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Kirpal Singh

2026-05-30T11:57:00Z

RowenaClune540: Adding First Bio Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian guru (1894–1974)}}
{{otherpeople}}
{{distinguish|Karpal Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| image = Kirpalsingh.jpg
| caption = Kirpal Singh in 1972
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| alias = Kirpal Singh Duggal
| honorific-suffix =
| location = Delhi
| title = Sant
| birth_date = 6 February 1894
| birth_place = [[Syed Kasran]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = 21 August 1974
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship = British India, Republic of India
| occupation = Accountant, Military Accounts Department
| lineage = Uttarī Bhārat kī Sant Paramparā
| philosophy = [[Kabir#Philosophy|Nirgun Bhakti]]
| known_for = {{Plain list |
* Extensive reading of [[comparative religion|world scriptures]]
* Founder, Ruhani Satsang
* President, World Fellowship of Religions
* Founder, Human Unity Conference
}}
| works = {{Plain list |
* ''Man! Know Thyself''
* ''The Crown of Life''
}}
| initiation = [[Surat Shabd Yoga]], [[Sant Mat]]
| initiation_date = 1924
| initiation_place = Dera Baba Jaimal Singh, [[Beas City|Beās]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Pañjāb]], Indian Empire
| initiator = Baba Sawan Singh
| predecessor = [[Baba Sawan Singh]]
}}

'''Kirpal Singh''' (6 February 1894 – 21 August 1974) was a spiritual master (''[[satguru]]'') in the tradition of [[Radha Soami]].<ref name="JonesRyan">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=Radhasoami Movement |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |archive-date=20 October 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown |pages=344–345 |access-date=5 January 2022 }}</ref>

Kirpal Singh was born in Sayyad Kasran, [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], in what is now Pakistan. He lived in Lahore during the period of his discipleship and attained a high position in the bureaucracy as a deputy comptroller of military accounts.

He was the President of the World Fellowship of Religions, an organization recognized by [[UNESCO]], which had representatives from all the main religions of the world. Beginning with the publication of ''Gurmat Sidhant'', authored by him in the late 1930s and published under his Guru's name, during the period of his ministry he published many books and circulars that were translated into numerous languages.

The teaching of the [[Surat Shabd Yoga]] is a path of personal spiritual attainment under the guidance of a living spiritual master. The basic teachings consist in opening the inner eye or third eye to develop vision of inner light and inner sound. This is considered to be the power of the unmanifested Godhead coming into expression and is called ''Word'' in the [[Bible]], and ''Naam'', ''Shabd'', ''Om'', ''Kalma'', and other names in the other scriptures. Kirpal Singh taught that the practice of meditation on the Divine Word, or the Yoga of the Sound Current ([[Surat Shabd Yoga]]) was at the spiritual base of all religions.

==Life==
From youth, Kirpal Singh had visionary experience and foreknowledge of events. He sought guidance from various [[sufi]]s, [[yogi]]s and [[mysticism|mystics]], but never accepted any of them as a master, and continued his spiritual practice and prayers for the guidance of a living teacher. In 1917, he began to see a spiritual form that he believed was [[Guru Nanak]], founder of the Sikh religion, or [[Sikhism]]. In 1924, he met [[Sawan Singh|Hazur Maharaj Sawan Singh Ji]], the famous Saint of the Beas, in his Ashram on the banks of the Beas River, and in him recognized the luminous form he had seen during the seven previous years. Hazur initiated him into Surat Shabd Yoga, and from then on Kirpal Singh dedicated his life to the mission of his spiritual Master and to his practices, while married, with children and in a responsible government position. [[Sawan Singh|Baba Sawan Singh Ji Maharaj]] asked him to meditate six hours daily, a practice which he maintained throughout his discipleship, despite his life responsibilities.

From early the 1930s on, when Hazur was asked if he had a disciple who had made great progress, he cited Kirpal Singh. In the same years, on inspiration from his master, Kirpal began writing the "Gurmat Siddhant" ("The Philosophy of the Masters"), a two-volume spiritual work, in the Punjabi and Urdu languages. It was published, on Kirpal request, under the name of Hazur Maharaj Sawan Singh Ji. In the 1960s, it was published in English in five volumes. Ruhani Satsang published a number of books under Kirpal Singh's name that were essentially portions of Gurmat Sidhant.

On the morning of 12 October 1947, Hazur Maharaj Sawan Singh Ji entrusted his disciple Kirpal Singh with the work of continuing his spiritual mission. The next month, Hazur approved the project of the "Ruhani Satsang" (School of Spirituality or Science of the Soul) Kirpal presented to him. Hazur Maharaj Sawan Singh Ji died on 2 April 1948, following a brief illness.

After his master's passing, Kirpal went to [[Rishikesh]] at the foot of the [[Himalaya|Himalayan Mountains]], where he spent the next five months in an almost continual state of [[samadhi]], or absorption in God.

At the end of this period of intense meditation, Kirpal Singh received an inner command from his master: "Return to the world and bring my children back to me." He moved to [[Delhi]], where people from Punjab were looking for refuge because of the division from Pakistan, and there began his spiritual and humanitarian mission.

Kirpal initiated over 80,000 followers{{sfn|Lewis|2002|p=591}}

==Ruhani Satsang==
In Delhi, Kirpal Singh founded his new school of spiritual research and realization, called Ruhani Satsang (School of Spirituality or Science of the Soul), which would go on to have branches in many nations of the world. In 1951 he built the Sawan Ashram, in the neighborhood of Shakti Nagar on the outskirts of the city, where his spiritual talks (satsangs) were soon followed by thousands of people.

He began to have visits from western disciples. The first was Rusel Jacque, whose account of his six months at the ashram in 1959 (Gurudev: the Lord of Compassion) encouraged others to make the journey. At the beginning of the sixties, an average 40 to 50 disciples stayed at the ashram from three weeks to six months.

==Vegetarianism==

The vegetarian [[Sattvic diet]] was an important part of Singh's teachings.<ref name="Vegetarianism">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210126190027/https://www.ruhanisatsangusa.org/pdf/VegetarianDiet-2010.pdf "The Spiritual and Karmic Aspects of the Vegetarian Diet"]. ruhanisatsangusa.org. Retrieved 12 March 2023.</ref> He recommended a simple [[Lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]] diet consisting of fruit, grains, nuts and vegetables with permitted dairy products for spiritual reasons.<ref name="Vegetarianism"/> Meat, eggs and spices were strictly avoided as they were considered [[Rajsic]] and [[Tamsic]] foods. He argued against overfeeding.<ref name="Vegetarianism"/>

==World Fellowship of Religions==
In 1957, Singh was elected the first president of the World Fellowship of Religions, an organization recognized by UNESCO, comprising representatives from all the major world religions. He held that position until 1971, and presided over four World Conferences.

In 1962, he became the first non-Christian to receive the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem ([[Knights Hospitaller|Knights of Malta]]) for his spiritual and humanitarian work.{{sfn|Sena|1976|p=xiv,353,364}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=417-418}}{{sfn|Singh|1993|p=146}} On this occasion he received the congratulations of India's prime minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and established a spiritual tie with him that continued with prime ministers [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and [[Indira Gandhi]].

==World tour==
===First tour===
Singh's mission continued to grow rapidly. In 1955, he made his first trip abroad to spread his teachings, and spent months in the United States and Europe. It was the first time an Indian spiritual master had visited the West. In those years, Eastern spiritual practices were generally unfamiliar to the West. Singh had hundreds of Westerners initiated and placed on the path of meditation, which he claimed led to contact with the Divine Light and Harmony.

In 1963, Singh made his second world tour, this time as president of the World Fellowship of Religions. He met with political leaders and other religious leaders, including [[Pope Paul VI]] and the Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Churches [[Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople|Atenagora I]]. At the same time, he continued to instruct new seekers on the path of the Way of the Masters ([[Sant Mat]]).

On 26 August 1972, Kirpal Singh conducted his third and final tour of the West, where he received and instructed more than 2000 new disciples of the Path of Spirituality.

==Final year==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2014}}
In Delhi in February 1974, Singh organized the World Conference on Unity of Man. More than 2000 delegates attended, including religious and political leaders from India and around the world. Over 100,000 people attended the conference in total.

At the Kumba Mela (Festival of Religions) in [[Haridwar]] on 2 April of the same year, Singh gathered [[sadhu]]s (itinerant monks) and "saintly men" in the Conference of National Unity, with the aims of promoting cooperation, eliminating religious barriers, and bettering the economic status of India's poor.

In 1974 Kirpal Singh established the Unity of Man conference, which was intended as a platform to bring together both religious and political leaders towards finding common ground and improved relations. This conference, under the name, Human Unity Conference, continues to this day.

==Legacy and succession==

Kirpal Singh died on 21 August 1974 at the age of eighty.{{sfn|Lane|2015}} His death caused a succession dispute amongst his followers. {{sfn|Lewis|2002|p=591}}{{sfn|Diem-Lane|2015}}

There is Pier Franco Marcenaro, who, after his Initiation in January 1968, was his Group Leader and Representative in Milan, Italy, and is today a recognized successor by many disciples organized in an association called "The School of Spirituality".{{sfn|Marcenaro|1995}}

In 1963, Kirpal Singh had declared that he knew of no one competent to be his successor. Then He stated most forcefully: "Whoever may come up in the future, I tell you most definitely that he will NOT be a member of my family!"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ruhanisatsangusa.org/pdf/ss74/ss197411.pdf | title= Sat Sandesh, the Magazine of the Master. page 26 - right column | author=Sat Sandesh USA |date= 1974}}</ref>

These succession disputes ultimately led to the proliferation of [[satsangs]] without connection to any descendant of the Singh tradition.{{sfn|Diem-Lane|2015}} As of 2002, there were approximately 200,000 adherents of groups related to Kirpal Singh.{{sfn|Lewis|2002|p=591}}

==Available teachings==
Kirpal Singh wrote an extensive collection of books on spirituality, including ''The Crown of Life'' (a comparative study of various religions and yogas); ''Prayer, Its Nature and Technique''; ''Spirituality: What It Is''; ''Godman'' (on finding a spiritual teacher or guru), and ''The Wheel of Life'' (on karma).

PDF versions of Kirpal Singh's books are available free online.,<ref>{{cite web|author=Jiva |url=http://ruhanisatsangusa.org/books.htm |title=Sant Kirpal Singh: His writings - Books and booklets on Sant Mat and spirituality |publisher=Ruhanisatsangusa.org |access-date=2012-11-07}}</ref> as are MP3 recordings of many of his talks in English<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ruhanisatsangusa.org/audio.htm |title=Recorded Talks in MP3 format |publisher=Ruhanisatsangusa.org |access-date=2012-11-07}}</ref> and Hindi / Punjabi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ruhanisatsangusa.org/HP-mp3.htm |title=Hindi & Punjabi Talks in MP3 format |publisher=Ruhanisatsangusa.org |access-date=2012-11-07}}</ref>

'''Books by Kirpal Singh'''

* ''The Coming Spiritual Revolution'' (compiled, edited and introduced by Russell Perkins) – New Hampshire, Sant Bani
* ''The Crown of Life: A Study in Yoga'' – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang, 1961; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani; Bowling Green, Virginia: Sawan Kirpal Publications, 1980 ({{ISBN|978-0-942735-77-2}})
* [https://archive.org/details/thephilosophyofthemasterssantkirpalsinghjimaharaj/mode/2up ''The Philosophy of the Masters'']. R. D. Ahluwalia, 1963.
* ''Godman'' – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani; Bowling Green, Virginia: Sawan Kirpal Publications ({{ISBN|978-0-942735-70-3}})
* ''A Great Saint: Baba Jaimal Singh, His Life and Teachings'' – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani ({{ISBN|978-0-942735-27-7}})
* ''Heart to Heart Talks'' (2 volumes) – Delhi: Mr A.R. Manocha, 1975-6 (mentions Paul Twitchell)
* ''His Grace Lives On'' – USA: Ruhani Satsang ({{ISBN|978-0-942735-93-2}})
* ''The Jap Ji: The Message of Guru Nanak'' – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang, 1959; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani; Bowling Green, Virginia: Sawan Kirpal Publications, 1981 ({{ISBN|978-0-942735-85-7}})
* ''Life and Death'' (combined edition of ''The Wheel of Life'' and ''The Mystery of Death'') – Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani
* ''The Light of Kirpal'' – Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani ({{ISBN|978-0-89142-033-0}})
* ''Man! Know Thyself'' – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang; Bowling Green, Virginia: Sawan Kirpal Publications, 1983; Irvine, California: Ruhani Satsang Books ({{ISBN|978-0-942735-06-2}})
* ''Morning Talks'' – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang, 1970; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani; Bowling Green, Virginia: Sawan Kirpal Publications ({{ISBN|978-0-942735-16-1}})
* ''Naam or Word'' – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang, 1960; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani; Bowling Green, Virginia: Sawan Kirpal Publications, 1981 ({{ISBN|978-0-942735-94-9}})
* ''The Night Is a Jungle and Other Discourses'' – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani ({{ISBN|978-0-942735-18-5}})
* ''Prayer: Its Nature and Technique'' – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani; Bowling Green, Virginia: Sawan Kirpal Publications ({{ISBN|978-0-942735-50-5}})
* ''Seven Paths to Perfection''
* ''Spiritual Elixir'' – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani, 1967 ({{ISBN|978-0-942735-02-4}})
* ''Spirituality: What It Is'' – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang, 1959, 1964; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani; Bowling Green, Virginia: Sawan Kirpal Publications
* ''The Spiritual Path''
* ''Surat Shabd Yoga: The Yoga of the Celestial Sound Current'' – Irvine, California: Ruhani Satsang Books; Blaine, Washington: Ruhani Satsang, 2006 ({{ISBN|0-942735-95-1}})
* ''The Teachings of Kirpal Singh'' (edited by Ruth Seader) – Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani, 1974–6; Bowling Green, Virginia: Sawan Kirpal Publications, 1981 ({{ISBN|978-0-942735-33-8}})
* ''The Way of the Saints'' (edited by Russell Perkins) – Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani, 1976, 1989 ({{ISBN|978-0-89142-026-2}})
* ''The Wheel of Life and The Mystery of Death'' ({{ISBN|978-0-942735-80-2}})

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book | last=Chryssides | first=G.D. | title=Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements | publisher=Scarecrow Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-8108-6194-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WA12nHRtmAwC&pg=PA304 }}
* {{cite book | last=Chryssides | first=G.D. | title=The A to Z of New Religious Movements | publisher=Scarecrow Press | series=A to Z guides | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-8108-5588-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq988pEebSAC&pg=PA282 }}
* {{cite book | last=Diem-Lane | first=Andrea Grace | chapter=The History Of Radhasoami In The United States |title=The Guru in America: The Influence of Radhasoami on New Religions in America | publisher=Mount San Antonio College | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-56543-287-1 | url=http://andrea65.tripod.com/gurutwo.htm | access-date=24 August 2017}}, also published as {{cite book |last=Diem-Lane |first=Andrea Grace |author-mask=0 |title=The History Of Radhasoami In The United States |work=Sach Khand: Journal of Radhasoami Studies  |issue=3 | year=2015 |publisher=Lulu.com | isbn=978-1-329-75562-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5flCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP47|ref=none}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last1=Jones | first1=C. | last2=Ryan | first2=J.D. | article=Singh, Kirpal |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism | publisher=Facts On File, Incorporated | series=Encyclopedia of World Religions | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA417 | access-date=28 August 2017}}
* {{cite book |last=Lane |first=David Christopher | title=The Radhasoami Tradition: A Critical History of Guru Successorship | publisher=Garland | series=Garland bibliographies on sects and cults | year=1992 | isbn=978-0-8240-5247-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsW9OAAACAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Lane |first=David Christopher | title=Radhasoami: A Critical History of Guru Succession | publisher=Mount San Antonio College/Philosophy Group | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-56543-351-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8s4jgEACAAJ }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last=Lewis | first=J.R. | article=The Radhasoami tradition |title=The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions | publisher=Prometheus Books, Publishers | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-61592-738-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lk8_ARNz-dYC&pg=PA591 }}
* {{cite book | last=Melton | first=J.G. | title=Encyclopedia of American Religions | publisher=Gale | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-7876-6384-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzMOAQAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book | last=Sena | first=B. | title=The Ocean of Grace Divine: Sant Kirpal Singh Ji Maharaj | publisher=Ruhani Satsang | year=1976 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RctM2p05UeoC | access-date=28 August 2017}}
* {{cite book | last=Singh | first=K. | title=The wheel of life & The mystery of death | publisher=Kirpal Light Satsang | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-942735-80-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-4RAQAAIAAJ | access-date=28 August 2017}}
* {{cite book |last=Marcenaro |first=Pier Franco |title=The School Of Spirituality |publisher=Man Center |year=1995 |isbn=978-88-86604-13-0|url=http://www.ilsentiero-editrice.it/eng/The_School_of_Spirituality.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 August 2019}}
* {{cite book |last=AAVV |first=AAVV |title=The never ending tale. The Master of our time |publisher=Man Center Edition |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-936510-27-6|url=http://www.ilsentiero-editrice.it/eng/The_Never_Ending_Tale.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 August 2019}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Nuvoli |first=Roberto |date=March 2013 |title=A Visit to the Sawan Ashram in 1972 |url=http://www.ilsentiero-editrice.it/eng/The_Source.html |language=en |magazine=The Source |location=21 Mauri Court - Danville, CA 94526 USA |publisher=Man Center Edition |access-date= 2019-08-31}}

==Further reading==
* Avtār Singh Oberoi, ''Support for the Shaken Sangat'', Sanbornton, New Hampshire: Sant Bani, 1984.
* Dressel, Hilde, ''The Eternal Connection'', Bowling Green, Virginia: SK Publications, 1994.
* Dr Harbhajan Singh, ''Kirpal Singh - His Mission in the Golden Age'' - http://spirituality.unity-of-man.org/images/1991-01.pdf
* Harbhajan Kaur, 1998, ''Nourished by Divine Love'', Naperville, Illinois: SK Publications.
* Jones, George Arnsby, 1965, ''The Harvest is Rich: the mission of Kirpal Singh'', Delhi: Ruhani Satsang; New York: Pageant; Indore: Kirpal Sewashram, 2007.
* Lane, David Christopher, ''The Making of a Spiritual Movement''
* {{cite thesis |last=Lane |first=David Christopher |year=1991 |title=The rhetoric of guru successorship: Ideological work among the Sants of the Radhasoami tradition |publisher=University of California, San Diego}}
* {{cite book |last=Lane |first=David Christopher | chapter=The God Experiment: Radhasoami’s Version Of Science And The Rhetoric Of Guru Succession |editor-last=Lewis | editor-first=J.R. | editor-last2=Hammer | editor-first2=O. | title=Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science | publisher=Brill | series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion | year=2010 |pages=391–437 | isbn=978-90-04-18791-7 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004187917.i-924.111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQOJJiyOyH8C}}
* Malhotra, Sharan, 1994, ''Divine Darshan'', New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Limited.
* Perkins, Russell, ''The Impact of a Saint'', Sanbornton, New Hampshire: Sant Bani, 1980, 1989.
* ''Portrait of Perfection'', Sawan Kirpal Publications.
* Sahai, B.M. & Rādhā Krishna Khanna, ''The Saint and His Master'', Delhi: Ruhani Satsang, 1968.
* Sena, Bhadra, ed, ''As They Saw the Master'', Delhi: Ruhani Satsang, 1956.
* Sena, Bhadra, ''The Beloved Master''.
* Sena, Bhadra, ed, ''Ocean of Grace Divine''.
* Stephens, Arran, ''Moth and the Flame''.
* ''The Third World Tour of Kirpal Singh''.
* Tessler, Neil, "Crisis and Renewal: Succession in Modern Sant Mat"
* Unity of Man, "Kirpal Singh Biography" - https://www.kirpalsingh-teachings.org/images/pdf/Sant_Kirpal_Singh_Biography.pdf
* Vidich, Andrew & Arthur Stein, eds, ''Heart of Compassion: the life and teachings of Kirpal Singh'', Larson Publications.

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.ruhanisatsangusa.org/ Ruhani Satsang USA]
*[https://www.kirpalsingh-teachings.org/ Kirpal Singh Teachings]
*[https://www.sant-kirpal-singh.org/ Kirpal Singh - His Life and His Mission]
*[https://audio.sant-kirpal-singh.org/ Kirpal Singh - audio and video files]
*[https://www.unity-of-man.org/ Unity of Man: Be Good, Do Good, and Be One]
*[http://spirituality.unity-of-man.org/ Unity of Man: Spirituality - An Overview]
*[http://www.uom-conference.org/ Unity of Man: Conferences 1974, 1994 and 2007]
*[https://kirpal-sagar.org/ Kirpal Sagar (Ocean of Grace) - Man Making, Man Service and Land Service]

{{Sant Mat}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kirpal}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:Radha Soami]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Sant Mat gurus]]

Agnibaan

2026-05-20T10:33:56Z

RowenaClune540: Adding The Post Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian small-lift orbital class launch vehicle developed by AgniKul Cosmos}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox rocket
| name = Agnibaan
| image = [[File:Agnibaan-rocket.svg|frameless|50px|alt=Illustration of Agnibaan]]
| function = [[Small-lift launch vehicle]]
| manufacturer = [[AgniKul Cosmos]]
| country-origin = India
| height = {{cvt|18|m}}
| diameter = {{cvt|1.3|m}}
| mass = {{cvt|14,000|kg}}
| stages = 2-3
{{Infobox rocket/payload
| location = [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
| altitude = {{cvt|700|km}}
| inclination = 45.0°
| mass = {{cvt|100|kg}}
}}
| comparable = {{flatlist|
* [[Firefly Alpha|Alpha]]
* [[Rocket Lab Electron|Electron]]
* [[Northrop Grumman Pegasus|Pegasus]]
* [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]
}}
| status = Under development
| stage1engines = 4/5/6/7 × Agnilet (Customizable)
| stage1thrust = 140 kN (sea level)
| stage1time = 285 sec
| stage1fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]]/ [[RP-1]]
| stage2engines = 1 × Agnilet
| stage2thrust = 25 kN (sea level)
| stage2time = 355 sec
| stage2fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]]/ [[RP-1]]
| stage3engines = 1 × Agnilet
| stage3fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]]/ [[RP-1]]
}}

'''Agnibaan''' ([[Sanskrit]], [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|sa|Agni}} 'Fire', {{transliteration|sa|Bāṇa}} 'Arrow', {{literal translation|Arrow of Fire}}) is a three-stage [[small-lift launch vehicle]] of [[AgniKul Cosmos]], currently under development. It is capable of placing a 100 kg (220 lb) satellite into a 700 km (430 mi) orbit. The rocket will be 18 meters long with a diameter of 1.3 meters and a lift-off mass of 14,000 kg (31,000 lb).<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT Madras-based Start-up Agnikul Cosmos unveils Made in India Rocket Engine at Dubai|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/iit-madras-based-start-up-agnikul-cosmos-unveils-made-in-india-rocket-engine-at-dubai20211112180558/|access-date=2022-01-23|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kandavel|first=Sangeetha|date=2021-02-10|title=City startup fires single-piece 3D-printed rocket engine|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/city-startup-fires-single-piece-3d-printed-rocket-engine/article33796768.ece|access-date=2022-01-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The first stage is powered by seven Agnilet engines.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-09|title=Indian start-up Agnikul successfully test-fires fully 3-D printed semi-cryo rocket engine|url=https://zeenews.india.com/science/indian-start-up-agnikul-successfully-test-fires-fully-3-d-printed-semi-cryo-rocket-engine-2340690.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> The second stage is powered by the same Agnilet engine which will have a larger nozzle than the sea level nozzle to optimize it for [[vacuum]].<ref name=":0" />

== Design ==
=== Engines ===
Agnibaan will use clustered engines in various configurations in the first stage, depending on the payload. It will also use a vacuum optimized version of the Agnilet in the second stage. These engines use [[liquid oxygen]] and [[kerosene]] as the oxidizer and fuel.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Agnikul|url=https://agnikul.in/#/products|access-date=2022-01-23|website=agnikul.in}}</ref> The first stage of the Agnibaan is powered by 7 Agnilet engines, each with a thrust of 25 kN (yet to be tested) at sea level.

These are all [[electric-pump-fed engine]]s allowing for simplified engine design and highly configurable engine clustering architectures. It is capable of operating with a specific impulse of 285 seconds at sea level. The entire combustion section is a single-piece assembly and is fully [[3D printing|3D printed]]. The second stage of the vehicle also uses an Agnilet engine optimized for vacuum use. It is thought to deliver up to 355 seconds of specific impulse in vacuum environment. An optional third stage sits inside the payload fairing.<ref name=":0" />

== Launch site ==
Agnibaan is intended to be built with the capability to launch from multiple launch ports across the world. The launch pad "'''''Dhanush'''''" ([[Sanskrit]], [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|sa|Dhanuṣa}}, {{literal translation|Bow}}), the first [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#ALP-01 (Dhanush) Launch Pad|private launch pad]] and mission control center in India at the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC) in [[Sriharikota]], Andhra Pradesh, was inaugurated on 28 November 2022 and is designed to support all configurations of Agnibaan with reusability in mind. Dimensions of Dhanush are designed with road dimensions and global transportability restrictions in mind.<ref name=":0" />

The launchpad and the mission control center are 4 km (2.5 mi) apart from one another. The launchpad currently has the capability to accommodate liquid stage launch vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=Agnikul inaugurates India's first private space vehicle launchpad in Sriharikota |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/agnikul-cosmos-launchpad-mission-control-center-sriharikota-8296006/ |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The pad has received the name ''Dhanush'' and referred as ALP-01.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Space Startup Agnikul Ready For Its Sub-Orbital Rocket Launch On Friday |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/space-start-up-agnikul-ready-for-its-sub-orbital-rocket-agnibaan-launch-on-friday-5270592 |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> All the critical systems performing functions at Agnikul launchpad (ALP) and the Agnikul mission control center (AMCC) have high degree of redundancy to ensure 100% operationality, although none of these systems have been tested so far.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=28 November 2022 |title=Agnikul Cosmos sets up India's first private space vehicle launchpad at Sriharikota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-based-agnikul-cosmos-inaugurates-first-launchpad-mission-control-center-at-sriharikota/article66194809.ece |access-date=30 November 2022 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ISRO's range operations team will monitor key flight safety parameters during launches from ALP while AMCC can share critical data with ISRO's Mission Control Center.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2022 |title=Space start-up Agnikul Cosmos sets up India's first private launch pad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/space-start-up-agnikul-cosmos-sets-up-india-first-private-launch-pad-2302603-2022-11-28 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Both the facilities have support of ISRO and [[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre]] (IN-SPACe).<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=Space startup Agnikul Cosmos inaugurates India's first private launchpad at Sriharikota |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/space-startup-agnikul-cosmos-inaugurates-indias-first-private-launchpad-at-sriharikota/2895477/ |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Schedule ==
The company previously aimed to develop and launch its first rocket in 2021. A [[non-disclosure agreement]] (NDA) was signed with the [[Department of Space]] to obtain the government's technological assistance in the development of launch vehicles on 3 December 2020. However, the company entered into an agreement with [[Alaska Aerospace Corporation]] to launch a rocket from [[Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska|Kodiak Launch Complex]] as a commercial launch pad to test the rocket as the launch pad was not available for use in India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=2020-10-01|title=Agnikul signs agreement with Alaska Aerospace to test launch its rocket|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/agnikul-signs-agreement-with-alaska-aerospace-to-test-launch-its-rocket-120100101112_1.html|access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> "We are planning to test launch our rocket Agnibaan before 2022 end. Our plan is to launch the rocket from a mobile launch pad. The test launch will happen from India's spaceport [[Sriharikota]] belonging to [[ISRO]]", said Srinath Ravichandran, co-founder and CEO, AgniKul Cosmos. No orbital rocket was launched in 2022, 2023, 2024, or 2025. [[Agnibaan SOrTeD]], a single stage suborbital technical demonstration rocket was launched on 30 May 2024.

== Launch history ==
=== Test variant ===
{{Main articles|Agnibaan SOrTeD}}
A test flight of single-stage version of the rocket, Agnibaan SOrTeD, successfully flew on a suborbital mission on 30 May 2024 from SDSC,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Indian private rocket company Agnikul plans to launch sub-orbital mission by March-end |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/indian-private-rocket-company-agnikul-plans-to-launch-sub-orbital-mission-by-march-end-420728-2024-03-09 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Business Today |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigam |first=Saumya |date=2024-03-10 |title=Agnikul set to conduct sub-orbital mission by end of March {{!}} News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/science/agnikul-set-to-conduct-sub-orbital-mission-by-end-of-march-2024-03-10-920767 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-10 |title=In the year of Gaganyaan, private space sector too set to make a big splash |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/in-the-year-of-gaganyaan-private-space-sector-too-set-to-make-a-big-splash-9205591/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> after being postponed several times due to many issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2024-04-06 |title=India's space startup Agnikul delays maiden rocket launch again |url=https://theprint.in/india/indias-space-startup-agnikul-delays-maiden-rocket-launch-again/2030072/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%;"
! scope="col" | S.No
! scope="col" | Date / time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col" | Rocket, Configuration
! scope="col" | Launch site
! scope="col" | Payload
! scope="col" | Orbit
!Customer
!Status
!Note
|-
|1.
|30 May 2024 / 07:15
|[[Agnibaan SOrTeD]]
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#ALP-01 (Dhanush) Launch Pad|SDSC ALP]]
|{{flagicon|India}} ''[[Boilerplate (spaceflight)|Mass simulator]]''
|[[Suborbital]]
|{{N/A}}
|{{Success}}
|Seven seconds after lift-off, auto-pilot was engaged. The rocket began traveling across the ocean, executed the pitch-over maneuver, and then carried out its intended course. The rocket entered wind biasing maneuver at roughly 60 seconds. The rocket then carried on flying until it burned out and fell back into [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Agnikul Cosmos aims for early 2025 launches following successful test-flight of Agnibaan rocket |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/agnikul-cosmos-eyes-early-2025-satellite-launches/cid/2024185 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Agnibaan ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%;"
! scope="col" | S.No
! scope="col" | Date / time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col" | Rocket, Configuration
! scope="col" | Launch site
! scope="col" | Payload
! scope="col" | Orbit
!Customer
!Status
!Note
|-
|1.
|TBA
|Agnibaan
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#ALP-01 (Dhanush) Launch Pad|SDSC ALP]]
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
|TBA
|{{Planned}}
|Maiden flight of Agnibaan rocket.
|-
|2.
|TBA
|Agnibaan
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#ALP-01 (Dhanush) Launch Pad|SDSC ALP]]
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
|TBA
|{{Planned}}
|
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[ISRO]]
* [[Skyroot Aerospace]]
* [[Small-lift launch vehicle]]

=== Rockets of similar class ===

* [[Firefly Alpha|Alpha]]
* [[Rocket Lab Electron|Electron]]
* [[Falcon 1]]
* [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]
* [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]]
* [[Vikram (rocket family)|Vikram-I]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Space launch vehicles of India]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]

Kabani (TV series)

2026-05-08T15:43:30Z

RowenaClune540: Added new pg added tags

{{Short description|2019 Indian Malayalam TV series}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Kabani.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Dinesh Pallath
| screenplay =
| director = [[Sudheesh Sankar]] / Shiju Aroor
| starring = [[Gopika Anil]] Prem Jacob
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 303<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kabani-completes-300-episodes-actress-gopika-anil-thanks-the-team/articleshow/74896657.cms|title=Kabani completes 300 episodes, Actress Gopika Anil thanks the team|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| list_episodes =
| producer = Harsh Kawa
| company = Spinwheel Production
| theme_music_composer = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| opentheme = ''Kilimakal Paadi''
| cinematography = Shijinjith / Vipin Paruvakkal
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|3|11}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|3|27|df=yes}}
| network = [[Zee Keralam]]
| image_alt =
| released =
| related = ''Mutyala Muggu''
}}

'''Kabani''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]] television series directed by [[Sudheesh Sankar]]. The show premiered from 11 March 2019 which aired on [[Zee Keralam]]. It stars [[Gopika Anil]], Prem Jacob and Keerthana Anil in lead roles along with [[Mallika Sukumaran]] and [[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]]. The series is a remake of the Telugu language television show ''Mutyala Muggu''.

==Plot==
Kabani's passion is to pursue higher education, but due to her family situation, she is unable to continue her studies. Still, luckily she takes part in a kabaddi competition and grabs the opportunity of a scholarship in a renowned college in the city. Initially, she faces hardships in the college as she comes from the village, it becomes difficult for her to adapt to modern culture.

The story heats up when she meets her half-sister Rambha, who despises her. She also happens to meet Rishi, and they both start to have feelings for each other. Rambha is envious to see them together as she has a crush on Rishi. Rambha plots numerous plans to create a rift in their relationship. The remaining episodes showcase how they succeed in love even after tackling countless conspiracies created by Rambha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kabani completes 300 episodes, actress Gopika Anil thanks the team - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kabani-completes-300-episodes-actress-gopika-anil-thanks-the-team/articleshow/74896657.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Gopika Anil]] as Kabani<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kabani-has-given-me-the-strength-to-handle-stress-in-life-gopika-anil/articleshow/69200674.cms | title=Kabani has given me the strength to handle stress in life: Gopika Anil - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*Prem Jacob as Rishi<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/serials-are-better-at-establishing-you-as-a-household-name-than-films-says-kabani-actor-prem-jacob/articleshow/70837690.cms | title='Serials are better at establishing you as a household name than films,' says Kabani actor Prem Jacob - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*Keerthana Anil as Padmini<ref>{{cite web |title=Mangalyam's Ranimol and Appu meet after 17 years, see post - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mangalyams-ranimol-and-appu-meet-after-17-years-see-post/articleshow/72317301.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Recurring===
*[[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]] as Surya
*Anshitha Akbarsha as Rambha
*Rajkumar Sathyanarayan as Rahul
*[[Mallika Sukumaran]] as Kottaramuttam Parvathyamma<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-mallika-sukumaran-to-make-her-tv-comeback-with-kabani/articleshow/68304997.cms | title=Actress Mallika Sukumaran to make her TV comeback with Kabani - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*Swapna Treasa as Radhika/ Gouri <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-swapna-on-mandaram-rerun-it-is-exciting-that-im-a-part-of-fans-nostalgia/articleshow/75249481.cms | title=Actress Swapna on 'Mandaram' rerun: It is exciting that I'm a part of fans' nostalgia - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*Anjitha as Menaka
*Niveditha S Menon as Devaranjini
*[[Ranjith Raj]] as Varun<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/from-making-dalgona-coffee-to-parotta-kabani-actor-ranjith-is-honing-his-culinary-skills-during-the-lockdown-take-a-look/articleshow/75068774.cms | title=From making Dalgona coffee to parotta, Kabani actor Ranjith is honing his culinary skills during the lockdown; take a look - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*Alice Christy as Nithya
*Dhanya Chandralekha as Sanjana
*Anoop MB Nair / Anu Gopi as Manikandan
*Murali as Shekhar
*Yamuna Mahesh as Urvashi
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as Kabani's grandfather
*Angeline Mariya

==Adaptations==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Mutyala Muggu'' ముత్యాల ముగ్గు
| 7 March 2016
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 22 August 2019
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magal]]'' அழகிய தமிழ் மகள்
| 28 August 2017
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 14 June 2019
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Kamali (TV series)|Kamali]]'' ಕಮಲಿ
| 28 May 2018
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 7 October 2022
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Kabani'' കബനി
| 11 March 2019
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 27 March 2020
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Saru (2025 TV series)|Saru]]'' सरू
| 12 May 2025
| [[Zee TV]]
| rowspan="2"| Ongoing
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Kamli'' कमळी
| 30 June 2025
| [[Zee Marathi]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/kabani/0-6-1468 ''Kabani''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Keralam original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Telugu-language television series]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]

Ashoka (Gonandiya)

2026-05-08T07:00:10Z

RowenaClune540: added first pg added tags - done

{{Fiction|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{merge to|Ashoka|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = (Gonandiya)
| succession =
| image =
| image_size = 285px
| caption = Approximate extent of the Kashmir region ruled by Ashoka Gonandiya.
| reign =
| coronation =
| predecessor = Sacinara<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pandit |first1=Ranjit Sitaram |title=River Of Kings (rajatarangini) |date=1935 |page=17, I99 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n59 }}</ref>
| successor = [[Jalauka]] (son)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pandit |first1=Ranjit Sitaram |title=River Of Kings (rajatarangini) |date=1935 |page=18, I108 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n59 }}</ref>
| spouses =
| issue = [[Jalauka]] (son)
| dynasty = Gonandiya, Godhara branch
| father =
| mother =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kashmir]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}
King '''Ashoka''', of the Gonandiya dynasty, was a king of the region of [[Kashmir]] according to [[Kalhana]], the 12th century CE historian who wrote the ''[[Rajatarangini]]''.<ref name=SDK/>

According to the ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', Ashoka was the great-grandson of [[Shakuni]] and son of Shachinara's first cousin.

{{Quote|''The great grandson of [[Sakuni]] and a son of that king grand-uncle, named Ashoka, who was true to his engagement, then supported the earth''|''[[Rajatarangini]]'' I101.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pandit |first1=Ranjit Sitaram |title=River Of Kings (rajatarangini) |date=1935 |page=17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n59 }}</ref>}}

He is said to have built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day [[Srinagar]]).<ref>''[[Rajatarangini]]'' I104 {{cite book |last1=Pandit |first1=Ranjit Sitaram |title=River Of Kings (rajatarangini) |date=1935 |page=17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n59 }}</ref> In his days, the mlechchhas (barbarians) overran the country, and he took [[sannyasa]].<ref>''[[Rajatarangini]]'' I107 {{cite book |last1=Pandit |first1=Ranjit Sitaram |title=River Of Kings (rajatarangini) |date=1935 |page=17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n59 }}</ref>

According to Kalhana's account, this Ashoka was the 48th king of the Gonandiya dynasty (''Rajatarangini'' I102).<ref name=SDK/> By Kalhana's calculations, he would have ruled in the 2nd millennium BCE. Kalhana's chronology is widely seen as defective, as he places kings such as [[Kanishka]] and [[Mihirakula]] respectively 1100 years and 1200 years before their actual reigns.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bamzai |first1=P. N. K. |title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-31-0 |pages=69–70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC&pg=PA69 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XVIII |date=1942 |page=204 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheIndianHistoricalQuarterlyVol.XVIII/page/n243}}</ref>

Kalhana also states (''Rajatarangini'' I102) that this king had adopted the doctrine of [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jina]], and constructed [[stupa]]s.<ref name=SDK>{{cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=S. D. |title=Inscriptions of Aśoka : A Reappraisal |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1990 |volume=71 |issue=1/4 |page=308 |jstor=41693531 }}</ref> Despite the discrepancies, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]], who adopted Buddhism.{{sfn|Guruge|1994|pp=185-186}} Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with [[Jainism]], some ancient sources use it to refer to the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|pp=378-380}}

{{Quote|''That king, who had extinguished sin and accepted the teachings of Buddha, covered Suskaletra and Vitastatra with numerous stupas''|''[[Rajatarangini]]'' I102.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pandit |first1=Ranjit Sitaram |title=River Of Kings (rajatarangini) |date=1935 |page=17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n59 }}</ref>}}

He also built Shiva temples, and appeased ''Bhutesha'' ([[Shiva]]) to obtain his son Jalauka.<ref>''[[Rajatarangini]]'' I107 {{cite book |last1=Pandit |first1=Ranjit Sitaram |title=River Of Kings (rajatarangini) |date=1935 |page=17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n59 }}</ref>

Other scholars have disputed the identification with [[Ashoka]] of the [[Maurya Empire]].<ref>"The reference to Ashoka in it is unimpeachable. Ashoka in Rajatarangini is Gonandiya Ashoka and cannot by any means be Ashoka Maurya Even V.A. Smith admits that Kalhana's work is a reliable history." He writes: "The Sanskrit book which comes nearest to the European notion of regular history is Rajatarangini of Kalhana the metrical chronicle of Kashmir written in the twelfth century by the son of a minister of the Raja" in {{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Shripad Dattatraya |title=Glorious Epoch: Svayambhuva Manu to Shakari Shalivahan, 29000 B.C to 135 A.D. |date=1994 |publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihas Samshodhana Mandir (BHISHMA) |isbn=978-81-900272-4-3 |page=201 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82NuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

In the chronology of the ''Rajatarangini'', the reign of Ashoka is followed by that of his son [[Jalauka]], then a king named Damodara II, and then the Kushan kings [[Huvishka|Husha]], [[Vashishka|Juska]] and [[Kanishka]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pandit |first1=Ranjit Sitaram |title=River Of Kings (rajatarangini) |date=1935 |page=I101–I170 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n65 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bechert |first=Heinz |author-link=Heinz Bechert |title=When Did the Buddha Live?: The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha |date=1995 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications |isbn=978-81-7030-469-2 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImnYAAAAMAAJ |language=en |quote=In the Rajatarangini: within the line of kings, Asoka's successor was his son Jaloka, and the latter's Damodara, whom the three princes Huska, Juska and Kaniska followed upon.}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Nayanjot |title=Ashoka in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaVRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT379 |year=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-91525-1 }}
* {{cite book |editor=Nuradha Seneviratna |title=King Asoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies |author-link=Ananda W. P. Guruge |first=Ananda |last=Guruge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE5uAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |isbn=978-955-24-0065-0 }}

[[Category:Rulers of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Gonanda dynasty]]

Chathannoor Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T20:48:32Z

RowenaClune540:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chathannoor
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 126
| state = Kerala
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 1965
| reservation = None
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| incumbent_image = B-B-Gopakumar-BJP.jpg
| mla = [[B. B. Gopakumar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 1,46666 (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf |title=Voter Turn Out - 74.06% (2021) |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref>
}}
'''Chathannoor''' or '''Chathannur''' is a [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is also one of the seven state legislative assembly constituencies included in [[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency]]. As of the 2026, the current MLA is [[B B Gopakumar]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party | BJP]].

==History==
The constituency was previously known as ''Paravur Assembly constituency''. It was temporarily merged with [[Varkala]] Assembly constituency in 1957. Because of the merger, Varkala Assembly constituency became a two-member constituency during the legislative assembly election of 1957 and interim election of 1960.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1957/StatRep_Kerala_1957.pdf |title=Assembly Election of Kerala - 1957 |publisher=Elections.in |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/dfd976a8-6f0a-49ec-be30-ae37bf45032f |title=Interim Elections to the Kerala Assembly – 1960 |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=2018-04-09 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813170730/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/dfd976a8-6f0a-49ec-be30-ae37bf45032f |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later in 1967, the new constituency was carved out of Varkala and was named as ''Chathannoor Assembly constituency''. The MLA office was shifted from [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] to [[Chathannoor]]. In 1967, [[P. Ravindran]] of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] became the first elected member from Chathannoor Assembly constituency.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1967 |publisher=Elections.in |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/constitutencies.html |title=CONSTITUENCIES IN KERALA |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2018-01-05}}</ref>

==Structure==
As per the recent changes on Assembly constituency delimitations, Chathannoor Assembly constituency consists of [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] municipal town and six neighbouring panchayaths including [[Chathannoor]], [[Adichanalloor]], [[Chirakkara]], [[Poothakkulam]], [[Kalluvathukkal]], [[Pooyappally]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/election/Delimitation.pdf |title=ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES AND THEIR EXTENT - Kerala |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kollam.html |title=Constituencies - Kollam District |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer - Kerala |access-date=2018-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801123818/http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/kollam.html |archive-date=1 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Major institutions==
* Municipalities: one ([[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]])
* Panchayaths: five ([[Chathannoor]], [[Adichanalloor]], [[Poothakkulam]], [[Kalluvathukkal]], [[Pooyappally]])
* Railway stations: one ([[Paravur railway station]])
* Bus stations: two (Chathannoor KSRTC Bus Station, [[Paravur Municipal Bus Stand|Paravur Municipal Bus Station]])
*Public Sector Undertaking : one
([[Kollam Co-operative Spinning Mills Ltd| Chathanoor]])
* Medical college hospital: one ([[Government Medical College, Kollam|Kollam Government Medical College, Parippally]])
* Government hospitals: two ([[Government Medical College, Kollam|Government MCH]], Govt. Taluk Hospital, Paravur)
* Private hospitals: three (Azeezia Medical College Meeyannoor, Kollam KIMS Sithara Jn, Holy Cross Hospital Kottiyam)

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
===Paravur Assembly Constituency: [[Travancore-Cochin]] Legislative Assembly Elections===
{| width="60%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px #000000 solid; font-size: 0.9em; font-family: verdana" style="font-size: 94%;"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Vote Margin
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Coalition
|----
|1951
|[[P. Ravindran]]
|Independent
|7,790
|Left<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8f8553b5-bcb5-4792-9271-9b6de83ba20b |title=Election to the Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly-1951 and to the Madras Assembly Constituencies in the Malabar Area |page=37 |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=2018-04-09 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021080302/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8f8553b5-bcb5-4792-9271-9b6de83ba20b |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|----
|1954
|[[P. Ravindran]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|3,878
|Left<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1954 to the Legislative Assembly of Travancore-Cochin |page=37 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref>
|}

=== Kerala ===
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
|Thankappan Pillai
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[P. Ravindran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[J. Chitharanjan]]
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|[[C. V. Padmarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|[[P. Ravindran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[C. V. Padmarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[P. Ravindran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1998*
|[[N. Anirudhan]]
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[G. Prathapa Varma Thampan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[N. Anirudhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3" |[[G. S. Jayalal]]
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|B B Gopakumar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> by-elections

==Election Results==

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chathannoor}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=B. B. Gopakumar|votes=51,923|percentage=38.54|change={{increase}}7.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=R. Rajendran|votes=47,525|percentage=35.28|change={{decrease}}7.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sooraj Ravi|votes=35,276|percentage=26.18|change={{increase}}1.25}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 728
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Arun Chathannoor
|votes = 627
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Anna Democratic Human Rights Movement Party of India
|candidate = Sindhu Puthenkulam
|votes = 428
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 4,398
|percentage = 3.26
|change = {{decrease}}9.25
}}

{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing = {{decrease}}7.84
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,84,661 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chathannur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[G. S. Jayalal]]|votes=59,296|percentage=43.12|change={{decrease}}7.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=B. B. Gopakumar|votes=42,090|percentage=30.61|change={{increase}}5.69}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=N. Peethambara Kurup|votes=34,280|percentage=24.93|change={{increase}}2.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=642|percentage=0.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sunu Bhaskaran|votes=364|percentage=0.26|change={{decrease}}0.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sethu|votes=172|percentage=0.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Varinjam Rajeev|votes=135|percentage=0.10|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=17,206|percentage=12.51|change={{decrease}}13.33}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,37,503|percentage=74.46|change={{increase}}0.43}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing={{decrease}}7.64}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,79,928 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chathannur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[G. S. Jayalal]]|votes=67,606|percentage=50.76|change={{decrease}}1.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=B. B. Gopakumar|votes=33,199|percentage=24.92|change={{increase}}21.56}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Soorand Rajasekharan|votes=30,139|percentage=22.63|change={{decrease}}19.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Raju|votes=658|percentage=0.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=604|percentage=0.45|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Salimraj A.|votes=491|percentage=0.37|change={{decrease}}0.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Velayudhan Pillai|votes=290|percentage=0.22|change={{decrease}}0.03}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Ambedkarite Party of India|candidate=Jayakala L.|votes=212|percentage=0.16|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=34,407|percentage=25.84|change={{increase}}14.82}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,33,199|percentage=74.03|change={{increase}}2.90}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing={{decrease}}1.90}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,60,688 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chathannur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[G. S. Jayalal]]|votes=60,187|percentage=52.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Bindu Krishna]]|votes=47,598|percentage=41.64|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kizhakkanela Sudhakaran|votes=3,839|percentage=3.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=A. Sasi|votes=1,134|percentage=0.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Jayalal|votes=763|percentage=0.67|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Maliode Sudhan|votes=490|percentage=0.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Sasikumar|votes=287|percentage=0.25|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=12,589|percentage=11.02|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,14,298|percentage=71.13|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chathannur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[N. Anirudhan]]|votes=59,379|percentage=56.80|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[G. Prathapa Varma Thampan]]|votes=36,199|percentage=34.62|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Muraleedharan Pillai|votes=4,940|percentage=4.72|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=23,180|percentage=22.18|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,04,531|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===
There were 1,60,402 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 Kerala Assembly election.{{Election box begin|title=
[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chathannur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[G. Prathapa Varma Thampan]]|votes=53,304|percentage=47.52|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[N. Anirudhan]]|votes=52,757|percentage=47.03|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=B Sajanlal|votes=6,110|percentage=5.45|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=547|percentage=0.49|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,12,171|percentage=69.96|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 by-election ===
There were 1,58,953 registered voters in the constituency for the 1998 by-election.{{Election box begin|title=
1998 by-election: Chathannur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[N. Anirudhan]]|votes=53,471|percentage=48.13|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[C. V. Padmarajan]]|votes=49,533|percentage=44.59|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=B. I. Sreenagesh|votes=7,252|percentage=6.53|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=3,938|percentage=3.54|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,13,031|percentage=71.10|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===

There were 1,55,086 registered voters in the constituency for the 1996 Kerala Assembly election.{{Election box begin|title=
[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chathannur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[P. Ravindran]]|votes=49,083|percentage=46.84|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[C. V. Padmarajan]]|votes=46,968|percentage=44.83|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rajendran|votes=3,633|percentage=3.47|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,115|percentage=2.01|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,04,778|percentage=70.30|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}
=== 1991 ===
There were 1,47,686 registered voters in the constituency for the 1991 Kerala Assembly election.{{Election box begin|title=
[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chathannur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[C. V. Padmarajan]]|votes=53,755|percentage=50.56|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[P. Ravindran]]|votes=49,244|percentage=46.32|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kizhakkanela Sudhakaran|votes=2,892|percentage=2.72|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=4,511|percentage=4.22|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,06,323|percentage=73.14|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1987 ===
There were 1,22,914 registered voters in the constituency for the 1987 Kerala Assembly election.{{Election box begin|title=
[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chathannur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[P. Ravindran]]|votes=46,501|percentage=48.52|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[C. V. Padmarajan]]|votes=44,045|percentage=45.96|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P Gopalakrishna Pillai|votes=4,484|percentage=4.68|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,456|percentage=2.56|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=95,839|percentage=78.45|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1982 ===
There were 95,013 registered voters in the constituency for the 1982 Kerala Assembly election.{{Election box begin|title=
[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chathannur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[C. V. Padmarajan]]|votes=37,811|percentage=53.51|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[J. Chitharanjan]]|votes=32,009|percentage=45.30|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=5,802|percentage=8.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=70,666|percentage=74.90|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{Paravur}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Government of Kollam]]
[[Category:Politics of Kollam district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kollam district]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Travancore–Cochin]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1965]]

Veer Surendra Sai Museum

2026-05-06T22:54:00Z

RowenaClune540: Started Some Post W/ Infobox.

