goa)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id=OFCvFCG
|round = 5
|date = 12 December 2020
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36496-odisha-fc-vs-fc-goa
|team2 = Goa
|goals1 =
* [[Jacob Tratt|Tratt]] {{yel|30}}
* [[Hendry Antonay|Antonay]] {{yel|70}}
|goals2 =
* [[Lenny Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{yel|7}}
* [[Igor Angulo|Angulo]] {{goal|45}}
* [[Brandon Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{yel|80}}
|location = [[Bambolim]]
|stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee = Pratik Mondal
|result = W
|motm = [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]] (Goa)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=ATKMBvFCG
|round = 6
|date = 16 December 2020
|time = 19:30 IST
|team1 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36501-atk-mohun-bagan-vs-fc-goa
|team2 = Goa
|goals2 =
* [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|85|pen.}}
|goals1 =
|location = [[Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
|result = L
|motm = [[Carl McHugh|McHugh]] (ATK Mohun Bagan)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id=FCGvCFC
|round = 7
|date = 19 December 2020
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Goa
|score = 1–2
|report =
|team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals1 =
* [[Jorge Ortiz Mendoza|Mendoza]] {{goal|9}}
* [[Lenny Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{yel|56}}
|goals2 =
* [[Rafael Crivellaro|Crivellaro]] {{goal|5}}
* [[Deepak Tangri|Tangri]] {{yel|9}}
* [[Reagan Singh|R. Singh]] {{yel|14}}
* [[Rahim Ali|Ali]] {{goal|53}}
* [[Enes Sipovic|Sipovic]] {{yel|63}}
|location = [[Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee = Harish Kundu
|result = L
|motm = [[Rafael Crivellaro]](Chennaiyin)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=JFCvFCG
|round = 8
|date = 23 December 2020
|time = 19:30 IST
|team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|score = 1–2
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36509-jamshedpur-fc-vs-fc-goa
|team2 = Goa
|goals1 =
* [[Stephen Eze|Eze]] {{goal|33}}
* [[Sandip Mandi|Mandi]] {{yel|78}}
* [[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Hartley]] {{yel|83}}
|goals2 =
* [[Iván Garrido González|González]] {{yel|49}}
* [[Igor Angulo|Angulo]] {{goal|64|pen|90}}
|location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
|stadium = [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee = A Rowan
|result = W
|motm = [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]] (Goa)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=HFCvFCG
|round = 9
|date = 30 December 2020
|time = 19:30 IST
|team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|score = 1–2
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36514-hyderabad-fc-vs-fc-goa
|team2 = Goa
|goals1 =
* [[Aridane Santana|Santana]] {{goal|58}}
* [[Souvik Chakrabarti|Souvik]] {{yel|59}}
* [[Akash Mishra|Akash]] {{yel|63}}
* [[Lluís Sastre]] {{yel|68}}
|goals2 =
* [[Ishan Pandita|Ishan]] {{goal|87}}
* [[Igor Angulo|Angulo]] {{goal|90+1}}
|location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
|stadium = [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
|result = W
|motm = [[Igor Angulo|Angulo]] (Goa)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=SCEBvFCG
|date = 6 January 2021
|round = 10
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36520-sc-east-bengal-vs-fc-goa
|team2 = Goa
|goals1 =
*[[Raju Gaikwad]] {{yel|31}}
*[[Ankit Mukherjee|Ankit]] {{yel|54}}
*[[Danny Fox|Fox]] {{sentoff|0|56}}
*[[Aaron Amadi-Holloway|Aaron]] {{yel|67}}
*[[Jacques Maghoma|Maghoma]] {{yel|73}}
*[[Bright Enobakhare|Bright]] {{goal|79}}
*[[Scott Neville|Neville]] {{yel|90+6}}
|goals2 =
*[[Brandon Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{yel|45}}
*[[Devendra Murgaonkar|Devendra]] {{goal|81}}
*[[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{yel|82}}
|location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
|stadium = [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|result =D
|motm =[[Bright Enobakhare|Bright]] (East Bengal)
|referee =A Rowan
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id = FCGvJFC
|round = 11
|date = 14 January 2021
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Goa
|score = 3–0
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36724-fc-goa-vs-jamshedpur-fc
|team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|goals1 =
* [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Ortiz]] {{goal|19||52}}
* [[Iván Garrido González|González]] {{goal|89}}
|goals2 =
* [[Alex (footballer, born December 1988)|Alex]] {{sentoff|2|66|86}}
|location = [[Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
|result = W
|motm =[[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]] (Goa)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id = FCGvATKMB
|round = 12
|date = 17 January 2021
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Goa
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36728-fc-goa-vs-atk-mohun-bagan
|team2 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 =
* [[Iván Garrido González|González]] {{yel|63}}
* [[James Donachie|Donachie]] {{yel|74}}
*[[Ishan Pandita|Pandita]] {{goal|84}}
|goals2 =
* [[Carl McHugh|McHugh]] {{yel|63}}
* [[Edu García]] {{goal|75}}
|location = [[Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee = L Ajit Metei
|result = D
|motm = [[Saviour Gama]] (Goa)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id = KBFCvFCG
|round = 13
|date = 23 January 2021
|time = 19:30 IST
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36734-kerala-blasters-fc-vs-fc-goa
|team2 = Goa
|goals1 = [[Rahul Kannoly Praveen|Rahul]] {{yel|35}}{{goal|57}} [[Jeakson Singh Thounaojam|Jeakson]]{{yel|63}}
|goals2 = [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Ortiz]] {{goal|25}} [[Iván Garrido González|González]] {{sentoff|2|65|65}} [[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen]] {{yel|87}}
|location = [[Bambolim]]
|stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee = Ranjit Baksi
|motm = [[Sandeep Singh (footballer)|Sandeep]] (Kerala Blasters)
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=FCGvSCEB
|date = 29 January 2021
|round = 14
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Goa
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36741-fc-goa-vs-sc-east-bengal
|team2 = [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|goals1 =
* [[Igor Angulo]] {{goal|39}}
* [[Edu Bedia]] {{sent off|0|66}}
* [[Saviour Gama]] {{yel|60}}
|goals2 =
* [[Danny Fox]] {{goal|65}} {{yel|90}}
* [[Scott Neville]] {{yel|74}}
|location = [[Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|result = D
|motm = [[Bright Enobakhare]] (East Bengal)
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee =Harish Kundu
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id = NEUFCvFGC
|round = 15
|date = 4 February 2021
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|team2 = Goa
|score = 2–2
|report = https://fbref.com/en/matches/e3bd3d46/NorthEast-United-Goa-February-4-2021-Indian-Super-League
|goals1 =
* [[Federico Gallego|Gallego]] {{goal|41|pen.||58|pen.}}
* [[Ashutosh Mehta|Mehta]] {{yel|66}}
* [[Khassa Camara|Camara]] {{yel|84}}
* [[Idrissa Sylla|Sylla]] {{yel|90+4}}
|goals2 =
* [[Alexander Romario Jesuraj|Jesuraj]] {{goal|21}}
* [[Gurjinder Kumar|Kumar]] {{goal|80|o.g.}}
|location = [[Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Rowan Arumughan
|result = D
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 16
|date = 8 February 2021
|time = 19:30 IST
|team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|score = 3–3
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36753-mumbai-city-fc-vs-fc-goa
|team2 = Goa
|goals1 =
* [[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{goal|20}} {{sent off|1|90|90}}
* [[Adam Le Fondre|Le Fondre]] {{goal|26}} {{yel|79}}
* [[Mourtada Fall|Fall]] {{yel|59}}
|goals2 =
* [[Glan Martins|Martins]] {{yel|8}} {{goal|45}}
* [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Khan]] {{yel|36}}
* [[Igor Angulo|Angulo]] {{goal|51}}
* [[Seriton Fernandes|S. Fernandes]] {{yel|57}}
* [[Ishan Pandita|Pandita]] {{goal|90}}
|location = [[Bambolim]]
|stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee = Pranjal Banerjee
|motm =
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id="NorthEast v Odisha"
|round = 17
|date= 17 February 2021
|time= 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Goa
|score= 3–1
|report = https://fbref.com/en/matches/9df63ac0/Goa-Delhi-Dynamos-February-17-2021-Indian-Super-League
|team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|goals1 =
* [[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{goal|18}}
* [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Ortiz]] {{goal|26}}
* [[Iván Garrido González|González]] {{goal|75}}
|goals2 =
* [[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] {{goal|30}}
|location = [[Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id = "Chennaiyin v Goa"
|round = 18
|date = 13 February 2021
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|score = 2–2
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/36758-chennaiyin-fc-vs-fc-goa
|team2 = Goa
|goals1 =
* [[Jakub Sylvestr]] {{goal|13}}
* [[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{goal|60}}
* [[Reagan Singh|Singh]] {{yel|70}}
* [[Manuel Lanzarote]] {{yel|79}}
* [[Edwin Sydney Vanspaul|Edwin]] {{yel|90}}
|goals2 =
* [[Igor Angulo]] {{goal|19|pen.}}
* [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]] {{yel|90}}
* [[Ishan Pandita]] {{goal|90}}
* [[Edu Bedia]] {{yel|90}}
|location = [[Bambolim]]
|stadium = GMC Stadium
|attendance = 0
|referee = [[Crystal John]]
|result = D
|motm = [[Ishan Pandita]](Goa)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id= "Bengaluru v Goa"
|round = 19
|date= 21 February 2021
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|score = 1–2
|report= https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/angulo-and-redeem-on-target-as-fc-goa-beat-bengaluru-fc-to-boost-top-four-hopes
|team2 = Goa
|goals1 =
* [[Ashique Kuruniyan|Kuruniyan]] {{yel|19}}
* [[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh]] {{goal|33}}
* [[Dimas Delgado|Dimas]] {{yel|79}}
|goals2=
* [[Igor Angulo|Angulo]] {{goal|20}}
* [[Redeem Tlang|Redeem]] {{goal|23}}
* [[Alexander Romario Jesuraj|Romario]] {{yel|60}}
|location = [[Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Crystal John
|result= W
|motm = Glan Martins (Goa)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=FCGvHFC
|round = 20
|date = 28 February 2021
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Goa
|score = 0–0
|report = https://fbref.com/en/matches/275c92a2/Goa-Hyderabad-FC-February-28-2021-Indian-Super-League
|team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|goals1 =
* [[James Donachie|Donachie]] {{yel|33}}
* [[Edu Bedia|Bedia]] {{yel|55}}
* [[Redeem Tlang|Tlang]] {{yel|57}}
* [[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{sentoff|2|83|87}}
* [[Iván Garrido González|González]] {{yel|90+8}}
|goals2 =
* [[Souvik Chakrabarti|Chakrabarti]] {{yel|42}}
* [[João Victor (footballer, born 1988)|João Victor]] {{yel|64}}
* [[Lluís Sastre|Sastre]] {{sentoff|0|86}}
|location = [[Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=COVID}}
|referee = Banerjee Pranjal
|result = D
|motm =
}}

