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Volkswagen Polo Mk5

2026-04-29T21:52:06Z

RosemaryBrifman: starting initial post first draft

{{Short description|Supermini car}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Volkswagen Polo Mk5 (6R/6C/61)
| image = 2011 Volkswagen Polo S 60 1.2 Front.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Volkswagen]]
| aka = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Volkswagen Vento (A05)|Volkswagen Vento]] ({{abbr|LWB|long wheelbase}} [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]])
* Volkswagen Ameo ({{abbr|SWB|short wheelbase}} sedan)
* Volkswagen Polo Vivo (South Africa and Kenya, 2018–present)
* [[Škoda Rapid (India)|Škoda Rapid]] (India, sedan)
}}
| production = {{indented plainlist|
* 2009–2017
* 2010–2020 (Russia)
* 2010–2022 (India)
* 2018–present (Polo Vivo, South Africa and Kenya)
}}
| assembly = {{indented plainlist|
* Spain: [[Pamplona]]
* India: [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] ([[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India|Škoda VW India]])<ref>{{cite web|author=Chanchal Pal Chauhan |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/VW-to-make-India-low-cost-export-hub/articleshow/5532562.cms |title=VW to make India low-cost export hub - The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2010-02-04 |access-date=2010-09-10}}</ref>
* South Africa: [[Uitenhage]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theage.drive.com.au/motor-news/volkswagen-backs-polo-quality-20100709-102rw.html |title=Volkswagen Polo |publisher=Theage.drive.com.au |access-date=2010-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712192913/http://theage.drive.com.au/motor-news/volkswagen-backs-polo-quality-20100709-102rw.html |archive-date=2010-07-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Kenya: [[Thika]] (Kenya Vehicle Manufacturers (KVM)) (Polo Vivo)<ref>{{cite web|title=DT Dobie launches Kenyan assembled Polo Vivo Comfortline & Caddy Kombi|date=26 July 2019 |url=https://hapakenya.com/2019/07/26/dt-dobie-launches-kenyan-assembled-polo-vivo-comfortline-caddy-kombi/}}</ref>
* Russia: [[Kaluga]]<ref name="polosedan">{{cite web |url=http://www.volkswagen.ru/ru/ru/models/polo_sedan.html |title=Volkswagen Rus |publisher=Volkswagen.ru |date=2010-10-26 |access-date=2010-12-17 |archive-date=2011-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603033116/http://www.volkswagen.ru/ru/ru/models/polo_sedan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* China: [[Anting]] ([[SAIC-VW]])
* Malaysia: [[Pekan District|Pekan]] ([[DRB-HICOM]])
}}
| designer = [[Walter de Silva]]
| class = [[Supermini]] ([[B-segment|B]])
| body_style = {{indented plainlist|
* 3-door [[hatchback]]
* 5-door [[hatchback]]
* 4-door [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]]
}}
| layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive]]
| platform = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Volkswagen Group A0 platform#PQ25|Volkswagen Group PQ25]] (pre-facelift)
* [[Volkswagen Group A0 platform#PQ26|Volkswagen Group PQ26]] (facelift)
}}
| related = {{indented plainlist|
* [[SEAT Ibiza#Mk4|SEAT Ibiza Mk4]]
* [[Audi A1]]
}}
| engine = [[Petrol engine|Petrol]]:{{plainlist|
* 1.0 L [[Multi point injection|MPI]] [[Straight-three engine|I3]] [[Multi-valve#Four valves|12v]]
* 1.0 L [[Gasoline direct injection|TSI]] I3 [[Multi-valve#Four valves|12v]] ([[turbocharger|turbo]])
* 1.2 L MPI [[Multi-valve#Four valves|12v]] I3
* 1.2 L [[Twincharger|TSI]] [[Straight-four engine|I4]] [[Valve#Two-port valves|8v]]/[[Four-way valve|16v]] (turbo)
* 1.4 L MPI I4 [[Multi-valve#Four valves|16v]]
* 1.4 L TSI I4 [[Multi-valve#Four valves|16v]] (turbo)
* 1.6 L MPI I4 [[Multi-valve#Four valves|16v]]
}}
[[Diesel engine|Diesel]]:{{plainlist|
* 1.2 L [[TDI (engine)|TDI]] [[Common rail|CR]] I3 [[Multi-valve#Four valves|12v]] ([[turbo-diesel|turbo]])
* 1.4 L TDI CR I3 [[Multi-valve#Four valves|12v]] (turbo)
* 1.5 L TDI CR I4 [[Multi-valve#Four valves|16v]] (turbo)
* 1.6 L TDI CR I4 [[Multi-valve#Four valves|16v]] (turbo)
}}
| transmission = {{indented plainlist|
* 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
* 6-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
* 6-speed [[Tiptronic]] [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
* 7-speed [[Direct-shift gearbox|DSG]] [[dual-clutch transmission|dual-clutch automatic]]
}}
| wheelbase = {{indented plainlist|
* {{convert|2470|mm|in|abbr=on}} (hatchback and Ameo)
* {{convert|2552|mm|in|abbr=on}} (sedan)
}}
| length = {{indented plainlist|
* {{convert|3952|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (hatchback)
* {{convert|4390|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (sedan)
* {{convert|3995|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (Ameo)
}}
| width = {{convert|1682|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1454-1483|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight =
| predecessor = [[Volkswagen Polo Mk4]]
| successor = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Volkswagen Polo Mk6]]
* [[Škoda Rapid (2012)#Polo|Volkswagen Polo (CK)]] (Russia)
* [[Volkswagen Virtus]] (sedan)
}}
}}

The '''Volkswagen Polo Mk5''' is the fifth generation of the [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo]], a [[supermini]]-class car manufactured by [[Volkswagen]] since 2009. The vehicle unveiled at the [[Geneva Motor Show#2009|2009 Geneva Motor Show]] in March 2009, while the three-door version was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid|first=Sam|date=2009-03-03|title=Geneva 2009: 2010 Volkswagen Polo|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/03/03/geneva-2009-2010-volkswagen-polo/|access-date=2010-11-25|publisher=Autoblog.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-08-27|title=Volkswagen Bringing Three-Door Polo to Frankfurt; Diesel Nets 70 MPG|url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/volkswagen-bringing-threedoor-polo-to-frankfurt-diesel-nets-70-mpg-5869/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=MotorTrend|language=en}}</ref> A four-door long-wheelbase [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] version has been produced and sold outside Europe in several emerging markets since 2010 either as the '''Volkswagen Vento''' or the '''Volkswagen Polo sedan'''. A short-wheelbase sedan version was sold in India between 2016 and 2020 as the '''Volkswagen Ameo'''.

{{As of|2024|}}, the Polo Mk5 continues to be produced in South Africa as the Polo Vivo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-17 |title=Polo Vivo: South Africa’s Beloved Hatchback |url=https://www.midbayvw.co.za/result/Articles/Polo-Vivo-South-Africa%E2%80%99s-Beloved-Hatchback-19798 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=www.midbayvw.co.za}}</ref>The production of the Mk5 Polo at the India plant stopped in 2022, with the last Polo being sold in August 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=Volkswagen Polo to be discontinued in India |url=https://www.marklines.com/en/news/267838 |url-access=registration |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=MarkLines |place=India}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Internally designated ''Typ 6R'', the Polo Mk5 is based on Volkswagen's [[PQ25 platform]] shared with the [[SEAT Ibiza#Mk4|SEAT Ibiza Mk4]] and the [[Audi A1#Mk1|Audi A1 Mk1]]. It was designed by a team led by [[Walter de Silva]], following the styling direction of the [[Volkswagen Scirocco#Mk3|Scirocco Mk3]] and the [[Golf Mk6]].

The Polo Mk5 is {{convert|44|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} longer and {{convert|32|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} wider, while it sits {{convert|13|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} lower to the road than the previous generation Polo. Boot capacity is increased by {{convert|10|litre|ft3}} to {{cvt|280|litre|ft3}} of storage space with {{cvt|952|litre|ft3}} with the seats folded down. The car is 7.5% lighter than its predecessor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Volkswagen Polo models and trim levels explained |url=https://www.motorpoint.co.uk/guides/volkswagen-polo-models-and-trim-levels-explained |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Motorpoint |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Polo has thorax airbags and has been awarded a five-star [[Euro NCAP]] crash impact rating.<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen Polo gets three doors and five stars|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/08/27/volkswagen-polo-three-door.html|access-date=27 August 2009}}</ref> For the first time in a Polo, a 7-speed [[dual clutch transmission]] and navigation systems with touchscreen controls are available as an option.

Production for the United Kingdom market started in August 2009, with first deliveries beginning in October 2009.<ref name="vwuk-polo5">{{cite web|date=March 2009|title=Volkswagen News: Smarter, lighter and even cleaner: fifth generation Polo unveiled|url=http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/volkswagen-world/news/item/131|access-date=9 March 2009|work=www.volkswagen.co.uk}}</ref> Production of the Polo Mk5 in South Africa was announced in November 2009, producing five-door right-hand-drive Polo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Philander|first=Hailey|title=We drive the new VW Polo|url=https://www.news24.com/wheels/newmodels/we-drive-the-new-vw-polo-20100121|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Wheels|language=en-US}}</ref> As the result, the South African-made Polo was exported throughout many right-hand-drive markets, including UK, Ireland, Australia, Singapore and Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-21|title=New Volkswagen Polo - made in South Africa! - paultan.org|url=https://paultan.org/2009/11/21/new-volkswagen-polo-made-in-south-africa/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Paul Tan's Automotive News|language=en-US}}</ref> It was also introduced in India in February 2010 as the first mass-volume product offered by the brand in the country since its arrival in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-02-23|title=Volkswagen New Polo launch photo gallery and prices of VW Polo petrol, diesel and Trendline, Comfortline, Highline variants tech specs, mileage|url=https://www.cartoq.com/vw-launches-the-new-polo-in-india/|access-date=2021-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Ritvik|date=2020-05-02|title=Volkswagen {{!}} The name you know, the company you don't|url=https://gomechanic.in/blog/volkswagen-india-history/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=The GoMechanic Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Knock-down kit|CKD]] assembly of the Polo also commenced in Malaysia between 2014 and 2020, with parts imported from India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-01-24|title=Volkswagen Polo Hatchback - CKD launched, RM88k - paultan.org|url=https://paultan.org/2014/01/24/volkswagen-polo-hatchback-ckd-officially-introduced/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Paul Tan's Automotive News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-25|title=VW Polo Sedan in Malaysia all set to import CKD Kits from the Indian market|url=https://www.indiandrives.com/vw-polo-sedan-in-malaysia-all-set-to-import-ckd-kits-from-the-indian-market/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Indiandrives.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Polo Mk5 is entirely skipped from being sold and produced in Brazil due to the high pricing of the previous generation Polo which results in a low sales figures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Volkswagen Polo não é mais fabricado no Brasil|trans-title=Volkswagen Polo is no longer manufactured in Brazil|url=https://www.car.blog.br/2014/09/volkswagen-polo-nao-e-mais-fabricado-no.html|access-date=2021-05-09|website=CAR.BLOG.BR|date=21 September 2014 }}</ref>

The Volkswagen Polo won the 2010 [[European Car of the Year]], defeating the [[Toyota iQ]] and [[Opel Astra|Opel/Vauxhall Astra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Volkswagen Polo Wins 2010 European Car of the Year|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/18952/volkswagen-polo-wins-2010-european-car-of-the-year/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Motor1.com|language=en}}</ref>

Since 2017, the Polo Mk5 hatchback was succeeded by the [[Volkswagen Polo Mk6|Polo Mk6 hatchback]] in most markets. In South Africa, the Polo Mk5 continued to be produced and marketed in South Africa alongside the newer Polo Mk6 since 2018 as the '''Polo Vivo''', replacing the Polo Mk4-based Polo Vivo. In Russia and other [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] markets, the Polo Mk5 sedan was replaced by the [[Škoda Rapid (2012)|Škoda Rapid]]-based [[Volkswagen Polo (CK)|Polo CK]] liftback in 2020. In Argentina and several other Latin American markets, the Polo Mk6-based [[Volkswagen Virtus|Virtus]] replaced the Polo sedan Mk5, while in Mexico the Polo Mk5 sedan and hatchback continued to be sold in the country alongside the newer Virtus.

In India, the Polo Mk5 hatchback and sedan continued to be produced and offered in the country until 2022.<ref name=":0" />

==Specifications==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}{{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width =
| image1 = 2011 Volkswagen Polo S 60 1.2 Rear.jpg
| caption1 = 3-door hatchback (pre-facelift)
| image2 = VW Polo 1.4 Team (V) – Heckansicht, 20. Juni 2011, Velbert.jpg
| caption2 = 5-door hatchback (pre-facelift)
| image3 = VW Polo V 1.2 TDI BlueMotion Glacierblau Interieur.JPG
| caption3 = Interior
}}

===Features===
The European version, with exceptions for the French and Turkish market, includes a standard [[Electronic stability control|ESP]] electronic stabilization program with Hill Hold Control, head-thorax airbags (integrated in the front seatbacks), belt tensioners and belt force limiters plus seatbelt warning indicator and head restraints, three rear head restraints and [[Isofix]] child seat preparation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VW Polo 1.2 TSI 5dr (2009) review |url=https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-reviews/volkswagen/vw-polo-12-tsi-5dr-2009-review/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=CAR Magazine |language=en}}</ref> In the Indian version of the Polo, the ground clearance was increased to a maximum gap of 168mm. Until 2013, the Highline variant of the Polo in India had dual front airbag with ABS and ESP was standard equipment. From 2013 onwards, the Comfortline and Highline variant had factory fitted Dual front airbag with ABS and ESP as standard.

In France, ESP and Hill Hold Control are standard equipment only on the models with engines no less than {{cvt|85|PS|hp kW|0}}.

In Turkey, ESP and Hill Hold Control are optional equipment on all models except GTI and [[BlueMotion]].

====Trim levels====
In its native Germany, India and South Africa as well as some European markets except France, Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Trendline, Comfortline and Highline trim levels are being offered in all versions.

In France, Italy and Romania, only Comfortline and Highline trim levels are being offered in all versions. In Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as in Slovenia, trim level situation is not stable, these are Trendline, Comfortline (available up to 2012), Highline and special trim levels including Rabbit (2012–2013), Fresh (2014) and Lounge (2015).

{{clear|left}}

==Polo GTI==
The Polo GTI was presented together with the CrossPolo at the Geneva Motor Show in early March 2010 and was available since the end of May 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Auf den Punkt: Der neue Polo GTI – extrem stark und äußerst sparsam |website=Volkswagen Media Services |url=http://www.volkswagen-media-services.com/medias_publish/ms/content/de/pressemitteilungen/2010/05/10/auf_den_punkt__der.standard.gid-oeffentlichkeit.html}}</ref>

Styling-wise, the Polo GTI differs from the standard Polo with its redesigned front and rear bumpers, widened side skirts, roof spoiler, standard fog lights, red brake calipers, {{convert|17|in|adj=on}} alloy wheels and a chrome-plated twin tailpipe. It is also equipped with a sports suspension that is about {{convert|15|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} lower and an extended electronic limited slip differential, which is intended to reduce the vehicle's tendency to understeer by braking the front wheel on the inside of the bend when cornering quickly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Technik-Lexikon: Elektronische Differenzialsperre XDS |website=Volkswagen |url=http://www.volkswagen.de/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/de3/metacontent/Technik_Lexikon/XDS.index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317010959/http://www.volkswagen.de/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/de3/metacontent/Technik_Lexikon/XDS.index.html |archive-date=2010-03-17}}</ref> In addition, the vehicle battery was relocated from the engine compartment to the spare wheel well for better weight distribution, which in turn reduces the usable luggage compartment volume from {{convert|280|to|204|litre|ft3}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=VW Polo GTI im Fahrbericht |website=auto-motor-und-sport.de |url=http://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/fahrberichte/vw-polo-gti-im-fahrbericht-dynamischer-turbo-kleinwagen-1856314.html |date=2010-06-10}}</ref>

The 2010–2013 models are equipped with a 1.4-litre engine with a [[turbocharger]] and [[supercharger]] installed producing a maximum power {{cvt|180|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} combined with a 7-speed double-clutch transmission and front-wheel-drive. According to the manufacturer, the vehicle is capable of accelerating from {{convert|0-100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 6.9 seconds and reach a top speed of {{convert|229|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}. At the same time, an improved technology is said to have reduced fuel consumption by 25 percent compared to the equally powerful previous model, the Polo GTI Cup Edition, and now amounts to {{convert|5.9|L/100km|km/L mpgus mpgimp|1|abbr=on}}. This would correspond to {{CO2}} emissions of 139 g/km.

The 2010–2012 engines were the CAV/CAVE engines which were then revised to the CTH/CTHE engines in the 2013 and 2014 models. This came with improved internals (pistons being the biggest update) to the engine which improved longevity, efficiency, and oil consumption.

For the 2014 facelift, the 1.4 TSI engine was replaced by a 1.8 TSI turbo engine with an output of {{cvt|192|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}}. Since then, the model has been available with a 6-speed manual gearbox or a 7-speed DSG. The engine equipped with manual gearbox has a maximum torque of {{cvt|320|Nm|kgm lbft|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} while the DSG variant is limited to {{cvt|250|Nm|kgm lbft|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}.<ref>[http://www.volkswagen.de/de/models/polo-gti/trimlevel_overview.s9_trimlevel_detail.suffix.html/der-neue-polo~2Fgti.html#/tab=121dcd911c91d379318153c1c14ed72e%7Ctrimlevel=90fc2fe13c42f4498cf5c8ebd8e1c0b3 Technische Daten Polo GTI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071602/http://www.volkswagen.de/de/models/polo-gti/trimlevel_overview.s9_trimlevel_detail.suffix.html/der-neue-polo~2Fgti.html#/tab=121dcd911c91d379318153c1c14ed72e%7Ctrimlevel=90fc2fe13c42f4498cf5c8ebd8e1c0b3 |date=2015-12-08 }} Website der Volkswagen AG, retrieved 4 December 2015.</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="132">
File:VW Polo GTI (V) – Frontansicht, 14. April 2011, Velbert.jpg|Volkswagen Polo GTI 3-door (pre-facelift)
File:VW Polo GTI (V) – Heckansicht, 14. April 2011, Velbert.jpg|Volkswagen Polo GTI 3-door (pre-facelift)
File:2015 Volkswagen Polo GTi S-A 1.8 Front.jpg|2015 Volkswagen Polo GTI 3-door (facelift)
File:2015 Volkswagen Polo GTi S-A 1.8 Rear.jpg|2015 Volkswagen Polo GTI 3-door (facelift)
</gallery>

== Cross Polo ==
[[File:VW_CrossPolo.JPG|left|thumb|Volkswagen CrossPolo]]
[[File:Red_Volkswagen_CrossPolo_II_in_Kraków_(2).jpg|right|thumb|Volkswagen CrossPolo]]
In June 2010, Volkswagen presented the 2011 edition of the CrossPolo, a [[Crossover (automobile)#Styled|crossover-styled]] version of the Polo with extra ground clearance mainly obtained by the addition of an aluminium distancing block. Exclusively available with five doors, it is distinguished from the standard Polo by a redesigned front and rear bumpers, black plastic claddings on the wheel arches and doors, silver roof rails, standard fog lights and 17-inch alloy wheels. The side mirror housings are painted silver regardless of the color of the vehicle. The standard equipment includes sports seats for the driver and front passenger, and leather steering wheel.

The 2011 CrossPolo in Europe is available in petrol and three diesel engines, all [[Euro 5]] compliant.<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Volkswagen CrossPolo|url=http://www.motorward.com/2010/06/2011-volkswagen-crosspolo/|access-date=14 June 2010}}</ref>
[[File:VW Polo Cross front suspension spanner for extra ground clearance..jpg|alt=An extra aluminium spanner / distancing block is placed between the bearing and the top coil plate.|thumb|upright|An extra aluminium distancing block/spanner is added by the manufacturer to the front suspension of the Polo Cross to gain an extra ground clearance for this specific variant.]]

In India, the CrossPolo was launched in August 2013 with a sole option of a 1.2-litre diesel engine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Volkswagen CrossPolo launched at Rs 7.75 lakh|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/new-volkswagen-crosspolo-launched-at-rs-775-lakh-353824|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Autocar India|language=en}}</ref> The 1.2-litre petrol version was released in January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-15|title=Volkswagen Cross Polo Petrol Launched: Volkswagen launches petrol model of Cross Polo in India at INR 7.07 lakh|url=https://www.india.com/car-and-bike/latest-news/news-cars/volkswagen-cross-polo-petrol-launched-volkswagen-launches-petrol-model-of-cross-polo-in-india-at-inr-7-07-lakh-3300976/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=India.com|language=en}}</ref> It was discontinued in 2017 due to slow sales.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Volkswagen working on new T-Sport SUV|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/volkswagen-working-on-new-t-sport-suv-412599|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Autocar India|language=en}}</ref>{{clear}}

== Facelift ==
The Polo 6R was facelifted in 2014<ref>{{cite web|author1=Mihnea Radu|date=6 March 2016|title=Volkswagen Polo Facelift Family Detailed in Geneva|url=http://www.autoevolution.com/news/volkswagen-polo-facelift-family-detailed-in-geneva-live-photos-78121.html|access-date=17 April 2016|publisher=Autoevolution}}</ref> and is now known as the Polo 6C. With this came subtle exterior styling such as redesigned bumpers. The interior was re-vamped which now includes a touch screen as standard and a new steering wheel. The facelift Polo adds technology such as Automatic Post-Collision Braking System as standard across all model lines. It also has CarPlay and Android Auto support since June 2015.

A new 1.4-litre three cylinder diesel engine replaced the 1.2-litre and 1.6-litre diesel units, plus 1.4 TSI {{cvt|132|kW|hp PS}} of GTI was replaced by an Audi-developed 1.8 TSI, produces {{cvt|141|kW|hp PS}}. In 2018 in India, the company replaced the 1.2-litre engine with the 1.0-litre naturally aspirated petrol engine, which has {{cvt|76|PS|hp kW}} and {{cvt|95|NM}} of torque.

In September 2019, the Mk5 Polo received another facelift in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-04|title=The Volkswagen Polo facelift launched in India, Prices started at Rs 5.82 lakhs|url=https://www.carwale.com/news/volkswagen-polo-facelift-launched-in-india/|access-date=2020-05-05|website=CarWale|language=en}}</ref> The facelifted Polo for the Indian market received a new front grille and bumpers taken from the Mk5 Polo GTI.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In 2019 the Volkswagen Polo Facelift Launched, Prices Started From Rs 5.82 Lakh {{!}} CarDekho.com|url=https://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/vw-polo-gets-another-facelift-prices-begin-at-rs-582-lakh-24266.htm|access-date=2020-05-05|website=CarDekho|language=en}}</ref> This version is also exported to Mexico and Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Autocosmos |date=2020-02-04|title=Volkswagen Polo 2020 llega a México, estrena cirugía plástica, pero es más de lo mismo|url=https://noticias.autocosmos.com.mx/2020/02/04/volkswagen-polo-2020-llega-a-mexico-estrena-cirugia-plastica-pero-es-mas-de-lo-mismo|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Autocosmos|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Widiutomo|first=Aditya|title=Melihat Langsung VW Polo Facelift Versi Indonesia (22 Foto)|url=http://otodriver.com/berita/2020/melihat-langsung-vw-polo-facelift-versi-indonesia-22-foto-melcadeeoto|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Oto Driver|language=id}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="119">
File:2014 Volkswagen Polo in Flash Red, front left, 06-05-2025.jpg|Volkswagen Polo (first facelift)
File:2014 Volkswagen Polo in Flash Red, rear left, 06-05-2025.jpg|Volkswagen Polo (first facelift)
File:2021 Volkswagen Polo 1.2 TSI (Indonesia) front view.jpg|2021 Volkswagen Polo (second facelift; Indonesia)
</gallery>

== Polo Vivo (South Africa) ==
The Polo Mk5 was relaunched in South Africa in February 2018 as the '''Polo Vivo'''. It replaced the Polo Mk4-based Polo Vivo and sold alongside the Polo Mk6 as a budget-friendly option.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=Polo Vivo 2018 South African prices revealed|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/motoring/225051/polo-vivo-2018-south-africa-prices-revealed/|access-date=2021-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Advisors|first=ProAdvise Car|date=2018-03-03|title=The 2018 Volkswagen Polo Vivo – An Old Dog, With New Tricks|url=https://www.proadvisecar.com/2018/03/03/the-2018-volkswagen-polo-vivo-an-old-dog-with-new-tricks/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=ProAdvise Car Advisors|language=en}}</ref> The Polo Vivo is offered in four trim levels including Trendline, Comfortline, Highline, and GT. Two 4-cylinder petrol engines are offered, a 1.4-litre and a 1.6-litre naturally aspirated engines, as well as the 1.0-litre turbocharged 3-cylinder petrol engine. 5-speed manual gearboxes are available for the naturally aspirated variants, while a Tiptronic auto is available in the {{cvt|105|PS|hp kW|0|abbr=on}} 1.6 model. The 1.0 GT model comes with a 6-speed manual transmission.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-19|title=Volkswagen Polo Vivo (2018) Launch Drive|url=https://www.cars.co.za/motoring_news/volkswagen-polo-vivo-2018-launch-drive/44646/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Cars.co.za|language=en}}</ref> The CrossPolo variant of the Polo Mk5 has been repackaged as the Polo Vivo Maxx. It is mostly the same as before except for different style wheels.

==Sedan versions==
=== {{Anchor|Vento|sedan}}Volkswagen Vento/Polo sedan ===
{{main|Volkswagen Vento (A05)}}

[[File:Volkswagen Polo Sedan 2.JPG|thumb|Volkswagen Polo Sedan (Russia)]]
[[File:2014 Volkswagen Polo Sedan (CKD) in Cyberjaya, Malaysia (02).jpg|thumb|Volkswagen Polo sedan (Malaysia)]]
A three-box sedan version of the Polo Mk5 was introduced in 2010. It is known as the '''Vento''' in India, Malaysia, Brunei and Mexico. In South Africa, Argentina, Russia, and the Middle East, it is sold as the '''Polo Sedan'''. The word Vento means 'wind' in both Italian and Portuguese. It is also known as the '''Polo Notch''' in the Philippines.

The Polo sedan or Vento was introduced in India and Russia in 2010, followed by South Africa in May 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-31|title=The new Polo Sedan for South Africa: first official details|url=http://www.polodriver.com/polo-2009/the-new-polo-sedan-for-south-africa-first-official-details/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=PoloDriver}}</ref>

The vehicle features an increased wheelbase of {{cvt|2552|mm|in}} and a ground clearance {{cvt|168–170|mm}}. The extra {{cvt|82|mm|in|}} wheelbase offers more rear legroom than the hatchback, while the three-box design generates additional trunk space of {{convert|500|litre|ft3}}.

In several markets, it is succeeded by the Volkswagen Virtus, while some markets like Mexico offered the Virtus alongside the Vento for the purpose of keeping a budget-friendly option.

==== Mexico ====
A Mexican version of the Vento was released for the 2014 model year, imported from India. Trim levels are called Style, Active and Highline. VW offers a choice of two engine options: a 1.6-litre naturally aspirated gasoline engine coupled with either a 5-speed manual or a 6-speed automatic gearbox, and a 1.6-litre diesel (TDI) engine coupled with a 5-speed manual gearbox.

In 2016, Volkswagen redesigned the front so it resembled the (at the time) new Jetta (Mk7): grill, fascia, fog lights and chrome inserts. It also got visible exhaust and redesigned headlights. The 2016 model also got a 7-speed dual-clutch automatic DSG gearbox for the Diesel engine. The Volkswagen Vento since 2016 has been the best-selling model of the Volkswagen brand and the third best-selling model overall in Mexico.

In the Mexican market, the facelifted Vento arrived in 2020.

<gallery widths="200" heights="143">
File:Vw vento polo sedan.png|2014 Volkswagen Vento (pre-facelift; Mexico)
File:Vw Vento 2015 to 2018.png|2016–2020 Volkswagen Vento (first facelift; Mexico)
File:2020 Volkswagen Vento (Mexico) front view.png|2020 Volkswagen Vento (second facelift; Mexico)
File:2020 Volkswagen Vento (Mexico) rear view.png|2020 Volkswagen Vento (second facelift; Mexico)
</gallery>

==== India ====
At its introduction, the Vento in India was available in four trim levels: the base Trendline, Comfortline, Highline and Highline Plus, with the Highline and Highline Plus also having an automatic option. The Comfortline gets a CD-MP3 music system, body-coloured door mirrors and handles and fog lamps among other features. The Highline features a Touchscreen Infotainment system with integrated USB music, steering-mounted audio controls, leather upholstery, ABS, front airbags, a multi-function display, 15-inch alloy wheels and other standard features.<ref>{{cite web|title=VW Vento Car Initial Review India: Specifications, Features, Pictures|url=http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/cars/vw-vento-initial-review-specifications-features-pics-17504/|access-date=2012-05-24|publisher=IndianCarsBikes.in}}</ref> The Highline Plus has a {{convert|16|in|adj=on}} alloy wheels, a reverse parking camera and full LED headlamps with LED daytime running lights.

In November 2011, [[Škoda Auto|Škoda]] in India introduced the [[Škoda Rapid (India)|Rapid]] which is a rebadged and restyled Vento. The front end design of the Rapid adopts Škoda family's design philosophy instead. Compared to the Vento, the Rapid lacks a 1.2 TSI engine option, and also lacks a DSG transmission option and uses a more traditional 6-speed torque converter instead.

In 2011, VW introduced a special edition called the "Breeze" on the Trendline trim, featuring added accessories.<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-12-31|title=Discover The Vento in 6 trim levels. Welcome to Volkswagen India|url=http://www.volkswagen.co.in/en/models/TheVento/trimlevel_overview.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529064304/http://www.volkswagen.co.in/en/models/TheVento/trimlevel_overview.html|archive-date=2012-05-29|access-date=2012-05-24|publisher=Volkswagen.co.in}}</ref> In collaboration with the [[Indian Premier League]] authorities, Volkswagen India also offers a special IPL edition alongside the Vento Breeze

The model is offered with one petrol engine, which is a 1.6-litre 4-cylinder MPI engine producing {{cvt|105|PS|hp kW}}<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-01-05|title=Volkswagen Vento features a 105 PS engine -surajvtec|url=http://surajvtec.wordpress.com/2013/05/01/should-you-buy-the-volkswagen-polo-gt-tsi/|access-date=2013-08-21|publisher=surajvtec.wordpress.com}}</ref> coupled with either 5-speed manual or 6-speed automatic gearbox; and one diesel engine (1.6 L, turbocharged 4-cylinder common rail, {{cvt|105 |PS|hp kW}} with only 5-speed manual gearbox) options available. In November 2013, the 1.6-litre petrol and 6-speed automatic option was dropped in favour of the new 1.2-litre, 4-cylinder TSI motor mated to a 7-speed DSG dual clutch automatic. This combination offers superior performance and fuel efficiency compared to the old automatic offering.

In 2014, a facelifted Vento was launched. It carries over the 1.6-litre petrol but has a new 1.5-litre diesel engine derived from the old 1.6-litre due to the excise benefits offered to engines 1.5L and below, in India). The Vento also gets a 7-speed DSG gearbox, with this new 1.5-litre engine. A 1.2-litre TSI engine is also available mated to the 7-speed DSG, producing 103PS.

Along with the [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo]], the facelifted version of the Vento was released on 3 September 2019 in India alongside the facelifted Polo. Its styling mimics the Polo GTI version, sharing the same front bumper.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorpasion.com.mx/industria/volkswagen-vento-polo-2021|title = Los Volkswagen Vento y Polo se aferran a la vida con un facelift sabor a GTI|date = 4 September 2019}}</ref> The only engine option available is a 1.0-litre TSI motor that puts out {{convert|110|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|175|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque. Available gearboxes are 6-speed manual transmission and 6-speed tiptronic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/2019-volkswagen-polo-and-vento-facelifts-launched-at-rs-5-82-lakh-and-rs-8-76-lakh/|title = 2019 Volkswagen Polo and Vento facelifts launched at Rs 5.82 lakh and Rs 8.76 lakh}}</ref>

In India, the facelifted version was released in September 2019 whilst older versions of them will be kept on sale for a few years. It is very similar to its GTI version in terms of design and it will be expanded for most markets where the Polo saloon and hatchback versions are sold.<ref name="auto"/> Both the Polo and Vento were later facelifted in Mexico in early 2020.

On introduction of Bharat Stage VI emissions norms in India in April 2020, the Vento 1.5 TDI was discontinued and the petrol engines replaced by a new locally manufactured, more fuel-efficient three-cylinder 1.0 TSI engine.

==== Philippines ====
The Polo sedan Mk5 is also known as the '''Volkswagen Polo Notch''' in the Philippines. It went on sale in late 2013 and was sourced from India. In May 2018, Volkswagen discontinued the Polo Notch in the Philippines. It was replaced by the Chinese-sourced [[Volkswagen Santana]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen Philippines Car Models|url=https://www.volkswagen.com.ph/en/models.html.|access-date=2018-08-06}}</ref>

==== Other markets ====
The car became available in Argentina as the Polo Sedan from October 2015 to February 2018, when it was replaced by the Virtus sourced from Brazil.

=== {{Anchor|Ameo}}Volkswagen Ameo ===
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = 2016-2020 Volkswagen Ameo front.jpg
| image2 = 2016-2020 Volkswagen Ameo rear.jpg
| caption2 = Volkswagen Ameo
}}

The Ameo is a notchback sedan based on the hatchback Polo Mk5 which was introduced for the Indian market in June 2016. Slotted between the Polo and the Vento, the Ameo was developed to fit the tax bracket for vehicles under {{convert|4000|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in length in order to occupy the sub-four metre sedan segment in India. It was produced in India and was marketed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-05|title=Volkswagen Ameo Compact Sedan launched!|url=http://www.carsandmobiles.com/volkswagen-ameo-compact-sedan-launched/|access-date=2016-07-06|language=en-US}}</ref> The word 'Ameo' is derived from the Latin word 'amo', meaning love.

The Ameo retained {{convert|2470|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} wheelbase and the rear doors from the Polo hatchback, unlike the Polo sedan/Vento. It is also fitted with a shorter front bumper which shaved {{convert|35|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} from the length of the vehicle, and a lower roof. According to Tilo Klumpp, a senior designer at Volkswagen, initial design proposals of the Ameo resembles a shape of a [[fastback]], with an tailgate sloping from the roofline to the trailing edge. However, market research showed that Indian customers preferred a traditional three-box shape. Development reportedly took two and a half years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=Team Evo|title=Volkswagen Ameo review|url=https://www.evoindia.com/cars/7456|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Evo India|date=7 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

During its introduction to the Indian market, the Ameo is equipped with a 1.2-litre three-cylinder naturally aspirated petrol engine and a 1.5-litre four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine. The 1.2-litre petrol engine was phased out and was replaced by the new 1.0-litre, three cylinder naturally aspirated petrol engine from the Polo which produces {{Convert|75|bhp|0|abbr=on}} of power at 6,200 rpm with peak torque of {{Convert|95|Nm|0|abbr=on}}. The diesel variant is a 1.5-litre [[TDi|TDI]] four cylinder engine, that develops {{Convert|108|hp|0|abbr=on}} at 4,000 rpm and {{Convert|250|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of peak torque. It was available in five variants which include Trendline, Comfortline, Comfortline Plus, Highline and Highline Plus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-28|title=Volkswagen Ameo: Variants Explained|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/volkswagen-ameo-variants-explained/304898|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

The Ameo was discontinued in April 2020, as the vehicle was not updated to be compliant with the [[Bharat stage emission standards|Bharat Stage 6 emission norms]], which came into force in that month, due to its decreasing sales.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-09|title=Volkswagen Ameo and Tiguan discontinued: Reasons and possible replacements|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/volkswagen-ameo-and-tiguan-discontinued-specifications-bs6-features-bs4/1923373/|access-date=2020-08-08|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

{{clear}}

== Powertrain ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! colspan="8" style="width:400px; background:#cea;" |Petrol engines
|- style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
! style="width:110px;" | Model
! style="width:160px;" | Engine
! style="width:180px;" | Power at rpm
! style="width:180px;" | Torque at rpm
! style="width:100px;" | 0–100 km/h (0-62 mph) acceleration
! style="width:140px;" | Top speed
! style="width:150px;" | Transmission
! style="width:80px;" | CO2 emissions
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1.0'''|| rowspan="2" |{{convert|999|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} I3||{{convert|60|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 5,000 || rowspan="2" |{{convert|95|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} at 3,000||15.5s||{{convert|161|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual ||106 g/km
|-
|{{convert|75|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 6,200 ||14.3s||{{convert|174|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual ||108 g/km
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1.2'''|| rowspan="2" |{{convert|1198|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} I3||{{convert|60|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 5,200 ||{{convert|108|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} at 3,000||15.8s||{{convert|157|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual ||128 g/km
|-
|{{convert|70|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 5,400 ||{{convert|112|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} at 3,000||14.1s||{{convert|165|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual ||128 g/km
|-
|'''[[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.4 R4 16v TSI/TFSI|1.4]]'''||{{convert|1390|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|85|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 5,000 ||{{convert|132|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} at 3,800||11.9s||{{convert|177|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual, 7-spd [[Direct Shift Gearbox|DSG]] (optional) ||139 g/km 135 g/km
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.2 R4 TSI/TFSI 63-77kW|1.2 TSI]]'''|| rowspan="2" |{{convert|1197|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I4||{{convert|105|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 5,000 ||{{convert|175|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} at 1,550-4,100||9.7s||{{convert|190|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||6-spd manual, 7-spd [[Direct Shift Gearbox|DSG]] (optional) ||124 g/km 124 g/km
|-
|{{convert|90|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 4,500 ||{{convert|160|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,500-3,500||10.9s||{{convert|182|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual, 7-spd [[Direct Shift Gearbox|DSG]] (optional) ||119 g/km 124 g/km
|-
|'''BlueGT'''||{{convert|1395|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I4||{{convert|140|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 4,500-6,000||{{convert|250|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,500-3,500||7.9s||{{convert|210|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||6-spd manual, 7-spd [[Direct Shift Gearbox|DSG]] (optional) ||107 g/km 105 g/km
|-
|'''[[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.4 R4 16v TSI/TFSI|GTI]]'''||{{convert|1390|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} twincharger I4||{{convert|180|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6,200 ||{{convert|250|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,000-4,500||6.9s||{{convert|229|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||7-spd [[Direct Shift Gearbox|DSG]] ||139 g/km
|-
|'''1.6'''||{{convert|1598|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|105|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 5,250 ||{{convert|153|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} at 3,750||11.1s||{{convert|184|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual ||157 g/km
|-
|'''GTI 2015-17'''||{{convert|1798|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I4||{{convert|192|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 4,300-6,200 ||{{convert|320|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,450-4,200 (manual),
{{convert|250|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,250-5,300 (DSG)
|6.7s||{{convert|235|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||6-spd manual,
7-spd [[Direct Shift Gearbox|DSG]] (optional)
|129 g/km
|-
|'''R WRC'''||{{convert|1984|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I4||{{convert|220|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 4,500-6,300 ||{{convert|350|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,500-4,400
||6.4s||{{convert|243|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||6-spd manual
||174 g/km
|}

In addition to the engine options above, BlueMotion Technology versions of the 1.2 TSI are available on some markets. The reduces CO2 emission to 113 g/km for the {{convert|90|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} with manual transmission and 115 g/km for the {{convert|105|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} in manual and DSG variants. 
At the end of 2012, the BlueGT variant has been officially introduced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expertreviews.co.uk/car-tech/1295359/volkswagen-polo-bluegt-orders-open |title=Volkswagen Polo BlueGT orders open {{!}} Expert Reviews |website=www.expertreviews.co.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020084100/http://www.expertreviews.co.uk/car-tech/1295359/volkswagen-polo-bluegt-orders-open |archive-date=2012-10-20}}</ref> The Polo BlueGT features improved aerodynamics and a 1.4 turbocharged TSI engine from the new EA211 generation. This new engine features ACT (Active Cylinder Technology), a cylinder deactivation management which deactivates two cylinders at torque outputs from 24 to 100 N·m, allowing the Polo BlueGT with a 6-speed manual transmission to emit only 107 g/km.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/volkswagen/polo/60855/vw-polo-bluegt-prices|title=VW Polo BlueGT prices|website=Auto Express}}</ref>