{{Short description|Cultural museum in Odisha}}

{{Infobox museum
| name = Veer Surendra Sai Museum
| native_name = ବୀର ସୁରେନ୍ଦ୍ର ସାଇ ସଂଗ୍ରହାଳୟ
| native_name_lang = or
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_relief = yes
| map_caption = Location in Odisha##Location in India
| map_dot_label = Veer Surendra Sai Museum
| mapframe = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|21.4606|83.9742|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| established = * 1904 (Original Hall)<ref name="tele-2026"/>
* 2026 (Museum)
| location = Dalipara, [[Sambalpur]], Odisha 768001
| type =
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder =
| owner = {{flagicon image|Seal of Odisha.png}} [[Government of Odisha]]
| website =
| embedded = {{infobox |child=yes
| label1 = Architectural style
| data1 = [[Colonial architecture|Colonial]]; [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]
| label2 = Budget
| data2 = ₹1.44 crore<ref name="tele-2026"/>
| label3 = Managed by
| data3 = Sambalpur District Administration; [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]]
}}}}

'''Veer Surendra Sai Museum''' (Odia:'''ବୀର ସୁରେନ୍ଦ୍ର ସାଇ ସଂଗ୍ରହାଳୟ'''; ''trans.'' Bīra Surendra Sāi Saṅgrahāḷaya), formerly known as Victoria Town Hall,<ref name="tele-2026">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2026-04-16 |title=Victoria Town Hall in Sambalpur reopens as ‘Veer Surendra Sai Museum’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2026/Apr/16/victoria-town-hall-in-sambalpur-reopens-as-veer-surendra-sai-museum |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Heritage town hall set for revamp
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/heritage-town-hall-set-for-revamp/cid/1400069 |work=The Telegraph |location=Sambalpur |date=16 May 2017 |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref> is a cultural and historical museum in [[Sambalpur]], [[Odisha]]. It was originally constructed in 1902,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drOCsMjhzgM |title=Sambalpur: Victoria Town Hall estd 1904 City's Historical Landmark |date=2023-02-28 |last=Sambalpuria |access-date=2026-04-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethy |first=Itishree |date=2026-04-15 |title=Veer Surendra Sai Museum Inaugurated in Sambalpur |url=https://pragativadi.com/veer-surendra-sai-museum-inaugurated-in-sambalpur/ |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=Pragativadi I Latest Odisha News in English I Breaking News |language=en-US}}</ref> was renovated and inaugurated as a museum in April 2026.<ref name="Paramita">{{Cite web |last=Paramita |first=Pragyan |title=Sambalpur’s historic Victoria Town Hall reopens as Veer Surendra Sai museum |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/sambalpurs-historic-victoria-town-hall-reopens-as-veer-surendra-sai-museum-11738858 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=odishatv.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tele-2026"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-30 |title=Colonial Era Town Hall In Sambalpur Renovated |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/explore/culture/colonial-era-town-hall-in-sambalpur-renovated |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Veer Surendra Sai]]
* [[Colonial India]]
* [[Company rule in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://sambalpur.nic.in}}
* [https://odishatourism.gov.in Odisha Tourism Portal]
* [https://www.intach.org/ INTACH]

{{Authority control}}
{{Sambalpur district}}

[[Category:Museums in Odisha]]
[[Category:Sambalpur district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sambalpur]]

{{Odisha-stub}}

Manichitrathazhu

2026-05-06T14:07:14Z

RowenaClune540:

{{short description|1993 Indian film by Fazil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manichitrathazhu
| image = Manichitrathazhu.jpg
| alt = Featuring Mohanlal and Suresh Gopi, with Fazil holding on to a camera at the bottom
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]
| producer = [[Swargachitra Appachan]]
| writer = [[Madhu Muttam]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Mohanlal]]
* [[Suresh Gopi]]
* [[Shobana]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[M.G. Radhakrishnan]] '''Background Score:''' [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] '''Lyrics:''' [[Bichu Thirumala]]
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
* [[Anandakuttan]]
* [[Sunny Joseph]]
}}
| editing = T. R. Shekar
| studio = [[Swargachitra Appachan|Swargachitra Films]]
| distributor = Swargachitra Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1993|12|25}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|30 lakhs}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandran |first=Priyesh |date=2024-08-13 |title=From 'Spadikam' to 'Manichitrathazhu': Understanding film remastering |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/understanding-film-remastering-process-1.9810558 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Onam |date=2024-11-05 |title=Made in Rs 30 lakh, this horror film earned Rs 7 crore, ran for more than 300 days |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/made-in-rs-30-lakh-this-horror-film-earned-rs-7-crore-ran-for-more-than-300-days-got-remade-in-hindi-lead-actors-are-manichitrathazhu-bhool-bhulaiyaa-kartik-aaryan-vidya-balan-akshay-kumar-7372875/|website=[[India.com]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|6.88 crore}}<ref name="mm">{{Cite web |last=Sreedhar |first=Sajil |date=2025-04-11 |title=Mohanlal: The star who blends acting brilliance with box office might |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/04/11/malayalam-cinema-box-office-hits-mohanlal-films.html |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref> 
{{INR|3.71 Crore}} (re-release)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=മണിച്ചിത്രത്താഴ് റീ-റിലീസിൽ കൊയ്തത് കോടികൾ |trans-title=Manichitrathazhu re-release box office collection|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/manichitrathazhu-re-release-box-office-collection-7095825 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=[[Indian Express]]|language=ml}}</ref>
}}

'''''Manichitrathazhu''''' ({{translation|The Ornate Lock}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Psychological horror (film and television)|psychological horror film]] directed by [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]], written by [[Madhu Muttam]] and produced by [[Swargachitra Appachan]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=6 March 2016 |title=Made in Malayalam |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Made-in-Malayalam/articleshow/51274314.cms |access-date=9 July 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922054649/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Made-in-Malayalam/articleshow/51274314.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Suresh Gopi]], and [[Shobana]]. It also features [[Thilakan]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], [[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]], [[K.B. Ganesh Kumar]], [[Sudheesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2016 |title=High five |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/top-five-films-from-readers/article8732595.ece |access-date=9 July 2016 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711054352/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/High-five/article14425858.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Sibi Malayil]], [[Priyadarshan]] and [[Siddique–Lal]] served as the [[Second unit|second-unit directors]], who worked separately but simultaneously with Fazil to significantly speed up the filming process. The cinematography was handled by [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]], while Anandakuttan and [[Sunny Joseph]] served as the second-unit cinematographers, and the film was edited by T. R. Shekar. The original songs were composed by [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]], while the [[Film score|original score]] was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]. Mohanlal, though credited as a lead actor, the main role being that of [[Shobana|Shobhana]],<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |url=https://indiancine.ma/AHYQ/info |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=indiancine.ma}}</ref> who won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for her portrayal of Ganga / Nagavalli. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=30 years on, 'Manichitrathazhu' still a blockbuster at Keraleeyam! |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/11/04/manichitrathazhu-psychological-horror-screened-keraleeyam.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-11-04 |title=Thirty years later, Manichitrathazhu has 2000 people waiting in queue for four hours |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/thirty-years-later-manichitrathazhu-has-2000-people-waiting-in-queue-for-four-hours |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The film also won three Kerala state awards -- Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value (1994), [[Kerala State Film Awards|Best Actress]] and [[Kerala State Film Awards|Best Make-up Artist]] (PN Mani).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Amal |date=2024-08-17 |title=31 years of 'Manichitrathazhu': A legacy set for its re-release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Aug/16/31-years-of-manichitrathazhu-a-legacy-set-for-its-re-release |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film thematically followed [[Swapnadanam]]'s theme which was unusual and not common in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] at the time.<ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2007 |title=Of Bhool Bhulaiya, and a classic dumbed down |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/16bb.htm |access-date=24 May 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=27 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627105513/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/16bb.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film completed 300 days of run in many theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=A. B. |date=2020-04-14 |title=Highest Grossing Malayalam Movies (Year 1980–1999) |url=https://filmbiopsy.com//2020/04/14/highest-grossing-malayalam-moviesyear-1980-1999/ |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=FilmBiopsy |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003014253/https://filmbiopsy.com//2020/04/14/highest-grossing-malayalam-moviesyear-1980-1999/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Laila Majnu, Manichitrathazhu: Indians flock to cinemas to watch older films |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y89r85yg2o.amp |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref> ''Manichitrathazhu'' was remade in four languages – in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Apthamitra]]'' (2004) (with some plot changes) which in turn was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005), in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Rajmohol]]'' (2005) and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]''  (2007)– all being commercially successful. Madhu has been credited as the sole writer for the remakes after he filed a [[Copyright infringement|copyright suit]] against Fazil when the latter started being listed as the writer of the original script in the remakes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=G. |first=Venugopal |date=2024-08-31 |title=കോടതി കയറിയ മണിച്ചിത്രത്താഴ്; വരുമോ ഒരു രണ്ടാം ഭാഗം? |trans-title=Manichitrathazhu creator Madhu Muttam |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/manichitrathazhu-creator-madhu-muttam-story-mohanlal-suresh-gopi-fazil-1.9860431 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite LIIofIndia|litigants=Madhu Muttom vs Fazil|link=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/797898/|court=KHC|year=2007|num=256|date=19 September 2007|courtname=[[Kerala High Court]]}}.</ref> ''[[Geethaanjali]]'', a spin-off directed by Priyadarshan with Mohanlal reprising the role of Dr. Sunny Joseph was made in 2013.

''Manichitrathazhu'' received widespread critical acclaim upon release and is considered by many critics as [[List of films voted the best|one of the best films]] in [[Malayalam cinema]], and developed a [[cult following]], years after its release.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Best Malayalam Movies: 10 Malayalam films to watch before you die |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-malayalam-films-to-watch-before-you-die/top-10-malayalam-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/48436108.cms |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610062208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-malayalam-films-to-watch-before-you-die/top-10-malayalam-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/48436108.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It has also been regarded as one of the best [[psychological thriller|psychological thrillers]] in Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 'best' psychological thriller turns 25 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/03/12/25-years-manichitrathazhu-still-best-psychological-thriller-india-has-produced.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> It was listed among the "70 Iconic Films of Indian Cinema" by [[Mint (newspaper)|''Mint'']] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=70 Iconic Films of Indian Cinema |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bQ0uThQTjybnvoYe13twlJ/70-iconic-films-of-Indian-cinema.html |website=[[livemint.com]] |date=18 August 2017 }}</ref> A digitally remastered [[4K resolution|4K]] [[Dolby Atmos]] version of ''Manichitrathazhu'' was released in theatres on 17 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-18 |title='Manichitrathazhu': 4K restored version of Shobana, Mohanlal and Suresh Gopi starrer gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/manichitrathazhu-4k-restored-version-of-shobana-mohanlal-and-suresh-gopi-starrer-gets-a-release-date/article68417150.ece |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Nakulan and his wife Ganga decide to take a vacation to Nakulan's ancestral village in [[Kerala]]. Despite warnings from elder family members, Nakulan insists on staying at his ancestral home, the Madampalli [[Tharavad]], which is believed to be haunted. The rest of the family joins them, unwilling to leave them alone there. The couple is cautioned to avoid certain parts of the house, particularly the "Thekkini," a locked room. About 150 years ago, the family's patriarch and the [[Indian feudalism#Kerala|ruling feudal lord]], [[Karnavar|Karanavar]] Sankaran Thambi, fell in love with a dancer named Nagavalli during a trip to [[Thanjavur]], and brought her to the mansion. However, Nagavalli was already in love with dancer Ramanathan, who moved into the nearby house and continued to see her. When the Karanavar discovered the affair, he killed them and legend has it that Nagavalli's vengeful spirit is in the Thekkini.

A sceptical and curious Ganga enlists the help of Nakulan's cousin Alli, to unlock the Thekkini. After they unlock it, people begin seeing apparitions of a woman, objects mysteriously break, and Ganga's [[sari]] even catches fire. Performing [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] does not help and the family eventually begins to believe that another of Nakulan's cousins, Sreedevi, may be possessed by Nagavalli's spirit.

Nakulan calls on his friend Dr. Sunny, a renowned US-based Indian psychiatrist, to investigate the situation. Sunny soon encounters mysterious events, including an attempt on Alli's life, as well as a woman's voice singing and dancing in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] coming from the locked Thekkini at midnight. Impersonating the Karanavar, Sunny converses with the voice, who reveals herself as Nagavalli and vows revenge on the upcoming [[Durga Ashtami|Durgashtami]] night by killing the Karanavar. Sunny visits a place called [[Evoor]] and speaks to the locals. He also foils someone's attempt to kill Nakulan by giving him poisoned tea and blaming Sreedevi, locks her up in her bedroom.

On the night before Durgashtami, Sunny finds Ganga supposedly being harassed by Alli's fiancé, Mahadevan, who insists he is innocent. Sunny deduces that Ganga is orchestrating all the problems in the house and is suffering from [[dissociative identity disorder]] which has taken on the personality of Nagavalli. The Nagavalli persona perceives Mahadevan as Ramanathan and Nakulan as Karanavar, and wants to kill Nakulan on Durgashtami night. Sunny explains everything to Sreedevi who starts to help him. Meanwhile, Nakulan's family, skeptical of Sunny's treatment, calls in [[Tantra|tantric]] expert Pullattuparam Brahmadathan Namboodiri, but it turns out he is an old friend of Sunny's and decides to help Sunny cure Ganga.

On Durgashtami night, Ganga reverts to her Nagavalli persona and, believing Mahadevan to be Ramanathan, follows him to the rituals prepared by the Namboodiri to the shock of everyone. The Namboodiri speaks to Nagavalli and promises to help her behead the Karanavar. Nakulan is brought before her, but just as she prepares to strike, the Namboodiri blows smoke and ash into her face, temporarily blinding her; meanwhile, Sunny swaps Nakulan with a dummy. The Nagavalli persona cuts the dummy into pieces, and convinced that her enemy is dead, becomes dormant. Later, Sunny uses therapy to cure Ganga.

The family bids farewell to Ganga, Nakulan, and Sunny. Before leaving, Sunny proposes to Sreedevi, who accepts.

== Cast ==
[[File:Shobhana (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Shobhana was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for her portrayal of Ganga / Nagavalli.]]
* [[Mohanlal]] as Dr. Sunny Joseph/Sunnichan, the [[psychiatrist]] from [[United States|America]], who cures Ganga's [[personality disorder]].
* [[Shobhana]] in a [[Dual role|dual role]] as:
** Ganga Nakulan, a slightly modern lady from [[Kolkata]] who grows curious about the legends heard from Nakulan's ancestral house, later develops [[Dissociative identity disorder|split personality disorder]] ([[voiceover]] by [[Bhagyalakshmi]])
** Nagavalli, the dancer from the legends ([[voiceover]] by Durga)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-14 |title=Durga, the crouching Nagavalli in 'Manichithrathazhu' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/watch-durga-speaking-epic-dialogue-of-nagavalli-from-manichitrat.html |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{Cite web |last=Rajan |first=Silpa |date=24 September 2021 |title=#FilmyFriday: Manichitrathazhu: A classic psychological thriller, weaved with elements of horror |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-manichitrathazhu-a-classic-psychological-thriller-weaved-with-elements-of-horror/articleshow/86473796.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404044842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-manichitrathazhu-a-classic-psychological-thriller-weaved-with-elements-of-horror/articleshow/86473796.cms |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Suresh Gopi]] in dual role as:
**Nakulan, Ganga's husband
**Shankaran Thampi, the [[Karnavar|Karanavar]] in Ganga's hallucination as Nagavalli<ref name="toi" />
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Sreedevi, Thambi's elder daughter and Sunny's [[Innamorati|love interest]] ([[voiceover]] by [[Anandavally]])<ref name="toi" />
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Thambi, maternal uncle of Nakulan
* [[Kuttyedathi Vilasini]] as Thambi's wife, Nakulan's aunt by marriage
* [[Sudheesh]] as Chandhu, Thambi's son and Sreedevi's younger brother
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Bhasura, Nakulan's maternal aunt
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Unnithan, Bhasura's husband and Nakulan's uncle by marriage<ref name="toi" />
* [[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]] in dual role as:
** P. Mahadevan, a professor living next door to Madampally and engaged to Alli
** Ramanathan, Nagavalli's [[Innamorati|love interest]]
* [[Rudra (actress)|Rudra]] as Alli, daughter of Unnithan and Bhasura, engaged to Mahadevan ([[voiceover]] by Ambily)<ref name="toi" />
* [[Thilakan]] as Pullattuparam Brahmadathan Namboothiripad, [[tantra|tantric]] expert and Sunny's friend
* [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Kattuparamban, a neighbour
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Dasappan Kutty, helper of Unnithan and their distant relative<ref name="toi" />
* Vaijayanthi as Jayasree, Thambi's younger daughter<ref name="toi" />
* [[Kottayam Santha]] as School [[Head teacher|Head mistress]]


== Production ==

=== Development ===
Then young directors [[Sibi Malayil]], [[Priyadarshan]] and [[Siddique–Lal]] served as the [[Second unit|second-unit directors]], who worked separately but simultaneously with veteran director Fazil to significantly speed up the filming process.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Sree Prasad |date=22 April 2016 |title=4 Mohanlal film remakes that Akshay Kumar owned |url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/actor-akshay-kumar-is-the-most-successful-actor-to-have-starred-in-bollywood-remakes-of-south-indian-films-4-mohanlal-film-remakes-that-akshay-kumar-owned-akshay-kumar-success-news-1461307223.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108175724/http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/actor-akshay-kumar-is-the-most-successful-actor-to-have-starred-in-bollywood-remakes-of-south-indian-films-4-mohanlal-film-remakes-that-akshay-kumar-owned-akshay-kumar-success-news-1461307223.html |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=6 February 2020 |website=CatchNews.com}}</ref><ref name=":022">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |url=https://indiancine.ma/AHYQ/info |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=indiancine.ma}}</ref> The cinematography was by [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]], Anandakuttan and [[Sunny Joseph]] served as the second-unit cinematographers, the film was edited by T. R. Shekar. The original songs were composed by [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]], while the [[Film score|original score]] was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]. Mohanlal, though credited as a lead actor, has been noted to have only an [[extended cameo]], the main role being that of Shobhana.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |url=https://indiancine.ma/AHYQ/info |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=indiancine.ma}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
{{Multiple images
| image1 = Padmanabhapuram Palace 2.jpg
| footer = Filming took place in [[Padmanabhapuram]] of [[Kanyakumari district]].
| total_width = 250
}}
The haunted Thekkini room was created inside the Vasan House in [[Chennai]], the house of late [[S. S. Vasan]], the founder of [[Gemini Studios]]. It was one of the film's key locations apart from [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]] and [[Hill Palace, Tripunithura]]. The major parts of the film were filmed at Hill Palace, [[Thrippunithura|Tripunithura]] and the climax was filmed at [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]].<ref name="FilmCompanion">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=24 December 2018 |title="It Will Be A Huge Flop". 20 Fascinating Facts About The Making Of Manichitrathazhu, In Fazil's Words |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/it-will-be-a-huge-flop-20-fascinating-facts-about-the-making-of-manichitrathazhu-in-fazils-words |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]] |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522231856/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/it-will-be-a-huge-flop-20-fascinating-facts-about-the-making-of-manichitrathazhu-in-fazils-words |url-status=live }}</ref> The painting of Nagavalli was made by artist R. Madhavan, drawn without a live model.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2020 |title=നാഗവല്ലിയെ വരച്ചത് ആര്, ഇതാ ഉത്തരവുമായി ഒരു കുറിപ്പ് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/nagavalli-harishankar-t-s-write-qbinf6 |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917132848/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/nagavalli-harishankar-t-s-write-qbinf6 }}</ref>

=== Dubbing credits ===
Shobana's voice was [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] by two dubbing artistes{{mdash}}[[Bhagyalakshmi]] and Durga. Bhagyalakshmi dubbed her voice for Ganga, while Durga gave voice to the character's [[Alter ego|alter-ego]], Nagavalli. Nagavalli's voice is heard only in a minor part of the film compared to Ganga's. Durga was not credited in the film or its publicity material and until 2016, the popular belief was that Bhagyalakshmi solely dubbed both voices.<ref>{{Cite news |last=James |first=Anu |date=9 January 2016 |title=It wasn't Bhagyalakshmi who dubbed for classic character Nagavalli in Manichitrathazhu, director Fazil reveals |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/it-wasnt-bhagyalakshmi-who-dubbed-classic-character-nagavalli-manichitrathazhu-director-fazil-662569 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112133144/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/it-wasnt-bhagyalakshmi-who-dubbed-classic-character-nagavalli-manichitrathazhu-director-fazil-662569 |archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Fazil gives dubbing artist Durga her due after 23 years, maybe she should have said 'Vidamaate' |publisher=thenewsminute.com |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fazil-gives-dubbing-artist-durga-her-due-after-23-years-maybe-she-should-have-said-vidamaate |access-date=25 September 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809095037/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fazil-gives-dubbing-artist-durga-her-due-after-23-years-maybe-she-should-have-said-vidamaate |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2016, in an article ''Ormapookkal'' published by ''[[Manorama Weekly]]'', Fazil revealed that initially Bhagyalakshmi dubbed for both Ganga and Nagavalli, but during post-production, some of the crew, including editor Shekar, had a feeling that both voices sounded somewhat similar even though Bhagyalakshmi tried altering her voice for Nagavalli. Since Nagavalli's dialogues are in the [[Tamil language]], Fazil hired Tamil dubbing artist Durga for the part. But he forgot to inform Bhagyalakshmi, hence she was also unaware of it for a long time. Fazil did not credit Durga in the film; according to him, it was a difficult to make changes in the [[Opening credits|titles]] at that time, which was already prepared and her portion in the film was minor. The credits included only Bhagyalakshmi as the dubbing artiste for Shobana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=James |first=Anu |date=11 January 2016 |title=Nagavalli-Manichitrathazhu controversy: Dubbing artist Bhagyalakshmi, director Fazil break their silence |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nagavalli-manichitrathazhu-controversy-dubbing-artist-bhagyalakshmi-breaks-her-silence-662754 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125230301/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nagavalli-manichitrathazhu-controversy-dubbing-artist-bhagyalakshmi-breaks-her-silence-662754 |archive-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> Other dubbing artistes were [[Anandavally]] and Ambili, who dubbed for Vinaya Prasad and Rudra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biscoot Regional |date=20 September 2013 |title=Manichitrathazhu 1993: Malayalam Full Movie {{!}} #Malayalam Movie Online {{!}} Mohanlal Movies {{!}} Shobana |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0P1RzIlRMM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/F0P1RzIlRMM |archive-date=2021-12-13 |access-date=28 July 2016 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Biscoot Regional}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtrack for the film was composed by [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] which went on to become one of the most popular soundtrack in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=Revisiting Manichitrathazhu ahead of Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2: How Shobana's Nagavalli can make a million Manjulikas pale |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/revisiting-manichitrathazhu-ahead-of-bhool-bhulaiyya-2-how-shobanas-nagavalli-can-make-a-million-manjulikas-pale-7923919/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The album consists of nine tracks. The lyrics in [[Malayalam]] is written by [[Bichu Thirumala]] and Madhu Muttam and lyrics in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] are written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manichitrathazhu at MSI |url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?1243 |access-date=16 January 2016 |archive-date=20 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320061524/http://en.msidb.org/m.php?1243 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Manichitrathazhu
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Digital Soundtrack Cover Art
| released = 24 December 1993
| recorded = 1993
| venue = [[Chennai]]
| studio = Kodandapani Audio Laboratories
| genre = Film Soundtrack
| length = 64:50
| label = Wilson Audios
| producer = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
| prev_title = Meghasangeetham
| prev_year = 1993
| next_title = [[Kashmeeram]]
| next_year = 1994
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Pazham Tamil
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| lyrics1 = [[Bichu Thirumala]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Varuvaanillaruminn
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics2 = [[Madhu Muttam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Oru Murai Vanthu
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra
| lyrics3 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] (Tamil), Bichu Thirumala
| length3 =
| title4 = Kumbham Kulathil Ariyathe
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas
| lyrics4 = Bichu Thirumala
| length4 =
| title5 = Akkuthikkuthanakkombil
| extra5 = [[G. Venugopal]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
| lyrics5 = Bichu Thirumala
| length5 =
| title6 = Palavattam Pookkaalam
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas
| lyrics6 = Madhu Muttam
| length6 =
| title7 = Uthunga Sailangalkkum
| extra7 = Sujatha Mohan
| lyrics7 = Bichu Thirumala
| length7 =
| title8 = Oru Murai (Reprise)
| extra8 = Sujatha Mohan
| lyrics8 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length8 =
| title9 = Varuvaanillarumee Vayizhe
| extra9 = K. S. Chithra
| lyrics9 = Madhu Muttam
| length9 =
| title10 = "Oru Murai" (Tamil Version)
| extra10 = Sujatha Mohan
| lyrics10 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
}}

== Release ==
''Manichitrathazhu'' was released on 25 December 1993,<ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=20 December 2018 |title=Fazil on his classic 'Manichithrathazhu': 'Everything came together to make the film happen' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/906298/fazil-on-his-classic-manichitrathazhu-everything-came-together-to-make-the-film-happen |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121181643/https://scroll.in/reel/906298/fazil-on-his-classic-manichitrathazhu-everything-came-together-to-make-the-film-happen }}</ref> and performed well at the box office, becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam film at the time]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=James |first=Anu |date=5 December 2016 |title=Mohanlal's Manichitrathazhu gets a trailer after 23 years |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlals-manichitrathazhu-gets-trailer-after-23-years-707053 |access-date=4 July 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704150716/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlals-manichitrathazhu-gets-trailer-after-23-years-707053 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2018 |title=25 Years Of Manichithrathazhu: Shobhana, Director Fazil Pay Tribute To Iconic Malayalam Film |work=[[HuffPost]] |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/25-years-of-manichithrathazhu-shobhana-director-fazil-pay-tribute-to-iconic-malayalam-film_in_5c208d7de4b08aaf7a8a9647 |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111417/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/25-years-of-manichithrathazhu-shobhana-director-fazil-pay-tribute-to-iconic-malayalam-film_in_5c208d7de4b08aaf7a8a9647 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IBNRanking" /> It ran for more than 365 days in few theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2016 |title=10 Mollywood films that ran for the longest time |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/10-Mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/10-Mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523456.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728160923/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/10-Mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/10-Mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523456.cms |archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>

== Awards ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee(s)
! Result
! {{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[41st National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
| [[Swargachitra Appachan]], [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=41st National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313075852/http://iffi.nic.in/dff2011/frm41thnfaaward.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2016 |access-date=28 July 2016 |website=[[International Film Festival of India]] |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Shobana]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |34th Kerala State Film Awards
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]
| Swargachitra Appachan, Fazil
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Film Awards |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=28 July 2016 |website=prd.kerala.gov.in |publisher=[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Department of Information and Public Relations]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| Shobana
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Makeup Artist|Best Makeup Artist]]
| P. N. Mani
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |17th Kerala Film Critics Association Awards
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Suresh Gopi]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Film Critics Association Awards - 1977-2012 |url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Association]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| Shobana
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Special Jury Award
| Fazil
| {{won}}
|}

== Themes ==
The story is inspired by a real life tragedy that happened in the [[Alummoottil]] family located at Muttom (near [[Haripad]]), belonging to central [[Travancore]]. The inheritor of the Alummoottil property and his [[domestic worker]] girl were murdered by the son-in-law after he had been written-off from the [[marumakkathayam]] system of inheritance prevalent in [[Kerala]] at the time. The murder gave rise to many local legends which serve as the basis for the film. Muttam, the writer of the film, confirmed the film was inspired by real-life events as he is a member of the Alummoottil tharavad through his maternal family.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=G. |first=Venugopal |date=2024-08-31 |title=കോടതി കയറിയ മണിച്ചിത്രത്താഴ്; വരുമോ ഒരു രണ്ടാം ഭാഗം? |trans-title=Manichitrathazhu creator Madhu Muttam |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/manichitrathazhu-creator-madhu-muttam-story-mohanlal-suresh-gopi-fazil-1.9860431 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref>

The story and atmosphere in the movie are different from those in the original story.

Certain themes that were discussed in the movie were Ganga's yearning for [[Intimate relationship|intimacy]] with her husband Nakulan, Mental health disorders and why it's important to turn to science rather than trust [[Traditional medicine|conventional modes of treatments]] as well as Dr. Sunny and Ganga's passionate friendship, all of which were rare in Indian cinema, creating a unique blend which received a positive response from the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antony |first=Arun |title=The timeless legacy of 'Manichithrathazhu' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-timeless-legacy-of-manichithrathazhu-2766522 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The film also deals with the [[devadasi]] [[courtesan]] practice formerly prevalent in [[South India|southern India]] and its patronage by local [[Nair]] chieftains, [[Caste system in Kerala|caste]] prejudices and [[Tantra|Tantric]] cults.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |url=https://indiancine.ma/AHYQ/info |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=indiancine.ma}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Manichitrathazhu'' is considered as a classic and is hailed as one of the best films ever made in [[Indian cinema]].<ref name="Rediff" /> The film has consistently fetched maximum ratings for its television screenings.<ref name="Rediff" /> Even twenty years after its release it has been screened more than 12 times a year on an average on Kerala's leading TV channel, [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref name="Rediff" /> The film has received the maximum [[Target rating point|TRP rating]] on every screening; TRP ratings have increased every year, a rare record for a film produced in Kerala.<ref name="Rediff" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2014 |title=Manichithrathazhu has received the maximum TRP rating! |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know-/Manichithrathazhu-has-received-the-maximum-TRP-rating/articleshow/45167993.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728162737/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know-/Manichithrathazhu-has-received-the-maximum-TRP-rating/articleshow/45167993.cms |archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> For many [[Malayalis]], Manichitrathazhu is a part of their cultural lives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-06 |title=The women of 'Manichitrathazhu': How the Malayalam classic tames the 'shrew' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/women-manichitrathazhu-how-malayalam-classic-tames-shrew-74296 |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827061232/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/women-manichitrathazhu-how-malayalam-classic-tames-shrew-74296 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a 2013 online poll in India by ''[[IBN Live]]'', ''Manichitrathazhu'' was voted second among India's greatest films, by the audience. The poll was conducted as part of the celebration of Indian cinema completing 100 years. The poll constituted a list of 100 films from different Indian languages.<ref name="IBNRanking">{{Cite news |last=IBN Live |date=12 May 2013 |title='Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever: IBNLive poll |work=[[News18]] |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/mayabazar-is-indias-greatest-film-ever-ibnlive-poll-608772.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701181726/http://www.news18.com/news/india/mayabazar-is-indias-greatest-film-ever-ibnlive-poll-608772.html |archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref> A [[Sari|saree]] featuring Shobhana in a song scene from this film was released in the market as the Nagavali saree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മണിച്ചിത്രത്താഴ് |url=https://m3db.com/film/manichithrathazhu |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=M3DB |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107073240/https://m3db.com/film/manichithrathazhu |url-status=live }}</ref>

One of the most memorable or defining scenes of the movie where Nakulan provokes Ganga to transform into the Nagavalli persona was recreated in later Malayalam films like ''[[Om Shanti Oshana]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=25 years of Manichitrathazhu: Why this Malayalam classic remains unsurpassed |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/25-years-manichitrathazhu-why-malayalam-classic-remains-unsurpassed-93441 |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325162342/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/25-years-manichitrathazhu-why-malayalam-classic-remains-unsurpassed-93441 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was re-released in theatres after 30 years in August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-04 |title=Mohanlal-starrer Manichitrathazhu Re-Releases In Theatres After 30 Years |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/mohanlal-starrer-manichitrathazhu-re-releases-in-theatres-after-30-years-8648263.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

"Vijanaveedhi", a [[Malayalam novel|Malayalam]] [[Horror fiction|horror novel]] by Aswathi Thirunal, has been listed by some as an inspiration for the film, though director Fazil and writer Madhu both deny this.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Govind Krishnan |date=2022-10-09 |title=Republishing of 1985 horror novel revives Manichithrathazhu plagiarism row |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/republishing-1985-horror-novel-revives-manichithrathazhu-plagiarism-row-168702 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Language
!Title
!Year
!Cast
!Director
!Notes
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''[[Apthamitra]]''
|2004
|[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Soundarya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[P. Vasu]]
|rowspan="2" | Some plot changes made according to the director
|-
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|''[[Chandramukhi]]''
|2005
|[[Rajinikanth]], [[Jyothika]]
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Rajmohol]]''
|2005
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Anu Choudhury]]
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]''
|2007
|[[Akshay Kumar]], [[Vidya Balan]]
|[[Priyadarshan]]
|
|}

== Spin-off ==
A spin-off titled ''[[Geethaanjali]]'' was released on 14 November 2013, directed by [[Priyadarshan]] with Mohanlal reprising his role as Sunny and Suresh Gopi as Nakulan in a cameo appearance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=1 August 2013 |title=Return of Dr. Sunny |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/return-of-dr-sunny/article4977410.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200206051526/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/return-of-dr-sunny/article4977410.ece |archive-date=6 February 2020}}</ref>

== Sequel series ==
In August 2020, producer Bhavachithra Jayakumar, known for the production of several successful films and soap operas, announced plans to develop a television serial which is a sequel of ''Manichitrathazhu'' as a direct follow-on from the film’s ending. According to Jayakumar, the story was to resume with Dr. Sunny, Nakulan and Ganga departing for Kolkata at the film’s conclusion, and continue with the couple’s journey to their ancestral home in [[Kolkata]], exploring Ganga’s relatives. Simultaneously, the series would trace Nagavalli’s backstory set in [[Thanjavur]], particularly around the [[Brihadisvara Temple]]. The adaptation followed an initial consideration to make it a web series, but Jayakumar decided the television format would be more suitable. Although location recce had been completed, casting was not finalized, and production faced delays owing to [[COVID-19]]-related quarantines and restrictions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manichitrathazhu's TV adaptation to trace Ganga's and Nagavalli's journeys |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/manichitrathazhus-tv-adaptation-to-trace-gangas-and-nagavallis-journeys/articleshow/77718266.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2020 |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dissociative identity disorder]]
* [[Identity formation]]
* [[List of Malayalam horror films]]
* [[Mental illness in film]]
* [[Devadasi]], Indian women entertainers (Nagavalli in the film)
* [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Kathakali]], classical Indian dances featured in the film

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0214915}}

{{Films inspired by Manichitrathazhu}}
{{Fazil (director)}}
{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment}}

[[Category:1993 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1990s ghost films]]
[[Category:1990s psychological horror films]]
[[Category:1993 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:1990s supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:1993 controversies]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam]]
[[Category:Comedy epic films]]
[[Category:Indian crime horror films]]
[[Category:Epic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]
[[Category:Films about child abuse]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]
[[Category:Films about curses]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films about dissociative identity disorder]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about exorcism]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films about inheritances]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about magic (supernatural)]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films about mental disorders]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films about psychiatry]]
[[Category:Films about psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films about schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Films about spirit possession]]
[[Category:Films about superstition]]
[[Category:Films about telekinesis]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Films directed by Fazil]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films set in 1843]]
[[Category:Films set in 1993]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Films set in abandoned houses]]
[[Category:Films set in palaces]]
[[Category:Films set in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ernakulam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films with atheism-related themes]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Historical epic films]]
[[Category:History of Kerala on film]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian dance films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian haunted house films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery horror films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological horror films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Kathakali]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|GNagavalli1]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]
[[Category:Occult detective fiction]]
[[Category:Paranormal films]]
[[Category:Religious epic films]]
[[Category:Romantic epic films]]

INS Sukanya

2026-05-06T11:57:32Z

RowenaClune540:

{{Short description|Indian naval vessel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}{{italic title|string=Sukanya}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Sukanya (P50) offshore patrol vessel of Indian Navy.jpg
| image_caption = ''Sukanya'' at sea
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Sukanya''
| namesake = [[Sukanya]]
| ordered =
| builder =
| laid_down =
| launched =
| acquired =
| commissioned = 31 August 1989
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| fate =
| status = Active
| notes =
| badge = [[File:Crest of INS Sukanya (P50).jpg|150px|INS ''Sukanya'' crest]]
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Sukanya|patrol vessel}}
| type =
| tonnage =
| displacement = 1,890 tons (full load)<ref name=in-sukanya>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/opv_sukanya.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |accessdate=13 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619084015/http://indiannavy.nic.in/opv_sukanya.htm |archivedate=19 June 2009 }}</ref>
| length = {{convert|101|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|11.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height =
| draught =
| draft =
| power =
| propulsion = 2 × [[diesel engine]]s, {{convert|12800|bhp|kW|-1|abbr=on}}, 2 shafts
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{convert|21|kn|km/h|0}}
| range = {{convert|7000|nmi|km|-3}} at {{convert|15|kn|km/h|0}}
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = 70
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *1 × Racal Decca 2459 search radar
*1 BEL 1245 navigation radar
| EW =
| armament = *1 × 40 mm, 60 cal. [[Bofors]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*2 × 12.7 mm [[machine gun]]s
*''P51 added:'' 1 [[Dhanush (missile)|Dhanush ballistic missile]]
*''P55 added:'' 2 x 25 mm, 80 cal. anti-aircraft guns
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 [[HAL Chetak]]
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes = Two onboard desalination plants to produce 20 tonnes of fresh water daily
}}
}}

'''INS ''Sukanya''''' is the lead vessel of the {{sclass|Sukanya|patrol vessel}}s of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-sukanya/> In [[Sanatana Dharma]], [[Sukanya]] was the daughter of Shryayati, son of [[Vaivasvata Manu]] and the wife of the great sage [[Chyavana]]. It was commissioned into service on 31 August 1989.

==Service history==
In 2006, INS ''Sukanya'' served as the [[Presidential yacht]] for the 2006 Naval Fleet Review.<ref name=2006-fr>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/NewPfr06/index2.htm |title=PFR 2006 |accessdate=5 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706132634/http://indiannavy.nic.in/NewPfr06/index2.htm |archivedate=6 July 2006 }}</ref> In February 2010, ''Sukanya'' escorted the [[Maldivian Coast Guard]] vessel [[MCGS Huravee (2023)|MCGS ''Hurawee'']] home via [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]. ''Huravee'' was returning home after a refit in India.

On 20 and 24 September 2011, [[pirate]]s in the [[Gulf of Aden]] attempted to approach vessels being escorted by INS ''Sukanya''. The attack was warded off and the pirates disarmed by a team of marine commandos. Indian Navy officials seized three rifles, eight magazines and about 320 rounds of ammunition from the pirate boat with 14 pirates. Ladders and [[grapnels]] used by pirates to board merchant vessels were recovered. The boat was carrying a large quantity of fuel and [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] cylinders, in addition to communication and navigation equipment. This was the fourth time INS ''Sukanya'' thwarted a pirate attack in the Gulf of Aden. On 11 November 2011, ''Sukanya'' again thwarted piracy attempts near the Gulf of Aden.

In December 2014, a fire damaged the only de-salination plant in [[Maldives]] plunging it into a severe water crisis. On 4 December 2014, ''Sukanya'' led by Commander M. Dorai Babu, NM, while patrolling off [[Kochi]], was immediately diverted to Maldives. The ship had two de-salination plants on board with capacity to produce 20 tonnes of fresh water daily which were used to avert the water crisis.<ref name="PIB">{{cite web |title=Indian Navy the First to Respond in Maldivian Crisis |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=112783 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/heres-how-indian-navy-is-helping-water-crisis-hit-maldives/slideshow/45409358.cms |title=Here's how Indian Navy is helping water crisis-hit Maldives |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2014 |accessdate=28 June 2016}}</ref>

On 18 November 2025, ''Sukanya'' arrived at the [[Port of Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]], for an operational turnaround. The vessel departed the island on 21 November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=INS Sukanya makes port call in Colombo |url=https://news.navy.lk/eventnews/2025/11/19/202511191400/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251120012831/https://news.navy.lk/eventnews/2025/11/19/202511191400/ |archive-date=2025-11-20 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Sri Lanka Navy}}</ref> The ship was again deployed to Sri Lanka to supply 12 tonnes of [[disaster relief]] materials as part of [[Cyclone Ditwah#Operation Sagar Bandhu (India)|Operation Sagar Bandhu]] on 1 December.<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy extends Humanitarian Assistance to Sri Lanka in wake of Cyclone Ditwah |date=2025-12-02 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2197802&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-09}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite press release |title=Operation Sagar Bandhu continues providing Emergency HADR Support to Sri Lanka following Cyclone Ditwah |date=2025-12-09 |publisher=[[Indian Ministry of External Affairs]] |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40420/Operation_Sagar_Bandhu_Continues_providing_Emergency_HADR_Support_to_Sri_Lanka_following_Cyclone_Ditwah |access-date=2025-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210022026/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40420/Operation_Sagar_Bandhu_Continues_providing_Emergency_HADR_Support_to_Sri_Lanka_following_Cyclone_Ditwah |archive-date=2025-12-10}}</ref> She participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Gopal |first=B. Madhu |date=2026-02-17 |title=Visakhapatnam set for grand Presidential Fleet Review on February 18 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-set-for-grand-presidential-fleet-review-on-february-18/article70643607.ece |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=160 | height=170
|File:INS Sukanya (P50) at sea.jpg
|INS Sukanya (P50) at sea.
|File:Top view of INS Sukanya (P50).jpg
|Top view of INS Sukanya (P50).
|File:Ins-sukanya.jpg
}}

==References==
{{commons category|INS Sukanya (P50)}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Sukanya-class patrol vessel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukanya (P50)}}
[[Category:Sukanya-class patrol boats]]
[[Category:1989 ships]]

{{india-mil-stub}}
{{mil-ship-stub}}

H.Y. Mohan Ram

2026-04-28T12:24:31Z

RowenaClune540: Added new post w/ infobox!

'''Holenarasipur Yoganarasimham Mohan Ram''' (24 September 1930 - 18 June 2018) was an Indian botanist who influenced numerous students as a professor of Botany at [[Delhi University]]. His research areas included studies in [[floral biology]], plant physiology, insectivorous plants and on the family [[Podostemaceae]]. He was a brother of [[H. Y. Sharada Prasad]] and the father of [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]]'s [[Rahul Ram]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Doyen of Indian botanists no more|work=The Tribune India|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/doyen-of-indian-botanists-no-more/608653.html|author=Chandrabhaal Tripathi|date=22 June 2018|accessdate=2018-06-22|archive-date=2018-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621233520/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/doyen-of-indian-botanists-no-more/608653.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Mohan Ram was born in Karnataka and grew up in Mysuru where he studied at the Saradavilas High School (1943–46) and Intermediate College (1946–48), receiving his bachelor of science degree from St. Philomena's College, Mysore and a master's degree in Botany from the Balwant Rajput College, Agra in 1953.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ijprb.com/vol%2008%20(1)/pdf%2001.pdf|title=Professor S.N.Chaturvedi and my Agra connections|author=Ram, H.Y. Mohan| journal=International Journal of Plant Reproductive Biology| volume=8| issue=1| year=2016|pages=3–6}}</ref> He then joined as a lecturer in Botany at University of Delhi and worked on seed development in the [[Acanthaceae]] under Professor [[Panchanan Maheswari]]. He subsequently worked at Cornell University as a [[Fulbright Scholar]] with [[Frederick Campion Steward|F.C. Steward]] and became a specialist in tissue culture. He also worked at the Laboratoire de Physiologie Pluricellulaire with J.P. Nitsch.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/014/10/1003-1017|title=Turning a New Leaf|author=Varadarajan, Sujata| journal=Resonance|volume=14|pages=1003–1017|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/106/02/0305.pdf| title= A doyen of Indian botanists: H. Y. Mohan Ram Ramesh|author1= Maheshwari, Ramesh|author2=Shivanna, K.R.| author3=Doreswamy, R.| author4=Sankara Rao, K.| author5=Mathur, Gita|journal=Current Science| volume=106| issue=2| pages=305–309 | year=2014}}</ref>

Professor Mohan Ram published over 240 research papers and edited four books while also guiding 32 PhD students. He helped in the establishment of the Department of Genetics and Environmental Biology at Delhi University. He was an honorary scientist of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] from 2006 and was a vice-president of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] between 1988 and 1990. He was the chairman of the [[NCERT]] biology textbook committee from 1986 to 1988. He was awarded the JC Bose Award in 1979, the Om Prakash Bhasin Award (1986), the Sergei Nawashin Medal of the USSR (1990) and numerous other recognitions.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
*[http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N78-0477 INSA biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619094427/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N78-0477 |date=2018-06-19 }}
*[http://naasindia.org/detail.php?id=292 National Academy of Agricultural Science]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]

{{India-botanist-stub}}

List of Scheduled Tribes in Uttarakhand

2026-04-27T14:41:02Z

RowenaClune540: made a stub - done

{{one source|date=September 2024}}
{{Short description|none}}
The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] in [[Uttarakhand]] comprise 5 tribes, with a population of 2,91,903, constituting 2.9% of the state's population according to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ST in India as Revealed in Census 2011|url=https://tribal.nic.in/downloads/Statistics/3-STinindiaascensus2011_compressed.pdf}}</ref>

==List of Scheduled Tribes==
Tribes in '''bold''' indicate [[Particularly vulnerable tribal group|Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group]] (Primitive Tribe).