====Playoffs====
{{main|2021 Indian Super League Playoffs}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = Semi-finals 1st leg
| id = Goa v Mumbai City
| date = 5 March 2021
| time = 19:30 IST
| team1 = Goa
| score = 2–2
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/37310-fc-goa-vs-mumbai-city-fc
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 = [[Igor Angulo|Angulo]] {{goal|20|pen.}} [[Saviour Gama|Saviour]] {{goal|59}}
| goals2 = [[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{goal|38}} [[Mourtada Fall|Fall]] {{goal|61}}
| stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| location = [[Margao]]
| attendance = 0
| referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]] ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
| result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id =
| round = Semi-finals 2nd leg
| date = 8 March 2021
| time = 19:30 IST
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 0–0
| aggregatescore = 2–2
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/37312-mumbai-city-fc-vs-fc-goa
| team2 = Goa
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium|GMC Stadium]]
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| attendance = 0
| referee = Ajit Kumar Meitei ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
| penaltyscore = 6–5
| aet = yes
| penalties1 =
* [[Ogbeche]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Hernán Santana|Hernán]] {{penmiss}}
* [[Boumous]] {{penmiss}}
* [[Raynier Fernandes|Raynier]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Ahmed Jahouh|Jahouh]] {{penmiss}}
* [[Amey Ranawade|Ranawade]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Mourtada Fall|Fall]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Mandar Rao Dessai|Mandar]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Rowllin Borges|Borges]] {{pengoal}}
| penalties2 =
* [[Edu Bedia|Bedia]] {{penmiss}}
* [[Brandon Fernandes|Brandon]] {{penmiss}}
* [[Igor Angulo|Angulo]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Iván Garrido González|Iván]] {{pengoal}}
* [[James Donachie|Donachie]] {{penmiss}}
* [[Ishan Pandita|Pandita]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Ortiz]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Glan Martins|Glan]] {{penmiss}}
| result = D
}}

=== AFC Champions League ===
{{main|2021 AFC Champions League}}

==== Group stage ====
{{2021 AFC Champions League group tables|Group E|teamwidth=240|show_matches=yes|showteam=GOA}}