In 2013, Volkswagen entered the [[World Rally Championship]] with a new [[Volkswagen Polo R WRC|Polo-based rally car]]. To meet the homologation requirements, 2500 Polo R WRCs were produced between September 2013 and March 2014.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! colspan=8 style="width:400px; background:#cea;"|Diesel engines
|- style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
! style="width:110px;"| Model
! style="width:160px;"| Engine
! style="width:180px;"| Power at rpm
! style="width:180px;"| Torque at rpm
! style="width:100px;"| 0–100 km/h (0-62 mph) acceleration
! style="width:140px;"| Top speed
! style="width:150px;"| Transmission
! style="width:80px;"| CO2 emissions
|-
|'''[[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#1.2 R3 12v TDI CR 55kW|1.2 TDI BlueMotion]]'''||{{convert|1199|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I3||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 4,200 ||{{convert|180|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,000||13.9s||{{convert|173|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual ||87 g/km
|-
|'''1.2 TDI'''||{{convert|1199|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I3||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 4,200 ||{{convert|180|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,000||13.9s||{{convert|170|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual ||99 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 TDI'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auto-types.com/volkswagen-polo-14-tdi-75pk-bluemotion-5-doors-hatchback-5-speed-manual-68255.html |title=Volkswagen Polo 1.4 TDI 75pk - 5-doors, hatchback |website=www.auto-types.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425050514/http://www.auto-types.com/volkswagen-polo-14-tdi-75pk-5-doors-hatchback-5-speed-manual-68255.html |archive-date=2016-04-25}}</ref>||{{convert|1422|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I3 CUSA, CYZB||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 3,750||{{convert|210|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,000||12,9s||{{convert|173|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual ||88 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 TDI BlueMotion'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auto-types.com/volkswagen-polo-14-tdi-75pk-bluemotion-5-doors-hatchback-5-speed-manual-68255.html |title=Volkswagen Polo 1.4 TDI 75pk BlueMotion - 5-doors, hatchback |website=www.auto-types.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425050514/http://www.auto-types.com/volkswagen-polo-14-tdi-75pk-bluemotion-5-doors-hatchback-5-speed-manual-68255.html |archive-date=2016-04-25}}</ref>||{{convert|1422|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I3 CUSA, CYZB||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 3,750||{{convert|210|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,000||12,9s||{{convert|178|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual ||82 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 TDI'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auto-types.com/volkswagen-polo-14-tdi-90pk-comfortline-5-doors-hatchback-5-speed-manual-68257.html |title=Volkswagen Polo 1.4 TDI 90pk Comfortline - 5-doors, hatchback |website=www.auto-types.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425045008/http://www.auto-types.com/volkswagen-polo-14-tdi-90pk-comfortline-5-doors-hatchback-5-speed-manual-68257.html |archive-date=2016-04-25}}</ref>||{{convert|1422|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I3||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 3,500 ||{{convert|230|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} at 2,500||10.9s||{{convert|184|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual, 7-spd [[Direct Shift Gearbox|DSG]] (optional) ||88 g/km
|-
|'''1.4 TDI'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auto-types.com/volkswagen-polo-14-tdi-90pk-comfortline-5-doors-hatchback-5-speed-manual-68257.html |title=Volkswagen Polo 1.4 TDI 105pk Comfortline - 5-doors, hatchback |website=www.auto-types.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425045008/http://www.auto-types.com/volkswagen-polo-14-tdi-105pk-comfortline-5-doors-hatchback-5-speed-manual-68257.html |archive-date=2016-04-25}}</ref>||{{convert|1422|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I3||{{convert|105|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 3,750 ||{{convert|250|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} at 2,500||9.9s||{{convert|194|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual ||90 g/km
|-
|'''1.5 TDI'''
|1498cc (91.4 cu in) turbo I4
|90PS (66 kW;89 hp) at 4,200
|230 N.m (170 lb.ft) at 1,500-2,500
| -
| -
|5-spd manual
| -
|-
|'''1.5 TDI'''
|1489cc (91.4 cu in) turbo I4
|110PS ( 81 kW; 108 hp) at 4,000
- [https://www.volkswagen.co.in/content/dam/vw-ngw/vw_pkw/importers/in/pdf/polo-ebrochure.pdf/_jcr_content/renditions/original./polo-ebrochure.pdf GT TDI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403134123/https://www.volkswagen.co.in/content/dam/vw-ngw/vw_pkw/importers/in/pdf/polo-ebrochure.pdf/_jcr_content/renditions/original./polo-ebrochure.pdf |date=2019-04-03 }}
|250 N.m ( 184 lb.ft) at 1,500-3,000
| -
| -
|5-spd manual
| -
|-
|'''1.6 TDI'''||{{convert|1598|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 4,000 ||{{convert|195|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} at 1,500–2,500||13.9s||{{convert|170|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual ||109 g/km
|-
|'''1.6 TDI'''||{{convert|1598|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I4||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 4,200 ||{{convert|230|Nm|lbft||abbr=on}} at 1,500–2,500||11.5s||{{convert|180|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual, 7-spd [[Direct Shift Gearbox|DSG]] (optional) ||109 g/km 112 g/km
|-
|'''1.6 TDI'''||{{convert|1598|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I4||{{convert|105|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 4,400 ||{{convert|250|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,500–2,500||10.4s||{{convert|189|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual ||109 g/km
|-
|'''[[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#1.6 R4 16v TDI CR 55-85kW (EA189)|1.6 TDI BlueMotion]]'''||{{convert|1598|cc|cuin||abbr=on}} turbo I4||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} at 4,200 ||{{convert|230|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1,500–2,500||11.5s||{{convert|180|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}||5-spd manual ||96 g/km
|}

Anecdotal reports have appeared of problems with the 66 kW diesel engine, including poor fuel consumption and surging.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/volkswagen/polo/17469/vw-polo-16-tdi|title=VW Polo 1.6 TDI|website=Auto Express}}</ref> VW has already made one modification to the particle filter ECU mapping.{{citation needed|date=February 2010}}

==Safety==
* [[Euro NCAP]]: 5 stars (Outdated, this model has not been rated by Euro NCAP)<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen Polo gets three doors and five stars|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/08/27/volkswagen-polo-three-door.html|access-date=2009-08-27}}</ref>
===Global NCAP===
The Polo for India with no airbags and no [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]] received 0 stars for adult occupants and 3 stars for toddlers from [[Global NCAP]] 1.0 in 2014 (similar to [[Latin NCAP]] 2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5fb4ea8933ae6c208c3dac41/t/616d26b3718fa376e6a65aeb/1634543283953/VW-Polo-noairbags.pdf|title=Volkwagen Polo - No Airbags|publisher=[[Global NCAP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702183835/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5fb4ea8933ae6c208c3dac41/t/616d26b3718fa376e6a65aeb/1634543283953/VW-Polo-noairbags.pdf|archive-date=2 July 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Global NCAP
|year=2014
|region=India
|description=Volkswagen Polo – 0 Airbags
|reference_code=VW-Polo-NO-Airbags.pdf
|adult_stars=0
|adult_points=0.00
|child_stars=3
|child_points=26.97
}}

The Polo for India with 2 airbags and no [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]] received 4 stars for adult occupants and 3 stars for toddlers from [[Global NCAP]] 1.0 in 2014 (similar to [[Latin NCAP]] 2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5fb4ea8933ae6c208c3dac41/t/605e0ed36398ef48b1d579ff/1616776915676/VW-Polo-2-airbags.pdf|title=Volkwagen Polo - 2 Airbags|publisher=[[Global NCAP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702181009/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5fb4ea8933ae6c208c3dac41/t/605e0ed36398ef48b1d579ff/1616776915676/VW-Polo-2-airbags.pdf|archive-date=2 July 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Global NCAP
|year=2014
|region=India
|description=Volkswagen Polo (*) – 2 Airbags
|reference_code=VW-Polo-2-Airbags.pdf
|adult_stars=4
|adult_points=12.54
|child_stars=3
|child_points=29.91
}}

The Polo Vivo for Africa received 3 stars for adult occupants and 3 stars for toddlers from [[Global NCAP]] 1.0 in 2017 (based on [[Latin NCAP]] 2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5fb4ea8933ae6c208c3dac41/t/6061a32fc2b096502341da4b/1617011504344/SaferCarsForAfrica-RS-VWPoloVivo.pdf|title=Volkswagen POLO VIVO - 2 AIRBAGS|publisher=[[Global NCAP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702184405/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5fb4ea8933ae6c208c3dac41/t/6061a32fc2b096502341da4b/1617011504344/SaferCarsForAfrica-RS-VWPoloVivo.pdf|archive-date=2 July 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Indian-made Polo sedan in its most basic version for Latin America received 5 stars for adult occupants and 3 stars for toddlers from [[Latin NCAP]] 1.0 in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latinncap.com/en/result/64/volkswagen-vento--polo-seda-n-+-2-airbags|title=Official results of the Volkswagen Vento / Polo Sedán + 2 Airbags 2015|website=LATIN NCAP - PARA AUTOS MAS SEGUROS}}</ref>
===ANCAP===
{{ANCAP
|overall_stars=5
|year=2010
|reference_code=040965
|description=Volkswagen Polo variant(s) as tested
|frontal_offset=14.98/16
|side_impact=15.98/16
|pole=2/2
|seat_belt_reminders=2/3
|whiplash_protection=Not Assessed
|pedestrian_protection=Marginal
|electronic_stability_control=Standard
}}

{{ANCAP
|overall_stars=5
|year=2011
|reference_code=574f0e
|description=Volkswagen Polo all petrol variants
|frontal_offset=14.98/16
|side_impact=15.98/16
|pole=2/2
|seat_belt_reminders=2/3
|whiplash_protection=Adequate
|pedestrian_protection=Marginal
|electronic_stability_control=Standard
}}
{{clear}}

== Polo Wörthersee 09 ==
A one-off Polo [[concept car]] was shown at the [[Wörthersee]] GTI meeting in May 2009. Considered as a preview of a future Polo GTI model, the car featured Flash Red paint with black rally stripes, 18-inch "Budapest" wheels, high gloss black interior and aluminum tread plates.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez|first=Alex|date=2009-05-20|title=Seeing Red: VW unveils GTI and Polo Wörthersee '09 concepts|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/05/20/seeing-red-vw-unveils-gti-and-polo-worthersee-09-concepts/|access-date=2010-11-25|publisher=Autoblog.com}}</ref>

== Polo R WRC ==
[[File:2014_rally_sweden_by_2eight_dsc6731.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Volkswagen Polo R WRC in 2014 Rally Sweden]]
In 2013, Volkswagen entered the [[2013 World Rally Championship|World Rally Championship]] with the [[Volkswagen Polo R WRC]], a new rally car based on the Polo. For homologation purposes, 2,500 Polo R WRC street cars were produced between September 2013 and March 2014. The street version features a 2.0 litre turbocharged engine producing 220 PS, and is mated exclusively to 6-speed manual gearbox.

{{clear}}

==Awards==

* [[European Car of the Year]] 2010
* Slovenian Car of the Year 2010 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delo.si/clanek/96516|title= Slovenian car of the year is VW polo|access-date=8 April 2010}}</ref>
* [[South African Car of the Year]] 2011
* [[Japan Car of the Year|Japan Import Car of the Year]] 2010–2011
* [[World Car of the Year]] 2010
* [[What Car?]] ''Supermini of the Year'' 2010 <ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-car-of-the-year-awards-2010/supermini-winner/246329
| title = What Car? Car of the Year awards 2010 - Supermini winner - Car and Car-Buying News - What Car?
| access-date = 2010-07-28 | date = 2010-01-15| publisher = [[What Car?]]
}}</ref>
* Drive Car of the Year 2010 (Australia) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://theage.drive.com.au/car-of-the-year/20k-hatchback-beats-400k-porsche-20101125-187tp.html |title=Volkswagen Polo 77 TSI wins Drive car of the Year |work=The Age |publisher=Theage.drive.com.au |date=2010-10-26 |access-date=2010-11-25}}</ref>
* Carsguide Car of the Year 2010 (Australia) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carsguide.com.au/site/caroftheyear/coty_2010_winner_volkswagen_polo |title=VW POLO wins Car of the Year 2010 | publisher=carsguide.com.au |date=2010-11-11 |access-date=2011-01-08}}</ref>
* [[Wheels Magazine|Wheels]] Car of the Year 2010

==See also==
* [[Volkswagen Polo]] for an overview of all models
* [[Volkswagen Polo Mk1]]
* [[Volkswagen Polo Mk2]]
* [[Volkswagen Polo Mk3]]
* [[Volkswagen Polo Mk4]]
* [[Volkswagen Polo Mk6]]
* [[Volkswagen Vento (A05)]]
* [[Volkswagen Polo R WRC]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/volkswagen-world/news/item/131|title=Volkswagen News: Smarter, lighter and even cleaner: fifth generation Polo unveiled|date=March 2009|work=www.volkswagen.co.uk|access-date=2009-03-09}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/auto_shows/2009_geneva_auto_show_auto_shows/production_debuts/2009_volkswagen_polo_auto_shows|title=2009 Volkswagen Polo - Auto Shows|last=Meiners|first=Jens|date=March 2009|work=[[Car and Driver]]|access-date=2009-03-09}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Volkswagen Polo V}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = Volkswagen Polo Mk5
| years = 2009–present
| before = [[Volkswagen Polo Mk4]]
| after = [[Volkswagen Polo Mk6]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{VW}}
{{Volkswagen (Europe) timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Volkswagen (South America) timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Volkswagen (China) timeline 1984 to date}}

[[Category:Volkswagen vehicles|Polo 5]]
[[Category:Subcompact cars]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:ANCAP light cars]]
[[Category:ANCAP small cars]]
[[Category:Euro NCAP superminis]]
[[Category:Global NCAP superminis]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2009]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:Rally cars]]
[[Category:Cars of Spain]]
[[Category:Cars of India]]
[[Category:Cars of South Africa]]
[[Category:Cars of Kenya]]
[[Category:Cars of Russia]]
[[Category:Cars of China]]
[[Category:Cars of Malaysia]]

[[it:Volkswagen Polo#Quinta serie (6R)]]

Oinam Romen

2026-04-29T19:57:46Z

RosemaryBrifman: Put Up Basic Post First Draft...

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Oinam Romen Singh''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥꯝ ꯔꯣꯃꯦꯟ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}) is an Indian politician and social activist from [[Manipur]]. He is a member of the [[Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee]] (MPCC) and is involved in youth development, welfare for disabled individuals,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gita|first=Konthoujam|date=2024-10-19|title=Oinam Romen distributes monthly pension to differently abled persons|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/oinam-romen-distributes-monthly-pension-to-differently-abled-persons/|access-date=2025-11-05|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref> and promotion of sports in his constituency,<ref name=":3" /> [[Singjamei]], [[Imphal West]] District.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Admin|first=IT Web|date=2025-08-11|title=The future of Manipur is in the hands of the youths - Oinam Romen|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/the-future-of-manipur-is-in-the-hands-of-the-youths-oinam-romen/|access-date=2025-11-05|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Admin|first=IT Web|date=2025-03-06|title=Oinam Romen distributes monthly pension to differently abled persons|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/oinam-romen-distributes-monthly-pension-to-differently-abled-persons-2/|access-date=2025-11-05|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Political and social work ==

=== Youth engagement ===

Singh has emphasized the role of youth in shaping the future of Manipur, describing them as pillars of the nation and advocates of social and economic progress. He has promoted youth participation in democratic processes and leadership development.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

He has organized induction programs for young people in his constituency through the Singjamei Youth Congress Committee (SYCC). During these programs, he distributed certificates under the [[PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijly Yojana]], a scheme providing free household energy.<ref name=":0" />

=== Welfare initiatives ===

Singh has provided monthly pensions to disabled persons and selected elderly individuals in Singjamei. The pension amount is one thousand rupees per month, funded from his personal resources.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Gita|first=Konthoujam|date=2024-12-01|title=Oinam Romen distributed monthly pensions to differently abled persons|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/oinam-romen-distributed-monthly-pensions-to-differently-abled-persons/|access-date=2025-11-05|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

He has urged the government to implement sustainable livelihood schemes and provide additional support for disabled individuals. Singh has emphasized that his initiatives are philanthropic in nature, not politically motivated.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Cultural and social activities ==

Singh has participated in social initiatives including the Indo-Myanmar Friendship Tour 2019, organized to reconnect with [[Meitei people]] settled outside Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indo-Myanmar Friendship tour flagged off|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/7/13/IMPHAL-Jul-13-A-six-day-Indo-Myanmar-Friendship-Tour-2019-organised-by-Patriotic-Writers-Forum-Manipur-in-association-with-IPAK-Tours-Travels-was-flagged-off-from-Kangla-western-gate-Imphal-by.html|access-date=2025-11-05|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Sports promotion ==

He has supported the development of sports by honoring talented athletes, particularly in basketball. Singh presided over an event organized by the Youth Amateur Welfare Association (YAWA) to recognize outstanding players from the [[Northeast India|North Eastern Region]] and provided financial assistance to support their future endeavors.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Gita|first=Konthoujam|date=2024-06-28|title=Manipur Basketball Players honoured for achievements|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/sports/manipur-basketball-players-honoured-for-achievements/|access-date=2025-11-05|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Oinam family]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Romen, Oinam}}
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

InfoPark Kochi

2026-04-29T16:12:16Z

RosemaryBrifman: Creating Some Details More To Come...

{{short description|IT Park situated in Kochi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Infoparks Kerala
| logo =
| image = [[File:Infopark, Kakkanad, Kochi, Kerala, India.jpg|280px]]
| image_caption = Aerial view of Infopark Phase I in 2012
| type = Government Owned
| founder =
| area_served =
| key_people = [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] {{small|(Chairman)}} 
Susanth Kurunthil {{small|(CEO)}}
| industry = [[Information Technology]] Business Park
| genre = Infrastructure Service Provider
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]
| num_employees = 72,000 (2025)<ref name="Infopark Employment">
{{ Cite web
| url = https://infopark.in/
| title = Infoparks Kerala – Leading IT Park {{!}} Innovative IT Hub
| year = 2025
| website = infopark.in
| publisher = Infoparks Kerala
| access-date = 2025-07-08
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250703194849/https://infopark.in/
| archive-date = 2025-07-03
}}
</ref>
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2004|7|18}}
| location_city = [[Kochi]]
| location_country = India
| location = 
| locations = [[Kochi]], [[Infopark Thrissur|Thrissur]], [[Infopark Cherthala|Cherthala]]
| origins =
| slogan =
| homepage =
| dissolved =
}}

'''Infopark, Kochi''' is an [[information technology]] park situated in the city of [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Established in 2004 by the [[Government of Kerala]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/19/stories/2004071911270300.htm | title=InfoPark to be inaugurated today | date=19 July 2004 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=17 September 2018 }} {{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> the park is spread over {{convert|323|acre|ha|1}} of campus across two phases, housing 582 companies which employs about 72,000 professionals as of 2025.<ref name="Infopark Employment"/>

The Phase 1 campus is fully developed spread over a {{convert|101|acre|ha|1}} with more than {{convert|7|e6sqft|abbr=unit}} of operational built-up space. Infopark Phase II is spread over {{convert|160|acre|ha|1}} of campus area which would have a total built-up space of {{convert|8|e6sqft|abbr=unit}} upon completion and is expected to employ more than 100,000 professionals.
The notable tenants in the park include Indian technology giants like [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Wipro]], [[HCL Technologies]], [[Tech Mahindra]], [[LTIMindtree]], [[UST Global]], and foreign corporations like [[IBM]], [[Cognizant]], [[KPMG]], [[Ernst & Young]], [[IQVIA]], [[Xerox]], [[Conduent]], [[Nov Inc|NOV]], [[Invesco]], [[EXL Service]], [[Hubbell Incorporated|Hubbell]], [[Alight Solutions|Alight]], [[Nielsen Holdings|Nielsen]], [[SNCF Geodis|Geodis]] and [[Buck (human resources consulting company)|Buck]].

The Infopark campus currently has {{convert|9.2|e6sqft|abbr=unit}} of built-up area and is the major contributor of IT export revenue from the state of Kerala. IT exports from Infopark which stood at {{INRConvert|32|b}} in 2016–17, doubled in a period of 4 years, rising to {{INRConvert|63.1|b}} in 2020–21.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jul/07/despite-covid-19-pandemic-it-exports-from-kochi-infopark-grew-by-rs-1110-crore-last-year-2326855.html |title=IT exports from Infopark grew by Rs 1,110 crore|date=7 July 2021 }}</ref> A huge real estate boom was triggered soon after Infopark started to attract big MNCs from around the globe. Infopark changed the landscape and lifestyle of Kochi, particularly the [[Kakkanad]] area. A new culture got evolved and more and more commercial and residential ventures started to rise up which then extended the limits of Kochi city to further north end.<ref name="Villa projects in Kochi">{{cite web|last1=Kevin|first1=John|title=villas in kochi|url=http://www.jairajbuilders.com/villas-in-kochi|website=Jairaj Builders|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322234439/http://www.jairajbuilders.com/villas-in-kochi|archive-date=22 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The park is built on the 'Hub and Spoke model' for the development of the Information Technology industry in Kerala. Infopark acts as the hub to the spokes located at [[InfoPark Koratty|Thrissur]] and [[Cherthala]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/29/stories/2009052953590300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602193334/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/29/stories/2009052953590300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2009-06-02 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Infopark's Koratty unit to be ready by next year | date=2009-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/koratty-infopark-set-to-take-off/21/06/372523/| title = Business News, Finance News, India News, BSE/NSE News, Stock Markets News, Sensex NIFTY, Latest Breaking News Headlines}}</ref>

==Location and connectivity==
[[File:Carnival Info Park Phase - 4.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Carnival Infopark Kochi on Dec 8, 2020]]
Infopark is {{convert|10|km|mi|0}} from downtown Kochi and {{convert|22|km|mi|0}} from [[Cochin International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article488762.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=VS to open new building complex of Infopark today | date=2010-06-27}}</ref> Infopark is connected to [[Seaport-Airport Road]] via the Infopark Expressway, a 4-lane road.<ref name="RBDCK">{{Cite web|publisher=RBDCK|url=http://www.rbdck.com/?q=projects_show&tid=5&tname=Road%20Projects|title=RBDCK Projects|access-date=2011-04-06}}</ref><ref name="Infopark Expressway">{{Cite web|publisher=Kerala IT|url=http://www.keralait.org/DOWNLOADS/Infopark_Expressway_pressrelease.doc|title=Infopark Expressway|access-date=2011-04-06}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Kerala State Water Transport Department]] operates boat service between [[Kakkanad]] and [[Vyttila Mobility Hub]]. The Ernakulam district administration, which comprise the city of Kochi has proposed a waterway connecting InfoPark to Marine Drive, Kochi.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article2720233.ece] Report on waterway in a month</ref>

The Infopark campus lies adjacent to [[SmartCity, Kochi]], an [[information technology]] park.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2010/12/26/stories/2010122650590900.htm] IT's the way to go for Kerala</ref>

[[VSNL]]'s communication [[Gateway (computer networking)|gateway]] is located close to Infopark.<ref>[http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/itcontentView.do?contentId=6239024&programId=6037308&BV_ID=@@@] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207024252/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/itcontentView.do?contentId=6239024&programId=6037308&BV_ID=@@@|date=7 December 2010}} Kerala has cost effective bandwidth</ref> Two submarine cables, [[SAFE (cable system)|SAFE]] and [[SEA-ME-WE 3]], have their landing points at the gateway. Infopark is directly linked by optical fiber to the gigabyte router of VSNL, which provides the park with 100% uptime data connectivity.<ref name="Infopark-Kochi">{{Cite web|publisher=Kerala IT Mission|url=http://www.itmission.kerala.gov.in/component/content/article/101.html|title=Infopark, Kochi|access-date=2011-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807193316/http://www.itmission.kerala.gov.in/component/content/article/101.html|archive-date=7 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Educational Institutions==
The [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode]] (IIM–K) has set up it first satellite campus at Athulya building in Infopark. The satellite campus, initially, offers one-year residential executive MBA programme as well as two-year part-time programmes in addition to several short and long-term management development programmes. The Government of Kerala has offered five acres of land for the full-fledged campus inside Infopark.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article3512160.ece?ref=wl_industry-and-economy IIM-K Satellite campus in Kochi]</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Infopark_Phase_I.jpg|1050px|center|thumb|View towards Infopark Phase I in 2017]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = TCS Centre, Infopark.jpg
| width1 = 220
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]] Centre at Infopark Phase I
| image2 = Wipro campus entrance at Infopark Cochin Kerala (14052994045).jpg
| width2 = 220
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Wipro]] Campus Entrance at Infopark Phase I
| image3 = WTC Kochi.jpg
| width3 = 220
| alt3 =
| caption3 = [[World Trade Center, Kochi|World Trade Center]] at Infopark Phase I is the second [[List of World Trade Centers|World Trade Center]] in [[South India]]
| image4 = Vismaya infopark kochi.jpg
| width4 = 220
| alt4 =
| caption4 = Vismaya building at Infopark Phase I
| image5 = Lulu Cybertower 2 Architecture5.jpg
| width5 = 220
| alt5 =
| caption5 = Lulu Cyber Tower 2 at Infopark Phase I
}}

Infopark campus is divided into Special Economic Zone (SEZ) and non – SEZ facility. Of the existing 98.25 acres of Infopark, 75 acres has been notified as a Special Economic Zone by the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India. The infrastructure developed in the park has been classified as Muilti tenanted facility (MTF)and Built to suit (BTS).

Apart from Infopark owned infrastructure (Thapasya, Vismaya, Athulya), parallel developments by co-developers such as Leela Soft, L&T Techpark and Brigade Enterprises are also taking shape in the campus. Thus offering IT companies a choice of office space solutions to fit their requirement and budget. Major Private IT campus by Wipro, TCS and IBS Software are also in progress. When Infopark Kochi Phase-I is fully developed a total super built-up area of 5 million sqft would be completed.<ref name="Infopark growing">{{cite news|publisher=TheHindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article3906633.ece|title=Infopark gets investment proposals at Kochi meet|access-date=2011-12-17|location=Chennai, India|date=2012-09-17|first=M.P.|last=Praveen}}</ref> The campus includes amenities such as food courts, banking counters, ATM, shopping arcade, etc.

In 2014, Leela Infopark, a non – SEZ facility owned by Leela Lace Holding Pvt Ltd was acquired by Mumbai-based Carnival Group for INR 280 Crores and the name of the project was changed to Carnival Infopark Lulu Group has acquired the L&T Tech Park for INR 150 Crores and the name of the project was changed to Lulu Tech Park.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-01/news/51002681_1_350-crore-lulu-group-infopark-kochi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712051435/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-01/news/51002681_1_350-crore-lulu-group-infopark-kochi | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 July 2014 | location=Kochi, India | work=Economic Times | title=Lulu Group to Invest 350 Cr in Lulu Tech Park | date=2014-07-01}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|+Buildings in Infopark
|-
!style="background: #ffdead;" |Building!!style="background: #ffdead;" |Phase !!style="background: #ffdead;" |Built-up area!!style="background: #ffdead;" |Year of commission
|-
!colspan=4 |Government owned
|-
|Thapasya||Infopark Phase 1 ||{{convert|125000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2004
|-
|Vismaya||Infopark Phase 1 || {{convert|238500|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2005
|-
|Athulya||Infopark Phase 1 || {{convert|350000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2010
|-
|Jyothirmaya||Infopark Phase 2 || {{convert|400000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2017
|-
!colspan=4 | Private owned
|-
|Carnival Phase-1||Infopark Phase 1 || {{convert|127000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2004
|-
|[[LuLu Group International|LuLu]] Cyber Tower 1(Previously Tejomaya)||Infopark Phase 1 || {{convert|400000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2008
|-
|[[Wipro]]||Infopark Phase 1 || {{convert|1000000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2008
|-
|Carnival Phase-2||Infopark Phase 1 || {{convert|330000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2009
|-
|Carnival Phase-3||Infopark Phase 1 || {{convert|161858|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2010
|-
|Carnival Phase-4||Infopark Phase 1 || {{convert|251562|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2012
|-
|[[Tata Consultancy Services]]||Infopark Phase 1 || {{convert|1300000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2014
|-
|[[World Trade Center, Kochi]]||Infopark Phase 1 || {{convert|770000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2016
|-
|[[Cognizant Technology Solutions|Cognizant]]||Infopark Phase 2 || {{convert|1500000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2016
|-
|[[LuLu Group International|LuLu]] Cyber Tower 2 ||Infopark Phase 1 || {{convert|1463000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2018
|-
|Trans Asia Cyber Park||Infopark Phase 2 || {{convert|600000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2018
|-
|ClaySys IT Campus||Infopark Phase 2 || {{convert|150000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2020
|-
|IBS Software Services||Infopark Phase 1 || {{convert|600000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||2024
|-
!colspan=4 | Under Construction
|-
| Caspian Tech Park||Infopark Phase 2 || {{convert|450000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||
|-
|Cloudscapes Cyber Park ||Infopark Phase 2 || {{convert|60000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||
|-
!colspan=4 | Under Planning
|-
|Padiyath Innovations ||Infopark Phase 2 || {{convert|1000000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}||
|}
Smart Business Centre (SBC) is provided to facilitate Indian and foreign IT/ITES and knowledge based companies to commence operations immediately from a plug and play facility at Infopark.

== Infopark Phase II ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = CTS Campus.jpg
| width1 = 220
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Cognizant]] Campus at Infopark Phase II
| image2 = Jyothirmaya.jpg
| width2 = 220
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Jyothirmaya building at Infopark Phase II
}}
Infopark Kochi is expanding its activities in Infopark Phase II. The Jyothirmaya building inaugurated by the [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] on 22 January 2017<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/jyothirmaya-to-be-opened-by-kerala-cm-on-jan-22/articleshow/56662632.cms] Jyothirmaya to be opened by Kerala CM on Jan 22 2017</ref> is at a distance of around 1.6 km from Phase I campus and is on the side of Kadamprayar river. The new park is envisaged to be a landmark in the IT history of Kerala with both SEZ and non-SEZ type of development and social infrastructure. The new park lies in an extent of 160 acres in the neighboring Kunnathunad- Puthencruz villages of Kunnathunad Taluk, Ernakulam District. The Board of Approvals (BoA) of the Union Ministry of Commerce have granted SEZ status to the 98 acres in Infopark phase II.<ref name="Infopark growing"/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article2868602.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Infopark upbeat about sustained growth | date=2012-02-07}}</ref>

A master plan for the second phase envisages infrastructure development for development blocks in SEZ and non-SEZ clusters, BPO complexes, utility services including substation, water treatment plant, sewage treatment plant, road network, etc. The park will be designed as an eco-friendly green park with high energy-saving measures and least carbon emission. Apart from the built-up space for IT, the park will have a large business convention center, budget hotels, shopping complexes, commercial centers, recreation, and entertainment centers.<ref name="Infopark Phase 2">{{Cite web |title=Infopark Phase 2 |url=http://www.keralait.org/search_result.php?project_id=1&location_id=15 |access-date=2011-04-05 |publisher=Infopark |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005194901/https://keralait.org/search_result.php?project_id=1&location_id=15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Infopark along with its co-developers expect to create 8 million sq.ft. of IT/ITES/BPO and associated basic infrastructure and commercial and social infrastructure space. The basic infrastructure that will be developed by Infopark will include a 220 kV Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) with distribution facilities, access, and internal roads, stormwater drains, cable trenches, water treatment, and supply, data connectivity, etc. Master Plan of the Park has been developed by [[CannonDesign]], New York-based Architectural Consultant.<ref name="Infopark Phase 2" />

Three multinational companies have already evinced interest in the Rs 2,500 crore, 8 Million sqft Phase II of Infopark Kochi. The second phase is expected to be completed in eight years.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111231104857/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/kochi/state-makes-giant-strides-it-sector-forms-new-policy-707] State makes giant strides in IT sector, forms new policy</ref> Infrastructure development will be undertaken in a phased manner and will be completed by 2011. The construction of the first IT building of around 5 lakhs sq.ft. has commenced and is expected to be completed by December 2012. On full completion, total employment expected to be generated in this new campus is 80,000.<ref name="Infopark Kochi in expansion mode">[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/investment-world/article2907530.ece] Infopark Kochi in expansion mode</ref>

==Branches==
Infopark has branched out to nearby cities and towns. The park is built on the 'Hub and Spoke model' for the development of the Information Technology industry in Kerala. InfoPark, Kochi acts as the hub to the spokes located at [[InfoPark Koratty|Thrissur]] and [[Cherthala]]

===[[InfoPark Thrissur|Infopark Thrissur]]===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 =
| width1 = 220
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Infopark Thrissur]] Campus at Infopark Koratty
}}
[[Infopark Thrissur]] is located at [[Koratty]] which is around 45 km from [[Kochi]] in [[Thrissur]] District. It is approximately 20 km from [[Cochin International Airport]] at [[Nedumbassery]]. The park is situated very close to the [[National Highway 544 (India)|National Highway 544]]. Currently, Infopark, [[Thrissur]] possesses 30 acres of prime land. It is expected that some more land also will be added to the Park in the near future. Infrastructure development work for the Park has already commenced. The first set of IT Buildings of approximately 40,000 sft area with plug and play facilities is ready and companies have started setting-up operations at Thrissur. Phase-II additional 3,30 lakhs sft of space will be ready for allotment by October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/infopark-sets-sights-on-massive-investment/article7280859.ece | location=Kochi, India | work=The Hindu | title=Koratty infopark 3.30 Lakhs built-up area | date=2015-06-03}}</ref>

=== [[Infopark Cherthala]] ===

Located in [[Pallipuram, Alappuzha|Pallipuram]] village, [[Cherthala]] taluk of [[Alappuzha]] District. The total area of the park is 66 acres of which 60 acres has been notified as a sector-specific Special Economic Zone by the Ministry of Commerce, Government of [[India]] vide notification dated 8 June 2009. The First IT Building by Infopark having an area of 2.4 lakhs sq.ft is now ready for operations.

==Transportation==

There are a small number of private buses which operate into the InfoPark campus from different corners of Kochi city such as [[Aluva]], downtown [[Ernakulam]] and [[Thripunithura]]. Mostly private bus will not come on time and working people need to commute via Auto rickshaws or Taxis.

A boat service runs between Vyttila Mobility Hub and [[Kakkanad]] jetty, which is located close to the InfoPark Expressway. This ferry covers the distance between [[Vyttila]] and Kakkanad in 20 minutes. [[Kochi Metro Rail Limited|KMRL]] operates AC low-floor feeder bus services from Kakkanad [[Kochi Water Metro|Water metro]] station to InfoPark.

The [[Kochi Metro]] rail has planned its extension to Kakkanad from [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Kaloor Stadium]]. This extension will terminate at InfoPark with a metro station each at Phase-I and Phase-II campuses, thus giving efficient metro rail connectivity to the IT park.

The lack of transport connectivity to Infopark at Kakkanad is a big hurdle for the 30,000 workforces. At a workshop on 'Connecting the Dots on Public Transport', recently organized by CPPR and WTC, Kochi has come up with a slew of proposals to develop public transport in the area. These, include re-routing of buses or providing additional bus services to the area, introducing modern transportation infrastructure such as demand-based bus systems and improving existing water and road connectivity to the area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jul/29/cppr-proposes-to-develop-public-transport-in-it-hub-1635037--1.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171001214523/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jul/29/cppr-proposes-to-develop-public-transport-in-it-hub-1635037--1.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 1 October 2017| title = Making a connect with IT route- The New Indian Express}} </ref>

==See also==
* [[Cyberpark]]
* [[Economy of Kochi]]
* [[InfoPark Thrissur|Infopark, Thrissur]]
* [[Smart City, Kochi]]
* [[Cyber City, Kochi]]
* [[Electronics City, Kochi]]
* [[Technopark, Trivandrum]]
* [[Infopark Cherthala]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Infopark, Kochi}}
[[Category:Economy of Kochi]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Software technology parks in Kerala]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Kerala]]

Bhagyalakshmi (2022 TV series)

2026-04-22T06:25:21Z

RosemaryBrifman: put up basic data v1

{{Short description|2022 Indian Kannada language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Jaya Alva
| director = Yashwanth Pandu
| creative_director = Darshan Gowdu
| presenter =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sushma K. Rao]]
*Sudarshan Rangaprasad
*[[Padmaja Rao]]
}}
| voices =
| narrated =
| opentheme = Ivare Bhagyalakshmi
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| executive_producer = Srinivas
| producer = [[Prakash Veer (director)|Prakash]]
| editor =
| location = [[Bengaluru]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Shri Jaimatha Combines
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|10|10|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
| network = [[Colors Kannada]]
| image_alt =
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1101 
| list_episodes =
| released =
}}

'''''Bhagyalakshmi''''' is an Indian Kannada-language television drama series which premiered from 10 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ನಿಮ್ಮ ಮಾತು ಕೇಳಿ ರೈಟರ್ಸ್ ಕಥೆಯನ್ನೇ ಬದಲಿಸ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಎಂದ ಭಾಗ್ಯಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿ ಭಾಗ್ಯ: ಮುಂದೇನಾಗತ್ತೆ ಕೇಳಿ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/bhagyalakshmi-bhagya-character-sushma-k-rao-about-twist-in-the-serial-suc-sr5vjn |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Asianet News |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ಹೊಸ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ, ಭಾಗ್ಯಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀಯಾಗಿ ಬಾಗಿಲು ತೆರೆಯಲಿದ್ದಾಳೆ |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/tv/bhagyalakshmi-serial-on-oct-10th-on-colors-kannada-977886.html |publisher=Prajavani |access-date=7 October 2022 |language=kn}}</ref> It is produced by Jai Mata Combines and airing on [[Colors Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-26 |title=Kannada daily soap 'Bhagyalakshmi' celebrates a milestone of 300 Episodes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-daily-soap-bhagyalakshmi-celebrates-a-milestone-of-300-episodes/articleshow/104716153.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-22 |title=Bhagyalakshmi makes a strong comeback, secures second spot in latest TRP ratings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/bhagyalakshmi-makes-a-strong-comeback-secures-second-spot-in-latest-trp-ratings/articleshow/106211929.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series follows the journey of Bhagya, a devoted wife and daughter-in-law, who endures humiliation from her husband Tandav while maintaining a positive outlook on life. The show highlights the complexities of relationships within an Indian joint family, particularly the dynamics between a mother-in-law and a daughter-in-law.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Sushma K. Rao]] as Bhagya – Tandav’s wife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/sushma-rao-sushma-nanaiah-starrer-bhagyalakshmi-kannada-serial/articleshow/94656359.cms|title=Bhagyalakshmi: 10 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ನಂತರ ನಾಯಕಿಯಾಗಿ 'ಭಾಗ್ಯಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀ' ಮೂಲಕ ತೆರೆ ಮೇಲೆ ನಟಿ ಸುಷ್ಮಾ ರಾವ್|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn|access-date=5 Oct 2022}}</ref>
* [[Padmaja Rao]] as Kusuma – Tandav’s mother and Bhagya’s mother-in-law.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-21 |title="I've invested considerable effort to truly embody the character of Kusuma," says Bhagyalakshmi fame Padmaja Rao |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/coming-from-a-highly-educated-family-neither-my-relatives-nor-my-friends-exhibit-the-same-assertiveness-as-kusuma-says-padmaja-rao/articleshow/108941117.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-26 |title=Exclusive - "With Bhagyalaksmi, I am getting to explore the other side of acting apart from my usual soft-spoken on-screen mother," says actress Padmaja Rao |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/exclusive-with-bhagyalaksmi-i-am-getting-to-explore-the-other-side-of-acting-apart-from-my-usual-soft-spoken-on-screen-mother-says-actress-padmaja-rao/articleshow/97937145.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Sudarshan Rangaprasad as Tandav – Kusuma’s son and Bhagya’s husband.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/colord-kannada-bhagya-lakshmi-serial-thandav-real-life-wife-is-sangeetha-bhat-svl-lg-879423.html|title=ಭಾಗ್ಯಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯ ತಾಂಡವ್‍ನ ನಿಜವಾದ ಪತ್ನಿ ಯಾರು|website=News18|language=kn|access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ಮಹೇಶನ ಕೈಯಲ್ಲಿ ಚಿತ್ರಾನ್ನ ಆಯ್ತು ತಾಂಡವ್ ಲೈಫು! |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/new-twist-in-bhagyalaxmi-serial-rzvyax |publisher=Asianet News|language=kn|access-date=24 August 2023}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* [[Gautami]] Gowda<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-03 |title=Gouthami Gowda quits daily soap Bhagyalakshmi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/gouthami-gowda-quits-daily-soap-bhagyalakshmi/articleshow/99208540.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> / Kavya Gowda<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-04 |title=Actress Kavya replaces Gouthami Gowda in daily soap Bhagyalakshmi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actress-kavya-replaces-gouthami-gowda-in-daily-soap-bhagyalakshmi/articleshow/99233661.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagyalakshmi Serial: ಆ ಎಪಿಸೋಡ್ ಆದ್ಮೇಲೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಜನರು ನನ್ನ ದ್ವೇಷಿಸೋಕೆ ಆರಂಭಿಸಿದ್ರು: ಕಾವ್ಯಾ ಗೌಡ Interview |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/bhagyalakshmi-kannada-serial-shreshtha-real-name-kavya-gowda-speaks-about-character/articleshow/113393102.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref> as Shreshta – Tandav’s lover.
* Amrutha Gowda as Tanvi – Bhagya and Tandav’s daughter.
* Nihaar Gowda as Tanmay – Bhagya and Tandav’s son.
* Sunitha Shetty as Sunanda – Bhagya’s mother.
* Asha Ayyanar as Pooja – Bhagya’s younger sister.