* [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiyas]]
* [[Buksa people|'''Buksa''']]
* [[Jaunsari people|Jaunsari]]
* [[Raji people|'''Raji''']]
* [[Tharu people|Tharu]]

== Demographics ==
Population of Scheduled Tribes as per [[2011 census of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix), Uttarakhand - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43006 |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Scheduled Tribe
! rowspan="2" |Language
! colspan="2" |Population
|-
!ST Code
!Tribe
!(as of 2011)
!%age
|-
|001
|[[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiya]]
|[[West Himalayish languages|Bhoti]]
|39,106
|13.39%
|-
|002
|[[Bhoksa people|Buksa]]
|[[Buksa language|Buksa]]
|54,037
|18.51%
|-
|003
|[[Jaunsari people|Jaunsari]]
|[[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]]
|88,664
|30.37%
|-
|004
|[[Raji people|Raji]]
|[[Raji language|Raji]]
|690
|0.24%
|-
|005
|[[Tharu people|Tharu]]
|[[Tharu languages|Tharu]]
|91,342
|31.29%
|-
| colspan="3" |Generic tribes, etc.
(those who identified them as ''[[Adivasi]]'', ''[[Vanvasi]]'', ''Girijan'' or [[Schedule Tribe|''Anushuchit Janjati'']])
|18,064
|6.2%
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
!291,903
!100%
|}

=== Population by district<ref>{{Cite web |title=Districtwise Population of Uttarakhand State {{!}} Chief Minister, Government of Uttarakhand {{!}} India |url=https://cm.uk.gov.in/district-population/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> ===
{| class="wikitable"
!District
!Total population
!ST population
!%age of ST
|-
|[[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]
|3,30,086
|3,521
|1.06%
|-
|[[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
|3,91,605
|12,260
|3.14%
|-
|[[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]]
|2,42,285
|386
|0.16%
|-
|[[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]
|6,18,931
|875
|0.14%
|-
|[[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
|16,96,694
|1,11,663
|6.58%
|-
|[[Garhwal District|Garhwal]]
|6,87,271
|2,215
|0.32%
|-
|[[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
|4,83,439
|19,535
|4.04%
|-
|[[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]]
|2,59,898
|1,982
|0.76%
|-
|[[Almora district|Almora]]
|6,22,506
|1,281
|0.21%
|-
|[[Champawat district|Champawat]]
|2,59,648
|1,339
|0.52%
|-
|[[Nainital district|Nainital]]
|9,52,605
|7,495
|0.79%
|-
|[[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
|16,42,908
|1,23,037
|7.49%
|-
|[[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]
|18,90,422
|6,323
|0.33%
|-
!Total
!10,086,292
!291,903
!2.89%
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Scheduled Tribes]]
* [[List of Scheduled Castes in Uttarakhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
[https://socialwelfare.uk.gov.in Department of Social Welfare, Government of Uttarakhand]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scheduled Tribes in Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India|Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Uttarakhand]]

Lohardaga Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:56Z

RowenaClune540: made new info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lohardaga
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| constituency_no = 72
| type = SLA
| map_image = Lohardaga constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Lohardaga district]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| established = 2000
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Rameshwar Oraon delivering speech at NSCT (cropped).jpg
| mla = [[Rameshwar Oraon]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 
}}
'''Lohardaga''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Ignes Kujur
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Pritam Kujur
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Sushil Bakhla
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=3|Bihari Lakra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=4|[[Indra Nath Bhagat]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan=2|Sadhanu Bhagat
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Sukhdeo Bhagat]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | [[Kamal Kishore Bhagat]] || {{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2015 elections in India#Jharkhand|2015^]] || [[Sukhdeo Bhagat]]<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/congress-wins-in-jharkhands-lohardaga-assembly-by-poll/articleshow/50215822.cms Bypoll 2015]</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2|[[Rameshwar Oraon]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

^by-election

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Lohardaga<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rameshwar Oraon]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,13,507 |percentage=53.06% |change={{increase}}10.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neru Shanti Bhagat |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=78,837 |percentage=36.85% |change={{increase}}13.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rameshwar Lohra |party=Independent politician |votes=4,010 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avdhesh Oraon |party=Bharat Adivasi Party |votes=3,159 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saniya Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=2,602 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar Bhagat |party=Jharkhand People's Party |votes=1,453 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yashpal Bhagat |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,354 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=908 |percentage=0.42% |change={{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,670 |percentage=16.21% |change= {{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,13,940 |percentage=74.35% |change= {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,87,746 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Lohardaga<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rameshwar Oraon]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=74,380 |percentage=42.67% |change={{decrease}}7.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhdeo Bhagat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=44,230 |percentage=25.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neru Shanti Bhagat |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=39,916 |percentage=22.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhnu Bhagat |party=Bhartiya Tribal Party |votes=4,318 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Tigga |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=1,661 |percentage=0.95% |change={{decrease}}10.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dipak Oraon |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,384 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ekus Dhan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,360 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,799 |percentage=1.61% |change={{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,150 |percentage=17.30% |change= {{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,74,312 |percentage=70.99% |change= {{increase}}4.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,45,547 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly by-election 2015===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2015 elections in India#Jharkhand|2015 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Lohardaga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhdeo Bhagat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=73,859 |percentage=50.44% |change={{increase}}12.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Niru Shanti Bhagat |party= |votes=50,571 |percentage=34.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandu Tirkey |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=16,951 |percentage=11.58% |change={{increase}}8.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajmel Oraon |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,529 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=859 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biglal Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=831 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=2,019 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,288 |percentage=15.90% |change= {{increase}}15.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,46,430 |percentage=67.36% |change= {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,20,386 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All Jharkhand Students Union |swing= {{increase}}11.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Lohardaga<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamal Kishore Bhagat]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=56,920 |percentage=38.81% |change={{increase}}8.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhdeo Bhagat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=56,328 |percentage=38.41% |change={{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdeo Oraon |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=13,510 |percentage=9.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anita Minz |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=4,123 |percentage=2.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rameshwar Oraon]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,423 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kujur |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,372 |percentage=1.62% |change={{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shishir Toppo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,687 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,858 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=592 |percentage=0.40% |change= {{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,46,660 |percentage=67.75% |change= {{increase}}8.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,16,477 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All Jharkhand Students Union |loser=All Jharkhand Students Union |swing= {{increase}}8.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Lohardaga<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamal Kishore Bhagat]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=35,816 |percentage=30.72% |change={{increase}}26.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhdeo Bhagat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,210 |percentage=30.20% |change={{increase}}6.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhnu Bhagat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,949 |percentage=24.83% |change={{increase}}4.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Ekka |party=Independent politician |votes=3,632 |percentage=3.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aashamani Devi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Liberation |votes=2,238 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sura Oraon |party=Rashtriya Deshaj Party |votes=1,632 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balmukund Lohra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,571 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=606 |percentage=0.52% |change= {{decrease}}4.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,16,575 |percentage=58.99% |change= {{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,97,610 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}30.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Jharkhand Students Union |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Lohardaga<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhdeo Bhagat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,023 |percentage=24.03% |change={{decrease}}9.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhnu Bhagat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,243 |percentage=20.52% |change={{decrease}}14.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=12,158 |percentage=8.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Ekka |party=Independent politician |votes=9,674 |percentage=7.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kamal Kishore Bhagat]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=5,845 |percentage=4.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jokhan Bhagat |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=3,963 |percentage=2.88% |change={{decrease}}19.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdeo Lohra |party=Independent politician |votes=2,356 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,780 |percentage=4.65% |change= {{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,45,746 |percentage=51.27% |change= {{increase}}18.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,84,246 |ref = |change= {{increase}}91.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Lohardaga<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhanu Bhagat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,979 |percentage=35.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indra Nath Bhagat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,131 |percentage=33.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Ekka |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=10,863 |percentage=22.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pinju Bhagat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,168 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basudeo Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=971 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdip Oraon |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Liberation |votes=873 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivdeo Bhagat |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=595 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=848 |percentage=1.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,229 |percentage=33.00% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,48,651 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|23.44|84.68|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Lohardaga district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

National Dope Testing Laboratory

2026-04-17T11:32:57Z

RowenaClune540: made a pg - done

{{Short description|Indian sports/dope analysis}}
The '''National Dope Testing Laboratory''' (NDTL) is a premier analytical testing & research organization established as an autonomous body under the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]], [[Government of India]]. It is the only laboratory in the country responsible for human sports [[dope testing]]. It is headed by Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Dr. Puran Lal Sahu is the Scientific Director of NDTL.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ndtlindia.com/about-us/management-staff/|title=Management & Staff {{!}} Ndtl|website=ndtlindia.com|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref>

It is accredited by [[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories|National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories]], NABL (ISO/IEC 17025:2017) for human dope testing of urine & blood samples from human sports. NDTL is one of the [https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/science-medical/laboratories/accredited-laboratories 29 WADA accredited laboratories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418090826/https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/science-medical/laboratories/accredited-laboratories |date=2021-04-18 }} in the world. It is one of the modern and state-of-the-art laboratories in the country equipped with the latest analytical instrumentation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ndtlindia.com/about-us/history-of-ndtl/|title=Introduction {{!}} Ndtl|website=ndtlindia.com|access-date=2016-11-23}}</ref>

== Introduction ==
The NDTL in India was established in 2008 with an aim to get permanently accredited by [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) and World Anti Doping Agency to do the testing for the banned drugs in human sports. The Lab has successfully completed sample testing for numerous major International as well National events since its inception. The lab was earlier located in the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] and is shifted to the new site within its stadium complex at New Delhi on May 14, 2009 with better facilities. The area of the new NDTL lab is 2700 square meters as against the earlier area of only 900 square meters.

== Accreditation ==
NDTL is accredited by various National and International agencies to carry out human dope testing. Some of the organizations that accredited NDTL are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ndtlindia.com/about-us/accreditation-of-ndtl/|title=Accreditation of NDTL {{!}} Ndtl|website=ndtlindia.com|access-date=2016-11-23}}</ref>
* World Anti Doping Agency
* [[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories]] for Chemical Testing, Biological Testing
* CSCQ

== History ==
* The dope testing Lab in India was established in 1990 (as Dope control Centre under the [[Sports Authority of India]]). The lab was modernized in 2002 with an aim to get it permanently accredited by [[International Olympic Commission]] and WADA.
* The lab got ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation in 2003 : An eligibility criteria for applying for WADA accreditation.
* Since Sports Authority of India is responsible for training of elite athletes, hence in view of [[conflict of interest]], a decision was taken to have the independent body responsible for managing the [[Antidoping|Anti Doping]] Program in the country.
* The [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] took a decision to sign<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/copenhagen-declaration-list-of-signatories#Asia|title=Copenhagen Declaration List of Signatories|website=World Anti-Doping Agency|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> the Copenhagen declaration on anti doping<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/world-anti-doping-program/copenhagen-declaration|title=Copenhagen Declaration|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> and to set up [[National Anti-Doping Agency|National Anti Doping Agency]] in December 2004.
* The first meeting of General Body/Governing Body of NDTL was held under the Chairmanship of then Honourable Minister Youth Affairs & Sports [[M. S. Gill|M.S. Gill]] on 5th Jan. 2009. The recruitment rules, tariff for dope testing, action plan for [[2010 Commonwealth Games|Common Wealth Games 2010]] was duly approved by the Governing Body.

== Research Projects ==
NDTL has state of arts facilities for research and is engaged in conducting research on various projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ndtlindia.com/r-d-2/|title=Research Projects {{!}} Ndtl|website=ndtlindia.com|access-date=2016-11-23}}</ref> The research paper is presented in various National and International conferences and published in indexed journals. The first ever Ph.D. thesis : "Detectability of Indian [[glucocorticosteroid]] preparations in sports persons: Effect on the endogenous steroid profile" was submitted in April 2009 by Madhusudhana I.Reddy and degree has been awarded.
* '''Projects Accomplished:'''
# Detectability of Corticosteroid in various Indian preparations: Effect on Endogenous steroid profile.
# Characteristics of IEF Patterns and SDS-PAGE Result of Indian EPO Biosimilars.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=S|first1=b) Jain|last2=R|first2=Lal|last3=A|first3=Raj|last4=D|first4=Tyagi|last5=A|first5=Beotra|last6=T|first6=Kaur|date=2012-01-01|title=Characteristics of IEF Patterns and SDS-PAGE of Indian EPO Biosimilars|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257536104|journal=ResearchGate|doi=10.13140/2.1.1917.0243}}</ref>
# Establishing Reference Range for Endogenous Steroids in Indian Sportspersons and to study the effect of ethnicity and steroid abuse on delta values of endogenous steroids.
# Analytical strategies in the development and utilization of mass spectrometric method for analysis of Stimulants & Narcotics.
# Effect of Ethnicity and [[Anabolic steroid|Anabolic Steroid]] Abuse on Delta Value of Endogenous Steroids.
# Rapid Screening in Doping Analysis: Separation and Detection of Doping Agents be Liquid and Gas Chromatographic Mass Spectrometric Analysis.
* '''Current Projects:'''
# Detection of Synthetic glucocortico steroids, stimulants and anabolic steroids in Indian herbal drugs and supplements.
# Discrimination of biological and synthetic origin of anabolic steroids in human urine: Correlation between GCMSD & Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry.
# An Analytical approach for the Screening of Performance Enhancing Substances from various Dietary Supplements & to study their excretion profile using Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Technique.
# Development of analytical tools for the Detection and Identification of performance enhancing Peptides in [[Biological specimen|Biological Specimen]].
# An analytical approach for the Detection of Corticosteroids in Human and Horse Biological Specimen using Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Technique.
# To study the effect of various preparation of Testosterone on Steroid Profiling and Delta Value of 13C/12C of Testosterone Metabolite in volunteers with Normal/Abnormal Testosterone/ [[Epitestosterone]] (T/E) Ratio.
# Indian Herbal Drugs : Identification of stimulants, narcotics and other substances with potential of ergogenic aids in sports.
# Characterization of physiochemical properties and analysis of liposomes in human biological samples using hyphenated analytical technique.
# Detection of [[Stanozolol]] conjugated metabolites by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry.
# [[Prednisone]] excretion study and identification of its marker metabolites.
# Rapid determination of urinary [[phthalates]] using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
# Identification of various banned small peptides in human urine using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

== Instruments and Technologies ==
The National Dope Testing Laboratory is equipped with state of the art technologies and the most modern equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ndtlindia.com/instrument-technologies/|title=Instrument & Technologies|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-23}}</ref>

The use of [[Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry|Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry]] (GC-MS) is the most common and the oldest technology being used worldwide for dope testing . Nowadays, the use of [[Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry|liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry]] (LC-MS/MS) has become quite widespread . This technique has helped detect the difficult drugs falling into various categories of banned substances and is becoming increasingly more important in the fight against doping. Apart from GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, the use of Gas Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and [[Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry]] (IRMS) is also very prevalent in sports dope testing.

Both GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS are used primarily to analyze urine samples. The analysis of the blood matrix requires a completely different type of equipment which is commonly used in hospital laboratories.

== Events Organized by NDTL ==
Since its inception, NDTL has organized many events as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ndtlconference2016.zohosites.com/major-events-organised.html|title=International Conference 2016 - Previous events organised by NDTL|website=ndtlconference2016.zohosites.com|access-date=2016-11-23}}</ref>
* One Day Interactive Session with Horse Racing officials : October 14, 2015
* One Day Seminar on "Latest trends in Anti Doping Science" : October 15, 2015
* 3rd WADA Q/A Meeting : January 28–29, 2016
* First International Conference on "Implementation of latest Guidelines in human and horse doping: Interaction between Testing authorities and Doping Control Laboratories" : November 4–5, 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ndtlconference2016.zohosites.com/programme-schedule.html|title=International Conference 2016 - Programme Schedule|website=ndtlconference2016.zohosites.com|access-date=2016-11-23}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sports Authority of India]]
* [[National Anti-Doping Agency]]
* [[World Anti-Doping Agency]]
* [[List of drugs banned by WADA]]
* [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]

== External links ==
* [http://ndtlindia.com/ Official Website - NDTL]
* [https://www.wada-ama.org/ WADA - Official Website]
* [https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/science-medical/laboratories/accredited-laboratories#region-asia List of WADA Accredited Laboratories in Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418090826/https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/science-medical/laboratories/accredited-laboratories#region-asia |date=2021-04-18 }}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

*

[[Category:Drug policy of India]]
[[Category:Anti-doping organizations]]
[[Category:Drugs in sport]]
[[Category:Doping in sport]]
[[Category:Youth sport in India]]
[[Category:Sport in India]]

Katar

2026-04-15T17:38:11Z

RowenaClune540: Added some info needs work

{{about|the dagger}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox weapon
|name= Katar
| image= Ornamental katar.jpg
| image_size = 175
|caption= Ornamented katar
|origin= [[South India]], [[Indian subcontinent]]
|type= [[Push dagger]]

|is_bladed= Yes

|service=
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|hilt_type= Horizontal
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}}

The '''katar''' is a type of [[push dagger]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPiZMnt45m8C&q=katar+weapon+origin&pg=PA137|title=The Military History Book|last=DK|date=2012-10-01|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited|isbn=9781409328964|language=en}}</ref> The weapon is characterised by its H-shaped horizontal hand grip which results in the blade sitting above the user's [[Knuckle|knuckles]]. Unique to the Indian subcontinent, it is the most famous and characteristic of [[India]]n daggers.<ref name="Capwell">{{cite book |title=The World Encyclopedia Of Knives, Daggers And Bayonets |author=Dr Tobias Capwell |author-link=Tobias Capwell|year=2009 |publisher=Anness Publishing}}</ref> Ceremonial katars were also used in worship.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFR06tVELyIC&q=kattari+sword&pg=PA181 |title=Nityasumaṅgalī: devadasi tradition in South India |isbn=9788120803305 |last1=Kersenboom-Story |first1=Saskia C. |last2=Kersenboom |first2=Saskia |year=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Having originated in South India, the weapon's earliest name-form was likely the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] {{Transliteration|ta|kaṭṭāri}} ({{lang|ta|கட்டாரி}}). It is alternatively known in Tamil as {{Transliteration|ta|kuttuvāḷ}} ({{lang|ta|குத்துவாள்}}) which means "stabbing blade". This was adapted into [[Sanskrit]] as {{Transliteration|sa|kaṭār}} ({{lang|sa|कट्टार}}) or {{Transliteration|sa|kaṭārī}}. The name however is of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] origin, which means Tamil loaned the word from them.

Other regional names for the weapon include {{Transliteration|kn|kaṭhāri}} ({{lang|kn|ಕಠಾರಿ}}) in [[Kannada]], {{Transliteration|te|kathari}} ({{lang|te|కఠారి}}) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], {{Transliteration|ml|kaṭāra}} ({{lang|ml|കട്ടാര}}) in [[Malayalam]], {{Transliteration|mr|kaṭyāra}} ({{lang|mr|कट्यार}}) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], {{Transliteration|bn|kāṭār}}, ({{lang|pa|ਕਟਾਰ}}) in [[Punjabi language|Panjabi]], and kirat Dewan language|(chhuiket) in [[Nepal]] {{Transliteration|hi|kaṭāra}} ({{lang|hi|कटार}}) or {{Transliteration|hi|kaṭāri}} in [[Hindi]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==History==
The katar was created in [[South India|Southern India]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofweapons00john|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofweapons00john/page/91 91]|quote=katar weapon southern.|title=A History of Weapons: Crossbows, Caltrops, Catapults & Lots of Other Things that Can Seriously Mess You Up|last=O'Bryan|first=John|date=2013-04-23|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=9781452124209|language=en}}</ref> its earliest forms being closely associated with the 14th-century [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name="Capwell" /> It may have originated with the ''mustika'', a method of holding a dagger between the middle and index finger<ref name="Swords"/> still used in [[Kalaripayattu]] and [[Gatka]] today. The real name of this is "Kidaari" from the ancient Tamil warfare class of weapons. Kidaari derived from the term "Kedayam Ari" meaning the "Shield Splitter" in Tamil. The name indicates this weapon being used to break shields and [[armor]]. The weapon was used by many ethnic Tamil infantry units aka "Kaalatpadai". This falls under the "mushtikai" class of Indian weapon system. "Mushti" means the fingers closed and "kai" means arm.

A Tamil king would be gifted with a golden Kidari as a token of loyalty from the Kaalatpadai General. It was worn as a symbol of respect by the king to the soldiers who lay down their lives for him in war without any hesitation. Later Chhatrpati Shivaji Maharaj was gifted with a Kidaari during his conquest to Tamil Nadu. A specific type of dagger might have been designed for this, as ''maustika'' is described vaguely as a "fist dagger" in the arsenal list of [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]].<ref name="Swords"/> One of the most famous groups of early katar come from the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]] of the 17th century.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5PgapzD6FoC&q=katar+thanjavur&pg=PA345|title=Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries and in All Times|last=Stone|first=George Cameron|date=1999-01-01|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486407265|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Capwell" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6bphUvvPf4C&q=katar+weapon+origin&pg=PA216|title=Architecture and Art of Southern India|last=Michell|first=George|date=1995-01-01|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521441100|language=en}}</ref> Katar dating back to this period often had a leaf- or shell-like knucklebow curving up from the top of the blade to protect the back of the hand.<ref name="Swords">{{cite book |title=Swords And Hilt Weapons |year=2012 |publisher=Prion |page=196 |isbn=978-1-85375-882-9}}</ref> This form is today sometimes called a "hooded katara" but the knuckleguard was discarded altogether by the later half of the 17th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=The World Encyclopedia Of Knives, Daggers And Bayonets |author=Dr Tobias Capwell |year=2009 |publisher=Anness Publishing |page=86}}</ref> As the weapon spread throughout the region it became something of a status symbol, much like the Southeast Asian [[kris]] or the Japanese [[katana]]. Princes and nobles were often portrayed wearing a katar at their side. This was not only a precaution for self-defense, but also meant to show their wealth and position. Mughal nobility would even hunt [[tiger]]s with a katar.<ref name="Capwell"/>

Some modern katar designs may include single-shot pistols built into either side of the weapon. In the 18th century, some traditional katar were refurbished with this innovation. The katar ceased to be in common use by the 19th century, though they were still forged for decorative purposes. During the 18th and 19th century, a distinctive group of katar were produced at Bundi in [[Rajasthan]]. They were ornately crafted and their hilts were covered in gold foil. These katar were shown at [[the Great Exhibition]] of 1851 in [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]], [[London]]. Since then, the weapon has sometimes been mistakenly referred to in English as a "Bundi dagger".{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Appearance==
The basic katar has a short, wide, triangular blade. Its peculiarity lies in the handle which is made up of two parallel bars connected by two or more cross-pieces, one of which is at the end of the side bars and is fastened to the blade. The remainder forms the handle which is at right angle to the blade. Some handles have long arms extending across the length of the user's forearm. The handle is generally of all-steel construction and may be gilded or otherwise decorated.<ref name=Capwell/>

The blade, typically measuring {{convert|30|-|90|cm|abbr=on}} in length, is usually cut with a number of fullers. Most katar have straight blades, but in [[south India]] they are commonly wavy.<ref name=Capwell/> South Indian blades are often made broad at the hilt and taper in straight lines to the point, and elaborately ribbed by grooves parallel to the edges. Occasionally the blades are slightly curved. Some blades are forked into two points, and one decorative variation includes a hollow outer blade which hinges open to expose a smaller blade inside.

[[File:Катар (2).jpg|thumb|Katar and sheath]]
The Indian nobility often wore ornamental katar as a symbol of their social status. The hilts may be covered in enamel, gems, or gold foil. Similarly, figures and scenes were chiselled onto the blade. Sheaths, generally made from [[Damascus steel|watered steel]], were sometimes pierced with decorative designs. The heat and moisture of India's climate made steel an unsuitable material for a dagger sheath, so they were covered in fabric such as velvet or [[silk]]. Some katar served as a sheath to fit one or two smaller ones inside.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Techniques==
Because the katar's blade is in line with the user's arm, the basic attack is a direct thrust identical to a punch, although it could also be used for slashing. This design allows the fighter to put their whole weight into a thrust. The sides of the handle could be used for blocking but it otherwise has little defensive capability. As far back as the 16th century, there was at least one fighting style which focused on fighting with a pair of katar, one in each hand.<ref name=Capwell/>

==See also==
*[[Pata (sword)]]
*[[Push dagger]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Katar}}
*Björn-Uwe Abels, A contribution to the development of the Indian punch-dagger, called Katar or Jamdhar, Waffen- und Kostümkunde 2012, 145–158 (in German with an English summary).

{{Knives}}
{{Indian martial arts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katar (Dagger)}}
[[Category:Indian martial arts]]
[[Category:Weapons of India]]
[[Category:Daggers]]

Gopal Krishna Singhania

2026-04-10T09:47:43Z

RowenaClune540: adding new bio basic info!

{{Short description|Indian industrialist (1933–1980)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gopal Krishna Singhania
| image = Gopal krishna Singhania.jpg
| birth_date = 21 June 1933
| death_date = 3 January 1980
| known_for = Indian Industrialist
| spouse = Sulochana Devi, Kalpana Singhania
| children = Ramapati Singhania, Nidhipati Singhania, Ambika Kothari, Gopika Singhania
| parents = [[Padampat Singhania]] Anusuya Singhania
| family = [[Singhania family]]
}}
'''Gopal Krishna Singhania''' was an Indian Industrialist.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8ROAAAAYAAJ&q=gopal+krishna+singhania|title=Wool and Woollens of India|year=1983|volume=20|pages=40–41|language=English}}</ref> He was born on 21 June 1933 to [[Padampat Singhania|Sir Padampat Singhania]] and Lady Anusuya Singhania of the [[Singhania family]]. He died at the age of 47 on 3 January 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 31, 1980|title=Gopalkrishna Singhania dies of heart attack at 47|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/19800131-gopalkrishna-singhania-dies-of-heart-attack-at-47-821680-2014-12-19|access-date=2022-02-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

He was the youngest Chairman of [https://www.raymond.in/milestone Raymond Woollen Mills Ltd].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Shri Gopalkrishna Singhania|url=https://www.epw.in/author/shri-gopalkrishna-singhania|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|pages=7–8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcZOAAAAYAAJ&q=gopal+|title=Wool and Woollens of India|year=2000|volume=37|pages=19|language=English}}</ref> He also served as the Chairman of [https://www.jaykayenterprises.com/index.html JK Synthetics Ltd],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singhania|first=Gopalkrishna|date=1970|title=JK Synthetics Limited|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4360852|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=5|issue=51|pages=2057–2059|jstor=4360852|issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJVIAQAAIAAJ&q=%22jk+synthetics%22+%22Gopal+Krishna+Singhania%22|title=Kotari's Economic guide and investors' handbook of India|year=1965|pages=1150|language=English}}</ref> now known as JK Enterprises, the first Indian company to produce nylon with its own polymerization process.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXS2DAAAQBAJ&dq=jk+synthetics&pg=PA227|title=The Marwari Heritage|publisher=IntegralDMS|year=2016|isbn=9781942322061|pages=227|language=English}}</ref> He was also the Director of Doe Jones Investments and Consultants Pvt Ltd and The New Kaiser-I Hind Spinning and Weaving Co Ltd.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGcO01MeztwC&dq=gopal+krishna+singhania&pg=PA254|title=Academic foundation's Bulletin on Banking & Finance|publisher=Academic Foundation|year=2002|isbn=9788171882885|volume=35|pages=254|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeQkAQAAIAAJ&q=vijaypat%20singhania%20about%20Gopal%20krishna|title=Official Year Book|publisher=Calcutta Stock Exchange Association Limited|year=1965|pages=211|language=English}}</ref>

As the Chairman of Raymonds, he was instrumental in reinventing garment manufacturing in India. He introduced the cross breeding of Indian Deccani and Chokla sheep with Australian Merino rams at Raymond Wool Research and Development Division. This resulted in pioneering the production of high quality indigenous "Gopal Merino Wool" in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcZOAAAAYAAJ&q=gopal+|title=Wool and Woolens of India|year=2000|pages=19–20|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-17|title=The making of the complete man|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/the-making-of--the-complete-man-15690160|access-date=2022-02-23|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en}}</ref> In 1967, he expanded Raymond Woollen Mill Ltd into Kenya as a joint venture with 67 employees.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramu |first=S. Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HtTsAAAAMAAJ&q=gopal+krishna+singhania+kenya |title=Globalization: The Indian Scenario |date=1996 |publisher=Wheeler Pub. |isbn=978-81-85814-98-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Gopal Krishna Singhania was first married to [https://www.singhaniaschool.org/ Mrs Sulochana Devi Singhania] who died in 1967.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-09-20|title=1. SMT Sulochanadevi Singhania School|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/1-smt-sulochanadevi-singhania-school/story-ifKKjsCvjLZvKwAevfeGnI.html|access-date=2022-02-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Later he married Mrs Kalpana Singhania. He was survived by two sons namely Ramapati Singhania, Nidhipati Singhania.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8dOAAAAYAAJ&q=ramapati+singhania|title=Textile Trends|publisher=Eastland Publications|year=1997|volume=40|pages=77|language=English}}</ref> [[Gopika]] Singhania and Ambika Kothari are his two daughters.

Gopal Krishna Singhania established the Smt Sulochana Devi school in 1968 at Thane, [[Maharashtra]], India in the memory of his first wife.<ref name=":0" />

The [https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/nurturing-minds/s-and-t-awards/national/gopal-krishna-singhania-memorial-endowment-award Gopal Krishna Singhania Memorial Endowment Award] is bestowed by the [[Government of India]] for outstanding contributions in the field of air and water pollution control.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gopal Krishna Singhania Memorial Endowment Award {{!}} India Science, Technology & Innovation|url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/nurturing-minds/s-and-t-awards/national/gopal-krishna-singhania-memorial-endowment-award|access-date=2022-02-23|website=www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Business families of India]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
{{improve categories|date=February 2022}}

Telangana Gaddar Film Awards 2024

2026-04-07T16:59:18Z

RowenaClune540:

{{Infobox film awards
| number = 1
| award =Telangana Gaddar Film Awards
| image = TGFA2024.jpg
| image_size = 100
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best of Telugu cinema in 2024
| award_org = Telangana Film Development Corporation
| presenting_org = [[Government of Telangana]]
| announced_date = 20 May 2025
| presented_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|14}}
| site = HITEX Convention Center [[Hyderabad]]
| host =
| website =
| lifetime_achievement =
| best_feature = ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
| best_non_feature =
| most_wins = ''Kalki 2898 AD'' and ''[[Lucky Baskhar]]'' (4 each)
| last =
| next = [[ Telangana Gaddar Film Awards 2025|2025]]
}}
The '''1st [[Telangana Gaddar Film Awards]]''' were announced by the Telangana Film Development Corporation on 30 May 2025 to honour the best films of 2024 in [[Telugu cinema]]. It is the inaugural edition of the newly established awards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-29 |title=First edition of Gaddar Telangana Film Awards announced, Kalki 2898 AD selected as the best feature film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/first-edition-of-gaddar-telangana-film-awards-announced-kalki-2898-ad-selected-as-the-best-feature-film/article69632231.ece |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> These annual awards are presented by the [[Government of Telangana]] to recognise excellence in [[Telugu cinema]], as well as lifetime achievements in [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-honor-a-decade-of-telugu-cinema-1882256|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards Honor Films From 2014|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=May 30, 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> The awards were instituted in 2025 in the honor of revolutionary Telugu poet [[Gaddar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/355787/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-announced-2014-2023|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards Announced: 2014–2023|first=Satya|last=B|date=May 30, 2025|website=Gulte}}</ref>

The Awards ceremony was held at [[HITEX Exhibition Centre]], [[Hyderabad]] on 14 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallick |first=Gyanisha |date=2025-06-09 |title=Telangana Gaddar Film Awards to Be Held Grandly at Hitex on June 14 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/telangana-gaddar-film-awards-to-be-held-grandly-at-hitex-on-june-14-978299 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> The event was attended by Telangana Chief Minister [[Revanth Reddy]], Deputy Chief Minister [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]], Minister for Cinematography Komatireddy Venkat Reddy, and producer [[Dil Raju]], chairman of the Telangana Film Development Corporation (TGFDC).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaik |first=Saba Anjum |date=2025-06-14 |title=Telugu Films Stand Tall: Revanth |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema-should-replace-bollywood-cm-revanth-reddy-1885250 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
The Telangana Gaddar Film Awards (TGFA) are annual awards presented by the [[Government of Telangana]] to recognise excellence in [[Telugu cinema]], as well as lifetime achievements in [[Indian cinema]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-adivi-sesh-thanks-telangana-government-for-honouring-major-expresses-gratitude-to-mahesh-babu-article-151755732|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Adivi Sesh Thanks Telangana Government For Honouring Major, Expresses Gratitude To Mahesh Babu|date=May 30, 2025|website=Times Now}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/ampstories/entertainment/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-heres-who-won-big-in-telangana-3564452|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Here's who won big in Telangana|date=May 30, 2025|website=www.deccanherald.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-honor-a-decade-of-telugu-cinema-1882256|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards Honor Films From 2014|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=May 30, 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> The TGFDC announced the Telangana Gaddar Film Awards (TGFA) for best picture and six special awards, for the period between June 2014 to December 2024, on 30 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsindiatimes.com/allu-arjun-wins-best-actor-for-pushpa-2-at-gaddar-telangana-film-awards/|title=Allu Arjun wins Best Actor for 'Pushpa 2' at Gaddar Telangana Film Awards - News India Times|first=Ela|last=Dutt|date=May 30, 2025}}</ref> The awards were instituted in 2025 and honored films which were released from June 2014, after the bifurcation of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>

==Jury ==
In April 2025, the Government of Telangana announced a 15-member jury for the year 2024, headed by the veteran actress [[Jayasudha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=గద్దర్‌ అవార్డ్స్.. 15 మంది జ్యూరీ కమిటీ సభ్యులు వీళ్లే {{!}} Telangana Govt Gaddar Awards Jury v Members 15 List Here {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/telangana-govt-gaddar-awards-jury-v-members-15-list-here-2426174 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref> The jury received a total of 1,248 nominations across all categories. Of these, 1172 are in individual categories, while 76 entries span feature films, children's films, documentaries, film criticism, books, and other segments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asharaf |first=Ashija |date=2025-04-18 |title=Telangana, Gaddar Awards: List of Jury Members |url=https://english.bigtvlive.com/viral-news/telangana-gaddar-awards-list-of-jury-members/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Big TV |language=en}}</ref>

The members of the jury were as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |title=గద్దర్ అవార్డ్స్.. 15 మందితో జ్యూరీ నియామకం.. సభ్యులుగా జీవిత రాజశేఖర్, నందిని రెడ్డి |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/15-jury-members-for-telangana-gaddar-awards-jeevitha-rajasekhar-bv-nandini-reddy-jayasudha-as-chairperson/articleshow/120384932.cms |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=[[Samayam Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref>

# [[Jayasudha]], chairperson, veteran actress
# [[Jeevitha|Jeevitha Rajasekhar]], director and former actress
# [[Dasaradh (director)|K. Dasaradh]], director
# [[V. N. Aditya]], director
# [[B. V. Nandini Reddy|Nandini Reddy]], director
# [[Siva Nageswara Rao]], director
# L. Srinath, director
# Uma Maheshwara Rao, director
# [[Kasarla Shyam]], lyricist
# Edida Raja, producer
# Vijay Kumar Rao, exhibitor
# Goutham, film analyst
# Venkata Ramana, journalist
# Lakshmi Narayana, journalist
# Managing Director, Telangana Film Development Corporation (Member-Convener)

Other key figures include:

# [[B. Narsing Rao]]: Chairman of the Rules and Guidelines Committee.
# [[Dil Raju]]: Vice-chairman of the Guidelines Committee and Chairman of TGFDC.
# [[Murali Mohan|M. Murali Mohan]]: Veteran Actor and Senior Jury Member who participated in the selection of the decade awards (2014–2023).

==Special awards==
Six special awards are given honoring eminent film personalities for their outstanding contribution to Indian cinema and Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-04-23 |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards on June 14 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Apr/23/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-on-june-14-3 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-13 |title=Telangana to honour cine legends with Gaddar awards in April |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-to-honour-cine-legends-with-gaddar-awards-in-april/articleshow/118946991.cms |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The winners of the year 2025 are as follows:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-30 |title=Nandamuri Balakrishna to get Telangana's NTR National Film Award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandamuri-balakrishna-to-get-telanganas-ntr-national-film-award/articleshow/121518769.cms |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:70%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
|-
! scope="row" |NTR National Film Award - Artist only
| [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|-
! scope="row" |Paidi Jairaj Film Award - Indian film personality
| [[Mani Ratnam]]
|-
! scope="row" |Raghupathi Venkaiah Film Award - Other than film artist Telugu
|[[Yandamuri Veerendranath]]
|-
! scope="row" |B N Reddy Film Award - Telugu film director
|[[Sukumar]]
|-
! scope="row" |Nagireddy & Chakrapani Film Award - Telugu producer
|[[Atluri Purnachandra Rao]]
|-
! scope="row" |Kantha Rao Award - Telugu artist
|[[Vijay Deverakonda]]
|}

==Main awards==
Winners of the awards were announced on 30 May 2025 by the Government of Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-29 |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards 2024 full list of winners: Kalki 2898 AD wins best film, Allu Arjun wins best actor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-2024-full-list-of-winners-kalki-2898-ad-wins-best-film-allu-arjun-wins-best-actor-101748511071615.html |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The winners were felicitated at the grand ceremony held on 14 June 2025, at [[HITEX Exhibition Centre]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-06-15 |title=CM Revanth Reddy presents inaugural Gaddar Film Awards celebrating Telugu cinema |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Jun/15/cm-revanth-reddy-presents-inaugural-gaddar-film-awards-celebrating-telugu-cinema |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Feature Film===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:73%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
|-
! scope="row" | First Best Feature Film
| ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
| Producer: [[C. Aswini Dutt]] Director: [[Nag Ashwin]]
|-
! scope="row" | Second Best Feature Film
| ''[[Pottel]]''
| Producer: Nishank Reddy Kuruthi Suresh Kumar Sadige Director: Sahith Mothkuri
|-
! scope="row" | Third Best Feature Film
| ''[[Lucky Baskhar]]''
| Producer: Suryadevara Naga Vamsi Director: [[Venky Atluri]]
|-
! scope="row" | Feature Film on National Integration, Communal Harmony and Social Uplift
| ''[[Committee Kurrollu]]''
| Producer: Padmaja Konidela Jayalakshmi Adapaka Director: Yadhu Vamsi
|-
! scope="row" | Feature Film on Environment, Heritage and History
| ''[[Razakar (film)|Razakar]]''
| Producer: Gudur Narayana Reddy Director: Yata Satyanarayana
|-
! scope="row" | Dr. M Prabhakar Reddy Best Wholesome Entertainment Film
| ''[[Aay (film)|Aay]]''
| Producer: [[Bunny Vas]] Director: Anji K. Maniputhra
|-
! scope="row" | Best Debut Film of a Director
| ''Committee Kurrollu''
| Yadhu Vamsi
|-
! scope="row" | Best Children's Film
| ''[[35 Chinna Katha Kaadu]]''
| Producer: Srujan Yarabolu Siddharth Rallapalli Director: Nanda Kishore Emani
|}

===Individual and Technical Awards===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;" |Award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;" |Awardee(s)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;" |Film
|-
! scope="row" |Best Director
| Nag Ashwin
|''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
|-
! scope="row" | Best Actor
| [[Allu Arjun]]
| ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|-
! scope="row" | Best Actress
| [[Nivetha Thomas]]
| ''[[35 Chinna Katha Kaadu]]''
|-
! scope="row" | Best Supporting Actor
| [[S. J. Surya]]
| ''[[Saripodhaa Sanivaaram]]''
|-
! scope="row" | Best Supporting Actress
| [[Sharanya Pradeep]]
| ''[[Ambajipeta Marriage Band]]''
|-
! scope="row" |Best Child Actor
| Master Arun Dev Pothula
|''35 Chinna Katha Kaadu''
|-
! scope="row" |Best Child Actress
| Baby Harika
| ''[[Mercy Killing]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Best Comedian
| [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mathu Vadalara 2]]''
|-
|[[Vennela Kishore]]
|-
! scope="row" |Best Music Director
| [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|[[Razakar (film)|''Razakar'']]
|-
! scope="row" | Best Lyricist
| [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| [[Raju Yadav (2024 film)|''Raju Yadav'']]
|-
! scope="row" |Best Male Playback Singer
| [[Sid Sriram]]
| ''[[Ooru Peru Bhairavakona]]'' ({{small|"Nijame Ne Chebutunna"}})
|-
! scope="row" |Best Female Playback Singer
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|''Pushpa 2: The Rule'' ({{small|"Sooseki"}})
|-
! scope="row" |Best Story Writer
| Siva Paladugu
|''[[Music Shop Murthy]]''
|-
! scope="row" |Best Screenplay Writer
| Venky Atluri
| ''[[Lucky Baskhar]]''
|-
! scope="row" |Best Cinematographer
|Vishwanath Reddy Chelumalla
|''[[Gaami]]''
|-
! scope="row" |Best Editor
|[[Naveen Nooli]]
|''Lucky Baskar''
|-
! scope="row" |Best Audiographer
|Aravind Menon
|''Gaami''
|-
! scope="row" |Best Choreographer
|[[Ganesh Acharya]]
|''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|-
! scope="row" |Best Art Director
|Nitin Zihani Choudhary
|''Kalki 2898 AD''
|-
! scope="row" |Best Action Choreographer
|K. Chandrasekhar Rathod
|''Gangster''
|-
! scope="row" |Best Make-up Artist
|Nalla Seenu
|''Razakar''
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Best Costume Designer
|Archana Rao
| rowspan="2" |''Kalki 2898 AD''
|-
|Ajay Kumar
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |Special Jury Award
|[[Dulquer Salmaan]]
|''Lucky Bhaskar''
|-
|[[Ananya Nagalla]]
|''[[Pottel]]''
|-
|Sujith and Sandeep
|''[[KA (film)|KA]]''
|-
|Prashanth Reddy and Rajesh Kallepalle
|''Raju Yadav''
|-
! scope="row" |Special Mention
|[[Faria Abdullah]]
|''Mathu Vadalara 2''
|}

==Criticism==
It was reported that the jury members of the 2024 awards only partially watched a few films that were nominated for the award, and winners were made according to the "whims and fancies" of the jury members.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rayasam |first=Raj |date=2025-06-17 |title=Telangana Gaddar Film Awards: Jury didn't even watch all films before picking winners! |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/telangana-gaddar-film-awards-jury-didnt-even-watch-all-entires-before-picking-winners/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates |language=en-IN}}</ref>

A group of social activists have written formal letter to the Telangana Government to withdraw award presented to the film [[Razakar (film)|''Razakar: The Silent Genocide Of Hyderabad'']] which won in the Best Historical Film category. They argued that the film is "highly polarising" and "propaganda-driven." They criticised the jury's decision, pointing to a specific clause in the Telangana Gaddar Film Awards Regulations, 2024: “The jury must not consider films that disrupt communal harmony and cultural integrity."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-22 |title='False narrative': Activists demand revocation of Gaddar award to Razakar film |url=https://www.siasat.com/false-narrative-activists-demand-revocation-of-gaddar-award-to-razakar-film-3237015/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-23 |title=Withdrawal of award to 'Razakar' urged |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/withdrawal-of-award-to-razakar-urged-981983 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:2025 awards in India]]
[[Category:2024 Indian film awards]]

Barinder Kumar Goyal

2026-04-07T01:52:30Z

RowenaClune540: added first bio initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Lehra Assembly constituency|Lehra]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education = BALLB
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for = Social services
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}
'''Barinder Kumar Goyal Vakeel''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Lehra Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. He contested the election in 1992 and lost. He ran again and won in 2022. He is chairman of the committee on subordinate legislation. On 23 September 2024 he joined the cabinet of Sardar Bhagwant Singh Maan as water resource, mining and soil and water conservation minister.<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He was Chairman (2022–23) of the [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Subordinate Legislation|Committee on Subordinate Legislation]].<ref name="Committee on Government Assurances">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514050545/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Lehra Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Lehra Assembly constituency|2022}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Lehra
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goyal, Barinder Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Sangrur district]]

Matrudevobhava (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:48:14Z

RowenaClune540: made new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| director = Mouli
| caption =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| editor = Ramaanjaneyareddy
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| creator = Padmini Nadella
| developer =
| producer = Yepuru Sreenath Padmini Nadella
| executive_producer = Nandhana Nadella
| writer = Gopi Venkat (dialogues)
| starring = Pravaleeka Raja Sridhar Sainath [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Srilakshmi]] [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] [[Mounica|Mounika]] Ravikanth
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = Josya Bhatla
| opentheme = "''Mathrudevobhava''" Nakul Abhaykar (vocals) '''lyrics''' [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| network = [[Gemini TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2017|10|30|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 553
| image = Matrudevobhava title.jpg
| num_seasons = 1
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Family]]
| cinematography = Hanumantha Rao
| screenplay = Balabhadrapatruni Ramani
| company = Sri Shirdi Sai Productions
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|11|30|df=y}}
}}
'''''Matrudevobhava''''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: మాతృదేవోభవ) was an Indian [[Telugu language]] [[soap opera]] starring [[Pravallika]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/tv-actress/pravallika|title=Telugu Tv Actress Pravallika Biography, News, Photos, Videos|website=nettv4u|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> [[Raja Sridhar]], and [[Sainath]]<ref>{{Citation|title=TV Actor Sainath Exclusive Full Interview {{!}}{{!}} Telugu Popular Celebrities|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ce1XSaHrpeM|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> as the main protagonists and [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Srilakshmi]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Mounica|Mounika]], and Ravikanth in pivotal roles. The serial aired on [[Gemini TV]] from 30 October 2017 to 30 November 2019 every Monday to Saturday at 12:30 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] for 553 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Telugu/tv-serials/mathrudevobhava|title=Telugu Tv Serial Mathrudevobhava Synopsis Aired On Gemini TV Channel|website=nettv4u|language=en|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Pravallika as Krishnaveni
*Raja Sridhar as Arjun prasad, Krishnaveni's husband
*Sainath as Vijay
*Rishika as Meghana
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Srilakshmi]] as Gayatri devi, Arjun's mother
*C.H Krishnaveni as Vijay's grand mother
*Aditya as Venkat, Meghana's father
*Uma Shankar as Harish
*Sameera as Harish wife
*Divya Deepika as Karthik's sister in law

===Former cast===
*Ravi Kiran as Karthik
*[[Mounica]] as Kavya
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Karthik's mother
*Bharani Shankar
*Lireesha

==Airing history==
The serial started airing on [[Gemini TV]] on 30 October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allindianblog.in/mathru-devo-bhava-serial-gemini-tv-wiki-actress-name-actors/|title=Mathru Devo Bhava Serial Gemini TV Wiki, Actress Name, Actors|date=2017-11-02|website=AI Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219102712/http://www.allindianblog.in/mathru-devo-bhava-serial-gemini-tv-wiki-actress-name-actors/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It aired on Monday to Friday 8:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Matrudevobhava Promo 2 {{!}} 27.10.2017 {{!}} Gemini TV| date=27 October 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Lg01sjguQA|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> Later, a serial named [[Maya (2018 TV series)|Maya]] replaced this show at 8:00PM and pushed this serial to 2:30PM IST. Again it was shifted to 12:30PM from 30 September 2019.<ref>{{Citation|title=Mathrudevobhava Serial in New Time Slot {{!}} Gemini TV {{!}} Upcoming Serials|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVyLhVt_klg|language=en|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref> The serial ended on 30 November 2019 after airing 553 episodes.

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Role !! Result
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2019
| rowspan="1" | TV9 Theevi Awards 2019
| Best serial
| Sri Shirdi Sai Productions
|
<nowiki>----</nowiki>
| {{Won}}
|-
|-
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2019
| rowspan="1" | Swathi Art Creations Silver jubilee TV Awards 2019
| Best Actress
| Pravallika
| Krishnaveni
| {{Won}}
|-
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Gemini original programming]]

Parents' Worship Day

2026-03-31T21:30:49Z

RowenaClune540: put up a pg

{{Short description|Celebrated in parts of India on 14th February}}
[[File:Parents Worship Day Lucknow 2019(1).jpg|thumb]]
[[File:MPPD celebrations Rajasthan 2019 image 2(1).jpg|thumb]]
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Parents Worship Day
| image =
| caption =
| observedby = India
| date = 14 February
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = Annual
| scheduling =
| type = cultural
| celebrations = Worship of Parents
| relatedto =
| ends =
| firsttime =
| month =
| weekday =
| alt =
| begins =
| significance =
| litcolor =
| nickname =
| official_name = |
}}
'''Parents' Worship Day''', known as '''''Matri Pitri Poojan Diwas''''' (also ''Matru Pitru Poojan Divas'') was started by Sant Shri Asaram Bapu Ji in 2007 as an alternative to [[Valentine's Day]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2011/feb/15/indianisation-of-valentines-day-227757.html|title=Indianisation of Valentine's Day|work=The New Indian Express|date=February 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/feb-14-is-parents-day-in-chhattisgarh/article6869015.ece|title=Valentine's Day to be Parents' Day in Chhattisgarh|last=Dahat|first=Pavan|date=2015-02-07|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="IT1">{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya
|first=D.P.|title=Worship parents on Valentine's Day, says Sant Shri Asharam Ji Bapu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/worship-parents-on-valentines-day-asaram-bapu-91251-2012-01-28|newspaper=India Today|date=January 29, 2012}}</ref>

It is celebrated on [[14 February]] every year.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Its-official-Chhattisgarh-renames-V-Day-as-Matru-Pitru-Diwas/articleshow/46151391.cms|title=It's official: Chhattisgarh renames Valentines Day as 'Matru-Pitru Diwas'|website=The Times of India|date=7 February 2015 |accessdate=2015-12-13}}</ref> It is based on the Sanskrit words for mother (मातृ, ''mātṛ'') and father (पितृ, ''pitŕ'').