====Matches====
{{football box collapsible
|id = FCGvBFC
|round = 1
|date = 14 April 2021
|time =22:30 IST
|team1 = Goa {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 0–0
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-champions-league/matches/2021/2188200
|team2 = {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Al-Rayyan SC|Al-Rayyan]]
|goals1 =
* [[Alexander Romario Jesuraj|A. Jesuraj]] {{yel|45+1}}
* [[Sanson Pereira|Pereira]] {{yel|64}}
|goals2 =
*[[Mohammed Alaaeldin|M. Alaaeldin]] {{yel|13}}
*[[Ibrahim Masoud|I. Maqsoud]] {{yel|38}}
*[[Ahmed Abdul Maqsoud|A. Maqsoud]] {{yel|87}}
|location =[[Goa]], [[India]]
|stadium =Fatorda Stadium
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=closed doors|Match was played [[behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] due to government restrictions regarding the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].}}
|referee = [[Nazmi Nasaruddin]] ([[Football Association of Malaysia|Malaysia]])
|result = D
|motm = [[Yacine Brahimi]] (Al-Rayyan)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=FCGvBFC
|round = 2
|date = 17 April 2021
|time =20:00 IST
|team1 = [[Al Wahda FC (UAE)|Al-Wahda]] {{flagicon|UAE}}
|score = 0–0
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-champions-league/matches/2021/2188201
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Goa
|goals1 =
*A. Karbi {{yel|60}}
*M. Harbi {{yel|89}}
|goals2 =
*[[Iván Garrido González|I. González]] {{yel|56}}
* [[Alexander Romario Jesuraj|A. Jesuraj]] {{yel|61}}
* [[Edu Bedia|Bedia]] {{yel|74}}
|location =[[Goa]], [[India]]
|stadium =Fatorda Stadium
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=closed doors|Match was played [[behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] due to government restrictions regarding the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].}}
|referee = Ahmad Al-Ali ([[Kuwait Football Association|Kuwait]])
|result = D
|motm = [[Edu Bedia]] (Goa)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=FCGvBFC
|round = 3
|date= 20 April 2021
|time=22:30 IST
|team1= [[Persepolis F.C.|Persepolis]] {{flagicon|IRN}}
|score= 2–1
|report= https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-champions-league/matches/2021/2188204
|team2= {{flagicon|IND}} Goa
|goals1 =
*[[Mehdi Torabi|Torabi]] {{goal|18|pen.}}
*[[Jalal Hosseini|Hosseini]] {{goal|24}}
|goals2 =
*[[Seriton Fernandes|Seriton]] {{yel|10}}
*[[Edu Bedia|Bedia]] {{goal|14}}, {{yel|64}}
|location =[[Goa]], [[India]]
|stadium =Fatorda Stadium
|attendance= 0{{efn|name=closed doors|Match was played [[behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] due to government restrictions regarding the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].}}
|referee= Hanna Hattab ([[Syrian Arab Federation for Football|Syria]])
|result= L
|motm = [[Dheeraj Singh]] (Goa)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id = FCGvBFC
|round = 4
|date = 23 April 2021
|time =22:30 IST
|team1 = Goa {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 0–4
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-champions-league/matches/2021/2188206
|team2 = {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Persepolis F.C.|Persepolis]]
|goals1 =
*[[Leander D'Cunha|D'Cunha]] {{yel|15}}
*[[Sanson Pereira|Pereira]] {{yel|72}}
|goals2 =
*[[Shahriyar Moghanlou|Moghanlou]] {{goal|24}}
*[[Mehdi Torabi|Torabi]] {{goal|43|pen.}}
*[[Issa Alekasir|Alekasir]] {{goal|47}}
*[[Kamal Kamyabinia|Kamyabinia]] {{goal|58}}
|location =[[Goa]], [[India]]
|stadium =Fatorda Stadium
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=closed doors|Match was played [[behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] due to government restrictions regarding the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].}}
|referee = [[Hiroyuki Kimura]] ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]])
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id = FCGvBFC
|round = 5
|date = 26 April 2021
|time =22:30 IST
|team1 = [[Al-Rayyan]] {{flagicon|QAT}}
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-champions-league/matches/2021/2188209
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Goa
|goals1 =
*[[Ali Ferydoon|Ferydoon]] {{goal|89}}
*[[Abdurahman Al-Korbi|Al-Korbi]] {{yel|24}}
*[[Yousif Umar|Y. Umar]] {{yel|90+2}}
|goals2 =
*[[Jorge Ortiz Mendoza|Ortiz]] {{goal|3}}
*[[Iván Garrido González|I. González]] {{yel|40}}
*[[Brandon Fernandes|B. Fernandes]] {{yel|61}}
*[[Dheeraj Singh]] {{yel|83}}
|location =[[Goa]], [[India]]
|stadium =Fatorda Stadium
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=closed doors|Match was played [[behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] due to government restrictions regarding the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].}}
|referee = Hanna Hattab ([[Syrian Arab Federation for Football|Syria]])
|result = D
|motm = [[Jorge Ortiz Mendoza]] (Goa)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=FCGvBFC
|round = 6
|date = 29 April 2021
|time =22:30 IST
|team1 = Goa {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 0–2
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-champions-league/matches/2021/2188211
|team2 = {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Al Wahda FC (UAE)|Al-Wahda]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = *[[Omar Kharbin|Kharbin]] {{goal|61}}
*[[Mohammed Barqesh|Barquesh]]{{goal|90}}
*[[Abdulla Hamad|Hamad]] {{yel|37}}
|location =[[Goa]], [[India]]
|stadium =Fatorda Stadium
|attendance = 0{{efn|name=closed doors|Match was played [[behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] due to government restrictions regarding the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].}}
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}

==Statistics==
===Squad appearances and goals===
{{Efs start|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|Super League]] | [[2021 AFC Champions League|ACL]]}}
|-
! colspan=10 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Goalkeepers
{{Efs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem|Dheeraj Singh]]|1|0|4|0}}
{{Efs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]|10|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Shubham Dhas|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]|3|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=41|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Dylan Ignacio da Silva|0|0|0|0}}
|-
! colspan=10 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Defenders
{{Efs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sanson Pereira]]|3|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=4|nat=SPA|pos=DF|name=[[Iván Garrido González|Iván González]]|12|1|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Leander D'Cunha|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=8|nat=AUS|pos=DF|name=[[James Donachie]]|12|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Seriton Fernandes]]|13|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Saviour Gama]]|13|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Aibanbha Dohling]]|8|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=37|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Mohammed Ali]]|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=42|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sarineo Fernandes|0|0|0|0}}
|-
! colspan=11 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Midfielders
{{Efs player|no=5|nat=SPA|pos=MF|name=[[Alberto Noguera]]|13|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Seiminlen Doungel]]|7|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Brandon Fernandes]]|11|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Princeton Rebello]]|13|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Alexander Romario Jesuraj]]|13|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Phrangki Buam]]|0|0|0|0|}}
{{Efs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Redeem Tlang]]|5|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=23|nat=SPA|pos=MF|name=[[Edu Bedia]]|14|0|5|1}}
{{Efs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Lenny Rodrigues]]|10|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=43|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Aaren D'Silva|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=44|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Nestor Dias|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=50|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]]|1|0|0|0}}
|-
! colspan=10 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Forwards
{{Efs player|no=9|nat=SPA|pos=FW|name=[[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]|14|5|5|1}}
{{Efs player|no=17|nat=SPA|pos=FW|name=[[Igor Angulo]]|13|10|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Makan Chote]]|1|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Ishan Pandita]]|5|2|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Devendra Murgaonkar]]|6|1|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=88|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Flan Gomes|0|0|0|0}}
|}
{{Fb rs footer|u=31 January 2021|s=[https://fbref.com/en/squads/3249478a/Goa-Stats FBref]|date=September 2020}}

===Goal scorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;width:85%;"
|-
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| Rank
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| No.
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| Pos.
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| Player
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| Indian Super League
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| Play-offs
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| AFC Champions League
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| Total
|-
|rowspan="1"|1
| 17
| FW
|align=left| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Igor Angulo]]
||13||1||0||'''14'''
|-
|rowspan="1"|2
| 9
| MF
|align=left| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]
||6||0||0||'''6'''
|-
|rowspan=1|3
| 26
| FW
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishan Pandita]]
||4||0||0||'''4'''
|-
|rowspan=1|4
| 4
| DF
|align=left| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Iván Garrido González|Iván González]]
||2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
|rowspan=6|5
| 5
| MF
|align=left| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alberto Noguera]]
||1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 14
| MF
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Alexander Romario Jesuraj]]
||1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 21
| DF
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saviour Gama]]
||0||1||0||'''1'''
|-
| 22
| MF
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Redeem Tlang]]
||1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 25
| FW
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Glan Martins]]
||1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 29
| FW
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Devendra Murgaonkar]]
||1||0||0||'''1'''
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan=4|Own goals
|1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
|colspan=4| '''Total'''||'''31'''||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''33'''

|}
{{Fb rs footer|u=8 March 2021|s=[https://fbref.com/en/squads/3249478a/Goa-Stats FBref]|date=September 2020}}