===Cameo appearances===
* Ankita Amar as Meera<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=Ankita Amar to play a cameo role in Bhagyalakshmi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ankita-amar-to-play-a-cameo-role-in-bhagyalakshmi/articleshow/101482741.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Yamuna Srinidhi]] as Bhagya's teacher<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-25 |title=Exclusive! Yamuna Srinidhi to play Bhagya's teacher in Bhagyalakshmi, says, "The school episodes will be an eye-opener to many" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/exclusive-yamuna-srinidhi-to-play-bhagyas-teacher-in-bhagyalakshmi-saysthe-school-episodes-will-be-an-eye-opener-to-many/articleshow/102110186.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Neha Gowda as Shruthi<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-01 |title=Lakshmi Baramma fame Neha Gowda and Rashmi Prabhakar to play a cameo in Bhagyalakshmi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/lakshmi-baramma-fame-neha-gowda-and-rashmi-prabhakar-to-play-a-cameo-in-bhagyalakshmi/articleshow/98332548.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Rashmi Prabhakar]] as Lacchi

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt29807200}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/bhagyalakshmi/1971002851 ''Bhagyalakshmi''] at [[JioCinema]]

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]

List of birds of Bengaluru

2026-04-18T20:53:36Z

RosemaryBrifman: Started...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
The following is a list of birds found in and around [[Bengaluru]] in [[Karnataka]], India.
The [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], [[Bannerghatta National Park|Bannerghatta]] forest ranges and the [[Kaveri]] valley/Sangam area are included in addition to the Bengaluru city limits roughly extending 40 kilometres around the city centre (General Post Office). The area has been studied from early times due to its climate and accessibility during the Colonial period.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bulger, G. E. |year=1866|title=[Letter]|journal=Ibis |volume=8|issue=2|pages= 218–220|url=https://archive.org/stream/ibis02brit#page/218/mode/1up/|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1866.tb06089.x}}</ref> This list also includes annotations. This list is largely based on an annotated checklist published in 1994.<ref>{{cite book|editor=George, Joseph|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/BangaloreBirdsAnnotated |title=Annotated Checklist of the Birds of Bangalore|publisher=Birdwatchers' Field Club of Bangalore}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Karthikeyan, S. |year=1999|title=The fauna of Bangalore|publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature-India, Bangalore}}</ref> The family placement and sequence of families is based on the IOC world bird list (version 2.9).
[[File:Bangalorebirdingmap.svg|thumb|350px|Schematic map of birding areas in and around Bengaluru]]
[[File:BangaloreNatural.svg|thumb|350px|Outline of routes to locations around Bengaluru]]

 {{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}

==Galliformes==

=== Family: [[Phasianidae]] ===
[[File:Grey Francolin (Francolinus pondicerianus) at Bharatpur I IMG 5269.jpg|thumb|[[Grey francolin]] or grey partridge]]
* [[Grey francolin]], ''Francolinus pondicerianus'' (breeding resident on outskirts)
* [[Common quail]], ''Coturnix coturnix'' (rare, not seen since 2013)
* [[Rain quail]], ''Coturnix coromandelica'' (rare, still common at Hesaraghatta and Maidenahalli areas)
* [[Jungle bush quail]], ''Perdicula asiatica'' (breeding resident on outskirts)
* [[Rock bush quail]], ''Perdicula argoondah'' (common at Maidenahalli region)
* [[Painted bush quail]], ''Perdicula erythrorhyncha'' (rare, no recent records from Bengaluru)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Subramanya, S. |year=1991| title=Painted Bush Quail near Bangalore|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=31 |issue=7&8| pages=11–12|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW31_78#page/n12/mode/1up}}</ref>
* [[Red spurfowl]], ''Galloperdix spadicea'' (rare)
* [[Painted spurfowl]], ''Galloperdix lunulata'' (rare)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Prasad, J. N., S. Karthikeyan, T.S. Srinivasa, S. Subramanya & L. Shyamal |year=1992| title=Distribution of Painted Spurfowl in Karnataka|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=32 |issue=7&8|pages=11–12|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW32_78#page/n11/mode/1up}}</ref>
* [[Grey junglefowl]], ''Gallus sonneratii'' (breeding resident)
* [[Indian peafowl]], ''Pavo cristatus'' (breeding resident)

==Anseriformes==

=== Family: [[Anatidae]] ===
[[File:Anas poecilorhyncha -Assam -India-8.jpg|thumb|[[Indian spot-billed duck]]]]
* [[Fulvous whistling duck]], ''Dendrocygna bicolor'' (vagrant, mostly from old records. However, new sightings have surfaced)
* [[Lesser whistling duck]], ''Dendrocygna javanica''
* [[Greylag goose]], ''Anser anser''
* [[Bar-headed goose]], ''Anser indicus''
* [[Ruddy shelduck]], ''Tadorna ferruginea'' (historic)
* [[Knob-billed duck]], ''Sarkidiornis melanotos'' (rare)
* [[Cotton pygmy goose]], ''Nettapus coromandelianus''
* [[Gadwall]], ''Mareca strepera''
* [[Eurasian wigeon]], ''Mareca penelope''
* [[Indian spot-billed duck]], ''Anas poecilorhyncha''
* [[Northern shoveler]], ''Spatula clypeata''
* [[Northern pintail]], ''Anas acuta''
* [[Garganey]], ''Spatula querquedula''
* [[Common teal]], ''Anas crecca''
* [[Common pochard]], ''Aythya ferina''
* [[Ferruginous duck]], ''Aythya nyroca'' (unconfirmed record from Hesaraghatta, possibly in error)

==Podicipediformes==

=== Family: [[Podicipedidae]] ===
* [[Little grebe]], ''Tachybaptus ruficollis''

==Phoenicopteriformes==

=== Family: [[Phoenicopteridae]] ===
* [[Greater flamingo]], ''Phoenicopterus roseus'' (vagrant. A flock of about 6 individuals recorded at Hoskote lake in September 2019)
* [[Lesser flamingo]], ''Phoenicopterus minor'' (vagrant, historic)

==Ciconiiformes==

=== Family: [[Ciconiidae]] ===
[[File:Painted Stork.jpg|thumb|[[Painted stork]]]]
* [[Painted stork]], ''Mycteria leucocephala''
* [[Asian openbill]], ''Anastomus oscitans''
* [[Woolly-necked stork|Asian woolly-necked stork]], ''Ciconia episcopus''
* [[White stork]], ''Ciconia ciconia'' (rare, no recent records in the area for over 6–7 years)
* [[Black stork]], ''Ciconia nigra'' (winter visitor)
* [[Black-necked stork]], ''Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus'' (could possibly be in error){{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
* [[Lesser adjutant]], ''Leptoptilos javanicus'' (records north and south of Bengaluru, in Mysore and Chikkballapur)

==Pelecaniformes==

=== Family: [[Threskiornithidae]] ===
* [[Glossy ibis]], ''Plegadis falcinellus''
* [[Black-headed ibis]], ''Threskiornis melanocephalus''
* [[Red-naped ibis]], ''Pseudibis papillosa''
* [[Eurasian spoonbill]], ''Platalea leucorodia''

=== Family: [[Ardeidae]] ===
[[File:Cattle Egrets I3 IMG 1409.jpg|thumb|[[Cattle egret]]s]]
* [[Little egret]], ''Egretta garzetta''
* [[Western reef egret]], ''Egretta gularis'' (rare)
* [[Grey heron]], ''Ardea cinerea''
* [[Purple heron]], ''Ardea purpurea''
* [[Eastern great egret]], ''Ardea modesta''
* [[Intermediate egret]], ''Mesophoyx intermedia''
* [[Cattle egret]], ''Bubulcus ibis''
* [[Indian pond heron]], ''Ardeola grayii''
* [[Striated heron]], ''Butorides striatus''<ref>Worth, Brooke C. (1953). "Stray Birds notes from Mysore". ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society''. '''51''': 510.</ref>
* [[Black-crowned night heron]], ''Nycticorax nycticorax''
* [[Little bittern]], ''Ixobrychus minutus'' (historical, possibly in error)
* [[Yellow bittern]], ''Ixobrychus sinensis''
* [[Cinnamon bittern]], ''Ixobrychus cinnamomeus''
* [[Black bittern]], ''Ixobrychus flavicollis'' (uncommon resident)
* [[Great bittern]], ''Botaurus stellaris'' (historic)

[[File:Spotbilled pelican.jpg|thumb|[[Spot-billed pelican]]]]

=== Family: [[Pelecanidae]] ===
* [[Spot-billed pelican]], ''Pelecanus philippensis''
* [[Great white pelican]], ''Pelecanus onocrotalus'' (vagrant? – first noted in 2008 – one in 2017 at Ranganathittu)

==Suliformes==

=== Family: [[Phalacrocoracidae]] ===
* [[Little cormorant]], ''Microcarbo niger''
* [[Indian cormorant]], ''Phalacrocorax fuscicollis''
* [[Great cormorant]], ''Phalacrocorax carbo''

[[File:Oriental Darter in Agrahara Lake.jpg|thumb|[[Oriental darter]]]]

=== Family: [[Anhingidae]] ===
* [[Oriental darter]], ''Anhinga melanogaster''

==Accipitriformes==

=== Family [[Pandionidae]] ===
* [[Osprey]], ''Pandion haliaetus'' (historic, few recent sightings)

=== Family: [[Accipitridae]] ===
[[File:Milvus migrans govinda.jpg|thumb|[[Black kite]], a scavenger]]
[[File:Shikra- Immature at Kolkata- I IMG 0540.jpg|thumb|[[Shikra]]]]
* [[Black baza]], ''Aviceda leuphotes'' (rare, possibly passage migrant, one historic record from Bengaluru Golf Club, 1980s and one record from Nandi Hills. Newer records could shed light on this species habits in the region.<ref>[http://www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=13071 Photo record (7 April 2007) by Pradyumna Mohan]</ref>)
* [[Crested honey buzzard]], ''Pernis ptilorhyncus''
* [[European honey buzzard]], ''Pernis apivorus'' (vagrant)
* [[Black-winged kite]], ''Elanus caeruleus''
* [[Black kite]], ''Milvus migrans''
* [[Brahminy kite]], ''Haliastur indus''
* [[Lesser fish eagle]], ''Ichthyophaga humilis'' (Kaveri valley)
* [[Grey-headed fish eagle]], ''Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus'' (records only from Cauvery WLS area<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebird.org/checklist/S31000883|title=eBird Checklist – 31 Jul 2016 – Cauvery WLS--Hegeneru State Forest – 60 species (+2 other taxa)|last=Shenoy|first=Srinivasa|website=ebird.org|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>)
* [[Egyptian vulture]], ''Neophron percnopterus''
* [[White-rumped vulture]], ''Gyps bengalensis'' (locally extinct in Bengaluru, common in Nagarahole NP)
* [[Indian vulture]], ''Gyps indicus'' (locally extinct in Bengaluru, populations however slowly recovering)
* [[Himalayan vulture]], ''Gyps himalayensis'' (rare vagrant – juveniles mainly<ref>{{cite journal|author=Praveen, J., Nameer, P.O., Karuthedathu, D., Ramaiah, C., Balakrishnan, B., Rao, K. M., Shurpali, S., Puttaswamaiah, R., & Tavcar, I. |year=2014| title=On the vagrancy of the Himalayan Vulture Gyps himalayensis to southern India.| journal=Indian Birds|volume=9|issue=1|pages=19–22}}</ref>)
* [[Red-headed vulture]], ''Sarcogyps calvus'' (historic, some stragglers still arrive in the Kaveri Valley and the species is relatively common in the Bandipur-Nagarahole region.)
* [[Short-toed snake eagle]], ''Circaetus gallicus''
* [[Crested serpent eagle]], ''Spilornis cheela''
* [[Marsh harrier]], ''Circus aeruginosus''
* [[Hen harrier]], ''Circus cyaneus''{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
* [[Pallid harrier]], ''Circus macrourus''
* [[Pied harrier]], ''Circus melanoleucos''
* [[Montagu's harrier]], ''Circus pygargus''
* [[Crested goshawk]], ''Accipiter trivirgatus'' (only from the Cauvery WLS south, although stragglers in Bengaluru not unlikely)
* [[Shikra]], ''Accipiter badius''
* [[Eurasian sparrowhawk]], ''Accipiter nisus''
* [[Eurasian goshawk]], ''Accipiter gentilis''{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
* [[Besra]], ''Accipiter virgatus'' (rare in Bannerghatta, gets common further south)
* [[White-eyed buzzard]], ''Butastur teesa''
* [[Black eagle]], ''Ictinaetus malaiensis''
* [[Indian spotted eagle]], ''Clanga hastata'' (older records of [[lesser spotted eagle]], ''Aquila pomarina'' may be attributed to this species)
* [[Greater spotted eagle]], ''Clanga clanga''
* [[Tawny eagle]], ''Aquila rapax''
* [[Steppe eagle]], ''Aquila nipalensis''
* [[Eastern imperial eagle]], ''Aquila heliaca'' (historic, possibly in error. Most recent records from Northern Karnataka){{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
* [[Bonelli's eagle]], ''Aquila fasciata''
* [[Booted eagle]], ''Hieraaetus pennatus''
* [[Rufous-bellied hawk-eagle]], ''Lophotriorchis kienerii'' (rare) (a photographic record of a juvenile from the Kaveri valley area, one from Bannerghatta<ref>[http://www.thejunglelook.com/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=3267 photo record]</ref>)
* [[Changeable hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus cirrhatus''
* [[Common buzzard]], ''Buteo buteo'' (records of birds in Bengaluru and outskirts – Arkavathi Layout and other areas<ref>[http://www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=11428 Photo record (17 Feb 2007) by Nitin S]</ref>)
* [[Long-legged buzzard]], ''Buteo rufinus'' (recent records from north of Bengaluru)

==Falconiformes==

=== Family: [[Falconidae]] ===

* [[Common kestrel]], ''Falco tinnunculus''
* [[Lesser kestrel]], ''Falco naumanni'' (rare, records from Hesaraghatta and Chikkballapur areas)
* [[Red-necked falcon]], ''Falco chicquera''
* [[Laggar falcon]], ''Falco jugger''
* [[Eurasian hobby]], ''Falco subbuteo'' (rare)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jayant, MS |author2=Aditya, GS |author3=Hemanth, J |year=1992|title=Occurrence of the Hobby in Bangalore|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume= 32|issue=7–8|page=14|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW32_78#page/n15/mode/1up/}}</ref>
* [[Amur falcon]], ''Falco amurensis'' (rare, passage)
* [[Peregrine falcon]], ''Falco peregrinus''
** [[Shaheen falcon]], ''Falco peregrinus peregrinator'' (resident)
** [[Peregrine falcon]], ''Falco peregrinus calidus'' (winter migrant)

==Otidiformes==

=== Family: [[Otididae]] ===
* [[Great Indian bustard]], ''Ardeotis nigriceps'' (historic, known from Northeastern Karnataka-the nearest new records)
* [[Lesser florican]], ''Sypheotides indicus'' (mostly old records, one in 2011-12 from Hesaraghatta region)<ref>[[Allan Octavian Hume|AO Hume]] and [[Charles Henry Tilson Marshall|CHT Marshall]] (1881). ''The Game Birds of India, Burmah, and Ceylon''. (Major McInroy "I think I am within the mark when I say that near Mallur, a station on the Bangalore Madras line of rail and 25 miles from Bangalore, thirty birds were shot in one day by two officers of the Forest department."; "Mr Davidson says:- Florican are found sparingly in Mysore, but I only saw one on two occasions in the Tumkur district, during last year.")</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Anderson, J M |year=1883|title=A Letter|journal= Stray Feathers |volume=10|page=428 |quote=numerous in rains and cold weather in Bangalore.|url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou101887hume#page/428/mode/1up/search/Florican}}</ref>

==Gruiformes==

=== Family: [[Rallidae]] ===
[[File:White breasted Waterhen I4-Bhopal IMG 0515.jpg|thumb|[[White-breasted waterhen]]]]
* [[White-breasted waterhen]], ''Amaurornis phoenicurus''
* [[Brown crake]], ''Zapornia akool''
* [[Slaty-legged crake]], ''Rallina eurizonoides'' (rare, records from IISc campus)
* [[Spotted crake]], ''Porzana porzana'' (one recent record from Anekal region, close to Tamil Nadu border)
* [[Baillon's crake]], ''Zapornia pusilla''
* [[Ruddy-breasted crake]], ''Zapornia fusca''
* [[Slaty-breasted rail]], ''Lewinia striata''
* [[Watercock]], ''Gallicrex cinerea'' (historic, still exist in small pockets)
* [[Grey-headed swamphen]], ''Porphyrio poliocephalus''
* [[Common moorhen]], ''Gallinula chloropus''
* [[Eurasian coot]], ''Fulica atra''

=== Family: [[Gruidae]] ===
* [[Demoiselle crane]], ''Anthropoides virgo'' (historic, once recorded at Hulimangala in 2015)

==Charadriiformes==

=== Family: [[Turnicidae]] ===
[[File:TurnixSuscitatorTaigoor.jpg|thumb|[[Barred buttonquail]]]]
* [[Yellow-legged buttonquail]], ''Turnix tanki'' (rare, only records have been from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] campus)
* [[Barred buttonquail]], ''Turnix suscitator'' (uncommon, mostly seen in the Bannerghatta and Kanakapura scrub areas)

=== Family: [[Burhinidae]] ===
* [[Indian stone-curlew]], ''Burhinus indicus'' (rare)
* [[Great stone-curlew]], ''Esacus recurvirostris'' (rare)

=== Family [[Recurvirostridae]] ===
[[File:Black winged Stilt (Immature) I IMG 9021.jpg|thumb|[[Black-winged stilt]]]]
* [[Black-winged stilt]], ''Himantopus himantopus''
* [[Pied avocet]], ''Recurvirostra avosetta'' (historic, recent records from Sonnapura in Chikkballapura)

=== Family [[Charadriidae]] ===
[[File:Red wattled Lapwing I IMG 0596.jpg|thumb|[[Red-wattled lapwing]]]]
* [[Pacific golden plover]], ''Pluvialis fulva'' (rare)
* [[Grey plover]], ''Pluvialis squatarola'' (rare)
* [[Common ringed plover]], ''Charadrius hiaticula'' (rare, no recent records){{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
* [[Little ringed plover]], ''Charadrius dubius'' (breeding resident)
* [[Kentish plover]], ''Charadrius alexandrinus''
* [[Yellow-wattled lapwing]], ''Vanellus malabaricus'' (breeding resident, found only in open areas)
* [[Grey-headed lapwing]], ''Vanellus cinereus'' (rare winter visitor)
* [[Red-wattled lapwing]], ''Vanellus indicus'' (breeding resident)

=== Family: [[Rostratulidae]] ===
[[File:Greater Painted-snipe (Female) I2 IMG 9477.jpg|thumb|[[Greater painted snipe]]]]
* [[Greater painted snipe]], ''Rostratula benghalensis''

=== Family: [[Jacanidae]] ===
* [[Pheasant-tailed jacana]], ''Hydrophasianus chirurgus''
* [[Bronze-winged jacana]], ''Metopidius indicus'' (common resident)

=== Family: [[Scolopacidae]] ===
[[File:Green Sandpiper (Tringa ochropus)- In Breeding plumage at Bharatpur I IMG 5533.jpg|thumb|[[Green sandpiper]], a winter migrant]]
* [[Eurasian woodcock]], ''Scolopax rusticola'' (vagrant)
* [[Pintail snipe]], ''Gallinago stenura''
* [[Great snipe]], ''Gallinago media'' (historic)<ref>Baker, E. C. S. (1911). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30167442 "Occurrence of the Great Snipe (''Gallinago major'') near Bangalore"]. ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society''. '''20''': 1155.</ref>
* [[Common snipe]], ''Gallinago gallinago''
* [[Wood snipe]], ''Gallinago nemoricola'' (historic)<ref>Betham, R. M. (1912)."Wood Snipe (''Gallinago nemoricola'') occurring near Bangalore". ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society''. '''21''': 677.</ref>
* [[Jack snipe]], ''Lymnocryptes minimus'' (not many recent reports)<ref>Searight, E. E. G. L. (1932). "Comparative frequency of Fantail, Pintail and Jack Snipe near Bangalore". ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society''. '''35''': 900.</ref>
* [[Black-tailed godwit]], ''Limosa limosa''
* [[Eurasian curlew]], ''Numenius arquata''
* [[Eurasian whimbrel]], ''Numenius phaeopus'' (rare passage migrant?<ref>http://www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=115418 Photo record</ref>)
* [[Spotted redshank]], ''Tringa erythropus''
* [[Common redshank]], ''Tringa totanus''
* [[Marsh sandpiper]], ''Tringa stagnatilis''
* [[Common greenshank]], ''Tringa nebularia''
* [[Green sandpiper]], ''Tringa ochropus''
* [[Wood sandpiper]], ''Tringa glareola''
* [[Terek sandpiper]], ''Xenus cinereus''
* [[Common sandpiper]], ''Actitis hypoleucos''
* [[Dunlin]], ''Calidris alpina'' (recent record from Hesaraghatta)
* [[Curlew sandpiper]], ''Calidris ferruginea''
* [[Little stint]], ''Calidris minuta''
* [[Temminck's stint]], ''Calidris temminckii''
* [[Long-toed stint]], ''Calidris subminuta''{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
* [[Ruff (bird)|Ruff]], ''Philomachus pugnax''
* [[Red-necked phalarope]], ''Phalaropus lobatus'' (historic and rare passage migrant)<ref>Menon, S. S. (1975). "On the occurrence of the Rednecked Phalarope on inland waters in Bangalore". ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society''. '''72''': 846-847.</ref>

=== Family: [[Glareolidae]] ===
* [[Indian courser]], ''Cursorius coromandelicus'' (Dr Robert B. Watson shot an Indian courser from a flock on 26 April 1952 and again saw two birds when he visited on 15 May 1952.)<ref>Worth, Brooke C. (1953). "Additional Mysore state Birds". ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society''. '''51''': 510.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Paresh, U. K. |year=1989| title= Coursers near Bangalore|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] | volume= 29 |issue=1 & 2|page=4| url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW29_12#page/n4/mode/1up/}}</ref>
* [[Small pratincole]], ''Glareola lactea''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Prasanna, M |author2=Sandilya, T |author3=Belliappa, KM |author4=Nityananda, Vivek |author5=Gulati, Rohit |author6=Vittal, BS |year=1994| title= Valley School birds|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=34| issue=6|pages=137–138 |url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW34_6#page/n19/mode/1up/}}</ref>
*[[Oriental pratincole]], ''Glareola maldivarum''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebird.org/checklist/S38617725|title=eBird Checklist – 24 June 2017 – Hennagara Lake – 22 species|last=Rajasekaran|first=Mallika|website=ebird.org|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>
*[[Collared pratincole]], ''Glareola pratincola''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebird.org/india/checklist/S50609661|title=eBird India Checklist – 12 December 2018 – Hessaraghatta Kere – 74 species (+1 other taxa)|last=Viswanathan|first=Ashwin|website=ebird.org|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>

=== Family: [[Laridae]] ===
* [[Brown-headed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus''
* [[Black-headed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus ridibundus''
* [[Slender-billed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus genei'' (rare – first record in November 2016 – 3 individuals in Madivala Lake, one recently spotted at Hesaraghatta)
* [[Heuglin's gull]], ''Larus fuscus heuglini'' (telemetry shows one flew over Bengaluru<ref>[http://www.iobsl.org/research-stories/manike-sheds-light-on-an-untold-migratory-tale Manike sheds light on an untold migratory tale]</ref>)
* [[Gull-billed tern]], ''Gelochelidon nilotica'' (rare)
* [[Caspian tern]], ''Hydroprogne caspia'' (rare)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebird.org/checklist/S25851199|title=eBird Checklist – 15 Nov 2015 – Jakkur Kere – 26 species (+3 other taxa)|last=Prabhakar|first=Nitin|website=ebird.org|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>
* [[River tern (bird)|River tern]], ''Sterna aurantia''
* [[Black-bellied tern]], ''Sterna acuticauda'' (rare, recent records only from Talakad near Mysore)
* [[Little tern]], ''Sternula albifrons'' (rare with few records near Bengaluru)
* [[Whiskered tern]], ''Chlidonias hybrida''
* [[White-winged tern]], ''Chlidonias leucopterus'' (rare, few records from north region)

==Pterocliformes==

=== Family: [[Pteroclidae]] ===
* [[Painted sandgrouse]], ''Pterocles indicus'' (rare, only a few records in recent times)<ref>Hume, A. O. and Marshall, C.H.T. (1879-81) The Game Birds of India, Burmah, and Ceylon, Calcutta. Mr Tuffnell says "As regards the occurrence of this bird in the Mysore province, I can speak from experience, of its being anything but rare on the wooded islands of the Cauvery, near Seringapatnam. The largest bag I can remember making in that part of the country was thirteen birds, killed near French Rocks on 17 December 1878, by Major St. John and myself. They breed in the same place"</ref>
* [[Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse]], ''Pterocles exustus'' (historic,<ref>Hume, A. O. and Marshall, C.H.T. (1879-81) The Game Birds of India, Burmah, and Ceylon, Calcutta. Telugu: Jam Polanka, Tamil: Kal kondari, Kannada: Kal gowjal haki: "Mr Davidson says – this species was rather rare in Mysore, though I found a few about the Tumkur district. Another correspondent says . It is exceedingly abundant in Chitaldroog district"</ref> some new records from Maidenahalli)

==Columbiformes==

=== Family: [[Columbidae]] ===
[[File:Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinensis) on a Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) tree in Kolkata W IMG 3476.jpg|thumb|[[Spotted dove]]]]
* [[Rock dove]], ''Columba livia''
* [[Nilgiri wood pigeon]], ''Columba elphinstonii'' (only in Nandi Hills – historic record from Bannerghatta National Park)<ref>Subramanya, S. (2005). Nesting of Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii in Nandi hills, Karnataka, India. Indian Birds 1(2): 36-37</ref>
* [[Green imperial pigeon]], ''Ducula aenea'' (only from Cauvery WLS; a recent record exists from Pearl Valley)
* [[Laughing dove]], ''Spilopelia senegalensis''
* [[Spotted dove]], ''Spilopelia chinensis''
* [[Oriental turtle dove]], ''Streptopelia orientalis'' (rare)
* [[Red collared dove]], ''Streptopelia tranquebarica'' (rare)
* [[Eurasian collared dove]], ''Streptopelia decaocto''
* [[Yellow-footed green pigeon]], ''Treron phoenicoptera'' (rare)
* [[Orange-breasted green pigeon]], ''Treron bicincta'' (rare) (a few records in 2006 and 2011 from Hesaraghatta and [[Indian Institute of Science]], one more recently from B M Kaval Forest)<ref>{{cite news|title=Bird race: A day spent with exotic species |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/bird-race-day-spent-exotic-species-026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119152033/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/bird-race-day-spent-exotic-species-026|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2011|accessdate=17 January 2011|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=17 January 2011}}</ref>
*[[Grey-fronted green pigeon]], ''Treron affinis'' (rare, records only from Bannerghatta National Park)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebird.org/india/checklist/S39267921|title=eBird India Checklist – 22 Oct 1989 – Bannerghatta National Park – 54 species|last=JN|first=Prasad|website=ebird.org|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>

==Psittaciformes==

=== Family: [[Psittaculidae]] ===
* [[Alexandrine parakeet]], ''Psittacula eupatria'' (rare)
* [[Rose-ringed parakeet]], ''Psittacula krameri'' (breeding resident)
* [[Plum-headed parakeet]], ''Psittacula cyanocephala'' (unclear pattern, but commoner in winter)
* [[Blue-winged parakeet]], ''Psittacula columboides'' (historic, but recent records from near the Kanakapura and Thali forest areas. Most recent record from Bangalore University campus in 2021)
* [[Red-breasted parakeet]], ''Psittacula alexandri'' (introduced escapees)
* [[Vernal hanging parrot]], ''Loriculus vernalis'' (records in Bengaluru have been only from the Indian Institute of Science campus. Rather surprisingly, there have been increasing recent records in and near the Devarayanadurga Forest region.)

==Cuculiformes==

=== Family: [[Cuculidae]] ===
[[File:Greater Coucal I IMG 7775.jpg|thumb|[[Greater coucal]]]]
[[File:Sirkeer Malkoha 02.JPG|thumb|Sirkeer malkoha]]
* [[Pied cuckoo]], ''Clamator jacobinus''
* [[Chestnut-winged cuckoo]], ''Clamator coromandus'' (rare, a few records from Bengaluru and adjoining regions)
* [[Large hawk-cuckoo]], ''Hierococcyx sparverioides'' (one recent record from Valley School (B M Kaval). More common at the Bandipur and Nagarahole NPs)
* [[Common hawk-cuckoo]], ''Hierococcyx varius''
* [[Indian cuckoo]], ''Cuculus micropterus'' (uncommon, becoming increasingly rare/elusive)
* [[Common cuckoo]], ''Cuculus canorus'' (passage)
*[[Himalayan cuckoo]], ''Cuculus saturatus'' (possibly in error){{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
* [[Lesser cuckoo]], ''Cuculus poliocephalus'' (BngBirds in 2014 from Hesserghatta, passage)
* [[Banded bay cuckoo]], ''Cacomantis sonneratii'' (rare)
* [[Grey-bellied cuckoo]], ''Cacomantis passerinus''
*[[Fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo]], ''Surniculus dicruroides''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebird.org/india/checklist/S49593923|title=eBird India Checklist – 1 Nov 2018 – GKVK Campus--Botanical Garden, Bangalore (only inside garden) – 13 species|last=Viswanathan|first=Ashwin|website=ebird.org|language=en|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref>
* [[Asian koel]], ''Eudynamys scolopacea''
* [[Blue-faced malkoha]], ''Phaenicophaeus viridirostris''
* [[Sirkeer malkoha]], ''Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii'' (rare, reported from Maidenahalli)
* [[Greater coucal]], ''Centropus sinensis''

==Strigiformes==

=== Family: [[Tytonidae]] ===
* [[Eastern barn owl]], ''Tyto javanica''

=== Family: [[Strigidae]] ===
[[File:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama) at Bharatpur I IMG 5275.jpg|thumb|Spotted owlet]]
* [[Short-eared owl]], ''Asio flammeus'' (rare, vagrant)<ref>[http://indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=84034 Photo record]</ref>
* [[Oriental scops owl]], ''Otus sunia''
* [[Indian scops owl]], ''Otus bakkamoena''
* [[Indian eagle-owl]], ''Bubo bengalensis'' (found in rocky outcrops such as at the NICE expressway, declining fast from urbanisation)
* [[Spot-bellied eagle-owl]], ''Bubo nipalensis'' (historic records from Kaveri valley. One juvenile was recorded by a [[camera trap]] at Bilikal Betta, Ramanagara district in 2015)
* [[Brown fish owl]], ''Ketupa zeylonensis'' (records only from the Bannerghatta National Park in Bengaluru, not rare in Kaveri Valley)
* [[Mottled wood owl]], ''Strix ocellata''
* [[Brown wood owl]], ''Strix leptogrammica'' (rare, records so far only from Bannerghatta area and GKVK campus)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebird.org/checklist/S34170912|title=eBird Checklist – 5 Feb 2017 – Valley School – 63 species (+1 other taxa)|last=Badri|first=Yogesh|website=ebird.org|language=en|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref>
* [[Jungle owlet]], ''Glaucidium radiatum''
* [[Spotted owlet]], ''Athene brama''
* [[Brown boobook]], ''Ninox scutulata'' (rare, except in Kaveri Valley where the species is fairly common)

==Caprimulgiformes==

=== Family: [[Caprimulgidae]] ===
* [[Jungle nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus indicus''
* [[Sykes's nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus mahrattensis'' (historic)
* [[Jerdon's nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus atripennis''
* [[Indian nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus asiaticus''
* [[Savanna nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus affinis''
* [[Grey nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus jotaka'' (specimen examined by S A Hussain)

==Apodiformes==

=== Family: [[Hemiprocnidae]] ===
* [[Crested treeswift]], ''Hemiprocne coronata''

=== Family: [[Apodidae]] ===
[[File:House Swift I2 filtered.jpg|thumb|[[House swift]]]]
* [[Indian swiftlet]], ''Collocalia unicolor'' (rare)
* [[White-rumped needletail]], ''Zoonavena sylvatica'' (rare)
* [[Brown-backed needletail]], ''Hirundapus giganteus'' (rare)
* [[Asian palm swift]], ''Cypsiurus balasiensis''
* [[Alpine swift]], ''Tachymarptis melba''
* [[Blyth's swift]], ''Apus leuconyx'' (mainly Bandipur NP, records in Bengaluru only at JB Kaval forest)
* [[House swift]], ''Apus affinis''

==Coraciiformes==

=== Family: [[Coraciidae]] ===
[[File:Indian Roller I3m IMG 8322.jpg|thumb|[[Indian roller]], the state bird of Karnataka]]
* [[Indian roller]], ''Coracias benghalensis''
* [[European roller]], ''Coracias garrulus'' (records from Hesaraghatta and Maidenahalli region, passage)

=== Family: [[Alcedinidae]] ===
[[File:White-throated kingfisher BNC.jpg|thumb|[[White-throated kingfisher]]]]
* [[Oriental dwarf kingfisher]], ''Ceyx erithaca'' (vagrant reported from Horamavu in 2017)
* [[Common kingfisher]], ''Alcedo atthis''
* [[Stork-billed kingfisher]], ''Halcyon capensis'' (vagrant except in the Kaveri river valley area)
* [[White-throated kingfisher]], ''Halcyon smyrnensis'' (breeding resident)
* [[Black-capped kingfisher]], ''Halcyon pileata'' (vagrant)
* [[Pied kingfisher]], ''Ceryle rudis''

=== Family: [[Meropidae]] ===
[[File:Green Bee-eaters (Merops orientalis) at Sindhrot near Vadodara, Gujrat Pix 098.jpg|thumb|[[Asian green bee-eater]]]]
* [[Blue-bearded bee-eater]], ''Nyctyornis athertoni'' (Bengaluru is the type locality, but rare and known only from the Bannerghatta area)
* [[Asian green bee-eater]], ''Merops orientalis''
* [[Blue-tailed bee-eater]], ''Merops philippinus''
* [[European bee-eater]], ''Merops apiaster'' (high numbers come as passage migrants in the Kaveri Valley during winter)<ref>Lott, E. J. (1985). "European bee-eaters (''Merops apiaster'') in Karnataka". ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society''. '''82''': 411.</ref>
* [[Chestnut-headed bee-eater]], ''Merops leschenaulti'' (vagrant)

==Bucerotiformes==

=== Family: [[Upupidae]] ===
* [[Hoopoe]], ''Upupa epops''

=== Family: [[Bucerotidae]] ===
* [[Indian grey hornbill]], ''Ocyceros birostris''

==Piciformes==

=== Family: [[Picidae]] ===
* [[Eurasian wryneck]], ''Jynx torquilla'' (rare with records from GKVK and the Valley School area)<ref>Photo record http://www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=10095</ref>
* [[Brown-capped pygmy woodpecker]], ''Yungipicus nanus''<ref name="woodp">{{cite journal|author=Karthikeyan, S. |year=1992| title= Pygmy Woodpecker and Rufous Woodpecker in Bangalore, Karnataka|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=32 |issue=3 & 4|page=10| url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW32_34#page/n11/mode/1up/}}</ref>
* [[Yellow-crowned woodpecker]], ''Leiopicus mahrattensis''
* [[Rufous woodpecker]], ''Micropternus brachyurus'' (rare, recorded mainly from Bannerghatta and Kaveri Valley)<ref name="woodp" />
* [[Lesser yellownape]], ''Picus chlorolophus'' (one recent record from Nandi Hills, could be found in Cauvery WLS)
* [[Streak-throated woodpecker]], ''Picus xanthopygaeus'' (found mainly in Bannerghatta forest)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Prasad, J. N. |author2=A. Madhusudan |name-list-style=amp|year=1993| title= An instance of mating in Little Scalybellied Green Woodpecker ''Picus myrmecophoneus'' Stresemann from Bangalore|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=90|pages= 95–96}}</ref>
* [[Black-rumped flameback]], ''Dinopium benghalense''
* [[White-naped woodpecker]], ''Chrysocolaptes festivus''

=== Family: [[Megalaimidae]] ===
[[File:White cheeked barbet 10x7.jpg|thumb|White-cheeked barbet]]
* [[Brown-headed barbet]], ''Psilopogon zeylanicus'' (rare)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Prasad, J. N. |year=1991| title=On occurrence of Large Green Barbet in Bangalore|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=31 |issue=1 & 2|page=11|url= https://archive.org/stream/NLBW31_12#page/n12/mode/1up/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Swamy NR, Ullas PA, Hemanth J, Prasad JN |year=1994|title=Sighting of Large Green Barbet in Bangalore|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=34|issue=5 |page=116 |url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW34_5#page/n19/mode/1up/}}</ref>
* [[White-cheeked barbet]], ''Psilopogon viridis'' (breeding resident)
* [[Coppersmith barbet]], ''Psilopogon haemacephalus'' (breeding resident)

==Passeriformes==

===Family: [[Pittidae]]===
[[File:Pitta brachyura.jpg|thumb|[[Indian pitta]], a colourful but secretive migrant]]
* [[Indian pitta]], ''Pitta brachyura''

=== Family: [[Tephrodornithidae]] ===
* [[Common woodshrike]], ''Tephrodornis pondicerianus''

===Family: [[Artamidae]]===
* [[Ashy woodswallow]], ''Artamus fuscus''

=== Family: [[Aegithinidae]] ===
* [[Common iora]], ''Aegithina tiphia''
* [[Marshall's iora]], ''Aegithina nigrolutea'' (nearest records from Maidenahalli and Kaveri Valley)

=== Family: [[Campephagidae]] ===
* [[Large cuckooshrike]], ''Coracina macei''
* [[Black-winged cuckooshrike]], ''Lalage melaschistos'' (records only from IISc campus and Nandi Hills)
* [[Black-headed cuckooshrike]], ''Lalage melanoptera''
* [[Small minivet]], ''Pericrocotus cinnamomeus''
* [[White-bellied minivet]], ''Pericrocotus erythropygius'' (one recent record in Kaveri valley)
* [[Ashy minivet]], ''Pericrocotus divaricatus''
* [[Swinhoe's minivet]], ''Pericrocotus cantonensis'' (vagrant, one straggler seen along with Ashy minivet at GKVK)

===Family: [[Laniidae]]===
* [[Brown shrike]], ''Lanius cristatus'' (regular winter visitor)
** ''Lanius cristatus lucionensis'' (rare)
* [[Isabelline shrike]], ''Lanius isabellinus'' (rare. Photo record 7 December 2008<ref>[http://www.clementfrancis.com/display.php?file=/birdphotos/1717.jpg] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708163745/http://www.clementfrancis.com/display.php?file=%2Fbirdphotos%2F1717.jpg|date=8 July 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.clementfrancis.com/display.php?file=/birdphotos/1716.jpg] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708164036/http://www.clementfrancis.com/display.php?file=%2Fbirdphotos%2F1716.jpg|date=8 July 2011}}</ref>)
* [[Bay-backed shrike]], ''Lanius vittatus''
* [[Long-tailed shrike]], ''Lanius schach''
* [[Great grey shrike]], ''Lanius excubitor'' (rare, reported mainly from Maidenahalli)

=== Family: [[Oriolidae]] ===
[[File:Indian Golden Oriole (Oriolus kundoo), male at Secunderabad W2 IMG 6715.jpg|thumb|[[Indian golden oriole]]]]
[[File:Black-naped Oriole (Oriolus chinensis) with Indian Golden Oriole (Oriolus kundoo).jpg|thumb|Black-naped oriole with Indian golden oriole]]
* [[Indian golden oriole]], ''Oriolus kundoo''
* [[Black-naped oriole]], ''Oriolus chinensis'' (not rare, but doesn't winter as profusely as Indian golden)
* [[Black-hooded oriole]], ''Oriolus xanthornus''

===Family: [[Dicruridae]]===
* [[Black drongo]], ''Dicrurus macrocercus''
* [[Ashy drongo]], ''Dicrurus leucophaeus''
* [[Bronzed drongo]], ''Dicrurus aeneus'' (records from Bannerghatta forest and Pearl Valley region)
* [[Greater racket-tailed drongo]], ''Dicrurus paradiseus'' (records from Bannerghatta region)
* [[White-bellied drongo]], ''Dicrurus caerulescens''
* [[Hair-crested drongo]], ''Dicrurus hottentottus''

=== Family: [[Rhipiduridae]] ===
* [[White-spotted fantail]], ''Rhipidura albogularis''
* [[White-browed fantail]], ''Rhipidura aureola''

===Family: [[Monarchidae]]===
* [[Black-naped monarch]], ''Hypothymis azurea''
* [[Indian paradise flycatcher]], ''Terpsiphone paradisi''

===Family: [[Corvidae]]===
* [[Rufous treepie]], ''Dendrocitta vagabunda''
* [[White-bellied treepie]], ''Dendrocitta leucogastra'' (historic, possibly in error)
* [[House crow]], ''Corvus splendens''
* [[Indian jungle crow]], ''Corvus culminatus''

=== Family: [[Stenostiridae]] ===
* [[Grey-headed canary flycatcher]], ''Culicicapa ceylonensis'' (historic records, only recent records from Bannerghatta National Park and Indian Institute of Science)

=== Family: [[Paridae]] ===
* [[Cinereous tit]], ''Parus cinereus''
* [[White-naped tit|White-winged tit]], ''Parus nuchalis'' (historic record from Bengaluru, more recent records only from the Kaveri valley)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Lott, E. J. |author2=Lott, C. |name-list-style=amp|year=1999|title= On the occurrence of White-naped Tit ''Parus nuchalis'' in southern Indian|journal=Forktail|volume= 15|pages=93–94}}</ref>
* [[Indian black-lored tit]], ''Machlolophus aplonotus'' (historic)