==History==
The day was first celebrated on "14 February 2006" at Sant Shri Asharamji's Gurukul, Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsd.in/valentine-day-sounds-too-mainstream-celebrate-matra-pitra-pujan-diwas-this-time/|title=Valentine's Day sounds too mainstream? Celebrate Matra Pitra Pujan Diwas this time|date=2019-02-14|website=News and Analysis from India. A Refreshing approach to news.|language=en-IN|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>

This festival draws its inspiration from the [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujan]] of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] performed by [[Ganesha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jkmonitor.org/index.php/religion/11781-parents-worship-day-as-substitute-of-valentine-day|title='Parents Worship Day' as substitute of 'Valentine Day'|website=jkmonitor.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-04-09|archive-date=2018-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024232323/http://jkmonitor.org/index.php/religion/11781-parents-worship-day-as-substitute-of-valentine-day|url-status=dead}}</ref> In India, Valentine's Day is being substituted with "Parents Worship Day", a celebration of love between parents and their children, amid concerns about teenage pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valentine's Day: Countries that don't love February romance |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-31382332}}</ref>

According to [[The Hindu]], the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]] has been celebrating Matru-Pitru Pujan Diwas since 2012, on the advice of Asharamji bapu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/feb-14-is-parents-day-in-chhattisgarh/article6869015.ece|title=Valentine's Day to be Parents' Day in Chhattisgarh|last=Dahat|first=Pavan|date=2015-02-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/parents-worship-day-after-chhattisgarh-jharkhand-to-implement-jailed-godman-asar/305893|title=Parents Worship Day: After Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand To Implement Jailed Asaram Bapuji's Advice|date=2017-12-24|work=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-38956151|title= sant Shri आसाराम बापूजी का वेलेंटाइंस डे आइडिया|last=प्रियदर्शी|first=राजेश|date=2017-02-14|work=BBC News हिंदी|language=en-GB|trans-title=Asaram Bapu's Valentine's Day idea}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vday-to-be-matripitra-divas-in-chhattisgarh-schools/911388/|title=V-Day to be Matri-Pitra Divas in Chhattisgarh schools|last=Bhardwaj|first=Ashutosh|date=February 13, 2012|newspaper=Indian Express|language=en-gb}}</ref> It is officially celebrated by the Chhattisgarh Govt in schools and colleges as ordered by the Chief Minister [[Raman Singh]].<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/chhattisgarh-cm-declares-valentines-day-as-matru-pitru-diwas-239455-2015-02-09 Chhattisgarh CM declares Valentine's Day as 'Matru-Pitru Diwas'] " (February 9, 2015). [[India Today]]. Retrieved December 25, 2017.</ref><ref name="Mnews" />

In 2013 some schools & colleges in [[Bhubaneswar]] started to celebrate the Parents Worship Day.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singha|first1=Minati|title=Children 'worship' parents, teachers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Children-worship-parents-teachers/articleshow/18507027.cms|work=The Times of India|date=February 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/kids-future-brightened-by-parents-blessings.html|title='Kids' future brightened by parents' blessings'|date=2017-02-15|work=The Pioneer|location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha|language=en}}</ref>

In 2015 the state government led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] made it an official celebration.<ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Its-official-Chhattisgarh-renames-V-Day-as-Matru-Pitru-Diwas/articleshow/46151391.cms|title=It's official: Chhattisgarh renames V-Day as 'Matru-Pitru Diwas'|work=The Times of India|date=February 7, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Mnews">{{cite news|last=Kishore|first=Lalit|title=Chhattisgarh makes Parents Worship Day a compulsory observance in schools on February 14|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/chhattisgarh-makes-parents-worship-day-a-compulsory-observance-in-schools-on-february-14/15881586.shtml&cp|newspaper=Meri News|date=February 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018015852/http://www.merinews.com/article/chhattisgarh-makes-parents-worship-day-a-compulsory-observance-in-schools-on-february-14/15881586.shtml%26cp|archive-date=October 18, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015 the right wing political party [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]] endorsed the day.<ref name="timesofindia" /> On 14 February 2015, it was celebrated on a large scale by an NGO Bhartiya Yuwa Shakthi at the Chhatrapati Shivaji Krida Mandal, [[Nehru Nagar]], [[Kurla]]. The event imparted theoretical and practical values to parents and children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/matru-pitru-pujan-diwas-in-kurla-today/article_131713|title=Matru-Pitru Pujan Diwas in Kurla today|website=www.afternoondc.in|accessdate=2015-12-13|archive-date=2015-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083022/http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/matru-pitru-pujan-diwas-in-kurla-today/article_131713|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was celebrated by Sanatan Dharma Sabha in [[Jammu]] in 2015, 2016, and 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanatan Dharam Sabha to celebrate 'Parents Worship Day' on Feb 14|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/sanatan-dharam-sabha-celebrate-parents-worship-day-feb-14/|work=Daily Excelsior |date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sanatan Sabha to celebrate Parents Worship Day|url=http://news.statetimes.in/144788-2/|work=State Times|date=February 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sanatan Dharam Sabha Celebrates "Matra Pitra Poojan Diwas"|url=http://www.themandate.in/2017/02/14/sanatan-dharam-sabha-celebrates-matra-pitra-poojan-diwas/|work=The Mandate|date=14 February 2017|access-date=18 December 2017|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713173925/http://www.themandate.in/2017/02/14/sanatan-dharam-sabha-celebrates-matra-pitra-poojan-diwas/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2017 the [[District Collector (India)|District collector]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] issued a notice for schools, youth and urged people to celebrate 14 February as Matru-Pitru Pujan Diwas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/collector-in-madhya-pradesh-issues-notice-askspeople-to-worship-their-parents-on-valentines-day-4517818/|title=Collector in Madhya Pradesh asks people to worship their parents on Valentine's Day|date=2017-02-10|work=The Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Madhya Pradesh: Chhindwara collector asks people to worship their parents on Valentine's Day|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-chhindwara-collector-asks-people-to-worship-their-parents-on-valentines-day/545893/|work=The Financial Express|date=10 February 2017}}</ref>

In December 2017, the education minister of [[Jharkhand]], [[Neera Yadav (politician)|Neera Yadav]] issued a notice to celebrate the day in 40,000 [[State school#India|government schools]] in the state in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/parents-worship-day-after-chhattisgarh-jharkhand-to-implement-jailed-godman-asar/305893|title=Parents Worship Day: After Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand To Implement Jailed Godman Asaram's Advice|date=2017-12-24|work=outlookindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/now-parent-puja-in-jharkhand-schools-to-teach-kids-respect/articleshow/62227160.cms|title=Now, 'parent puja' in Jharkhand schools to teach kids respect|date=2017-12-24|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Gujarat Technological University]] and Swaminarayan Institute of Technology celebrated Parents Worship Day to reaffirm respect towards Parents.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/parents-worship-day-observed-as-v-day-counter/articleshow/62922748.cms|title=valentine day: Parents' Worship Day observed as Valentine Day counter|date=February 15, 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>

In 2019, Gujarat Education Minister, Bhupendrasinh Chudasama appreciated the initiative of celebrating 14 February as Matru Pitru Pujan Diwas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/gujarat-minister-bhupendrasinh-chudasama-praises-rape-convict-asarams-ashram-for-planning-matru-pitru-divas-on-14-february-5991271.html|title=Gujarat minister Bhupendrasinh Chudasama praises rape-convict Asaram's ashram for planning 'Matru-Pitru Divas' on 14 February|website=Firstpost|date=30 January 2019 |access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>

In 2020, Gujarat Education department told schools to organize Parents Worship Day on 14 February in order to nurture best values from childhood and to protect Indian culture.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 9, 2020|first=Yagnesh Bharat|last=Mehta|title=Gujarat: Education department tells schools to organise 'parents worship' on February 14|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/education-dept-tells-schools-to-organise-parents-worship-on-feb-14/articleshow/74035192.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Education minister Madan Dilawar of Rajasthan mentioned about the plan to conduct Parents Worship Day celebration from the next academic session.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-29 |title='Parents' Worship Day' on Feb 14 from next session |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/parents-worship-day-on-feb-14-from-next-session/articleshow/107213588.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Celebration ==

=== Matru Pitru Poojan Diwas ===
Matru Pitru Poojan Diwas (MPPD) also called Matra Pitra Pujan Divas is a festival initiated by Asaramji bapu. On this day, children from all religions worship their parents and seek their blessings by offering them [[Tilaka|tilak]], garland.<ref name=":1" /> It is seen by many as a method to cement the bond between family members and to imbibe good values like respect, obedience and humility in children. Right wing activists claim that it is an alternate method to counter [[teenage pregnancy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/this-valentines-day-hindu-hardliners-to-preach-message-of-love-with-a-twist/|title=This Valentine's Day, Hindu hardliners to preach message of love — with a twist|date=2015-02-06|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=2015-12-13}}</ref> In several states like [[Maharashtra]], [[Haryana]], [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], Valentine's Day has been officially renamed as Matru-Pitru Pujan Diwas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/madhya-pradesh/worship-your-parents-on-valentines-day-mp-collector-issues-notice_1975672.html|title=Worship your parents on Valentine's Day, MP Collector issues notice|date=2017-02-10|work=Zee News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/valentines-day-renamed-as-matru-pitru-diwas-in-chhattisgarh-47308.html|title=Valentine's Day renamed as 'Matru-Pitru Diwas' in Chhattisgarh|date=2015-02-07|work=indiatvnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/other-cities/chhindwara-collector-issues-notice-asking-people-to-worship-their-parents-on-valentines-day/articleshow/57082328.cms|title=वैलंटाइंस डे पर कलेक्टर का नोटिस, मातृ-पितृ पूजन दिवस मनाओ - Navbharat Times|date=2017-02-10|work=Navbharat Times|trans-title=Collector Notice - Celebrate Matru Pitru Pujan Diwas}}</ref>

As per Directorate of Public Instructions, every year February 14 is celebrated as Parents' Worship Day instead of Valentine's Day in Chhattisgarh. Parents are invited to schools and children worship them by performing aarti and offering sweets.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/chhattisgarh-cm-declares-valentines-day-as-matru-pitru-diwas-239455-2015-02-09|title=Chhattisgarh CM declares Valentine's Day as 'Matru-Pitru Diwas'|date=February 9, 2015|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>

=== Abba Ammi Ibadat Diwas ===
Muslim students expressed love for parents by celebrating the day as 'Abba Ammi Ibadat Diwas'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others//articleshow/50986089.cms|title=Muslim students express love for parents - Ahmedabad Mirror|date=2016-02-15|work=Ahmedabad Mirror}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:February observances]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2007]]

Kenneth Joseph Bhore

2026-03-30T10:45:39Z

RowenaClune540: Added the entry v1

{{Short description|Pakistani transport official}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kenneth Joseph Bhore
| birth_date = {{birth date|1912|10|21|df=y}}
| office = Director-General, Ministry of Transport
| country = Pakistan
| service_year =
| rank =
| unit =
| battles =
| known_for = [[24 Indian pilots (1940)|24 Indian pilots seconded to the UK]]
}}

'''Kenneth Joseph Bhore''' (born 21 October 1912) was director-general of Pakistan's ministry of transport. Earlier in his career he was one of the [[24 Indian pilots (1940)|24 Indian pilots seconded to the UK]] for operational training and squadron service.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pak-KLM pact |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/indiandailymail19531108-1.2.42 |access-date=19 August 2025 |work=Indian Daily Mail |date=8 November 1953}}</ref><ref name="BharatRak">{{cite web |title=Service Record for Flight Lieutenant Kenneth Joseph Bhore 1600 GD(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/1600#google_vignette |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820185852/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/1600#google_vignette |archive-date=20 August 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Review of the Mutual Security Program Development and Implementation: Examination of Selected Projects in Formosa and Pakistan. Hearings Before the Subcommittee for Review of the Mutual Security Programs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Eighty-fifth Congress, Second Session |date=1958 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=234 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-haMw_Gb32wC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Combat Lore: Indian Air Force 1930-1945: Indian Air Force 1930-1945 |date=2014 |publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-85714-34-4 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEa6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Flight: Aircraft, Spacecraft, Missiles |date=1959 |publisher=Illife |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzVnrUq3p_IC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Commercial Aviation: Production, Maintenance |journal=Aircraft |date=1961 |volume=23 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGkPAAAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref>The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; 1921 Census Returns; Reference: RG 15/3537, ED 5, Sch 68; Book: 03537</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pakistan-bio-stub}}

[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:Pakistani aviators]]
[[Category:Indian aviators]]
[[Category:24 Indian pilots]]

Stephanos Geevarghese

2026-03-28T19:17:39Z

RowenaClune540:

{{Short description|Syriac Orthodox archbishop}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = [[Archbishop]]
| honorific_prefix =
| name =
| honorific_suffix =
| title = [[Archbishop]] of the Simhasana Churches in the Malabar Region
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = ഗീവർഗീസ് മോർ സ്തേഫാനോസ്
| native_name_lang = ml
| church = [[Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = Malabar Region
| see = [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Holy Apostolic See of Antioch & All East]]
| elected = 
| term = 
| quashed = 
| predecessor =
| successor =
| opposed =
| other_post =

| ordination = 7 August 2003
| ordained_by = Mor [[Philoxenos Yuhanon]]
| consecration = 14 September 2022
| consecrated_by = Moran Mor [[Ignatius Aphrem II]] Patriarch
| rank = [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]

| birth_name = Geevarghese Kuttiparichel
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1978|02|08}}
| birth_place = [[Sulthan Bathery]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| buried = 
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| religion =
| residence =
| parents =
| occupation =
| profession = 
| education =
[[Bachelor of Divinity]] from [[M.S.O.T. Seminary]], Udayagiri 
[[Doctor of Divinity]] from Teologiska Högskolan Västerbotten [[Sweden]]
| alma_mater =
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =


| module =
| module2 =
| other =
}}

'''Mor Stephanos Geevarghese''' (born '''Geevarghese Kuttiparichel''' on 8 February 1978) is a [[Syriac Orthodox]] archbishop of Simhasana Churches in the Malabar Region.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Fr. Shibu and Fr. Joshi will also take the position of Rampan today |url=https://time.news/fr-shibu-and-fr-joshi-will-also-take-the-position-of-rampan-today/ |work=Time News |date=16 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Life knows no religion: Kerala clergyman donates kidney to ailing Muslim woman |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/kerala-priest-donates-kidney-ailing-young-woman.html |work=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=യാക്കോബായ സുറിയാനി സഭയ്ക്ക് പുതിയ രണ്ട് മെത്രാപ്പൊലീത്തമാർ കൂടി |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2022/09/14/jacobite-syrian-christian-church.html |work=Manoramanews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chronicle |first1=Deccan |title=Kerala: Advent season sees priest donating kidney to woman |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/221216/kerala-advent-season-sees-priest-donating-kidney-to-woman.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=22 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/two-metropolitans-for-jacobite-church/articleshow/92607896.cms|title=Two Metropolitans For Jacobite Church | Kochi News|website=The Times of India|date=2 July 2022 |access-date=2022-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ഫാ. ഷിബു കുറ്റിപറിച്ചേൽ നാളെ റമ്പാൻ സ്ഥാനം സ്വീകരിക്കും |url=https://newswayanad.in/2022/08/65862 |work=Newswayanad.in |date=16 August 2022}}</ref>

==Education==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=September 2022}}
* [[Bachelor of Divinity]] from [[M.S.O.T. Seminary]], Udayagiri
* [[Doctor of Divinity]] from Teologiska Högskolan Västerbotten [[Sweden]]

==Books==
Geevarghese has authored books including Chiriyude Chirathukal, Visudha Vicharangal etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chiriyude Chirathukal: ചിരിയുടെ ചിരാതുകൾ |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/53106432-chiriyude-chirathukal |website=Goodreads |language=en}}[[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref>

==Organ donation==
In association with Kidney Federation of India, founded by [[Davis Chiramel]], Geevarghese who was aged 39 years, donated his kidney to a Muslim woman who was suffering from kidney ailments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala priest donates kidney to Muslim woman, saves her life |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/india/kerala-priest-donates-kidney-to-muslim-woman-saves-her-life_1960578.html |work=Zee News |date=21 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=KHAN |first1=K. RAHMAN |title=Indian Muslims: The Way Forward: Why Muslims Remain Backward in All Spheres and What Should Be Done About It |date=19 May 2021 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63806-534-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zk8tEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kidney+Federation+of+India,&pg=PT117 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kerela: Priest at St Mary's Jacobite Church donates kidney to Muslim women |url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/lifestyle/others/kerela-fr-shibu-kuttiparichel-priest-at-st-marys-jacobite-church-cheengeri-donates-kidney-154960.html |work=News Nation English |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/shibuachanwayanad|Bishop Sthephanos Geevarghese]

{{Jacobite Syrian Christian Metropolitans}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geevarghese, Stephanos}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian bishops]]

{{Syriac-Orthodox-clergy-stub}}

Yoganarasimha Temple, Devarayanadurga

2026-03-25T21:16:07Z

RowenaClune540: Started A Location Basic Info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{One source|date=December 2022}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yoganarasimha Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Temple
| image_skyline = Yoga_Narasimha_Temple_Devarayanadurga.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Yoganarasimha Temple in [[Devarayanadurga]]
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.375|N|77.213|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 572 146
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0816
| registration_plate = KA-06
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Yoganarsimha Temple''' is a Hindu Temple located in hill station [[Devarayanadurga]] near [[Tumkur]] in the state of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]]. Situated on the hilltop, surrounded by other hills and forests, the temple is dedicated to God [[Narsimha]] and [[Lakshmi]]. There is a [[Kalyani (well)]] near the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devarayanadurga {{!}} Bhoga Narasimha Temple |url=https://www.karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/devarayanadurga/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Karnataka Tourism |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Narasimha temples in Karnataka]]

Jaya Bachchan

2026-03-15T15:30:20Z

RowenaClune540: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Indian actress and politician (born 1948)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jaya Bachchan
| image = Jaya Bachchan 2024.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Bachchan in 2024
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor = [[Lalit Suri]]
| term_start = 5 July 2004
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship =
| birth_name = Jaya Bhaduri
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|04|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[Central Provinces and Berar|Berar]], [[Dominion of India|India]] (present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]])
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]|1973}}
| children = {{hlist|[[Shweta Bachchan Nanda|Shweta]]|[[Abhishek Bachchan|Abhishek]]}}
| module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes|family=[[Bachchan family]]}}
| education = [[Loreto College, Kolkata|Loreto College]]
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India|Film and Television Institute]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|politician}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1992)
| signature = Signature of Jaya Bachchan.svg
}}

'''Jaya Amitabh Bachchan''' ({{IPA|bn|d͡ʒɔja}};<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-15 |title=The Bengali connection |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-41139 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> ''née'' '''Bhaduri'''; born 9 April 1948) is an [[India]]n actress and politician.
She is regarded as one of the greatest actresses of [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top heroines of Bollywood |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/26 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/26 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> She is serving as member of the parliament in the [[Rajya Sabha]] from the [[Samajwadi Party]] since 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-31 |title=Jaya Bachchan's Rajya Sabha nomination form with husband Amitabh Bachchan's name goes viral amidst controversy in Parliament |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jaya-bachchans-rajya-sabha-nomination-form-with-husband-amitabh-bachchans-name-goes-viral-amidst-controversy-in-parliament/articleshow/112141641.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Having worked in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]] and [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali films]], she is noted for reinforcing a natural style of acting in both mainstream and arthouse cinema.<ref name="Gulzar, p. 457">[[#Gu|Gulzar, p. 457]]</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/22/stories/09220226.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020327170124/http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/22/stories/09220226.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2002 |author=Somaaya, Bhaawana |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 December 2000 |access-date=19 September 2011 |title=His humility appears misplaced |quote=Probably the only actress to make a virtue out of simplicity, Jaya was the first whiff of realistic acting in an era when showbiz was bursting with mannequins}}</ref> A recipient of several accolades, she has won ten [[Filmfare Awards]], including a [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]] and [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian honour awarded by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

Jaya Bachchan made her film debut as a teenager in [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Mahanagar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birthday Special: 10 Notable Films of Jaya Bachchan |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/amp-stories/birthday-special-notable-films-of-jaya-bachchan-72804.amp |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>(1963), followed by her first screen role as an adult in the drama ''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaya Bachchan Birthday: Lesser-Known Facts About The Legendary Actor |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jaya-bachchan-birthday-lesser-known-facts-about-the-legendary-actor-ws-l-9290289.html |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> (1971), directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]], in their first of several collaborations. She was noted for her performances in films like ''[[Uphaar]]'' (1971), ''[[Koshish]]'' (1972) and ''[[Kora Kagaz]]'' (1974). She starred alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in several films, including ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973), ''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]'' (1973), ''[[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]]'' (1975), ''[[Mili (1975 film)|Mili]]'' (1975) and the [[cult film]] ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975), which saw her playing the much-lauded role of a young widow. She won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for ''Abhimaan'', ''Kora Kagaz'' and ''[[Nauker (1979 film)|Nauker]]'' (1979).

Following her marriage to actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and the birth of their children, she restricted her work in films, notably starring in [[Yash Chopra]]'s musical romantic drama ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]'' (1981). After a 17-year sabbatical, she returned to acting with [[Govind Nihalani]]'s independent drama ''[[Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-09 |title=When Jaya Bachchan saved Danny Denzongpa, Romesh Sharma from bullies: 'She may be small, but she's a Bengali tigress' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-jaya-bachchan-saved-danny-denzongpa-romesh-sharma-from-bullies-she-may-be-small-but-she-s-a-bengali-tigress-101649478701896.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200347/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-jaya-bachchan-saved-danny-denzongpa-romesh-sharma-from-bullies-she-may-be-small-but-she-s-a-bengali-tigress-101649478701896.html |archive-date=2023-04-13 |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>(1998). Bachchan won three [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Filmfare Awards for Best Supporting Actress]] for playing emotionally-troubled mothers in the commercially successful dramas ''[[Fiza]]'' (2000), ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001) and ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003). After another hiatus, she made her comeback with [[Karan Johar]]'s romantic comedy family-drama ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]'' (2023).

== Early life and family ==
Jaya Bachchan was born as Jaya Bhaduri into a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family on 9 April 1948 in [[Jabalpur]], in the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] of the [[Dominion of India]] (now in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India).<ref>{{cite web |title=Interesting facts about Jaya Bachchan and photos from her younger days |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/jaya-bachchan-birthday-trivia-did-you-know-that-she-was-a-gold-medallist-from-ftii-5074/1 |website=Mid Day |date=9 April 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> She is the daughter of Tarun Kumar Bhaduri, a journalist, author, and poet, and his wife, Indira. She has two sisters, Rita and Nita. Nita's son Kunal Ross is married to actress [[Tillotama Shome]].

Bachchan was educated at Loreto Convent School, Shillong; [[St Joseph's Convent School, Bhopal|St. Joseph's Convent School, Bhopal]]; and at [[Loreto College, Kolkata]]. She was awarded the Best All-India N.C.C. Cadet Award during Republic Day celebrations of 1966.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Anuraag |title=Bhopal diary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/Oct/10/bhopal-diary-1669384.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref> She then graduated with a gold medal at [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-08 |title=Education qualifications of the Bachchan family members |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parenting/moments/education-qualifications-of-the-bachchan-family-members/photostory/108340793.cms?picid=108340798 |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Smt. Jaya Bachchan – National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/smt-jaya-bachchan |website=india.gov.in |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Amitabh and Jaya Bachchan still5.jpg|thumb|Jaya Bachchan with her husband [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in 2002]]
Jaya married actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]], on 3 June 1973.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Robinson |first=Simon |title=India's Most Influential |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1652689_1652372_1652359,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828025414/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1652689_1652372_1652359,00.html |archive-date=28 August 2013 |access-date=13 November 2011 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=15 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The couple has two children: [[Shweta Bachchan Nanda|Shweta Bachchan]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]], who is also an actor. Shweta is married to industrialist [[Nikhil Nanda]], grandson of [[Raj Kapoor]], and has two children, Navya Naveli Nanda and Agastya Nanda,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/13296381.cms |title=Nikhil Nanda: The business of life |date=18 May 2002 |work=The Times of India |first1=Sanghita |last1=Singh}}</ref> while Abhishek is married to [[Miss World 1994]] and actress [[Aishwarya Rai]] with whom he has a daughter, Aaradhya Bachchan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sindhtoday.net/entertainment/78878.htm |title=Interesting Facts and Figures : Jaya Bhaduri Bachchan |date=25 March 2009 |work=Sindh Today |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915145905/http://www.sindhtoday.net/entertainment/78878.htm |archive-date=15 September 2013}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
Bachchan first starred in [[Satyajit Ray]]'s Bengali film, ''[[Mahanagar]]'' (1963) at the age of 14, with [[Anil Chatterjee]] and [[Madhabi Mukherjee]]. She then appeared in two more Bengali films: a 13-minute short ''Suman'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Excerpt: When Jaya Bhaduri Won Over Acting Guru Roshan Taneja |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/book-excerpt-roshan-taneja-memoir-moments-of-truth-my-life-with-acting |access-date=16 November 2020 |work=TheQuint |date=10 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref> and the comedy ''[[Dhanyee Meye]]'' (1971), where she played the role of [[Uttam Kumar]]'s sister-in-law.<ref name=da>[[#Da|Dawar, p. 56]]</ref>

Inspired by her experience with Ray, she joined the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII), [[Pune]] and graduated with a gold medal.<ref>[[#Gu|Gulzar, p. 526]]</ref> [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] cast her in [[Guddi (1971 film)|''Guddi'']] (1971), to play the eponymous role of a petite school-girl obsessed with film star [[Dharmendra]].<ref name=ba>[[#Ba|Banerjee, p. 93]]</ref> ''Guddi'' was a commercial success,<ref name=da /> and created the [[Girl next door|girl-next-door]] image for her, which she was often associated with through the rest of her career. While she did venture out to play glamorous roles as in ''[[Jawani Diwani]]'', (1972)<ref name="Gulzar, p. 457" /> and a semi-negative character of an amnesia-faking heroine in ''[[Anamika (1973 film)|Anamika]]'' (1973), she was most recognised for her roles epitomising middle-class sensibility, which she played amiably in films of "middle-cinema" directors such as [[Gulzar]], [[Basu Chatterjee]] and Mukherjee.<ref>[[#Gu|Gulzar, p. 91]]</ref> These films include ''[[Uphaar]]'' (1971), ''[[Piya Ka Ghar]]'' (1972), ''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]'' (1972), ''[[Koshish]]'' (1972) and ''[[Bawarchi]]'' (1972).<ref name="ba" /><ref>[[#Gu|Gulzar, p. 396]]</ref> They also made her a superstar.<ref name="da" />

In Gulzar's ''Koshish'', Bhaduri and [[Sanjeev Kumar]] played a deaf couple who struggle through their difficulties as disabled people. She described the film as "a learning experience" which motivated her to do social work in future.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 August 1998 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |title=I will not allow anyone to dictate terms to me |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug23/sunday/head.htm |access-date=19 September 2011 |author=Maheshwari, Belu}}</ref>

She first acted with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in ''[[Bansi Birju]]'' (1972), followed by [[B. R. Ishara]]'s ''[[Ek Nazar]]'' also in the same year.<ref name=da /> When Amitabh had faced a string of flops and most lead heroines refused to work with him in the [[Salim–Javed]] scripted ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973), she agreed to step in. The film turned out to be a big hit creating Bachchan's angry-young-man image.<ref name="gr">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070422/asp/7days/story_7680318.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024095912/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070422/asp/7days/story_7680318.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2012 |title=Another time, another wedding |date=22 April 2007 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> All their successive films as a pair were huge hits – ''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]'' (1973), ''[[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]]'' (1975), ''[[Mili (1975 film)|Mili]]'' (1975) and ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975).

Her daughter [[Shweta Bachchan Nanda|Shweta]] was born around the time Jaya and Amitabh were working on ''Sholay''. Following this, she retired from films and focused on raising her children, making an exception for [[Yash Chopra]]'s ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]'' (1981), once again opposite her husband. During the late 1980s, she wrote the story for ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]'' (1988), which starred her husband in the lead.

=== Comeback and intermittent work (1998–present) ===
[[File:Jaya Bachchan48.jpg|thumb|Bachchan at an event|left]]
After a gap of 17 years, she returned to acting with [[Govind Nihalani]]'s ''[[Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa]]'' (1998), a film about the [[Naxalite]] movement. Her performance in the film earned critical acclaim, and earned her a second [[Filmfare Special Award]].

In 2000, she starred alongside [[Karisma Kapoor]] and [[Hrithik Roshan]] in the crime drama ''[[Fiza]]'' as a mother longing for her son's return who goes missing during the 1993 [[Bombay riots]]. The film received critical acclaim upon release, with particular praise directed towards Bachchan's performance. Sanjeev Bariana of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' opined that "Bachchan delivers a commendable performance, displaying mixed emotions through trying times delicately.", while ''[[Screen India|Screen]]'' film critic Chaya Unnikrishnan noted that "Bachchan looks every bit a Muslim woman and etches out her character superbly."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bariana, Sanjeev |date=9 September 2000 |title="Fiza" with a nip |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000910/cth1.htm |access-date=27 December 2011 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Chaya |date=29 September 2000 |title=Fiza: A promising start and a slow finish |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20000929/freview.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010220030335/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20000929/freview.htm |archive-date=20 February 2001 |access-date=24 April 2015 |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref> Moreover, it emerged as a commercial success at the box-office, grossing {{INRConvert|322|m|year=2000|mode=historical}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiza – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=721 |access-date=2 January 2024 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> ''Fiza'' earned Bachchan her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].

She then starred in [[Karan Johar]]'s ensemble family drama ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001) with her husband and in [[Nikhil Advani]]'s romantic [[comedy drama]] ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), playing [[Preity Zinta]]'s mother, Jennifer Kapur, both of which also earned her the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.<ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards">{{cite news |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |title=Jaya Bachchan – Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8466/index.html |access-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922041736/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8466/index.html |archive-date=22 September 2011}}</ref> She starred with her son [[Abhishek Bachchan|Abhishek]] in ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]'' (2007) and ''[[Drona (2008 film)|Drona]]'' (2008).

Bachchan's speech during the musical launch of ''Drona'' in 2008 was criticised by some sections of politicians in [[Maharashtra]]. In response to the film's director, [[Goldie Behl]], making his introductory speech in English, she said in [[Hindi]], "Hum [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] ke log hain, isliye [[Hindi]] mein baat karenge, Maharashtra ke log maaf kijiye". (Translation: "We are people from UP, so we will speak in Hindi. People of Maharashtra, please forgive us.") Subsequently, she encouraged actress [[Priyanka Chopra]] to speak in Hindi.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 September 2008 |title=Jaya Bachchan's controversial clip |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/08video1.htm |access-date=28 July 2010 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS) president [[Raj Thackeray]] commented that she had no business referring to all the people of Maharashtra in her statement. He threatened to ban all of her films unless she apologised in a public forum for hurting the sentiments of Maharashtrians. MNS workers began to attack theatres screening ''[[The Last Lear]]'', which starred her husband. [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] Sanjay Raut also criticised her statement, "After making all your success and fortune in Mumbai, if you feel like saying that we are from UP, it's miserable". Amitabh tendered an apology for her statement on her behalf.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 September 2008 |title=Raj Thackeray: I accept Amitabh's apology |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/11raj.htm |access-date=11 September 2008 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref>

In 2011, she appeared in the Bangladeshi film ''[[Meherjaan]]'' starring [[Victor Banerjee]] and [[Humayun Faridi]]. The film is based on a Bangladesh-Pakistan love story in the backdrop of the [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pakbangla-love-flick-starring-jaya-bachchan-ready-for-release/739983/ |title=Pak-Bangla love flick starring Jaya Bachchan ready for release |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=20 January 2011 |access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref> In 2023, she starred alongside Dharmendra and [[Shabana Azmi]] in Karan Johar's romantic comedy family drama ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]'', which emerged as the [[List of Hindi films of 2023|third highest-grossing Hindi film]] of the year.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani full cast out. Meet Ranveer, Alia, Dharmendra, Jaya, Shabana |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-full-cast-out-meet-ranveer-alia-dharmendra-jaya-shabana-1824534-2021-07-06 |date=6 July 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |work=India Today |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820045232/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-full-cast-out-meet-ranveer-alia-dharmendra-jaya-shabana-1824534-2021-07-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted, "Bachchan is electrifying. Her commanding presence, authoritative attitude and cold stares – this is a stand-out act that's sure to be talked about by moviegoers."<ref>{{cite web |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani/critic-review/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-movie-review/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-is-a-well-packaged-entertainer/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=27 July 2023 |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727051741/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani/critic-review/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-movie-review/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-is-a-well-packaged-entertainer/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Her performance in the film earned her a fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.

== Artistry and legacy ==
[[File:Jaya B Big B's birthday.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Bachchan at an event in 2016]]

One of the highest paid actress of the 1970s, in 2022, she was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actresses" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actresses Who Ruled The Silver Screen With Grace, Beauty And Talent |work=Outlook India |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' included Bachchan's performances in ''Abhimaan'' in its Bollywood's "80 Iconic Performances" list.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://tanqeed.com/filmfare-top-80-iconic-performances-old-article-2010/ |title=80 Iconic Performances |journal=Filmfare Via Tanqeed.com |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[Times of India]]'', Subhash K. Jha termed her an "exceptional talent" and noted, "During her brief innings of superstardom she was a far bigger star than her husband."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jaya Bachchan is one-of-a-kind and an exceptional talent – Throwback |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jaya-bachchan-is-one-of-a-kind-and-an-exceptional-talent-throwback/articleshow/99352912.cms |url-status=live |access-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409053239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jaya-bachchan-is-one-of-a-kind-and-an-exceptional-talent-throwback/articleshow/99352912.cms |archive-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> Samriddhi Patwa of ''Filmfare'' noted, "The Bengali actress who had long hair, a sweet smile, and significant roles conquered the silver screen."<ref>{{Cite news |title=10 notable performances by Jaya Bachchan |work=Filmfare |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/birthday-special-10-notable-performances-by-jaya-bachchan-57816.amp |url-status=live |access-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://m.filmfare.com/features/birthday-special-10-notable-performances-by-jaya-bachchan-57816.amp |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> Dinesh Raheja of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' termed her an "outspoken actress" and noted, "Diminutive she may be, but Jaya Bhaduri has managed to cast a long shadow over the world of Hindi films."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jaya Bachchan: Bollywood's deglamorised star |work=Rediff.com |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/18dinesh.htm |url-status=live |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/18dinesh.htm |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> ''[[Indian Express]]'' said that her filmography is "full of gems" and added, "The Bengali beauty ruled the silver screen with meaningful roles."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jaya Bachchan, a legacy of endearing characters |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/birthday-special-jaya-bachchan-amitabh-bachchan-8546693/lite/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/birthday-special-jaya-bachchan-amitabh-bachchan-8546693/lite/ |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> Kanika Katyal of ''[[Firstpost]]'' noted, "Full of vigour and idealism, Jaya found herself at home in the "middle cinema" of the 1970s", and added, "Each time she emoted, the camera was firmly in her grip."<ref>{{Cite news |title=How Jaya Bachchan, face of middle cinema in India, carved a niche with her girl-next-door charm |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-jaya-bachchan-face-of-middle-cinema-in-india-carved-a-niche-with-her-girl-next-door-charm-8318321.html/amp |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-jaya-bachchan-face-of-middle-cinema-in-india-carved-a-niche-with-her-girl-next-door-charm-8318321.html/amp |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Bachchan was first elected in 2004 as the Member of Parliament from the [[Samajwadi Party]], representing [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] till March 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jaya Bachchan loses Rajya Sabha seat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jaya-Bachchan-loses-Rajya-Sabha-seat/articleshow/1440067.cms |access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> She was disqualified in 2006 for holding an office of profit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2006 |title=Jaya Bachchan disqualified from RS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaya-bachchan-disqualified-from-rs/articleshow/1452761.cms |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy, DHNS |first=Shemin |title=Jaya Bachchan was first victim of office of profit saga |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jaya-bachchan-first-victim-office-2070393 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, she got a second term from June 2006<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaya Bachchan back in Rajya Sabha |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jun/08profit.htm |access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> till July 2010 and in February 2010 she stated her intent to complete her term.<ref>{{cite news |title=I'm too upfront for politics: Jaya Bachchan |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 February 2010 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=29 June 2010 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Im-too-upfront-for-politics-Jaya-Bachchan/articleshow/5531466.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602093730/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Im-too-upfront-for-politics-Jaya-Bachchan/articleshow/5531466.cms |archive-date=2 June 2010}}</ref>{{Clarify|date=December 2012|reason=Why would she have to state such intent? Why wouldn't she serve out her term?}} She was re-elected in 2012 for the third term and again in 2018 for her fourth term in the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Samajwadi Party]]. Also, she campaigned for [[All India Trinamool Congress]] during [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].

=== Parliamentary Committee assignments ===
* 13 September 2021 onwards: Member, [[Committee on External Affairs]]<ref name="Committee on External Affairs">{{cite web |title=Committee on External Affairs : Loksabha |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=11&tab=2 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Positions held ===
Jaya Bachchan has been elected 5 times as [[Rajya Sabha]] MP.

As per the Election affidavit of 2018 ([[Rajya Sabha]]), Jaya Bachchan has assets worth [[₹]]1,001.63 [[crore]]s and liabilities worth [[₹]]105.64 [[crore]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=764 |title=Jaya Amitabh Bachchan (SP), Uttar Pradesh 2018 |work=Myneta.info |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref>

===Rajya Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Position
! colspan="2" |Party
! Constituency
! From
! To
! Tenure
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (1st Term)
| {{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=5}}
| rowspan="5"|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 5 July 2004
| 14 July 2004
| '''{{ayd|2004|7|5|2004|7|14}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (2nd Term)
| 12 June 2006
| 4 July 2010
| '''{{ayd|2006|6|12|2010|7|4}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (3rd Term)
| 3 April 2012
| 2 April 2018
| '''{{ayd|2012|4|3|2018|4|2}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (4th Term)
| 3 April 2018
| 2 April 2024
| '''{{ayd|2018|4|3|2024|4|2}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (5th Term)
| 3 April 2024
| 2 April 2030
| '''{{ayd|2024|4|3|2030|4|2}}'''
|}

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
| 1963
| ''[[Mahanagar]]''
| Bani Mazumdar
| [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] film
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1971
| ''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]''
| Kusum (Guddi)
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/02dinesh.htm |title=Rediff Movies: Classics Revisited – Guddi (1971) |work=Rediff.com |access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Uphaar]]''
| Mrinmayee (Minoo)
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jai Jawan Jai Makan]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dhanyee Meye]]''
| Mansa
| Bengali film
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhanyee Meye (1971) Bengali film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/rakhsha-bandhan-special-5-bengali-films-on-the-incredibly-strong-brother-sister-bond/dhanyee-meye-1971/photostory/65532686.cms |access-date=23 October 2022 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Atattor Din Porey
|
| Bengali film
|
|-
| Janani
|
| Bengali film
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1972
| ''[[Jawani Diwani]]''
| Neeta Thakur
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bawarchi]]''
| Krishna Harinath Sharma
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bawarchi-1972/article5451711.ece |title=Bawarchi (1972) |first=SURESH |last=KOHLI |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]''
| Rama Roy
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bansi Birju]]''
| Bansi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Piya Ka Ghar]]''
| Malti Shankar
|
|
|-
| ''[[Annadata (1972 film)|Annadata]]''
| Aarti
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Nazar]]''
| Shabnam
|
|
|-
| ''[[Samadhi (1972 film)|Samadhi]]''
| Rekha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Koshish]]''
| Aarti Mathur
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shor (film)|Shor]]''
| Rani (Raat Ki Rani)
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1973
| ''[[Gaai Aur Gori]]''
| Vijaya
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |title=Filmfare recommends: Bollywood movies where pets were the real heroes |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-bollywood-movies-where-pets-were-the-real-heroes-39984.html |access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anamika (1973 film)|Anamika]]''
| Anamika/Kanchan/Archana
|
|
|-
| ''[[Phagun (1973 film)|Phagun]]''
| Santosh (Toshi)
|
|
|-
| ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]''
| Mala
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]''
| Uma Kumar
|
|<ref>{{cite news |access-date=24 March 2023 |title=Abhimaan: A Bollywood marital drama that's relevant even after 50 years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64813501 |newspaper=BBC News |date=16 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1974
| ''[[Dil Diwana]]''
| Neeta
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kora Kagaz]]''
| Archana Gupta
|
|
|-
| ''[[Naya Din Nai Raat]]''
| Sushma
|
|
|-
| ''[[Doosri Sita]]''
| Seeta Wagle
|
|
|-
| Sadhu Judhisthirer Korcha
|
| Bengali film
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1975
| ''[[Mili (1975 film)|Mili]]''
| Mili Khanna
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajesh Khanna's Anand and Jaya Bachchan's Mili are exactly the same movie. Here's how |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=The Indian Express |date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014045426/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jaya-bachchan-mili-rajesh-khanna-anand-exactly-the-same-movie-heres-how-8182596/ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jaya-bachchan-mili-rajesh-khanna-anand-exactly-the-same-movie-heres-how-8182596/ |archive-date=14 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]]''
| Vasudha Kumar
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sholay]]''
| Radha Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Top 10 Indian Films |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515101729/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india/ |archive-date=15 May 2011 |access-date=14 June 2012 |work=British Film Institute}}</ref>
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Abhi To Jee Lein]]''
| Jaya
| Delayed
|
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Ek Baap Chhe Bete]]''
| Asha
|Cameo
|
|-
| 1979
| ''[[Nauker (1979 film)|Nauker]]''
| Geeta
|
|
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]''
| Shobha Malhotra
|
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.22939/page/n495/mode/2up?q=Silsila&view=theater |title=The making of Silsila |date=16 August 1981 |magazine=Sunday |pages=44–45 |volume=9 |issue=9 |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995
| ''Akka''
|
| Marathi film
|
|-
|''[[Daughters of This Century]]''
|Abhagi
|
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa]]''
| Sujata Chatterjee
|
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Fiza]]''
| Nishatbi Ikramullah
|
|<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Hindustan Times |author=Chakravorty, Vinayak |title=Fiza |access-date=26 October 2011 |url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewsfiza.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017115141/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewsfiza.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2000 }}</ref>
|-
|2001
| ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
| Nandini Raichand
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Excerpts from the making of K3G! |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/08k3g.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124717/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/08k3g.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
| ''[[Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe]]''
| Mansi Devi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Desh (film)|Desh]]''
| Suprabha Chowdhury
| Bengali film
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
| Jennifer Kapur
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romano |first=Aja |date=28 November 2018 |title=Celebrating 15 years of Kal Ho Naa Ho, the classic romance that brought Bollywood to America |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/28/18112712/kal-ho-naa-ho-khnh-shah-rukh-khan-cultural-influence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129130657/https://www.vox.com/2018/11/28/18112712/kal-ho-naa-ho-khnh-shah-rukh-khan-cultural-influence |archive-date=29 November 2018 |access-date=28 November 2018 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]''
| Savitri Sahay
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''Love Songs : Yesterday, Today & Tomorrow''
| Mridula Chatterjee
|
|
|-
| ''[[Drona (2008 film)|Drona]]''
| Queen Jayanti
|
|<ref>{{cite web |author=Screen Weekly News Network |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/09/22/4317/index.html |title=Unleashing visual effects in Drona |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=22 September 2008 |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228050910/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/09/22/4317/index.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]''
| Narrator
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Aap Ke Liye Hum]]''
| Adoptive mother
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aahat – Ek Ajib Kahani]]''
| Jaya
| Delayed release
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Meherjaan]]''
| Meher
| [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi]] film
|
|-
| 2012
| ''Ganga Devi''
|
| [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] film
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/happy-birthday-amitabh-bachchan-bhojpuri-movies-of-the-bollywood-star/photostory/86934081.cms |title=Happy birthday, Amitabh Bachchan; Bhojpuri movies of the Bollywood star |author=Farhan Syed |work=The Times of India|date=11 October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Sunglass (film)|Sunglass]]''
| Chitra's mother
| Bilingual film
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Ki & Ka]]''
| Herself
| Cameo
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
| Dhanalakshmi Randhawa
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani Box Office Collections |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=28 July 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani/box-office/ |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| Sadabahar
| Nini
|
|
|-
|}

=== Other roles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of other roles
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]''
| Writer (Story)
|
|<ref>{{cite news |first=Simran |last=Bhargava |title=Amitabh Bachchan makes spectacular come-back with Shahenshah |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880315-amitabh-bachchan-makes-spectacular-come-back-with-shahenshah-797041-1988-03-15 |access-date=17 August 2020 |work=India Today |date=15 March 1988 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1993–1994
| ''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]''
| Producer
| Under [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-cast-of-dekh-bhai-dekh-where-are-they-now-5687528/ |work=The Indian Express |title=The actors of Dekh Bhai Dekh: Where are they now? |date=26 December 2019 |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Antarmahal]]''
| Producer
| Bengali film
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20051114-film-review-antarmahal-starring-soha-ali-khan-abhishek-bachchan-786652-2005-11-14 |title=Film review: 'Antarmahal' starring Jackie Shroff, Soha Ali Khan, Abhishek Bachchan |work=India Today |date=14 November 2005 |access-date=26 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Angry Young Men (mini series)|Angry Young Men]]''
| Herself
| Documentary
|
|}

== Accolades ==
=== Civilian Award ===
* '''[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1990–1999)|1992]]''' – [[Padma Shri]] – India's fourth highest civilian honour by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padma Awards" />

=== Major film awards ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of major film awards and nominations received by Jaya Bachchan
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[19th Filmfare Awards|1972]]
| rowspan="16" scope="row" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Special Award|Special Award]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Uphaar]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|rowspan="3" {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| ''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[21st Filmfare Awards|1974]]
| ''[[Koshish]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| ''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]''
| rowspan="2"{{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| [[22nd Filmfare Awards|1975]]
| ''[[Kora Kagaz]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| [[23rd Filmfare Awards|1976]]
| ''[[Mili (1975 film)|Mili]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| [[27th Filmfare Awards|1980]]
| ''[[Nauker (1979 film)|Nauker]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| [[29th Filmfare Awards|1982]]
| ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| [[43rd Filmfare Awards|1998]]
| Special Award
| ''[[Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa]]''
| rowspan="4"{{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| [[46th Filmfare Awards|2001]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[Fiza]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| [[47th Filmfare Awards|2002]]
| ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| [[49th Filmfare Awards|2004]]
| ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| [[52nd Filmfare Awards|2007]]
| [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| [[69th Filmfare Awards|2024]]
| Best Supporting Actress
| ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| [[70th Filmfare Awards|2025]]
| Special Award
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78383.html |publisher=Filmfare |date=12 October 2025 |access-date=12 October 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| [[2nd IIFA Awards|2001]]
| rowspan="4" scope="row" | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="4" | [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''Fiza''
| rowspan="3"{{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| [[3rd IIFA Awards|2002]]
| ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham''
|<ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
| [[24th IIFA Awards|2004]]
| ''Kal Ho Naa Ho''
|<ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
|[[24th IIFA Awards|2024]]
|''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani''
| {{nom}}
|<ref name="bollywoodhungama.awards" />
|-
|2001
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]
|''Fiza''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Cine Awards 2001 Winners |url=https://www.awardsandshows.com/features/zee-cine-awards-2001-465.html}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|''Kal Ho Naa Ho''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Cine Awards 2004 Winners |url=https://www.awardsandshows.com/features/zee-cine-awards-2004-468.html}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 – Zee Cine Awards |url=https://zeecineawards.com/2024-2/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| rowspan="2" |''Kal Ho Naa Ho''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Star Screen Award Winners 2004 – Tenth (10th) Star Screen Awards |url=https://www.awardsandshows.com/features/star-screen-awards-2004-131.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.awardsandshows.com}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winner - Producers Guild of India |url=https://producersguildindia.com/Home/Winner|access-date=2025-07-01 |website=producersguildindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
| rowspan="2" |[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
|Best Actress (Critics)
| rowspan="3" |''Fiza''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Computer |first=Dream |title=Awards, Bollywood Famous Awards |url=https://www.mazaindia.com/award/bollywood-movie-award |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.mazaindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
|2001
| rowspan="4" |[[Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |Best Supporting Actress
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|2002
|''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=dharma-production.com |url=http://www3.dharma-production.com/MAwards/MAwardsDetails.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709020144/http://www.dharma-production.com/MAwards/MAwardsDetails.aspx |archive-date=9 July 2011 |access-date=6 June 2011 |publisher=dharma-production.com}}</ref>
|-
|2003
|''[[Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|2004
|''Kal Ho Naa Ho''
| {{nom}}
|
|}

=== Other film awards ===
'''Won'''
* 1972 – [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award]] for Special Award (Hindi Film) – ''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197235.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422071853/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197235.htm |url-status=dead |title=STL.News {{pipe}} Breaking News {{pipe}} Latest News {{pipe}} St Louis News {{pipe}} News Videos |archive-date=22 April 2008 |website=STL.News |access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref>
* 1999 – [[Anandalok Puraskar|Anandalok Award]] for Special Editors' Award
* 2001 – [[BFJA Awards for Best Supporting Actress (Hindi)|Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Supporting Actress]] – ''[[Fiza]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/awards/winlist/winlist01.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144306/http://www.bfjaawards.com/awards/winlist/winlist01.htm |url-status=dead |title=STL.News {{pipe}} Breaking News {{pipe}} Latest News {{pipe}} St Louis News {{pipe}} News Videos |archive-date=2 April 2015 |website=STL.News |access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref>

=== Honours and recognitions ===
* 1994 – [[Yash Bharati|Yash Bharti Award]], Uttar Pradesh's highest award from the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
* 2000 – [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image]] Award for her "abiding contribution to Cinema"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaifilmfest.com/archives_2000.php |title=Archives 2000 |publisher=[[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image]] |access-date=8 October 2011}}</ref>
* 2004 – Lifetime Achievement Award at the Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mid Day Photogallery |url=http://www.mid-day.com/Virtual_gallery/gallery_slideshow.asp?currentPage=10&GalleryID=66 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040515034924/http://www.mid-day.com/Virtual_gallery/gallery_slideshow.asp?currentPage=10&GalleryID=66 |url-status=dead |work=Mid Day |archive-date=15 May 2004 |access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref>
* 2010 – Lifetime Achievement Award at the "Tongues On Fire" Film Festival in London<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spicezee.zeenews.com/articles/story54326.htm |title=zeenews.com |publisher=Spicezee.zeenews.com |access-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109095836/http://spicezee.zeenews.com/articles/story54326.htm |archive-date=9 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jaya Bachchan to receive 'Lifetime Achievement Award' in London |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Jaya-Bachchan-to-receive-lsquoLifetime-Achievement-Awardrsquo-in-London/article16815618.ece |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=19 February 2010 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* 2012 – Lifetime Achievement Award at [[Jaipur]] International Film Festival (JIFF)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Lifetime-achievement-award-for-Jaya-Bachchan/articleshow/11629513.cms |title=Lifetime achievement award for Jaya Bachchan |date=25 January 2012 |access-date=29 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930135422/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-25/news-interviews/30662586_1_lifetime-achievement-award-jaya-bachchan-jaipur-international-film-festival |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=30 September 2013}}</ref>
* 2013 – Master [[Deenanath Mangeshkar]] (Vishesh Puraskar) Award for her dedicated services to Indian theatre and cinema<ref name="Deenanath Mangeshkar">{{cite news |title=Jaya Bachchan to be presented Deenanath Mangeshkar Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/jaya-bachchan-to-be-presented-deenanath-mangeshkar-award/ |access-date=31 January 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 April 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lata Mangeshkar to present Deenanath Mangeshkar Award to Jaya Bachchan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/lata-mangeshkar-to-present-deenanath-mangeshkar-award-to-jaya-bachchan/story-acv3cxQ1ih29pYDjjDD1AM.html |access-date=31 January 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 April 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

== Sources ==
* {{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Shampa |author2=Anil Srivastava |title=One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zX4GY37rG8kC&q=Jaya+Bhaduri&pg=PA93 |year=1988 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=0-8240-9483-2 |ref=Ba}}
* {{Cite book |last=[[Gulzar]] |first=S.G. |author2=[[Govind Nihalani]], Saibal Chatterjee |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema |year=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan, Encyclopædia Britannica (India) |isbn=81-7991-066-0 |ref=Gu}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dawar |first=Ramesh |title=Bollywood Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO6Fmi8FraUC&q=Jawani+Diwani&pg=RA1-PA22 |year=2006 |publisher=Star Publications |isbn=1-905863-01-2 |ref=Ja}}
* {{cite web |title=Jaya is aback, Jaya Hey! |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/nov19/film4.htm |work=Screen India |publisher=[[Express India]] |author=Peter John, Ali |access-date=14 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528224215/http://www.screenindia.com/old/nov19/film4.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=dead |ref=none}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-05 |title=Orry reveals Jaya Bachchan "loved" his reel recreating her and Sonali Bendre's viral pap moment: Navya and Agastya Nanda sent me her reaction video (Exclusive) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/orry-recreates-iconic-jaya-bachchan-sonali-bendre-moment-wins-hearts-online/articleshow/114974476.cms |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0080149}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/jaya-bachchan/ Jaya Bachchan] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
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{{Filmfare Award for Best Actress}}
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{{Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female}}
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Kaavalan

2026-03-14T12:46:31Z

RowenaClune540: further refined information as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|2011 Indian film directed by Siddique}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kaavalan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]
| producer = C. Romesh Babu
| writer = Siddique
| screenplay =
| based_on = ''[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]'' (Malayalam)
| starring = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] [[Asin]] [[Mithra Kurian]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Ekambaram]]
| editing = K. R. Gowrishankar
| studio = Ekaveera Creations
| distributor = Cinema Paradise
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|1|14}}
| runtime = 153 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaavalan - The Bodyguard |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kaavalan-the-bodyguard-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mjy1nza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305050201/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kaavalan-the-bodyguard-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mjy1nza |archive-date=5 March 2022 |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|45–102 crore}}<ref name="news18">{{Cite news |last=Parmeshwaran |first=Pratibha |date=24 October 2011 |title=7am Arivu, Velayutham, RA.One: South's big Diwali |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/7am-arivu-velayutham-ra-one-souths-big-diwali-412587.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260313192310/https://www.news18.com/news/india/7am-arivu-velayutham-ra-one-souths-big-diwali-412587.html |archive-date=13 March 2026 |work=[[News18]] |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="B World">{{cite news |last=John |first=Nevin |date=3 January 2013 |title=The South Side Story |url=http://www.businessworld.in/news/null/the-south-side-story/696844/page-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219173038/http://www.businessworld.in/news/null/the-south-side-story/696844/page-1.html |archive-date=19 February 2015 |access-date=19 February 2015 |work=[[Businessworld]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''Kaavalan''''' ({{translation|Bodyguard}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action comedy]] film written and directed by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]. A remake of Siddique's Malayalam film ''[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]'', the film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Asin]] and [[Mithra Kurian]] (who reprises her role from the original), while [[Rajkiran]], [[Roja Selvamani]] and [[Vadivelu]] appear in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[N. K. Ekambaram]] and K. R. Gowrishankar. In the film, Meera develops feelings for her bodyguard Bhoominathan and begins calling him as an anonymous caller Ammukutty.