===Clean sheets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;width:85%;"
|-
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| Rank
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| No.
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| Pos.
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| Player
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| Indian Super League
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| Play-offs
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| AFC Champions League
! style=background-color:#FF8000;color:white| Total
|-
|rowspan="1"|1
| 1
| GK
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem|Dheeraj Singh]]
||1||1||2||'''4'''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2
| 13
| GK
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
||1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 32
| GK
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]
||1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
|colspan=4| '''Total'''
||'''3'''||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''5'''
|}
{{Fb rs footer|u=8 March 2021|s=[https://fbref.com/en/squads/3249478a/Goa-Stats FBref]|date=September 2020}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{FC Goa}}
{{2020–21 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2020-21 FC Goa season}}
[[Category:FC Goa seasons]]
[[Category:2020–21 Indian Super League season by team|Goa]]

Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 5

2025-10-12T08:00:30Z

RowenaProctor6:

{{Short description|Indian reality television game show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television season
| image = Bigg Boss 5 eye logo.jpg
| image_alt =
| bgcolor = #4B0082
| caption = Season 5 eye logo
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]
| num_days = 105
| num_housemates = 19
| runner_up = [[Shanmukh]]
| winner = [[VJ Sunny]]
}}
| num_episodes = 106
| network = [[Star Maa]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|09|05|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|12|19|df=yes}}
| season_number = 5
| starring =
| prev_season = [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 4|Season 4]]
| next_season = [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 6|Season 6]]
}}

'''''Bigg Boss 5''''' is the season of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version of the Indian [[reality television]] series ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' based on the Dutch series [[Big Brother (franchise)|''Big Brother'']]. The show premiered on 5 September 2021 on [[Star Maa]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]] with [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Akkineni Nagarjuna]] returning as a host for third time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-15|title=Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 new promo: Nagarjuna promises an end to boredom, watch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-season-5-new-promo-nagarjuna-promises-an-end-to-boredom-7453934/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The season's finale took place on 19 December 2021 with [[VJ Sunny|Sunny]] winning the title along with {{INR}}50 [[lakh]] in prize money, a bike, and a plot worth {{INR}}25 [[lakh]] while [[Shanmukh Jaswanth]] emerged as the first runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 5 winner: Actor VJ Sunny lifts the trophy; wins prize money of Rs. 50 lakhs and a plot - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-5-winner-actor-vj-sunny-lifts-the-trophy-wins-prize-money-of-rs-50-lakhs-and-a-plot/articleshow/88374671.cms|access-date=2021-12-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Production==
This season was scheduled to launch in June 2021, but was delayed due to the second wave of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Telugu season 5 to premiere in September? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-season-5-to-premiere-in-september/articleshow/84857835.cms|access-date=2021-09-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The show organizers officially released a teaser using the show's logo on 1 August 2021. The promo shoots of the show were directed by [[Prasanth Varma]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Telugu season 5's logo launched; watch first teaser - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-season-5s-logo-launched-watch-first-teaser/articleshow/84941920.cms|access-date=2021-09-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-17|title=Bigg Boss Telugu New Promo Under Zombie Reddy Director|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tv/zombie-reddy-directing-bigg-boss-telugu-new-promo-141189|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}</ref> On 26 August 2021, it was confirmed that the show would premiere on 5 September 2021 on [[Star Maa]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 5 to premiere on this date|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-5-to-premiere-on-this-date-7473147/|access-date=2021-08-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Housemates status ==
{| class = "wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" |Sr
! scope="col" |Housemate
! scope="col" |Day entered
! scope="col" |Day exited
! scope="col" |Status
|-
|1
| Sunny
|Day 1
|Day 105
|{{Won|Winner}}
|-
|2
|Shanmukh
|Day 1
|Day 105
| {{runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|-
|3
|Sreeram
|Day 1
|Day 105
| style="background:#7FFFD4;"|{{no wrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
|4
|Manas
|Day 1
|Day 105
| style="background:#DDA0DD;"|3rd Runner-up
|-
|5
|Siri
|Day 1
|Day 105
| style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |4th Runner-up
|-
|6
|Kajal
|Day 1
|Day 98
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|7
|Priyanka
|Day 1
|Day 91
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|8
|Ravi
|Day 1
|Day 84
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|9
|Anee
|Day 1
|Day 77
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|10
|Jaswanth
|Day 1
|Day 70
|{{Eliminated|Walked}}
|-
|11
|Lobo
|Day 1
|Day 63
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|12
|Vishwa
|Day 1
|Day 56
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|13
|Priya
|Day 1
|Day 49
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|14
|Swetha
|Day 1
|Day 42
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|15
|Hamida
|Day 1
|Day 35
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|16
|Nataraj
|Day 1
|Day 28
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|17
|Lahari
|Day 1
|Day 21
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|18
|Uma
|Day 1
|Day 14
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|19
|Sarayu
|Day 1
|Day 7
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

== Housemates ==
The participants in the order of appearance:
*Siri Hanmanth – Television actress and [[YouTuber]]. She has appeared in TV serials like ''Evare Nuvvu Mohini'', [[Agnisakshi (TV series)|''Agnisakshi'']] and [[Savitramma Gari Abbayi (TV Series)|''Savitramma Gari Abbayi'']].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=K.|first=Janani|date=6 September 2021|title=Nagarjuna's Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 begins with a blast. Full list of contestants here|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/nagarjuna-s-bigg-boss-telugu-season-5-begins-with-a-blast-full-list-of-contestants-here-1849701-2021-09-06|url-status=live|website=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906082048/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/nagarjuna-s-bigg-boss-telugu-season-5-begins-with-a-blast-full-list-of-contestants-here-1849701-2021-09-06 |archive-date=2021-09-06 }}</ref>
*[[VJ Sunny|Sunny]] – [[VJ (media personality)|Video jockey]] and television actor. He is best known for his role in ''[[:simple:Kalyana Vaibhogam (TV series)|Kalyana Vaibhogam]]''.<ref name=":0" />
*Lahari Shari – Film actress known for the movies ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' and ''[[Zombie Reddy]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=Meet all 19 contestants of Bigg Boss Telugu season 5, see photos|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/meet-all-19-contestants-of-bigg-boss-telugu-season-5-see-photos-7491779/|url-status=live|website=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906092246/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/meet-all-19-contestants-of-bigg-boss-telugu-season-5-see-photos-7491779/ |archive-date=2021-09-06 }}</ref>
*[[Sreerama Chandra]] – [[Playback singer]], musician, and film actor. He was the winner of ''[[Indian Idol]]'' Season 5.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
*Anee (Anita Lama) – [[Choreography (dance)|Dance choreographer]] and [[Television Personalities|television judge]].<ref name=":0" /> She is known for her work on ''[[Mahanati]]'' and has been a judge of various reality dance shows, including [[Dhee (TV series)|''Dhee'']] and ''[[Dancee Plus]]''.
*Lobo (Mohammad Khayyum) – Former video jockey on Maa Music and film actor.<ref name=":0" />
*[[Mamilla Shailaja Priya|Shailaja Priya]] – Film and television actress.<ref name=":0" /> She is part of the [[soap opera]]s ''Kotha Bangaaram, No.1 Kodalu, [[Sasirekha Parinayam (TV series)|Sasirekha Parinayam]]'' and ''Priya Sakhi''.<ref name=":1" />
*Jaswanth "Jessie" Padala – Model and television actor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 5 contestant Jaswanth Padala: All you need to know about the model-turned-actor - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-5-contestant-jaswanth-padala-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-model-turned-actor/articleshow/85949867.cms|access-date=2021-09-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He appeared in the soap opera ''Saptha Mathrika'' and the film ''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]''.<ref name=":1" />
*Priyanka Singh– Television personality.<ref name=":0" /> She is part of the television comedy show [[Jabardasth (TV programme)|''Jabardasth'']] and is the second [[transgender]] contestant in the show.<ref name=":1" />
*[[Shanmukh Jaswanth]] – YouTuber.<ref name=":0" /> He is best known for his role of Shannu in the short video The Viva and the web-series ''[[The Software Devloveper|The Software DevLOVEper]]'' and appeared in the 2019 film ''[[Nannu Dochukunduvate]]''<ref name=":1" />
*Hamida Khatoon – Film actress. She is known for the film ''Sahasam Cheyara Dimbaka''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
*Nataraj – Dance choreographer and [[Television personality|television judge]].<ref name=":0" /> He was part of the reality dance show ''Aata''.
*Sarayu Roy – YouTuber.<ref name=":0" /> She is a part of 7 Arts YouTube channel.
*Vishwa – Film and television actor.<ref name=":0" /> He appeared in the TV series ''Yuva'', ''Ganga Tho Rambabu'' and ''Ganga and Manga''.<ref name=":1" />
*Umadevi Maria – Film and television actress. She is best known for her role Bhagyalakshmi in the television series [[Karthika Deepam (Telugu TV series)|''Karthika Deepam'']].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
*Maanas Nagulapalli – Film and television actor. He is part of the television series ''Kokilamma'' and ''[[Manasichi Choodu (TV series)|Manasichi Choodu]]''.<ref name=":0" />
*Kajal – [[Voice acting|Voice actor]] and [[radio personality]] from [[Radio Mirchi]].<ref name=":0" />
*Swetha Varma – Film actress,''<ref name=":0" /> ''known for films such as ''[[Pachchis]]'', [[Mithai (film)|''Mithai'']] and ''Raani.<ref name=":1" />''
*Ravi Kiran – [[Television presenter]], radio personality and film actor.<ref name=":1" />