=== Family: [[Alaudidae]] ===

* [[Singing bushlark]], ''Mirafra cantillans'' (possibly misidentified. Records known from near Mysore<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=2031&Bird_Image_ID=42240&Bird_Family_ID=&p=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929214257/http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=2031&Bird_Image_ID=42240&Bird_Family_ID=&p=5|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 September 2011|title=Oriental Bird Club Image Database : Singing Bushlark » Mirafra cantillans}}</ref> and Jayamangali Black Buck Reserve)
* [[Indian bushlark]], ''Mirafra erythroptera''
* [[Jerdon's bushlark]], ''Mirafra affinis''
* [[Ashy-crowned sparrow-lark]], ''Eremopterix griseus''
* [[Rufous-tailed lark]], ''Ammomanes phoenicura''
* [[Greater short-toed lark]], ''Calandrella brachydactyla''
* [[Mongolian short-toed lark]], ''Calandrella dukhunensis'' (high numbers still winter at Hesaraghatta)
* [[Sykes's lark]], ''Galerida deva'' (known only from the [[Thippagondanahalli Reservoir]] area and Hesaraghatta)
* [[Oriental skylark]], ''Alauda gulgula''

=== Family: [[bulbul|Pycnonotidae]] ===
[[File:Red whiskered Bulbul I IMG 7818.jpg|thumb|[[Red-whiskered bulbul]]]]
* [[Red-whiskered bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus jocosus'' (earliest published record of four specimens of this bird from Bengaluru was collected by HG Walton between 15 and 20 January 1899 said to be in Bombay Natural History Society collection.<ref>Ali, Salim (1942). "The Birds of Mysore". ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society''. '''43''' (3): 325.</ref> This bird was once considered rare around Bengaluru but quite common in Nandi Hills.)<ref>Ghorpade, Kumar D.; Verghese, Abraham & Mallik, B. (1974). "Birds of Nandi Hills: A preliminary Survey". ''Newsletter for Birdwatchers''. '''14''' (5).</ref>
* [[White-eared bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus leucotis'' (possible escapee)
* [[Red-vented bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus cafer''
* [[Yellow-throated bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus xantholaemus''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Subramanya, S., S. Karthikeyan & J. N. Prasad |year=1991|title= Yellowthroated Bulbul at Nandi Hills|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=31 |issue=3&4|pages=7–8|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW31_34#page/n8/mode/1up/}}</ref>
* [[White-browed bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus luteolus''

=== Family: [[Hirundinidae]] ===
* [[Sand martin]]/[[Pale martin]], ''Riparia riparia''/''Riparia diluta'' (vagrant)
* [[Grey-throated martin]], ''Riparia chinensis''
* [[Dusky crag martin]], ''Ptyonoprogne concolor''
* [[Common house martin]], ''Delichon urbicum'' (rare with very few records, usually seen amongst mixed flocks)
* [[Barn swallow]], ''Hirundo rustica''
* [[Pacific swallow]], ''Hirundo tahitica''{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
* [[Wire-tailed swallow]], ''Hirundo smithii''
* [[Red-rumped swallow]], ''Cecropis daurica''
* [[Streak-throated swallow]], ''Hirundo fluvicola''

===Family: [[Phylloscopidae]]===
* [[Tickell's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus affinis''
* [[Sulphur-bellied warbler]], ''Phylloscopus griseolus''
* [[Yellow-browed warbler]], ''Phylloscopus inornatus'' (rare, recent records from Lalbagh and Bannerghatta regions)
* [[Hume's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus humei'' (Nandi Hills)
* [[Tytler's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus tytleri'' (Nandi Hills)
* [[Common chiffchaff]], ''Phylloscopus collybita'' (historic, rare vagrant at Nandi Hills)
* [[Green warbler]], ''Phylloscopus nitidus''
* [[Greenish warbler]], ''Phylloscopus trochiloides''
* [[Large-billed leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus magnirostris''
* [[Western crowned warbler]], ''Phylloscopus occipitalis''

=== Family: [[Acrocephalidae]] ===
* [[Paddyfield warbler]], ''Acrocephalus agricola''
* [[Blyth's reed warbler]], ''Acrocephalus dumetorum''
* [[Clamorous reed warbler]], ''Acrocephalus stentoreus''
* [[Thick-billed warbler]], ''Arundinax aedon''
* [[Sykes's warbler]], ''Iduna rama''
* [[Booted warbler]], ''Iduna caligata''

=== Family: [[Cisticolidae]] ===
[[File:Ashy Prinia (Prinia socialis) at Secunderabad, AP W IMG 6577.jpg|thumb|[[Ashy prinia]] or ashy wren-warbler]]
* [[Zitting cisticola]], ''Cisticola juncidis''
* [[Grey-breasted prinia]], ''Prinia hodgsonii''
* [[Jungle prinia]], ''Prinia sylvatica''
* [[Ashy prinia]], ''Prinia socialis''
* [[Plain prinia]], ''Prinia inornata''
* [[Rufous-fronted prinia]], ''Prinia buchanani'' (nearest records from Maidenahalli)
* [[Common tailorbird]], ''Orthotomus sutorius''

=== Family: [[Locustellidae]] ===

* [[Common grasshopper warbler]], ''Locustella naevia'' (rare, sparse records around Bengaluru)
* [[Pallas's grasshopper warbler|Pallas grasshopper warbler]], ''Helopsaltes certhiola'' (rare, one recent record from Anekal region)
* [[Bristled grassbird]], ''Chaetornis striata'' (one record from Hoskote Lake)

===Family: [[Pellorneidae]]===
* [[Puff-throated babbler]], ''Pellorneum ruficeps''

=== Family: [[Timaliidae]] ===
* [[Indian scimitar babbler]], ''Pomatorhinus horsfieldii''
* [[Tawny-bellied babbler]], ''Dumetia hyperythra''

=== Family: [[Leiothrichidae]] ===
[[File:Yellow-billed Babbler (Turdoides affinis) at Hyderabad, AP W 001.jpg|thumb|[[Yellow-billed babbler]] or white-headed babbler, the commonest babbler in urban areas]]
* [[Common babbler]], ''Argya caudata''
* [[Large grey babbler]], ''Argya malcolmi''
* [[Rufous babbler]], ''Argya subrufa'' (escaped individual seen near Cubbon Park)
* [[Jungle babbler]], ''Argya striata''
* [[Yellow-billed babbler]], ''Argya affinis''
* [[Brown-cheeked fulvetta]], ''Alcippe poioicephala'' (one recent record from Bannerghatta Forest-Shivanahalli region)

=== Family: [[Nuthatch|Sittidae]] ===

* [[Velvet-fronted nuthatch]], ''Sitta frontalis'' (one recent record from Valley School)

===Family: [[Sylviidae]]===
* [[Eastern Orphean warbler]], ''Sylvia crassirostris''
* [[Lesser whitethroat]], ''Sylvia curruca'' (populations not ascertained reliably)
** [[Hume's lesser whitethroat]], ''S. c. althaea'' (taxonomy dependant)
* [[Yellow-eyed babbler]], ''Chrysomma sinense''

=== Family: [[White-eye|Zosteropidae]] ===
* [[Indian white-eye]], ''Zosterops palpebrosus''



===Family: [[Sturnidae]]===
[[File:Acridotheres fuscus south.jpg|thumb]]
* [[Chestnut-tailed starling]], ''Sturnia malabarica'' (winter visitor)
* [[Malabar starling]], ''Sturnia blythii'' (vagrant, historic record from GKVK campus)
* [[Brahminy starling]], ''Sturnia pagodarum'' (resident)
* [[Rosy starling]], ''Pastor roseus'' (winter visitor)
* [[Common starling]], ''Sturnus vulgaris'' (vagrant)
* [[Common myna]], ''Acridotheres tristis'' (resident)
* [[Jungle myna]], ''Acridotheres fuscus'' (resident)

=== Family: [[Turdidae]] ===

[[File:Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis)- Male calling in the rain at Kolkata I IMG 3746.jpg|thumb|[[Oriental magpie robin]] found in gardens]]
* [[Pied thrush]], ''Geokichla wardii'' (winter visitor, regular only in the Nandi hills)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Karthikeyan, S. |year=1992|title=Pied Ground Thrush ''Zoothera wardii'' (Blyth) in Bangalore|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=89|page=258}}</ref>
* [[Orange-headed thrush|White-throated orange-headed thrush]], ''Geokichla citrina cyanota''
* [[Scaly thrush]], ''Zoothera dauma'' (historic){{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
* [[Tickell's thrush]], ''Turdus unicolor'' (once in 2005 at Lalbagh, records popping up elsewhere)
* [[Indian blackbird]], ''Turdus simillimus'' (winter, regular only in the Nandi hills. Older records of [[common blackbird]], ''Turdus merula'', may be attributed to this species)
* [[Eyebrowed thrush]], ''Turdus obscurus'' (vagrant)

=== Family: [[Muscicapidae]] ===
* [[Northern wheatear]], ''Oenanthe oenanthe'' (one recent record from Jayamangali Blackbuck Reserve, a first for Karnataka)
* [[Blue-capped rock thrush]], ''Monticola cinclorhyncha'' (winter visitor)
* [[Blue rock thrush]], ''Monticola solitarius'' (winter visitor in rocky areas)
* [[Common rock thrush]], ''Monticola saxatilis'' (vagrant<ref>{{cite journal|title= The Rufous-tailed Rock-Thrush Monticola saxatilis from Bengaluru, Karnataka|journal=Indian Birds| volume=17| issue=2| year=2021 |url=https://indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB_17_2_KallamETAL_RufoustailedRockThrush.pdf |author1=Kallam, Jayanthi |author2=Hameed, Saleem |author3=Balusi, Vishnu | author4=Kallam, Praveen |author5=Chitre, Shailendra |author6=Menzies, Rohan K.}}</ref>)
* [[Malabar whistling thrush]], ''Myophonus horsfieldii'' (vagrant at UAS, Hebbal. From 2005 found in the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]])
* [[Bluethroat]], ''Luscinia svecica''
* [[Indian blue robin]], ''Luscinia brunnea'' (winter, regular in the Nandi hills)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Prasad, J. N. |author2=T. S. Srinivasa |name-list-style=amp|year=1992| title= Indian Blue Chat ''Erithacus brunneus'' (Hodgson) in Bangalore|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=89|page=257}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Prasad, J. N., S. Karthikeyan & S. Subramanya |year=1995|title=Wintering of Indian Blue Chat ''Erithacus brunneus'' (Hodgson) and Pied Ground Thrush ''Zoothera wardii'' (Blyth) at Nandi Hills, South India|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=92|pages=267–269}}</ref>
* [[Siberian rubythroat]], ''Calliope calliope'' (nearest record from Maidenahalli<ref>[http://www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=68884 Photo record]</ref> and the Savandurga area)
* [[Oriental magpie robin]], ''Copsychus saularis'' (resident breeder)
* [[White-rumped shama]], ''Copsychus malabaricus'' (rare resident, known only from the JP Nagar Reserve Forest (Doresanipalya),<ref>[http://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/S28139263 Ebird Checklist from Doresanipalya, 13 Mar 2017]</ref> Bannerghatta forest area, Valley School areas and further away in the Kaveri valley<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lott, E J |year=1987|title= The Birds of the Kaveri valley|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=27|issue=1&2|pages=7–10|url= https://archive.org/stream/NLBW27#page/n7/mode/1up/}}</ref>)
* [[Indian robin]], ''Saxicoloides fulicatus'' (resident, found in open scrub in the outskirts)
* [[Black redstart]], ''Phoenicurus ochruros'' (winter)
* [[Siberian stonechat]], ''Saxicola maurus'' (winter)
* [[Pied bush chat]], ''Saxicola caprata'' (resident, found in open scrub in the outskirts)
* [[Asian brown flycatcher]], ''Muscicapa dauurica'' (winter)
* [[Brown-breasted flycatcher]], ''Muscicapa muttui'' (winter)
* [[Yellow-rumped flycatcher]], ''Ficedula zanthopygia'' (winter, vagrant<ref>{{cite journal| title = The Yellow-rumped Flycatcher Ficedula zanthopygia in Jaipurdoddi, Bengaluru, Karnataka |url=https://indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB_17_2_KallamETAL_RufoustailedRockThrush.pdf|pages=62–63|journal=Indian Birds| volume=17| issue=2| year=2021| author1=Rath, Manajit | author2= Nischitha MR}}</ref>)
* [[Rusty-tailed flycatcher]], ''Ficedula ruficauda'' (winter, rare)
* [[Red-breasted flycatcher]], ''Ficedula parva'' (winter)
* [[Red-throated flycatcher]], ''Ficedula albicilla'' (winter)
* [[Kashmir flycatcher]], ''Ficedula subrubra'' (rare, passage)
* [[Ultramarine flycatcher]], ''Ficedula superciliaris'' (winter, regular in the Nandi hills)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Karthikeyan, S. |author2=J. N. Prasad |name-list-style=amp|year=1993|title=Recent sighting of Whitebrowed Blue Flycatcher in Bangalore|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=33|issue=1|page=8|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW33_1#page/n10/mode/1up/}}</ref>
* [[Black-and-orange flycatcher]], ''Ficedula nigrorufa'' (vagrant – two records. Confirmation desirable, recent records in Karnataka only from the shola forests in the Brahmagiri and Bababudan Hill ranges)
* [[Verditer flycatcher]], ''Eumyias thalassina'' (winter, not uncommon in scrub forest areas)
* [[Nilgiri flycatcher]], ''Eumyias albicaudatus'' (historic and needs confirmation)
* [[Blue-throated flycatcher]], ''Cyornis rubeculoides'' (winter, possibly in passage)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gadagkar, Vikram|year=1995|title= Blue-throated Flycatcher, Indian Great Reed Warbler, Common Rosefinch and Lesser Golden-backed Woodpecker – Four new species in the Indian Institute of Science campus, Bangalore|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume= 35|issue=4|pages=69–70|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW35_4#page/n7/mode/1up/|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
* [[Tickell's blue flycatcher]], ''Cyornis tickelliae'' (resident breeder)

===Family: [[Chloropseidae]]===
* [[Jerdon's leafbird]], ''Chloropsis jerdoni''
* [[Golden-fronted leafbird]], ''Chloropsis aurifrons''
[[File:Golden Fronted Leafbird Mukulhinge.jpg|thumb|[[Golden-fronted leafbird]]]]

=== Family: [[Dicaeidae]] ===
* [[Thick-billed flowerpecker]], ''Dicaeum agile'' (rare)
* [[Pale-billed flowerpecker]], ''Dicaeum erythrorynchos''

=== Family: [[Nectariniidae]] ===
[[File:Purplerumpedsunbird.JPG|thumb|Male [[purple-rumped sunbird]]]]
* [[Purple-rumped sunbird]], ''Nectarinia zeylonica''
* [[Purple sunbird]], ''Cinnyris asiaticus''
* [[Loten's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris lotenius''
* [[Crimson-backed sunbird]], ''Leptocoma minima'' (monsoon migrant to Nandi Hills)

=== Family: [[Passeridae]] ===
* [[House sparrow]], ''Passer domesticus''
* [[Yellow-throated sparrow]], ''Gymnoris xanthocollis''

=== Family: [[Ploceidae]] ===
[[File:BayaWeaverPair1.jpg|thumb|[[Baya weaver]]s at partly built nest]]
* [[Streaked weaver]], ''Ploceus manyar''
* [[Baya weaver]], ''Ploceus philippinus''
* [[Black-breasted weaver|Bengal weaver]], ''Ploceus benghalensis'' (one known resident population from Hoskote Lake – vagrant elsewhere)

=== Family: [[Estrildidae]] ===
* [[Red munia]], ''Amandava amandava''
* [[Indian silverbill]], ''Euodice malabarica''
* [[White-rumped munia]], ''Lonchura striata''
* [[Scaly-breasted munia]], ''Lonchura punctulata''
* [[Tricoloured munia]], ''Lochura malacca''

=== Family: [[Motacillidae]] ===
[[File:White-browed Wagtail (Motacilla maderaspatensis) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W Picture 475.jpg|thumb|[[White-browed wagtail]]]]
* [[Forest wagtail]], ''Dendronanthus indicus''
* [[White wagtail]], ''Motacilla alba''
* [[White-browed wagtail]], ''Motacilla maderaspatensis''
* [[Citrine wagtail]], ''Motacilla citreola citreola''
* [[Western yellow wagtail|Yellow wagtail]], ''Motacilla flava''
* [[Eastern yellow wagtail]], ''Motacilla tschutschensis'' (mostly recent records, in Hesaraghatta and Hoskote areas)
* [[Grey wagtail]], ''Motacilla cinerea''
* [[Richard's pipit]], ''Anthus richardi''
* [[Red-throated pipit]], ''Anthus cervinus''<ref>[http://www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=44136 Photo record]</ref><ref>[http://www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=10219 Photo record]</ref>
* [[Paddyfield pipit]], ''Anthus rufulus''
* [[Tawny pipit]], ''Anthus campestris'' (recent records from Maidenahalli)
* [[Blyth's pipit]], ''Anthus godlewskii''
* [[Long-billed pipit]], ''Anthus similis''
* [[Tree pipit]], ''Anthus trivialis''
* [[Olive-backed pipit]], ''Anthus hodgsoni'' (mainly Nandi Hills, some arrive at Namadachilume forest)

=== Family: [[Fringillidae]] ===
* [[Common rosefinch]], ''Carpodacus erythrinus'' (winter visitor)

=== Family: [[Emberizidae]] ===
* [[Black-headed bunting]], ''Emberiza melanocephala'' (historic)
* [[Red-headed bunting]], ''Emberiza bruniceps'' (historic)
* [[Grey-necked bunting]], ''Emberiza buchanani''

==See also==
* [[Birdwatchers' Field Club of Bengaluru]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Birds of Bengaluru}}

{{Birds of India}}

[[Category:Lists of birds of India|Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Fauna of Karnataka|Birds, Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bengaluru-related lists|Birds]]

Tanot Mata Temple

2026-04-13T21:54:51Z

RosemaryBrifman: started the place added tags - done

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Jaisalmer, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Tanot Mata Temple shree Aavad Mata Charan goddess
| deity = Tanot Mata
| established = 828 AD
| founded_by = King Tanu Rao Bhati
| coordinates = {{coord|27.798388|70.354458|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Jaisalmer]], [[India]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = {{IND}}
| district = [[Jaisalmer district]]
| image = Tanot Victory Pillar.jpg|caption=Tanot Mata Temple (Front)}}
'''Tanot Mata''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Jaisalmer district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The temple is located close to the border with [[Pakistan]] near where the [[Battle of Longewala| Longewala battle]] took place during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. Contemporary folklore credits the temple for the victorious outcome of the battle.<ref name="Francis">{{cite book|author=Col J Francis (Retd)|title=Short Stories from the History of the Indian Army Since August 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rotnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|date=30 August 2013|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-82652-17-5|pages=95}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/19war4.htm |date=19 June 2002 |title=Miracle temple offers 'strength' to soldiers |publisher=Rediff.com |accessdate=20 August 2019}}</ref>

Goddess Aavad, the daughter of Mamadji Charan (Gadhvi), is worshiped as Tanot Mata and was predecessor of [[Karni Mata]]. As many other Goddesses of the region such as Temde Rai, Karni Mata, Deg Rai and Khodiyar etc. she was also born in [[Charan]] caste and lived her life as warrior sage. As per the oldest [[Charan]] literature, Tanot Mata is an incarnation of divine Goddess [[Hinglaj Mata]] and thus is a Goddess of War.

==History==

As per the traditional history scribes [[Charan]] records, the [[Hinglaj Mata]] reincarnated as the Tanot Mata and who later reincarnated as the [[Karni Mata]].<ref name=bdp2>[https://www.indiatimes.com/news/here-is-the-story-of-tanot-mata-the-diety-who-protected-indian-soldiers-from-pakistani-bombs-at-longewala-in-1971-war-259867.html The Story Of Tanot Mata, The Deity Who Protected Our Soldiers From Pakistani Bombs In 1971 War], India Times, 16 Dec 2020.</ref>

A long time ago there was a man named [[Mamadji Charan]], who had no 'son-daughter' i.e. no child. He traveled completely on foot to Hinglaj Mata about seven times to attain a child. One night, when the Hinglaj Mata asked Mamadiya Charan (Gadhvi) in her dream, whether you want a son or a daughter, Charan said that you should take birth at my house.
By the grace of Hinglaj Mata, seven daughters and one son were born at that house. One of these was Aavad Mata, who is known as Tanot Mata.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

The temple was constructed and the idol of the reigning deity was installed by the [[Bhati]] Rajput King [[Tanu Rao]] in 828 AD.<ref name="Orissa Post">{{cite news |date=3 March 2019|title=A temple in Rajasthan that protects jawans in border|url=https://www.orissapost.com/a-temple-in-rajasthan-that-protects-jawans-in-border/|newspaper=Orissa Post}}</ref> Since then, the temple has been revered and worshipped by the Bhati Rajputs and the people of Jaisalmer for generations.<ref name="The Statesman">{{cite news |last= Bhandari|first= Prakash|date=4 October 2015|title=Of a deity and the line of duty|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/of-a-deity-and-the-line-of-duty-94628.html|newspaper=The Statesman}}</ref>

Tanot was attacked by the Pakistan Army during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] during which 3,000 bombs were fired towards the temple. However, as per local lore, the bombs either missed their target or did not explode.<ref name="NIE"/> After the 1965 war, India's [[Border Security Force|Border Security Force (BSF)]] took charge of the temple and the responsibility of managing and maintenance.<ref name="IT">{{cite news |last= Dabas|first= Maninder|date=6 July 2017|title=Here Is The Story Of Tanot Mata, The Deity Who Protected Indian Soldiers From Pakistani Bombs At Longewala In 1971 War|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/here-is-the-story-of-tanot-mata-the-diety-who-protected-indian-soldiers-from-pakistani-bombs-at-longewala-in-1971-war-259867.html|newspaper=India Times}}</ref>

Tanot was attacked again during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], but this time the attacking tanks got bogged down in the sand, allowing the Indian Air Force to destroy them.<ref name="The Statesman"/><ref name="NIE">{{cite news |date=18 August 2017|title=You saw it in Border: A temple amid the dunes feeds barracks lore|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/aug/18/you-saw-it-in-border-a-temple-amid-the-dunes-feeds-barracks-lore-1644627.html|newspaper=New Indian Express}}</ref> After the 1971 war, the Indian Army built a ''Vijay Stambha'' (Victory tower) inside the temple compound to commemorate the victory in the [[Battle of Longewala]].<ref name="IT"/> A company of 120 infantry only soldiers of Indian Army defeated a Division of 2000 Pakistani soldiers which also had the Pakistani tank squadron.<ref name=bdp2/>

== Battlefield memorial ==

After India's victory in 1971 War against Pakistan, India's [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) expanded the temple, constructed victory tower and a war museum housing the unexploded Pakistani bombs and tanks. Every year 16 December is celebrated at the temple as the [[Vijay Diwas (India)|victory day]].<ref name=bdp2/>

Tanot temple and war memorial museum are now part of [[India–China_border_infrastructure#Tourism|Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan]] initiative of the Indian Military which will boost border tourism, patriotism, local infrastructure and economy while reversing civilian outward migration from these remote locations, it entails 77 battleground war memorials in border area including the [[Battle of Longewala|Longewala War Memorial]], [[Battle of Longewala|Sadhewala War Memorial]],<ref name=bdp2>[https://www.indiatimes.com/news/here-is-the-story-of-tanot-mata-the-diety-who-protected-indian-soldiers-from-pakistani-bombs-at-longewala-in-1971-war-259867.html The Story Of Tanot Mata, The Deity Who Protected Our Soldiers From Pakistani Bombs In 1971 War], India Times, 16 Dec 2020.</ref> [[Siachen Base Camp (India)|Siachen base camp]], [[Kargil]], [[Galwan]], [[Pangong Tso]], [[Rezang La]], [[Doklam]], [[Bum La]], [[Cho_La_(Sikkim_and_Tibet)|Cho La]], [[Kibithu]], etc.<ref name=bdp1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/battleground-tourism-india-indian-army-ministry-of-tourism-galwan-siachel-kargil-longewala-battle-2665110-2025-01-15. Add Galwan, Siachen to holiday plan. India is opening battle tourism bunker], India Today, 15 Jan 2025.</ref>
{{check quotation|reason=mismatched italics}}
== Location ==
The temple is some {{convert|122|km|miles}} from the City of [[Jaisalmer]], and it takes about two hours to reach by road. The area has a high average windspeed and as a result there are now a large number of wind-based renewable energy projects in the area. The road to Tanot is surrounded with miles and miles of sand üdunes and sand mountains. This is one of the hottest places in India and the temperatures in the area can rise up to 49 °C in the hottest days of the year. A temperature of up to 52.4 °C was recorded on 2 May 2016 in this area and if verified would be the highest temperature recorded in India.{{cn|date=May 2025}} The official highest temperature recorded in India which is 51 °C was recorded in Phalodi also located in Rajasthan.{{cn|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Mateshwari Tanot Rai --(Suresh Godara).JPG|thumb|Tanot Mata temple]]

==In popular culture==
* The shelling on Tanot Mata during 1971 Indo-Pak War was depicted in 1997 [[Bollywood]] war film [[Border (1997 film)|''Border'']].
* [[Hindi]] news channels like [[Zee News]] and [[Aaj Tak]] depicted Tanot Mata in their documentaries on the [[1965 Indo-Pak war|1965]] and 1971 Indo-Pak wars.

== See also ==

* [[Borders_of_India#Border_ceremonies|India-Pakistan Border Ceremonies]]
* [[Hindumalkote]]
* [[Longewala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Charan]]
[[Category:Cāraṇa Sagatī]]
[[Category:Folk deities of Rajasthan]]

Nirmal Verma (politician)

2026-04-11T11:23:43Z

RosemaryBrifman: Put Up The Post From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nirmal Verma
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Biswan Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| predecessor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater = [[Kanpur University]]
}}
'''Nirmal Verma''' (born 1964)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nirmal Verma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BISWAN(SITAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2414 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Biswan Assembly constituency in [[Sitapur district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Biswan, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 Live Updates: Nirmal Verma ने Biswan विधानसभा सीट पर फिर लहराया परचम |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/biswan-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425760-2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biswan Election Result 2022: निर्मल वर्मा ने बिसवां की सीट पर खिलाया कमल, परास्त हुए प्रतिद्वंद्वी - up election result 2022 Biswan new supdate Nirmal Verma got BJP to win the seat of Biswan |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-up-election-result-2022-biswan-new-supdate-nirmal-verma-got-bjp-to-win-the-seat-of-biswan-22533470.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Verma is from [[Laharpur]], Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of Visheshvar Dyal Verma. He completed his BA in 1985 at a college affiliated with [[Kanpur University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Verma won from [[Biswan Assembly constituency]] representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 106, 014 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Afzaal Kausar of the [[Samajwadi Party]], by a margin of 10,478 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biswan Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Nirmal Verma of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/biswan-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4851392.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Biswan, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Nirmal Verma defeats SP's Afzaal Kausar with 4073 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/biswan-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923178-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24149.htm?ac=149 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003023657/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24149.htm?ac=149 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Nirmal}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Sitapur district]]

Gemini (soundtrack)

2026-04-11T09:47:32Z

RosemaryBrifman: new new stub

{{Short description|2002 soundtrack album by Bharadwaj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Gemini
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| cover = Gemini (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| released = 1 March 2002
| recorded = 2001–2002
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:54
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Five Star Audio [[Ayngaran International|Ayngaran Music]] An Ak Audio Star Music
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Roja Kootam]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Raajjiyam]]
| next_year = 2002
}}

'''''Gemini''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] for the 2002 Tamil film [[Gemini (2002 film)|of the same name]] directed by [[Saran (director)|Saran]] and features music composed by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]]. Since making his entry into Tamil films with Saran's directorial debut ''[[Kaadhal Mannan]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nikhil Raghavan|date=11 January 2010|title=In tune with the times|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/01/11/stories/2010011151150800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606160517/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/01/11/stories/2010011151150800.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> he has scored the music for most films directed by Saran.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nikhil Raghavan|date=25 February 2013|title=Bharadwaj is back|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/dream-come-true/article4451850.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606160726/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/dream-come-true/article4451850.ece|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 December 2012|title=Saran teams up with Vinay again|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Saran-teams-up-with-Vinay-again/articleshow/17612545.cms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606161105/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Saran-teams-up-with-Vinay-again/articleshow/17612545.cms|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The album features seven tracks; five songs and two alternate versions of the song. An eighth track; the alternate version of the song "O Podu" released, post the film's release.<ref name="Hit2">{{Cite news|last=Sudhish Kamath|date=31 March 2002|title='Gemini' already a hit!|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/31/stories/2002033100270200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162017/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/31/stories/2002033100270200.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The songs were well received by the audience and the track "O Podu", in particular, was a hit.<ref>{{Cite news|last=AR. Meyyammai|date=26 June 2002|title=June Dhamaka|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/06/26/stories/2002062604990200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162126/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/06/26/stories/2002062604990200.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Vijay Kumar S|date=2 July 2002|title=A fair musical treat|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/02/stories/2002070206970200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162244/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/02/stories/2002070206970200.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The soundtrack fetched two [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] and two [[Cinema Express Awards]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=22 December 2002|title='Kannathil Muthamittal' bags 6 Cinema Express awards|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607071034/http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> Bharadwaj earned his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]], along with [[Anuradha Sriram]] who received [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web|date=17 May 2003|title=Ajith Simran bag Filmfare awards|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ajit-Simran-bag-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/46685961.cms|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203183942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ajit-Simran-bag-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/46685961.cms|archive-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> At the inaugural ceremony of [[International Tamil Film Awards]] held in Malaysia, Anuradha Sriram received [[ITFA Best Female Playback Award|ITFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=S.R. Ashok Kumar|date=31 October 2003|title=ITFA ceremony in Malaysia|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/31/stories/2003103101460500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607070328/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/31/stories/2003103101460500.htm|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>

== Development ==
"O Podu" was a popular expression among college students in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="OPB2">{{Cite web|last=Shobha Warrier|date=16 January 2003|title=People started calling me 'O Podu' Bharadwaj|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/16bhad.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606163043/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/16bhad.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> When the director wanted a [[catchphrase]] for a song, Vairamuthu suggested using the term and building on it. On the director's insistence, the term was then incorporated into and mixed with the title song, resulting in the [[item number]] "O Podu".<ref name="Tune2">{{Cite news|last=Sreedhar Pillai|date=16 April 2002|title=Tuned to success|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/16/stories/2002041600060200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162837/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/16/stories/2002041600060200.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Item">{{Cite news|last=Sreedhar Pillai|date=10 January 2003|title=It is the package that ultimately matters|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/10/stories/2003011001190300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606140823/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/10/stories/2003011001190300.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The song was conceived by AVM as a way of reaching out to the masses.<ref>{{Cite news|last=S.R. Ashok Kumar|date=30 April 2004|title=Plastic Peralagan|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/04/30/stories/2004043002860200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020075052/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/04/30/stories/2004043002860200.htm|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> The track, picturised on Rani and Vikram and choreographed by Ashok Raja, was sung by [[Anuradha Sriram]].<ref name="Usher">{{Cite news|last=S.R. Ashok Kumar|date=12 April 2002|title=Ushering in the new year|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201610800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606143526/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201610800.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=S.R. Ashok Kumar|date=22 October 2011|title=Best foot forward|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/wielding-the-megaphone/article2560571.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020075230/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/wielding-the-megaphone/article2560571.ece|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=S. R. Ashok Kumar|date=10 October 2008|title=Grill mill|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/10/10/stories/2008101050321600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606161634/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/10/10/stories/2008101050321600.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Malathi Rangarajan|date=25 November 2005|title=Overseas stint|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112500090703.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606161526/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112500090703.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> For the song, Vikram performed "[[savu koothu]]", a type of funeral dance common in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Hattrick">{{Cite news|last=Sreedhar Pillai|date=30 April 2002|title=Hat-trick hero|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/30/stories/2002043000100200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606150358/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/30/stories/2002043000100200.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The lyrics of "Deewana", sung by [[Sadhana Sargam]], had some [[Hindi]] words as it was picturised on the heroine, a typical Marwari woman from [[Sowcarpet]] for whom Hindi comes naturally.<ref name="Tune2"/> In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', Vairamuthu revealed that the track "Naattu Katta" was based on a [[Folk music|folk]] song.{{efn|The claim by Vairamuthu does not mention the name of the song on which "Naattu Katta" is based.<ref name="Love" />}} The song "Penoruthi" is inspired from "[[Why Me Lord? (Shaggy song)|Why Me Lord]]" by [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Tamil [Other Composers] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190522113005/https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref>

Vikram, having already worked as a voice artist and singer, offered to sing his version of the song "O Podu" following the song's success, for which the producers agreed. According to Vikram, the song was recorded and filmed the same morning, and was added to the soundtrack album a month after its initial release. The film had been completed by then and the additional track was featured during the closing credits.<ref name="Hit2" /> Initially, a small footage featuring Vikram and Kiran was sent to the cinemas for screening during the end credits. However, the audience were dissatisfied with the shortened version of the song and forced theatre owners to rewind the song and play it again. After receiving calls from distributors and theatre owners, the makers eventually sent the entire song.<ref name="Hit2" />

== Track listing ==
{{track listing
| extra5 = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| length9 = 5:11
| extra9 = Bharadwaj
| title9 = Penn Oruthi (Not featured in the film)
| length8 = 4:03
| extra8 = Anuradha Sriram
| title8 = O Podu (Female)
| length7 = 4:52
| extra7 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| title7 = Naattu Katta
| length6 = 4:03
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| title6 = O Podu
| length5 = 1:16
| title5 = Kaadhal Enbatha -Sad
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length4 = 4:26
| extra4 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| title4 = Deewana
| length3 = 5:11
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title3 = Penn Oruthi
| length2 = 2:56
| extra2 = Timothy
| title2 = Kaadhal Enbatha
| length1 = 4:10
| extra1 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
| title1 = Thala Keezha
| total_length =
}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
The music received positive reviews from critics. [[Sify]] wrote that Bharadwaj's music was the film's only saving grace.<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web|title=Movie Review : Gemini|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gemini-review-tamil-11245383.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607063238/http://www.sify.com/movies/gemini-review-tamil-11245383.html|archive-date=7 June 2014|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Writing for [[Rediff.com|Rediff]], Pearl stated that the music director was "impressive".<ref name="Pearl">{{Cite web|last=Pearl|date=26 April 2002|title=Vikram chews paan, excels|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/26gem.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607063050/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/26gem.htm|archive-date=7 June 2014|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that the song by Anuradha Sriram has given the term "O! Podu!", which has been part of the "local lingo" for years, a "new, crazy dimension".<ref name="Malathi">{{Cite news|last=Malathi Rangarajan|date=19 April 2002|title=Gemini|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820201.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607062920/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820201.htm|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> The song enjoyed anthem-like popularity<ref name="Hep B2">{{Cite news|date=31 July 2011|title=Campaign to create awareness of Hepatitis B virus launched|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/campaign-to-create-awareness-of-hepatitis-b-virus-launched/article2311475.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701053712/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/campaign-to-create-awareness-of-hepatitis-b-virus-launched/article2311475.ece|archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Malathi Rangarajan|last2=S. R. Ashok Kumar|date=31 May 2002|title=Quite a challenge|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100940300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162412/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100940300.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> and according to V. Paramesh, a dealer of film music for 23 years, sold like "hot cakes".<ref>{{Cite news|last=K Jeshi|date=10 September 2005|title=So, what's your kind of music?|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/10/stories/2005091001660100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162552/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/10/stories/2005091001660100.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> It earned Rani{{mdash}}on whom the song was picturised{{mdash}}the moniker "O Podu Rani".<ref>{{Cite news|last=S. R. Ashok Kumar|date=1 November 2002|title=Adding glamour to Deepavali: Karthik's ''Game''|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/01/stories/2002110101200500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630190502/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/01/stories/2002110101200500.htm|archive-date=30 June 2014}}</ref>

=== Sales and records ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "We sold out a lakh [100,000] copies in one month. Only [[A. R. Rahman|Rahman]]'s music has got this kind of an opening before. Now, with the new song, it will sell another lakh before the release of the film."
| source = S. Kalyan of Five Star Audio about the album sales.<ref name="Hit2" />
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}The album sold more than 100,000 cassettes even before the film released despite rampant piracy.<ref name="Tune2"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shobha Warrier|date=22 April 2002|title=Gemini strikes gold at the Tamil marquee|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/22tamil.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162653/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/22tamil.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Malathi Rangarajan|last2=S. R. Ashok Kumar|date=3 May 2002|title=In a new arena: Piracy|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://hindu.com/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300280200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162940/http://hindu.com/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300280200.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> It was one of the biggest hits in Bharadwaj's career and earned him his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Filmfare Award]].<ref name="OPB2"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=21 May 2003|title=Time for awards|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/05/21/stories/2003052103140202.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607053201/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/05/21/stories/2003052103140202.htm|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Filmfare">{{Cite news|date=19 May 2003|title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards in Hyderabad|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Manikchand-Filmfare-Awards-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/46815950.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606163348/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Manikchand-Filmfare-Awards-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/46815950.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> In 2009, ''[[Mid-Day]]'' wrote, "O podu is still considered the cornerstone of the rambunctious koothu dance".<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 February 2009|title=Vikram turns crooner for Kandhasamy|work=Mid-Day|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/vikram-turns-crooner-for-kandhasamy/31504|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707140156/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/vikram-turns-crooner-for-kandhasamy/31504|archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> In 2011, ''[[The Times of India]]'' labelled the song an "evergreen hit number".<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 March 2011|title=Get that southern sizzle|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Get-that-southern-sizzle/articleshow/7770514.cms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020075818/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Get-that-southern-sizzle/articleshow/7770514.cms|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> Following the [[Internet phenomena|internet phenomenon]] of "[[Why This Kolaveri Di]]" in 2011, "O Podu" was featured alongside "[[Appadi Podu]]", "[[Naaka Mukka]]" and "[[Ringa Ringa]]" in a small collection of [[Cinema of South India|South Indian]] songs that are considered a "national rage" in India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=M Suganth|date=24 November 2011|title=Why south songs are a national rage...|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Why-south-songs-are-a-national-rage--/articleshow/10867023.cms?referral=PM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628100322/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Why-south-songs-are-a-national-rage--/articleshow/10867023.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=M Suganth|date=25 November 2011|title=Very, Very Kolaveri!|page=23|work=The Times of India|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2011%2F11%2F25&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=23&EntityId=Ar02300&AppName=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628094958/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2011%2F11%2F25&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=23&EntityId=Ar02300&AppName=2|archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>

=== Criticisms ===
The music also attracted some unexpected reactions. The high-energy track "O Podu" drove youngsters insane; some resorted to violence, enraging villagers in [[Tamil Nadu]] and damaging public property in [[Malaysia]] for fun.<ref name="Numerouno">{{Cite news|last=Sreedhar Pillai|date=23 January 2003|title=New number one|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/23/stories/2003012300440200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020075453/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/23/stories/2003012300440200.htm|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=24 May 2002|title='O Podu' ripples|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/24/stories/2002052401280200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607053344/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/24/stories/2002052401280200.htm|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> The lyrics by Vairamuthu, which are typically in pure Tamil, contained slang and words from other languages like "Deewana" (Hindi).<ref name="Tune2" /><ref name="Love">{{Cite news|last=Sreedhar Pillai|date=18 June 2002|title=In love with lyrics|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/18/stories/2002061800080200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607053507/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/18/stories/2002061800080200.htm|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> This departure was criticised by film journalist Sreedhar Pillai, who derided the lyrics of "O Podu" as "pure gibberish".<ref name="Love" /> It was also blamed for starting a trend for vulgar and poor-quality lyrics,<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 September 2004|title=Offensive lyrics sell music|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10419.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607053616/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10419.html|archive-date=7 June 2014|website=Indiaglitz}}</ref> and the song's picturisation attracted criticism. In an article that scrutinised and decried the high level of vulgarity depicted in south Indian films, Sudha G. Tilak of ''[[Tehelka]]'' wrote that hit tracks like "O Podu" were "obvious in their debauched suggestiveness".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sudha G. Tilak|title=The shape of love in the south|work=Tehelka|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main4.asp?filename=hub062604the_shape.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020075700/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main4.asp?filename=hub062604the_shape.asp|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
'''[[Filmfare Awards South]]'''<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 May 2003|title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50|work=The Economic Times|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-05-25/news/27553609_1_actor-award-film-award-playback-singer|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130903050325/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-05-25/news/27553609_1_actor-award-film-award-playback-singer|archive-date=3 September 2013}}</ref>

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director]] – Bharadwaj
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Playback Singer (Female)]] – Anuradha Sriram

'''[[International Tamil Film Awards]]'''<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 October 2003|title=International Tamil Film Awards 2003 (Malaysia)|work=The Hindu|url=http://itfa.co.in/2003/ffti03.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607070452/http://itfa.co.in/2003/ffti03.html|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

* [[ITFA Best Female Playback Award|Best Playback Singer (Female)]] – Anuradha Sriram

'''[[Cinema Express Awards]]'''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sudhish Kamath|date=23 December 2002|title=A sombre starry night|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/12/23/stories/2002122302580200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607071212/http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/12/23/stories/2002122302580200.htm|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