The film's principal shoot commenced in April 2010<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodyguard is Kaavalkaran in Tamil? |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/84595/Bodyguard-Kaavalan-in-Tamil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829190532/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/84595/Bodyguard-Kaavalan-in-Tamil.html |archive-date=29 August 2010 |access-date=19 April 2021 |work=Yahoo Movies India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2010 |title=Vijay'S 'Kaavalkaran' Is Fast And Glorious |url=http://www.top10cinema.com/news/4071/vijays-bodyguard-is-fast-and-glorious |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423153647/http://www.top10cinema.com/news/4071/vijays-bodyguard-is-fast-and-glorious |archive-date=23 April 2010 |access-date=21 April 2010 |work=Top 10 Cinema}}</ref> and it was completed by November. Originally, it was scheduled to release on 17 December 2010, but the release was postponed to 14 January 2011. The film was selected to be screened at the [[Shanghai International Film Festival]]<ref name="Kaavalan completes 100 days">{{cite web |title=Kaavalan completes 100 days |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/16410/kollywood/kavalan-completes-100-days-news-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424035946/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/16410/kollywood/Kavalan-completes-100-days-News-Details |archive-date=24 April 2011 |access-date=21 April 2011 |publisher=supergoodmovies}}</ref> and received positive reviews from critics with praise for its cast performances (Vijay, Asin and Vadivelu), humour and action sequences. The film became a commercial success by grossing around {{INR}}45–102 crore worldwide.<ref name="news18" /><ref name="B World" /><ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2011 |title='Velayudham' success celebrations begin! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/02/velayudham-success-celebrations-begin-305924.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123024523/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/02/velayudham-success-celebrations-begin-305924.html |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It also marked Asin's last Tamil film of her entire film career before marriage.

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=May 2024}}
Bhoominathan idolises Muthuramalingam, a rich powerful landlord in Semmanur. At the request of his parents, Bhoomi accepts to work for Muthuramalingam as his [[bodyguard]]. Muthuramalingam's rival is baying for his blood as his daughter committed suicide after Muthuramalingam's son rejected her proposal. While Bhoomi protects Muthuramalingam, his rival threatens the life of his daughter Meera. No one accepts Bhoomi as he had attacked Meera's brother, thus getting him fired from the job, but Bhoomi saves Muthuramalingam from an attack and finally regains his job. Bhoomi is sent to college along with Meera and her friend Madhu to protect them from the threat.

Bhoomi joins the same class where Meera studies, as he has previously discontinued his education. Meera does not like Bhoomi following her as a bodyguard, and plans to divert him. Meera calls Bhoomi over his mobile phone from a [[Unlisted number|private number]] and introduces herself as Ammukutty. Initially, Bhoomi hates the mobile call as it will disturb him, but later develops a liking towards Ammukutty and slowly love blossoms for Bhoomi without knowing that it is Meera herself. He saves Meera from an attack from Muthuramalingam's rival. At one point, Meera too feels herself develop liking towards Bhoomi and expresses her desire to meet him in person without revealing her identity. Due to circumstances, they are not able to accomplish this, and she decides to elope with Bhoomi for which he agrees.

However, Muthuramalingam learns that Bhoomi and Meera are going to run away and sends his men to stop him. Bhoomi thrashes them up easily but Muthuramalingam thrashes Bhoomi. Meera overhears her father's plans and decides to save Bhoomi by lying that he is in love with some other girl and has planned to elope with her. Muthuramalingam spares Bhoomi, believing that Meera is not his lover, but sends his men to the railway station to find out Bhoomi's lover. He also instructs that Bhoomi should be killed if there is no one in the railway station. In a desperate attempt to save Bhoomi, Meera comes up with a plan and requests Madhu to go to the railway station and pretend to be Ammukutty, so that Muthuramalingam's men will spare Bhoomi believing Madhu to be his lover.

Meera also gives a mobile phone to Madhu and informs to give it to Bhoomi when she meets him (as Bhoomi's phone is broken) so that she can reveal the truth to Bhoomi. Madhu agrees and leaves to the station. At the station, Bhoomi gets surprised seeing Madhu in the station and believes that it is Madhu, who was pretending as Ammukutty so far and hugs her. Muthuramalingam's men see this and leave the place, believing that Meera is not Bhoomi's lover. Suddenly, Madhu gets a call in the mobile given by Meera. Madhu understands that the call is from Meera and she wants to speak to Bhoomi. However, Madhu throws away the phone from train, following which it is revealed that Madhu also likes Bhoomi, and she decides to marry him by betraying Meera.

10 years later, Bhoomi is now a high-ranking [[Indian Foreign Service|I.F.S.]] officer, who returns to Muthuramalingam's village for a short vacation before leaving to [[Australia]], along with his son Sidharth. Muthuramalingam's condition is ill and Madhu had died a few years back due to some medical ailments, but she has written all the truth in a diary and gives it to Sidharth to read it after her death. Sidharth has learnt all the truth. Madhu has also mentioned in the diary that this truth should never be disclosed to Bhoomi. Meera stays with her father, and Bhoomi gets shocked to know that Meera still remains unmarried.

When Bhoomi and Sidharth are about to return home, Sidharth asks Meera to come with them and expresses his wish to call her as his mother. Bhoomi berates Sidharth for his suggestion and apologises to Meera and Muthuramalingam, but Muthuramalingam also insists Meera to leave with Bhoomi. Bhoomi, Meera and Sidharth leave together from the village. Just before the train starts, Sidharth throws the diary containing the truth in a dust bin and comes back, but Bhoomi takes back the diary from the dust bin, without Sidharth's knowledge. Upon reading the diary, Bhoomi is shocked knowing it was Meera who loved him in the name of Ammukutty and wholeheartedly accepts Meera.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Bhoominathan alias Bhoomi
*[[Asin]] as Meera / Ammukutty, Muthuramalingam's daughter
*[[Mithra Kurian]] as Madhu, Meera's best friend and Bhoominathan's wife
*[[Rajkiran]] as Semmanur Muthuramalingam thevar, Meera's father
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Devika, Meera's mother
*[[Vadivelu]] as Ammavasai
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as college Principal
*[[Madhan Bob]] as college lecturer
*[[Mahadevan (actor)|Mahadevan]] as Devarajan
*[[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] as Karthik
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Sakkran, Madhu's father
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Parthasarathy, Bhoomi's father
*Yuvasri as Bhoomi's mother
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Bhoomi's maternal uncle
*Neepa as Poongodi
*[[Guinness Pakru]] as Meera's friend and classmate
*Sharmilee as Hostel Warden
*[[Vaiyapuri]] as Bhoomi's friend at [[Bangkok]] (cameo appearance)
*[[Sathish Krishnan]] as college dance master (guest appearance)
}}

==Production==
===Development===
The film was initially referred to as ''Kaavalkaaran'', which literally means "bodyguard" in Tamil. After rumours of the title being changed to ''Kaaval Kaadhal'', the film was officially confirmed to be titled ''Kaavalan'' in August 2010.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 August 2010 |title=''Kaaval Kathal'' becomes ''Kaavalan''! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ikaaval-kathali-becomes-ikaavalani-news-tamil-kkguOJeijcasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504053718/https://www.sify.com/movies/ikaaval-kathali-becomes-ikaavalani-news-tamil-kkguOJeijcasi.html |archive-date=4 May 2022 |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The reason for the name confusion and its eventual permanent change was due to complications in obtaining the rights to the title of ''[[Kaavalkaaran]]'' from [[M. G. Ramachandran]]'s producers. They refused to sell the title to Vijay, leading to the rechristening of the title to ''Kaavalan''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2010 |title=Finally, Vijay's film has a name |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/aug/20/finally-vijays-film-has-a-name-179742.html |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504054026/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/aug/20/finally-vijays-film-has-a-name-179742.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Casting===
With the announcement of the remake, Siddique had finalised Vijay to play the lead role, reminiscent of their previous venture ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' (2001), which was also a remake of [[Friends (1999 film)|Siddique's own Malayalam film]]. [[Asin]] was signed up to pair with Vijay for the third time after their previous pairings in ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]'' (2005) and ''[[Pokkiri]]'' (2007), also giving Asin a comeback in [[Tamil cinema]] after her last appearance in ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008). This also marks Vijay’s comeback to [[Romance film|romance]] genre after ''[[Sachein]]'' (2005).{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

===Filming===
The film's principal shoot began in April at Kumbakonam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay's next Kaaval kaadhal |url=http://www.anytimechennai.com/Latest-Tamil-News/vijays-next-kaavalkaaran.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026090036/http://anytimechennai.com/Latest-Tamil-News/vijays-next-kaavalkaaran.html |archive-date=26 October 2010 |access-date=21 April 2010 |website=Anytime Chennai}}</ref> An incident occurred on set in April, where Asin, her father, and her makeup assistants fainted in their caravan after being exposed to a gas leak. They were treated in hospital the same day and were eventually discharged.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Asin hospitalized after gas leakage |url=http://movies.sulekha.com/tamil/kaavalkaaran/news/asin-hospitalized-after-gas-leakage.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713184926/http://movies.sulekha.com/tamil/kaavalkaaran/news/asin-hospitalized-after-gas-leakage.htm |archive-date=13 July 2012 |access-date=21 April 2010 |website=[[Sulekha]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2010 |title=Asin's gassed out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/asins-gassed-out/articleshow/5816152.cms |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The second shoot schedule occurred in [[Vellore]]. Vijay and Asin, along with director Siddique and the rest of crew filmed at the [[Vellore Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2010 |title=Asin's playing it cool |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/asin-s-playing-it-cool/story-yMDMYE1MNoDGI926CKIiEP.html |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asin: Kaavalan is not like Sivakasi or Pokri |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-asin-talks-about-her-new-film-kaavalan/20110114.htm |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> A song was shot at [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaavalan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2010|12|8|df=y}}
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:56
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus]]
| producer = Vidyasagar
| prev_title = [[Mandhira Punnagai (2010 film)|Mandhira Punnagai]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Ilaignan]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

The score and soundtrack were then composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], collaborating with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] for the 8th time, after ''[[Coimbatore Mappillai]]'', ''[[Nilaave Vaa]]'', ''[[Thirumalai]]'', ''[[Ghilli]]'', ''[[Madhurey]]'', ''[[Aathi]]'' and ''[[Kuruvi]]''. The audio launch was held on 8 December 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaavalan songs, Audio Launch Event on December 8 |url=http://www.kaavalan.net/kaavalan-songs-audio-launch-event-on-december-8/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20101206094918/http://www.kaavalan.net/kaavalan-songs-audio-launch-event-on-december-8/ |archive-date=6 December 2010 |website=kaavalan.net}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length1 = 4:30
| title1 = Vinnai Kaapan
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| length2 = 4:27
| title2 = Step Step
| extra2 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]
| lyrics2 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| length3 = 4:36
| title3 = Yaradu
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Suchitra]]
| lyrics3 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length4 = 4:15
| title4 = Sada Sada
| extra4 = Karthik
| lyrics4 = Yugabharathi
| length5 = 3:48
| title5 = Pattamboochi
| extra5 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]], [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]]
| lyrics5 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
}}

MusicAloud.com rated the album 8 out of 10, stating "After a completely subdued soundtrack for ''Mandhira Punnagai'', he creates another out-and-out commercial score in ''Kaavalan''. A sureshot musical hit for Vijay!"<ref name="musicaloud">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicaloud.com/2010/12/08/kaavalan-music-review/|title=Kaavalan – Music Review|author=Musicaloud|year=2010|access-date=11 February 2013|archive-date=4 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204112827/http://www.musicaloud.com/2010/12/08/kaavalan-music-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rediff rated the album 2.5 out of 5, stating that "''Kaavalan'' would be a throwback to the star's earlier, romance-heavy movies, notably ''Friends''. It looks like Vidhyasagar has followed the same mission directive. It's a relief to see less of hero-overtones and more soft numbers."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-music-review-kaavalan/20101221.htm|title=Kaavalan – Rediff Music Review|date=21 December 2010|publisher=Rediff|access-date=11 February 2013|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910193519/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-music-review-kaavalan/20101221.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Marketing==
The trailer was released worldwide on 16 December 2010 in Northern California, marking the first time a Vijay film trailer was launched outside India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-to-launch-kaavalan-trailer-in-us-news-tamil-kmqp99jdeag.html |title=Vijay to launch Kaavalan trailer in US |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=11 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220105333/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-to-launch-kaavalan-trailer-in-us-news-tamil-kmqp99jdeag.html |archive-date=20 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Due to the failure of ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' (2010), theatre owners faced huge losses, and asked Vijay to compensate 35% of the loss amount.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/After-Sura-flops-theatre-owners-ask-Vijay-to-pay-up/articleshow/5964051.cms|title=After 'Sura' flops, theatre owners ask Vijay to pay up|date=23 May 2010|first=Bhama Devi|last=Ravi|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=13 March 2020|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130043723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/After-Sura-flops-theatre-owners-ask-Vijay-to-pay-up/articleshow/5964051.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Vijay did not give any response. A week before the film's release, Tamil Nadu Theatre Owners Association, had announced that they will not give any other co-operation to ''Kaavalan'', and the actor's other future projects.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Theatre-owners-against-Vijay-film/article15510279.ece|title=Theatre owners against Vijay film|date=6 January 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=13 March 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712035549/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Theatre-owners-against-Vijay-film/article15510279.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, two shows were cancelled on the opening day, 14 January 2011, and went ahead with matinee shows.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thalaivaa-kaththi-puli-theri-mersal-sarkar-tracing-pre-post-release-controversies-that-haunt-vijays-career-5505171.html|title=Thalaivaa, Kaththi, Puli, Theri, Mersal, Sarkar: Tracing pre, post-release controversies that haunt Vijay's career|date=5 November 2018|work=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=13 March 2020|archive-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713165150/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thalaivaa-kaththi-puli-theri-mersal-sarkar-tracing-pre-post-release-controversies-that-haunt-vijays-career-5505171.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Moreover, it was rumoured that significant industry stakeholders from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] pressurised exhibitors to stall the film's release,<ref name=":0" /> since ''[[Aadukalam]]'', which was distributed by [[Sun Pictures]], was slated to release in January 2011, and also majority of the theatres were controlled by the party supremos. In order to have a smooth release, Vijay sought help from [[J. Jayalalithaa]], from [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], which was the opposition party at that time, as a result the film opened to 450 screens, on 15 January 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/how-jayalalitha-helped-vijay-resurrect-his-career_104026.html|title=How Jayalalitha helped Vijay resurrect his career!|date=17 January 2012|work=Zee News|language=en|access-date=13 March 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712041055/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/how-jayalalitha-helped-vijay-resurrect-his-career_104026.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
Originally slated to release on 17 December 2010, ''Kaavalan'' was released on 15 January 2011. The film was selected at the 14th [[Shanghai International Film Festival]] in the panorama section. SIFF issued an invitation to Vijay as guest of honour.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

''Kaavalan'' re-released in Kerala after ten years in 10 February 2022 to celebrate 10 years of its release.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

== Reception ==
===Box office===
Kaavalan released over 600 screens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://south-cinemanews.blogspot.in/2010/11/kaavalan-release-trouble.html|title=More trouble ahead with Vijay's Kaavalan|access-date=14 January 2010|publisher=southcinemas|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101084754/http://south-cinemanews.blogspot.in/2010/11/kaavalan-release-trouble.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaavalan released to generally positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-16/news-interviews/28249299_1_asin-hill-city-lavasa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419050036/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-16/news-interviews/28249299_1_asin-hill-city-lavasa|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Vijay & Asin's crackling chemistry|access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/features/visitors-1/jan-11-03/vijay-asin-21-01-11.html|title=Kavalan Truly A Real Bodyguard|access-date=18 January 2011|website=Behindwoods|archive-date=24 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124074035/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/visitors-1/jan-11-03/vijay-asin-21-01-11.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film collected {{INR}}55 lakhs in Chennai during its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/half-yearly-report/kavalan.html|title=Kaavalan among 12 anticipated movies|website=Behindwoods|access-date=10 February 2013|archive-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121011707/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/half-yearly-report/kavalan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of six weeks it had grossed around {{INR|45–102}} crore at the worldwide box office.<ref name="news18" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-feb-28/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-kavalan.html |title=Tamil Top Ten Movies |access-date=11 February 2013 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031235525/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-feb-28/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-kavalan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film grossed {{USD}}75,000 in the United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=UK&id=_fKAAVALAN01|title=Kaavalan (2011)|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004243/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=UK&id=_fKAAVALAN01|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie managed to complete a 100-day run in 2 theatres in Tamil Nadu <ref name="Kaavalan completes 100 days"/>

===Critical response===
Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff.com praised Vadivelu and Vijay's comedic performances, but criticised the Tamil version of the film, for being edited in such a way that scenes either lacked resolution or coherence, and some character dialogue was delivered "without continuity".<ref name="Vijay of yore is back as Kaavalan">{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Pavithra |date=15 January 2011 |title=Vijay of yore is back as Kaavalan |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kaavalan-vijay-of-yore-is-back/20110115.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200929142237/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kaavalan-vijay-of-yore-is-back/20110115.htm |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 42 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சார்லஸ் |first=தேவன் |date=22 June 2021 |title=பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from [[Rediff.com]], while giving the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, credited Vijay for "shedding his action/political persona" and "choosing a script that focuses on comedy and emotions".<ref name=rediff>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kaavalan-vijay-of-yore-is-back/20110115.htm|title=Vijay of yore is back as Kaavalan|last=Srinivasan|first=Pavithra|work=Rediff|date=16 January 2011|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200929142237/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kaavalan-vijay-of-yore-is-back/20110115.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[The Times of India]] rated the film 3/5 and says "'Kaavalan' is vintage Vijay on display and is proof that if he keeps away from superhero mannerisms and sticks to the vision of the director".<ref>{{cite news |title=Kaavalan Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Kaavalan by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaavalan/movie-review/7385414.cms |access-date=24 January 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Sify.com]] described the film as "super fun" and a "perfect Pongal family entertainer" and rated it 4.5/5. The reviewer particularly praised Vijay's performance, observing that the film works "purely on his star charisma and larger-than-life image" and that "he carries the film on his shoulders and is one good reason to watch the film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2011 |title=Kaavalan - Review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kaavalan-review-review--pclxOPbgbfjig.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119213945/https://www.sify.com/movies/kaavalan-review-review--pclxOPbgbfjig.html |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2019}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
|-
|rowspan="9"|[[Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer of the Year]]
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
|[[Asin]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]]
|''Kaavalan''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
|''Pattamboochi''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
|[[Vadivelu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]]
|SIIMA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress
|[[Asin]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil|Best Actress]]
|[[Asin]]
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Bodyguard and its remakes}}
{{Siddique (director)}}

[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2011 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about bodyguards]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siddique]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot at Varikkasseri Mana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Alex Wharf

2026-03-08T05:02:18Z

RowenaClune540:

{{short description|English cricketer and umpire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Alex Wharf
| image = Alex Wharf umpiring 2019.jpg
| country = England
| fullname = Alexander George Wharf
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|6|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bradford]], [[West Yorkshire]], England
| nickname = Gangster
| heightft = 6
| heightinch = 4
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm fast-medium
| role = Bowler, [[Umpire (cricket)|umpire]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2004-2005
| odidebutdate = 1 September
| odidebutyear = 2004
| odidebutagainst = India
| odicap = 183
| lastodidate = 13 February
| lastodiyear = 2005
| lastodiagainst = South Africa
| odishirt =

| umpire = true
| testsumpired = 14
| umptestdebutyr = 2021
| umptestlastyr = 2025
| odisumpired = 36
| umpodidebutyr = 2018
| umpodilastyr = 2025
| t20isumpired = 52
| umpt20idebutyr = 2018
| umpt20ilastyr = 2026

| wtestsumpired = 2
| umpwtestdebutyr = 2015
| umpwtestlastyr = 2019
| wodisumpired = 11
| umpwodidebutyr = 2011
| umpwodilastyr = 2022
| wt20isumpired = 13
| umpwt20idebutyr = 2013
| umpwt20ilastyr = 2020

| club1 = [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]
| year1 = 1994–1997
| club2 = [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]]
| year2 = 1998–1999
| club3 = [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]]
| year3 = 2000–2009
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches1 = 13
| runs1 = 19
| bat avg1 = 9.50
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 9
| deliveries1 = 584
| wickets1 = 18
| bowl avg1 = 23.77
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/24
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches2 = 121
| runs2 = 3,570
| bat avg2 = 23.03
| 100s/50s2 = 6/14
| top score2 = 128[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 16,825
| wickets2 = 293
| bowl avg2 = 37.34
| fivefor2 = 5
| tenfor2 = 1
| best bowling2 = 6/59
| catches/stumpings2 = 63/–
| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches3 = 155
| runs3 = 1,411
| bat avg3 = 16.21
| 100s/50s3 = 0/1
| top score3 = 72
| deliveries3 = 6,497
| wickets3 = 192
| bowl avg3 = 28.91
| fivefor3 = 1
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 6/5
| catches/stumpings3 = 42/–
| column4 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches4 = 33
| runs4 = 157
| bat avg4 = 12.07
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 19
| deliveries4 = 644
| wickets4 = 39
| bowl avg4 = 26.35
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 4/39
| catches/stumpings4 = 5/–

| date = 21 June 2023
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/22380.html Cricinfo
}}

'''Alexander George Wharf''' (born 4 June 1975)<ref name="YB"/> is an English [[cricket]] umpire and former international cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-handed fast-medium bowler, who ended his career with the [[Wales|Welsh]] side [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club]]. Currently, he is a member of the [[ICC Elite umpire panel]].

==Domestic career==
Wharf commenced his first-class cricketing career with [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] in 1994, and played seven such matches for the county until 1997.<ref name="YB">{{cite book |title=The Yorkshire County Cricket Club: 2011 Yearbook |last=Warner |first=David |year=2011 |edition=113th |publisher=Great Northern Books |location=Ilkley, Yorkshire |isbn=978-1-905080-85-4 |page=381}}</ref> He later joined [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]], before moving to Glamorgan in 2000.

Wharf announced his retirement from cricket during the [[2009 County Championship]], after failing to recover from a long-term injury. In 2010, Wharf played in the South Wales Premier Cricket League for Sully Centurians.<ref name=ECB>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/ecb/rules/umpires/ |title=Umpires list - 2011 |publisher=www.ecb.co.uk |access-date=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628232819/http://www.ecb.co.uk/ecb/rules/umpires/ |archive-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==International career==
He never played [[Test cricket]], but made his [[England cricket team|England]] [[One Day International]] debut at [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], against [[India national cricket team|India]] in 2004. Altogether he won 13 ODI caps.

==Umpiring career==
In 2011, he was added to the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] list of reserve umpires, alongside the late [[Russell Evans (cricketer)|Russell Evans]] and [[Billy Taylor (cricketer, born 1977)|Billy Taylor]].<ref name=ECB/>

Along with [[Rob Bailey (cricketer)|Rob Bailey]], he was one of the two onfield umpires for the [[Hurricane Relief T20 Challenge]] match played at [[Lord's]] on 31 May 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1141232.html |title=ICC World XI tour of England at London, May 31 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref> The next month, he stood in his first [[One Day International]] (ODI) match, between [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018|England and Australia]], at [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]] in [[Cardiff]] on 16 June 2018.<ref name="ODI">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/44502567 |title=Alex Wharf to umpire his first One-Day International in Cardiff |work=BBC Sport |access-date=16 June 2018}}</ref>

In October 2019, he was appointed as one of the twelve umpires to officiate matches in the [[2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier]] tournament in the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1412092 |title=Match Officials announced for ICC Men’s T20 World Cup Qualifier 2019 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref> In February 2020, the ICC named him as one of the umpires to officiate in matches during the [[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1607955 |title=ICC announces Match Officials for all league matches |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref> In June 2021, Wharf was named as the fourth official for the [[2021 ICC World Test Championship Final]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2167649 |title=Match officials for ICC World Test Championship Final announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref> In August 2021, in the third match between [[Indian cricket team in England in 2021|England and India]], Wharf stood in his first Test match as an umpire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2021/aug/25/india-vs-england-umpire-alex-wharf-had-dismissed-sourav-ganguly-vvs-laxman-rahul-dravid-on-debut-2349670.html |title=India vs England third Test: Umpire Alex Wharf had dismissed Sourav Ganguly, VVS Laxman, Rahul Dravid on debut |work=New Indian Express |access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref>

In February 2022, he was named as one of the on-field umpires for the [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup]] in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/icc-match-officials-world-cup-new-zealand |title=Eight women among 15 Match Officials named for ICC World Cup 2022 |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222094833/https://www.womenscriczone.com/icc-match-officials-world-cup-new-zealand/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2497729 |title=Match officials chosen for ICC Women's Cricket World Cup 2022 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
In September 2023, he was named as one of the sixteen match officials for [[2023 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="2023 Officials">{{cite news |title=Match officials for the ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup 2023 named |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3676407 |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ICC announce Match Officials for ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/3676805 |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> In March 2025, he was promoted to [[ICC Elite Umpire Panel]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 March 2025 |title=Two new faces join the ICC Elite Panel of Umpires |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/two-new-faces-join-the-icc-elite-panel-of-umpires |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Test cricket umpires]]
* [[List of One Day International cricket umpires]]
* [[List of Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{cricinfo|id=22380}}

{{Elite Panel of ICC Umpires}}
{{ECB Umpires List}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wharf, Alex}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:England One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Yorkshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Nottinghamshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Glamorgan cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Bradford]]
[[Category:English cricket umpires]]
[[Category:English Test cricket umpires]]
[[Category:English One Day International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:English Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:English cricketers of 1969 to 2000]]
[[Category:20th-century English sportsmen]]

{{England-cricket-bio-1970s-stub}}

Ananda Ashram

2026-03-07T06:23:25Z

RowenaClune540: added some entry w/ sources - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anand Ashram
| image = Anand Ashram poster.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Shakti Samanta]]
| producer = Shakti Samanta
| writer = Shakti Samanta [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]] (dialogue-Hindi) [[Prabhat Roy]] (dialogue-Bengali)
| screenplay = Shakti Samanta
| story = Sailajananda Mukhopadhyay
| narrator =
| starring =[[Ashok Kumar]] [[Uttam Kumar]] [[Sharmila Tagore]]
| music = [[Shyamal Mitra]]
| cinematography = Aloke Dasgupta
| editing = Bijoy Chowdhary
| studio = Shakti Films
| distributor = Shakti Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1977|10|14}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ananda Ashram''''' '''''('''''Hindi: '''''Anand Ashram''''', English: '''''The Ashram of joy)''''' is a 1977 Indian bilingual [[Romance film|romantic drama film]] made in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]] language simultaneously, co-written and directed by [[Shakti Samanta]]. Based on a story by film director and novelist, [[Sailajananda Mukhopadhyay]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vittal |first1=Balaji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChTmCQAAQBAJ&dq=sailajananda+mukhopadhyay+ananda+ashram&pg=PT19 |title=Gaata Rahe Mera Dil: 50 Classic Hindi Film Songs |last2=Bhattacharjee |first2=Anirudha |date=2015-06-01 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-93-5136-457-3 |language=nl}}</ref> it stars [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] and [[Rakesh Roshan]] (making his debut in Bengali cinema) in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-anand-ashram-1977/article7637424.ece|title=Blast from the past: Anand Ashram (1977)|website=[[The Hindu]]|author=Vijay Lokapally|date=10 September 2015|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713125154/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-anand-ashram-1977/article7637424.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/apr/10/12058/shakti-samanta-was-brave-never-wanted-to-compromise-filmmaker-prabhat-roy|title=Shakti Samanta was brave, never wanted to compromise: Filmmaker Prabhat Roy|website=cinestaan.com|date=10 April 2018|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607153319/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/apr/10/12058/shakti-samanta-was-brave-never-wanted-to-compromise-filmmaker-prabhat-roy|url-status=live}}</ref> The same story was earlier filmed as 'Doctor' in 1940 starred by [[Pankaj Mullick]], [[Ahindra Choudhury]] and Bharati Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctor (1940) |url=https://indiancine.ma/DAX |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Dr Amaresh lives with his wealthy father, a Thakur, in a small Indian town. Although the Thakur would prefer Amaresh to marry a woman from a similarly wealthy family, Amaresh has fallen in love with a poor woman named Asha and wishes to marry her. The Thakur is displeased and orders Amaresh to leave the house and never return. A few months later, the Thakur's employee Girdhari informs him that he has found an abandoned child by the riverbank and would like to adopt him. Initially, the Thakur does not want anything to do with the child, but when he sees him for the first time, he lets Girdhari have his way. Years later, the young Samaresh has grown up under the care of Girdhari and the Thakur, and travels abroad to study medicine. Upon his return, he decides to work for a chemical company. His travels take him to meet a beautiful woman named Sumita, her father and an elderly man named Doctor. Samaresh is perturbed by this doctor, who seems to know him very well and wants him to leave his job at the chemical company and start practising medicine in the small town where they live. What Samaresh does not know is that this doctor is his biological father, Amaresh. Neither of them knows what steps the Thakur will take when he finds out that Samaresh is his grandson.

== Cast ==
* [[Uttam Kumar]] as Dr. Amaresh Rai Chaudhary
* [[Sharmila Tagore]] as Asha Rai Chaudhary
* [[Rakesh Roshan]] as Dr. Samaresh Rai Chaudhary
* [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] as Sumita Dutta
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Zamindaar/Pratap Narain Rai Chaudhary
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Girdhari
* [[Utpal Dutt]] as Rasharaj Dutta, Sumita's dad
* [[Anita Guha]] as Sumita's mom
* Chandrima Bhaduri
* [[Prema Narayan]] (Guest appearance)
* Alankar Joshi as Chandan Dutta, Sumit's younger brother (as Master Alankar)

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Amanush (1975 film)|Amanush]]'' in 1975, [[Shakti Samanta]] used almost the same cast for Ananda Ashram. [[Ashok Kumar]] was a notable addition to the cast, and this film marked the only collaboration between Uttam Kumar and Ashok Kumar.

This film also shot in [[Sandeshkhali]] [[Sundarbans|Sundarban]] like Amanush and the [[Nataraj Studio]] [[Bombay]]. There was a scene in ''Anand Ashram'' where Uttam Kumar would come down from a high hill, speak a dialogue with the heroine. So then Uttam Kumar already had two heart attacks. Uttam Kumar rose to a high place at that age with great difficulty. Then the director Shakti Samant understood the mistake and apologized. He says to changing the set. But Uttam Kumar said nothing. The with that body, he ran down the two-storey hill again and did it ok in one shot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ডেস্ক |first=গ্লিটজ |title=উত্তমপর্বের উত্তম |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1797555.bdnews |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=bdnews24 |language=bn |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118102523/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1797555.bdnews |url-status=live }}</ref> Director [[Prabhat Roy]] (also the assistant director in the film) remembered the dedication of Uttam Kumar which is bring him to the top and different to the other artists.

During the film production [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohunbagan]] Footballers in Mumbai at that time to play the [[Rovers Cup|Rovers Cup Final of 1977]]. On the evening, footballers turned upon the set to watching the shooting. Uttam Kumar always being a Mohunbagan fan. Uttam Kumar said to the footballers ''You should have to win the final and return to Kolkata with the trophy.'' Mohunbagan really become champions and kept good words of Uttam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-03 |title=Uttam-kumar-wore-east-bengal-jersey-surrendering-before-suchitras-zeal-in-saptapadi |url=https://www.thewall.in/sports/uttamkumar-wore-east-bengal-jersey-surrendering-before-suchitras-zeal-in-saptapadi/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118102647/https://www.thewall.in/sports/uttamkumar-wore-east-bengal-jersey-surrendering-before-suchitras-zeal-in-saptapadi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{infobox album
| name = Ananda Ashram
| type = film score
| artist = [[Shyamal Mitra]]
| studio = Shakti Films
| label = Sa Re Ga Ma
| length = 23:01 (hindi)
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]], [[Ghazal|Bengali Ghazals]]
| released = 1977
| recorded = 1977
| producer = [[Shakti Samanta]]
| prev_title = [[Jaal Sanyashi]]
| prev_year = 1977
| next_title = [[Bandi (film)|Bandi]]
| next_year = 1978
}}

The film had music by [[Shyamal Mitra]], with lyrics by [[Indeevar]]
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer (s)!! Duration
|-
| "Sara Pyar Tumhara"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|3:58
|-
| "Tere Liye Maine Sabko Chhoda"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|4:01
|-
| "Raahi Naye Naye Rasta Naya Naya"
|[[Kishore Kumar]]
|3:40
|-
| "Tum Itni Sundar Ho"
| [[Yesudas]], [[Preeti Sagar]]
|3:55
|-
| "Safal Wohi Jeevan Hai"
| [[Shyamal Mitra]]
| 3:38
|-
| "Jab Chaho Chali Aaoongi"
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|3:49
|}

===Bengali Songs===

*Prithibi Bodle Geche - [[Kishore Kumar]]
*Asha Chilo Valobasha Chilo - Kishore Kumar
*Tinti Montro Niye - [[Shyamal Mitra]]
*Valobeshe Dekei Dekhona - [[Asha Bhonsle]]
*Amar Shopno Tumi Ogo - Asha Bhonsle, Kishore Kumar
*Kotha Kichu Kichu Bujhe Nite Hoy - [[Aarti Mukherji]], [[Shyamal Mitra]]

==Reception==
In the article of 2015 [[The Hindu]] wrote ''It is Uttam Kumar’s commanding performance that leaves an impression on the viewer, especially the latter stage of his character when he carries himself with distinction. At no point does he indulge in histrionics. The director in fact does not allow anyone to drift from the balanced narration.''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-10 |title=Blast from the past: Anand Ashram (1977) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-anand-ashram-1977/article7637424.ece |access-date=2024-10-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The songs of the film become blast hits and again the reunite of Uttam and Kishore Kumar and there combination is huge popular in 1970s after the significant success of Amanush. The songs become evergreen and got the cult status.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somen Sengupta |url=https://www.somensengupta.com/Uttam-Kumar%20.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.somensengupta.com}}</ref>

The Bengali version was released on the occasions of Durga Puja in Bengal. Unfortunately the Hindi version faired averagely at the box office but Bengali version become a blockbuster as expected and Kumar puja track record. The film saw the run 26 weeks constantly in theatres and become highest grossing Bengali film in 1977. This film become one of Kumar's most successful films ever.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2019-10-08 |title=পুজোয় মুক্তি পাওয়া ছবিতে এখনও এক নম্বরে উত্তমকুমার |trans-title = Uttam Kumar is still number one in films released during Puja | first = Tapan Mallick | last = Chowdhury | url=https://www.rojdin.in/uttam/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website= rojdin.in |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0268141}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|anand-ashram}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shakti Samanta]]
[[Category:1977 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1977 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shyamal Mitra]]

Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District

2026-03-04T16:21:50Z

RowenaClune540: adding some place w/ refs

{{Short description|1884 book by Frederic Growse}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District
| image = Bulandshahr; or, Sketches of an Indian district title page.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption = Title page
| author = [[Frederic Growse]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[British India]]
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre =
| set_in =
| publisher = Medical Hall Press
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 1884
| english_pub_date =
| published = [[Benares]]
| media_type =
| pages = 90
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = Indian Architecture of Today as Exemplified in New Buildings in the Bulandshahr District: Part I
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
'''''Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District: Social, Historical and Architectural''''' is an 1884 book written by [[Frederic Growse]], a [[district magistrate|district magistrate and collector]] for the [[Indian Civil Service]], about the [[Bulandshahr district|district of Bulandshahr]] in the [[North-Western Provinces]] during the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British rule in India]]. It was published by Medical Hall Press, [[Benares]], and includes a description of [[Bulandshahr]], an account of its history from antiquity to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]], and of how the town was rebuilt under the supervision of Growse himself in the late 19th century.

The account of the town built by local artisans brought Growse into dispute with the [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] (PWD), who attempted to prevent the construction of his buildings. The [[British Raj|British government in India]]'s interpretation of the book was that it praised [[Architecture of India|Indian architecture]] excessively and endorsed Indian autonomy. Growse was subsequently transferred from Bulandshahr and further publications banned. Later appraisals of his work note it as unique in architectural literature.

==Publication==
''Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District: Social, Historical and Architectural'' is a book about the [[Bulandshahr district|district of Bulandshahr]] in India, and authored by British [[District magistrate|district magistrate and collector]] for the [[Indian Civil Service]], [[Frederic Growse]].<ref name=Sat1885>{{cite journal |title=Bulandshahr |journal=The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art |date=4 April 1885 |volume=59 |issue=1536 |pages=457–458 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kShKcAw3QkYC&pg=PA458 |publisher=Saturday Review |language=en}}</ref> It was published by [[Medical Hall Press]] of Benares in 1884<ref name=BritMus>{{cite web |title=Collections Online {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIB10135 |website=www.britishmuseum.org |access-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224195601/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIB10135|archive-date=24 February 2023}}</ref> at a price of five rupees.<ref name=Lah885>{{cite news |title=New publications|work= Civil & Military Gazette|location=Lahore|date=31 December 1885|page=24|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18851231/200/0016|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Parts of it had been previously published in the ''[[Calcutta Review]]'' and in the ''[[Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal]]''.<ref name=Mallick2018>{{cite thesis |last1=Mallick |first1=Bhaswar |title=Agency of Labor Resistance in Nineteenth Century India: Significance of Bulandshahr and F.S. Growse's Account |date=2018 |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=ucin1543581416769978 |publisher=University of Cincinnati |language=en}}</ref> The publication was followed by Growse's work titled ''Indian architecture of today as exemplified in new buildings in the Bulandshahr District'' (1885), in which he included press reviews of his 1884 book.<ref name=Growse1885>{{cite book |last1=Growse |first1=Frederic Salmon |title=Indian Architecture of To-day as Exemplified in New Buildings in the Bulandshahr District. Part I|date=1885 |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press |url=https://gbr01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DinEIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA200%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&data=05%7C01%7Canjna.harrar%40nhs.net%7Cc2057340c419498f2b4f08db2065fc07%7C37c354b285b047f5b22207b48d774ee3%7C0%7C0%7C638139394604140068%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=pnymYEV3yaeXLH%2FsVzV5vS1rB%2F4lLhXnKht2xu%2FrIgw%3D&reserved=0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Content==
The book has 90 pages beginning with a preface by Growse dated 12 July 1884.<ref name=Sketches1884>{{cite book |last1=Growse |first1=F. S. |title=Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District: Social, Historical and Architectural |date=1884 |publisher=Medical Hall Press |location=Benares |url=https://archive.org/details/bulandshahrorsk00growgoog/page/n8/mode/2up |language=English}}</ref> The [[epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] on the title page recites [[John Robert Seeley|Seeley]] in capital letters: "Our western civilization is perhaps not absolutely the glorious thing we like to imagine it."<ref name=Gupta2021>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Rupa |last2=Gupta |first2=Gautam |title=Forgotten Civilizations: The Rediscovery of India's Lost History |date=2021 |publisher=Hachette India |page=129 |isbn=978-93-91028-02-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=of5UEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT129 |language=en |chapter=9. Frederic Salmon Growse: translating the living faith of India}}</ref><ref name=Burger2010>{{cite book |last1=Stark |first1=Ulrike |editor1-last=Burger |editor1-first=Maya |editor2-last=Pozza |editor2-first=Nicola |title=India in translation through Hindi literature: a plurality of voices |date=2010 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-0351-0160-7 |pages=165 |chapter-url=http://103.215.240.77/jspui/bitstream/1/1603/1/%28Welten%20S%C3%BCd-%20und%20Zentralasiens%20_%20Worlds%20of%20South%20and%20Inner%20Asia%20_%20Mondes%20de%20l%27Asie%20du%20Sud%20et%20de%20l%27Asie%20centrale%29%20Nicola%20Pozza%20%28editor%29_%20Maya%20Burger%20%28editor%29%20-%20India%20in%20Translation%20through%20Hindi%20Litera.pdf#page=157 |chapter=Translation, Book History, and the Afterlife of a Text: Growse's The Rámáyana of Tulsi Dás}}</ref>{{efn|From ''[[The Expansion of England]]'' by Seeley (1883).<ref name=Mallick2018/>}} On the following page, also in all capital letters is a quote from [[Benjamin Disraeli|Lord Beaconsfield]]: "The local sentiment in man is the strongest passion in his nature, it is the parent of most of our virtues."<ref name=Mallick2018/>{{efn|Speech at Salthill, 1864<ref>{{Cite book |last=Disraeli |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28GMP1ddmEQC&pg=PA191 |title=Wit and Wisdom of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield |date=1881 |publisher=D. Appleton |location=New York |pages=191–192 |language=en}}</ref>}}

Following a contents page and a page listing the eight illustrations in the book, there are three main parts; a description of [[Bulandshahr district]] titled "Bulandshahr, the district its characteristics and its capabilities", an account of its history from antiquity to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]] titled "History of the town of Bulandshahr District from its foundation to the mutiny of 1857 A. D.", and of how the town of Bulandshahr was rebuilt under the supervision of Growse himself titled "The rebuilding of Bulandshahr".<ref name=Sketches1884/><ref name=IA1885>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKcdKUfq-84C&pg=PA208 |title=Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research in Archaeology, History, Literature, Languages, Folklore Etc |date=1885 |publisher=Education Society's Press |language=en|page=208}}</ref>

The appendices display the names of those that provided finances for the building of the [[Bathing Ghat, Bulandshahr|Bathing Ghat]], and the Lyall tank named for [[Alfred Comyn Lyall]].<ref name=Sketches1884/> This is followed by press notices on Growse's publications of the English translation of the ''[[Ramcharitmanas|Ramayana]]'' of [[Tulsidas]], and his ''[[Mathurá: A district memoir]]'' (1880).<ref name=Sketches1884/>

===Illustrations===
[[File:Bathing ghat Bulandshahr 1880.png|thumb|right|Image in book: Bathing ghat at [[Kali River (Uttar Pradesh)|Kali Nadi]] (1880)]]
Images in the book include a photograph of the Bathing Ghat.<ref name=Sketches1884/> Other building descriptions include the [[Garden Gate, Bulandshahr|Garden Gate]] and [[Town Hall, Bulandshahr|Town Hall]].<ref name=Sketches1884/> Growse states that an executive engineer informed the [[British Raj|British government in India]] in 1878 that the [[Bathing Ghat, Bulandshahr|bathing ghat]] would be an "eye-sore" that obscured the view of the bridge, resulting in a two-year delay of construction.<ref name=CR1884>{{cite book |last=Growse|first=F. S.|title=Calcutta Review |date=1884 |publisher=University of Calcutta |pages=128–157 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7qgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 |language=en |chapter=VIII. The rebuilding of Bulandshahr}}</ref><ref name=AA1983>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIFMAAAAYAAJ&q=Bathing+Gha |title=Annals of the Architectural Association School of Architecture |date=1983 |publisher=Architectural Association |language=en|page=20}}</ref>

==Reception==

The account of the town built by local artisans brought Growse into dispute with the governmental [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] (PWD), who condemned the construction of his buildings and attempted to prevent them.<ref name="Metcalfe1989">{{cite book |last1=Metcalfe |first1=Thomas R. |title=An Imperial Vision: Indian architecture and Britain's Raj|date=1989 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-06235-3 |pages=162–169 |url=https://archive.org/details/AnImperialVision/page/n87/mode/2up?q=growse}}</ref><ref name=Rajagopalan2012>{{Cite book |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Mrinalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABPPHmBhr18C&pg=PA34 |title=Colonial Frames, Nationalist Histories: Imperial Legacies, Architecture and Modernity |last2=Desai |first2=Madhuri Shrikant |date=2012 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-7880-9 |language=en|page=34}}</ref>{{efn|Concerns of whether design should be based on traditional Indian or British styles were part of a wider debate on architecture at the time.<ref name="Metcalfe1984">{{cite journal |last1=Metcalf |first1=Thomas R. |title=Architecture and the Representation of Empire: India, 1860–1910 |journal=Representations |date=1984 |issue=6 |page=59 |doi=10.2307/2928537 |jstor=2928537 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2928537 |issn=0734-6018|url-access=subscription}}</ref>}} The British government in India's interpretation of the book was that it praised native architecture and endorsed Indian autonomy.<ref name=Mallick2018/> The book annoyed the government so much that they only allowed one edition, banned further prints and punished Growse by transferring him to the remote town of [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatepur]], out of Bulandshahr District.<ref name=Mallick2018/><ref name=stamp>Stamp, Gavin. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41373304 "British Architecture in India 1857–1947"], ''[[Journal of the Royal Society of Arts]]'', Vol. 129, No. 5298 (May 1981), pp. 357–379. {{subscription required}}</ref>{{efn|This was not a surprise; his earlier demotion to Bulandshahr from Mathura resulted from a similar dispute with the PWD over his building of the [[Sacred Heart Catholic Church, Mathura|Sacred Heart Catholic Church]].<ref name=Mallick2018/><ref name=Mayer2010>{{cite book |last1=Mayer |first1=Roberta A. |last2=Forest |first2=Lockwood De |title=Lockwood de Forest: Furnishing the Gilded Age with a Passion for India |date=2010 |publisher=Associated University Presse |location=Newark |isbn=978-0-87413-973-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hx5tDzcwnqcC&pg=PA83 |language=en|page=83}}</ref>}}

The book was seen by the press to demonstrate Growse's feelings towards the local people.<ref name=LQR1886>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7l07AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA191 |title=London Quarterly Review |date=1886 |publisher=E.C. Barton |pages=191–193 |language=en}}</ref> He was generally seen as sympathetic towards Indians, rich or poor.<ref name=HMICE1884>{{cite news |title=Social intercourse between Europeans and natives|work= Homeward Mail from India, China and the East|date=11 March 1884|page=24|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001712/18840311/006/0003|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{efn|[[Thomas R. Metcalf]] in ''An Imperial Vision: Indian architecture and Britain's Raj'' noted that the local Indian elite initially showed support for Growse and made donations to build structures such as the Bathing Ghat and the Lyall Tank, but after realizing that Growse was not in favour by his superiors, they were not so keen to contribute further.<ref name="Metcalfe1989"/>}} A review in ''[[The Indian Antiquary]]'' (1885) felt the book's part in the rebuilding of the town of particular interest and praised Growse's work, but felt he went too far in assuming that left to their own devices, "natives" would merely copy European buildings.<ref name=IA1885/> ''[[Saturday Review (London newspaper)|The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science, and Art]]'' described the first two chapters on the description and history of Bulandshahr as "fairly instructive and accurate", but lacked information on "statistics of crime, or cattle-stealers, or notices of fauna and flora".<ref name=Sat1885/> The ''Indian Statesman'' called the work "painstaking research into the history and present condition of an Indian district and honest endeavour to utilise as far as possible its indigenous resources for the benefit of the inhabitants".<ref name=IS1885>{{cite news |title=Bulandshahr|work= The Indian Statesman|location=Lahore|date=27 January 1885|page=44|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003229/18850127/036/0008|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Growse's obituary in the journal of the ''[[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]'' described the work as "chiefly interesting as showing how he was able to transfer his sympathies from a Hindu to a [[Musulman]] population, when the requirements of a bureaucratic regime compelled his removal".<ref name=JRAS1893>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PKrsuYUrWg0C&pg=PA651 |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1893 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |pages=651–652 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=PASB1894>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrfAJZ3swvIC&pg=PA119 |title=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: 1893 |date=1894 |publisher=Asiatic Society |location=Calcutta |pages=119–120 |language=en}}</ref>

The impact of the book was largely seen only after Growse's return to England.<ref name=AA1983/> Professor of architecture [[Miki Desai]] described the book as a "unique example" of architectural literature, with Growse allowing and fostering "the local craftsmanship with little intervention and created Indian imagery of British 'patronage{{'"}}.<ref name=Desai2010>{{cite journal |last1=Desai |first1=Miki |title=Vernacular architecture: an introductory course to learn architecture in India |journal=International Journal of Architectural Research |date=2010 |volume=4 |issue=2–3 |pages=336–345 |url=https://architexturez.net/system/files/141-369-1-PB.pdf}}</ref> [[Ulrike Stark]], professor and scholar of Hindi literature, has pointed out the book's epigraph, which she says captures "his [Growse's] admiration of Indian civilization".<ref name=Burger2010/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite book |last1=Growse |first1=F. S. |title=Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District: Social, Historical and Architectural |date=1884 |publisher=Medical Hall Press |location=Benares |url=https://archive.org/details/bulandshahrorsk00growgoog/page/n8/mode/2up |language=English}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1884 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:19th-century history books]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:Books about British India]]
[[Category:Books about cities in India]]
[[Category:Architecture books]]
[[Category:Bulandshahr district]]

Indrajeet

2026-03-03T23:34:13Z

RowenaClune540: update lead per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Indrajeet
| image = Indrajeet 1991 film poster.JPG

| caption = Film poster
| director = [[K. V. Raju]]
| producer = [[Ramesh Behl]]
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] (dialogues)
| story = [[K. V. Raju]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Jaya Prada]] [[Kumar Gaurav]] [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = Peter Pereira
| editing = Sunder Shetty
| studio = Rose Audio Visuals
| released = {{Film date|1991|08|02|df=yes}}
| runtime = 182 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Indrajeet''''' is a 1991 Bollywood [[action film]] directed by [[K. V. Raju]]. The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], and [[Jaya Prada]] in lead roles, with [[Kumar Gaurav]], [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]], [[Saeed Jaffrey]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]], and [[Kader Khan]] in supporting roles. The film was a remake of the director's own [[Kannada]] film ''Bandha Muktha'' (1987), starring [[Tiger Prabhakar]].