===''Bigg Boss 5 Buzzz''===
'''''Bigg Boss 5 Buzzz''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] television talk show about the reality television series ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series)|Bigg Boss Telugu]]''. Hosted by Ariyana Glory, the show features failed contestants from ''Bigg Boss 5'' as guests. The show premiered on 13 September 2021 on Star Maa Music. Unaired portions of the show were also added to [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and Star Maa Music releases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unseen content of Bigg Boss Telugu 5 BuzzZ on Star Maa from Sept 6: Nagarjuna|url=https://m.ap7am.com/lv-353089-unseen-content-of-bigg-boss-telugu-5-buzzz-on-star-maa-from-sept-6-nagarjuna?amp|access-date=2021-09-06|website=ap7am.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The launch of the fifth season has received about 15.7 TVR in general and 18 TVR with HD viewership.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 September 2021|title=TV Ratings: Bigg Boss 5 Telugu Gets Good Start {{!}} greatandhra|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/tv-ratings-bigg-boss-5-telugu-gets-good-start-115922|access-date=2021-09-16|website=www.greatandhra.com}}</ref> The grand finale episode had secured 18.4 TVR + millions of views on Disney Hotstar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-30|title=Bigg Boss 5 Telugu Finale episode acquires record breaking TRP but fails to beat 4th season|url=https://www.tollywood.net/bigg-boss-5-telugu-finale-episode-acquires-record-breaking-trp-but-fails-to-beat-4th-season/|access-date=2021-12-30|website=Tollywood|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bigg Boss Telugu}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) seasons|05]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]

Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria

2025-09-14T01:17:11Z

RowenaProctor6: update lead for consistency

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence = [[Amritsar, India]]
| office = Member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| office2 = Revenue Minister, Punjab.
| office3 = Rehabilitation & Disaster Management Minister, Punjab
| office4 = Water Resources Minister, Punjab.
| constituency = [[Raja Sansi Assembly constituency|Raja Sansi]]
| termstart = 2007
| predecessor = Vir Singh Lopoke
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| website =
}}

'''Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria''' is an Indian politician and from the [[Indian National Congress]]. He is a member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] and represents [[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency#Raja Sansi|Raja Sansi]].<ref name=aaa/> He is a Punjab state cabinet minister holding the charges of the ministries of Revenue, Rehabilitation & Disaster Management and Water Resources.<ref name=nic>{{cite web |title=Punjab Legislative Assembly - Members |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/17 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |publisher=Punjab Vidhan Sabha/C-DAC Mohali |accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sep 26 |first1=TIMESOFINDIA COM / Updated |title=punjab: 15 ministers, 7 new faces: Punjab CM Channi's new cabinet {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/punjab-cabinet-expansion-15-congress-mlas-take-oath-as-ministers/articleshow/86529347.cms |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sarkaria was born on 31 March 1956 in Amritsar to parents Narinder Singh Sarkaria and Amarjit Kaur.<ref name=nic/>

==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==
During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], He declared Rs. 11,21,53,000 as an overall financial asset and Rs. 4,49,12,000 as financial liability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- RAJA SANSI(AMRITSAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=166 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

==Political career==
Sarkaria first contested the Punjab Legislative Assembly on Congress ticket from Raja Sansi in 1997 but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1997 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1997/StatiscialReport-PU97.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref> He again contested from Raja Sansi in 2002 as an independent candidate, but narrowly lost the election. He also contested the 2004 Lok Sabha election from Tarn Taran constituency.<ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2002 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_PB.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref> However, he was successful during 2007 Vidhan Sabha elections, when he won from Raja Sansi with a big margin.<ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2007 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rep_2007_PB.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref> He was re-elected MLA for Raja Sansi in 2012.<ref name=aaa>{{cite web|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2012 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_PB_2012.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref>
He is elected MLA consecutively for the 3rd time in 2017 from [[Rajasansi]] constituency in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] where he defeated Vir Singh Lopoke of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]].
He was the Chairman of Punjab Mandi Board during Capt. Amrinder Singh's government.

He is also the Vice President of Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee.

Sarkaria was one of the 42 INC MLAs who submitted their resignations in protest of a decision of the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruling Punjab's termination of the Sutlej-Yamuna Link (SYL) water canal unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/syl-verdict-42-punjab-congress-mlas-submit-resignation-4369724/ | title= SYL verdict: 42 Punjab Congress MLAs submit resignation | date=11 November 2016 | agency=PTI | newspaper=The Indian Express | accessdate=31 May 2019 }}</ref>

==MLA==
The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before= - }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Channi ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for Minister of Water Resources
|years=2017–2022}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Brahm Shankar Jimpa]]}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Raja Sansi
| before= Vir Singh Lopoke
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkaria, Sukhbinder Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]

Uttarā (Mahabharata)

2025-05-02T17:57:42Z

RowenaProctor6: fixed issues

#REDIRECT [[Uttarā]]

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{{R from move}}
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Mohan Kupleri

2025-02-20T05:29:25Z

RowenaProctor6: cleaned up information for accuracy and added references

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohan Kupleri
| image = MohanKupleri.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|06|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Payyanur]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Film director
| years_active = 1981–present
| spouse = Rajasree Mohan
| children = Dr. Ambili SaiKiran, Akhil Mohan
}}