* Best Music Director – Bharadwaj
* Best Playback Singer (Female) – Anuradha Sriram

== Legacy ==
Following the song's success, Vikram was greeted everywhere with screams of "O Podu".<ref name="Shot2">{{Cite news|last=Malathi Rangarajan|last2=S. R. Ashok Kumar|date=17 May 2002|title=A shot in the arm|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/17/stories/2002051701380300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607064837/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/17/stories/2002051701380300.htm|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chitra Mahesh|date=31 May 2002|title=I want to strike a balance|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100170100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607062058/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100170100.htm|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> The success of the film prompted other film producers to capitalise on the growing popularity of the phrase "O Podu" and Vikram,<ref name="opoduleg">{{Cite news|date=8 June 2002|title=An O-Podu season for Vikram and Kiran|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/02/stories/2002090200140400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021126041643/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/020608/125/1pno5.html|archive-date=26 November 2002}}</ref> with the Telugu film ''[[Bava Nachadu]]'' (2001) was dubbed and released in Tamil as ''O Podu''.<ref name="opoduleg" /> A game-based reality show for children, which was aired between 2003–2004, was titled "O Podu". AVM was involved in the show, which was produced by [[Vikatan Televistas]] and directed by Gerald. The show was broadcast for 26 weeks on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on Sundays with [[Raaghav]] as its anchor.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 August 2003|title=O... Podu|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/08/01/stories/2003080101180801.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607075805/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/08/01/stories/2003080101180801.htm|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Malathi Rangarajan|date=31 January 2004|title=Here, there, everywhere|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/31/stories/2004013100160200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607075949/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/31/stories/2004013100160200.htm|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> In September 2003, physical trainer Santosh Kumar played "O Podu" among a range of popular music as part of a dance [[aerobics]] session in a fitness camp held for the [[India national cricket team]] at [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=M. D. Riti|date=9 September 2003|title=Probables shape up with fun and dance|work=Rediff|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2003/sep/09camp.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020080931/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2003/sep/09camp.htm|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref>

During the run-up to the 2006 [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|assembly election]], Chennai-based journalist [[Gnani Sankaran]] began a social awareness movement to prevent [[electoral fraud]] and named it "O Podu" as a short form of "Oatu Podu" meaning "cast your vote".<ref>{{Cite news|last=K Raghu|date=18 April 2006|title=Serious! You can really reject a candidate|work=Daily News and Analysis|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-serious-you-can-really-reject-a-candidate-1024719|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607080536/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-serious-you-can-really-reject-a-candidate-1024719|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2010|title='O Podu' is a social awareness movement|url=http://www.gnani.com/?p=207|website=[[Gnani Sankaran]]}}</ref> The movement urged the electorate to exercise the right to reject candidates under Section [[49-O]] of The Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, wherein a voter, who has decided not to vote for anyone, can record the fact.<ref name=":2" /> For this purpose, the people behind "O Podu" also urged the [[Election Commission of India|election commission]] to facilitate a separate button on the [[Voting machine|electronic voting machine]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=G. C. Shekhar|date=8 May 2006|title=Wanna reject all candidates? Press O button|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=http://www.keetru.com/ohpodu/hindustan_times.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109151148/http://www.keetru.com/ohpodu/hindustan_times.php|archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref> During the [[2010 Asia Cup]], a [[Sri Lanka]]n band performed "O Podu" at the India vs. Pakistan cricket match held in [[Dambulla]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddarth Ravindran|date=19 June 2010|title=A face-off but no slip-ups|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia2010/content/story/463927.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421053648/http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia2010/content/story/463927.html|archive-date=21 April 2014|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> In July 2011, Vikram inaugurated "Liver 4 Life", an initiative launched by [[MIOT International Hospital|MIOT Hospitals]] to create awareness of the [[Hepatitis B virus]]. As the campaign was targeted at school and college students, the organisers tweaked the term "O Podu" into "B Podu" and made it the event's tagline to capitalise on the song's immense appeal.<ref name="Hep B2"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 August 2011|title=ஓ போட்ட விக்ரம் பி போட சொல்கிறார்!! (O Podu Vikram calls for B Podu!!)|language=Tamil|work=[[Dinamalar]]|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/hindi-news/4754/cinema/Bollywood/Vikram-awarness-to-Hepatitis-B-virus.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607080346/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/hindi-news/4754/cinema/Bollywood/Vikram-awarness-to-Hepatitis-B-virus.htm|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2002 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]

Hydnocarpus pentandrus

2026-04-11T07:24:32Z

RosemaryBrifman: starting some entry basic info

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Garudaphala (Kannada- ಗರುಡಫಲ) (5662074766).jpg
| image2 = Hydnocarpus pentandrus flower - മരോട്ടി.jpg
| image2_caption = Detail of flowers
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=Ved |first1=D. |last2=Saha |first2=D. |last3=Ravikumar |first3=K. |last4=Haridasan |first4=K. |year=2015 |title=''Hydnocarpus pentandrus'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T50126615A50131365 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T50126615A50131365.en |access-date=2 January 2025}}</ref>
| genus = Hydnocarpus
| species = pentandrus
| authority = ([[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]]) [[Lorenz Oken|Oken]]
| synonyms =
{{Species list
| Chilmoria pentandra | Buch.-Ham.
| Hydnocarpus laurifolius | [[Hermann Otto Sleumer|Sleumer]]
| Hydnocarpus wightianus | [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]
| Munnicksia laurifolia | [[August Wilhelm Dennstedt|Dennst.]]
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite POWO |id=365635-1 |title=''Hydnocarpus pentandrus'' |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Hydnocarpus pentandrus''''' (previously '''''Hydnocarpus wightianus''''') or '''chaulmoogra''' is a medium-sized tree in the family [[Achariaceae]]. This [[Dioecy|dioecious]] tree grows up to 10m tall, in moist deciduous forests of [[Western Ghats]] in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/13613|title=Hydnocarpus pentandra|website=Indiabiodiversity.org|access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>

[[Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil|''Hydnocarpus wightiana'' seed oil]] has been widely used in traditional Indian medicine, especially in [[Ayurveda]], and in [[Chinese traditional medicine]] for the treatment of [[leprosy]]. It entered early Western medicine in the nineteenth century before the era of [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamides]] and other antibiotics for the treatment of several skin diseases and leprosy.<ref name="norton">{{cite journal|last=Norton|first=SA|title=Useful plants of dermatology. I. Hydnocarpus and chaulmoogra.|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|date=October 1994|volume=31|issue=4|pages=683–6|pmid=8089304|doi=10.1016/s0190-9622(08)81744-6}}</ref> The oil was prescribed for leprosy as a mixture suspended in gum or as an [[emulsion]].<ref name="cottle">{{cite journal|last=Cottle|first=Wyndham|title=Chaulmoogra Oil in Leprosy|journal=The British Medical Journal|date= June 28, 1879|volume=1|issue=965|pages=968–969|jstor= 25251370 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.965.968|pmid=20749243|pmc=2239681}}</ref><ref name=parascandola>{{cite journal|last=Parascandola|first=J|title=Chaulmoogra oil and the treatment of leprosy|journal=Pharmacy in History|year=2003|volume=45|issue=2|pages=47–57|pmid=12894769|citeseerx = 10.1.1.2.164}}</ref>

==Common names==
Common name: Jangli almond
* [[Hindi]]: कालमोगरा Calmogara, Chalmogra, Chaulmoogra,<ref name="india">{{cite web|url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Jangli%20Almond.html |title=Hydnocarpus pentandrus – Jangli Almond |publisher=Flowersofindia.net |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> Jangli badam
* [[Kannada]]: Chalmogra yenne mara, Mirolhakai, Surti, Suranti, Toratti, Garudaphala
* [[Malayalam]]: Kodi, Maravatty, Marotti, Nirvatta, Nirvetti
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: Kadu Kawath
* [[Sanskrit]]: Tuvaraka, Turveraka, Tuvrak, कुष्टवैरी Kushtavairi
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: Maravetti, Maravattai, Marotti
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: Niradi-vittulu

==Habitat==
'''In India''': It grows in [[tropical forests]] along western Ghats, along the coast from [[Maharashtra]] to [[Kerala]], Assam, [[Tripura]], often planted on road sides in hilly areas.

'''Other countries''': The tree is found in South East Asia, chiefly in the Indo-Malayan region, and cultivated in [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Uganda]].<ref name="sea">SEA HandBook, 2009 by the Solvent Extractors' Association Of India</ref>

==Morphology==
This is a [[semi-deciduous]] tree which grows up to {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} tall. Bark is brownish, fissured; blaze pinkish. Branchlets are round, minutely velvet-hairy. [[Leaves]] are simple, alternate, carried on {{convert|0.7-2.2|cm|abbr=on}} long stalks. Leaves are {{convert|8-23x3.5-10|cm|abbr=on}}, usually oblong to elliptic-oblong, tip long-pointed, often falling off, base narrow, margin toothed, papery, hairless. Midrib is raised above, secondary nerves 5–7 pairs. Its [[flower]]s have greenish white petals and are borne in short [[cyme (botany)|cyme]]s or racemes, or sometimes appear by themselves in leaf [[axil]]s. The flowering takes place from January to April. Its berries are woody, round, tomentose, about {{convert|6-10|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter, and start off black when young but become brown when they mature. They have numerous seeds.<ref name="india"/><ref name="sea"/>

Trees of the species that yield chaulmoogra oil grow to a height of {{convert|12-15|m|abbr=on}} and in India, trees bear [[fruits]] in August and September. The fruits are ovoid some {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter with a thick woody rind. Internally, they contain 10–16 black seeds embedded in the fruit pulp. The seeds account for some 20% of the fruit weight. A typical tree produces {{convert|20|kg|abbr=on}} of seed/annum. The kernels make up 60–70% of the seed weight and contain 63% of pale yellow oil (mukherjee).

Flowers- unisexual, greenish yellow, sepals - 5, petals - 5, stamens - 5 to 15.<ref name=":0" />

==Chaulmoogra oil==
[[File:Dr Isabel Kerr European missionary vaccinating a child Wellcome L0069838.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dr [[Isabel Kerr]] administering Chaulmoogra]]
The oil from the seeds of ''Hydnocarpus pentandrus'' has been widely used in various forms of traditional Indian medicine and in [[Chinese traditional medicine]] for the treatment of [[leprosy]]. The oil was introduced into England by [[Frederic J. Mouat]], and it was used in its raw form both as topical and internal medicine.

The chemical constituents of the oil were analyzed for their potential [[pharmacology|pharmacological activity]] by [[Frederick Belding Power]], working for [[GSK plc|Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories]], in 1904.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Power|first1=Frederick Belding|last2=Gornall|first2=Frank Howorth|date=1904|title=LXXXV.—The constituents of chaulmoogra seeds|url=https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=CT9048500838|journal=J. Chem. Soc., Trans.|language=en|volume=85|pages=838–851|doi=10.1039/CT9048500838|issn=0368-1645}}</ref> Power and colleagues isolated [[hydnocarpic acid]], which has the formula {{chem2|C16H28O2}}, from seeds of both the ''Hydnocarpus wightiana'' and ''Hydnocarpus anthelmintica'' trees.<ref name=":0a" /> They introduced the [[extract]] into medical usage until [[sulfone]]s and [[antibiotics]] became more dominant in the treatment of several skin diseases and leprosy.<ref name="norton"/><ref name=":0a">{{Cite journal|last=Parascandola|first=John|date=2003|title=Chaulmoogra Oil and the Treatment of Leprosy|journal=Pharmacy in History|volume=45|issue=2|pages=47–57|jstor=41112155|pmid=12894769|issn=0031-7047}}</ref> It was [[Alice Ball]], however, whose groundbreaking experiments led to the first effective cure for leprosy by making the oil soluble in water and thus injectable.

===Physical characteristics and composition===
The oil is semi-solid at room temperature with no odor. [[Gas–liquid chromatography]] analysis has shown the oil to contain the following fatty acids—[[hydnocarpic acid]], [[chaulmoogric acid]], [[gorlic acid]], lower cyclic homologues, [[myristic acid]], [[palmitic acid]], [[stearic acid]], [[palmitoleic acid]], [[oleic acid]], [[linoleic acid]], and [[linolenic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sengupta|first=A.|author2=Gupta, J. K. |author3=Dutta, J. |author4=Ghosh, A. |title=The component fatty acids of chaulmoogra oil|journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture|date=1 June 1973|volume=24|issue=6|pages=669–674|doi=10.1002/jsfa.2740240606|pmid=4737104|bibcode=1973JSFA...24..669S }}</ref> The oil is unusual in not being made up of straight chain fatty acids but acids with a cyclic group at the end of the chain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/docrep/x5043e/x5043e0d.htm |title=Minor oil crops – Individual monographs (Allanblackia-Almond-Chaulmoogra-Cuphea spp.-Jatropa curgas) |publisher=Fao.org |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> The oil also contains [[5'-Methoxyhydnocarpin|5′-methoxyhydnocarpin]], an [[amphipathic]] weak acid, and isohydnocarpin.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ranganathan|first=KR|author2=Seshadri TR|title=Constitution of isohydnocarpin isolated from the seed hulls of ''Hydnocarpus wightiana''|journal=Indian Journal of Chemistry|year=1974|volume=12|page=993}}</ref>

The crude oil has a pale greenish-brown color, and can be easily purified into a white, watery oil containing three cyclopentene [[fatty acids]].

'''Table: fatty acid composition of oil'''<ref>{{cite journal|title=The component fatty acids of chaulmoogra oil | doi=10.1002/jsfa.2740240606 |pmid=4737104 |volume=24 | issue=6 |date=Jun 1973 |journal=J Sci Food Agric |pages=669–74|last1 = Sengupta|first1 = A.| last2=Gupta | first2=J. K. | last3=Dutta | first3=J. | last4=Ghosh | first4=A. | bibcode=1973JSFA...24..669S }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:blue; color:white; text-align:center;"
|Acid||''H. kurzil'' || ''H. wightiana'' || ''H. odorata''
|-
|[[Hydnocarpic acid]]||23.0||22.9||..
|-
|[[Chaulmoogric acid]]||19.6||35.0||..
|-
|[[Gorlic acid]]||25.1||12.8||..
|-
|Lower cyclic homologs ||0.3||4.6||..
|-
|[[Myristic acid]] (C14:0)||0.6 ||0.8||0.4
|-
|[[Palmitic acid]] (C16:0)||8.4||5.6||11.8
|-
|[[Stearic acid]] (C18:0)||1.6||4.7||..
|-
|[[Palmitoleic acid]] (C16:1)||6.0||1.3|0.5||
|-
|[[Oleic acid]] (C18:1)||5.4||3.6||21.8
|-
|[[Linoleic acid]] (C18:2)||1.6||1.8||29.3
|-
|[[Linolenic acid]] (C18:3)||.. ||.. ||31.2
|}

'''Table of physical properties of oil'''<ref name="physic">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIpS8F7IVMAC&q=physical+characters+of+chaulmoogra+oil&pg=PA151 |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Bio-Medecine – Rita Singh – Google Books |access-date=2013-11-21|isbn=978-81-7625-242-3 |last1=Singh |first1=Rita |year=2001 |publisher=Sarup & Sons }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:orange; color:blue; text-align:center;"
|Property||Range
|-
|[[Refractive index]], at 400C||1.472-1.476
|-
|[[Iodine value]]||98–103
|-
|[[Saponification value]]||198–204
|-
|[[Acid value]]||Max. 25.0%
|-
|[[Melting point]]||20–25 °C
|-
|[[Specific gravity]] (at 25 °C)||0.950-.960
|}

===Extraction===
Seeds are ovoid, irregular and angular, 1 to 1 1/4 inches long, 1 inch wide, skin smooth, grey, brittle; kernel oily and dark brown. A fatty oil is obtained by expression, known officially as ''gynocardia oil'' in Britain, as ''oleum chaulmoograe'' in the United States.<ref name="botanical.com">{{cite web|url=https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/chaulm51.html |title=A Modern Herbal | Chaulmoogra |publisher=Botanical.com |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref>

Fruits are plucked by climbing the tree or using long sticks with a sickle tied to it. The fruits are peeled by knife and the [[seed]]s are washed in water and then dried in the sun. Seeds are decorticated (dehusked) by mallet, hand hammer, or decorticator. They may also be crushed in an expeller and rotary. The kernels yield 43% oil. The extracted oil is stored in zinc barrels until exported.<ref name="sea">SEA HandBook, 2009 by the Solvent Extractors' Association Of India</ref>

===Leprosy===
Chalomoogra fruit has a long history in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medicine and other traditional Asian medicine as a treatment for [[leprosy]], and was introduced to Western medicine in the mid-19th century.<ref name=":0a" />[[File:Kalawao, Molokai, ca. 1922.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The [[Molokai]] island in Hawaii once the "Land of the Living Death," where lepers were treated with remarkable success by the then new chaulmoogra oil. Photo from 1922.]]

Chaulmoogra oil was commonly used in the early 20th century for the treatment of [[leprosy]]. It was applied [[topical medication|topically]] (which was ineffective) or taken internally (more effective but [[nausea]]ting and often rejected by people as worse than leprosy).<ref name=":0a" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Zumthurm |first=Tizian |title=Trial and Error: Drugs and the Treatment of Infectious Diseases |chapter=Trial and Error |date=2020 |trans-title=Practicing Biomedicine at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital 1913–1965 |pages=171–212 |series=Ideas and Improvisations |publisher=Brill |jstor=10.1163/j.ctv2gjwxnc.9 |isbn=978-90-04-40267-6 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charmaine Robson |date=2018 |title=Medical Experimentation and Indigenous Intergenerational Memory in the Context of Twentieth-Century Hansen's Disease Treatment in Australia |journal=Health and History |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=54–74 |doi=10.5401/healthhist.20.2.0054|jstor=10.5401/healthhist.20.2.0054 |s2cid=81487422 }}</ref> The ingredient that appears to produce [[antimicrobial]] activity is [[hydnocarpic acid]], a [[lipophilic]] compound. It may act by being an [[Antagonist (pharmacology)|antagonist]] of [[biotin]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jacobsen|first=PL|author2=Levy, L|title=Mechanism by which hydnocarpic acid inhibits mycobacterial multiplication.|journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|date=March 1973|volume=3|issue=3|pages=373–9|pmid=4799554|pmc=444418|doi=10.1128/aac.3.3.373}}</ref> American researcher [[Victor Heiser]] worked on developing a method of using the oil against leprosy by intravenous or intramuscular injection.<ref name=":0a" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=MacPherson |first=Hamish |date=10 January 2021 |title=Back in the Day: The Scots doctor who pioneered treatment for leprosy in India |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/19000081.scots-doctor-pioneered-treatment-leprosy-india/ |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=The National |page=11 |language=en}}</ref> The effectiveness of Chaulmoogra oil as a treatment was highly controversial, while some doctors regarded it as effective, others regarded it as an ineffective treatment.<ref name=":0a" />

An ethyl [[ester]] of the oil (the "Ball method") was developed by [[Alice Ball]] in 1916,<ref name="NW Hawaii">{{cite news|last=Mendheim|first=Beverly|title=Lost and Found: Alice Augusta Ball, an Extraordinary Woman of Hawaiʻi Nei|url=http://www.northwesthawaiitimes.com/hnsept07.htm|access-date=20 May 2013|newspaper=Northwest Hawaii Times|date=September 2007|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233106/http://www.northwesthawaiitimes.com/hnsept07.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=Elimination of leprosy as a public health problem |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep39241.6 |journal=Report of an Informal Consultation Mexico City, Mexico, 10–12 February 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization |pages=8–15|last1= Organization|first1= World Health}}</ref> who died suddenly before publishing the technique. Her work was stolen by Arthur L. Dean who began producing large quantities of the treatment and named it after himself.<ref name="Chem Matters">{{cite journal|last=Wermager|first=Paul|author2=Carl Heltzel|title=Alice A. Augusta Ball|journal=ChemMatters|date=February 2007|volume=25|issue=1|pages=16–19|url=http://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/chemmatters-february-2007.pdf|access-date=18 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713035905/http://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/chemmatters-february-2007.pdf|archive-date=2014-07-13}}</ref>

It was then produced and marketed by [[Burroughs Wellcome]] (modern GlaxoSmithKline) in the early 1920s. The oil preparations were used intravenously for lepers. The oil was often obtained directly from trees in India, Sri Lanka or Africa. Doctors would locally prepare ethyl esters for treatments. In June 1927, Burroughs Wellcome released the commercial preparation {{ndash}} sodium hydnocarpate marketed as ''Alepol'' {{ndash}} which produced few unpleasant side effects. In May 1928, doctors reported cure of leprosy in some people treated with Alepol.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Simpkin |first=Alice |title=The Treatment of Leprosy |journal=British Journal of Nursing |date=December 1928 |pages=313–4 |url=http://www.leprosyhistory.org/cgi-bin/showdetails.pl?ID=437&type=lep |access-date=22 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083148/http://www.leprosyhistory.org/cgi-bin/showdetails.pl?ID=437&type=lep |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref> In the 1940s, chaulmoogra oil was replaced by the more effective sulfones.<ref name="NW Hawaii" />

==See also==
* [[Trees of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01878a025 Pubs.acs.org]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15391741 |from2=Q95928768 |from3=Q50841922 |from4=Q2961600 }}

[[Category:Hydnocarpus|pentandrus]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]

1911 IFA Shield final

2026-04-08T21:45:00Z

RosemaryBrifman: put up initial post with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1911 IFA Shield final
| image = File:Mohun Bagan.jpg
| caption = The Mohun Bagan squad, pictured with the 1911 [[IFA Shield]] trophy.
| event = [[IFA Shield|1911 IFA Shield]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| team2 = [[East Yorkshire Regiment]]
| details =
| team1score = 2
| team2score = 1
| date = 29 July 1911
| stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground|Calcutta FC Ground]]
| city = [[Calcutta]], [[India]]
| referee = H.G. Pooler
| attendance = 80,000
| weather =
| previous = 1910
| next =
}}

The '''1911 IFA Shield final''' was the first time an all Indian team, which consisted of purely bengalese players, had won the tournament. The final took place between [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] and British East Yorkshire Regiment, the match was played at the [[Mohun Bagan Ground|Calcutta Ground]], [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] won the match by 2–1, enabling themselves to left the title for the very first time and becoming the first ever Indian team to achieve this accomplishment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE HISTORICAL TRIUMPH OF 1911 IFA SHIELD – MOHUN BAGAN CLUB.COM |url=https://www.mohunbaganclub.com/the-historical-triumph-of-1911-ifa-shield/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=www.mohunbaganclub.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India 1911 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india1911.html |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=www.rsssf.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India - List of IFA Shield Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=www.rsssf.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Heffernan |first=Conor |date=2015-03-22 |title=Mohun Bagan and the fight for Indian independence |url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/03/22/mohun-bagan-and-the-fight-for-indian-independence/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=These Football Times |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Route to the final ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
!Round
!colspan="2"| [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]]
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|Round
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |[[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]]
|3–0
|Round 1
| style="text-align: left;" |Unknown
|N/A
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta Rangers]]
|2–1
|Round 2
| style="text-align: left;" |Unknown
|N/A
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)|Rifle Brigade]]
|1–0
|Round 3
| style="text-align: left;" |Unknown
|N/A
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Middlesex Regiment|1st Middlesex]]
| colspan="1" |3–0
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Semi–Final
| style="text-align:left" |Unknown
| colspan="1" |N/A
|-
|}

== Match ==
=== Summary ===
On July 29, 1911, the final of the IFA Shield, between [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] and the British East Yorkshire Regiment ensued.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prashant |date=2025-08-25 |title=From Colonial Rivals to National Heroes |url=https://tacklefrombehind.com/football/the-green-and-maroon-legacy-mohun-bagans-historic-ifa-shield-win/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=TFB |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-30 |title=Why 29th July is called the Historic Mohun Bagan Day? |url=https://www.mbft.in/2023/07/why-29th-july-is-called-historic-mohun.html |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=MBFT {{!}} Everything related to Mohun Bagan |language=en}}</ref> The match began at 5:30, the game would see the first goal scored by the East Yorks, who took the lead, as the team was awarded a free-kick just outside the box, due to a handball from a Mohun Bagan player. Jackson, who took the free-kick, took a shot which goalkeeper Hiralal could not save in time, leading to the Yorkshire Regiment to take the lead. Five minutes later, [[Shibdas Bhaduri]] scored the equalizer,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Boria |date=2023-07-29 |title=Mohun Bagan’s 1911 IFA Shield victory on this day 112 years earlier was much more than a sporting milestone, it gave a colonised nation spine and pride |url=https://revsportz.in/mohun-bagans-1911-ifa-shield-victory-on-this-day-112-years-earlier-was-much-more-than-a-sporting-milestone-it-gave-a-colonised-nation-spine-and-pride/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Sports News Portal {{!}} Revsportz |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-24 |title=1911: Retracing Every Touch of Mohun Bagan’s Greatest Achievement {{!}} Why Mohun Bagan Ep. 3 {{!}} |url=https://www.mbft.in/2024/03/Why-MohunBagan-EP3.html |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=MBFT {{!}} Everything related to Mohun Bagan |language=en}}</ref> enabling [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] to stay on the same level as their opponents, after the interval, the rest of the game stayed in back and forth motions. Eventually, nearing the end of the game, Abhilash Ghosh, who received a pass from [[Shibdas Bhaduri]], managed to net in the goal in the final moments of the game.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Somnath |date=2011-07-29 |title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football (Part One) : Profiling Three... |url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009112727/https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/ |archive-date=2021-10-09 |access-date=2026-04-03 |work=Thehardtackle.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History – 1910 – 1919 – MBC.Com – Premiere Fan site of Mohun Bagan AC |url=https://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/632-2/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250617105550/https://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/632-2/ |archive-date=2025-06-17 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=www.mohunbaganclub.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Jaydeep |date=2020-07-29 |title=A victory for India? Why Mohun Bagan’s historic 1911 IFA Shield win was purely about football |url=https://scroll.in/field/968849/why-mohun-bagans-historic-1911-ifa-shield-win-should-be-judged-purely-from-a-football-perspective |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> After the final whistle was blown, Mohun Bagan became the first Indian club to win the competition for the very first time.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Looking back at Mohun Bagan’s historic IFA Shield 1911 triumph |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-07-world-football-mohun-bagan-ifa-shield-1911 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-25 |title=1911: A Mohun Bagan story that has aged well |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/1911-a-mohun-bagan-story-that-has-aged-well-101703509933474.html |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Scroll |date=2016-07-29 |title=Remember this date in 1911: when Mohun Bagan beat a British football team to become national icons |url=https://scroll.in/field/812760/remember-this-date-in-1911-when-mohun-bagan-beat-a-british-football-team-to-become-national-icons |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Abhinav |date=2024-08-15 |title=A Football ‘Lagaan’: How Mohun Bagan's 'Immortal Eleven' inspired the nation |url=https://thebridge.in/football/immortal-xi-mohun-bagan-49101 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=The Bridge - Home of Indian Sports |language=en}}</ref>

=== Details ===
{{football box
| date = 12 December 1940
| time =
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| team2 = [[East Yorkshire Regiment]]
| score = 2–1
| goals1 = [[Shibdas Bhaduri]] {{goal|6}} Abhilash Ghosh {{goal|88}}
| goals2 = Jackson {{goal|1}}
| stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground|Calcutta FC Ground]], [[British India]]
| attendance = 80,000–100,000 (est.)
| referee = H.G. Pooler
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ Mohun Bagan lineup
! Position !! Player
|-
| GK || {{flagicon|British India}} [[Hiralal Mukherjee]]
|-
| FB || {{flagicon|British India}} Bhuti Sukul
|-
| FB || {{flagicon|British India}} Sudhir Chatterjee
|-
| HB || {{flagicon|British India}} Monmohun Mukherjee
|-
| HB || {{flagicon|British India}} Rajen Sengupta
|-
| HB || {{flagicon|British India}} Nil Madhav Bhattacharya
|-
| FW || {{flagicon|British India}} Jitendranath Roy
|-
| FW || {{flagicon|British India}} Habul Sarkar
|-
| FW || {{flagicon|British India}} Abhilash Ghosh
|-
| FW || {{flagicon|British India}} Bijoydas Bhaduri
|-
| FW || {{flagicon|British India}} [[Shibdas Bhaduri]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ East Yorks lineup
! Position !! Player
|-
| GK || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Cresay
|-
| FB || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Whitey
|-
| FB || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Scully
|-
| HB || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Martin
|-
| HB || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Jackson
|-
| HB || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Neil
|-
| FW || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Birch
|-
| FW || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Dixon
|-
| FW || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Haywood
|-
| FW || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Howard
|-
| FW || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Clucas
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html IFA Shield Finals]

[[Category:IFA Shield finals]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]

Shiv Kumar Sarin

2026-04-01T14:16:50Z

RosemaryBrifman: started some bio w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian gastroenterologist and hepatologist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=November 2024}}
{{Promotional|date=October 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shiv Kumar Sarin
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|08|20}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Gastroenterologist]], [[Hepatologist]], Chancellor at Institute of Liver and Billiary Sciences, Delhi
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] [[The World Academy of Sciences|TWAS]] International Prize [[G-Files awards]] [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]]
}}

'''Shiv Kumar Sarin''' is an Indian physician; a [[hepatologist]] and, [[gastroenterologist]]. Under of Delhi Government, he set up the [[Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences|Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS)]]; the largest liver hospital and a deemed Liver [[Deemed university|University]], and a WHO Centre in [[Vasant Kunj]], [[Delhi]]. He has received [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awardee Details: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |url=https://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=34 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=ssbprize.gov.in}}</ref> The World Academy of Science Prize, and [[Padma Bhushan Awards (2000-09)|Padma Bhushan]] in 2007.<ref>{{Citation |title=List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009) |date=2023-11-03 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2000%E2%80%932009)&oldid=1183368804 |access-date=2024-02-05 |language=en}}</ref> He served as Chairman Board of Governors of Medical Council of India and shaped the New Medical Education Vision, including NEET and NEXT exams. He is a leader in science and served as the President of the Asian Pacific Association for study of Liver and is currently the President of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences|National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS)]] of India (2021-2024).

== Biography ==
Prof. Shiv Kumar Sarin, Chancellor, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, is an Indian physician; a [[hepatologist]] and, [[gastroenterologist]], and public health advocate. He established the [[Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences]] (ILBS) under Delhi Govt., a Liver University in Vasant Kunj, Delhi. Dr. Sarin is currently the President of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences|National Academy of Medical Sciences (India)]].<ref>{{Citation |title=National Academy of Medical Sciences |date=2023-11-03 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences&oldid=1183244038 |access-date=2024-02-05 |language=en}}</ref> He is also serving as an Adjunct Faculty of Molecular Medicine<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adjunct Faculty {{!}} Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/scmm-adjunct_faculty |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=www.jnu.ac.in}}</ref> at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], Delhi.

== Academic career ==
[[File:The Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences.jpg|thumb|235px|The Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, Vasant Kunj]]

With 7 gold medals in M.B.B.S. and one in L.L.B (law), he continued academic excellence by being a Fogarty Fellow, Japanese SPH Fellow, and Fellow of all science academies in India. His research has enriched the discipline of Liver Diseases with nearly 850 publications, with an H-index of 116, and more than '''72,439 citations'''. His seminal work on band ligation for prevention of variceal bleeding in The NEJM<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarin |first=Shiv Kumar |date=1999 |title=Comparison of endoscopic ligation and propranolol for the primary prevention of variceal bleeding |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199904013401302?articleTools=true |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=340 |issue=13 |pages=988–993 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199904013401302 |pmid=10099140 |via=|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and Sarin’s Classification of Gastric Varices<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarin |first1=Shiv K. |last2=Lahoti |first2=Deepak |last3=Saxena |first3=Sanjay P. |last4=Murthy |first4=Nandguri S. |last5=Makwana |first5=Uday K. |date=December 1992 |title=Prevalence, Classification and Natural History of Gastric Varices: A Long–Term Follow–Up Study in 568 Portal Hypertension Patients |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/abstract/1992/12000/prevalence,_classification_and_natural_history_of.6.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=1343–1349 |doi=10.1002/hep.1840160607 |pmid=1446890 |issn=0270-9139}}</ref> are universally accepted. He described two new disease entities; Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure and Portal biliopathy. He is credited globally to give a large number of new protocols for the management of liver disease patients. His use of growth factors to stimulate bone marrow for liver regeneration as an alternative to liver transplant opened new treatment vistas. He pioneered fecal microbiota transplantation for alcoholic hepatitis.

He is the founder Chief-editor of ''Hepatology International'', a [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] Nature publication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hepatology International |url=https://link.springer.com/journal/12072/editors |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=SpringerLink |language=en}}</ref> Dr. Sarin was able to set-up the ''Asian Pacific School of Hepatology'' at ILBS since 2012.

'''''Policy Initiatives:'''''

As Chairman of Board of Governors of Medical Council of India (MCI), he introduced seminal reforms in medical education, and scripted ‘Vision 2015’<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=http://www.mciindia.org/tools/announcement/MCI_booklet.pdf |access-date=2024-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717115215/http://www.mciindia.org/tools/announcement/MCI_booklet.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2013 }}</ref> of Medical Education in India. The ‘National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET)’ and common exit examination (now called NEXT) were his brainchild and are serving well the country. He chaired policy initiatives for ''Integrating Ayurveda and Modern System'' of Medicine at Niti Aayog''.''

He helped and led the GoI in 2021 into Integration of ''Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)'' within the ambit of NCDs, making ''India the first country'' globally (covered by the Lancet,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarin |first1=Shiv Kumar |last2=Prasad |first2=Manya |last3=Ramalingam |first3=Archana |last4=Kapil |first4=Umesh |date=2021-10-01 |title=Integration of public health measures for NAFLD into India's national programme for NCDs |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468125321002648 |journal=The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=777–778 |doi=10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00264-8 |pmid=34509189 |issn=2468-1253|url-access=subscription }}</ref> applauded by DG, WHO).

He initiated and guided the launch of the first Universal Hepatitis B vaccination program for newborns in India in Delhi, in 2001. He was instrumental in development of ''“National Viral Hepatitis Control Program”'', implemented by the GoI in 2018. He helped set-up the National Liver Disease Bio-bank with the help of DBT.

'''''Community service:'''''

He championed to generate public awareness on Hepatitis B, by organizing "''Yellow Ribbon Campaign''" since 1998, observed as Hepatitis Awareness Day by GNCTD for 25 years. In 2013, he also initiated the “Healthy Liver-Healthy India”, a campaign to focus on liver health. Dr. Sarin launched ''“Empathy”'' (Empowering People Against Hepatitis), a program to give equal rights to more than 50 million people living with hepatitis [2018]. In 2020-2023 parliamentarians at the Sansad, pledged to eliminate hepatitis B and C from India. Initiated ''HepiSchool'' (Hepatitis Initiated School) program [2018-19] for Delhi Govt. schools for protection of children from hepatitis. His “Liv Healthy” mission is core to major health programs [2018] and runs mobile Liver Vans in Delhi. Started SMiLES (Stronger India through a Million Health Educated Students) project for young and healthy India.

Set-up the First Plasma Bank in India for Covid patients at ILBS under the GNCTD. This 24x7 bank, served and issued more than 8,000 plasma units.

== Positions ==
Dr. Sarin is a Senior Professor of Hepatology and Chancellor of ILBS University. He set-up a WHO collaborative center on liver diseases at ILBS and is its Director. He is a former President of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology, Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver, and the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) and is serving as Chairman of the Steering Committee of APASL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver [APASL] » Steering Committee |url=http://apasl.info/about/steering-committee/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=apasl.info}}</ref> He is also the Patron of the APASL-ACLF Research Consortium (AARC), having 26 member countries.

== Awards and honors ==
[[File:K. Shankarnarayanan, the Union Home Minister, Shri Sushilkumar Shinde and Padmavibhushan Dr. B. K. Goyal felicitated Dr. Shivkumar Sarin by “41th Dhanvantari Award 2013”, organized by Dhanvantari Medical Foundation.jpg|thumb|K. Shankarnarayanan, the Union Home Minister, Shri Sushilkumar Shinde and Padmavibhushan Dr. B. K. Goyal felicitated Dr. Shivkumar Sarin by “41th Dhanvantari Award 2013”, organized by Dhanvantari Medical Foundation]]
Sarin was awarded the Japanese Research Science Award in 1986<ref name="Indian Fellow">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Indian Fellow |url=http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P04-1373 |access-date=16 June 2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}{{dead link|date=May 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> and the Hoechst Om Prakash Memorial Award in 1987.<ref name="NAMS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=NAMS Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref> He received the Ranbaxy Research Science Award in Medical Sciences in 1994 followed by [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR), the highest Indian award in the science category in 1996.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=34 |access-date=16 June 2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> The Association of Physicians of India (API) awarded him the ''Gifted Teacher Award'' in 1999 and Amrut Mody Unichem Award of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) reached him in 2003.<ref name="NAMS Fellow" /> He received the [[TWAS Prize]] of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] in 2004, the Silver Jubilee Award of the [[Medical Council of India]] the same year and the FICCI Award of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] in 2005.<ref name="NAMS Fellow" /> The Government of India included him in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2007, the same year as he received the [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]]<ref name="Om Prakash Bhasin Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.opbfawards.com/health.html | title=Om Prakash Bhasin Award | publisher=Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation | date=2016 | access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> and he received the ''Mahaveer Award'' of the Bhagwan Mahaveer Foundation in 2008.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> He is also a recipient of the Dhanvantri Medical Award, IEDRA Rashtriya Samman Puraskar, Lifetime Achievement Award of the Government of Delhi, Malaysia Liver Foundation Award and Vashisht Chikitsa Ratan Award of the Delhi Medical Association.<ref name="S K Sarin on APASL-ACLF Research Consortium">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=S K Sarin on APASL-ACLF Research Consortium |url=http://www.aclf.in/dr-s-k-sarin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818091818/http://www.aclf.in/dr-s-k-sarin/ |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |publisher=APASL-ACLF Research Consortium}}</ref>

Sarin, a 1988 Fogarty Fellow of the [[National Institutes of Health]],<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> had been elected as its Fellow by the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI) the previous year.<ref name="NASI Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S | title=NASI Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref> He is an elected fellow of several other science or medical academies such as the [[American College of Gastroenterology]] (2002), [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2004),<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (2005),<ref name="IAS fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Sarin,_Prof._Shiv_Kumar | title=IAS fellow | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref> and [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] (2005).<ref name="List of Fellows: July 2005">{{cite web | url=http://nams-india.in/docs_pdfs/fellow2005.pdf | title=List of Fellows: July 2005 | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> He has delivered several award orations; Dr. Dharamveer Datta Memorial Award Oration and Dr. Kunti and Om Prakash Award Oration of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (2004), Netaji Oration by the Association of Physicians of India (2003), Dr. V. R. Khanolkar Oration of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] (2004) and Dr. Yellapragada Subba Row Memorial Award Oration of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2005) are some of the notable ones.<ref name="Indian Fellow" />

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plxj9iIKJnw | title=Dr. S. K. Sarin on World Hepatititis Day (28 July 2012) | publisher=Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=20 November 2012 | access-date=16 June 2016}}
* {{cite interview | title=World Hepatitis Day | date=29 July 2014 | access-date=16 June 2016 | last=Sarin | first=Shiv Kumar | interviewer=Samiksha Mehra, Amit Bhaskar | work=Radio Amity | publisher=107.8 FM | location=Noida | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nXThv0M8A4}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=Transfusion Associated Hepatitis: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention | publisher=CBS | author=S K Sarin, Hess | date=December 2000 | isbn=978-8123905860}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarin, Shiv Kumar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:University of Rajasthan alumni]]
[[Category:Indian gastroenterologists]]
[[Category:Indian hepatologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical administrators]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:Sawai Man Singh Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Stepwell

2026-03-28T06:41:05Z

RosemaryBrifman:

{{short description|Wells or ponds reached by steps, common in South Asia}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
[[File:Chand Baori perspective panorama (July 2022).jpg|thumb|[[Chand Baori]], in the village of [[Abhaneri]] near [[Bandikui]], Rajasthan is one of the deepest and largest stepwells in India]]
[[File:Rani ki vav 02.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Rani ki Vav]], Patan, Gujarat]]
[[File:Multi-storey Stepwell.jpg|thumb|upright|A multi-storey stepwell in Mahimapur Village, Amravati District, Maharashtra]]
'''Stepwells''' (also known as '''vav''' or '''baori''') are [[Water well|well]]s, [[cistern]]s or ponds with a long corridor of steps that descend to the water level. Stepwells played a significant role in defining subterranean architecture in western India from the 7th to the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Priya |first=T.Lakshmi |date=Oct 2010 |title=Protecting the Tangible and Intangible Heritage of Rani ki Vav: A Unique Subterranean Step Well in Gujarat |url=https://www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.1057 |journal=Advanced Materials Research |volume=133–134 |pages=1057–1064 |doi=10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.1057 |issn=1662-8985|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some stepwells are multi-storeyed and can be accessed by a [[Persian wheel]] which is pulled by a [[bull]] to bring water to the first or second floor. They are most common in western [[India]] and are also found in the other more arid regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]], extending into [[Pakistan]]. The construction of stepwells is mainly [[Utilitarianism|utilitarian]], though they may include embellishments of architectural significance, and may be [[temple tank]]s.