==Plot summary==

Honest Police officer Inderjeet's life takes a turn for the worse when he has to arrest his lady love Shanti's ([[Jaya Prada]]) father, Mr. Din Dayal for murder, but gets transferred. Years later, retired Inderjeet arranges his adopted daughter Neelu's ([[Neelam Kothari]]) marriage with Vijay ([[Kumar Gaurav]]), but the married couple gets killed by Shanti's brother and his friends. When the police take no action, Inderjeet decides to take the law into his hands to avenge his adopted daughter's death.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Inspector Indrajeet
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Shanti
*[[Kumar Gaurav]] as Vijay
*[[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] as Neelu
*[[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Seth Dindayal
*[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Police Commissioner Shyam Sundar
*[[Kader Khan]] as Minister Sadachari
*[[Ajit Pal Mangat]] as Ajit Kumar
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Inspector Vishnu
*[[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Inspector Sudhir
*[[Ashutosh Gowarikar]] as Ashu
*[[Ajinkya Deo]]
*[[Mahesh Anand]] as Mahesh
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Batra
*[[Kamal Kapoor]] as College Principal
*[[Gulshan Bawra]] as Khurana
*[[Suresh Chatwal]] as Chandu
*[[Nirupa Roy]] as Mother of Indrajeet seen only in photo frame (Uncredited)
*[[Shagufta Ali]] as Item Dancer in Hotel Bar (Special Appearance) in the song Reshmi Zulfen
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
All music was composed by [[Rahul Dev Burman]] and written by [[Gulshan Bawra]]. ''Main Na Jhoot Bolun'' notably uses an adaption of the melody for the 1987 Pakistani song ''[[Dilan Teer Bija]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharathi |first=S. Pradhan |date=October 25, 2015 |title=Borrowed from Pakistan |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/borrowed-from-pakistan/cid/1313721 |access-date=December 21, 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/871358/gabbar-is-back-item-number-rips-off-pakistani-song/|title='Gabbar is Back' item number rips off Pakistani song|work=The Express Tribune (newspaper)|date=17 April 2015|accessdate=13 October 2020}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Ab To Humko"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Amit Kumar]]
|-
| "Main Khule Aam"
| Asha Bhosle, Amit Kumar
|-
| "Main Na Jhuth Boloon"
| Asha Bhosle, Amit Kumar
|-
| "Duniyawale Yeh"
| Mir Sahib
|-
| "Jab Tak Jaan Mein"
| [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
|-
| "Reshmi Zulfen, Nasheeli Aankhen"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Jolly Mukherjee]], [[Ranu Mukherjee]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0102119|Indrajeet}}
* [https://cultofkumar.tumblr.com Cult of Kumar]

[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Rose Audio Visuals]]
[[Category:1991 action films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)

2026-03-02T09:35:35Z

RowenaClune540:

{{Short description|Third edition of the Women's Premier League}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
|name=2025 Women's Premier League
|image=2025 Women's Premier League (cricket).jpg
|fromdate= 14 February
|todate= 15 March 2025
|administrator=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
|cricket format=[[Twenty20 cricket]]
|tournament format=[[Round-robin tournament|Double Round robin]] and [[Page playoff system|playoffs]]
|champions=[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|count=2
|runner up=[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|participants=5
|matches=22
|attendance=
| player of the series={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] (Mumbai Indians)
| most runs= {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] (Mumbai Indians) (523)
| most wickets= {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Amelia Kerr]] (Mumbai Indians) (18) {{flagicon|West Indies}} [[Hayley Matthews]] (Mumbai Indians) (18)
|website={{URL|wplt20.com}}
|previous_year=2024
|previous_tournament=2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)
|next_year=2026
|next_tournament=2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)
}}

The '''2025 Women's Premier League''' (also known as '''WPL 2025''' and branded as '''TATA''' '''WPL 2025''') was the third season of the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]], a women's franchise [[Twenty20 cricket]] league organised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI). The tournament, featuring five teams, was held from 14 February to 15 March 2025. [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] were the defending champions.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/wpl/royal-challengers-bangalore-wins-wpl-2024-womens-premier-league-beats-delhi-capitals-dc-vs-rcb-news/article67961118.ece |title= RCB wins its first title across leagues as Smriti Mandhana's side beats DC in WPL 2024| date=17 March 2024 |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>

== Format ==
Five teams are playing in 2025. The tournament involves each team playing every other team twice in a [[Season (sports)#Regular (home and away) season|home-and-away]], double [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format. After the double round-robin league, the top three teams qualify for the [[playoffs]] based on aggregate points. The team with the highest points will automatically qualify for the final match. The second and third-placed teams will compete with each other (in a match titled "Eliminator"). The winner of the Eliminator match will move on to the final match.

== Venues==
The tournament was played across four venues: [[Bengaluru]], [[Lucknow]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Vadodara]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/wpl-2025-host-venues-bcci-plans-to-host-womens-premier-league-in-mumbai-lucknow-bengaluru-vadodara/article69091864.ece |title= WPL 2025: BCCI to host tournament in Mumbai, Lucknow, Bengaluru and Vadodara| date=12 January 2025 |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Bengaluru]]
! [[Lucknow]]
! [[Mumbai]]
! [[Vadodara]]
|-
| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]]
| [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]]
| [[Brabourne Stadium]]
| [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium|Kotambi Stadium]]
|-
| Capacity: 40,000
| Capacity: 50,100
| Capacity: 50,000
| Capacity: 40,000
|-
| [[File:Chinnaswamy Stadium.jpg|250px]]
| [[File:Ekana cricket stadium .jpg |250px]]
| [[File:Cricket Club Of India Bombay.jpg|250px]]
| [[File:Kotambistadium.jpg|250x250px]]
|}

== Personnel changes ==
A total of 19 players were sold during the auction, five of whom were from overseas.

{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! National side !! Team !! Price
|-
| [[Shree Charani]] || {{crw|IND}} || Delhi Capitals || {{sort|55|{{INRConvert|55|l}}}}
|-
| [[Sarah Bryce]] || {{crw|SCO}} || Delhi Capitals || {{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|l}}}}
|-
| [[Nandini Kashyap]] || {{crw|IND}} || Delhi Capitals || {{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|l}}}}
|-
| Niki Prasad || {{crw|IND}} || Delhi Capitals || {{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|l}}}}
|-
| [[Simran Shaikh]] || {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{sort|190|{{INRConvert|1.9|c}}}}
|-
| [[Deandra Dottin]] || {{crw|WIN}} || Gujarat Giants || {{sort|170|{{INRConvert|1.7|c}}}}
|-
| [[Danielle Gibson (cricketer)|Danielle Gibson]] || {{crw|ENG}} || Gujarat Giants || {{sort|30|{{INRConvert|30|l}}}}
|-
| Prakashika Naik || {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|l}}}}
|-
| G Kamalini || {{crw|IND}} || Mumbai Indians || {{sort|160|{{INRConvert|1.6|c}}}}
|-
| [[Nadine de Klerk]] || {{crw|SA}} || Mumbai Indians || {{sort|30|{{INRConvert|30|l}}}}
|-
| Akshita Maheshwari || {{crw|IND}} || Mumbai Indians || {{sort|20|{{INRConvert|20|l}}}}
|-
| Sanskriti Gupta || {{crw|IND}} || Mumbai Indians || {{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|l}}}}
|-
| Prema Rawat || {{crw|IND}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{sort|120|{{INRConvert|1.2|c}}}}
|-
| [[Raghvi Bist]] || {{crw|IND}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|l}}}}
|-
| Jagravi Pawar || {{crw|IND}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|l}}}}
|-
| Joshitha V J || {{crw|IND}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|l}}}}
|-
| [[Alana King]] || {{crw|AUS}} || UP Warriorz || {{sort|30|{{INRConvert|30|l}}}}
|-
| Arushi Goel || {{crw|IND}} || UP Warriorz || {{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|l}}}}
|-
| [[Kranti Goud]] || {{crw|IND}} || UP Warriorz || {{sort|10|{{INRConvert|10|l}}}}
|}

== League stage ==
{{2025 Women's Premier League Points table}}

=== Match summary ===
{{Women's Premier League results summary|mode=progression/summary|format=playoff|dls=Y


| GG | RCB | A | 6W |
| MI | DC | A | 2W |
| GG | UPW | H | 6W |
| DC | RCB | A | 8W |
| GG | MI | A | 5W |
| UPW | DC | A | 7W |
| RCB | MI | A | 4W |
| DC | UPW | A | 33R |
| RCB | UPW | A | SO |
| DC | GG | H | 6W |

| MI | UPW | H | 8W |
| RCB | GG | A | 6W |
| DC | MI | H | 9W |
| RCB | DC | A | 9W |
| UPW | GG | A | 81R |
| UPW | MI | A | 6W |
| GG | DC | H | 5W |
| UPW | RCB | H | 12R |
| MI | GG | H | 9R |
| MI | RCB | A | 11R |

| P1W= MI | P1L= GG
| P2W= MI | P2L= DC
}}

== Fixtures ==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).}}

The fixtures were released on 16 January 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.wplt20.com/news/baroda-bengaluru-lucknow-and-mumbai-to-host-wpl-2025 |title= Baroda, Bengaluru, Lucknow, and Mumbai to host WPL 2025| date=16 January 2025 |work=Women's Premier League |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>

<section begin="match1" />{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match1}}'''Match 1'''
| date = 14 February 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| score1 = 201/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ashleigh Gardner]] 79[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets1 = [[Renuka Singh Thakur]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 202/4 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Richa Ghosh]] 64[[not out|*]] (27)
| wickets2 = [[Ashleigh Gardner]] 2/33 (3 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469298.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = Bhavesh Patel and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm = [[Richa Ghosh]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}<section end="match1" />
----
<section begin="match2" />{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match2}}'''Match 2'''
| date = 15 February 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 164 (19.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 80[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets1 = [[Annabel Sutherland]] 3/34 (3.1 overs)
| score2 = 165/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shafali Verma]] 43 (18)
| wickets2 = [[Amelia Kerr]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 2 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469299.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and Anish Sahasrabudhe
| motm = Niki Prasad (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}<section end="match2" />
----
<section begin="match3" />{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match3}}'''Match 3'''
| date = 16 February 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[UP Warriorz]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| score1 = 143/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 39 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Priya Mishra]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 144/4 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ashleigh Gardner]] 52 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] 2/16 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Giants won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469300.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] and Bhavesh Patel
| motm = [[Ashleigh Gardner]] (Gujarat Giants)
| toss = Gujarat Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}<section end="match3" />
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match4}}'''Match 4'''
| date = 17 February 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| score1 = 141 (19.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] 34 (22)
| wickets1 = [[Renuka Singh Thakur]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 146/2 (16.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 81 (47)
| wickets2 = [[Arundhati Reddy]] 1/25 (3.2 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469301.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] and Anish Sahasrabudhe
| motm = [[Renuka Singh Thakur]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match5}}'''Match 5'''
| date = 18 February 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 120 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harleen Deol]] 32 (31)
| wickets1 = [[Hayley Matthews]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 122/5 (16.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 57 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Kashvee Gautam]] 2/15 (3 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469302.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm = [[Hayley Matthews]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match6}}'''Match 6'''
| date = 19 February 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[UP Warriorz]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 166/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kiran Navgire]] 51 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Annabel Sutherland]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 167/3 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Meg Lanning]] 69 (49)
| wickets2 = [[Grace Harris]] 1/11 (2 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469303.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] and Bhavesh Patel
| motm = [[Annabel Sutherland]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match7}}'''Match 7'''
| date = 21 February 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 167/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ellyse Perry]] 81 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Amanjot Kaur]] 3/22 (3 overs)
| score2 = 170/6 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 50 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Georgia Wareham]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469304.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = Ankita Guha and [[Vrinda Rathi]]
| motm = [[Amanjot Kaur]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match8}}'''Match 8'''
| date = 22 February 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[UP Warriorz]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 177/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chinelle Henry]] 62 (23)
| wickets1 = [[Jess Jonassen]] 4/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 144 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] 56 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Grace Harris]] 4/15 (2.3 overs)
| result = UP Warriorz won by 33 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469305.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] and Keyur Kelkar
| motm = [[Chinelle Henry]] (UP Warriorz)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match9}}'''Match 9'''
| date = 24 February 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[UP Warriorz]]
| score1 = 180/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ellyse Perry]] 90[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets1 = [[Tahlia McGrath]] 1/30 (3 overs)
| score2 = 180 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] 33 (19)
| wickets2 = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] 3/27 (3 overs)
| result = Match tied (UP Warriorz won the [[Super Over]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469306.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = Keyur Kelkar and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] (UP Warriorz)
| toss = UP Warriorz won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Super Over: UP Warriorz 8/1, Royal Challengers Bengaluru 4/0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match10}}'''Match 10'''
| date = 25 February 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 127/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bharti Fulmali]] 40[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets1 = [[Marizanne Kapp]] 2/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 131/4 (15.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jess Jonassen]] 61[[not out|*]] (32)
| wickets2 = [[Kashvee Gautam]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469307.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] and Ankita Guha
| motm = [[Jess Jonassen]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match11}}'''Match 11'''
| date = 26 February 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[UP Warriorz]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 142/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Grace Harris]] 45 (26)
| wickets1 = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 3/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 143/2 (17 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 75[[not out|*]] (44)
| wickets2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 1/25 (3 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469308.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] and Keyur Kelkar
| motm = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match12}}'''Match 12'''
| date = 27 February 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| score1 = 125/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kanika Ahuja]] 33 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Tanuja Kanwar]] 2/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 126/4 (16.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ashleigh Gardner]] 58 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Renuka Singh Thakur]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Giants won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469309.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = Ankita Guha and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm = [[Ashleigh Gardner]] (Gujarat Giants)
| toss = Gujarat Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match13}}'''Match 13'''
| date = 28 February 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 123/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 22 (16)
| wickets1 = [[Minnu Mani]] 3/17 (3 overs)
| score2 = 124/1 (14.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Meg Lanning]] 60[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets2 = [[Amanjot Kaur]] 1/12 (2 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469310.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] and [[Vrinda Rathi]]
| motm = [[Jess Jonassen]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match14}}'''Match 14'''
| date = 1 March 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 147/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ellyse Perry]] 60[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets1 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 151/1 (15.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shafali Verma]] 80[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets2 = [[Renuka Singh Thakur]] 1/28 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469311.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = Keyur Kelkar and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm = [[Shafali Verma]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Delhi Capitals qualified for the playoffs as a result of this match.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match15}}'''Match 15'''
| date = 3 March 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| team2 = [[UP Warriorz]]
| score1 = 186/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Beth Mooney]] 96[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets1 = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 105 (17.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chinelle Henry]] 28 (14)
| wickets2 = [[Kashvee Gautam]] 3/11 (3 overs)
| result = Gujarat Giants won by 81 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469312.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm = [[Beth Mooney]] (Gujarat Giants)
| toss = UP Warriorz won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match16}}'''Match 16'''
| date = 6 March 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[UP Warriorz]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 150/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Georgia Voll]] 55 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Amelia Kerr]] 5/38 (4 overs)
| score2 = 153/4 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hayley Matthews]] 68 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Grace Harris]] 2/11 (2 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469313.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] and [[Narayanan Janani]]
| motm = [[Hayley Matthews]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match17}}'''Match 17'''
| date = 7 March 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| score1 = 177/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Meg Lanning]] 92 (57)
| wickets1 = [[Meghna Singh]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| score2 = 178/5 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harleen Deol]] 70[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets2 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Giants won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469314.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] and Anish Sahasrabudhe
| motm = [[Harleen Deol]] (Gujarat Giants)
| toss = Gujarat Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = UP Warriorz were eliminated as a result of this match.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match18}}'''Match 18'''
| date = 8 March 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[UP Warriorz]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| score1 = 225/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Georgia Voll]] 99[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets1 = [[Georgia Wareham]] 2/43 (4 overs)
| score2 = 213 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Richa Ghosh]] 69 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| result = UP Warriorz won by 12 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469315.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Bhavesh Patel and Anish Sahasrabudhe
| motm = [[Georgia Voll]] (UP Warriorz)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Mumbai Indians and Gujarat Giants qualified for the playoffs as a result of this match while Royal Challengers Bangalore were eliminated.
}}
----
<section begin="match19" />{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match19}}'''Match 19'''
| date = 10 March 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| score1 = 179/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 54 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Priya Mishra]] 1/23 (3 overs)
| score2 = 170 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bharti Fulmali]] 61 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Amelia Kerr]] 3/34 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 9 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469316.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Keyur Kelkar and [[Vrinda Rathi]]
| motm = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Gujarat Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}<section end="match19" />
----
<section begin="match20" />{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{Anchor|match20}}'''Match 20'''
| date = 11 March 2025
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 199/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 53 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Hayley Matthews]] 2/37 (4 overs)
| score2 = 188/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 69 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 11 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469317.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Ankita Guha and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Delhi Capitals qualified for the final as a result of this match.
}}<section end="match20" />

== Playoffs ==

=== Bracket ===
{{2025 Women's Premier League Playoffs}}

=== Eliminator ===
<section begin="match21" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match21}}'''Eliminator'''
| date= 13 March 2025
| time= 19:30
| night= N
| team1= [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| team2= [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| score1= 213/4 (20 overs)
| runs1= [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 77 (41)
| wickets1= [[Danielle Gibson (cricketer)|Danielle Gibson]] 2/40 (4 overs)
| score2= 166 (19.2 overs)
| runs2= [[Danielle Gibson (cricketer)|Danielle Gibson]] 34 (24)
| wickets2= [[Hayley Matthews]] 3/31 (3.2 overs)
| result= Mumbai Indians won by 47 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469318.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires= [[Kaushik Gandhi]] and Ankita Guha
| motm= [[Hayley Matthews]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss= Gujarat Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain=
| notes=
}}
----

=== Final ===
{{Main|2025 Women's Premier League (cricket) final}}

<section begin="match22" />{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{anchor|match22}}'''Final'''
| date= 15 March 2025
| time= 20:00
| night= Y
| team1= [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| team2= [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| score1= 149/7 (20 overs)
| runs1= [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 66 (44)
| wickets1= [[Marizanne Kapp]] 2/11 (4 overs)
| score2= 141/9 (20 overs)
| runs2= [[Marizanne Kapp]] 40 (26)
| wickets2= [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 3/30 (4 overs)
| result= Mumbai Indians won by 8 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469319.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires= Ankita Guha and Anish Sahasrabudhe
| motm= [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss= Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain=
| notes=
}}<section end="match22" />

== Broadcasting ==
{{Further|Women's Premier League (cricket)#Broadcasting}}

== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most runs
|-
! Runs !! Player !! Team
|- bgcolor=orange
!523
| [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]]
| [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|-
!372
| [[Ellyse Perry]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
!307
| [[Hayley Matthews]]
| [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|-
!304
| [[Shafali Verma]]
| [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|-
!302
| [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
| [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|}
*Source: [[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League, 2024/25 batting most runs career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/women-s-premier-league-2024-25-16889 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Most wickets
|-
! Wickets !! Player !! Team
|- bgcolor=#D6ADFF
!18
| [[Amelia Kerr]]
| [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|-
!18
| [[Hayley Matthews]]
| [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|-
!13
| [[Jess Jonassen]]
| [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|-
!12
| [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]]
| [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|-
!12
| [[Georgia Wareham]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|}
*Source: [[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League, 2024/25 bowling most wickets career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/women-s-premier-league-2024-25-16889 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.wplt20.com/}}
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wpl-2024-25-1463356 Series home] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]


{{Women's Premier League (cricket)}}
{{Portal bar|India|Cricket}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Women's Premier League (cricket), 2025}}
[[Category:2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)]]
[[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) seasons]]

Jahangir Receives Prince Khurram

2026-02-13T11:43:40Z

RowenaClune540: Added some article basic info

{{Short description|17th-century Indian miniature painting}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image = 'Abid. Jahangir Receives Prince Khurram, Ajmer, April 1616 Folio 192v from the Windsor Padshahnama, ca. 1635-36 The Royal Library, Windsor Castle.jpg
| artist = 'Abid
| medium = gouache paint and paper
}}
'''''Jahangir Receives Prince Khurram''''' is an Indian [[Mughal miniature]] painting in the [[Royal Collection]].''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Beach |first1=Milo Cleveland |url=https://archive.org/details/kingofworldpadsh0000king/page/92/mode/2up |title=King of the World: The Padshahnama |last2=Koch |first2=Ebba |date=1997 |pages=92, 198–199 |publisher=Azimuth Editions |isbn=978-1-898592-11-2 }}</ref>'' It is a [[folio]] in a manuscript of the ''[[Padshahnama]]'', known as the [[Windsor Padshahnama]], dating to the 17th century, probably between 1635 and 1640; the scene it shows was from 1616.

== Background ==
The miniature is from the ''[[Padshahnama]],<ref name=":1" />'' a chronicle of the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. This scene, however, is from the reign of his father, the emperor [[Jahangir]]. It depicts Shah Jahan as a prince (thus known by his personal name "Khurram" rather than his title "Shah Jahan") paying obeisance to his father.<ref name=":0" />

The scene depicted is dated to 1616, when the prince was leaving for a military campaign in the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan]], against [[Malik Ambar]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Crill |first1=Rosemary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ongF6dkNKAcC |title=The Indian Portrait, 1560-1860 |last2=Jariwala |first2=Kapil |date=2010 |publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-89995-37-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Mumtaz |first=Murad Khan |url=https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-87913/page/183/mode/2up |title=Faces of God - Images of Devotion in Indo-Muslim Painting, 1500–1800 |date=2023 |publisher=BRILL |pages=184, 187 |language=English}}</ref> It depicts the court at [[Ajmer]] at the time when Jahangir appointed the prince as his [[heir apparent]] and awarded him the title of [[Shah]].<ref name=":3" /> This conferment was highly unusual, since Shah (meaning "king") is a title that was not usually awarded to a prince while the emperor still lived.''<ref name=":1" />''

==Description==
[[File:Transparent_sheikh_in_the_central_panel_of_"Jahangir_Receives_Prince_Khurram"_from_the_Windsor_Padshahnama,_ca._1635-36_The_Royal_Library,_Windsor_Castle.png|thumb|The saint is transparent, as though existing on a divine [[Plane (esotericism)|plane]] of reality in contrast with the rest of the painting's worldly status.<ref name=":3" />]]
The depicted scene is of a royal ''[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]''. The painting is hierarchically divided into three registers.<ref name=":2" /> The first register, at the top, depicts the prince [[Shah Jahan|Khurram]] paying his respects his father, the emperor [[Jahangir]].<ref name=":2" /> The prince is standing to the left of the emperor, and is greeting the emperor, with his right arm raised in a gesture of respect. The emperor has his right arm placed upon his chest, in a gesture of acknowledgement. A servant stands to the back, almost blending into the background.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Goswamy |first=B. N. |author-link=B. N. Goswamy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-rfrQEACAAJ |title=The Spirit of Indian Painting: Close Encounters with 101 Great Works, 1100-1900 |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-670-08657-3 |pages=342−345 |language=en}}</ref>

The second register, below the royal balcony, is occupied by the important noblemen of the court. These include [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|I'timad-ud-Daulah]], [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan|Asaf Khan]], [[Mahabat Khan]], and future [[Karan Singh II]].''<ref name=":1" />'' They are enclosed by a railing, which separates them from the other attendants and servants, which occupy the lowest portion of the painting.<ref name=":2" /> Several courtiers are wearing gold medallions bearing the likeness of the emperor, either upon their turbans, or hanging around their necks.<ref name=":1" />

In the central panel of the second register, right below the emperor's throne, there is a [[Grisaille]] depiction of a bearded saint holding a golden globe, as if offering it to the prince.<ref name=":3" /> The holding of the globe is an allegorical reference to kingship of the world. Two angels are flying above the saint.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Guy |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06Tq2sviwoUC |title=Wonder of the Age: Master Painters of India, 1100-1900 |last2=Britschgi |first2=Jorrit |date=2011 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-430-9 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref> Contrasting with the opaque courtiers that surround him, the saintly figure is completely transparent, and blends into the green background. This depicts the coexistence of two separate [[Plane (esotericism)|planes]] of reality, the worldly and the divine. The ghostly figure of the saint exists on the divine plane, while the opaque courtiers exist on the wordly plane.<ref name=":3" /> While the emperor is appointing the prince as his heir apparent, the kingship is actually being offered by the saint, as symbolized by the globe. The saint bears a resemblance to earlier depictions of [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti]]. Alternatively, he might be [[Khidr|Khizr]].<ref name=":3" />

Finally, the third register, at the bottom, consists of eight people standing just outside of the railing.<ref name=":2" /> Each wears a different style of turban, thus indicating their diverse origins.<ref name=":0" /> While the important noblemen had to be depicted in a standardized way so that they may be recognisable across various group portraits, the artist has depicted these lesser nobles in a more inventive style. The laughing man, at the bottom left of the painting, is an example of this.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Illuminated manuscript images]]
[[Category:1630s paintings]]
[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[Category:Paintings in the Royal Collection of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

List of mayors of Bengaluru

2026-02-04T21:10:28Z

RowenaClune540: made info - done

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Update|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox Political post
|post = Mayor
|body = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]
|incumbent =''Vacant''
|incumbentsince = 10 September 2020
| image =
|party =
|termlength = 5 years
|website = [http://bbmp.gov.in/en/about-us Official Website]
|formation= {{start date and years ago|1949|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
|inaugural = [[R. Subbanna]]
}}

The '''Mayor of [[Bengaluru]]''' is the first citizen of the Indian city of [[Bengaluru]]. The Mayor is the Chief of [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]. The role of Mayor is largely ceremonial.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} The Mayor also plays a functional role in deliberating over the discussions in the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|Corporation]]. The term of the Mayor is set for 5 years as per the ''Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike Act of 2020'', during the erstwhile act of ''Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act of 1976'' the term was fixed for 1 year.

== Mayors ==
{{Expand list|date=November 2017}}
* [[R. Subbanna]] (1949) - 1st Mayor<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/406274/from-here-amp-there.html| title=From here & there- elected Mayor| publisher=Deccan Herald | date=13 May 2014 | access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref>
* N. Keshavaiengar (1950)<ref>{{cite web|title=Second Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile: Keshavaiengar|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/789.htm|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[R. Anantharaman]] (1951)
* [[P. Hanumanthiah]] (1953)
* [[V.P. Deenadayalu Naidu]] (1955)
* [[M. Krishnappa (Born 1918)|M. Krishnappa]] (1956) <ref>http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/EXMEMBERS/KrishnappaM.htm Late Sri M. Krishnappa Ex - Member, Karnataka Legislative Council (Congress - Local Authorities)</ref>

* B. Indiramma
* Dr.M.Seshadri

* [[V. S. Krishna Iyer]] (1962–63)
* G.Narayana (1964)
* N.Narian Chetty (1968-69)(Born 29.12.1897-31.12.1969)
* Dr.M.G.Seshadri
* B S Sudhanwa <ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/B-S-Sudhanva-B-E/articleshow/50775054.cms | title=B.S.Sudhanva B.E - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=29 January 2016 }}</ref>
* J Kuppuswamy
* B Nanjappa(1961)
* S. Sunderaj
* BKM Gowda (1985)
* Padmavati Gangadhara Gowda
* K C Vijaya Kumar (1990-91)
* G.Kuppaswamy (1994-1995)
* [[Prema Cariappa]]
* P R Ramesh<ref name="mayor2050">{{cite news | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Ex-mayors-to-unveil-Vision-2050-for-Bangalore/2013/11/23/article1906621.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125030534/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Ex-mayors-to-unveil-Vision-2050-for-Bangalore/2013/11/23/article1906621.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 November 2013 | title=Ex-mayors to unveil 'Vision-2050' for Bangalore | date=23 November 2013 | agency=Express News Service | access-date=25 January 2014 | location=Bangalore}}</ref>
* J Hucchappa<ref name="mayor2050" />
* K H N Simha<ref name="mayor2050" />
* Putte Gowda <ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/former-mayors-suggest-ways-to-improving-administration/article5273113.ece|title=Former Mayors suggest ways to improving administration|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 October 2013}}</ref>
* M Ramachandrappa <ref name="thehindu.com"/>
* Pradeep Reddy<ref name="mayor2050" />
*Jeenabhai Devidos
* K.Chandrashekar - 39th Mayor<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hindu.com/2001/11/25/stories/0425402m.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305160852/http://hindu.com/2001/11/25/stories/0425402m.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 March 2014 | title=Chandrashekar elected Mayor| date=25 November 2001 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref>
* C M Nagaraj (2002-2003) <ref>{{cite web| url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Aug192008/city2008081985398.asp| title=Former mayor C M Nagaraj no more| publisher=Deccan Herald| date=19 August 2008| access-date=24 February 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228094801/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Aug192008/city2008081985398.asp| archive-date=28 February 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Narayanaswamy - 42nd Mayor
* [[Mumtaz Begum (politician)|Mumtaz Begum]] - 43rd Mayor<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/30/stories/2005113019920300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201114912/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/30/stories/2005113019920300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 December 2005 | title=Mumtaz Begum elected Mayor| date=30 Nov 2005 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref>
* S K Nataraj - 44th Mayor<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.oneindia.com/2010/04/23/sk-nataraj-bbmp-mayor-bangalore-dayanand-deputy.html | title=SK Nataraj elected as the 44th mayor of Bangalore| publisher=One India | date=23 April 2010 | access-date=25 January 2014}}</ref>
* [[Sharadamma Ramanjaneya]] - 45th Mayor.<ref name="shardamma">{{cite news|title=Will new Bangalore mayor Sharadamma rise to the challenge?|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-will-new-bangalore-mayor-sharadamma-rise-to-the-challenge-1537751|date=30 April 2011|agency=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|location=Bangalore|access-date=2014-01-25}}</ref>
* [[D. Venkatesh Murthy]] - 46th Mayor<ref name="katte">{{cite news|title=Katte Sathya is city's new Mayor |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Katte-Sathya-is-citys-new-Mayor/2013/09/05/article1768668.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221195118/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Katte-Sathya-is-citys-new-Mayor/2013/09/05/article1768668.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2014|date=5 September 2013 |agency=[[The New Indian Express]]|location=Bangalore|access-date=2014-01-25}}</ref>
* B S Satyanarayana alias Katte Satya - 47th Mayor<ref name="katte" />
* [[N. Shanthakumari]] - 48th Mayor <ref>{{cite news|last1=Chaturvedi|first1=Atul|title=City gets a woman Mayor in Shanthakumari|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/City-gets-a-woman-Mayor-in-Shanthakumari/articleshow/41811898.cms|access-date=8 September 2014|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=6 September 2014}}</ref>
* [[Manjunath Reddy]] 49th Mayor
* [[G. Padmavathi]] - 50th Mayor
* [[R. Sampath Raj]] - 51st Mayor
* [[Gangambike Mallikarjun]] - 52nd Mayor<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gangambike-elected-as-bengalurus-new-mayor/articleshow/65996515.cms|title=Gangambike elected as Bengaluru's new Mayor|date=2018-09-28|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref>
* [[M Goutham Kumar]] - 53rd Mayor

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{Cite web|title=::: BetweenUs :::|url=https://www.betweenus.in/|access-date=2022-02-09|website=www.betweenus.in}}

[[Category:Mayors of Bengaluru| ]]
[[Category:Lists of mayors of places in India|Bangalore]]

Kokapet

2026-01-30T04:42:38Z

RowenaClune540: basic expand details for accuracy and improved wording for accuracy

{{short description|Suburb near Hyderabad, Telangana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kokapet
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| perrow = 1/2/1
| image1 = ORR view from Narasinghi flyover (02).jpg {{!}} ORR at Kokapet
| image2 = High-Rise Buildings in Kokapet After Sunset.jpg {{!}} Night time view
| image3 = NCC Urban One from Koakpaet road (Perspective 01).jpg {{!}} NCC Urban
| image4 = Prestige Tranquil and SAS Crown in Kokapet.jpg {{!}} Highrise structures under construction}}
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': Building along [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Outer Ring Road]], NCC Urban One at Kokapet Junction, SAS Crown under construction and cityscape of Kokapet
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Hyderabad]]##[[Telangana]]##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|23|44|N|78|20|05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in Telangana|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rangareddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Gandipet]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 3471
| postal_code = 500075
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-TG]]
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
}}

'''Kokapet''' is a suburb in the [[Ranga Reddy District]] of [[Telangana]], [[India]]. As of 2011, it had a resident population of 3,471.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad (Greater Hyderabad) Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011-2025 Census |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/342-hyderabad.html |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> It lies within the '''Kokapet Special Economic Zone (KSEZ) (Neopolis)''' and is a major commercial and residential area in the western part of [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/buoyed-by-kokapet-will-budvel-bid-make-killing/articleshow/102438117.cms?from=mdr|title=Buoyed by Kokapet, will Budvel bid make killing?|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/rs-3625-crore-for-100-acres-budvel-windfall-for-telangana-govt/articleshow/102625915.cms|title=Rs 3,625 crore for 100 acres: Budvel windfall for Telangana govt|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref> It falls under Gandipet [[Mandal]]. It is three [[kilometre]]s north of [[Gandipet]] and is close to [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]]; it is adjacent to [[Financial District, Hyderabad]] and in the vicinity of the IT hub.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/workplace-proximity-techies-prefer-homes-in-kokapet/articleshow/83904652.cms|title=Workplace proximity: Techies prefer homes in Kokapet|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>

In 2021, Hyderabad-based company My Home Group finalised plans to build one of India's largest private IT parks at Kokapet, occupying 30–35 million square feet.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Telangana: At $2 billion, largest IT hub to come up at Kokapet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/at-2bn-largest-it-hub-to-come-up-at-kokapet/articleshow/81640662.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref> The project is estimated to cost around $2 billion<ref name=":0" /> and is being developed as a business district along the lines of Gurugram's [[Cyber City, Gurgaon|Cyber Hub]], which was developed by DLF. The commercial project on an 80‑acre plot will comprise a combination of SEZ and non‑SEZ development along with [[MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions) tourism]], a star hotel, retail, and entertainment facilities. The layout development is proposed to connect to the [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Outer Ring Road]] by building a [[trumpet interchange]] at the Kokapet layout and providing additional access to the highway at [[Narsingi, Ranga Reddy|Narsingi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/infrastructure/rs-265-crore-allotted-to-develop-hyderabads-neopolis-kokapet-township/84291515|title=Rs 265 crore allotted to develop Hyderabad's Neopolis Kokapet township|website=ETRealty |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/jan/03/2-new-interchanges-to-ease-traffic-in-hyderabad-2402423.html|title=2 new interchanges to ease traffic in Hyderabad|website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref> OKOS Gokarting is also located in Kokapet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lack-of-safety-for-drivers-puts-go-karting-in-dangerous-lane/articleshow/78596857.cms|title=Lack of safety for drivers puts go‑karting in dangerous lane|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref> A Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) is being planned in the Kokapet area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/now-ktr-seeks-centre-support-for-hyd-metro-ii/articleshow/101248791.cms?from=mdr|title=Now, KTR seeks Centre support for Hyd Metro II|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2021/nov/15/telangana-government-favours-light-rail-transit-system-in-hyderabad-2383766.html|title=Telangana government favours light rail transit system in Hyderabad|website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref> The earlier proposed Elevated Bus Rapid Transit System (EBRTS) project, also known as Metro Neo, from Kukatpally Housing Board (KPHB) to Narsingi—covering parts of the IT corridor including Kokapet—has been put on hold by the Government of Telangana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/t-puts-brakes-on-elevated-bus-rapid-transit-system/articleshow/89356454.cms|title=Telangana puts brakes on elevated bus rapid transit system|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>

Many of the [[List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad|tallest buildings in Hyderabad]] are located in Kokapet, including SAS Crown, which is the tallest building in Hyderabad and [[South India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-02-13 |title=SAS Infra’s ‘The Crown’ in Hyderabad becomes South India’s tallest tower |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sas-infras-the-crown-in-hyderabad-becomes-south-indias-tallest-tower |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref> My Home Nishada is another residential project with eight [[skyscraper]]s located in this area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2024-08-20 |title=Hyderabad Real Estate: Hopes, Dreams and Dangers |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/politics/telangana-news/hyderabad-real-estate-hopes-dreams-and-dangers-139970 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=greatandhra.com}}</ref>

In October 2017, Justices [[Arjan Kumar Sikri|A. K. Sikri]] and [[Ashok Bhushan]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]] dismissed the claim of K. S. B. Ali and others, who claimed to be legal heirs of Nawab Nusarath Jung I, regarding the Golden Mile project at Kokapet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/051017/nawab-kin-loses-case-against-hmda-over-kokapet-land.html|title=Nawab kin loses case against HMDA over Kokapet land|website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HMDA 'wins' Kokapet lands |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hmda-wins-kokapet-lands/article19798428.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref> The higher court held that the lower court had no power to confer rights over jagir lands except cash grants, upholding the state’s position that 1,635 acres at Kokapet (Asadnagar) are government land under the [[Sarf-e-Khas]] (Merger) Regulation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kokapet land is Government's, rules HC |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/jul/19/kokapet-land-is-governments-rules-hc-388440.html|website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref> The [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]] (HMDA) auctioned 70 acres of land in Kokapet village, Rajendranagar mandal, in {{Date|jul 2006}}.

A total of 168 acres were put up for auction, fetching ₹1,775 crore for the Authority, including a bid amount of ₹14.5 crore per acre for a five‑acre plot.<ref name="hindu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/21/stories/2006072120400400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214082352/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/21/stories/2006072120400400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Golden Mile plots sold at Rs. 55,000 a square yard|date=2006-07-21|access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref>

GAR & Sons builders have built an IT park where several companies have leased office space.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/capgemini-renews-office-lease-in-hyderabads-kokapet-area/articleshow/102507074.cms?from=mdr|title=Capgemini renews office lease in Hyderabad's Kokapet area|website=The Economic Times |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/capgemini-renews-lease-for-2-office-assets-in-hyderabad-for-5-years-11117571.html|title=Capgemini renews lease for 2 office assets in Hyderabad for 5 years|website=Moneycontrol |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Narsingi, Ranga Reddy district]]
* [[Gandipet]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranga Reddy district]]

Atish R. Ghosh

2026-01-28T19:28:47Z

RowenaClune540: added the data more to come - done

{{Short description|Indian economist}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox economist
| name = Atish R. Ghosh
| school_tradition =
| image =atishrghosh.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|2|21}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| institution = [[International Monetary Fund]]
| field = [[International economics]]
| alma_mater = [[Oxford University]] ([[MSc]]) [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]], [[PhD]])
| influences =
| influenced =
| contributions =
| awards =
| signature = 
| repec_prefix = e | repec_id =pgh16
}}

'''Atish Rex Ghosh''' (born February 21, 1964) is an international economist, who is currently the Historian of the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref name="ghosh press release">[http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2016/pr16161.htm Lagarde Appoints Historians to Chronicle “Defining Moments” in Fund’s History]</ref><ref name="ghosh princeton release">[https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S46/05/57G39/index.xml?section=people&path=/main/news/archive/S46/05/57G39/index.xml&prev=1 Princeton news: Faculty Honor]</ref> His recent work has focused on issues related to the stability of the [[international monetary system]], including [[exchange rate regimes]], [[Current account (balance of payments)|external balance]] dynamics, capital flows and [[capital controls]], [[Monetary policy|monetary]] and [[Currency intervention|foreign exchange intervention]] policies, [[fiscal space]] and [[Fiscal sustainability|debt sustainability]], and international policy coordination.<ref name="ghosh imf blog">[https://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/bloggers/atish-rex-ghosh/ iMFdirect Blog: Atish Rex Ghosh]</ref> His work on the management of cross-border capital flows, notably the role of [[capital control]]s, has played an important role in influencing the IMF's institutional position on the use of capital controls.<ref name="economist1">[[The Economist]] (February 18, 2010), [https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2010/02/18/fundamental-questions The IMF changes its mind on controls on capital inflows.]</ref><ref name="ft1">[[The Financial Times]] (February 22, 2010), [http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ec484786-1fcf-11df-8deb-00144feab49a.html IMF reconsiders capital controls opposition.]</ref><ref name="economist4">[[The Economist]] (April 07, 2011), [https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2011/04/07/the-reformation The Reformation: A disjointed attempt by the IMF to refine its thinking on capital controls.]</ref><ref name="wikicapcon">[[Capital control|Capital Controls.]]</ref> Ghosh has also published numerous influential studies on international policy coordination and exchange rate regimes, including three books: ''[http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1557863067.html Economic Cooperation in an Uncertain World]'' (Wiley-Blackwell Press); ''[https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/exchange-rate-regimes Exchange Rate Regimes: Choices and Consequences]'' (MIT Press); and ''[https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/currency-boards-retrospect-and-prospect Currency Boards in Retrospect and Prospect]'' (MIT Press).<ref name="ghosh imf blog"/><ref name="ghosh voxeu">[http://voxeu.org/person/atish-r-ghosh VOXEU: Atish Rex Ghosh]</ref> In addition, he is the author of ''[http://www.nineteenthstreetnw.com/ Nineteenth Street, NW]''—a fictional novel about a global financial crash.<ref name="ghosh voxeu"/><ref name="ghosh nineteenthst">[http://www.nineteenthstreetnw.com/aboutghosh.html Nineteenth Street, NW: About the author]</ref><ref name="ghosh nytimes">[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/business/economy/29imf.html NY Times (Oct 28, 2010): A Novel Whose Plot Seems Oddly Familiar]</ref>

==Early career==
Ghosh received his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. in Economics from [[Harvard University]]. He also holds an MSc. in Development Economics from [[Oxford University]]. Before joining the IMF, Ghosh was an Assistant Professor of Economics and International Affairs at [[Princeton University]].<ref name="ghosh imf blog"/><ref name="ghosh voxeu"/><ref name="ghosh nineteenthst"/>

At the IMF, Ghosh worked on the Ukrainian and Turkish economic stabilization programs in the 1990s, and has also served as Assistant Director of the Research Department where he supervised analytical work on issues related to the international monetary system.<ref name="ghosh imf blog"/>

==Research and publication==
Ghosh's research focuses on various aspects of domestic and international macroeconomic policy, including choices and consequences of exchange rate regimes, capital flows and capital controls, fiscal space, debt sustainability, external balance dynamics, and policy coordination.<ref name="ghosh imf blog"/><ref name="ghosh voxeu"/> He has written and edited several books on international economic issues such as ''[http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1557863067.html Economic Cooperation in an Uncertain World]'' (Wiley-Blackwell Press, 1994), ''[https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/exchange-rate-regimes Exchange Rate Regimes: Choices and Consequences]'' (MIT Press, 2003), and ''[https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/currency-boards-retrospect-and-prospect Currency Boards in Retrospect and Prospect]'' (MIT Press, 2008).<ref name="ghosh voxeu"/> He has also published numerous articles in distinguished academic journals, such as the ''American Economic Review'', the ''Economic Journal'', the ''Journal of Monetary Economics'', and the ''Journal of International Economics''.<ref name="ghosh ideas">[https://ideas.repec.org/e/pgh16.html IDEAS: Atish Ghosh]</ref> His work has received widespread media coverage, including in ''[[The Economist]]'',<ref name="economist1"/><ref name="economist2">''[[The Economist]]'' (October 06, 2012), [https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2012/10/06/tide-barriers Tide Barriers: Capital Controls Would Work Better If There Were Some International Norms.]</ref><ref name="economist3">''[[The Economist]]'' (April 30, 2009), [https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2009/04/30/new-fund-old-fundamentals Economic Focus: New fund, old fundamentals.]</ref> the ''[[Financial Times]]'',<ref name="ft1"/><ref name="ft2">[[Financial Times]] (April 15, 2016), [https://www.ft.com/content/11bdca1a-02e9-11e6-99cb-83242733f755 How theory frames economic policymaking]</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref name="nyt1">[[The New York Times]] (February 22, 2010), [https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/02/22/i-m-f-questions-freedom-of-capital-flows/?_r=0 I.M.F. Questions Freedom of Capital Flows.]</ref> and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref name="wsj1">''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' (September 02, 2010), [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704791004575465662547079160 IMF Warns Countries of Debt Risks, Dismisses Idea of Greek Default.]</ref><ref name="wsj2">[[The Wall Street Journal]] (June 02, 2015), [https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2015/06/02/stop-obsessing-over-debt-and-watch-growth-flourish-imf-economists-argue/ IMF Economists: Stop Obsessing Over Debt]</ref><ref name="wsj3">''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' (June 02, 2015), [https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/06/02/imf-economists-surprising-advice-on-federal-debt-dont-worry-about-it/ IMF Economists’ Surprising Advice on Federal Debt: Don’t Worry About It.]</ref>

Ghosh was appointed as the IMF Historian by the IMF Managing Director, [[Christine Lagarde]], on April 7, 2016.<ref name="ghosh press release"/><ref name="ghosh princeton release"/> In this capacity, he will write the IMF's official history over 2000-15—a period characterized by the rise in [[global imbalances]] and surge in international capital flows, the [[2008 financial crisis]], the [[Euro area crisis]], and the growing role of emerging and developing countries in the world economy.<ref name="ghosh press release"/>

==Novel==
Ghosh is the author of ''Nineteenth Street, N.W.''—a fictional novel about a global financial crash.<ref name="ghosh nineteenthst"/><ref name="ghosh nytimes"/> The thriller, now in its second edition, explores the threat of financial terrorism and revolves around a plan to sabotage the global currency markets.<ref name="nineteenthst index">[http://www.nineteenthstreetnw.com/about19.html Nineteenth Street, N.W.]</ref><ref name="imfo">[http://www.imfo.org/index.html Nineteenth Street, N.W.: Could financial crises be exploited by terrorists]</ref><ref name="video1">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6qpPgbgrmQ The Mark News: Rex Ghosh on Nineteenth Street Northwest]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.nineteenthstreetnw.com/aboutghosh.html
* {{cite web|title=Most widely held works by Atish R Ghosh|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-nr90012874/|publisher=[[WorldCat]]}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Atish R.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni]]

Asmita (TV series)

2026-01-27T18:04:42Z

RowenaClune540: added new stub initial version - done

{{Short description|2014 Indian Marathi-language crime series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Asmita tv serial.png
| image_size =
| company =
| last_aired = {{End date|2017|01|13|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|02|05|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 468
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons = 2
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer = Ruhi Films
| country = India
| director = Sangeet Kulkarni
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[Crime]] [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 45 minutes
}}

'''''Asmita''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] crime show which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Will Asmita be able to find Amrita's true identity?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/will-asmita-find-amritas-identity/articleshow/53603810.cms|access-date=2022-10-24|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It starred [[Mayuri Wagh]], Yogesh Sohoni, Ashwini Mahangade, Raju Athawale, [[Yatin Karyekar]], [[Pooja Pawar]], [[Piyush Ranade]], [[Sulabha Deshpande]] and [[Ajay Purkar]].