'''Mohan Kupleri'''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=mohan+kupleri&pg=PT284|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|date=10 July 2014|publisher= British Film Institute. Edited by Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Paul Willemen, Professor of Critical Studies. Mohan Kupleri's Movie Reference|isbn=9781135943189}}</ref> (born 19 June 1957) is an Indian film director in [[Malayalam cinema]], Television Serials and Advertising Films. He made his debut cinema with ''Grihaprevesam'' (1992). His films include ''[[Nandini Oppol]]'' (1994), ''[[Kaathil Oru Kinnaram]]'' (1996), ''Dravidan'' (1998), ''[[Kattathoru Penpoovu]]'' (1998), ''[[Saavithriyude Aranjaanam]]'' (2002), ''[[Payum Puli]]'' (2007), ''Evadaina Sare'' (Telugu language)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/telugu/evadaina-sare/default.htm|title='Evadiana Sare Telugu Movie|publisher= [[Sulekha.com]] Movies}}</ref> (2007), ''[[Grihanathan]]'' (2012) and ''[[Chandragiri (film)|Chandragiri]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nanaonline.in/cinema-gallery/1177/chandragiri-malayalam-movie|title=' Mohan Kupleri's next movie: "Chandragiri"'|publisher=Nana Cinema Varika}}</ref>

==Biography==
Mohan Kupleri hails from [[Payyanur]], Kannur District, in the state of Kerala. He is currently residing in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He is married to Rajasree, and they have two children: Dr. Ambili Saikiran and Akhil Mohan. Dr. Ambili is married to Saikiran, and Akhil is married to Vrinda.

Mohan Kupleri's entry into the film industry began with his work as an assistant director to the acclaimed director [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]. He collaborated with Adoor Gopalakrishnan on several award-winning films, including [[Elippathayam]], [[Mukhamukham]], and [[Anantaram]], which garnered numerous national and international accolades.

In addition to his work in cinema, Mohan Kupleri has scripted and directed television serials and commercial advertising films. His directorial credits include several popular Malayalam television serials. Some of his notable serials are Swaram which won the Television Critics' Award for best serial in 2006<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/amrita-completes-a-year/article3217638.ece|title=Television Critics Awards 2006 | accessdate=31 March 2006|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 March 2006 }}</ref> ([[Amrita TV]]), 'Kattukurangu'- Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Director, Kerala State Television Award for best 2nd serial,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/television-awards-announced/article8689220.ece|title=Kerala State Television Awards 2015 | accessdate=3 June 2016|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 June 2016 }}</ref> Swantham ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]), Dhannyam ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]), Charulatha ([[Surya TV]]), Indulekha ([[Surya TV]]), M.T Kathakal ([[Amrita TV]]), Kattukurangu ([[Amrita TV]]), Kallyanasougandhikam ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/People-have-already-struck-a-musical-chord-with-Veena/articleshow/40866593.cms|title=Times of India |date=25 August 2014 | accessdate=25 August 2014|publisher=Kattu Kurangu is scripted by Jayapal Ananthan and directed by Mohan Kupleri.}}</ref> [[Athmasakhi]] ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mazhavilmanorama.com/shows/fiction/athmasakhi.html|title=Mazhavil Manorama|publisher=Athmasakhi is written by cine - serial actress Sangeetha Mohan and Directed by Mohan Kupleri.}}</ref> etc.

==Filmography==

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Films!! Year !! Story !! Actors !! Lyrics !! Music director !! Notes
|-
| ''Grihaprevesam'' || 1992 || Mani Shornnur || [[Jagadish]], [[Rekha (Tamil actress)|Rekha]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] || S. Balakrishnan || Debut Film
|-
| ''[[Nandini Oppol]]'' || 1994 || Sudhakar Mangalodayam || [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]] || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] || [[S. P. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kaathil Oru Kinnaram]]'' || 1996 || Govardhan || [[Jagadish]], [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Chippy (actress)|Chippy]], [[Devayani]] || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] || [[S.P Venkitesh]] || Story thread by Ambili; daughter of Mohan Kupleri
|-
| ''[[Kattathoru Penpoovu]]'' || 1998 || [[C. V. Balakrishnan]] || [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Thilakan]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]]|| [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] || [[Kaithapram]] || [[Thilakan]] got State Award for Second Best Actor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm|title=Kerala State Film Awards 1998|publisher=Information and Public Relations Department - Government of Kerala State Film Awards.|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm|archivedate=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dravidan'' || 1998 || Jossy Vagamattom || [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Rajan P Dev]] || [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] || [[S. P. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| ''[[Saavithriyude Aranjaanam]]'' || 2002 || [[M. Mukundan]] || [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Aswathy]] || [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] || [[M. Jayachandran]] || Cinema version of [[M. Mukundan]]'s literary work.
|-
| ''[[Payum Puli]]'' || 2007 || Biju Devassy || [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Chandra Lakshman]] || [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] || [[Mohan Sithara]] ||
|-
| ''Evadaina Sare'' (Telugu)|| 2007 || Biju Devassy || [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Chandra Lakshman]] || || [[Mohan Sithara]] || Telugu Movie
|-
| ''[[Grihanathan]]'' || 2012 || Mani Shornur || [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sonia Agarwal]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] || [[Vayalar Sharath]] || [[Achu Rajamani]] || [[Sonia Agarwal]]'s debut Malayalam movie<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Sonia-Agarwal-makes-her-Mwood-debut/articleshow/11092917.cms|title=Times of India |date=13 December 2011 | accessdate=13 December 2011|publisher=Sonia Agarwal makes her Mwood debut.}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chandragiri'' || 2018 || Vinod Kumar Kuttamath || [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Shaun Romy]], [[Joy Mathew]], [[Sunil Sukhada]], [[Sajitha Madathil]] || [[Vayalar Sharath]] || [[Bijibal]], [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]] || The story of a School and [[Yakshagana]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbNqNGvzg_g|title=Location Report |date=9 August 2017 | accessdate=9 August 2017|publisher=Mohan Kupleri's 9th Movie.}}</ref>

|}

===As Unit or Asst. Director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! ''Film'' !! Year!! Director !!Actors !! [[Language]]
|-
| ''[[Elippathayam]]'' || 1981 || [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] || [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]], [[Sharada (1981 film)|Sharada]], [[Jalaja]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| ''[[Mukhamukham]]'' || 1984 || [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] || [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| ''[[Anantaram]]'' || 1987 || [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] || [[Mammootty]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Shobhana]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| ''Basheer the man'' || 1987 || MA Rahman || Documentary on [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| ''Ashokante Aswathikuttikku'' || 1989 || Vijayan Karote || [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Parvathy Jayaram]], [[Thilakan]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] || [[Malayalam]]
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Serial!!Channel!!Notes
|-
|Ladies Hostel ||[[Doordarshan]]|||
|-
|Swantham ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|Dhannyam ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|Charulatha||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|Indulekha ||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|M.T Kathakal ||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|Kattukurangu ||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|koodum Thedi||Asianet
|-
|Kalyanasougandhikam ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|[[Athmasakhi]]||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|Priyapettaval||Mazhavil manorama||
|-
|[[Kaiyethum Doorath (TV series)]]||[[Zee Keralam]]||
|-
|Shyamambaram ||[[Zee Keralam]]||On Air (2023-24)
|-
|Ishtam maathram ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Announced (2024)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kupleri, Mohan}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kannur district]]