Stepwells are examples of the many types of storage and irrigation tanks that were developed in India, mainly to cope with seasonal fluctuations in water availability. A basic difference between stepwells on one hand, and tanks and wells on the other, is that stepwells make it easier for people to reach the groundwater and to maintain and manage the well.

==Basic architecture==
[[File:Dada Harir Stepwell Ahmedabad Plan.jpg|left|thumb|Plan of Dada Harir Stepwell in Gujarat, India]]
The builders dug deep trenches into the earth for dependable, year-round groundwater. They lined the walls of these trenches with blocks of stone, without [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]], and created stairs leading down to the water.<ref name="Shekhawat">{{cite web|last=Shekhawat|first=Abhilash|title=Stepwells of Gujarat|url=http://www.indiasinvitation.com/stepwells_of_gujarat/|publisher=India's Invitation|access-date=30 March 2012}}</ref> This led to the building of some significant ornamental and architectural features, often associated with dwellings in urban areas. It also ensured their survival as monuments.

A stepwell structure consists of two sections: a vertical shaft from which water is drawn and the surrounding inclined subterranean passageways and the chambers and steps which provide access to the well. The galleries and chambers surrounding these wells were often carved profusely with elaborate detail and became cool, quiet retreats during the hot summers.<ref name="Davies 1989">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Philip|title=The Penguin guide to the monuments of India|year=1989|publisher=Viking|location=London|isbn=0-14-008425-8}}</ref>

==Names==
A number of distinct names, sometimes local, exist for stepwells. In [[Hindi]]-speaking regions, they include names based on ''baudi'' (including ''bawdi (''{{langx|raj|बावड़ी}}'')'', ''bawri'', ''bawari'', ''baori'', ''baoli'', ''bavadi'' and ''bavdi''). In [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Marwari language]], they are usually called ''vav, vavri'' or ''vaav'' ({{langx|gu|વાવ}}). Other names include ''kalyani or pushkarani'' ([[Kannada]]), ''baoli'' ({{langx|hi|बावली}}, {{Langx|pa|ਬਾਉਲੀ}}), ''barav'' ({{langx|mr|बारव}}) and ''degeenar'' ([[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]: 𑂙𑂵𑂏𑂲𑂢𑂰𑂩).{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==History==
[[File:Agrasen Ki Baoli in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Agrasen Ki Baoli]] in [[New Delhi]], rebuilt in the 14th century]]
The stepwell may have originated during periods of drought to ensure enough access to the water. The earliest archaeological evidence of stepwells is found at [[Dholavira]] where the site also has water tanks or reservoirs with flights of steps. Mohenjo Daro's great bath is also provided with steps on opposite directions. [[Edicts of Ashoka|Ashokan inscriptions]] mention construction of stepwells along major Indian roads at a distance of every 8 [[Kos (unit)|kos]] (about 20.8 miles or 33.5 km) for the convenience of travellers, but Ashoka states that it was a well-established practice which predated him and was done by former kings as well.

{{Blockquote|text=King Devanampriya Priyadarsin speaks thus. On the roads banyan-trees were caused to be planted by me, (in order that) they might afford shade to cattle and men, (and) mango-groves were caused to be planted. And (at intervals) of eight kos wells were caused to be dug by me, and flights of steps (for descending into the water) were caused to be built. Numerous drinking-places were caused to be established by me, here and there, for the enjoyment of cattle and men. [But] this so-called enjoyment (is) [of little consequence]. For with various comforts have the people been blessed both by former kings and by myself. But by me this has been done for the following purpose: that they might conform to that practice of morality.|title=|source=Ashokan Pillar Edict No 7|author=}}

The first rock-cut stepwells in India date from 200 to 400 AD.<ref name="L&B" /> The earliest example of a bath-like pond reached by steps is found at [[Junagadh Buddhist Cave Groups|Uperkot caves]] in [[Junagadh]]. These caves are dated to the 4th century. Navghan Kuvo, a well with the circular staircase in the vicinity, is another example. It was possibly built in [[Western Satrap]] (200–400 AD) or [[Maitraka]] (600–700 AD) period, though some place it as late as the 11th century. The nearby [[Adi Kadi Vav]] was constructed either in the second half of the 10th century or the 15th century.<ref name="Jain-Neubauer1981">{{cite book|author=Jutta Jain-Neubauer|title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC|year=1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 978-0-391-02284-3| pages=19–25}}</ref>

The stepwells at [[Dhank, Rajkot|Dhank]] in [[Rajkot district]] are dated to 550–625 AD. The stepped ponds at [[Bhinmal]] (850–950 AD) are followed by it.<ref name= L&B>Livingston & Beach, p. xxiii</ref> The stepwells were constructed in the southwestern region of Gujarat around 600 AD; from there they spread north to Rajasthan and subsequently to the north and west India. Initially used as an art form by Hindus, the construction of these stepwells hit its peak during Muslim rule from the 11th to 16th century.<ref name= "Davies 1989"/>

One of the earliest existing examples of stepwells was built in the 11th century in Gujarat, the [[Mata Bhavani's Stepwell]]. A long flight of steps leads to the water below a sequence of multi-story open pavilions positioned along the east–west axis. The elaborate ornamentation of the columns, brackets and beams are a prime example of how stepwells were used as a form of art.<ref name="Tadgell 1990">{{cite book|last=Tadgell| first= Christopher|title=The History of Architecture in India|year=1990|publisher= Phaidon Press|location=London|isbn= 0-7148-2960-9}}</ref>

The [[Mughal emperors]] did not disrupt the culture that was practiced in these stepwells and encouraged the building of stepwells. The authorities during the [[British Raj]] found the hygiene of the stepwells less than desirable and installed pipe and pump systems to replace their purpose.<ref name="Tadgell 1990"/> In recent years with increasing water shortages in India some stepwells have been restored to their original purpose.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abhyankar |first1=Shoma |title=Ancient stepwells brought back to life as India begins to run out of water |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2026/feb/26/ancient-stepwells-brought-back-india-run-out-water-day-zero |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2026}}</ref>

==Location==
Stepwells are generally located in two places - as an extension or part of a temple, and/or the outskirts of a village.<ref name="Shekhawat" /> When a stepwell is associated with a temple or a shrine, it is either at the opposite wall of it or in front of the temple. Sindhvai Mata stepwell in Patan, Mata Bhavani stepwell in Ahmedabad, and the Ankol Mata stepwell in Davad serve as a great example of the stepwells that house shrines.<ref name="Shekhawat" />

==Function and use==
The stepwell ensures the availability of water during periods of drought. The stepwells had social, cultural and religious significance.<ref name="Tadgell 1990"/> These stepwells were proven to be well-built sturdy structures, after withstanding [[earthquake]]s.<ref name="Shekhawat"/> Stepwells and wells played a critical role in serving as a direct means to fresh water across much of India where an abundance of fresh water is only available during the [[monsoon]] season. Because stepwells are built without mortar, groundwater below the [[water table]] line will filter through the stone and into the wells. While the rivers, [[rivulet]]s, creeks, and other natural water bodies dry up in this climate zone, stepwells remain at a depth where there is less exposure to sun and heat.<ref name="Shekhawat" /> The majority of surviving stepwells originally served a leisure purpose alongside being the main source of water for basic needs like bathing, washing clothes, farming, and watering animals. Stepwells also served as a place for social gatherings and religious ceremonies. Usually, women were more associated with these wells because they were the ones who collected the water. Also, it was they who prayed and offered gifts to the goddess of the well for her blessings.<ref name="Shekhawat" />

The well-water is known to attract insects, animals, and many other germ breeding organisms. These stepwells, being a common space in frequent use by the inhabitants of the area, were considered to be a source of spreading [[epidemic]]s and diseases.<ref name="Shekhawat" />

==Details==
Many stepwells have ornamentation and details as elaborate as those of Hindu temples. Proportions in relationship to the human body were used in their design, as they were in many other structures in Indian architecture.<ref name="Livingston 2002">{{cite book|last=Livingston|first=Morna|title=Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India|year=2002|publisher=Princeton Architectural|location=New York|isbn=1-56898-324-7}}</ref>

==Stepped ponds==
[[File:Shravanabelagola2007_-_05.jpg|thumb|[[Shravanabelagola]] stepped pond, [[Karnataka]]]]
Stepped ponds are very similar to stepwells in terms of purpose. Generally, stepped ponds accompany nearby temples while stepwells are more isolated.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jain-Neubauer|first=Jutta|title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In art-historical Perspective|year=1981|publisher=Abhinav|location=New Delhi|isbn=0-391-02284-9}}</ref> Stepwells are dark and barely visible from the surface, while stepped ponds are illuminated by the light from the sun. Stepwells are more linear in design compared to the rectangular shape of stepped ponds.<ref name="Livingston 2002"/>

==In India==
{{anchor | India }}

A number of surviving significant stepwells in [[India]] can be found across India, including in [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Delhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], and [[North Karnataka]] ([[Karnataka]]). In 2016 a [[collaborative mapping]] project, Stepwell Atlas,<ref>[http://www.stepwells.org Stepwell Atlas]</ref> started to map [[GPS coordinates]] and collate information on stepwells, mapping over 2800 stepwells in India. Another project mapped the location of over 1700 stepwells in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Stepwells |url=https://www.indianstepwells.com/2020/02/maharashtra-stepwells.html?m=1 |publisher=Maharashtra Stepwells |access-date=23 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Delhi and Haryana===
{{anchor|Delhi and Haryana }}

====Delhi====
In his book ''Delhi Heritage: Top 10 Baolis'', [[Vikramjit Singh Rooprai]] mentions that Delhi alone has 32 stepwells.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rooprai |first1=Vikramjit Singh |title=Delhi heritage : Top 10 baolis |date=2019 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-9-38913-611-1}}</ref>

* [[Agrasen Ki Baoli]]
* [[Baolis of Mehrauli]]
* [[Dwarka Baoli]]
* [[Rajon Ki Baoli]]

====Haryana====
{{anchor|Haryana}}
{{see also | Tourism in Haryana | History of Haryana }}

* [[Ambala district]]: [[Ambala_district#Baoli|Gurudwara Manji Sahib Baoli]], on NH-44 in Ambala, was built by the sixth [[Sikh Guru]], [[Guru Hargobind]].

* [[Faridabad district]]: [[Surajkund]]

* [[Gurugram district]]
** [[Badshahpur]]:
*** [[Badshahpur#Badshahpur_Stepwell|Badshahpur Stepwell]]
*** [[Badshahpur#Badshahpur#Akhara_Stepwell|Akhara Stepwell]]
*** [[Badshahpur#Dhumaspur_Stepwell|Dhumaspur Stepwell]]

** [[Farrukhnagar]]: [[Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah]] (Gol Bavdi) was built by Ghaus Ali Shah.

* [[Jhajjar district]]: [[Jhajjar_district#History|Luhari Baoli]] (also known as ''Muglaai Baoli'') 8 km northwest of Pataudi on SH-132.

* [[Kaithal district]]: [[Kaithal#Stepwell|Bhai ki Baoli]], near NH-152A, was built in [[lakhori bricks]] by the [[Jat]] [[Sikh]] rulers of [[Kaithal State]].<ref name=bhai1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/20-protected-heritage-sites-to-be-restored-beautified-in-state/ 20 protected heritage sites to be restored, beautified in state], The Tribune, 19 Sept 2025.</ref>

* [[Kurukshetra district]]: [[Kurukshetra_district#Ancient_sites|Bhai Lakhi Shah Banjara Baoli]] at Ishargarh, 7 km north of Pipli bus stand on NH-44 GT Road, was constructed by [[Bhai Lakhi Rai Banjara]].

* [[Mahendragarh district]]
** [[Narnaul]]
*** [[Narnaul#Baoli|Nagpurian Baoli]], 18th-century three tier stepwell next to the Chotta Bada Talab and Shiv Temple
*** [[Narnaul#Baoli|Baba Kheta Nath Baoli]]

* [[Nuh district]]: [[Kotla, Nuh|Kotla Bavdi]]

* [[Rewari district]]: [[Rewari#Rewari#Solahrahi_Talab|Solahrahi Baoli]]

* [[Rohtak district]]: [[Maham#Baoli|Choro ki Baoli]] at [[Maham]].

===Gujarat===
* [[Rani ki vav|Rani ki Vav]] at [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
* [[Adalaj Stepwell|Adalaj stepwell]] at [[Adalaj]], [[Gandhinagar]]
* [[Dada Harir Stepwell]], [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Navghan Kuvo]]
* [[Adi Kadi Vav|Adi Kadi vav]]
* [[Vanarashi Vav]], Vavdi, [[Bhavnagar district]]
* [[Boter Kothani Vav|Boter Kothani Vav, Mehsana]]
* [[Modhera Vav]]

===Haryana===
* [[Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah]], [[Farrukhnagar]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurugram district]]

===Karnataka===
* Kalyani, Hulikere
* [[Bhoganandishwara Temple|Bhoga Nandeeshwara Temple]], Karnataka

===Kerala===
* [[Peralasseri|Sree Peralassery Temple]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/sri-subramanya-temple-in-peralassery-its-legend-the-stepwell-and-resident-snakes/as68564468.cms|title=Sri Subramanya Temple in Peralassery – its legend, the stepwell and resident snakes|last=Sengar|first=Resham|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref>

===Maharashtra===
* Charthana Stepwell, Parbhani
* Pingli Stepwell, Parbhani
* Arvi Stepwell, Parbhani

===Rajasthan===
[[File:3 step stepwell.jpg|thumb|Panna Meena ka Kund stepwell in [[Amber, India|Amber]], India]]
* [[Bundi]]: has over 60 baolis in and around the town.
** [[Raniji ki Baori]] in Bundi
** [[Nagar Sagar Kund]]
* Jaipur:
** [[Chand Baori]] in [[Abhaneri]] near [[Jaipur]]
** [[Panna Meena ka Kund]], [[Amber, India|Amber]]
* [[Jodhpur]]
** [[Birkha Bawari]],
* [[Neem Ka Thana]]
** [[Udoji ki Baori]] at [[Mandholi]] 5 km north of Neem ka Thana on Neem ka Thana-Mandholi-Khetri highway.

[[File:Bansilalpet Stepwell 11.jpg|thumb|Bansilalpet Stepwell, [[Hyderabad]]]]

===Telangana===
* [[Bansilalpet Stepwell]] in [[Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Hyderabad's Bansilalpet stepwell: Ravaged, reimagined, then revived |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/hyderabads-bansilalpet-stepwell-ravaged-reimagined-then-revived/cid/1922205 |access-date=20 March 2023 |agency=The Telegraph |issue=My Kolkata |date=13 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[Korutla Stepwell]]

===Uttar Pradesh===
* [[Shahi Baoli]], [[Lucknow]]

==In Pakistan==
[[File:Baoli at Rohtas Fort.jpg|thumb|Stepwell at Rohtas Fort, near Jhelum. Constructed by Emperor Sher Shah Suri: carving into the limestone bedrock in the 16th century, approx. 100 feet deep, originally would have been twice as much but has covered by silt. It was in use until 2019.]]
Stepwells from [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]] periods still exist in [[Pakistan]]. Some are in preserved conditions while others are not.

* [[Bahar Wali Boali]] Bahar Wali Baoli, in [[Kharian]]
* [[Rohtas Fort]], near [[Jhelum]]
* [[Wan Bhachran]], near [[Mianwali]]
* [[Losar Baoli]], near [[Islamabad]]
* [[Makli]] Baoli, near [[Thatta]]

==Influence==
[[File:Candi Tikus.jpg|thumb|Candi Tikus, a 14th-century bathing place and step well in [[Majapahit]] empire capital city, [[Trowulan]] Archaeological Park, East Java, [[Indonesia]]]]
Stepwells influenced many other structures in Indian architecture, especially those that incorporate water into their design.<ref name="Davies 1989"/> For example, the [[Aram Bagh, Agra|Aram Bagh]] in [[Agra]] was the first [[Mughal gardens|Mughal garden]] in India.<ref name="Livingston 2002"/> It was designed by the Mughal emperor [[Babur]] and reflected his notion of paradise not only through water and landscaping but also through symmetry by including a reflecting pool in the design. He was inspired by stepwells and felt that one would complement the garden of his palace. Many other Mughal gardens include reflecting pools to enhance the landscape or serving as an elegant entrance. Other notable gardens in India which incorporate water into their design include:

* [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Nizamuddin East]], [[Delhi]]
* [[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra]]
* [[Mehtab Bagh]], Agra
* [[Safdarjung's Tomb]]
* [[Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar)]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Nishat Gardens]], Jammu and Kashmir
* [[Pinjore Gardens|Yadvindra Gardens]], [[Pinjore]]
* [[Khusro Bagh]], [[Allahabad]]
* [[Roshanara Bagh]]

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Amazing Huge Stepwell.jpg|Large stepwell at Nagnath Mandir in Hatnoor Village, Parbhani District in Maharashtra
File:Bawdi.jpg|View of a stepwell at [[Fatehpur, Shekhawati]]
File:Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah, Farrukhnagar.jpg|The 18th-century Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah, in [[Farrukhnagar]], Haryana
File:Birkha Bawari2, Jodhpur.jpg|''Birkha Bawari'', a stepwell at [[Jodhpur]]
File:Rudabai Stepwell.jpg|Rudabai stepwell or [[Adalaj Stepwell|Adalaj ni Vav]] at [[Adalaj]], [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat]]
File:Toorji Ka Jhalra Toorji's Step Well Jodhpur DSCN0671 (1) 11.jpg|Toor Ji Ka Jhalra, stepped well, [[Jodhpur]]
File:Hampi aug09 243.jpg|Stepped well, [[Hampi]]
File:Jachchakibaori.jpg|[[Jachcha Ki Baori]] in [[Hindaun, Rajasthan]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* Ancient India
** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Water supply and sanitation in the Indus-Saraswati Valley Civilisation]]
** [[History of stepwells in Gujarat]]
* [[Water resources in India]]
* {{annotated link|Johad}}
* {{annotated link|Dhunge dhara}}
* {{annotated link|Vessel (structure)}} - modeled after Indian stepwells

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100903160914/http://www.infinityfoundation.com/hooja_book.htm Rima Hooja: "Channeling Nature: Hydraulics, Traditional Knowledge Systems, And Water Resource Management in India – A Historical Perspective"]. At infinityfoundation.com
* Livingston, Morna & Beach, Milo (2002). ''Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India''. [[Princeton Architectural Press]]. {{ISBN|1-56898-324-7}}.
* [[Vikramjit Singh Rooprai]]. ''Delhi Heritage: Top 10 Baolis'' (2019). Niyogi Books. {{ISBN|9-38913-611-3}}.
* Jutta Jain Neubauer ''The Stepwells of Gujarat: An art-historical Perspective'' (2001)
* Philip Davies, The Penguin guide to the monuments of India, Vol II (London: Viking, 1989)
* Christopher Tadgell, The History of Architecture in India (London: Phaidon Press, 1990)
* Abhilash Shekhawat, "Stepwells of Gujarat." India's Invitation. 2010. Web. 29 March 2012.<http://www.indiasinvitation.com/stepwells_of_gujarat/>.
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121114804/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=21 November 2003
|title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – glossary
|publisher= Indoarch.org
|access-date=2006-12-18
}}

==Further reading==
Azmi, Feza Tabassum. ''[https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis The ancient stepwells helping to curb India's water crisis]'', BBC

==External links==
{{commons category|Stepwells}}
* [http://www.stepwells.org Stepwell Atlas]
* [http://jatinchhabra.com/indian-stepwells/ Stepwells of India]
* [http://www.agrasenkibaoli.com/ Agrasen ki Baoli]
* [http://www.thisiscolossal.com/2015/08/stepwell-architecture/ Stepwell architecture]
* [http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000081320 Stepwell on Oxfort Art Online]
* [https://www.archdaily.com/395363/india-s-forgotten-stepwells India's Forgotten Stepwells] at ArchDaily

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{{Man-made and man-related Subterranea}}
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[[Category:Stepwells| ]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Water wells]]
[[Category:Rainwater harvesting]]
[[Category:Ponds]]
[[Category:Subterranean buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Architecture in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Architecture of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Water conservation in India]]

Raman Gangakhedkar

2026-03-25T18:05:06Z

RosemaryBrifman: Put Up New Data More To Come...

{{short description|Scientist}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|birth_place = [[Gangakhed]], India
|birth_date = 1958
}}
'''Raman Gangakhedkar''' (born 1958) is an Indian public health expert and epidemiologist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rapatwar |first=Sudarshan |title=असामान्य |publisher=Madhyam Publication |year=2024 |isbn=9788190278799 |edition=1st |publication-date=15 October 2024 |pages=136 |language=Marathi |trans-title=Asamanya}}</ref> He served as Head Scientist of [[Epidemiology]] and [[Contagious disease|Communicable Diseases]] at the Indian Council of Medical Research before retiring on 30 June 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=NIV scientists working 'round-the-clock' to ensure smooth coronavirus testing across country |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/niv-scientists-working-round-the-clock-to-ensure-smooth-coronavirus-testing-across-country/articleshow/74536078.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 April 2020 |publisher=ETI |date=8 March 2020}}</ref> He is a recipient of the 2020 [[Padma Shri|Padma Shri award]], the fourth highest civilian award in India.<ref name="Full list of 2020 Padma awardees">{{cite news |title=Full list of 2020 Padma awardees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2020-padma-awardees/article30656841.ece |access-date=8 April 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=26 January 2020}}</ref>

== Early life and education==
Raman Gangakhedkar<ref name="Dr Raman R Gangakhedkar, face of ICMR in Covid communication, retires today">{{cite news |last1=SWAGATA YADAVAR |first1=ABANTIKA GHOSH |title=Dr Raman R Gangakhedkar, face of ICMR in Covid communication, retires today |url=https://theprint.in/india/dr-raman-r-gangakhedkar-face-of-icmr-in-covid-communication-retires-today/451731/ |access-date=2 August 2020 |publisher=The Print |date=30 June 2020}}</ref> pursued higher studies in public health internationally. He earned a '''[[Master of Public Health]] (MPH)''' degree from [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]] ([[Baltimore]], [[United States|USA]]), an institution globally renowned for its work in [[epidemiology]] and public-health research.

Prior to his MPH, Gangakhedkar completed his medical education in [[India]]. obtaining an [[MBBS]] degree ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]]), after which he developed an interest in [[infectious diseases]] and community health. This early medical training provided him with a strong clinical foundation before specializing in public health, equipping him to address large-scale health challenges at a population level.

During his time at [[Johns Hopkins University]], he was exposed to global public health frameworks and research methodologies, which shaped his later career focusing on disease surveillance, [[epidemiology]], and public-health policy in India. His cross-cultural academic experience helped him bring international best practices to Indian health-care and public-health responses. mentioned in the book Asamanya, Sahaj Suchala Mhanun, written by [[:mr:सुदर्शन रापतवार|Sudarshan Rapatwar]].<ref>{{Citation |title=सुदर्शन रापतवार |date=2025-12-22 |work=विकिपीडिया |url=https://mr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0&oldid=2637599 |access-date=2025-12-22 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=रापतवार |first=सुदर्शन |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A3/mZAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=sudarshan+rapatwar&pg=PT2&printsec=frontcover |title=सहज सुचलं म्हणून..! |date=2024-11-15 |publisher=Madhyam Publication's |isbn=978-81-902787-8-2 |language=mr}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gangakhedkar worked in several fields after completing his post graduate medical education. He worked in the [[National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad]] and in the National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai.<ref name="ICMR's chief epidemiologist retires, sources say will continue to advise govt in Covid-19 policy decisions">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Divya |title=ICMR's chief epidemiologist retires, sources say will continue to advise govt in Covid-19 policy decisions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/icmrs-chief-epidemiologist-retires-sources-say-will-continue-to-advise-govt-in-covid-19-policy-decisions/articleshow/76714649.cms |access-date=2 August 2020 |agency=ET |date=30 June 2020}}</ref>

In the early 1980s, he began researching [[HIV/AIDS]], at a time when the knowledge of the disease was developing. He worked with the National Institute of Virology and National AIDS Research Institute, Pune. He continued to work in the public sector in HIV/AIDS and was active in developing national policies and patient empowerment. Along with research, he worked with patients at the government-run Kotnis Clinic in Gadikhana, Pune, serving disadvantaged HIV/AIDS patients.

After nearly two decades, he became Director-in-charge of the National AIDS Research Institute. In 2018 he was appointed Head of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases Wing of the Indian Council of Medical Research.

In his two-year stint with the ICMR, he was active in handling the [[Nipah virus]] outbreak and the 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]].<ref name="Dr Raman Gangakhedkar, the face of ICMR during COVID-19 pandemic, retires">{{cite news |title=Dr Raman Gangakhedkar, the face of ICMR during COVID-19 pandemic, retires |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/01/dr-raman-gangakhedkar-the-face-of-icmr-during-covid-19-pandemic-retires-2163650.html |access-date=2 August 2020 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] - the fourth highest civilian award in India - for his service and research in HIV/AIDS.<ref name="Dr. Gangakhedkar, the face of ICMR at COVID-19 briefings, retires">{{cite news |title=Dr. Gangakhedkar, the face of ICMR at COVID-19 briefings, retires |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dr-gangakhedkar-the-face-of-icmr-at-covid-19-briefings-retires/article31960436.ece |access-date=2 August 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

==Recognition==
* 1996 Fogarty Fellowship - National Institutes of Health the Johns Hopkins University Baltimore USA
* FXB Fellowship - Francoise Xavier Bagnoud Foundation Switzerland.
*In October 2021, Dr Raman Gangakhedkar, has been named to an expert group launched by the WHO that will examine the origins of emerging and re-emerging of pathogens of epidemic and Pandemic potentials including SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangakhedkar, Raman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Indian epidemiologists]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]

Guru Angad

2026-03-24T04:28:48Z

RosemaryBrifman: fixed issues

{{Short description|Second Sikh guru from 1539 AD to 1552 AD}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Guru Angad
| image = Guru Angad miniature painting.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Miniature painting depiction of Guru Angad
| birth_name = Lehna
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1504|03|31}}
| birth_place = [[Matte-di-Sarai (Sarainaga)]], [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]], [[Punjab (region)|Panjab]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1552|03|29|1504|03|31}}
| death_place = [[Khadur Sahib]], [[Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]<ref>{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|page=20}}</ref>
| known_for = Standardising the [[Gurmukhi]] Script
| predecessor = [[Guru Nanak]]
| successor = [[Guru Amar Das]]
| spouse = [[Mata Khivi]]
| children = Baba Dasu (1521–1598) Baba Dattu (1524–1575) [[Bibi Amro]] (1529–1601) Bibi Anokhi (1531–1608)
| parents = Mata Ramo and Baba Pheru Mal
| native_name = ਗੁਰੂ ਅੰਗਦ
| native_name_lang = pa
| location = [[Khadur Sahib|Khadur]]
| other_name = Second Master Second Nanak
| period = 1539–1552
}}

{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''Guru Angad''' (31 March 1504 – 29 March 1552;<ref name=eos/> {{Langx|pa|ਗੁਰੂ ਅੰਗਦ}}, {{IPA|pa|gʊɾuː əŋgəd̯ᵊ|pron}}) was the second of the ten [[Sikh gurus]] of [[Sikhism]]. After meeting [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of [[Sikhism]], becoming a Sikh, and serving and working with Nanak for many years, Nanak gave Lehna the name Angad ("my own limb"),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter B.|last2=Beyer|first2=Peter|title=The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|isbn=9781135210991|page=565}}</ref> and chose Angad as the second Sikh Guru.<ref name="Fenech2014p36"/><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18"/><ref name=Shackle_2005>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | pages=xiii–xiv | no-pp=true}}</ref>

After the death of Nanak in 1539, Angad led the Sikh tradition.<ref name=eosamardas>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n163 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> He is remembered in Sikhism for adopting and formalising the [[Gurmukhi alphabet]].<ref name="Mandair2013p35"/><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18"/> He began the process of compiling the hymns of Nanak and contributed 62 or 63 [[Shloka|''Saloks'']] of his own.<ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18"/> Instead of his own son, he chose his disciple [[Guru Amar Das|Amar Das]] as his successor and the third Guru of Sikhism.<ref name=eosamardas/><ref name=cole20/>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Angad was born on 31 March 1504 with the birth name of Lehna (also transliterated as Lahina) in the village of [[Sarai Naga|Matte-di-Sarai]] (now Sarainaga) in [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Muktsar district]] of the [[Punjab]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Angad Sahib (Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji) |url=https://sgpc.net/ten-guru-sahibs/guru-angad-sahib/ |website=SGPC (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee)(Supreme Gurdwara Management Committee) official website.}}</ref><ref name="Mandair2013p35">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=35–37}}</ref><ref name="Fenech2014p36">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=36}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=271–272}}</ref> He was the son of a small but successful trader named Pheru Mal.<ref name=":8" /> His mother's name was Mata Ramo (also known as Mata Sabhirai, Mansa Devi and Daya Kaur).<ref name="eos">{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=Guru Angad |last1=McLeod |first1=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi |access-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> His grandfather was named Baba Narayan Das Trehan.<ref name=":8" /> Like all the Sikh Gurus, Lehna came from [[Khatri]] caste and specifically the Trehan [[gotra]] (clan).<ref>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | page=xv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |page=189 |language=en |quote=LAHINA (1504–1552). A Trehan Khatri of Khadur who became a disci- ple of Nanak. He was later renamed Angad and succeeded Nanak as the Second Guru of the Sikhs in 1539.}}</ref>

At age 16, Lehna married a Khatri girl named [[Khivi]] in January 1520. They had two sons, Datu (b. 1535) and Dasu (b. 1542), and one or two daughters, Amro (b. 1526) and Anokhi (b. 1535), depending on the primary sources.<ref name=eos/><ref name=":8" /> The entire family of his father had left their ancestral village in fear of the invasion of [[Babur]]'s armies. After this the family settled at [[Khadur Sahib]], a village by the [[River Beas]] near what is now [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]].

Before becoming a disciple of Guru Nanak and following the Sikh way of life as Angad, Lehna was a religious teacher of Khadur and a [[Hindu priest|priest]] at a [[Hindu temple|temple]] dedicated to the goddess [[Durga]].<ref name="Fenech2014p36"/><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18">{{cite book |author1=William Owen Cole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA18 |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |author2=Piara Singh Sambhi |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-898723-13-4 |pages=18–20 |quote=Guru Angad became a Sikh sometime after Guru Nanak settled at Kartarpur. He was a Khatri of the Trehan got, from the village of Matta di Sarai, in the Ferozepur district, who, on his marriage to Khivi, the daughter of a Khatri, moved to her village of Khadur where he became priest of the temple of Durga. He met the Guru with a group of villagers and decided to join him in Kartarpur. He and his family moved to be with him. He is said to have been born in 1504, but neither the date of his conversion nor that of his installation is known. He became Guru on the death of the first Master in 1539 and died in 1552.}}</ref><ref name=eos/><ref name=":8" /> His family had also been worshipers of Durga.<ref name=":8" /> He also embarked on many religious pilgrimages.<ref name=":8" /> On one of these pilgrimages, he happened to pass by the settlement of [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]], that had been established by Nanak, on the way to his ultimate destination.<ref name=":8" /> It is said that a dialogue then occurred there between Lehna and Nanak, in-which the former was left with a deeply positive impression of the latter.<ref name=":8" /> Thereafter, Lehna remained at Kartarpur for six years serving his newfound spiritual master.<ref name=":8" />

Lehna in his late 20s sought out Guru Nanak, became his disciple, and displayed deep and loyal service to his [[Guru]] for about six to seven years in Kartarpur and renounced the Hindu way of life.<ref name="eos" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sikka|first1=A.S.|title=Complete Poetical Works of Ajit Singh Sikka|date=2003|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distribution|page=951}}</ref>

===Selection as successor===
[[File:Gurdwara Baba Atal fresco 47.jpg|thumb|[[Guru Gaddi|Gurgadi ceremony]] of Angad being proclaimed as the next guru. Fresco from [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]], Amritsar.]]
Several stories in the Sikh tradition describe reasons why Lehna was chosen by Guru Nanak over his own sons as his choice of successor. One of these stories is about a jug which fell into mud, and Nanak asked his sons to pick it up. Nanak's sons would not pick it up because it was too dirty or menial a task. Then he asked Lehna, who however picked it out of the mud, washed it clean, and presented it to Nanak full of water.<ref name="Cole 1978 18">{{cite book | last=Cole | first=W. Owen | author2=Sambhi, Piara Singh | year=1978 | title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul | location=London | isbn=0-7100-8842-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/18 18] | no-pp=true | url=https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/18 }}</ref> Lehna was selected as the successor of Guru Nanak on 14 June 1539 but his formal installation ceremony occurred later that year on 7 September 1539.<ref name=":8" /> Nanak touched him and renamed him Angad (from ''Ang'', or part of the body) and named him as his successor and the second Guru on 7 September 1539.<ref name=eos/><ref name="Fenech2014p22">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=22}}</ref>

After Nanak died on 22 September 1539, Guru Angad unable to bear the separation from Nanak retired into a room in a disciple's house in a state of [[Vairagya]]. [[Baba Buddha]] later discovered him after a long search and requested him to return for Guruship.<ref name=":srigranth83">{{cite web|title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib, ang 83|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&id=3336&Param=83#l3336}}</ref> The [[Gurbani]] uttered at the time, "Die before the one whom you love, to live after he dies is to live a worthless life in this world".<ref name=":srigranth83" />

[[File:Historical photograph of Gurdwara Sri Khadur Sahib, ca.1920's. Published in the 1930 first edition of Mahan Kosh by Kahn Singh Nabha.jpg|thumb|Historical photograph of Gurdwara Sri Khadur Sahib, ca.1920's. Published in the 1930 first edition of Mahan Kosh by Kahn Singh Nabha.]]

Angad later left Kartarpur for the village of Khadur Sahib (near Goindwal Sahib). Post succession, at one point, very few Sikhs accepted Guru Angad as their leader while the sons of Nanak claimed to be the successors. Angad focused on the teachings of Nanak, and building the community through charitable works such as [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]].<ref name="Fenech2014p41">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=41–44}}</ref>

===Relationship with the Mughal Empire===
The second [[Mughal Emperor]] of India [[Humayun]] visited Guru Angad at around 1540 after Humayun lost the [[Battle of Kannauj]], and thereby the Mughal throne to [[Sher Shah Suri]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|last2=Fenech|first2=Louis|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780191004124|page=41|edition=First}}</ref> According to Sikh hagiographies, when Humayun arrived in Gurdwara Mal Akhara Sahib at [[Khadur Sahib]], Angad was sitting and teaching children.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ajit |title=Suraj Prakash Granth part 5 ras 4 |date=2005 |isbn=81-7601-685-3 |page=177}}</ref> The failure to greet the Emperor immediately angered Humayun. Humayun lashed out but the Guru reminded him that the time Humayun needed to fight, he had lost his throne and ran away. Now, the time that Humayun did not need to fight he sought to attack a person engaged in prayer.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Gurpreet|title=Ten Masters|date=2001|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171829460|page=53}}</ref> In the Sikh texts written more than a century after the event, Angad is said to have blessed the emperor, and reassured him that someday he will regain the throne.<ref name="Fenech2014p41"/>

===Death and successor===
[[File:Fresco of Guru Angad from above the entrance of the Baoli Sahib located in Goindwal.jpg|thumb|Fresco of the second Sikh Guru at Baoli Sahib, [[Goindval]]]]

Before his death, Guru Angad, following the example set by Guru Nanak, nominated [[Guru Amar Das]] as his successor. Amar Das was born into a Hindu family and had been reputed to have gone on some twenty pilgrimages into the [[Himalayas]], to [[Haridwar]] on river [[Ganges]]. About 1539, on one such Hindu pilgrimage, he met a ''[[sadhu]]'', or ascetic, who asked him why he did not have a [[guru]] (teacher, spiritual counsellor) and Amar Das decided to get one.<ref name=eosamardas/> On his return, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of Angad who had married his brother's son, singing a hymn by Nanak.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29"/> Amar Das learnt from her about Guru Angad, and with her help met Angad in 1539, adopting Angad as his spiritual Guru, who was much younger than his own age.<ref name=eosamardas/>

Amar Das displayed relentless devotion and service to Guru Angad. Sikh tradition states that he woke up in the early hours to fetch water for Angad's bath, cleaned and cooked for the volunteers with the Guru, as well devoted much time to meditation and prayers in the morning and evening.<ref name=eosamardas/> Angad named Amar Das as his successor in 1552.<ref name=cole20/><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> Angad died on 29 March 1552.<ref name=eos/> After Angad's passing, the Sikh community's headquarters was shifted from Khadur to Goindwal by his successor, Guru Amardas, as Guru Angad's sons claimed their father's property at Khadur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |date=2021-04-03 |title=Ideological basis in the formation of the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee and the Shiromani Akali Dal: exploring the concept of Guru-Panth |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2021.1873656 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2021.1873656 |issn=1744-8727 |s2cid=234146387 |url-access=subscription |quote=The second Guru, Angad (1504–1552), established a new Sikh center at his native village Khadur because Guru Nanak’s sons made the legal claim as rightful heirs of their father’s properties at Kartarpur. It confirmed an organizational principle – that the communal establishment at Kartarpur should not be considered a unique institution, but rather a model that could be cloned and imitated elsewhere. Similarly, the sons of Guru Angad inherited the establishment at Khadur, forcing his successor to move to Goindval (‘City of Govind’, an epithet of God) on the right bank of the river Beas.}}</ref> According to one story, Dattu, one of Angad's two sons, travelled to Amar Das' court and kicked the new guru as he was unhappy that the guruship went to Amar Das, with the guru responding in a humble manner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Surender Pal |date=19 July 2021 |title=Politics of the Sword Warrior Guru |url=https://sikhri.org/articles/politics-of-the-sword-warrior-guru |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Sikh Research Institute |quote=We can find many parallels to this response of the Guru in the Guru period itself; one example is of Guru Amardas Sahib. When Bhai Datu, the son of Guru Angad Sahib, did not like the fact that the Guruship went to Guru Amardas Sahib, he went to the court of Guru Amardas Sahib and kicked him. The devotees were shocked. However, the Guru got up and touched the feet of Bhai Datu with humility, saying that his bones have become hard due to his old age, and they must have hurt Bhai Datu’s tender feet. In addition, Guru Amardas Sahib left Goindwal, in all probability, to avoid further friction. He moved to his native village Basarke and started working for the growth and development of Sikhi from there.}}</ref>

==Influence==
===Gurmukhi script===
[[File:Gurmukhi inscription claimed to have been handwritten by Guru Angad to teach children at Khadur Sahib the glyphs ūṛā to ṇāṇā, ca.1539–1552.jpg|thumb|Gurmukhi inscription claimed to have been handwritten by Guru Angad to teach children at Khadur Sahib the glyphs ''ūṛā'' to ''ṇāṇā'', ca.1539–1552]]
Guru Angad is credited in the Sikh tradition with the [[Gurmukhi]] script, which is now the standard writing script for Punjabi language in India,<ref name="shacklexvii"/> in contrast to Punjabi language in Pakistan where now a Perso-Arabic script called [[Shahmukhi]] is the standard.<ref name="Bright1996p395">{{cite book|author1=Peter T. Daniels|author2=William Bright|title=The World's Writing Systems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507993-7|page=395}}</ref> The original Sikh scriptures and most of the historic Sikh literature have been written in the Gurmukhi script.<ref name=shacklexvii>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | pages=xvii–xviii}}</ref>

Angad standardised and made improvements to the scripts of the region to create the Gurmukhi script.<ref>{{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Masica |year=1993 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |place= Cambridge, U.K. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indoaryan+languages|page=143}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|page=36}}</ref> Examples of possible forerunners of the script including at least one hymn written in acrostic form by Guru Nanak,<ref name=cole19>{{cite book | last=Cole | first=W. Owen | author2=Sambhi, Piara Singh | year=1978 | title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul | location=London | isbn=0-7100-8842-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/19 19] | no-pp=true | url=https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/19 }}</ref> and its earlier history is yet to be fully determined.<ref name="JainCardona2007p594">{{cite book|author1=Danesh Jain|author2=George Cardona|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ |date=26 July 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|pages=594–596}}</ref>

Angad also wrote 62 or 63 [[Salok]]s (compositions), which together constitute about one percent of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the primary scripture of Sikhism.<ref>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | page= xviii}}</ref> Rather than contribute hymns, Angad's importance was as a consolidator of Nanak's hymns.<ref name=cole19/> Angad would also supervise the writing down of Nanak's hymns by Bhai Paira Mokha and scrutinize the resulting compilation, preparing the way for a Sikh scripture, as well as the beginning of a vernacular Punjabi literature, as tradition holds that he may have also commissioned an account of Nanak's life from earlier disciples.<ref name=cole19/> The collection of hymns would also be increasingly important for the expanding community.<ref name=cole19/>

Whilst the creation of the Gurmukhi script is commonly attributed to the second guru of the Sikhs, Guru Angad, according to Mangat Bhardwaj the Gurmukhi script or its antecedents pre-date the development of Sikhism by several centuries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bhardwaj |first=Mangat |title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar |date=Aug 25, 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317643265 |pages=380}}</ref> Sikh scholars themselves, such as [[Kahn Singh of Nabha]] (1930), [[G. B. Singh]] (1950), Piara Singh Padam (1954), and G. S. Sidhu (2004), have documented Gurmukhi prior to the arising of Sikhism.<ref name=":1" /> The glyphs and symbols employed in Gurmukhi pre-date Sikhism and it is more likely that Guru Angad standardized the pre-existing scripts around 1530–1535 to create the standard Gurmukhi script under the purview of Guru Nanak.<ref name=":1" />