== Plot ==
It is a story of Asmita, a private detective lady, where she solve crime cases with her partners.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Mayuri Wagh]] as Asmita Prabhakar Agnihotri / Asmita Abhiman Saranjame
** Jui Bhagwat as Child Asmita Agnihotri
* [[Piyush Ranade]] as Abhiman Dadasaheb Saranjame

=== Asmita's Assistants ===
* Yogesh Sohoni as Siddheshwar Patwardhan (Sid)
* Ashwini Mahangade as Manali Patil (Manakka)
* Vikas Patil as Bandoji Naik (Bandu)
* Raju Athawale as Dajiba Ghorpade (Daji)

=== Asmita's Family ===
* [[Yatin Karyekar]] as Prabhakar Agnihotri - Asmita, Subodh and Purva's father, Asha's husband
* [[Pooja Pawar]] / Shama Ninave as Asha Prabhakar Agnihotri
* Dhanashree Satam as Purva Agnihotri
* Unknown as Subodh Agnihotri
* Unknown as Vishaka Subodh Agnihotri - Subodh's wife

=== Abhimaan's Family ===
* [[Sulabha Deshpande]] as Abhiman's grandmother
* [[Ajay Purkar]] as Amrut (Dadasaheb) Saranjame - Abhiman and Vaidehi's father
* Leekha Mukund / Shaila Kanekar as Anuradha Saranjame - Abhiman and Vaidehi's mother
* [[Amruta Deshmukh]] as Vaidehi Saranjame - Abhiman's sister
* Unknown as Keshav Kaka
* Vinod Shinde as Pandhari - Saranjame's Servant
* Kavita Amarjeet as Radha - Saranjame's Maid

=== Others ===
* Jaywant Pandurang Wadkar as Wadkar - Prabhakar's Assistant
* Gayatri Soham / Sayali Joshi as Inspector Shikha, Asmita's friend
* Sameer Vijayan as ACP Jayesh Sawant
* Sneha Chavan / Ketaki Palav as Rashmi - Abhiman's ex-fiancé
* Siddhi Karkhanis as Vrunda Mahadik - Angad's daughter
* Pankaj Vishnu as Bhuvan
* [[Abhidnya Bhave]] as Tanaya Patil - Bhuvan's ex-fiancé
* Sanjay Borkar as Nishad Andhare
* Unknown as Surendra Vategaonkar (V. Surendra)
* Hrudaynath Rane as Angad Mahadik (Raju Dada)
* Mayur Khandage as Indrajeet Mukadam (Jeet Sir)
* Raseek Raj as Inspector Mohite
* Mandar Devasthali as Naagesh Rao
* Jyotsna Wilson Dass as Mhatre Bai - Asmita's favorite school teacher

=== Guest Appearances ===
* [[Nikhil Raut]] (Ep 1)
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Swati Karkhanis (Ep 4)
* [[Sanskruti Balgude]] as Mukta Sabnis / Janhavi Purandare (Ep 8)
* Vikas Patil as Akshay Sabnis (Ep 8)
* [[Anshuman Vichare]] as Shekhar Shinde (Ep 43)
* [[Pushkar Shrotri]] as Sahil Poddar (Ep 46)
* [[Suruchi Adarkar]] as Rashmi (Ep 34)
* Poorvi Bhave as Anjali (Ep 34)
* [[Jayant Savarkar]] as Vishnukant Ramchandra Bhatavde (Anna) (Ep 65)
* [[Hemangi Kavi]] as Pallavi Kerkar (Ep 70)
* Pradip Velankar and Smita Oak as Mr. and Mrs. Samant (Ep 71)
* [[:mr:वीणा जगताप|Veena Jagtap]] as Kshaama (Ep 72)
* [[:mr:विद्या करंजीकर|Vidya Karanjikar]] and [[Prasad Jawade]] as Sheetal Deshpande and Pancham Deshpande (Ep 83)
* Gaurav Ghatnekar as Vikram (Ep 88)
* Snehalata Vasaikar as Amruta Birje (Ep 89)
* Madhav Abhyankar (Ep 94)
* [[Makarand Deshpande]] as Deshmukh Saaheb (Ep 97) - Secretary of Home Minster
* [[Shreya Bugade]] as Vaidehi Kirtane (Ep 98)
* [[Atul Parchure]] as Harshal (Ep 111)
* [[Apurva Nemlekar]] as Tanishqa (Ep 127)
* Manoj Kolhatkar as Raghunath Karnik
* Avinash Narkar and [[Aishwarya Narkar]] as Girish and Uma (Ep 179)
* [[Rutuja Bagwe]] as Shalaka (Ep 185)
* [[Sharvani Pillai]] as Archana Mhatre (Ep 190) / Poonam Ji (Ep 395)
* [[Reshma Shinde]] as Meghana (Ep 197)
* [[Sanjay Shejwal]] as Ninad (Ep 200)
* Astad Kale and [[Neha Shitole]] as Manoj Padhye and Neeta Padhye (Ep 206)
* [[Shubhangi Gokhale]] as Goda Patil
* [[Shubhangi Joshi]] as Aaji (Ep 225)
* Sayali Deodhar as Swati Sudhir Achrekar (Ep 227)
* Sankarshan Karhade as Salil (Ep 238)
* Madhav Abhyankar, Suhita Thatte (Vasanti), Rohan Gujar, [[Saksham Kulkarni]] (Ep 240)
* Minal Bal as Lady Constable Shalaka Rane (Ep 244)
* [[Hardeek Joshi]] as Shaunak (Ep 142) / Rajan Ambekar (Ep 259)
* [[Madhugandha Kulkarni]] as Madhuri Pradhan, Sagar Talashikar (Ep 291)
* Sharvari Lohokare as Pallavi Dharap (Ep 299)
* Deepti Lele as Devi (Ep 347)
* Mandar Devasthali as himself (Ep 347)

== Reception ==
=== Seasons ===
# Asmita Shodhala Ki Sapadtacha (5 February 2014)
# Asmita Gunhyala Mafi Nahi (20 January 2016)

=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 28
|2015
|0.5
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Say thanks to detective Asmita on Zee Marathi|url=https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/say-thanks-to-detective-asmita-on-zee-marathi/|access-date=2022-10-24|website=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 28
|2016
|1.5
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप ५ मराठी मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-28-255524|access-date=2022-10-24|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Airing history ===
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Airing Date !! Days !! Time (IST)
|-
| 1 || 5 February – 24 May 2014 || Wed-Sat || 9.30 pm
|-
| 2 || 28 May 2014 – 13 January 2017 || Wed-Fri || 9.30 pm (1 hour)<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘अस्मिता’ - ‘झी मराठी’वर येतेय महिला गुप्तहेर|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-asmita-lady-detective-fiction-on-zee-marathi-4493236-nor.html|access-date=2022-10-24|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Awards 2014]]
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|Best Character Female
|[[Mayuri Wagh]]
|Asmita Agnihotri
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/zee-marathi-awards-2014-winners-list-1030095/|title=‘झी मराठी पुरस्कार २०१४’चे मानकरी|date=2014-10-10|website=[[Loksatta]]|access-date=2023-01-13|language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin-right:0;"
! style="background:LightGreen; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:LightGreen; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:LightGreen; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:LightGreen; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:LightGreen; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:LightGreen; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Asmita'' अस्मिता
| 5 February 2014
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 14 January 2017
| Original
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Goyenda Ginni]]'' গোয়েন্দা গিন্নি
| 7 September 2015
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 25 December 2016
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Pattedari Pratibha'' ಪಟ್ಟೇದರಿ ಪ್ರತಿಭಾ
| 3 April 2017
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 28 May 2018
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web | url = http://www.zeemarathi.com/zee_serial.aspx?zsid=918 | title = Asmita | archive-date = 2014-04-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140422165451/http://www.zeemarathi.com/zee_serial.aspx?zsid=918 | access-date = 2022-11-30 | url-status = live }}
* {{IMDb title|tt14098552}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/asmita/0-6-47 ''Asmita''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]

Indian anna

2026-01-08T03:46:18Z

RowenaClune540: update structure for clarity and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Anna (monetary subunit)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Deepa Miriam

2026-01-08T00:05:33Z

RowenaClune540: adding a details initial version

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2009}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| background = person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Deepa Miriam
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Deepa Miriam.JPG
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = Miriam in 2011
| native_name = ദീപ മിറിയം
| native_name_lang = ml
| birth_name = 
| alias =
| birth_date = {{bya|1981}}
| birth_place = United Arab Emirates
| origin =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre =
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| instrument =
| years_active = 1992–present
| label =
| current_member_of =
| past_member_of =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| website = 
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
}}
'''Deepa Miriam''' ([[Malayalam]]: ദീപ മിറിയം, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: தீபா மிரியம்; born April 1981) is an Indian [[playback singer]] of [[South India]]n movies. Her debut film was ''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''. Deepa rose to fame with the song ''Kangal Iraandal'' in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil movie]] ''[[Subramaniapuram]]''.<ref name="hindu_feb09">{{cite news|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/02/19/stories/2009021950520100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403035134/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/02/19/stories/2009021950520100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-03|title=Deepa unplugged |date=2009-02-19|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-09-24}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Deepa was born and brought up in the [[United Arab Emirates]] (U.A.E.), to a [[Malayalee]] Christian family, and completed schooling there. She began singing at a very young age. She received training in [[carnatic music]], beginning at age seven. She has won first place in singing competitions in light music, semi-classical and classical categories, and performed many live music shows with musicians from [[Kerala]] when still in school. Deepa passed the Twelfth Board Exam with Distinction. She received her B.Tech. degree in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering from [[Model Engineering College]], [[Thrikkakara]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?tabId=4&programId=1073752867&BV_ID=@@@&contentId=5926988&contentType=EDITORIAL&articleType=Malayalam%20News|title=Deepa|date=2009-09-15|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|language=Malayalam|accessdate=2009-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092330/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?tabId=4&programId=1073752867&BV_ID=@@@&contentId=5926988&contentType=EDITORIAL&articleType=Malayalam%20News|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At the age of 11, she was named the Best Child Singer in U.A.E., after participating in a competition, ''Gayiye Aur Suniye'', organized by [[Ras al-Khaimah]] Radio. She sang in her first Christian devotional album, ''Viswasanthi'', at the age of 12. The album was a super hit. Deepa has sung in more than 40 private albums in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], English, and Arabic languages.

She has received training in Hindustani music (she passed the Junior certificate course from Kerala University) and Western music (she has also passed three grades with Honours for piano from Trinity College, London). She was in the United States (Chicago and New Jersey) for some time, with the purpose of doing higher studies, and perhaps getting a job and settling down. But the urge to sing brought the U.S phase to an abrupt stop.

Deepa's first film was ''Naan avanillai'', where she sang ''Then Kudicha Nilavu''.<ref name="hindu_feb09" /> Since then she has been involved with many projects in the Indian film industry. ''Kangal Irandaal'', the song she sang in the Tamil film ''Subramaniapuram'' (2008), was a massive hit in the whole of South India,<ref name="hindu_feb09" /> and earned her many awards for best female playback singer.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}. She had also sung a song in ''Rettai Suzhi'' movie, ''Para Para Killi'' (2010) music composed by [[Karthik Raja]].

==Awards==
* 1992 Best Child Singer award, Umm Al Quwain Radio, All-U.A.E music competition{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}
* 2008 Best female play back singer, Lime Entertainers, Chennai{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}
* 2008 Best female play back singer, Benze Group, Chennai{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}
* Best PlayBack Singer Female 2008' - Film Fare Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/48725.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805121821/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/48725.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2009|title=56th Filmfare awards - Kollywood winners|date=2009-08-03|work=IndiaGlitz.com|accessdate=2009-09-24}}</ref>
* Best PlayBack Singer Female 2008' - by BRAVO Tamil Film Award, Tamil Nadu{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
* Best PlayBack Singer Female 2008' - Gmma Dubai.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
* Best PlayBack Singer Female 2009' - Tamil Nadu Cinema Kalai mandram, [[Chennai]].
* Best PlayBack Singer Female 2010' - Tamil Nadu Cinema Kalai mandram,

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Deepas-lucky-2011-beginning/articleshow/7205341.cms Deepas Lucky 2011 Beginning]
{{Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Tamil}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miriam, Deepa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]

Singareni Ghani Karmika Sangham

2026-01-04T03:34:36Z

RowenaClune540: Started Initial Details V1

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
The '''Singareni Ghani Karmika Sangham''' is a trade union of workers in the [[Singareni]] coal fields in Andhra Pradesh, India. Politically, it is aligned with the [[Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (D. V. Rao)|UCCRI(ML)]] faction of D.V. Rao. In 1998, it polled 414 votes in the union representative election. By 2001 its support had decreased to 310 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cpimlnd.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=250 |title=Recognition Elections in Singareni Coalmines: IFTU Wins in Two Divisions, Ranks Overall Third |last1=Bixamaiah |first1=B |date=30 April 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323001712/http://www.cpimlnd.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=250 |archive-date=23 March 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Trade unions of the Singareni coal fields]]
[[Category:Mining trade unions]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-trade-union-stub}}

Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize

2026-01-04T03:08:57Z

RowenaClune540: Started Some Entry W/ Infobox.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize
| image = Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2020 Gujarati Kashyapi Maha.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Prize for Translation
| awarded_for = Literary award in India
| sponsor = [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of India]]
| firstawarded = 1989
| lastawarded = 2021
| reward = ₹ 50,000
| former name =
| website = [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp Official Website]
| previous =
| next =
}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize''' or '''Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation''' is a literary honour in India, presented by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, given to "outstanding translations of creative and critical works" in 24 major [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp|title=..:: Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation ::..|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-08-01|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814161407/https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref> such as English, Rajasthani and the [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|22 listed languages]] in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution]] recognised by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[New Delhi]].

The award, established in 1989, comprises a plaque and a cash prize of ₹ 50,000.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Five Decades of The National Academy of Letters, India: A Short History of Sahitya Akademi|last=Rao|first=D.S.|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2004|location=New Delhi|pages=39–42}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date= |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206150435/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Krishnamohan was the youngest translator to win the prize aged 32 in [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] and [[Kalachand Shastri]] is the oldest to win the prize aged 89 in [[Meitei language|Manipuri]].<ref name=":2"/>

== Background ==
Awards for translations were instituted in 1989 at the instance of then-Prime Minister of India, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref name=":2"/> The initial proposal for translation prizes contained provisions for a prize for translations into each of the twenty-two languages recognised by the Akademi; however, this was soon found to be unviable for several reasons: Akademi found insufficient entries in all the languages and difficulties in locating experts knowledgeable in both, the source and the target language to judge the translations.<ref name=":2" /> Consequently, the Board decided to dispense with its original requirement for additional expert committees to evaluate the translations, and also ruled that it was not obligated to grant prizes in languages where suitable books were not nominated.<ref name=":2" /> The Akademi also requires that both, the original author as well as the translator, are to be Indian nationals.<ref name=":2" />

Over time, the Akademi has modified and expanded the conditions for the Translation Prizes. In 1992, the Akademi began to allow translations made in link languages to be eligible for the Awards, although it noted that translations made directly from the original language would always be preferred.<ref name=":2" /> In 1995, the Akademi also held that joint translations would be eligible, and in 1997, it dispensed with the process of advertising for nominations and replaced it with invitations for recommendations from advisory boards and Committee members.<ref name=":2" /> As of 2002, 264 prizes have been awarded to 266 translators.<ref name=":2" />

Initially, the prize money was ₹10,000 which was increased to ₹15,000 in 2001. From 2003 it was increased to ₹20,000 and is now ₹50,000 from 2009.<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501185654/https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Rules and selection process ==
Entries for the prizes are invited from individual translator or publishers through advertise in newspapers. Members of the advisory boards are also invited to send nominations from the different languages.<ref name=":2"/> Minimum five entries from each language are mandatory for a prize to be awarded. Expert committee for each language consist of three members scrutinise all the nominations and send the copy of shortlisted books to the expert who knows both the source and the target languages. Opinion of the expert forwarded to the executive board and board will consider the recommendation and award the prizes.<ref name=":2" />

The executive board members and the prior winners are not entitle for the award. Translations from the original languages are preferred than link languages. joint venture is also eligible however award amount equally divided between the translators.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-22 |title=Rules for Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/rulesTP.pdf |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411101828/https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/rulesTP.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Recipients ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Assamese]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Bengali]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Bodo]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Dogri]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for English]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Gujarati]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Hindi]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Kannada]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Kashmiri]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Konkani]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Maithili]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Malayalam]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Manipuri]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Marathi]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Nepali]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Odia]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Punjabi]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Rajasthani]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Sanskrit]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Santali]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Sindhi]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Tamil]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Telugu]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Urdu]]

== See also ==
*[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
*[[List of literary awards]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}

[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1989]]
[[Category:Translation awards]]

Malayalam drama

2025-12-26T14:30:24Z

RowenaClune540: made details - done

{{Short description|Genre of Malayalam literature of India}}
'''Malayalam drama''', known as '''Natakam''' (നാടകം) in [[Malayalam]], is an important genre of [[Malayalam literature]]. The origin of Malayalam drama can be traced back to various performing arts of Kerala such as [[Kathakali]]. [[Drama]], as is understood now, is a borrowed art form in [[Kerala]] and started with the publication of the Malayalam translation of ''[[Abhijnana Shakuntala]]m'' in 1882. The field of Malayalam theatre and drama became active by the end of the 19th century. It played an active role in the early-20th-century Kerala reform movement.

==Early history==
===Sanskrit era===
[[File:Kerala_Varma_Valiya_Koil_Thampuran_Changanassery_Lakshmipuram_Palace.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran|Kerala Varma]]'s translation of ''[[Abhijnana Shakuntala]]m'' (1882) was an acclaimed work of poetry and was a success on the stage.]]
The elements of drama can be found in various performing arts of Kerala such as [[Kathakali]] and [[Ottan Thullal|Thullal]]. Drama, as is understood now, is a borrowed art form in Kerala.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=K. M. George (writer) |first=K. M. |last=George |title=A survey of Malayalam literature |date=1968 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |location=Bombay |page=191 |edition=1st}}</ref> The Portuguese who came to Kerala in the sixteenth century, had popularised ''[[Chavittu Nadakam|Chavittu Natakam]]'', a type of play similar to the miracle plays of the west. The earliest examples of this type are ''Genoa'', ''Caralman'' (Charlemagne) and ''Napolean''. These plays however did not influence [[Malayalam literature]] in any way.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=[[K. Ayyappa Panicker]] |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=1977 |location=[[Trivandrum]] |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala |page=76}}</ref> The influence of Sanskrit is evident in the early Malayalam plays. In 1882, [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran]] translated the Sanskrit drama ''[[Abhijnana Shakuntala]]m'' into Malayalam. Although it was written in a highly Sanskritised ''[[Manipravalam]]'' style, it is regarded as the first literary work in Malayalam that fits into the modern definition of drama.{{sfn|George|1968|p=190}} The success of this work influenced several translations of Sanskrit plays in quick succession. Many Sanskrit dramas like ''Janaki Parinayam'' (1889) ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' (1890), ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'', ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'' (1892), ''Ascharya Choodamani'' (1893), ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]'' and ''[[Madhyamavyayoga]]'' had translations in Malayalam.{{sfn|George|1968|p=191}} ''Abhijnana Shakuntalam'' was the most successful among all, having come out in nearly two dozen translations.<ref>{{cite book |title= A History of Malayalam Literature |author-mask=Krishna Chaitanya |last=Chaitanya |year=1971 |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmalayal0000chai |page=351|isbn=9788125004882 }}</ref> The most important translators included [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran]], [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]], [[Attoor Krishna Pisharody]] and [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]].{{sfn|George|1968|p=191}} In addition to renderings of works by Sanskrit dramatists, several writers attempted original plays in Sanskrit. There are over 100 Sanskrit plays credited to authors from Kerala.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dr. V. S. Sharma |last2=Vallathol Narayana Menon |title=സംസ്‌കൃത നാടക തർജ്ജമകൾ |publisher=Vallathol Granthalayam |chapter=തിരനോട്ടം |pages=12–15 |url=https://keralasahityaakademi.org/wp-content/uploads/online_library/vallathole/pdf/27870.pdf |language=ml|author2-link=Vallathol Narayana Menon }}</ref>

===Musical dramas===
The interest in Sanskrit dramas did not last long. The musical dramas were getting popular in Tamil Nadu and made its way into Kerala too. Some of the earliest notable works of this type in Malayalam include ''Sangeeta Naishidham'' by T. C. Achutha Menon, ''Sadarama'' by K. C. Kesava Pillai and ''Balagopalan'' by Kuttamath.{{sfn|George|1968|p=192}} The music dramas of Malayalam were essentially modelled on the Tamil prototype. The Tamil musical dramas were mostly filled with long drawn-out songs and had little importance for prose dialogue. Malayalam musical dramas deviated in style and tried to conserve some measure of dramatic propriety.{{sfn|Chaitanya|1971|p=352}} The interest in musical dramas did not sustain for long as people demanded something more realistic.{{sfn|George|1968|p=192}} Nevertheless, the tradition survives even now in a masked form, in the liberal use of songs in popular types of theatrical production.{{sfn|Chaitanya|1971|p=352}} Manomohanam Company (Thiruvattar Narayana Pillai) and Rasikaranjini (Chambathil Chathukutty Mannadiyar) were famous theatre groups in Kerala.<ref>{{cite book |ref={{harvid|University of Calicut|2011a}} |title=മലയാള ഭാഷ സാഹിത്യസംഗ്രഹം |date = 2011a |publisher=[[University of Calicut]] |location=[[Calicut]] |url=http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/Malayala%20basha%20sahithy%20samgraham%20dt.28.03.2014.pdf |language=ml |page=21}}</ref>

===Western influence===
The first translation of a Shakespearian play to appear in Malayalam was ''Almarattam'' (1866) by [[Kalloor Oommen Philippose]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dodderi Aswathanarayanarao Shankar |title=Shakespeare in Indian Languages |date=1999 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-8-185-95265-9 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5FlAAAAMAAJ |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> A free translation of ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]'', it was also the first Malayalam play to be published as a book.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011a|p=21}} During the last quarter of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century, many Western plays were translated into Malayalam. Shakespeare's plays were widely translated. Examples are ''Almarattam'', ''Portsiaswayamvaram'' (Chembakaraman Velayudhan – ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]''), ''Kalahinidamanakam'' ([[Kandathil Varghese Mappillai]] – ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]''), ''[[Hamlet]]'' ([[Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran]]) and ''[[Othello]]'' ([[Sanjayan]]). In ''Kalahinidamanakam'', the translator Indianises the incidents and the names of characters and places. Petruchio is Parthasarathy, Tranio is Tranakan, Biondello is Pandunki, Grumio is Kumaran and Curtis is Kattari. Similarly, the places Padua becomes Patalipuram and Verona becomes Varanadesham.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manju V. V. |editor1-last=P. K. Babu |title=Indianizing the Bard: A diachronic study of Shakespeare reception in India |journal=Singularities |date=2019 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=106–111 |url=https://www.singularitiesjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Journal-vol-1-Issue-2-1.pdf |access-date=12 February 2023 |publisher=Postgraduate Department of English, Unity Women's College, [[Manjeri]]}}</ref> The other works that were translated during the 19th century include ''[[Ghosts (play)|Ghosts]]'', ''[[Rosmersholm]]'', ([[Henrik Ibsen]]), ''[[A Marriage Proposal]]'' ([[Anton Chekhov]]), ''[[The Power of Darkness]]'' ([[Leo Tolstoy]]), ''[[The Rivals]]'' ([[Richard Brinsley Sheridan]]) and ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'' ([[Sophocles]]).{{sfn|George|1968|p=192}}

===Original plays in Malayalam===
A few original plays were written in Malayalam during the last quarter of the 19th century. This includes [[Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran]]'s ''Lakshanasangam'', Naduvath Achan Nambuthiri's ''Bhagavadduth'' (1892), Polachirakkal Kocheeppan Tharakan's ''Mariamma Natakam'' and Kochunni Thampuran's ''Kalyani Natakam'' (1889). Munshi Ramakurup wrote ''Chakkichankaram'' in mockery of the rise of vernacular plays in Malayalam. Sarasakavi K. C. Narayanan Nambiar composed another satirical play in Malabar also titled ''Chakkichankaram''.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011a|p=21}}

==Early-mid 20th century==
[[File:CVs60thbirthday.png|thumb|upright|right|[[C. V. Raman Pillai]] was an important writer during the early periods of Malayalam drama. He wrote several humorous plays including ''Pandathe Pachan'' and ''Doctorkku Kittiya Mitcham'']]
[[C. V. Raman Pillai]] was the first to write farces in Malayalam. Examples include ''Pandathe Pachan'', ''Butler Pappan'', ''Doctorkk Kittiya Mitcham'', ''Kuripinte Thiripppu'', ''Kurupillakalari'' and ''Kaimalassante Kadassikai''.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011a|p=22}} [[E. V. Krishna Pillai]], [[N. P. Chellappan Nair]], M. G. Kesava Pillai, [[T. N. Gopinathan Nair]] and others further developed farce literature.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011a|p=22}} [[Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai]] gave a new light to the world of theatre with his works like ''Kalvariyile Kalpa Padapam'', ''Velu Thampy Dalava'' and ''Agnipanjaram''. [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]]'s socio-political play ''Kootu Krishi'' (1940), ''Thirichhethhal'', ''Njetiyil Patarathha Mulla'' and ''Njangal Dayaye Thookkikkonnu'', [[Kainikkara Kumara Pillai]]'s ''Harishchandran'', ''Mohavum Muktiyum'', ''Veshangal'' etc. are also notable works.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011a|p=22}} [[V. T. Bhattathiripad]] wrote ''Adukkalayail Ninnu Arangathekku'' which strongly reacted against the decadence of the [[Nambudiri|Nambudiri community]] and was an important event in the social reform calendar of Kerala. [[M. P. Bhattathiripad]]'s ''Ritumati'' was another important social play.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011a|p=22}} [[K. Damodaran]]'s ''Pattabaki'' which tells the story of a poor tenant in Malabar evicted by a cruel landlord, is the first political play in Malayalam.{{sfn|George|1968|p=196}} Another notable work is (. Important political dramas of the period include [[P. Kesavadev]]'s ''Munnottu'', ''Madyapani'', ''Pradhana Mantri'', [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]]'s ''Thotilla'', [[Ponkunnam Varkey]]'s ''Jethakkal'' and ''Visarikku Katu Venda'', [[Thoppil Bhasi]]'s ''Ningalenne Communistaaki'' and ''Mudiyanaya Puthran''. [[K. T. Muhammed]]'s plays like ''Karavatta Pasu'' and ''Ithu Bhoomiyanu'' are also noteworthy. [[N. Krishna Pillai]], who is known as Ibsen of Malayalam, wrote plays that took Malayalam drama forward in different directions. His works include ''Bhagna Bhavanam'', ''Kanyaka'', ''Balabalam'', ''Anuranjanam''' and ''Azhimughathekku''.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011a|p=22}}

==Post-independence==
[[File:Shankarapillai.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[G. Sankara Pillai]] who was an advocate of [[Physical theatre#Modern physical theatre|total theatre]] helped introduce a system and academic discipline to modern Malayalam theatre.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/The-man-who-gave-academic-discipline-for-theatre/article13975854.ece |title=The man who gave academic discipline for theatre |date=2 January 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>]]
Pulimana Parameswaran Pillai's ''Samatvavadi'' written in an expressionist style can be said to be the harbinger of a change in Malayalam drama.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011a|p=22}} [[C. J. Thomas]] and [[C. N. Sreekantan Nair]], who can be called the pioneers of modern Malayalam drama, came to the scene after Parameswaran Pillai. Thomas's ''Avan Veendum Varunnu'', ''1128-il Crime 27'' and ''Aa Manushyan Nee Thanne'', and Nair's ''Ramayana'' trilogy—''[[Kanchana Sita (play)|Kanchana Sita]]'', ''Saketham'' and ''Lankalakshmi''—clearly reoriented the Malayalam theatre world. [[G. Sankara Pillai]], [[N. N. Pillai]] etc. further developed this stream.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011a|p=22}} One-act plays and radio plays emerged in the 1940s. K. Ramakrishna Pillai and [[N. N. Pillai]] were the pioneers of one-act plays. Important writers of radio play include S. K. Nair, Ananda Kuttan, [[P. Bhaskaran]], Vira Raghavan Nair, [[C. N. Sreekantan Nair]], [[Nagavally R. S. Kurup]], [[Jagathy N. K. Achary]] and [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]].{{sfn|George|1968|p=201}}

As part of introducing the new experiments in western theatre to Malayalam, several [[Theatre of ancient Greece|ancient Greek plays]] were translated into Malayalam. C. J. Thomas is the most important of the translators. Renowned as a playwright, dramatist and critic, he translated [[Sophocles]]' ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'' and ''[[Antigone (Sophocles play)|Antigone]]'', and [[Aristophanes]]' ''[[Lysistrata]]'' into Malayalam. [[Euripides]]' ''[[Alcestis (play)|Alcestis]]'' was translated by S. K. Nair as ''Pati Devata'' and ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'' was translated by [[Puthussery Ramachandran]]. Aristophanes' ''[[The Frogs]]'' was translated by E. M. J. Venniyoor as ''Thavalakal''. Greek drama translations have crucial importance in the history of Malayalam drama.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011b|p=24}}

Although indigenous drama (''Thanathu Nataka Vedi'') was formed during the days of C. N. Sreekantan Nair, [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]'s works widened its scope. Dramas like ''Karinkutti'', ''Kalathini'', ''Avanavan Kadamba'', ''Daivathar'' and ''Kaikutappadu'' belong to this trend.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011a|p=22}} [[Vayala Vasudevan Pillai]] (''Kuchelagatha'', ''Varavelppu'', ''Kalapporu'', ''Yatra''), [[P. M. Taj]] (''Ravunni'', ''Kudukka'', ''Mary Lawrence'', ''Rajavinte Chenda''), [[P. J. Antony]] (''Inquilabinte Makkal'', ''Nilaykatha Ganam''), [[Thikkodiyan]] (''Jivitam'', ''Punyatheertham'', ''Pushpavrishti'', ''Theepori''), [[P. Balachandran]] (''Pavam Usman'', ''Samarayilekk''), [[Narendra Prasad]] (''Ira'', ''Souparnika'', ''Marthandavarma Engane Rakshapettu''), Vasu Pradeep(''Smarakam'', ''Kannadi Kashanangal'', ''Thazhum Thakkolum''), [[Civic Chandran]] (''Kurisu Yuddham Thudangunnavar'', ''Ningal Aare Communist Akki''), Jayaprakash Kuloor (''Appunnikalude Radio'', ''Nayattu'', ''Velichenna''), K. V. Sreeja (''Ororo Kalathilum'', ''Kalyana Saree''), M . Sajita (''Matsyagandhi'', ''Beauty Parlour'') and N. Sasidharan (''Charitragatha'', ''Udampadi Kalam'' (co-written with E. P. Rajagopalan), ''Kelu'' (co-written with E. P. Rajagopalan), ''Ravanan Kota'') are some important playwrights of the later period.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011a|p=22}}

==Theatre groups==
[[File:KPAC_Emblem.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Kerala People's Arts Club]] (KPAC) is one of the most influential theatre groups in Kerala.]]
Manomohanam Company (Thiruvattar Narayana Pillai) and Rasikaranjini (Chambathil Chathukutty Mannadiyar) were famous theatre groups in Kerala during the early period of Malayalam drama.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011a|p=21}} [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA) was formed in 1942 in [[Bombay]] and was committed to the Indian independence movement. The association was linked with the communist movement and it influenced leftist theatrical productions in Kerala.<ref>{{cite book |ref={{harvid|University of Calicut|2011b}} |title=നാടകം |publisher=[[University of Calicut]] |url=http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/Natakam247.pdf |date=2011b |language=ml|page=38}}</ref> Malabar Kala Samithi was established in [[Malabar District|Malabar]] in 1948 to promote amateur drama. It later became Kendra Kala Samithi. [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[M. Govindan]], [[V. T. Bhattathiripad]] and [[Uroob]] were associated with this organisation. Kendra Kala Samithi became Kerala Kendra Kala Samithi in 1957 and closed down when [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] was established in 1958.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011b|p=38}} Influenced by the Indian People's Theatre Association, the progressive writers of Kerala linked with the [[Communist Party of India]] founded the [[Kerala People's Arts Club]] (KPAC) in 1950. Its founders include G. Janardhana Kurup, N. Rajagopalan Nair, K. S. Rajamani, Poojappura Krishnan Nair, [[Kambisseri Karunakaran]], Narayana Pillai and [[O. N. V. Kurup]]. Their first drama ''Ente Makananu Sari'' was not a success. KPAC screened [[Thoppil Bhasi]]'s ''Ningalenne Communistakki'' in 1952, was a path-breaking play in the history of Malayalam theatre.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011b|p=39}}

Navasamskara Samithi was formed in [[Trivandrum]] in 1950 with the aim of reforming Malayalam theatre. Its founders include N . Krishnapilla, P. K. Vikraman Nair, [[S. Guptan Nair]], Ananda Kuttan and [[C. J. Thomas]]. The Samithi presented Krishna Pillai's ''Anuranjanam'' and ''Bhagnabhavanam'', and C. J. Thomas's ''Avan Veendum Varunnu'' but closed down soon afterward.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011b|p=40}} [[Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai]]'s Dramatic Bureau and [[C. N. Sreekantan Nair]]'s ''Kalakerala'' were also short-lived.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011b|p=40}}

In 1956, a theatre group called Kalavedi was formed with N. Krishna Pillai as president and [[C. N. Sreekantan Nair]] as Secretary. Most of the prominent figures in Malayalam drama have worked in connection with Kalavedi. Vikraman Nair, [[T. N. Gopinathan Nair]] and [[Adoor Bhasi]] are some of them. Kalavedi presented dramas such as ''Nashta Kachavadam'', ''Kunhali Marakkar'', ''[[Kanchana Sita]]'' etc.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011b|p=40}} ''Nataka Kalari'' was established by [[K. Ayyappa Panicker]], [[G. Sankara Pillai]] and [[C. N. Sreekantan Nair]] and was instrumental in the growth of indigenous theatre in Kerala.{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011b|p=40}} Other theatre groups include Brothers Music Club (Calicut–[[K. T. Muhammed]]), Navatarangam (Kottayam–[[G. Sankara Pillai]]), Pratibha Arts (Cochin-[[P. J. Antony]]), Sopanam Theatre (Trivandrum–[[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]), [[Kalidasa Kalakendram]] ([[Kollam]]–[[O. Madhavan]]) and Kalanilayam (Trivandrum–Kalanilayam Krishnan Nair).{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011b|p=40}}

==Playwrights==
The following is a list of dramatists and playwrights in Malayalam.
{{div col|colwidth=20em}} 
* [[A. Santha Kumar]]
* [[C. J. Thomas]]
* [[C. L. Jose]]
* [[C. N. Sreekantan Nair]]
* [[C. V. Raman Pillai]]
* [[Cherukad]]
* [[E. V. Krishna Pillai]]
* [[G. Sankara Pillai]]
* [[Ibrahim Vengara]]
* [[Jagathy N. K. Achary]]
* [[K. T. Muhammed]]
* [[K. Thayat]]
* [[Kainikkara Kumara Pillai]]
* [[Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai]]
* [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]
* [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]]
* [[N. Krishna Pillai]]
* [[N. N. Pillai]]
* [[N. N. Pisharody]]
* [[N. P. Chellappan Nair]]
* [[Narendra Prasad]]
* [[Ochira Velukkutty]]
* [[Omchery N. N. Pillai]]
* [[P. Balachandran]]
* [[P. Kesavadev]]
* [[P. M. Taj]]
* [[Ponkunnam Varkey]]
* [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]]
* [[Surasu]]
* [[T. M. Abraham]]
* [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]]
* [[Thikkodiyan]]
* [[Thoppil Bhasi]]
* [[Thuppettan]]
* [[Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair]]
* [[Vayala Vasudevan Pillai]]
{{div col end}}

==Major works==
Some of the important plays in Malayalam drama include:{{sfn|George|1968|p=193–201}}{{sfn|University of Calicut|2011b|p=37}}
; Historical plays
* ''Sitalakshmi'', ''Raja Kesavadas'', ''Iravikuttippillai'' — [[E. V. Krishna Pillai]]
* ''Kalvariyile Kalpa Padapam'', ''Velu Thampy Dalava'' — [[Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai]]

; Humorous plays and farces
* ''Kaimalassante Kadassikkai'' (1915), ''Pandathe Pachan'' (1918), ''Butler Pappan'' (1922) — [[C. V. Raman Pillai]]
* ''B. A. Mayavi, Pranayakkamishan, Mayamanushan'', ''Pennarasunad'' — [[E. V. Krishna Pillai]]
* ''Nilavum Nizhalum'', ''Parivartanam'', ''Akavum Puravum'' — [[T. N. Gopinathan Nair]]

; Social plays
* ''Mariyamma Natakam'' — Kocheeppan Mappillai
* ''Adukkalayil Ninnum Arangathekku'' (1929) — [[V. T. Bhattathiripad]]
* ''Ritumati'' — [[M. P. Bhattathiripad]]
* ''Marakkudakkullile Maha Narakam'' (1927) — [[M. R. Bhattathiripad]]
* ''Bhagnabhavanam, Kanyaka'' and ''Balabalam'' — [[N. Krishna Pillai]]
* ''Tharavaditham'' — [[Cherukad]]
* ''Ithu Bhoomiyanu'' — [[K. T. Muhammed]]

; Political plays
* ''Pattabakki'' — [[K. Damodaran]]
* ''Pratima'', ''Vellappokkam'' — K. Ramakrishna Pillai
* ''Ningalenne Communistakki'' (1952), ''Innale Innu Nale'', ''Mudiyanaya Puthran'' — [[Thoppil Bhasi]]
* ''Nammalonnu'', ''Swatantra'' — [[Cherukad]]
* ''Jnanippam Communistavum'', ''Pradhana Mantri'', ''Munnottu'' — [[P. Kesavadev]]
* ''Koottu Krishi'' (1940) — [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]]
* ''Jethakkal'' and ''Visarikku Katu Venda'' — [[Ponkunnam Varkey]]
* ''Inquilabinte Makkal'' — [[P. J. Antony]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
; English
* {{cite journal |last1=K. M. George |title=Malayalam Drama |journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]] |date=1958 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=102–112 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23329299.pdf |access-date=12 February 2023 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |jstor=23329299 |language=en|author1-link=K. M. George (writer) }}
* {{cite book |title= A History of Malayalam Literature |author=Krishna Chaitanya |year=1971 |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmalayal0000chai|pages=349–399|isbn=9788125004882 }}
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=[[K. Ayyappa Panicker]] |url=https://archive.org/download/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE/A%20SHORT%20HISTORY%20OF%20MALAYALAM%20LITERATURE.pdf |year=1977 |location=[[Trivandrum]] |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala |pages=76–80, 104–107}}

; Malayalam
* {{cite book|author=[[C. J. Thomas]] |title=ഉയരുന്ന യവനിക [Uyarunna Yavanika]|url=https://keralasahityaakademi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/80888-1.pdf |year=1950|publisher=[[National Book Stall|N.B.S.]]|location=[[Kottayam]]}}
* {{cite book|author=[[N. N. Pillai]] |title=നാടകദർപ്പണം [Nataka Darpanam]|url=|year=1971|publisher=[[National Book Stall|N.B.S.]]|location=[[Kottayam]]}}
* {{cite book|author=[[G. Sankara Pillai]] |title=മലയാള നാടക സാഹിത്യ ചരിത്രം [Malayala Nataka Sahitya Charitram]|url=|year=1987|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[Trichur]]}}
* {{cite book|author=Kattumadam Narayanan |title=മലയാള നാടകപ്രസ്ഥാനം [Malayala Nataka Prasthanam]|url=|year=1990|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[Trichur]]}}
* {{cite book|author=Madavoor Bhasi |title=മലയാള നാടകവേദിയുടെ കഥ [Malayala Natakavediyude Katha]|url=|year=1996|publisher=Chaitanya Publications|location=[[Trivandrum]]}}
* {{cite book|editor=A. N. P. Ummarkutty |title=രംഗാവതരണം: നാടകാവതരണ തത്വങ്ങൾ [Rangavataranam]|url=|year=1997|publisher=Kerala Bhasha Institute|location=[[Trivandrum]]}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Vayala Vasudevan Pillai]] |title=മലയാള നാടക സാഹിത്യ ചരിത്രം [Malayala Nataka Sahitya Charitram]|url=|year=2005|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[Trichur]]}}
* {{cite book|author=K. Sreekumar |title=ഒരു മുഖം: ജനപ്രിയ നാടകവേദിയുടെ മിടിപ്പുകള്‍ [Oru Mukham: Janapriya Nataka Vediyude Midippukal] |url=|year=2005|publisher=Lipi Publications|location=[[Calicut]]}}
* {{cite book|author=Valsala Baby |title=നാടകത്തിന്റെ കഥ [Natakathinte Katha]|url=|year=2012 |publisher=Chintha Publishers |location=[[Trivandrum]] |edition=3rd}}
* {{cite book|author=L. Thomaskutty |title=പരീക്ഷണപ്രവണതകൾ മലയാളനാടകത്തിൽ [Pareekshana Pravanathakal Malayala Natakathil|url=|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Calicut]]|location=[[Trivandrum]]}}
* {{cite book |title=നാടകം [Natakam] |publisher=[[University of Calicut]] |location=[[Calicut]] |url=http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/Natakam247.pdf |date=2011 |pages=1–56}}
* {{cite book |title=മലയാള ഭാഷ സാഹിത്യസംഗ്രഹം [Malayala Bhasha Sahitya Samgraham] |chapter=മലയാള നാടകം, തിരക്കഥ |date = 2011 |publisher=[[University of Calicut]] |location=[[Calicut]] |url=http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/Malayala%20basha%20sahithy%20samgraham%20dt.28.03.2014.pdf |pages=21–23}}
* {{cite book|author=[[M. K. Sanu]] |title=നാടകവിചാരം [Nataka Vicharam]|url=|year=2016|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[Trichur]]}}
* {{Cite thesis |title=മലയാളത്തിലെ സാമൂഹികനാടകങ്ങളിലെ രാഷ്ട്രീയമാനം: തോപ്പിൽ ഭാസി, കെ.ടി. മുഹമ്മദ്, പി.ജെ. ആൻറണി എന്നിവരുടെ തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത നാടകങ്ങൾ മുൻനിർത്തിയുള്ള പഠനം [The political dimension of social dramas in Malayalam: Study of selected plays by Thoppil Bhasi, K. T. Muhammed and P. J. Antony] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/386972 |publisher=[[Kannur University]] |date=2021 |author=K. C. Sasidharan|hdl=10603/386972 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220302003733/http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-kerala/276 Malayalam Drama], [https://web.archive.org/web/20220302103626/http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-stage/278 Socially Relevant Dramas], [https://web.archive.org/web/20220302214701/http://www.keralaculture.org/goldenage-drama/279 The Heyday of Malayalam Drama], [https://web.archive.org/web/20220302103628/http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-1960-1970/280 Drama during the 1960s], [https://web.archive.org/web/20220308175940/http://www.keralaculture.org/modern-drama-theatre/281 Modernist Malayalam Theatre]. Articles at the website of the Department of Public Relations, Government of Kerala.
{{Malayalam literature}}

[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Literature by language]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language literature]]
[[Category:History of literature in India]]
[[Category:Drama]]

Śālā

2025-12-18T19:58:49Z

RowenaClune540: Started The Page Added Tags

{{other|Sala (disambiguation){{!}}Sala}}
[[File:Jain Temple, Ranakpur - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|A covered pavilion (mandapa) is a type of ''Śālā'' in Indian architecture, and the term ''[[Sala (Thai architecture)|Sala]]'' also means pavilion in Vedic architecture found in Thailand and southeast Asia.<ref name="Ghosh2017">{{cite book|author=Lipi Ghosh|title=India-Thailand Cultural Interactions: Glimpses from the Past to Present| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEwzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|year=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-3854-9|pages=57–59}}</ref> Above: A mandapa for visitors in front of Ranakpur Jain Temple, Rajasthan.]]
A '''śālā''' (Shala) is a Sanskrit term that means any "house, space, covered pavilion or enclosure" in Indian architecture.<ref name=mmw260>Monier Monier Williams (1994 updated), Sanskrit English Dictionary, [https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/260.html शाल śāla śālá], page 260</ref> In other contexts śālā – also spelled ''calai'' or ''salai'' in South India – means Vedic Gurukulas or a college of higher studies and supported by local population and wealthy patrons.<ref name="Scharfe2002">{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Education in Ancient India (Handbook of Oriental Studies) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s19sZFRxCUC |year=2002|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-12556-6 |pages=174–175}}</ref><ref name=rajakrishnankumar>S.R. Rajakrishnan and Ajit Kumar (2016), Organisation and Conduct of Parthivapuram Sala as Gleaned from the Huzur Office Copper Plates, Heritage, University of Kerala, Volume 4, pp. 454-458</ref> In the early Buddhist literature of India, ''śālā'' means a "hut, cell, hall, pavilion or shed" as in Vedic śālā (pavilion for Vedic recitation), Aggiśālā (hall with a fire), Paniyaśālā (water room).<ref>[https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?page=706 śālā], The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary (1925, Updated 2007), University of Chicago</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''śālā'' (Skt: शाला) appears extensively in the Vedic literature, such as verse 3.12.1, 5.31.5 and others of ''[[Atharva Veda]]'', verse 1.2.3.1 of ''[[Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa]]'', and 1.1.3 of the ''[[Mundaka Upanishad]]''.<ref name=acharyasb>{{cite book|author=PK Acharya|title=Encyclopedia of Hindu Architecture|publisher = Oxford University Press| year=1934| page=484–490|oclc = 697763683}}</ref> Its proper use in classical Sanskrit is included in various verses such as 6.2.102 and 6.2.121 of the ''Astadhyayi'' of Panini.<ref name="Sharma2001">{{cite book|author=Rama Nath Sharma|title=The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1k1jAAAAMAAJ |year=2001|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-215-0051-7 |pages=259, 272–275}}</ref>

The term ''śālā'' appears in [[early Buddhist texts]] in the sense of "house", "room" or "hall". For example, the ''Samyutta Nikaya'' in section 4.210–214 (36) states that the Buddha sermon began in a ''gilana-sālā'', which means "room or hall with sick people" (a nursing hall or a room where people arrive with illness) in the context of a monastery.<ref name=zysk43/> This implies that by the time of the Buddha – c. 5th century BCE, monasteries with "halls or rooms" with medical role already existed in ancient India, and the term ''shala'' was being used in this context for the Buddha's companions to use the term to remember his sermon.<ref name=zysk43>Kenneth Zysk (1998), Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery, Indian Medical Tradition, Volume 2, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|9788120815070}}, pages 43–44</ref><ref>AP Buddhadatta Mahathera (1958), Concise Pali-English Dictionary, page 115; Republished by Motilal Banarsidass (2014), {{ISBN|9788120806047}}, see Gilana-sala</ref>

In the Shilpa Sastras such as ''[[Manasara]]'', it refers to any house or mansion or palace, as well as hall or space formed by the walls, mandapam or shrine within a temple. It is also one of 64 types of temple architectures envisioned in [[Hindu texts]] such as the ''Agni Purana''.<ref name=acharyasb/><ref name="Meister1999">{{cite book|author1=Michael W. Meister|author2=M.A. Dhaky|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture. Vol. 1, South India : Pt. 1, Lower Drāviḍadēśa: 200 B.C. - A.D. 1324 : Plates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ovrAAAAMAAJ |year=1999|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-7304-298-0|pages=15–17, 35–39}}</ref> ''Śālā'' or shala is also used as a prefix or suffix, similar to Pali literature of Buddhism. Thus it may appear as [[goshala]] (cow shed), pakashala (kitchen), [[dharmashala]] (resting house), [[Dāna|dana]]shala (hall for charitable donations).<ref name=acharyasb/><ref name=mmw260>Monier Monier Williams (1994 updated), Sanskrit English Dictionary, [https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/260.html शाल śāla śālá], page 260</ref> The same word also refers to the [[Shorea robusta|sala tree]], a valuable timber tree used to construct homes and other buildings.<ref name=mmw260/>