Baapmanus

2025-02-06T01:14:53Z

RowenaProctor6: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2014}}
{{Short description|Indian regional TV soap}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Drama]]
| image = Baapmanus.jpeg
| caption =
| writer = {{plainlist|
*Swapnil Gangurde
*Charudutt Bhagwat}}
| director = Harshad Paranjpe
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ravindra Mankani]]
*[[Suyash Tilak]]
*Shruti Atre
*Pallavi Patil<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marathimovieworld.com/news/runji-fame-pallavi-patil-to-return-on-small-screen-with-baapmanus.php|title='Runji' fame Pallavi Patil to return on small screen with 'Baapmanus'|website=Marathi Movie World}}</ref>
*Sangram Samel}}
| opentheme = ''Baapmanus'' by Rahul Suhas
| voices = Divya Kumar
| music = Rahul Suhas Vaibhav Deshmukh (Lyrics)
| country = [[India]]
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 291<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/baapmanus-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/63718813.cms|title=Baapmanus completes 100 episodes - Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Sanjay Bhagwat Zankar
*Gaurav Avinash Ponkshe}}
| cinematography = Kumar Gauda
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Film Positives
| network = [[Zee Yuva]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|12|18}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|11|17}}
}}

'''Baapmanus'''<ref>{{cite web|date=2017-12-11|url=http://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-yuva%E2%80%99s-upcoming-show-baapmanus/399034|title=झी युवावर येतोय प्रत्येकाच्या मनातला 'बापमाणूस'|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref> is an Indian Marathi television daily soap opera that is aired on [[Zee Yuva]]. The show stars [[Ravindra Mankani]], [[Suyash Tilak]] in lead roles. The show premiered on [[Zee Yuva]] on 18 December 2017.

==Cast==
*[[Ravindra Mankani]] as Dadasaheb Zujarrao
*[[Suyash Tilak]] as Surya, Dadasaheb's younger son
*[[Pooja Pawar|Pooja Pawar-Salunkhe]] as Aaisaheb, Dadasaheb's wife, Chandra, Surya and Radha's mother
*Pallavi Patil as Nisha, Ramakantrao's elder daughter
*Sangram Samel as Harshawardhan Rajwardhan Sabnis
*Shruti Atre as Geeta, Shabbir's daughter, Surya's love interest
*Abhijeet Shwetachandra as Chandra, Dadasaheb's elder son, Shilpa's husband, Ira's father
*Sanjay Kulkarni as Ramakantrao
*Anand Prabhu as Raghuveer
*Namrata Awate as Sujata
*Amol Deshmukh as Shabir
*Jyoti Patil as Shilpa
*Maithili Patwardhan as Ira
*Ajay Purkar
*[[Abhilasha Patil]]

==Development==
Suyash Tilak who portrays the character of Surya in the show had tagged #baapmanus on his [[Twitter]] account and had set a trend to tell about the Baapmanus i.e. to post about the great person in each one's life who guides them on right path and later on 24 November 2017 he revealed that Baapmanus was an upcoming serial on [[Zee Yuva]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/who-is-suyashs-baapmanus/articleshow/61849266.cms|title=Who is Suyash's #Baapmanus? - Times of India|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-IFTM-suyash-tilak-new-marathi-serial-bapmanus-on-zee-yuva-5767738-PHO.html|title=नव्या मालिकेसाठी होता सुयश टिळकचा सगळा खटाटोप, वाचा काय आहे 'बापमाणूस'ची स्टोरी|date=12 December 2017|publisher=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdb title|tt9614482}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/baapmanus/0-6-1160 ''Baapmanus''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Yuva original programming]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]

Bowbazar

2024-10-06T05:43:03Z

RowenaProctor6:

{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement


| name = Bowbazar 
| official_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhoods in Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Neighborhood of Kolkata]] 
| total_type = 
| motto = 
| image_skyline = Image:Kolkata Bowbazar 1.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Ceramic mural on the wall of [[Central metro station (Kolkata)|Central Station]], [[Kolkata Metro]], located on [[B.B. Ganguly Street]]
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
| image_blank_emblem =
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| blank_emblem_size =
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| mapsize =
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| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| image_dot_map =
| dot_mapsize =
| dot_map_caption =
| dot_x =
| dot_y =
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| pushpin_mapsize = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type4 = Metro Station
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chandni Chowk metro station, Kolkata|Chandni Chowk]], [[Central metro station, Kolkata|Central]], [[Mahakaran metro station|Mahakaran]] and [[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Train station|Railway station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]]
| seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
| parts_style = 
| parts = [[Ward No. 46, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|46]], [[Ward No. 47, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|47]], [[Ward No. 48, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|48]], [[Ward No. 49, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|49]], [[Ward No. 50, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|50]], [[Ward No. 51, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|51]]
| p1 =
| p2 = 
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = 
| leader_name1 =
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| established_date = 
| area_magnitude =
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_total_sq_mi =
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| area_water_percent = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft = 36
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_ft =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_ft = 
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_note =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = 
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| timezone = IST
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coor_type = 
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.5687|N|88.3632|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[West Bengal]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700012, 700072
| area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chowranghee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chowranghee]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bowbazar''', also spelt ''Boubazar''; formerly known as '''Bahubazar'''<ref>{{cite web|title=বহুবাজার [Bahubazar]|url=https://sobbanglay.com/sob/bow-bazaar/?amp_markup=1|date=12 December 2018|access-date=27 June 2022|language=bn|website=sobbanglay.com|publisher=Sob Banglay}}</ref>) is a neighbourhood of [[Kolkata|Central Kolkata]], in [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
On Lt. Col. Mark Wood's map of 1784, the portion of the eastward road from [[Lalbazar|Lal Bazar]] to what was known for a long time as Circular Road - which ran along the filled-in [[Maratha Ditch]] and is now [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Road]] - was shown as Boytaconnah Street, which received its name from the Baithakkana, or "resting place", where merchants formed and dispersed their caravans, sheltered by an old [[Ficus benghalensis|banyan tree]] (called a [[Ficus religiosa|peepul tree]] in Cotton), at the road's eastern extremity.<ref name = "Cotton">[[H. E. A. Cotton|Cotton, H.E.A.]], ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, pp. 285–286, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref><ref name="Cotton1907P9-10">{{cite book |last=Cotton |first=H. E. A. |author-link=H. E. A. Cotton |title=Calcutta, Old and New: A Historical & Descriptive Handbook to the City |url=https://archive.org/details/calcuttaoldandn00cottgoog |year=1907 |location=Calcutta |publisher=W. Newman & Co. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/calcuttaoldandn00cottgoog/page/n27 9]–10 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>Nair, P. Thankappan in ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by [[Sukanta Chaudhuri]], p. 17, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.</ref>

[[File:Firinghi Kalibari at B.B. Ganguly Street in Bowbazar, a locality of Kolkata.jpg|thumb|180px|Firinghi Kalibari at B.B. Ganguly Street in Bowbazar, Kolkata, May 2022.]]
Bow Bazar Street has been renamed [[Bepin Behari Ganguly Street]] (named after [[Bipin Behari Ganguli]] (1887–1954), revolutionary leader, who spent about 24 years in British Indian jails, later joining the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] movement).<ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 349, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}</ref> However, the locality continues to be called Bow Bazar. In keeping with the neighbourhood's earliest name, a road stretching from B.B. Ganguly Street to [[MG Road, Kolkata|MG Road]] is called Baithakkhana Road,<ref>Map no. 31, Detail Maps of 141 Wards of Kolkata, D.R.Publication and Sales Concern, 66 College Street, Kolkata – 700073</ref> as well as the market along the road at the easternmost part of B.B. Ganguly Street being called Baithakkhana Bazar.