===Langar and community work===
Guru Angad is notable for systematising the institution of [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]] in all Sikh [[gurdwara]] premises, where visitors from near and far could get a free simple meal in a communal seating.<ref name="Mandair2013p35"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=319}}</ref> He also set the rules and training method for volunteers (''[[sevadar]]s'') who operated the kitchen, placing emphasis on treating it as a place of rest and refuge, being always polite and hospitable to all visitors.<ref name="Mandair2013p35"/>

Angad visited other places and centres established by Guru Nanak for the preaching of Sikhism. He established new centres and thus strengthened its base.<ref name="Mandair2013p35"/>

===''Mall Akhara''===
[[File:Page 111 - two Sikh wrestlers. Watercolour drawing.jpg|thumb|19th century watercolour of two Sikh wrestlers in a match.]]
Angad, being a great patron of [[wrestling]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=Thomas|title=Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation, Volume 2|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=9781598842432|page=286}}</ref> started a ''Mall [[Akhara]]'' (wrestling arena) system where physical exercises, martial arts, and wrestling was taught as well as health topics such as staying away from tobacco and other toxic substances.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Rajkumar|title=Second Sikh Guru: Shri Guru Angad Sahib Ji|date=2014|publisher=Lulu Press|isbn=9781312189553}}</ref><ref name="Troubador Publishing Ltd">{{cite book|last1=Chowdhry|first1=Mohindra|title=Defence of Europe by Sikh Soldiers in the World Wars|date=2018|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd|location=Leicestershire|isbn=9781789010985|page=48}}</ref> He placed emphasis on keeping the body healthy and exercising daily.<ref name="Troubador Publishing Ltd"/> He founded many such ''Mall Akharas'' in many villages including a few in [[Khandur]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dogra|first1=R. C.|last2=Mansukhani|first2=Gobind|title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture|date=1995|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=9780706983685|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000dogr/page/18 18]|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000dogr/page/18}}</ref> Typically the wrestling was done after [[Nitnem|daily prayers]] and also included games and light wrestling.<ref name="Calcutta">{{cite journal|author=Sikh Cultural Centre|title=Physical Fitness: Sangati Mal Akhara|journal=The Sikh Review|date=2004|volume=52|issue=1-6; Issues 601–606|page=94}}</ref>

=== Biography of Nanak ===
[[File:Illustration of Guru Angad and Bhai Bala, with the Bhai Bala Janamsakhi being put into writing, lithograph print, from the 'Pothi Janam Sakhi Bhai Bale Ji Ki', circa mid-to-late-19th century.jpg|thumb|Illustration of Guru Angad and Bhai Bala, with the Bhai Bala Janamsakhi being put into writing, lithograph print, from the 'Pothi Janam Sakhi Bhai Bale Ji Ki', circa mid-to-late-19th century]]
It is said that Guru Angad commissioned the compiling of a biography covering the life of his predecessor, Guru Nanak.<ref name=":8" /> However, the identity of the work and whether or not it ever existed or even survives to the present-day, is debated.<ref name=":8" /> Some believe the [[Janamsakhis|Bhai Bala Vali tradition of the Janamsakhi literature]] was the biography on Nanak ordered by Angad.<ref name=":8" />

== Literature ==
In-contrast to his predecessor, Guru Angad only left a small number of written works that he authored. Some ''[[Shloka|salok]]'' poetry found in the Guru Granth Sahib was authored by Angad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199699308 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pashaura |edition=1st |pages=109–124 |chapter=8: Survey of Literature in the Sikh Tradition |editor-last2=Fenech |editor-first2=Louis E.}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Guru Nanak with Bhai Lehna, who is getting dirtied by carrying weeds overhead.jpg|Guru Nanak (left) with Bhai Lehna (right, who would later be known as Guru Angad).
File:Guru Angad taking-leave of Guru Nanak, painting from an 1830's Janamsakhi (life stories) 05.jpg|Guru Angad taking-leave of Guru Nanak, painting from an 1830's Janamsakhi.
File:Bhai Bala Recites the Life Story of Guru Nanak to Guru Angad and Onlookers.png|[[Bhai Bala]] (left) recites the life story of Guru Nanak to Guru Angad amid onlookers. Janamsakhi painting.
File:Guru Angad painting.jpg|Miniature painting of Guru Angad.
File:Guru Angad drawing from early 19th century.jpg|Guru Angad drawing from early 19th century.
File:Guru Angad, the Second Sikh Guru (1504-52), Seated on a Terrace Beneath a Canopy With an Attendant.png|Guru Angad Seated on a Terrace Beneath a Canopy With an Attendant, Punjab Plains, circa 1830.
File:Gurmukhi inscription handwritten by Guru Angad Dev, the second Sikh guru.jpg|Gurmukhi inscription handwritten by Guru Angad Dev
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Punjab}}
*[[Guru Granth Sahib]]
*[[List of places named after Guru Angad Dev]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY (in English) in 10 volumes, especially volume 1 (published by Singh Brothers Amritsar, 2009–2011).
* Sikh Gurus, Their Lives and Teachings, K.S. Duggal

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|The Sikh Religion/Volume 2/Life of Guru Angad, The Second Guru|Life of Guru Angad, The Second Guru}}
*[http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&id=3336&Param=83#l3336 First Gurbani by Guru Angad]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151125142353/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/gurus/nanak2.html sikh-history.com]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Guru Nanak]]
| title = [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]]|years=7 September 1539 – 26 March 1552
| after = [[Guru Amar Das]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Writers of Guru Granth Sahib}}
{{Sikhism|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guru Angad Dev}}
[[Category:Creators of writing systems]]
[[Category:Sikh gurus|Angad]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:1552 deaths]]
[[Category:1504 births]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]

Rajiv Ghai

2026-03-24T04:09:47Z

RosemaryBrifman: adding new pg & citations

{{Short description|Deputy Chief of Army Staff, Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Rajiv Ghai
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|SYSM|UYSM|AVSM|SM}}[[Medal Bar|***]]
| image = File:Lt Gen Rajiv Ghai.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)#Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy)|Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy)]]
| term_start = 10 June 2025
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| 1namedata = [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
| predecessor = [[Pratik Sharma]]
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 16 December 1989 - Present
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| military_blank1 = Service number
| military_data1 = IC-48989Y <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 1992 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1992/O-0469-1992-0021-18756.pdf |access-date=9 Mar 2026 |website=egazette.gov.in |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=12}}</ref>
| unit = [[File:Kumaon Regiment, Indian Army.svg|21px]] [[Kumaon Regiment]]
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[File:XV Corps, Indian Army.svg|21px]] [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]
* 56th Infantry Division
}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Sarvottam_Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal|Bar to Sena Medal & Bar]]
}}
| alma_mater =
}}
[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Rajiv Ghai''', [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal|SYSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM***]] is a serving general officer of the [[Indian Army]]. He is presently serving as the [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)#Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy)|Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy)]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-09 |title=Lt Gen Rajiv Ghai appointed Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy) |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-rajiv-ghai-appointed-deputy-chief-of-army-staff-strategy/articleshow/121725233.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He previously served as the [[Director General of Military Operations (India)|Director General of Military Operations]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=25 Oct 2024 |title=Lieutenant General Rajiv Ghai assumed the appointment of Director General of Military Operations |url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/1849834020974076312?s=20 |access-date=9 March 2026 |website=X (formerly twitter)}}</ref> prior to that he was [[XV Corps (India)|General Officer Commanding XV Corps]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen Rajiv Ghai assumes Chinar Corps command |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/lt-gen-rajiv-ghai-assumes-chinar-corps-command-517171/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He is also the Colonel of the [[Kumaon Regiment]] & [[Naga Regiment]] & Kumaon SCOUTS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-24 |title=Lieutenant General Rajiv Ghai Assumes Prestigious Mantle as Colonel of the Kumaon Regiment, Kumaon Scouts, and Naga Regiment |url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2026/03/lieutenant-general-rajiv-ghai-assumes-prestigious-mantle-as-colonel-of-the-kumaon-regiment-kumaon-scouts-and-naga-regiment.html |access-date=2026-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He is an alumnus of the [[National Defence Academy]], [[Khadakwasla]] and the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]]. He is also an alumnus of the [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington, the [[Army War College, Mhow]] and the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-25 |title=Speakers Page - Indian Military |url=https://usiofindia.org/milfest/speaker/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Indian Military - |language=en}}</ref>

==Military Career==
The general officer was commissioned into the [[Kumaon Regiment]] on 16 December 1989 from the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 1992 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1992/O-0469-1992-0021-18756.pdf |access-date=9 Mar 2026 |website=egazette.gov.in |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=12}}</ref> In a career spanning over three decades, he has undertaken numerous command, staff and instructional appointments. He has vast experience in conventional as well as counter terrorist operations and has served as a company commander in Rashtriya Rifles in Jammu & Kashmir and with his battalion in insurgency in the northeast. He has commanded an infantry battalion in western sector, an independent brigade in northern sector and was General Officer Commanding (GOC) of 56th Infantry Division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Rajiv Ghai, General Officer Commanding (GOC) of Indian Army’s 56 Infantry Division called on State Governor Brig (Retd) Dr BD Mishra at Raj Bhavan |url=https://www.easternsentinel.in/news/state/armys-56-infantry-division-goc-calls-on-governor.html |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref> His staff appointment include serving as GSO-1 in Military Operation Directorate, Staff Officer to Military Secretary , Colonel General Staff at [[25th Infantry Division (India)|25 Infantry Division]], Deputy Assistant Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Operations) at the [[Integrated Defence Staff]], Brigadier Military Operations at the Military Operations Directorate and MG GS at [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]].<ref name=":1" /> He also served with the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|United Nations Missions in Lebanon]] as a staff officer. He has done instructional tenures as an instructor at Infantry School, [[Mhow]] and at the [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington.<ref name=":1" />

After being promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]], on 15 June 2023 he took over as the [[XV Corps (India)|General Officer Commanding XV Corps]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Lt Gen Rajiv Ghai assumes command of Chinar Corps |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/lieutenant-general-rajiv-ghai-assumes-command-of-chinar-corps-urges-dedication-and-pursuit-of-peace-in-kashmir-101686768363096.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> A year and a half later on 25 October 2024, he assumed the appointment of [[Director General of Military Operations (India)|Director General of Military Operations]].<ref name=":0" /> As DGMO, he spearheaded India's planning & execution of [[Operation Sindoor]]. After his stint as DGMO, on 10 June 2025, [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Rajiv Ghai took over as the [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)#Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy)|Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-10 |title=Lieutenant General Rajiv Ghai promoted as army deputy chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lieutenant-general-rajiv-ghai-promoted-as-army-deputy-chief-101749497613221.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and decorations ==
The general officer has been awarded with the [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]] on Independence Day 2025 for his role during [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|Operation Sindoor]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2025 |title=President approves 127 Gallantry awards, 40 Distinguished Service awards & 290 Mention-in-Despatches on the eve of 79th Independence Day |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2156515 |website=PIB Delhi}}</ref> the [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] on Republic Day 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=President approves Gallantry awards to 93 Armed Forces personnel, including 11 posthumous & 305 defence decorations on the eve of Republic Day 2025 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096200 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2023 and [[Sena Medal|Bar to Sena Medal & Bar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2021 |title=Part 1 Section 4: Ministry of Defence |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2021/228628.pdf |website=egazette.gov.in |publisher=THE GAZETTE OF INDIA}}</ref>
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| [[File:Sarvottam_Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|frameless|105x105px]]
|[[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|frameless|105x105px]]
|[[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|frameless|105x105px]]
|[[File:Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:UN UNIFIL Medal ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|[[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Sena Medal]]
|-
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[High Altitude Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UNIFIL]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghai, Rajiv}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Deputy chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Matlab Uttar Upazila

2026-03-21T23:51:47Z

RosemaryBrifman: adding initial data from scratch

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Matlab Uttar
| native_name = মতলব উত্তর
| settlement_type = [[Upazilas of Bangladesh|Upazila]]
| image_skyline = ছোট হলুদিয়া এক গম্বুজ মসজিদ.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Choto Haludiya One Dome Mosque, Uttar Matlab
| image_map = Matlab Uttar in Chattogram division (Bangladesh).svg
| coordinates = {{coord|23|26|N|90|38|E|type:adm3rd|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Bangladesh|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = 
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| leader_title = MP ([[Chandpur-2]])
| leader_name = [[Nurul Amin Ruhul]]
| leader_title1 = Upazila Chairman
| leader_name1 = Muhammad Abdul Quddus.
| area_total_km2 = 260.29
| area_metro_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| population_total = 295821
| population_as_of = [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2022">{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=396}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Bangladesh|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 3643 (Changerchar)<ref name="postalcode">{{Cite web |url=https://bdpost.portal.gov.bd/site/page/b0b8c189-1e64-4722-bb82-80e0159435d9 |title=Bangladesh Postal Code |date=20 October 2024 |publisher=Bangladesh Postal Department under the Department of Posts and Telecommunications of the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |location=[[Dhaka]]}}</ref>
| postal2_code_type = [[Postal codes in Bangladesh|Postal code]]
| postal2_code = 3642 (Kalipura Bazar)<ref name="postalcode"/>
| area_code = 08426<ref name="areacode">{{Cite web |url=https://en.chahaoba.com/Bangladesh |title=Bangladesh Area Code |date=18 October 2024 |publisher=Chahaoba |location=[[China]]}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|matlabnorth.chandpur.gov.bd}}
| footnotes =
| timezone = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| utc_offset = +6
}}
[[File:Matlab Uttar Upazila mauza geocode map - Small Area Atlas Chandpur.svg|thumb|Matlab Uttar Upazila mauza geocode map]]

'''Matlab Uttar''' ({{langx|bn|মতলব উত্তর|Motlob Uttor|Matlab North}}) is an [[upazila]] of [[Chandpur District]] in [[Chattogram Division]], [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Patwari, Masum|article=Matlab Uttar Upazila}}</ref> The former [[Matlab (Bangladesh)|Matlab Upazila]] was bifurcated in 2000, creating [[Matlab Dakshin Upazila|Matlab Dakshin]] and Matlab Uttar upazilas.<ref name=Banglapedia/>

==History==
[[File:ছোট হলুদিয়া এক গম্বুজ মসজিদ.jpg|thumb|An old mosque in Sarkar Bari, Chhoto Holudiya village, Farazikandi Union.|left]]
During the Mughal period, when the Lalar Hat Bazaar, located on the banks of the {{ill|Dhanagoda River|bn|ধনাগোদা_নদী}}, a tributary of the Gumti, at the northern end of the present villages of Babu Para and Pail Para, was destroyed by river erosion, a market called Bairagir Hat at the northern end of the Kaladi village was founded by the Jamadar of Matlab. Jealous of this, the Zamindar of Faridpur increased his zamindari and established another market in his name in the western part south of the Bairagir Hat. After some time, both the markets became very competitive and Jamadar's [[haat bazaar]] became popularly known as Matlab rather than Bairagir Hat. The name Matlab was [[Government gazette|gazetted]] on 9 August 1918. Gazette No. 236. In 1900, the government divided the [[Chandpur District|Chandpur circle]] and created the Matlab circle. As a result, the progress of police station with 22 unions started.

During the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]] in 1971, the area was under the control of Bengali pro-independence fighters. Whenever the [[Pakistan Army]] tried to enter the area, skirmishes would take place. A hospital was established for the wounded freedom fighters in the village of Nishchintapur. There were also mass graves in the village of Harina.

On 30 April 2000, Matlab Uttar Upazila, an archipelago surrounded by the Meghna-Dhanagoda river, started its journey as an independent upazila with 1 municipality and 13 unions (later 1 increase). Later on 5 September of the same year Matlab North started functioning as a newly created upazila. As the adjoining Matlab upazila is on the north side, this upazila was named Matlab Uttar.

==Geography==
Matlab is located at {{coord|23.4500|N|90.63|E|}}. It has a total land area of 260.29 km2.<ref name=Banglapedia/>

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Matlab Uttar Upazila (2022)<ref name="2022census"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]]|green|93.89}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism]]|darkorange|6.11}}
}}

According to the [[2022 Bangladeshi census]], Matlab Uttar Upazila had 74,514 households and a population of 295,821. 9.45% of the population were under 5 years of age. Matlab Uttar had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 76.97%: 78.56% for males and 75.64% for females, and a sex ratio of 85.65 males for every 100 females. 50,434 (17.05%) lived in urban areas.<ref name="2022census">{{Cite book |url=http://203.112.218.101/storage/files/1/Publications/PHC_2021/Chattogram%20Division/District%20Report%20Chadpur.pdf |title=Population and Housing Census 2022 - District Report: Chandpur |date=June 2024 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-475-248-1 |series= District Series |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=}}</ref>

According to the [[2011 Bangladesh census|2011 Census of Bangladesh]], Matlab Uttar Upazila had 63,784 households and a population of 292,057. 64,180 (21.98%) were under 10 years of age. Matlab Uttar had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 54.40%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1075 females per 1000 males. 36,691 (12.56%) lived in urban areas.<ref name="community">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Community Tables: Chandpur district |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCen2011/Com_Chandpur.pdf |website= |access-date=2023-11-14 |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929201815/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCen2011/Com_Chandpur.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Chandpur |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Chandpur.pdf |website= |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=2023-05-06 |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929154752/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Chandpur.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Administration==
Matlab Uttar Upazila is divided into Chengar Char Municipality and 14 [[union parishad]]s: Baganbari, Durgapur, Eklaspur, Faraji Kandi, Gazra, Islamabad, Jahirabad, Kalakanda, Mohanpur, Paschim Fatehpur, Purba Fatehpur, Sadullapur, Satnal, and [[Sultanabad Union|Sultanabad]]. The union parishads are subdivided into 127 mauzas and 251 villages.<ref name="district-stats" />

Chengar Char Municipality is subdivided into 9 wards and 41 [[mahalla]]s.<ref name="district-stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/District%20Statistics/Chandpur.pdf |url-status=dead |title=District Statistics 2011: Chandpur |author= |website=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113184958/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/District%20Statistics/Chandpur.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==Research==
[[Matlab (Bangladesh)|Matlab]], including both Matlab Dakshin and Matlab Uttar Upazilas, is also the primary rural field site for the [[International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh|International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research]], and the world's longest running health project.

==Notable people==
{{alumni|residents|date=January 2025}}
*[[Rafiqul Islam (educationist)|Rafiqul Islam]] - [[National Professor]], president of [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]], chairman of [[Nazrul Institute]] and 1st vice-chancellor of [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]
*[[Shamsul Alam (economist)|Shamsul Alam]], economist and state minister of [[Planning Ministry (Bangladesh)|planning]]
*[[Aziz Ahmed (general)|Aziz Ahmed]], 16th [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Bangladesh Army Staff]]
*[[Mofazzal Hossain Chowdhury]] - [[Awami League]], politician and former minister
*[[Md. Nurul Huda]], [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician and former minister
*[[Nawab Ali]], first Bengali principal of [[Dhaka Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[Wahiduddin Ahmed]], 3rd vice chancellor of [[BUET]], adviser to interim government led by the then president Justice [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]] in December 1990
*[[Golam Mostafa Mia]], ex-chairman
*[[Monowarul Islam]], ex-chairman
*[[Golam Rabbani Bablu]]
==See also==
*[[Upazilas of Bangladesh]]
*[[Districts of Bangladesh]]
*[[Divisions of Bangladesh]]
*[[Administrative geography of Bangladesh]]

==References==
<references/>
{{Chandpur District}}

[[Category:Matlab Uttar Upazila]]

List of awards and nominations received by Lara Dutta

2026-03-19T04:21:30Z

RosemaryBrifman: Started...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox awards list
| name = Lara Dutta
| image = Lara Dutta at the launch of NIVEA Sun in India (12) (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Dutta in 2012
| wins = 5
| nominations = 20
| FilmfareW = 1
| FilmfareN = 1
| IIFAW = 0
| IIFAN = 3
| ScreenW = 1
| ScreenN = 1
| ZeeCineW = 0
| ZeeCineN = 3
| award1 = [[Stardust Awards]]
| award1W = 1
| award1N = 6
| award2 = [[Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards]]
| award2W = 1
| award2N = 1
}}

[[Lara Dutta|Lara Dutta Bhupathi]] is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Hindi]] films and series. Dutta is a recipient of a [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]], a [[Screen Awards|Screen Award]] and a [[Stardust Awards|Stardust Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CROWN AND BEYOND: A peek at Lara Dutta's spectacular journey! - Beauty Pageants|work=Beauty Pageants|access-date=29 November 2022|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/crown-and-beyond-a-peek-at-lara-duttas-spectacular-journey/articleshow/93135938.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=7 best Lara Dutta movies showcasing her remarkable talent|work=Pinkvilla|access-date=15 September 2024|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/lara-dutta-movies-1299012|date=24 April 2024|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921072950/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/lara-dutta-movies-1299012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lara Dutta on being her busiest at 40: 'It's the best time as I'm getting to play more versatile and layered characters'|work=Firstpost|access-date=21 July 2023|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lara-dutta-on-being-her-busiest-at-40-its-the-best-time-as-im-getting-to-play-more-versatile-and-layered-characters-10257041.html|date=5 January 2022}}</ref>

==BIG Star Entertainment Awards==
Dutta has received one [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]] nomination.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2015
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Comedy Role – Female
| ''[[Singh Is Bliing]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Salman, Deepika, Akshay : List of winners at Stardust Awards 2015|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-deepika-akshay-list-of-winners-at-stardust-awards-2015/|access-date=25 January 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
|}

==Filmfare Awards==
Dutta has won one [[Filmfare Awards]].
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| ''[[Andaaz]]''
| {{won}}{{efn|Shared with [[Priyanka Chopra]] for the same film.}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0|title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners|format=PDF|work=Filmfare|pages=116–119|access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Filmfare OTT Awards==
Dutta has received one [[Filmfare OTT Awards]] nominations.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Work
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[2024 Filmfare OTT Awards|2024]]
| Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series – Female
| ''[[Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2024: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2024-full-list-out-69977.html |date=1 December 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Filmfare |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202110824/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2024-full-list-out-69977.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Indian Television Academy Awards==
Dutta has received one [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] nominations.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Work
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2022
| Best Actress Comedy – OTT
| ''[[Kaun Banegi Shikharwati]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITA Awards 2022 complete winners list: Varun Dhawan, Nakuul Mehta, Pranali Rathod, The Kashmir Files win big |access-date=12 December 2022 |work=Indian Express |date=12 December 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2022-complete-winners-list-varun-dhawan-nakuul-mehta-the-kashmir-files-win-big-8320262/lite/ |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409015858/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2022-complete-winners-list-varun-dhawan-nakuul-mehta-the-kashmir-files-win-big-8320262/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==International Indian Film Academy Awards==
Dutta has received three [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] nominations.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[5th IIFA Awards|2004]]
| [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Star Debut of the Year – Female]]
| ''[[Andaaz]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2004 : Singapore |url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2004/ |website=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|International Indian Film Academy]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107103025/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2004/ |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[7th IIFA Awards|2006]]
| rowspan="2"| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[No Entry]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=IIFA 2006 Nominees |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/05/06/1196/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111224556/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/05/06/1196/index.html |archive-date=11 November 2006 |date=6 May 2006}}</ref>
|-
| [[22nd IIFA Awards|2022]]
| ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 April 2022 |title=IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list |website=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/ |access-date=6 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401133243/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards==
Dutta has won one [[Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards]].
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2004
| Most Promising Debut Actress
| ''[[Andaaz]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sansui-india.com:80/winners%20for%20the%206th%20awards.htm |website=[[Star India]] |title=Winners of the 6th Annual Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030920044531/http://www.sansui-india.com/winners%20for%20the%206th%20awards.htm |archive-date=20 September 2003 |access-date=20 December 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==Screen Awards==
Dutta has won one [[Screen Awards]].
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2004
| [[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Most Promising Newcomer - Female]]
| ''[[Andaaz]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Screen Awards: Shocks & surprises |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/screen-awards-shocks--surprises-news-bollywood-kkfvNPjehfhsi.html |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |authorlink=Subhash K. Jha |date=18 January 2004 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107105835/http://www.sify.com/movies/screen-awards-shocks-surprises-news-bollywood-kkfvNPjehfhsi.html |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref>
|}

==Stardust Awards==
Dutta has won one [[Stardust Awards]] from six nominations.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2004
| [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
| ''[[Andaaz]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahid, Amrita bag 'Stardust' awards |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shahid-amrita-bag-stardust-awards-news-bollywood-kkfvNLfhfhesi.html |date=4 February 2004 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129100735/http://www.sify.com/movies/shahid-amrita-bag-stardust-awards-news-bollywood-kkfvNLfhfhesi.html |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| Exciting New Face
| ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stardustindia.com:80/stardust_awards2005.htm |title=Max Stardust awards nominations |work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050206001033/http://www.stardustindia.com/stardust_awards2005.htm |archive-date=6 February 2005 |access-date=30 August 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| [[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/12/25/3391/index.html|title=Nominations for Max Stardust Awards 2008|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=10 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023081753/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/12/25/3391/index.html|archivedate=23 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Billu]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/02/16/4855/index.html |title=Winners of Max Stardust Awards 2009 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 February 2009 |accessdate=1 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906061439/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/02/16/4855/index.html |archivedate=6 September 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| Best Actress in an Ensemble Cast
| ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2011/|title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=22 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204145957/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Chalo Dilli]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2012|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3060/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213031322/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3060|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2012|access-date=24 April 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=6 February 2012}}</ref>
|}

==Zee Cine Awards==
Dutta has received three [[Zee Cine Awards]] nominations.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2004
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| ''[[Andaaz]]'' & ''[[Mumbai Se Aaya Mera Dost]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Cine Awards 2004 Winners |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2004/winners/ |website=[[Zee Cine Awards]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107113722/http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2004/winners/ |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| rowspan="2"| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]
| ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/01/3729/index.html|title=Nominations for the Zee Cine Awards 2008|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=10 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323104004/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/01/3729/index.html|archivedate=23 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-srk-top-zee-cine-awards/story-QRCWE64VdmhhjEmJJNR1fJ.html|title=Hrithik, SRK top Zee Cine Awards|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204152306/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-srk-top-zee-cine-awards/story-QRCWE64VdmhhjEmJJNR1fJ.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Other awards ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2008
| [[Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv Gandhi Awards]]
| Contribution to Indian cinema
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/news/india/rajiv-gandhi-award-winners/lara-dutta/articleshow/4913506.cms |title=Rajiv Gandhi Award Winners: Lara Dutta, Katrina Kaif to Saif Ali Khan |date=20 August 2009 |work=The Times of India|accessdate=25 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish Mould-Breaking Talent of the Year
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Complete list of nominees of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/nominees.php|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|accessdate=25 April 2024|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231219/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/nominees.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Other honours ==
=== Pageantry ===
* [[Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest]] 1995.<ref name="Pageantry">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lara-Dutta-wins-Gladrags-battle/articleshow/1076583.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103205726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-13/india/27855662_1_lara-dutta-brand-ambassador-contest |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Lara Dutta wins Gladrags battle |date=13 April 2005 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref>
* Miss Intercontinental 1997.<ref name="Pageantry" />
* [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India Universe 2000]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-universe/15-times-lara-dutta-bhupathi-made-us-proud/articleshow/75178613.cms |title=15 times Lara Dutta Bhupathi made us proud |work=Beauty Pageants (Miss India Organization) |date=16 April 2020 |first=Heta |last=Khakhar |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721153021/https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-universe/15-times-lara-dutta-bhupathi-made-us-proud/amp_articleshow/75178613.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Miss Universe 2000]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/mapping-the-glorious-legacy-of-lara-dutta/eventshow/84377963.cms|title=Mapping the glorious legacy of LARA DUTTA!|publisher=Feminamissindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=17 July 2024|archive-date=17 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717105032/https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/mapping-the-glorious-legacy-of-lara-dutta/eventshow/84377963.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Media recognitions ===
* '''2009:''' Dutta was placed 6th in the [[The Times of India|Times Most Desirable Women]] list.<ref>{{cite web |title=2009 Most Desirable Women: Lara Dutta - No 6 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/celebs/2009-most-desirable-women-lara-dutta-no-6/videoshow/11836255.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111033210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/celebs/2009-most-desirable-women-lara-dutta-no-6/videoshow/11836255.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''2010:''' Dutta was placed 28th in [[The Times of India|Times Most Desirable Women]] list.<ref>{{cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-50-most-desirable-women/articleshow/7241772.cms |website=Times of India |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219033210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-50-most-desirable-women/articleshow/7241772.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''2013''': Dutta was placed 24th in ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'}}s "50 Beautiful Faces" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos - 50 Beautiful Faces: 100 years of Indian Cinema |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 December 2021 |url=https://m.photos.timesofindia.com/movies/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/50-beautiful-faces-100-years-of-indian-cinema/morphshow/19727090.cms}}</ref>
* '''2020:''' Dutta was placed 4th in ''[[Rediff.com]]''{{'}}s "Top OTT Actresses" list of 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/special/my-top-ott-actresses-of-2020/20201223.htm|title=Top OTT Actresses of 2020|date=23 December 2020|accessdate=29 December 2020|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Lara}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by actress]]
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]

Akash Kumar

2026-03-18T05:37:15Z

RosemaryBrifman: put up initial biography from scratch

{{short description|Indian boxer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox boxer
|name = Akash Kumar
|image =
|caption = Kumar at the 2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships
|nationality = {{IND}}
|boxrec = 934766
|medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[amateur boxing]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[IBA World Boxing Championships|IBA World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships|2021 Belgrade]]|[[2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Bantamweight|Bantamweight]]}}
}}

'''Akash Kumar''' is an Indian [[Boxing|boxer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/armed-and-ready-boxer-akash-kumar-on-the-twists-and-turns-in-his-journey-101636128263961.html|title=Armed and ready: Boxer Akash Kumar on the twists and turns in his journey|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=5 November 2021|first=Avishek|last=Roy|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref> His first international appearance was competing at the [[2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships]], winning the [[bronze medal]] in the [[2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Bantamweight|bantamweight]] event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/WorldChampionships2021.pdf|title=AIBA Men's World Boxing Championships 2021|work=[[IBA World Boxing Championships|AIBA World Boxing Championships]]|access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>

== Career ==
Akash won bronze in the 2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships, being the only Indian boxer to place on the podium that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/summer/boxing/story/_/id/32532564/akash-kumar-guarantees-bronze-reaching-semifinals-world-championships-yoel-finol|title=Boxing: Akash Kumar overcomes personal tragedy to guarantee Bronze after reaching semifinsld of World Championships|first=Jonathan|last=Selvaraj|work=[[ESPN]]|date=2 November 2021|access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/boxing-world-championships-debutant-akash-kumar-enters-semis-secures-india-s-first-medal-in-belgrade-101635861090541.html|title=Akash Kumar ensures India's first medal at World Boxing Championships|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2 November 2021|first=Avishek|last=Roy|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref> While competing, his mother died, and her death was kept secret from him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/boxer-becomes-national-champion-unaware-of-mothers-death-back-home-7528238/lite/|title=Boxer becomes national champion, unaware of mother's death back home|first=Gaurav|last=Bhatt|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 November 2021|access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/days-after-losing-mother-to-lung-infection-akash-punches-his-way-to-world-championship-medal-7604565/|title=Days after losing mother to lung infection, Akash punches his way to World Championship medal|first=Gaurav|last=Bhatt|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 November 2021|access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>

Akash won gold at the Boxam Elite International 2026 in the Elite Tournament held at La Nucia, Alicante in Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boxam Elite International 2026: Lovlina Borgohain wins gold as India finish with 19 medals - full list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/boxam-elite-international-2026-india-boxing-medal-winners-list |website=Olympics.com}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* ''[[The Times of India]]'' Times of India Sports Awards Boxer of the Year: 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toisa-2021-neeraj-chopra-headlines-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/94847901.cms|title=TOISA 2021: Neeraj Chopra headlines the list of winners|date=14 October 2021|access-date=26 October 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026215006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toisa-2021-neeraj-chopra-headlines-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/94847901.cms|archive-date=26 October 2022|location=New Delhi|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{boxrec|934766}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Akash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]
[[Category:Boxers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Bantamweight boxers]]
[[Category:IBA Men's World Boxing Championships medalists]]

{{India-boxing-bio-stub}}

M. Muhammad Ismail

2026-03-17T14:24:32Z

RosemaryBrifman:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1896–1972)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{similar names|Muhammad Ismail (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Quaid-e-Millat
| name = M. Muhammad Ismail
| image = M. Muhammad Ismail (Postage Stamp, Government of India).jpg
| caption = M. Muhammad Ismail on a 1996 postage stamp of India
| office = Member of the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1946
| term_end = 1952
| constituency =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Indian Constituent Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1948
| term_end2 = 1952
| constituency2 = [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 3 April 1952
| term_end3 = 2 April 1958
| constituency3 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Madras]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 1962
| term_end4 = 5 April 1972
| constituency4 = [[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1896|06|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tirunelveli]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1972|04|05|1896|06|05|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| party = * [[All-India Muslim League]] (1930–1947)
* [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (after 1948)
| spouse = Jamal Hameeda Bi
| relations = [[K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim|K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim Sahib]] (brother)
| children = Jamal Miakhan (son)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''M. Muhammad Ismail''' (5 June 1896—5 April 1972) was an Indian politician and social worker from southern Indian state [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was a founder of the [[Indian Union Muslim League]] party after the partition of [[British India]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Theodore P. |date=1966 |title=The Muslim League in South India since Independence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1952972 |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=582–583 |doi= 10.2307/1952972|jstor=1952972 |s2cid=143572105 |issn=|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He was popularly known in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] as the "Quaid-e-Millat" ("the Leader of the Nation").<ref name=":45">{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Theodore P. |date=1966 |title=The Muslim League in South India since Independence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1952972 |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=597 |doi= 10.2307/1952972|jstor=1952972 |s2cid=143572105 |issn=|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ismail was a member of [[Madras Legislative Assembly]] and [[Leader of the Opposition]] (1946—52).<ref name=":1" /> He was also a member (1948—50) of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]], the drafting body of the [[constitution of India]]. He was also a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (1952—58) and [[Lok Sabha]] (3rd, 1962—67, 4th, 1967—70 and 5th, 1971—72).<ref name=":1" />

==Early life and career==
M. Muhammad Ismail Rowther was born in [[Pettai, Tirunelveli|Pettai]], [[Tirunelveli]], in what is now the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], on 5 June 1896 to Maulavi K. T. Miakhan Rowther in a [[Tirunelveli]] [[Rowther]] family.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> He was educated at C. M. S. College and Hindu College at [[Tirunelveli]] and later at [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College]], [[Trichy|Trichinopoly]] and [[Madras Christian College|Christian College, Madras]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=M. Muhammad Ismail (Fifth Lok Sabha Members. Profile) |url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1564.htm |website=Lok Sabha |publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

Ismail started the 'Young Muslim Society' in his home town Tirunelveli [[Pettai, Tirunelveli|Pettai]] in 1909 ( as a 13-year-old).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |date=2017-05-01 |title=Who was Quaid-e-Millat? |language= |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/who-was-quaid-e-millat/article18347247.ece |access-date=2020-10-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was also instrumental in establishing ''Majlis ul-Ulama'' ('the Council of Islamic Scholars') in 1918.<ref name=":1" /> He went into business in the 1920s and became a leader of Madras leather industry and eventually of [[Madras]] commerce.<ref name=":3" />

Ismail married Jamal Hameeda Biwi in November 1923.<ref name=":1" /> Ismail's brother, [[K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim]], was also a principal leader of the [[All-India Muslim League]] in [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name=":02" /> Ismail served as Vice President, Muslim Educational Association of Southern India and Anjuman Himayat-e-Islam. He was also a founding member of the [[Tamil Valarchi Kazhagam]], Madras.<ref name=":1" />

==Political career==

=== With the All-India Muslim League ===
Success in [[Madras]] commerce led Ismail into Indian politics.<ref name=":3" /> Along with [[K. M. Seethi Saheb]], [[B. Pocker]] and [[K. Uppi Saheb]], he was one of the principal leaders of [[All-India Muslim League]] in [[Madras Presidency]] from the mid-1930s.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Theodore P. |date=1966 |title=The Muslim League in South India since Independence |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/muslim-league-in-south-india-since-independence-a-study-in-minority-group-political-strategies/2EBA3F25D373A0D9BA1DBAA6B9D25C30 |journal=American Political Science Review |language= |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=579–599 |doi=10.2307/1952972 |issn= |jstor=1952972|s2cid=143572105 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1945, he became the President of the [[Madras Presidency]] unit of the All-India Muslim League.<ref name=":1" /> In the elections to the Madras legislature, the League won all but ten of the reserved seats in 1936 and all in [[1946 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|1946]].<ref name=":02" /> The League emerged as the second largest party in the Assembly after the 1946 elections and Ismail served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly during 1946–52.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="ralhan">{{Cite book|last=Ralhan|first=Om Prakash|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qEHg_7sWGQC&pg=PA1045|title=Encyclopaedia Of Political Parties|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=1998|isbn=978-81-7488-865-5|volume=33-50|pages=13}}</ref><ref name="dash">{{Cite book|last=Dash|first=Shreeram Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoRaAAAAIAAJ&q=165|title=The Constitution of India: A Comparative Study|publisher=Chaitanya Publishing House|year=1968|page=532}}</ref><ref name="Saroja">{{Cite book|author=Sundararajan|first=Saroja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nr5HAAAAMAAJ|title=March to Freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916–1947|publisher=Lalitha Publications|year=1989|location=Madras|pages=623–636}}</ref>

=== With the Indian Union Muslim League ===
[[File:Indian_Union_Muslim_League_leadership_in_1954_(Calicut_Railway_Station).jpg|left|thumb|335x335px|Indian Union Muslim League leadership with Muhammad Ismail in 1954.]]
When [[Partition of India|British India was partitioned]] into India and [[Pakistan]], the [[All-India Muslim League]] was virtually disbanded (December, 1947).<ref name=":02" /> Ismail, the then President of the Madras Muslim League, was chosen as the Convener of the Indian segment of the League.<ref name=":02" /> The Indian members of the League formed the [[Indian Union Muslim League]] at Madras (first council in March, 1948 and constitution passed in September, 1951).<ref name=":02" /> Ismail was chosen as the first President of Indian Union Muslim League.<ref name=":1" />

After partition of India, Muslims were still well represented in the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]], the drafting body of the [[constitution of India]] (almost all of these lawmakers had been elected on League tickets). Only those from [[Madras Presidency]] formally adhered to the [[Indian Union Muslim League|League]].<ref name=":02" /> Ismail was elected from the Madras Legislative Assembly to the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] in 1948.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="ralhan" /><ref name="dash" /><ref name="Saroja" /> When the report of the Advisory Committee on Minorities was debated (1949), Ismail moved a motion for the retention of reserved seats for Muslims and a separate communal electorate. The [[Constituent Assembly of India|Assembly]] summarily rejected this motion.<ref name=":02" /> Ismail Sahib wanted [[Tamil language|Tamil]] to be the Official Language of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-05 |title=சிறப்பு கட்டுரை: காயிதே மில்லத் தமிழரா? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/special-articles/is-quaid-e-millat-a-tamilian-vin-476705.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=News18 Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Attempts for an alliance ===
In the 1950s, Ismail started negotiating with the stubborn High Command in New Delhi (through the Madras leadership) for an electoral alliance with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name=":02" /> Some informal or local alliances with the Madras Congress were realized.<ref name=":02" /> The party thereupon suffered a rout in the 1957 General Elections and witnessed a major split in 1961 (instigated by Mohammed Raza Khan, M. S. A. Majeed and K. T. Sheriff).<ref name=":02" /> League in due course allied with [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and [[Swatantra Party]].<ref name=":02" />

In 1952, Ismail was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Madras State|Madras]] with support of the independent candidates endorsed by the League.<ref name=":3" />

=== As a Member of Parliament from Kerala ===
When the state of [[Kerala]] was formed by the [[States Reorganisation Act]] in 1956, Ismail his constituency to northern Kerala. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri Parliamentary Constituency]] three times – in [[1962 Indian general election|1962]] (Third Lok Sabha), [[1967 Indian general election|1967]] (Fourth Lok Sabha) and [[1971 Indian general election|1971]] (Fifth Lok Sabha) as an [[Indian Union Muslim League]] candidate.<ref name=":1" />

During the [[1962 India-China War]], Ismail famously offered to send his son Mian Khan to join the [[Indian Army]] to fight against [[China]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Preetha |date=19 April 2019 |title=A Coloured Scheme Of Things |work=Outlook Magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-a-coloured-scheme-of-things/301479}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+[http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/electionhistory.html General Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111050225/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/electionhistory.html |date=11 November 2021 }}
!General Election
!Constituency
!Winner
!Party
!Runner up
!Margin
|-
|1962 (Third)
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|M. Muhammad Ismail
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|Muhammed Kunju ([[Communist Party of India|CPI]])
|4,328
|-
|1967 (Fourth)
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|M. Muhammad Ismail
|A. N. Beevi ([[Indian National Congress|Congress]])
|107,494
|-
|1971 (Fifth)
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|M. Muhammad Ismail
|S. P. Mumammed Ali (Ind.)
|119,837
|}

==Business career==
Ismail went into business in the 1920s and was involved in various commerce committees.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> He was a noted businessman of the [[Madras Presidency]] involved in leather and meat industry.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Rupanwita |date=2018-09-29 |title=Muhammad Ismail, Indian Muslim League Pioneer who Wanted Hindustani as Official Language |url=https://theprint.in/forgotten-founders/muhammad-ismail-indian-muslim-league-pioneer-who-wanted-hindustani-as-official-language/122525/ |website=The Print |language=}}</ref>

The boards and committees he was a member of include:
* Madras Port Trust Board, Madras Board of Industries, Madras Provincial Marketing Board, Madras Excise Licensing Board, and South India Railway Advisory Committee.<ref name=":1" />
* Industrial Planning Committee (Government of Madras), [[Southern Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry|South India Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] (once Vice-President of the Chamber), [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]], and Court of [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name=":1" />
* Indian Council of Agricultural Research (Hides and Skins), Hides Cess Enquiry Committee, Mica Enquiry Committee, Chairman of Leather and Leather Goods Committee, Government of Madras, Honorary Secretary and Vice-President of Southern India Skin and Hide Merchants Association, Madras and President, Madras State Mutton Dealers Chamber.<ref name=":1" />

==Legacy==
M. Muhammad Ismail died in 1972 (after a prolonged illness).<ref name="debate">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVzVAAAAMAAJ&q=muhammad+ismail+|title=Lok Sabha Debates|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|year=1972|page=274}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress]] politician [[M. Bhaktavatsalam]], former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, paying his tribute, described Ismail as a "a model for all Opposition leaders".<ref name=":3" />

* A number of colleges in Tamil Nadu including the [[Quaid-e-Millath Government College for Women]], Chennai<ref name=":3" /> and [[The Quaide Milleth College for Men|Quaid-e-Millat College, Medavakkam]], Chennai have been named after M. Muhammad Ismail.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Madras: Aided Colleges |url=http://www.unom.ac.in/aided.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221030604/http://www.unom.ac.in/aided.html |archive-date=21 February 2006 |website=University of Madras}}</ref>
* The Tamil Nadu Government renamed [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam District]] as "Nagai Quaid-e-Millat" District in M. Muhammad Ismail's honour (however, it reverted to its old name in 1997, when all names of individuals were dropped from the names of districts and transport corporations).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Panneerselvan|first=A. S.|date=16 June 1997|title=Name Of The Game|url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/name-of-the-game/203878|website=Outlook Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=DISCUSSION|url=https://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls10/ses2/1904129101.htm|website=Parliament of India}}</ref>
* In 2003, the Tamil Nadu Government constructed a memorial hall for M. Muhammad Ismail.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ismail, Muhammad}}
[[Category:Members of the Madras Legislative Assembly by term]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]

Mayur Vihar-I metro station

2026-03-15T12:18:28Z

RosemaryBrifman: brief fixed page based on references also and improved wording

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Mayur Vihar - 1
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue|line2=Pink}}
| image = Mayur Vihar - 1 metro station.jpg
| style = Delhi Metro
| address = Mayur Vihar Phase 1, East Delhi
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Island platform]] {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}}|[[Side Platform]] {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}|Platform-3 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|R}}| Platform-4 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 4
| parking = Available {{rint|park}}
| bicycle =
| opened = {{ubl|{{start date and age|df=yes|2009|November|12}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|{{start date and age|df=yes|2018|12|31}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| mpassengers = {{Infobox
| data1 = {{Rail pass box
| passengers = 36,245<ref name = "New Interchange Stations - Taking Load off DM Hubs">{{cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Priyangi |date=1 December 2023 |title=How new interchange stations are taking load off Delhi Metro hubs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/how-new-interchange-stations-are-taking-load-off-delhi-metro-hubs/articleshow/105640678.cms |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>
| pass_year = October 2019
| pass_percent =
}}
| data2 = {{Rail pass box
| passengers = 95,492<ref name = "New Interchange Stations - Taking Load off DM Hubs" />
| pass_year = October 2023
| pass_percent = 163.46
}}
}}
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line1=Blue|type1=main|left1=Akshardham|right1=Mayur Vihar Extension
|line2=Pink|left2=Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin|right2=Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}{{Delhi Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Mayur Vihar Phase-1''' metro station serves as an [[interchange station]] between the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] and the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |title=Station Information |access-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.delhimetrorail.com/station/MVP1 |title= Mayur Vihar - 1 |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher= Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date= 11 December 2023}}</ref> This station, located in East Delhi, connects the Mayur Vihar area and is within walking distance of Mayur Vihar Pocket-I and Pocket-IV.