The term ''śālā'' appears as suffix to other words with the meaning of "house" or "room" in many texts of the 1st millennium, those authored by early Indian authors as well as by travelers to India. For example, [[Xuanzang]] – the Chinese pilgrim to India describes many "Punya-śālās" (houses of goodness, merit, charity) in his 629 CE memoir.<ref name=Beal1968/><ref>Tan Chung (1970), Ancient Indian Life Through Chinese Eyes, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 32, pp. 142, context: pp 137-149, {{JSTOR|44141059}}</ref> He mentions these ''śālā'' in Takka (Punjab) and other north Indian places such as near the Deva temples of [[Haridwar]] at the mouth of river Ganges and eight Deva temples in Mulasthanapura. These, recorded Xuanzang, served the poor and the unfortunate, providing them food, clothing and medicine, also welcoming travelers and the destitute. So common were these, he wrote, that "travelers [like him] were never badly off."<ref name=Beal1968>Samuel Beal (1968), ''Si-yu-ki, Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang (A.D. 629)'', Trubner (Original 1906, J.R. Osgood Publishers), Harvard University Archives, pages 165–166 (Vol 1), 198 (Vol 1), 274–275 (Vol 2) with footnotes</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Matha or Monastery at Kadwaha.tif|thumb|9th century monastery ruins at Kadwaha with ''shalas'' surrounding the courtyard.]]
The chapter 7 of the ''Matsya Purana'' describes ''śālá'' to be inspired by a tree (śāl), providing the inspiration for a house or covered space to the primitive humans. The tree roots inspired him to make a foundation, the trunk for vertical pillars, the ''sakha'' (branches with [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]]) for rooms, and foliage inspired him to use thatch and leaves for roof.<ref name=acharyasb/><ref name="Mishra1999">{{cite book|author=P. K. Mishra|title=Studies in Hindu and Buddhist Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqSAQpCOifoC&pg=PA67 |year=1999|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-368-7|pages=67–68}}</ref>

''Śālā'' evolved to additionally mean education centers. In South India, the term was spelled as ''salai'' or ''calai'' and referred to boarding colleges where students were fed and received education in the Vedas or other religious traditions, military arts and other subjects.<ref name="Scharfe2002"/> According to Hartmut Scharfe, these schools were attached to many Hindu and Jain temples in the 1st millennium CE, and sometimes they were alternatively referred to by other terms such as a ''kalari'' (focusing on military arts) or ''ghatika'' (Vedic studies).<ref name="Scharfe2002"/>

Many inscriptions refers to such sala or salai or calai as schools supported by wealthy donors or kings or the daily donations of devotees visiting the temple. For example, the Huzur Office Plates of south Kerala include a major inscription from 866 CE of the [[Ay dynasty|Ay Dynasty]] Hindu king Karunantadakkan who sponsored a Vishnu temple with a ''salai'' for Vedic studies for ninety five students and scholars. The donations and local villages in [[Parthivapuram]] (spelled ''Parthivasekharapuram'' in the inscription) supported the [[Parthasarathy temple, Parthivapuram]], the boarding and feeding costs of the students (called ''cattar'' or ''chattra'') and college staff.<ref name="Scharfe2002"/><ref name=rajakrishnankumar/>

The [[Talagunda pillar inscription]] dated to 455–470 CE mentions a ''śālá'' for higher education in Kanchipuram, where the founder of Kadamba dynasty (Karnataka) goes for higher Vedic studies.<ref>B.L. Rice (1902), ''Epigraphia Carnatica'' Volume 7 (Sk inscription 176), pp. 200</ref><ref>F. Kielhorn (1906), E. Hultzsch (editor), ''Epigraphica Indica'' Volume 8, pp. 24-36.</ref> The Sendalai inscription and many Chola era inscriptions mention Kandalur-salai where military and weapon arts were taught, which no longer exists and is believed to probably have been in Vizhingam or [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Education in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s19sZFRxCUC |year=2002|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-12556-6|pages=175–177 with footnotes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=C. M. Ramachandran|title=Problems of Higher Education in India: A Case Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRcqOm5N_YwC |publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=89–90}}</ref> The Chera rulers supported the Tiruvallur salai and Muzhikulam salai in the 9th and 10th-century CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=C. M. Ramachandran|title=Problems of Higher Education in India: A Case Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRcqOm5N_YwC |publisher=Mittal Publications|page=90}}</ref> The 11th-century [[Tirumukkuddal Inscription of Virarajendra]] – the largest known inscription in Tamil Nadu covering about {{Convert|540|ft2|m2}} – is found on the inner wall of Venketesaperumal (Vishnu) temple, about 25 kilometers east of Kanchipuram. It provides details of the annual state financing and operations of a Rigvedic, Yajurvedic and Panchratra boarding ''salai'' (college) for 60 students, a hostel, a hospital (''atular-salai'') with 15 beds, and local community's festival celebrations all managed by the temple.<ref name="Balasubrahmanyam1977">{{cite book|author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam| title=Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (A.D. 985-1070)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dufVAAAAMAAJ| year=1977|publisher= Oriental Press|isbn= 978-90-6023-607-9|pages=367–372}}</ref><ref>K.V. Subrahmanya Ayyar (1932), ''Epigraphia Indica'' Volume 21, E Hultzsch Series (Editors: H Sastri, KN Dikshit and NP Chakravarti), Archaeological Survey of India, pp. 220–232</ref>{{refn|group=note|The school run by Venketesaperumal temple was neither an exception nor the largest in South India. Historical records, particularly copper plate and stone inscriptions, suggest there were many. Within what is now Tamil Nadu, competing with the Tirumukkuddal salai, Hindu temples operating larger Sanskrit colleges covering the Vedas, language, and a diverse range of ''sastra'' and ''agama'' subjects existed in Ennayiram and Tribhuvani.<ref>Justin Wilson (1998), ''Education in Medieval Tamilnadu: An Epigraphical Peep into its nature'', Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 59, pp. 1057-1064, {{JSTOR|44147081}}</ref> However, these lack the kind of extensive and detailed Tirumukkuddal inscription on the school, hostel and hospital found at the Venketesaperumal temple.}}

There are numerous such inscriptions about journey to or grants for schools (''sala'') and temples in India from the 4th-century CE onwards, states Hartmut Scharfe.<ref name=scharfe169>{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Education in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s19sZFRxCUC |year=2002|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-12556-6|pages=169–175 with footnotes}}</ref> These Hindu and Jain inscriptions in South India and North India (for example Rajasthan) discuss these schools with the words ''chatra'' (छात्र), ''cata'', ''catta'' or ''chattirar'' which means a student.<ref name=scharfe169/><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Cattas and Bhattas|author= Veluthat Kesavan| journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| year= 1975| volume= 36| p= 98-109|jstor=44138839}}</ref>

The chapters 150 and 151 of the ''[[Kuvalayamala]]'' – the Jain text in Sanskrit dated to about 778 CE by Uddyotana Suri of Jalor (Rajasthan) describes a Vijayanagari with a matha (monastery) and ''sala'' attached to a temple where students from distant lands would enroll. These student, states Suri, learned painting, singing, musical arts, dancing, drama, archery, fighting with swords, debating, grammar and various subjects related to Hindu and Buddhist philosophies (Nyaya, Mimamsa, Lokayatika, Baudha).<ref>{{cite journal|title= The temple dependents of early medieval Kerala – A case study of Srivallabha Temple in central Travancore| year=2003| author= K.M. Suresh| journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume= 64|page = 505| jstor=44145486}}</ref><ref>A N Upadhye (1970), ''Kuvalayamala Part 2'', Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{oclc|606491763}}</ref>

In contemporary usage, any hall or pavilion is a ''śālá'', such as one used for yoga practice or an event or a social gathering.<ref name="Nichter2013">{{cite book | last=Nichter | first=Mimi |authorlink=Mimi Nichter| title=Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context | chapter=The Social Life of Yoga: Exploring Transcultural Flows in India | publisher=Springer International | publication-place=Heidelberg | year=2013 | isbn=978-3-319-00314-6 | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00315-3_9 | pages=203, 201–224}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Battle of Kandalur Salai]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pavilions|*]]
[[Category:Hindu architecture]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]

N. S. S. College, Pandalam

2025-12-18T10:11:51Z

RowenaClune540: made stub

{{Short description|College in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = N. S. S. College, Pandalam
| native_name =
| image = NSS College Pandalam-logo.gif
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = ''Sreyohi Njanam Abhyasath'' ([[Sanskrit]])
| mottoeng = "Knowledge indeed is superior to constant practice"
| established = {{Start date and age|1950}}
| pushpin_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|9.2215|76.6814|type:edu|display=inline,title}}

| founder = [[Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai]]
| closed =
| type = Government Aided College
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| free_label =
| free =
| principal = Dr. M. G. Sanal Kumar
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Pandalam]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = India
| campus =
| other_names =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| academic_affiliations = [[University of Kerala]], [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| website = {{URL|www.nsscollegepandalam.ac.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
'''N. S. S. College, Pandalam''' is a higher education institution in [[Kerala]], affiliated to the [[University of Kerala]].<ref name=Beacon>{{cite news |title=A beacon of higher education in the rural belt |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/a-beacon-of-higher-education-in-the-rural-belt/article3213964.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> It is one of the three oldest colleges established and managed by the [[Nair Service Society]]. The college was founded by [[Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai]] in 1950,<ref>{{cite web |title=N.S.S. College, Pandalam |url=http://www.nss.org.in/institutions/colleges.htm#pandalam |publisher=N. S. S. College |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111010241/http://www.nss.org.in/institutions/colleges.htm#pandalam |archive-date=11 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with intermediate course offerings from the University of Travancore. The college is situated at the heart of Pandalam town adjacent to several other educational institutions under the same management.

[[File:NSSCollegePandalam3.jpg|thumb|Main building of NSS College Pandalam ]]
The college has 15 departments in science, arts, commerce, and physical education. It offers 14 under-graduate courses, seven post-graduate courses, and one doctoral programme. The college motto (inscribed on the college emblem) is derived from the [[Bhagavad Gita]] [[smriti]] ''Sreyohi Njanam Abhyasath'' (''Knowledge indeed is superior to constant practice'').<ref name=VisionMission>{{cite web |title=College Vision and Mission |url=http://www.nsscollegepandalam.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=7 |publisher=NSS College, Pandalam}}</ref> The college is accredited as a special grade college by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref name=Beacon/> It was accredited as B++ in 2007 and later re-accredited to A grade in 2014 by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]].

The college campus covers {{Convert|50|acres|abbr=on}} of land,<ref name=Beacon/> and houses a study centre of the University of Kerala and the University District Information Office.<ref name=Beacon/> The Zoology department receives financial assistance from the [[Sir Ratan Tata Trust]].<ref name=Beacon/> The English department has a theatre called the ''Pandaleeyan English Theatre'',<ref name=Beacon/> which was formed by N. G. Kurup who was college principal in the 1960s.<ref name=Beacon/> The theatre has staged [[William Shakespeare]]'s [[Hamlet]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Ernakulam]].<ref name=Beacon/> In 2013, the department staged a [[Kathakali]] adaptation of Shakespeare's [[Othello]] at its literary fest "Lumina Literati".<ref>{{cite web|title=Show of literary talent winds up|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/show-of-literary-talent-winds-up/article4406137.ece|access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref>

The college library has approximately 50,000 books and 1800 reference books.<ref name=Beacon/> It also has active units of the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]],<ref>{{cite news |title=NCC regional camp under way in Pandalam |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/07/stories/2005070706080300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050811081315/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/07/stories/2005070706080300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2005-07-07 |access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> the [[National Service Scheme]],<ref>{{cite news |title=National Service Scheme awards |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/national-service-scheme-awards/article5103119.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> the Women's Studies Unit,<ref name=Beacon/> the forestry club,<ref name=Beacon/> Entrepreneurship Development Club and the Film Club.<ref name=EDC/> The college has hosted several national seminars and workshops on various topics such as cinema,<ref>{{cite news |title=Academic’s pat for strong women characters in films |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/seminar-on-cinema/article5253393.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> Malayalam literature,<ref>{{cite news |title=National seminar on Malayalam literature |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/11/stories/2004101104580300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113234035/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/11/stories/2004101104580300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2004-10-11 |access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> and water resources management.<ref name=EDC>{{cite news |title=Workshop on water resources management |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/22/stories/2004032203300300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605061223/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/22/stories/2004032203300300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2004-03-22 |access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

Notable alumni of the college include [[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]], [[Pandalam Sudhakaran]], [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]], [[V. N. Rajasekharan Pillai]], [[Narendra Prasad]], and Dr Biju.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumni |url=http://www.nsscollegepandalam.ac.in/index.php?option=com_flexicontact&Itemid=47 |publisher=NSS College, Pandalam}}</ref> Notable lecturers who worked here include [[Kadammanitta Vasudevan Pillai]] and [[Manoj Kuroor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Manoj Kuroor |url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=842 |work=Malayala Chalachithram}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] Director
* [[Dr. Biju]], Director
* [[Narendra Prasad]], Actor
* [[Pandalam Sudhakaran]], Politician
* [[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]], Governor of Goa
* [[P. Prasad]], Minister for Agriculture, Government of Kerala
* [[S. Jithesh]] - World's Fastest Cartoonist & World Record Holder in Speed Drawing
* [[V. N. Rajasekharan Pillai]]

==Notable faculty==
* [[Kadammanitta Vasudevan Pillai]]
* [[Manoj Kuroor]]
* [[Rajalakshmi]], novelist, short story writer and poet

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:NSSCollegePandalam2.jpg|Front view of NSSCollege Pandalam
File:NSSCollegePandalam.jpg|Distant view of NSSCollege Pandalam
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.nsscollegepandalam.ac.in}}

{{Education in Kerala}}

[[Category:Arts and Science colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Nair Service Society colleges]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to the University of Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1950]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]

Aundha Nagnath

2025-12-11T16:47:21Z

RowenaClune540: added basic pg w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aundha Nagnath
| other_name = Aundha
| nickname = Nageshwar jyotirling
| settlement_type = Temple
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = center
| image1 =Aundha Nagnath Shiva Temple Jyotirlinga Maharashtra India.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 =Aundha Nagnath Temple.jpg
| caption2 = }}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Aundha Nagnath Temple]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Aundha Nagnath in Maharashtra
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.534554|N|77.039566|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14801
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Aundhekar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 431705
| registration_plate = MH 38
| blank2_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hingoli]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Assembly Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath]]
| website = {{url|aundhanagnathmahaulb.maharashtra.gov.in/en}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Aundha Naganath''' is a town in [[Hingoli district]] of [[Maharashtra]] State in [[India]]. The town is known for the [[Aundha Nagnath Temple]], a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple. It is the 8th Jyotirling out of 12 that is dedicated to [[Shiva]]. The town is also known for the [[Siddheshwar Dam]], which is about 15 km away from the city in the western direction. It is the proposed site for the [[LIGO-India]] Project,<ref>http://www.gw-indigo.org/tiki-index.php?page=LIGO-India LIGO-India</ref> a planned [[gravitational wave]] detector that lies 12 km away from the town. After its scheduled completion in 2024, this research facility will be the fifth such facility after [[Hanford, Washington]], [[Livingston, Louisiana]] in the USA, Virgo in Italy and KAGRA in Japan.

==Geography==
Aundha Nagnath town rests on the Deccan Trap in the Marathwada Region of Maharashtra. The Aundha Lake is situated on the southern side is the major source of water for the town.

==Demography==
As per the 2011 census, Aundha has a total of 2744 families residing. The town has a population of 14801 of which 7515 were males while 7286 were females. The average sex ratio of the town was 970, which is higher than the Maharashtra state average of 929. The literacy rate of the town was 82.33% about the same as the 82.34% of Maharashtra. Male literacy stands at 89.45% while the female literacy rate was 74.98%. [[Schedule Caste]] (SC) constitutes 15.57% while [[Schedule Tribe]] (ST) were 2.70% of total population.

==Transportation==

*By Air: Aurangabad is the nearest international airport which is about 210 km away from the town. Also, Nanded national airport, which is about 70 km away connects to the town.
*By Rail: Chondi station, around 21 km away from the town serves as the nearest railway station. While Hingoli and Parbhani Junctions are well connected throughout the country's major cities such as Mumbai, Hyderabad, Delhi, Chennai, Vijaywada, Kolkata, etc.
*By Road: Aundha Nagnath is a major bus stop where all en-route buses halt. This bus stop is well connected to the major cities and regions of Maharashtra. There are daily luxury buses operating to Mumbai, Thane, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Nanded, Aurangabad, Nashik, Akola, Solapur, Latur, etc.

==Governance==
{{main|Basmath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency)}}
As per [[Constitution of India]] and [[Panchyati Raj Act]], Aundha Nagnath is administrated by [[Nagaradhyaksha]] (Head of Village) who is elected by the representatives of the village. The town falls under the [[Basmath|Basamath Assembly Constituency]] for the [[Assembly Elections of Maharashtra]]. At present, this constituency is being represented by MLA Rajubhaiya Nawghare, who belongs to the Nationalist Congress Party. Aundha Nagnath region falls under the [[Hingoli |Hingoli Parliamentary Constituency]] for the [[Parliamentary Elections of India]]. At present, this constituency is being represented by MP Hemant Patil, who belongs to the Shiv Sena.

== Connectivity ==

* '''Nearest city''': [[Hingoli]], a major religious and commercial centre in the region.
* '''Nearest railway station''': [[Parbhani railway station]], with regular services to Mumbai, Hyderabad, Nagpur, and other cities.[citation needed]
* '''Nearest airport''': [[Nanded Airport]], approximately 88 km away, offering regional air services.
* '''Highways''': The town lies on [[National Highway 361]], providing road connectivity to Hingoli, Parbhani, and Nanded.

== Other Jyotirlinga In Maharashtra ==
* [[Jyotirlinga]]
* [[Grishneshwar Temple]]
* [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple]]
* [[Bhimashankar Temple]]
* [[Shri Vaijnath Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hingoli district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hingoli district]]

Institute of Business Management, Jadavpur University

2025-11-01T03:04:54Z

RowenaClune540: Added new details w/ infobox!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Institute of Business Management
| former_name = National Council of Education, Bengal
| image = [[File:ncebengal.JPG|200px]]
| established = {{start date and age|1905|3|11}}
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]] [[business school]]
| director = Dr. Saibal Kumar Mukhopadhyay
| affiliation = [[Jadavpur University]], [[AICTE]]
| city = [[Jadavpur]], [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.4996|88.3698|region:IN_type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| nickname = IBMNCE
| website = [https://www.ibmnce.in Ibmnce.in]
}}

'''Institute of Business Management''', commonly known as '''IBMNCE''', is a public [[business school]] located in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal [[India]]. It is affiliated with [[Jadavpur University]].

==See also==
*[[International School of Business, Kolkata]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ibmnce.in Official IBMNCE website]

[[Category:Business schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in West Bengal]]

Imkongmar

2025-10-21T11:14:32Z

RowenaClune540:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

'''Imkongmar''' (born 1976)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Imkongmar(NDPP):Constituency- MONGOYA(MOKOKCHUNG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6869 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Mongoya Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing [[Naga People's Front]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imkongmar in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/imkongmar-mongoya-candidate-s17a025c003/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Winning Candidates List 2023: Full list of BJP, NPF and Congress leaders - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/nagaland-winning-candidates-list-2023-full-list-bjp-npf-ndpp-congress-leaders-neiphio-rio-16076361.htm |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Imkongmar is from [[Mongoya Assembly constituency|Mongoya]], Mokokchung District, Nagaland. He is the son of late Alemjongshi. He completed his B.A. in 1998 at Baptist High College, [[Kohima]]. His wife is a government employee.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Imkongmar won from Mongoya Assembly constituency representing Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party in the 2023 Nagaland Assembly election. He polled 6,818 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[S. Supongmeren Jamir]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 1,042 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Polls: BJP, NDPP wins key seats; RPI (A) wins Noksen and Tuensang Sadar-II |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/ne-election-2023/nagaland-polls-bjp-wins-in-tuensang-sadar-1-ndpp-wins-shamator-chessore/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-03-02 |title=Results in 10 seats declared, TR Zeliang wins big at 7 Peren A/C |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/results-in-10-seats-declared-tr-zeliang-wins-big-at-7-peren-a-c/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> Jamir, the state Congress president, emerged as the last hope for Congress as former chief minister [[K. L. Chishi]], opted out of the 2023 election after losing the [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018 poll]] that saw Congress failing to win any seats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Nagaland |date=2024-03-09 |title=In 'Congress-mukt' Nagaland, Supong Is Never A Challenger - Nagaland Page |url=https://nagalandpage.com/in-congress-mukt-nagaland-supong-is-never-a-challenger/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=nagalandpage.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imkongmar}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party politicians]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Mokokchung district]]

Aftab Hussain Saikia

2025-08-02T11:34:15Z

RowenaClune540: added first data first draft

{{short description|Indian Judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

'''Aftab Hussain Saikia''' (born 7 April 1949) is an Indian judge and former Chief Justice of Indian High Courts.

==Career==
Saikia was born in 1949. He passed B.Sc. from [[Cotton University]] in 1969 and completed [[LL.B]]. and [[LL.M]]. from [[Guwahati University]]. In 1974, he started practice in the [[Guwahati High Court]] on civil, criminal, constitutional and service matters. He practised for 26 years in the [[Guwahati High Court]] and other outlying benches in the [[Northeast India|North East India]]. Saikia was appointed public prosecutor of [[Government of Assam]] for three years. He also worked as principal as well as lecturer of J.B. Law College of [[Guwahati]]. He served as the guest lecturer in the Department of Law, Guwahati University. In 1999 Saikia was designated as senior advocate. He was appointed a permanent judge of the Guwahati High Court on 15 November 2000 and became the chief justice of [[Sikkim High Court]] on 7 March 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/jk-gets-new-chief-justice/72744.html |title=JK gets new Chief Justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121310/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/jk-gets-new-chief-justice/72744.html |archive-date=19 January 2019 |work=Greater Kashmir |date=14 April 2010 |access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref> He was awarded Ph.D. in law by the Guwahati University in December 2009.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://ahrc.gov.in/present_setup.htm |title=The Present Set Up Of The State Commission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131104307/http://ahrc.gov.in/present_setup.htm |archive-date=31 January 2019 |work=ahrc.gov.in |access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref> On 13 April 2010, he was transferred to the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]] as chief justice. He retired on 6 April 2011 from the post.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jkhighcourt.nic.in/formercj.php|title=Hon'ble Former Chief Justices's of High Court J & K|website=jkhighcourt.nic.in|access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref> At present Justice Saikia is serving as Chairperson of Meghalaya and [[Assam Human Rights Commission]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mhrc-chief-asks-people-to-gift-constitution-on-social-events-118013100581_1.html |title=MHRC chief asks people to gift Constitution on social events |work=Business Standard |date=31 January 2018 |access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Karmakar |first1=Sumit |date=12 December 2013 |title=Wake-up siren for VIP beacons - Ex-Assam judge removes red light from own vehicles after SC order |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/wake-up-siren-for-vip-beacons-ex-assam-judge-removes-red-light-from-own-vehicles-after-sc-order/cid/234405 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/meghalaya-human-rights-commission-sends-notice-to-government/ |title=Meghalaya Human Rights Commission Sends Notice to Government |work=The Sentinel |date=19 December 2018 |access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/17304 |title=New MHRC Chairperson |work=Assam Times |date=20 July 2016 |access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref> He was the first sitting Judge or Chief Justice of High Court to obtain Ph.D. within the country while in office.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saikia, Aftab Hussain}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Gauhati High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Sikkim High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]

Rajasthani

2025-07-20T03:11:41Z

RowenaClune540: put up new article

{{wiktionary|Rajasthani}}
'''Rajasthani''' may refer to:
* something of, from, or related to [[Rajasthan]], a state of India
* [[Rajasthani languages]], a group of Indic languages spoken there
* [[Rajasthani people]], the native inhabitants of the state
* [[Rajasthani architecture]], Indian architecture as practiced in the state
* [[Rajasthani art]], arts of the Indian state
* [[Rajasthani cuisine]], part of Indian cuisine
* [[Rajasthani literature]], literature written in various genres starting from 1000 AD
* [[Rajasthani music]], folk, classical and other forms of music from the Indian state
* [[Rajasthani painting]], a style of Indian miniature painting from the royal courts of the state
* [[Cinema of Rajasthan]] , Rajasthani-language cinema

==See also==
*[[Rajasthan (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}
[[Category:Language and nationality disambiguation pages]]

Panjali Sabatham

2025-06-03T08:02:58Z

RowenaClune540:

{{Infobox book
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| author = [[Subramania Bharati]]
| country = [[India]]
| title_orig =
| name = Panchali Sabatham
}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2021}}
{{Short description|Tamil poem by Subramania Bharati}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}

'''''Panchali Sabatham''''' ({{langx|ta|பாஞ்சாலி சபதம்}}, {{lit|[[Draupadi|Panchali]]'s Vow}}) is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Tamil mythology|epic]] by the poet [[Subramania Bharati]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thallam |first=Sarada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nDfZDQAAQBAJ&dq=panchali+sabatham&pg=PR36 |title=Rajam Krishnan and Indian Feminist Hermeneutics |date=2017-01-06 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6491-6 |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref> The poem retells the events of the episode of the [[Sabha Parva|game of dice]] from the [[Mahabharata]]. Bharati uses the incidents from the Mahabharata to draw parallels with the [[Kurukshetra War]] and the [[Indian independence movement|Indian War of Independence]] and [[Draupadi|Panchali]] (Draupadi) with [[Bharat Mata|Bharata Mata]].

It is popularly known for emphasizing [[Feminist movement|liberation of women from oppression]] and remains as one of the well known [[Feminist literature|feminist works]] in [[Tamil literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centennial controversy over Panchali Sabatham|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/feb/05/centennial-controversy-over-panchali-sabatham-447596.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=The New Indian Express|date=5 February 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Sairandhri (1891) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Draupadi, also known as Panchali, the protagonist of the Panchali Sabatham.]]

== Structure ==
Panchali Sabatham is divided into two major parts and is further sub-divided into five ''sarukkam'' (chapter)<ref>{{Cite web|last=agarathi.com|title=சருக்கம் {{!}} அகராதி {{!}} Tamil Dictionary|url=https://agarathi.com/word/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D|access-date=2021-04-10|website=agarathi.com}}</ref> namely:

# சூழ்ச்சிசருக்கம் (''Suḻcchi-carukkam'') - Plotting Chapter
# சூதாட்டச்சருக்கம் (''Suudhatta-carukkam'') - Gambling Chapter
# அடிமைச்சருக்கம் (''Adimai-carukkam'') - Slavery Chapter
# துகிலுரிதல் சருக்கம் (''Thugilurithal Sarukkam'') - Harassment Chapter
# சபதச்சருக்கம் (''Sabatha-carukkam'') - Vow Chapter.

The epic contains a total of 412 poems. It is written in '<nowiki/>''pa'<nowiki/>'' [[Metre (music)|meter]] called '''sindhu''<nowiki/>'.

==Stage play adaptation==
The epic was adapted into a stage play by [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] for his stage troupe Seva Stage, which had its first show on 15 February 1969. N. R. Shanthini played [[Draupadi]], [[R. Muthuraman]] played [[Duryodhana]], [[A. K. Veerasamy]] played [[Dhritarashtra]], and Sahasranamam played [[Subramaniya Bharati]]. In later shows, Sahasranamam played Yudhishtra, [[Gandhimathi]] played Draupadi and [[M. Karpaga Vinayagam]] played Bharati and Arjuna. The play was staged throughout India. It was also the first Tamil play to be telecast on [[Doordarshan]]. An audio version of the play was broadcast twice in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/a-play-inspired-by-bharatis-verses/article36493241.ece|title=A play inspired by Bharati’s verses|last=Bhatt|first=Karthik|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922114552/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/a-play-inspired-by-bharatis-verses/article36493241.ece|archive-date=22 September 2023|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />
{{Feminism}}

[[Category:Indian poems]]
[[Category:Tamil poetry]]
[[Category:Feminist literature]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]

{{1910s-poem-stub}}

Dattatray Ramachandra Bhat

2025-05-15T03:57:41Z

RowenaClune540: adding new entry initial version

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dattatray Ramachandra Bhat
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Nashik]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Datta Bhat
| occupation = Stage/Film Actor
| years_active =
| relatives =
}}

'''Dattatray Ramachandra Bhat''' popularly known as '''Datta Bhat''' was an Indian film and [[theatre]] actor, in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

==Stage career==
Bhat played the role of Natsamrat in noted Marathi playwright [[Kusumagraj]]’s iconic & milestone Marathi play "Natsamrat" after [[Dr. Shriram Lagoo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The secret of my acting is that I'm a thief: Dr Shreeram Lagoo|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/interview-the-secret-of-my-acting-is-that-i-m-a-thief-dr-shreeram-lagoo-2161642|website=Dnaindia/|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref> He has worked with many eminent theatre directors including Madhukar Phatak, Vishnu Pant Godbole, [[Damu Kenkre]] and [[Vijaya Mehta]]. He is known for his contribution to the traditional narrative [[Akhyana|Aakhyan]] form.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dattatray Ramchandra Bhat|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=942&at=1|website=Sangeet Natak Akademi|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi|accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref>

==Movie career==
Bhat is an actor, known for Marathi movies like [[Sarvasakshi]] (1978), [[Sinhasan]] (1979) and [[Maaficha Sakshidar]] (1986).
He has also worked in Hindi movies in Comedy film ''[[Damaad]]'' (1978) and Murder Mystery film ''[[Hanste Khelte (1984 film)|Hanste Khelte]]'' (1984).

==Awards==
For his eminence in the field of theatre and his contribution to its enrichment, Shri Dattatray Ramchandra Bhat received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Acting for 1983.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=3250264|name=Datta Bhat}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Dattatray}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:People from Nashik]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

SUN Mobility

2025-04-25T13:35:21Z

RowenaClune540: put up new stub

{{Short description|Indian electric vehicle energy service provider}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Multiple issues|section=|
{{advert|date=January 2024}}
{{COI |date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox company
| name = SUN Mobility
| parent = SUN Mobility PTE, Singapore
| logo = SUN Mobility Logo.png
| logo_caption = Logo since 2019
| logo_size = 220px
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2017}}
| founders = [[Chetan Maini]], [[Uday Khemka]], Ajay Goel
| location_city = [[Bengaluru]]
| location_country = India
| key_people = [[Chetan Maini]] ([[Chairperson]]).<ref>{{cite web|title= Chetan Maini: The Mobility Transformer|date= April 2023|url= https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/entrepreneurs/chetan-maini-the-mobility-transformer/448858|publisher=Entrepreneur.com}}</ref> 
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| products = [[Electric Vehicle]] Infrastructure
| production =
| production_year = 2017
| services = EV Battery Swapping & Energy Infrastructure
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| equity =
| owner =
| website = {{URL|https://www.sunmobility.com/}}
| num_employees = 500<ref name="SUN Mobility Employees">{{cite news|url= https://tracxn.com/d/companies/sun-mobility/__im-OkXaXzSsGy8b55eNohrKkJv9JQ_s8bF2T4Y98afQ|title= SUN Mobility company profile|publisher=Tracxn}}</ref>
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
}}

'''SUN Mobility''' is an electric vehicle energy services company founded in 2017<ref>{{cite web|title=After exiting India's first e-car venture, will Chetan Maini make a breakthrough in e-mobility services?|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/after-exiting-indias-first-e-car-venture-will-chetan-maini-make-a-breakthrough-in-e-mobility-services/98004718|publisher=Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chetan Maini: Back in the electric mobility business|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/road-to-electric/chetan-maini-back-in-the-electric-mobility-business/49411/1|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sun Mobility: start-up that's gunning to be an EVangelist|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/feature/sun-mobility-aims-evangelist-29097|publisher=Autocar Professional}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chetan Maini plans new venture|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/chetan-maini-plans-new-venture/article17957925.ece|work=The Hindu|date=12 April 2017 }}</ref> that develops, manufactures and operates battery swapping infrastructure <ref>{{cite web|title=Sun Mobility introduces mobility as a service solution|date=26 August 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/sun-mobility-introduces-mobility-as-a-service-solution-1845777-2021-08-26|publisher=India Today}}</ref> for electric two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and larger commercial vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi drives push for electric vehicles in India|work=Financial Times |date=21 March 2019 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/a20b2322-4b09-11e9-bbc9-6917dce3dc62|last1=Mundy |first1=Simon }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The long road ahead for electric vehicles|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/real-issue/the-long-road-ahead-for-electric-vehicles/48155/1|work=Forbes India}}</ref> Battery swapping technology helps accelerate the faster adoption of electric vehicles due to the lower upfront purchase price of electric vehicles, and the lower running costs - particularly in the case of commercial applications.<ref>{{cite news|title=Battery swapping: Advantages, setbacks and its future|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/battery-swapping-advantages-setbacks-and-its-future/|work=The Times of India |last1=Chugh |first1=M. S. }}</ref>

The company is a joint venture<ref>{{cite web|title=Aiming for a green (and electric) future|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/feature/aiming-green-electric-future-25765|publisher=Autocar Professional}}</ref> between the SUN Group and the Maini Group,<ref>{{cite press release|title=SUN Mobility Expands its Battery Swapping Operations to Maharashtra in Collaboration with Amazon India |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/sun-mobility-expands-its-battery-swapping-operations-to-maharashtra-in-collaboration-with-amazon-india-835992504.html|publisher=PR News Wire}}</ref> both companies in the areas of electric mobility and clean energy. The company is co-founded by [[Chetan Maini]], the founder of the Reva Electric Car Company<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahindra & Mahindra buys 55% in Reva to power electric car biz|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 May 2010 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mahindra-mahindra-buys-55-in-reva-to-power-electric-car-biz/articleshow/5978957.cms|publisher=ET Auto}}</ref> (now known as [[Mahindra Last Mile Mobility Limited]]), [[Uday Khemka]], Vice Chairman of SUN Group, and Ajay Goel, Co-Founder & Executive Director.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pilipinas Shell signs pact with SUN Mobility for battery swapping tech|date=20 January 2023 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/pilipinas-shell-signs-pact-with-sun-mobility-for-battery-swapping-tech/article66412460.ece|publisher=The Hindu Businessline}}</ref> Anant Badjatya is the current CEO of the India business, since March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anant Badjatya to head Sun Mobility as CEO of India business|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/anant-badjatya-to-head-sun-mobility-as-ceo-of-india-business-81331|publisher=Autocar Professional}}</ref>

==History==

In 2019, [[Bosch (company)]] invested $25 million SUN Mobility<ref>{{cite web|title=Bosch acquires 26% stake in Sun Mobility|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/bosch-acquires-26-stake-in-sun-mobility/77928929|publisher=ETAuto}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LetsTransport Raises $25 Mn In Latest Funding Round |url=https://www.mobilityoutlook.com/news/letstransport-raises-25-mn-in-latest-funding-round/ |work=Mobility Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=I. S. N. |title=Battery tech startup Battery Smart raises $45M led by Acacia Inclusion, others |url=https://indianstartupnews.com/funding/battery-tech-startup-battery-smart-raises-usd-45m-in-funding-4585168 |work=indianstartupnews.com |language=en}}</ref> and has since been a technology partner. [[Vitol]], the Dutch oil trading organization, is also an investor in the company having made an investment of $50 million in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sun Mobility raises $50 million from Vitol|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/sun-mobility-raises-50-million-from-vitol/articleshow/87153478.cms|newspaper=Economic Times|date= 20 October 2021}}</ref>

In 2023, SUN Mobility began international operations with Shell being a partner in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Pilipinas Shell signs pact with SUN Mobility for battery swapping tech |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/pilipinas-shell-signs-pact-with-sun-mobility-for-battery-swapping-tech/article66412460.ece |publisher=The Hindu Businessline}}</ref>

==Operations==
[[File:SUN Mobility Swap Point.png|thumb|A lady swapping passenger auto-rickshaw batteries at a SUN Mobility Swap Point]]
Battery swapping as a technology addresses common roadblocks to electric vehicle adoption such as high up-front costs, range anxiety, battery management concerns, and battery pack obsolescence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Battery Swapping: Views of experts on opportunities and challenges|date=22 June 2022 |url=https://renewablewatch.in/2022/06/22/battery-swapping/|publisher=RenewableWatch}}</ref> SUN Mobility's battery swapping technology enables users to purchase their electric vehicles without a fixed battery pack, and subscribe to a battery swapping service that allows them to simply swap a depleted battery for a fully charged, temperature-controlled battery pack.<ref>{{cite web|title=This swappable battery tech is keeping India's electric tuk-tuk drivers on the road|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/sun-mobility-ev-battery-swap-stations/|publisher=World Economic Forum}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SUN Mobility Will Introduce Battery Swap Station Franchises In India|url=https://www.mobilityoutlook.com/conversations/sun-mobility-will-introduce-battery-swap-station-franchises-in-india/|publisher=Mobility Outlook}}</ref>

SUN Mobility offers Battery-as-a-Service (BaaS)<ref>{{cite web|title=What is battery swapping or battery-as-a-service?|url=https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/automobile/what-is-battery-swapping-or-battery-as-a-service-122031800055_1.html|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref> and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS)<ref>{{cite web|title=SUN Mobility under MaaS model partners with Zypp Electric to power EV fleets|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/commercial-vehicle/lcv/sun-mobility-under-maas-model-partners-with-zypp-electric-to-power-ev-fleets/86032161|publisher=ET Auto}}</ref> as two solutions to its customers.

SUN Mobility operates over 600 battery swapping points <ref>{{cite web|title=Sun Mobility's swapping points: A compelling choice|date=23 November 2023 |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/sun-mobilitys-swapping-points-a-compelling-choice|publisher=Business India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SUN Mobility sets sights on the heavy-duty vehicle market|date=22 October 2023 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/sun-mobility-aims-for-the-heavy-duty-vehicle-market-preparing-to-launch-solutions-shortly/article67449002.ece|publisher=The Hindu Businessline}}</ref> across India, and has the leading market share in e-auto and e-loader (three-wheeler cargo vehicle) categories, the highest market share in swappable e-bikes, and about 50% market share in e-rickshaws in northern India.

==Products and services==
[[File:S2.1-SUN Mobility Battery Pack.jpg|thumb|The second-gen Battery Pack 'S2.1', launched in January 2023]]
SUN Mobility provides modular Smart Batteries that are smaller and lighter than conventional fixed EV batteries, and are swappable in a few minutes. The second-generation Smart battery S2.1 was launched at the Delhi Auto Expo<ref>{{cite news|title=SUN Mobility launches new SwapX station and S2.1 battery pack: Aims to power 1 million EVs by 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/electric-bikes/sun-mobility-launches-new-swapx-station-and-s2-1-battery-pack-aims-to-power-1-million-evs-by-2025/articleshow/96970216.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=13 January 2023 }}</ref> in January 2023. This new model of battery offers a higher capacity compared to earlier generations and comes with enhanced safety features.

[[File:SwapX-SUN Mobility.jpg|thumb|The 3-dock Swap Station 'SwapX' launched in January 2023]]
The SwapX is a battery swapping station that was developed by SUN Mobility to improve the density of the battery swapping network. SwapX was launched in January 2023 at the Delhi Auto Expo.<ref>{{cite news|title=SUN Mobility launches new SwapX station and S2.1 battery pack: Aims to power 1 million EVs by 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/electric-bikes/sun-mobility-launches-new-swapx-station-and-s2-1-battery-pack-aims-to-power-1-million-evs-by-2025/articleshow/96970216.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=13 January 2023 }}</ref> It comes with 3 docks and can be installed within an area of 4.5 to 6 sq. feet, requiring a 15A power supply to operate.

== Partners and network==
[[File:SUN Mobility Swiggy Bike.png|thumb|A Swiggy delivery rider swapping a battery at a Swap Point]]
SUN Mobility has partnered with fleet operators (such as Amazon,<ref>{{cite press release|title=SUN Mobility Expands its Battery Swapping Operations to Maharashtra in Collaboration with Amazon India|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/sun-mobility-expands-its-battery-swapping-operations-to-maharashtra-in-collaboration-with-amazon-india-835992504.html|publisher=PR Newswire}}</ref> Zomato,<ref>{{cite news|title=SUN Mobility Expands its Battery Swapping Operations to Maharashtra in Collaboration with Amazon India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/sun-mobility-to-power-50000-electric-two-wheelers-of-zomatos-fleet-over-next-2-years/articleshow/99025488.cms|newspaper=Economic Times|date=27 March 2023 }}</ref> Swiggy<ref>{{cite web|title=SUN Mobility to power 15K e-bikes in Swiggy's last-mile delivery fleet|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/two-wheelers/sun-mobility-to-power-15000-e-bikes-in-swiggys-last-mile-delivery-fleet/103384279|publisher=ET Auto}}</ref>), shared mobility service providers, and automotive OEMs(such as [[Omega Seiki Mobility]],<ref>{{cite web|title=OSM & SUN Mobility partner to deploy 10,000 C-EVs with swappable batteries|date=21 January 2022 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/express-mobility-osm-sun-mobility-partner-to-deploy-10000-c-evs-with-swappable-batteries-2412758/|publisher=Financial Express}}</ref> [[Hero Electric]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Hero Electric, SUN Mobility to deploy 10k e-two wheelers with swappable battery|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/hero-electric-sun-mobility-to-deploy-10k-e-two-wheelers-with-swappable-battery/articleshow/90050201.cms|newspaper=Economic Times|date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Piaggio Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.,<ref>{{cite web|title=Piaggio and SUN Mobility join hands for swappable battery technology|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/piaggio-and-sun-mobility-join-hands-for-swappable-batter-technology/71919769|publisher=Economic Times}}</ref> and a few others) across vehicle platforms including two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and four-wheelers to bring battery swapping to a wider user base across India.

In collaboration with prominent energy infrastructure players, electricity distribution companies, and city transport corporations such as [[Indian Oil Corporation]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sun Mobility partners Indian Oil for battery swapping station in Chandigarh|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/sun-mobility-partners-indian-oil-for-battery-swapping-station-in-chandigarh-56667|publisher=Autocar Professional}}</ref> [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]],<ref>{{cite web|title=DMRC, Sun Mobility flag off electric 3Ws with swappable batteries in Delhi|date=19 October 2022 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/express-mobility-dmrc-sun-mobility-flag-off-electric-3ws-with-swappable-batteries-in-delhi-2721297/|publisher=Financial Express}}</ref> [[Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Tata Power-DDL Partners With SUN Mobility To Set Up A Network Of Swap Points™ In New Delhi|date=26 March 2021 |url=https://emobilityplus.com/2021/03/26/tata-power-ddl-partners-with-sun-mobility-to-set-up-a-network-of-swap-points-in-new-delhi/|publisher=EMobility Plus}}</ref> etc., the company has been working on expanding their network across urban India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:Electric vehicle infrastructure developers]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Battery electric vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Three-wheeled motor vehicles]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle industry]]

Padubidri Beach

2025-03-20T15:14:11Z

RowenaClune540: put up new data

{{Short description|Beach in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox beach
|name=Padubidri Beach
|image=Blue Flag Beach Padubidri1.jpg
|caption=
|location=[[Padubidri]], [[Udupi district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
|coordinates={{coord|13|07|55|N|74|45|44|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|type=Sandy beach
|water_bodies=[[Arabian Sea]]
}}

'''Padubidri Beach''' is a coastal beach located at [[Padubidri]] in the [[Udupi district]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is one of the [[Blue Flag beach|Blue Flag-certified]] beaches in the country, recognized for its cleanliness, environmental sustainability, and well-maintained facilities. The beach is known for its golden sands, tranquil waters, and lush green surroundings, attracting tourists and nature enthusiasts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamila |first=Raviprasad |date=2020-10-11 |title=Kasarkod, Padubidri beaches accorded ‘Blue Flag’ tag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kasarkod-padubidri-beaches-accorded-blue-flag-tag/article32827723.ece |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Punepulse |date=2024-11-28 |title=Coastal Tourism: Kasargod and Padubidri Beaches Earn Blue Flag Certification for Sustainability - PUNE PULSE |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/coastal-tourism-kasargod-and-padubidri-beaches-earn-blue-flag-certification-for-sustainability/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-15 |title=Karnataka: Tourists to get access to Blue Flag-certified Padubidri beach from December 17 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-tourists-to-get-access-to-blue-flag-certified-padubidri-beach-from-december-17/articleshow/79742750.cms |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Location and accessibility ==
Padubidri Beach is situated approximately {{Convert|24|km}} from [[Udupi]] and {{Convert|50|km}} from [[Mangalore International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=One of India’s cleanest beaches is ready for tourists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/one-of-indias-cleanest-beaches-is-ready-for-tourists/articleshow/79789869.cms |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is easily accessible by:
* Road: Regular bus services and taxis from Udupi and Mangalore.
* Rail: The nearest railway station is in [[Padubidri]].
* Air: The closest airport is [[Mangalore International Airport]].

== Environmental significance ==
Padubidri Beach is one of the few beaches in India that has received the prestigious [[Blue Flag beach]] certification from the [[Foundation for Environmental Education]] (FEE) in Denmark. This certification ensures high standards in: - Water quality - Safety measures - Environmental education and awareness - Waste management and eco-friendly tourism<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Aarav |date=2024-11-17 |title=A Guide to Karnataka’s Blue Flag Beaches: Kasarkod and Padubidri for a Sustainable Getaway |url=https://pune.news/travel/a-guide-to-karnatakas-blue-flag-beaches-kasarkod-and-padubidri-for-a-sustainable-getaway-268105/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=PUNE.NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padubidri Beach undergoes sea change to secure intl eco tag |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/padubidri-beach-undergoes-sea-change-to-secure-intl-eco-tag-900269.html |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Conservation efforts ==
Padubidri Beach follows eco-friendly practices to maintain cleanliness and sustainability: - Plastic-free zones - Solar-powered lighting - Proper waste management systems - Beach clean-up drives and environmental awareness programs<ref>{{Cite web |title=Travellers, The Cleanest Beach In India Is Now Open For Tourists! |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/travellers-the-cleanest-beach-in-india-is-now-open-for-tourists-4275816/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-21 |title=#DiscoverTheUndiscovered: The World's Cleanest Beach In Karnataka Is Now Open For Tourists |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/destinations/padubidri-beach/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=Travel and Leisure Asia {{!}} India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Best time to visit ==
The ideal time to visit Padubidri Beach is between October and May, during the dry season, when the weather is pleasant and the sea remains calm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Flag tag: Visitors throng Padubidri Beach |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/blue-flag-tag-visitors-throng-padubidri-beach-904497.html |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of beaches in Karnataka|Beaches of Karnataka]]
* [[Tourism in Karnataka]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/padubidri-blue-flag-beach/ Karnataka Tourism - Padubidri Beach]
* [https://www.udupitourism.com/padubidri-beach.html Udupi Tourism - Padubidri Beach]

[[Category:Beaches of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Udupi district]]

National Highway 709A (India)

2025-02-28T19:33:21Z

RowenaClune540: made new entry - done

{{Short description| National Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 709A
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 9
|map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=7|frame-lat=29.23|frame-long=77.099|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q55497240|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 709A}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Map of the National Highway in red
| length_km = 264
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = [[Bhiwani]]
| terminus_b = [[Garhmukteshwar]]
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 9
| next_route = 34
| states = [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| destinations =
}}
'''National Highway 709A''', commonly called '''NH 709A''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/163241.pdf|title=New highways notification March, 2015|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=17 Jun 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Greenfield land|greenfield]] [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 709 (India)|NH-709]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref> NH-709A traverses the states of [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref> Karnal to Meerut section has been upgraded from 4 lanes to 6 lanes by Public Works Department, Haryana.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsonline.media/articles/the-work-of-widening-karnal-meerut-road-nh-709-a-to-6-4-laning-has-been-completed-by-the-public-works-department-of-haryana/ | title=The Work of Widening Karnal-Meerut Road, NH 709-A to 6/4 Laning Has Been Completed by the Public Works Department of Haryana | date=24 August 2022 }}</ref>

== Route ==

;Haryana
[[Bhiwani]] - Mundal - [[Jind]] - [[Karnal]] - Uttar Pradesh Border.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.haryanapwd.nic.in/Documents/National%20Highway%20in%20Haryana.pdf|title=National highways in state of Haryana|website=Haryana Public Works Department - Haryana PWD|access-date=17 Jun 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712191236/http://www.haryanapwd.nic.in/Documents/National%20Highway%20in%20Haryana.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/183660.pdf|title=New national highways declaration notification and route substitutions|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>

;Uttar Pradesh
Haryana Border - [[Shamli]] - [[Budhana]] - [[Meerut]] - [[Garhmukteshwar]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions list ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|709}} Terminal near Bhiwani.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|9}} near [[Mundhal Khurd]].
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|352}} near Jind.
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|44}} near Karnal.
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|709B}} near Shamli.
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|709AD}} near Shamli.
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|34}} near Meerut.
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|9}} Terminal near Garhmukteshwar.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11644233 NH 709A on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Haryana]]
[[Category:National highways in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-NH-stub}}