At the cross roads where Lal Bazar, Bow Bazar, [[Chitpur#Chitpur Road|Chitpore Road]] and Bentinck Street meet was the place of execution, where the pillory was.<ref name = "Cotton"/>

In 1888, one of the 25 newly organized police section houses was located in Bowbazar.<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, pp. 18-19, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.5687|88.3632}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Bow Bazar
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.5687|88.3632}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

===Police district===
Bowbazar police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|Central division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. It is located at 13, Kapalitoalla Lane, Kolkata-700012.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kolkatapolice.org/Section.asp?PSID=10&Typ=PS
|title=Bowbazar Police Station
|access-date=16 August 2007
|publisher=Kolkata Police
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608200910/http://www.kolkatapolice.org/Section.asp?PSID=10&Typ=PS
|archive-date=8 June 2007
}}</ref><ref name="police">{{cite web |url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=1&Division=C |title = Kolkata Police |work = Central Division |publisher = KP |access-date = 9 March 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074229/http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=1&Division=C |archive-date = 10 March 2018 }}</ref>

[[Taltala#Police district|Taltala Women police station]] covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Central division, i.e. Bowbazar, Burrabazar, Girish Park, Hare Street, Jorasanko, Muchipara, New Market, Taltala and Posta.<ref name="police"/>

===Red light district===
Bowbazar has a [[red-light district]] where about 12,000 [[prostitute]]s work.<ref>{{cite report |author1=Youth Partnership Project South Asia (YPP-SA) |title=Vulnerability of Children Living in the Red Light Areas of Kolkata, India |url=http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/YPP_Research_indial.pdf |date=July 2010 |publisher=[[Sanlaap]] |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074514/http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/YPP_Research_indial.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cry.org/whatwedo/storiesofhopej.html |title=Jabala Jaag |access-date=16 August 2007 |publisher=CRY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208171354/http://www.cry.org/whatwedo/storiesofhopej.html |archive-date=8 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pjvs.org/truckers.htm | title = Truckers Study | access-date = 16 August 2007 | publisher = Prantik Jana Vikash Samity | date = October 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Transport==
Bowbazar is in the administrative and commercial heart of the city.

===Road===
[[Chittaranjan Avenue]] (C.R. Avenue) and [[College Street, Kolkata|College Street]]-Nirmal Chandra Street pass through the area from north to south. [[Bepin Behari Ganguly Street]] (B.B. Ganguly Street) and Dr. Lalit Banerjee Sarani-Khirode Vidya Binode Avenue (New CIT Road) pass through the area from east to west. Many buses ply along these roads.

===Train===
[[Sealdah Station]] and [[B.B.D Bag railway station]] are the nearest railway stations of Bowbazar.

==Economy==
There are, as well, shops dealing in wooden furniture, musical instruments, shoes, seasonal fruits, fresh vegetables and meat, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatainformation.com/bazar.html |title=Bowbazar Market |access-date=16 August 2007 |publisher=Kolkata information |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718165319/http://www.kolkatainformation.com/bazar.html |archive-date=18 July 2007 }}</ref>

[[US-Bangla Airlines]] has its India offices in Bowbazar.<ref>"[https://us-banglaairlines.com/get_help/contact_us Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313101933/http://us-banglaairlines.com/get_help/contact_us |date=13 March 2018 }}." [[US-Bangla Airlines]]. Retrieved on 6 September 2017. "India Office 31, Ganesh Chandra Ave, Chandni Chawk, Bowbazar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700072, India"</ref>

==Bowbazar bomb blast incident==
Mohammad Rashid Khan, a [[Matka gambling|satta]] don, [[Bowbazaar Bomb Blast 1993|bombed Bowbazar on 16 March 1993]], which killed 69 people. He and five of his associates were sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref name=ToI2001>{{cite journal |title=Life term for 6 convicted in 1993 Kolkata blast |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Life-term-for-6-convicted-in-1993-Kolkata-blast/articleshow/1112657589.cms |journal=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 August 2001 |access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=Sen1994>{{cite web |last=Sen |first=Shyamal Kumar |title=Md. Rashid Khan vs State Of West Bengal And Ors. on 13 April, 1994 |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1423525/ |date=13 April 1994 |location=[[Kolkata]] |publisher=Calcutta High Court |website=Indian Kanoon |access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

==Culture==
Banga Natyalay, in nearby [[Pathuriaghata]], was the first theatre to print admission cards in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Ganesh |year=2012 |chapter=Theatre Stage |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Theatre_Stage |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

Traditionally, musical soirées were held in the large private houses of old Kolkata; but there also were some humbler houses that had similar soirées, amongst the latter being the Bowbazar home of a musical family, the Borals.<ref>Mitra, Rajyeshwar, Music in Old Calcutta, in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol I, p. 183</ref> The music maestro Jadu Bhatt, who gave musical lessons to the Tagores, died in Babu Ram Sil Lane, at the abode of the Adhikaris, which is also referred to as the Jhulan Bari. A festival of [[Indian classical music]] is still held there each year during Lord Krishna's festival of [[Jhulan Purnima]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen|first=Sandhya|date=1 January 2005|title=Music: Thumri power at Jhulanbari|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=25&id=93322&usrsess=1|access-date=16 August 2007|work=The Statesman}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

Very old sweet shops, associated with the memories of Iswarchandra Vidyasagar and Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, still exist in Bowbazar.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Bowbazar Shiv Mandir in College St, Kolkata.jpg|Bowbazar Shiv Mandir
File:Ghanteswar Mahadev Mandir - Bowbazar Street - Kolkata 2013-03-03 5219.JPG|Ghanteshwar Mahadev Mandir
Image:Kolkata Bowbazar 3.jpg|St. Francis Xavier Church
Image:Firingi Kalibari in Bowbazar, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.jpg|[[Firinghi Kalibari]] of [[Anthony Firingee|Anthony Kabial]] fame
File:Carey Baptist Church - Bowbazar Street - Kolkata 2013-03-03 5229.jpg|Carey Baptist Church
File:CSPCA - Animal Hospital - Bowbazar Street - Kolkata 2013-03-03 5226.jpg|CSPCA - Animal Hospital
File:Bhim Chandra Nag sweet shop at Bowbazar, Kolkata, WB.jpg|Bhim Chandra Nag, the prestigious sweet shop in Kolkata, set up by Paran Chandra Nag in 1826.
File:Kolkata Bowbazar 4.jpg|Statue of [[Bipin Behari Ganguli]]
File:Loreto Day School, a Catholic girl's school, at 65, BB Ganguly Street, Bowbazar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700012.jpg|Loreto Day School, a Roman Catholic girls' school, at Bowbazar.
File:Goenka College of Commerce and Business Administration.jpg|[[Goenka College of Commerce and Business Administration]] entrance
File:Yogayog Bhawan 1.jpg|Yogayog Bhawan (headquarters of the West Bengal wing of [[India Post]]), Chittaranjan Avenue, Bowbazar.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Bowbazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bowbazar}}
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/North Kolkata}}
*[http://www.rangan-datta.info/photo/thumbs.php?gallery=47 Photos of Parsi Temple, Metcalfe Street (Bandook Gali)]
*[http://www.rangan-datta.info/photo/thumbs.php?gallery=49 Photos of Chinese Temple, Tiretta Bazar]
*[http://www.rangan-datta.info/photo/thumbs.php?gallery=27 Photos of Chinese New Year]

{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Red-light districts in India]]