The Pink Line's MV-1 station is the tallest metro station in the Delhi Metro network, with its platforms situated at a height of 22 meters.<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Sidharatha |date=1 January 2020 |title=Delhi: Metro station as tall as a 7-floor building |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/metro-station-as-tall-as-a-7-floor-building/articleshow/73051811.cms |work=Times of India |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> As of October 2023, this station has the fastest-growing ridership on the network, with a 163% increase in daily footfall compared to October 2019.<ref name="New Interchange Stations - Taking Load off DM Hubs" />

The station is {{convert|140|m|abbr=on}} long and has been constructed along the narrow [[Kshudiram Bose|Khudi Ram Bose Marg]] that has a width of {{convert|13|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Aditi |date=31 December 2018 |title=Delhi Metro's Pink Line, Between Lajpat Nagar And Mayur Vihar, Opens |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-metros-pink-line-between-lajpat-nagar-and-mayur-vihar-opens-1970385 |work=NDTV |location=New Delhi |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> This spatial constraint led to the adoption of a unique chandelier-style design, featuring a single pier that branches into two columns to support the structure. This was the inaugural use of such a design on the Delhi Metro network.<ref name="New Design to Connect the Lines">{{cite news |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=26 December 2018 |title=Metro goes for new design to connect Blue, Pink lines |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/metro-goes-for-new-design-to-connect-blue-pink-lines/story-oQPyn9iU3P2bROYFnCdFjJ.html |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> The stations of both the lines are connected by a {{convert|83|m|abbr=on}} long [[footbridge]].<ref name="New Design to Connect the Lines" /> Additionally, the Pink Line's viaduct crosses above the Blue Line and two road flyovers at a height of 23 m (75 ft), making it the [[Dhaula Kuan metro station|second highest viaduct]] on the Delhi Metro network.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 December 2018 |title=Delhi metro pink line: Lajpat Nagar-Mayur Vihar Pocket 1 corridor inaugurated, services to start from 4 PM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-pink-metro-line-lajpat-nagar-mayur-vihar-pocket-1-corridor-flagged-off-5516788/ |work=Indian Express |location=New Delhi |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
'''Station Layout''' {{Rail color box|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Mayur Vihar Extension}} 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="500" |Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Akshardham}} 
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|'''C'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Concourse
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Fare control, station agent, metro card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Gates
|}

'''Station layout''' {{Rail color box|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| rowspan="4" style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="50" valign="top" |'''P'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="100" |'''Platform 3''' '''North-east bound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="500" |Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar}}
|-
|'''Platform 4''' '''North-west bound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| valign="top" |'''C'''
| valign="top" |Concourse
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, metro card vending machines, crossover
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width="50" valign="top" |'''G'''
| style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="100" valign="top" |Street Level
| style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="500" valign="top" |Gates
|}

== Facilities ==
There are ATMs from [[Punjab National Bank]] and [[HDFC Bank|HDFC]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Main |first=Network: Delhi Metro / Line: Blue |last2=Main |first2=Pink |title=Mayur Vihar I Metro Station Route Map - Delhi Metro - YoMetro |url=https://yometro.com/mayur-vihar-i-metro-station-110108 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=YoMetro - Route Finder |language=en}}</ref>

== Entry/Exits ==

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="68%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="8" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Blue}};"|Mayur Vihar Phase-1 metro station: Entry/Exits<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.delhimetrorail.com/station/MVP1#gates |title= Mayur Vihar - 1 |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher= Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date= 11 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:14%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:14%;"|Gate No-2 {{access icon}}
! style="width:14%;"|Gate No-3 {{access icon}}
! style="width:14%;"|Gate No-4 {{access icon}}
|-
| [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS Apartments]]
| Noida Link Road
| Mayur Vihar Phase 1
| [[Regional Transport Office|RTO Office, Mayur Vihar (DL-07)]]
|-
|}

== Connections ==
=== Bus ===
*'''[[Delhi Transport Corporation|DTC]] buses''': DTC bus routes 347, 347A, 355, 443, 492, and 611A serve the station from the nearby Mayur Vihar Phase 1 X-ing bus stop.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Mayur+Vihar+Phase+1+X-Ing/@28.603934,77.28911,17z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x390ce49e56c5de9f:0xc3912690e7ca3a5!8m2!3d28.603934!4d77.28911!16s%2Fg%2F11b7pyz7r1!5m1!1e2?entry=ttu |title=Mayur Vihar Phase 1 X-ing |website= google.com |publisher= businfo.dimts.in |access-date= 11 December 2023}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:View of Mayur Vihar from Metro Station.JPG|View of Mayur Vihar from the metro station
File:The Blue Line station of Delhi Metro's Mayur Vihar Phase 1 station.jpg|The Blue Line station of Delhi Metro's Mayur Vihar Phase 1 station
File:Viaduct - Pink Line of the Mayur Vihar metro station of Delhi Metro.jpg|Viaduct - Pink Line of the Mayur Vihar metro station of Delhi Metro
File:A Hyundai-Rotem coach of Delhi Metro's Pink Line at Mayur Vihar-I metro station.jpg|A Hyundai-Rotem train of the Pink Line at the Mayur Vihar-I metro station
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Transport}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 }}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|pink line=yes|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2009]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway stations in East Delhi district]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Sikar (estate)

2026-03-15T07:16:35Z

RosemaryBrifman: started some entry w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Shekhawat Estate in Jaipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

The '''Estate of Sikar''' was the largest chiefship in [[Jaipur]], and its head held the title of [[Rao Raja]]. Rao Raja was a vassal of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] State and functioned as a subordinate to it. The family seat of administration was at [[Sikar]].
== Area ==
The estate included around 440 villages and covered an area of approximately 1,400 square miles (3,625 km²).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36115/ |title=A Colleection Of The Report Of Committee Of Inquiry |date=1933 |pages=1}}</ref> The territory was divided into seven [[Tehsil|tehsils]] for administrative purposes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=kesharlal Ajmera |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66091/ |title=The Jaipur Album Or All About Jaipur |date=1935 |pages=48–50}}</ref> These were [[Reengus]], [[Sikar]], Singrawat, Nechwa, [[Laxmangarh]], [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]], and [[Ramgarh Shekhawati|Ramgarh]].<ref name=":0" />

== Geography ==
It was bounded to the north by [[Bikaner State]], to the east by [[Shekhawati]], a nizamat of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], to the south by [[Sambhar Lake Town|Sambhar]], another nizamat of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], and to the west by Bikaner State and [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur State]].<ref name=":0" /> Sikar had a total of nine forts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.536468/ |title=Batra H. C. |date=1958 |publisher=S. Chand and Co. |pages=9}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Raisal of Khandela|Raisal]], a [[Shekhawat]], was a favorite of [[Akbar]], and his descendants went on to establish a series of estates in [[Rajputana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Biswas |first=Arun Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xxvAAAAMAAJ |title=A Pilgrimage to Khetri & the Sarasvati Valley |date=1987 |publisher=Sujan Publications |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03014/11783.E33005_Imperial_Coronation_Durbar_1911 |title=Imperial coronation durbar 1911 |date=1911 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing, Lahore |pages=234–236}}</ref> His descendants are known by the patronymic Raisalot.<ref name=":3" /> One of [[Raisal of Khandela|Raisal]]'s many sons was Rao Tirmul.<ref name=":3" /> He accompanied his father in the Battle of Ahmedabad.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Meharda |first=B. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90ZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Territory, Polity, and Status: A Study of Shekhawats |date=2006 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-887-1 |pages=67–68 |language=en}}</ref> [[Akbar]], in recognition of his commendable service, conferred upon him the title of [[Rao title|Rao]] and granted him the parganas of [[Nagaur]] and Kasli.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> His descendants came to be known as Raojika.<ref name=":3" /> [[Rao Raja]]s of [[Sikar]] claim descent from Tirmul.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> A descendant of Tirmul, Jaswant Singh, was killed by Bahadur Singh, the Raja of [[Khandela]], at Sheogarh Fort in [[Khandela]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Sinh |first=Ranbir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EduAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Shekhawats |date=2001 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-86782-74-3 |pages=61–63,134–135 |language=en}}</ref> To atone for the murder, Bahadur Singh granted Virbhan-ka-Bas to [[Dowlat Singh|Daulat Singh]], the son of the deceased, in 1687.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=585 |language=en}}</ref> [[Dowlat Singh|Daulat Singh]] subsequently renamed it Sikar after [[Rao Shekha]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ratnawat |first=Shyam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mz9uAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajput Nobility: With Special Reference to the Kachchawaha Nobility of Jaipur During 1700-1858 A.D. |date=1990 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7056-057-9 |pages=58 |language=en}}</ref>

== Title and flag ==

=== Title ===
The title of [[Rao Raja]] was conferred by [[Jagat Singh of Amber|Jagat Singh]] on [[Lachhman Singh of Sikar|Lakshman Singh]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48656/ |title=Chiefs And Leading Families In Rajputana |date=1903 |pages=63–64}}</ref>

=== Flag ===
In 1877, [[Ram Singh II]] conferred on [[Madho Singh of Sikar|Madho Singh]] the Panchranga, a striped standard of five colors.<ref name=":2" />

== List of rulers ==

=== Rulers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Reign Start
!Reign End
|-
|[[Dowlat Singh|Daulat Singh]]
|1687
|1721
|-
|[[Shiv Singh of Sikar|Shiv Singh]]
|1721
|1748
|-
|[[Samrath Singh of Sikar|Samrath Singh]]
|1748
|1754
|-
|[[Nahar Singh of Sikar|Nahar Singh]]
|1754
|1756
|-
|[[Chand Singh of Sikar|Chand Singh]]
|1756
|1763
|-
|[[Devi Singh of Sikar|Devi Singh]]
|1763
|1795
|-
|[[Lachhman Singh of Sikar|Lakshman Singh]]
|1795
|1833
|-
|[[Rampratap Singh|Ram Pratap Singh]]
|1833
|1850
|-
|[[Bhairon Singh of Sikar|Bhairon Singh]]
|1851
|1886
|-
|[[Madho Singh of Sikar|Madho Singh]]
|1886
|1922
|-
|[[Kalyan Singh of Sikar|Kalyan Singh]]
|28 June 1922
|1954
|}

=== Titular rulers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Reign Start
!Reign End
|-
|[[Kalyan Singh of Sikar|Kalyan Singh]]
|1954
|5 November 1967
|-
|Bikram Singh
|5 November 1967
|
|}

=== Other family members ===

* [[Himani Shah]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Uddin |first=Nasir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghOGDwAAQBAJ |title=Deterritorialised Identity and Transborder Movement in South Asia |last2=Chowdhory |first2=Nasreen |date=2019-01-31 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-13-2778-0 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category: History of Jaipur]]
[[Category: Former principalities]]

India–Kazakhstan relations

2026-03-10T02:48:27Z

RosemaryBrifman:

{{Bilateral|Indo–Kazakhstani|India|Kazakhstan|filetype=svg|mission1=Embassy of India, [[Astana]]|mission2=Embassy of Kazakhstan, [[New Delhi]]|envoytitle1=[[List of ambassadors of India to Kazakhstan|Indian Ambassador to Kazakhstan]]|envoy1=Dr. T.V. Nagendra Prasad|envoytitle2=[[List of ambassadors of Kazakhstan to India|Kazakhstani Ambassador to India]]|envoy2=[[Bulat Sergazyuly Sarsenbayev]]}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
'''India–Kazakhstan relations''' were officially established between the [[Republic of India]] and the [[Republic of Kazakhstan]] in 1992, after the latter declared its independence from the [[Soviet Union]]. Since the 21st century, diplomatic relations have increased significantly; both nations seek to develop an extensive commercial and strategic partnership in the [[Central Asia]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemelova |first=Fatima |title=Kazakhstan, India Strengthen Ties via North-South Transport Corridor - The Astana Times |url=https://astanatimes.com/2025/03/kazakhstan-india-strengthen-ties-via-north-south-transport-corridor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720041555/https://astanatimes.com/2025/03/kazakhstan-india-strengthen-ties-via-north-south-transport-corridor/ |archive-date=2025-07-20 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=astanatimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemelova |first=Fatima |title=Kazakhstan and India Reinforce Partnership, Eye Economic Growth and Cooperation - The Astana Times |url=https://astanatimes.com/2025/06/kazakhstan-and-india-reinforce-partnership-eye-economic-growth-and-cooperation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724143525/https://astanatimes.com/2025/06/kazakhstan-and-india-reinforce-partnership-eye-economic-growth-and-cooperation/ |archive-date=2025-07-24 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=astanatimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raza |first=Hassan |date=2025-09-23 |title=Kazakhstan Expands Geography of Cooperation in India |url=https://timesheadline.in/en/2025/09/23/kazakhstan-expands-geography-of-cooperation-in-india/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Times Headline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India and Kazakhstan Bolster Their Strategic Partnership |url=https://jamestown.org/program/india-and-kazakhstan-bolster-their-strategic-partnership/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi receives a guard of honour in Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] receives a guard of honour during his visit to Kazakhstan in July 2015.]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and the President of Kazakhstan, Mr. Nursultan Nazarbayev witnessing the signing of agreements between India and Kazakhstan, at Astana, in Kazakhstan on April 16, 2011.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and Kazakhstan President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] at Astana; 2011.]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin in Kazakhstan 4 June 2002-3.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], Turkish President [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]], Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], and Kazakh President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] (''left to right'') meeting in Almaty; 2002.]]
India recognised the independence of [[Kazakhstan]] from the [[Soviet Union]] after the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|latter's dissolution]] in 1992, continuing the good relations it had with the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="J">{{cite journal|last=Yermukanov |first=Marat |title=Kazakhstan-India relations - Partners or Distant Friends? |url=http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2368860 |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |volume=1 |issue=128 |date=16 November 2004 |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018193815/http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2368860 |archive-date=18 October 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In recent years, India has sought to increase its commerce and strategic ties with Kazakhstan, which is the second largest nation of the [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet republics]] and occupies a major expanse of territory in Central Asia with extensive oil, natural gas and mineral reserves. India holds a keen interest in the natural resources of Kazakhstan as it aims to industrialize its domestic economy.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kazakhstan Explores Cooperation Prospects with Mongolia, Turkmenistan & India - the Astana Times | url=https://astanatimes.com/2024/07/kazakhstan-explores-cooperation-prospects-with-mongolia-turkmenistan-india/ }}</ref> India has sought to expand ties after mounting concern over the growth of the economic and strategic influence of the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref name="J"/>

The [[President of Kazakhstan]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], paid several official visits to India: official visits in 1992, 1996, and 2002, as well as a state visit in 2009. Senior Indian leaders also paid visits to Kazakhstan during Nazarbayev’s presidency. In 1993, the Prime Minister of India, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], made an official visit. This was followed by an official visit by the Vice President of India, [[K. R. Narayanan]], in 1996. In 2002, Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] paid an official visit to Kazakhstan and participated in the summit of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA). Further high-level visits included an official visit by Vice President [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] in 2008, an official visit by Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in 2011, and an official visit by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in 2015.<ref name=midrk1>{{Cite web | url = https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-delhi/press/article/details/14999?lang=ru | title = О казахстанско-индийских отношениях | website = gov.kz | accessdate = 2025-05-08}}</ref>

In 2002, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] made an official visit to India<ref>{{cite book | date= 2005 |title= 2002. Один год президента |language= ru |location= Астана| page= 226-231 |isbn= 9965-27-753-2}}</ref> and in the same year, the [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] attended the summit of the [[Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia]] in Kazakhstan's former capital city, [[Almaty]].<ref name="J"/> Kazakhstan and India have been building cooperation in various key sectors such as tourism, energy, business, education, IT and security.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/discussion-held-on-potential-business-ties-between-india-and-kazakhstan/article68543205.ece | title=Discussion held on potential business ties between India and Kazakhstan | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | date= 2005 |title= 2002. Один год президента |language= ru |location= Астана| page= 355-359 |isbn= 9965-27-753-2}}</ref>

In April 2011, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Kazakhstan, where he and President Nursultan Nazarbayev adopted a "Road Map" in order to strengthen their strategic partnership. During the visit, the two countries signed seven agreements covering energy, cyber security, space exploration, education, and high-tech development.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=India and Kazakhstan Bolster Their Strategic Partnership |url=https://jamestown.org/program/india-and-kazakhstan-bolster-their-strategic-partnership/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

A key energy deal involved India's ONGC Videsh Limited acquiring a 25% stake in the Satpayev oil field on the Caspian shore for $400 million, with estimated reserves of 1.85 billion barrels. Kazakhstan also agreed to supply India with over 2,000 tons of uranium by 2014 to support India's growing nuclear energy needs, projected to reach 8,000 tons annually by 2020, and discussions were held on joint nuclear reactor construction. By 2009, Kazakhstan was India’s largest trading partner in Central Asia, accounting for over 70% of India’s trade with the region, with bilateral trade at $300 million and Indian investments in Kazakhstan at $38 million. To enhance trade and energy cooperation, both nations emphasized the development of North-South transportation, pipeline, and trade corridors.<ref name=":0" />

In technology, India and Kazakhstan signed a memorandum to enhance cyber security through collaboration between their computer emergency response teams, prompted by reported cyber attacks on Kazakhstan’s energy sector. India also proposed establishing an IT center in Kazakhstan to leverage its software expertise. In space cooperation, India’s advanced space program was positioned to support Kazakhstan's efforts to develop its own space industry, which is limited by its reliance on leasing the Baikonur Cosmodrome to Russia until 2050. These agreements reflect India's aim to expand its strategic presence in Central Asia, countering China's influence, while Kazakhstan's multi-vector foreign policy positions India as a key partner alongside Russia, the United States, the European Union, and China.<ref name=":0" />

==Development of bilateral relations==
As of 2003, Indian–Kazakhstani trade stands at $78,910,000.<ref name="R">{{cite web|title=India-Kazakhstan economic and commercial relations |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/Kazakhstan/kazakhstancommercialrelation.htm |publisher=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531162157/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/Kazakhstan/kazakhstancommercialrelation.htm |archive-date=31 May 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> To bolster commerce, both nations have established the Indo-Kazakh Joint Business Council.<ref name="INDIA">{{cite news|title=India, Kazakhstan to oil ties in IT, space|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/india-kazakhstan-to-oil-ties-in-it-space/articleshow/2142347.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 October 2006|access-date=10 October 2008|first1=Sanjay|last1=Dutta}}</ref> Although India failed to acquire equity in the [[Kurmangazy oil field|Kurmangazy]] [[oil field]], the [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] of India is set to acquire a stake in the Satpayev field.<ref name="INDIA"/> The Kazakh national firm KazmunayGaz had offered the ONGC a choice between Satpayev and Makhambet fields and has asked for Indian participation in petrochemical industrial projects in the Atirau and Akhtau regions.<ref name="INDIA"/> Both nations have also sought to establish extensive collaboration and commerce in [[information technology]], space research, banking and increasing volume of bilateral trade.<ref name="INDIA"/> India has offered Kazakhstan $1,000,000,000 in loans while the latter has granted major tax concessions to Indian companies.<ref name="INDIA"/> Kazakhstan has also sought to negotiate a multilateral agreement with [[Iran]] and [[Turkmenistan]] to create a transport corridor to India to ensure a reliable trade route and provide Kazakhstan commercial and shipping access to the warm water ports of India.<ref name="J"/>

India is working towards the development of its civilian [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]] industry as a clean alternative to satisfy its huge energy needs. Since Kazakhstan has plenty of the [[uranium]] required for nuclear energy, India is developing a strong relationship with [[Kazakhstan]]. India invited the Kazakh President for the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebrations in [[New Delhi]], in January 2009.

===Trade balance===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
!colspan="10"| Trade value
|-
|
!2010–11
!2011–12
!2012–13
!2013-14
!2014–15
|-
|Total trade
|$130,590,000
|$436,250,000
|$426,220,000
|$917,840,000
|$952,260,000
|-
|Exports from India to Kazakhstan
|$172,160,000
|$244,390,000
|$286,230,000
|$261,510,000
|$250,590,000
|-
|Imports to India from Kazakhstan
|$138,420,000
|$191,860,000
|$139,990,000
|$656,330,000
|$701,570,000
|-
|colspan="10"| {{center|Ministry of Commerce & Industry, India as on 08.07.2015<ref name=MCII_tables>{{cite web|title=Country Wise Trade from India|url=http://commerce.nic.in/eidb/iecnt.asp|website=Mistry of Commerce & Industry India|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref>}}
|-
|}

Major products exported to Kazakhstan by India include pharmaceuticals, medical products, tea, telephone apparatus, raw tobacco, and construction machinery. Major exports from Kazakhstan and imported by India include: petroleum oils, oils from bituminous minerals, radioactive chemical elements, [[asbestos]], and titanium.<ref name=MEA_Kazakhstan_2014>{{cite web|title=India-Kazakhstan Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/KAZAKHSTAN_DEC2014.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs India|publisher=Government of India|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref>

Kazakhstan is the largest supplier of uranium to India providing 5,000 tonnes between 2015–l and 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title='We may scale up supply of uranium to India': Kazakhstan ambassador Bulat Sarsenbayev |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kazakhstan-may-scale-up-supply-of-uranium-to-india/story-cY7NEz4HU6GulmGFlmo3KO.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 April 2019 |language=en |date=25 April 2019}}</ref>

===Humanitarian Assistance===
====COVID-19====
Kazakhstan sent medical equipment and protective gear to India in response to the surging new COVID-19 cases experienced in May 2021.<ref name="aid_may2021">{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan to deliver humanitarian assistance to India |url=https://www.eureporter.co/world/kazakhstan/2021/05/07/kazakhstan-to-deliver-humanitarian-assistance-to-india/ |agency=EUReporter}}</ref>

==Strategic co-operation==
India and Kazakhstan have developed close collaboration in fighting [[Islamic terrorism|religious terrorism]] an extremism, as well as in promoting regional security.<ref name="J"/> A joint memorandum signed in December 2002 enabled joint projects such as training military officers, developing joint military-industrial projects and establishing a partnership between the defence industries of India and Kazakhstan.<ref name="J"/> India has also provided support and emerged as a partner in Kazakhstan's bid to develop a [[naval fleet]] in the [[Caspian Sea]], despite opposition from Kazakhstan's northern neighbour, [[Russia]].<ref name="J"/> The Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev visited India in January 2009 and a civil nuclear pact were made with India under which the uranium-rich Central Asian country will supply fuel to atomic plants in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_signs_pact_with_Kazakhstan_for_uranium_supply/rssarticleshow/4025729.cms|title=India signs pact with Kazakhstan for uranium supply|work=The Times Of India|date=24 January 2009|access-date=25 January 2009}}</ref>

The two countries held the Prabal Dostyk joint military exercises in Kazakhstan in 2016 and the Himachal Pradesh region in 2017.<ref name="PrabalDostyk">{{cite news|title=Indian, Kazakhstan armies end joint military exercise in HP|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/indian-kazakhstan-armies-end-joint-military-exercise-in-hp/1188038|agency=Outlook India}}</ref>

In August 2025, India and Kazakhstan held discussions in New Delhi to enhance their defence cooperation and military ties. Kazakhstan's First Deputy Minister of Defence and Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, Lieutenant General [[Sultan Kamaletdinov]], met with India's Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan and Army Chief General [[Upendra Dwivedi]]. Both nations recognized the robust and dynamic nature of their defence partnership, highlighting significant potential for further collaboration and innovation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-08-12 |title=India, Kazakhstan discuss ways to boost defence cooperation, military ties |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-kazakhstan-discuss-ways-to-boost-defence-cooperation-military-ties/article69922653.ece |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Kazakhstan and TAPI==
India has broached the idea of a hydrocarbon pipeline with Kazakhstan that would bring fuel through a five-nation route. India unveiled the concept of the pipeline, which in future could be extended to Russia, during a meeting between External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid and his visiting Kazakh counterpart Erlan Idrissov. The two Ministers will revisit the idea when they will meet twice in the coming months – first on the sidelines of the Istanbul process meeting on Afghanistan in Almaty and later during a stand-alone visit by Mr. Khurshid to the Kazakh capital of Astana.

The proposed pipeline would cover about {{convert|1500|km|abbr=on}}, thus making it longer than the planned Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline which will serve as the role model. It will head from the former Silk Road caravanserai city of Shymkent, known today for oil refining, and enter Uzbekistan. From there it will go to Afghanistan and then follow the route to be taken by the TAPI pipeline into India via Pakistan. Officials said currently most hydrocarbon pipelines from Central Asia are on an east–west axis. This pipeline will, like TAPI, be on a north–south axis, providing a new route to South Asia for hydrocarbons extracted from Central Asia.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-proposes-hydrocarbon-pipeline-from-kazakhstan/article4479665.ece|title=India proposes hydrocarbon pipeline from Kazakhstan|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 March 2012|access-date=27 March 2013}}</ref>
== Indian Ambassadors to Kazakhstan ==
# Rajiv Sikri (1995–1999)
# Syed Raza Hashim (1999–2002)
# Vidya Sagar Verma (2002–2004)
# Asoke Kumar Mukherjee (2004–2007)
# Ashok Sajjanhar (2007–2010)
# Ashok Kumar Sharma (2011–2014)
# Harsh Kumar Jain (2014–2017)
# Prabhat Kumar (2017–2021)
# Shubdarshini Tripathi (2021–2023)
# Dr. T.V. Nagendra Prasad (2023–present)<ref>{{Cite web|lang=en|url=http://www.indembastana.gov.in/page/previous/|title=Посольство Индии в Казахстане|author=|website=Сайт Посольства Индии в Казахстане|date=|publisher=www.indembastana.gov.in|accessdate=2020-05-05}}</ref>
==Resident diplomatic missions==
* India has an embassy in [[Astana]].
* Kazakhstan has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].
== See also ==
* [[India–Kyrgyzstan relations]]
* [[India–Tajikistan relations]]
* [[India–Turkmenistan relations]]
* [[India–Uzbekistan relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Kazakhstan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Kazakhstan relations}}
[[Category:India–Kazakhstan relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Kazakhstan]]

The Broken Journey

2026-03-07T06:16:56Z

RosemaryBrifman: basic reworked page for accuracy

{{short description|1994 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Broken Journey
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Sandip Ray]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
* Debatosh Ghosh
* [[Suvaluxmi|Subhalakshmi Munshi]]
}}
| music = Sandip Ray
| cinematography = Barun Raha
| editing = Dulal Dutta
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1994}}
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
}}

'''''The Broken Journey''''' ({{langx|bn|Uttoran}}) is a 1994 Bengali [[drama film]] directed by [[Sandip Ray]] and written by [[Satyajit Ray]]. The film stars [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Debatosh Ghosh, and newcomer [[Suvaluxmi|Subhalakshmi Munshi]]. It was screened in the [[Un Certain Regard]] section at the [[1994 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3000/year/1994.html |title=Festival de Cannes: The Broken Journey |access-date=31 August 2009|work=[[Cannes Film Festival]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005173505/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3000/year/1994.html|archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref> It won the [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] at the [[41st National Film Awards]].

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Dr. Nihar Sengupta<ref name="TNYT"/>
* Debatosh Ghosh as Haladhar<ref name="TNYT"/>
* [[Suvaluxmi|Subhalakshmi Munshi]] as Manashi<ref name="TNYT"/>
* Bina<ref name="TNYT"/>
* Mirakshi Goswani<ref name="TNYT"/>
;Guest appearances
*[[Subhendu Chatterjee]]
*[[Lily Chakravarty (actress)|Lily Chakravarty]]
*[[Sadhu Meher]] as Jatin Kundu (uncredited)
}}

== Production ==
The film was scripted by [[Satyajit Ray]] when he was hospitalised and is about how advancements in medical science fail to help the poor. He had cast [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and newcomer [[Suvaluxmi|Subhalakshmi Munshi]] in the film. Soumitra Chatterjee's role was based on Satyajit Ray's doctor, Dr. Kanti Bhusan Bakshi, while Subhalakshmi Munshi played an ailing villager's daughter. Satyajit Ray's son, [[Sandip Ray]], directed the film and modified the climax. The film's first schedule was shot in Indus village, [[Birbhum district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19930630-satyajit-rays-son-offers-film-tribute-to-his-father-811221-1993-06-29 |title=Satyajit Rays son offers film tribute to his father |website=[[India Today]]|first=Soutik|last=Biswas|date=30 June 1993|access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106055641/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/satyajit-rays-son-offers-film-tribute-to-his-father/1/302435.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Stephen Holden of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote, "The conviction of the performances overrides the rough spots in this spare, rather short film. From the moment the doctor begins to awaken from his moral blindness and to connect with others, the film radiates a deep and sorrowful sense of shared humanity".<ref name="TNYT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/19/movies/film-review-doctor-in-india-awakens-from-his-moral-blindness.html|title=FILM REVIEW; Doctor in India Awakens From His Moral Blindness|work=[[The New York Times]]|url-access=subscription|date=19 May 1995|access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb title|id=0111580|title=The Broken Journey}}

{{Sandip Ray}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Broken Journey, The}}
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 drama films]]
[[Category:1994 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sandip Ray]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award]]

{{1990s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Aradhana (1969 film)

2026-03-04T03:52:32Z

RosemaryBrifman: updated page

{{short description|1969 Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aradhana
| image = Aradhana film.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Shakti Samanta]]
| producer = Shakti Samanta
| writer = Sachin Bhowmick
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Sharmila Tagore]] [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Sujit Kumar]] [[Farida Jalal]] [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] [[Ashok Kumar]]
| narrator =
| music = [[S. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = Alok Dasgupta
| editing = Sahil Budhiraja
| studio =
| distributor = Shakti Films
| released = {{Film date|1969|11|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 169 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross = 7 Crore <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100102012439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=175&catName=MTk2OQ== website]</ref>

}}

'''''Aradhana''''' ({{translation| ''Worship''}}) is a 1969 Indian Hindi musical [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Shakti Samanta]], starring [[Sharmila Tagore]] and [[Rajesh Khanna]]. It won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]] at the [[17th Filmfare Awards]]. Tagore gave one of the best performances of her career and won [[Filmfare Best Actress Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/19slide2.htm |title=rediff.com: Dial D for Darjeeling |publisher=Specials.rediff.com |access-date=14 January 2012 |archive-date=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813174011/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/19slide2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Originally released in Hindi<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Aradhana|year=1969|time=0:19}}</ref> and dubbed in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], ''Aradhana''{{'}}s huge success led to two remakes: the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] ''[[Sivagamiyin Selvan]]'' (1974) and the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] ''Kannavari Kalalu'' (1974).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/980222/mirror2.html|title=Why not in Tamil?|date=22 February 1998|website=Sunday Times|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422070222/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/980222/mirror2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 December 2014|title=Birthday Special: Remembering Rajesh Khanna's top five films|url=http://post.jagran.com/birthday-special-remembering-rajesh-khannas-top-five-films-1419847963|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001142736/http://post.jagran.com/birthday-special-remembering-rajesh-khannas-top-five-films-1419847963|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=2018-10-01|website=[[Jagran Post]]}}</ref>

The film turned Khanna into an overnight sensation and is counted among the 17 consecutive hit films of [[Rajesh Khanna]] between 1969 and 1971, by adding the two hero films ''[[Maryada (1971 film)|Marayada]]'' and ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]'' to the 15 consecutive solo hits he gave from 1969 to 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/eight-lesser-known-facts-about-rajesh-khanna-on-his-death-anniversary/story-eMKmVMlFkKlbSLqAFAf7qI.html|title=Eight lesser known facts about Rajesh Khanna on his death anniversary|date=18 July 2015|work=The Hindustan Times|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829000244/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/eight-lesser-known-facts-about-rajesh-khanna-on-his-death-anniversary/story-eMKmVMlFkKlbSLqAFAf7qI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was a blockbuster in [[India]] and the [[Soviet Union]] as well as the [[List of Hindi films of 1969|highest-grossing film of the year]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/apr/12/12464/remembering-master-screenwriter-sachin-bhowmick-ndash-death-anniversary-special |title=Remembering master screenwriter Sachin Bhowmick – Death anniversary special |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124749/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/apr/12/12464/remembering-master-screenwriter-sachin-bhowmick-ndash-death-anniversary-special |url-status=live }}</ref> The theme of the movie was based on the 1946 film ''[[To Each His Own (1946 film)|To Each His Own]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bobbytalkscinema.com/recentpost.php?postid=postid070409095932|title=Aradhana (1969) & To Each His Own (1946)|website=bobbytalkscinema.com|access-date=14 February 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809012355/http://bobbytalkscinema.com/recentpost.php?postid=postid070409095932|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[Indian Air Force]] officer Arun Varma sings "[[Mere Sapno Ki Rani]]" in an open jeep winding along [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]]'s hills with his co-pilot Madan. At the same time, Vandana, the daughter of Dr Gopal Tripathi casts glances from a train window, which Arun notices. Upon multiple meetings over a few days, they fall in love and get engaged. Excitedly, they secretly wed in a temple without rituals, only exchanging garlands, with God as the only witness, however they plan to get married in a formal ceremony in front of their relatives and friends. As it rains heavily, they take refuge in a shelter with a flickering fire, leading to them becoming intimate. Arun tells her not to be ashamed of their intimacy as they have accepted each other in every way in front of god. He promises to be back in some time to get married.

Within days, Arun dies in a plane crash. Vandana discovers that she is pregnant. Arun's family is unable to accept her as a daughter-in-law. Her father also dies, leaving her destitute. Vandana's son is born and named Suraj. She puts him up for adoption hoping to adopt him the next day legally but she is forced to let a childless couple adopt him. Determined to be a part of his life, she accepts the role of being his nanny. One day, her employer's brother-in-law, finding her alone in the house, attempts to molest her but Suraj rescues her by stabbing him to death and runs away. When the police arrive, Vandana takes the blame for the murder and is arrested.

Years later when Vandana is released, the jailor takes her to his home and introduces her to his daughter Renu. Vandana soon meets Renu's love, Suraj. He is the image of his father and a pilot too. He has the sensation of having seen Vandana before but his memories are fleeting. Anxious that the true story of his parents may cause him pain, Vandana tries to hide away.

Suraj is injured in an air crash like his father but survives. While he is recuperating in the hospital, Vandana meets Madan. He knows the truth of Arun and Vandana's romance and is anxious to tell Suraj all but Vandana fears the consequences. One day idly looking through papers in the room while waiting for Vandana, Suraj finds Arun's photo. A sudden realisation that Arun and Vandana are his true parents becomes clear. He recognizes his mother's sacrifices and celebrates her strength and courage.

== Cast ==
* [[Sharmila Tagore]] as Vandana “Veenu” Verma / Vandana Tripathi (Arun's Widow)
* [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Flight Lieutenant Arun Verma / Suraj Kumar Verma (Double Role)
* [[Sujit Kumar]] as Flight Lieutenant Madan Verma later Air Commodore
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Air Commodore Ganguly (Retd)
* [[Pahari Sanyal]] as Gopal Tripathi
* [[Anita Guha]] as Mrs. Prasad Saxena
* [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Ram Prasad Saxena
*[[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] - Shyam
* [[Madan Puri]] as the Jailor
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Tikaram
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Renu Verma (Suraj's Wife)
* [[Subhash Ghai]] as Flight Lieutenant Prakash (Suraj's colleague and friend)
*Krishna Kant as Mr. Verma (Arun's Father)

== Production ==
The film was scripted by [[Sachin Bhowmick]]. The theme of the movie was based on the 1946 film ''[[To Each His Own (1946 film)|To Each His Own]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bobbytalkscinema.com/recentpost.php?postid=postid070409095932|title=Aradhana (1969) & To Each His Own (1946)|website=bobbytalkscinema.com|access-date=14 February 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809012355/http://bobbytalkscinema.com/recentpost.php?postid=postid070409095932|url-status=live}}</ref> A day prior to the shooting of ''Aradhana'', producer Surinder Kapoor showed Samanta his latest film, ''[[Ek Shrimaan Ek Shrimati]]'' with [[Shashi Kapoor]] as the lead, which was also written by Sachin Bhowmick. Much to his surprise, this film had a similar ending to his own film. The following day, Samanta decided to scrap his film, when writers [[Gulshan Nanda]] and Madhusudan Kalelkar visited his office. Upon hearing the issue, it was Gulshan Nanda who suggested to have a double role of father and son in the film. Originally, the first hero was to die by the interval and a new hero was to step in.<ref>{{cite web |title=Originally, Aradhana and Ek Shriman Ek Shrimati had the same climax |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-shakti-samanta-the-director-with-a-keen-ear-for-music/20120626.htm#3 |date=26 June 2012 |publisher=Rediff Movies |access-date=7 May 2013 |archive-date=11 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911010058/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-shakti-samanta-the-director-with-a-keen-ear-for-music/20120626.htm#3 |url-status=live }}</ref> The same evening, while ''Aradhana'' was being cancelled, Nanda recited a story of ''[[Kati Patang]]'' to Samanta, which he instantly liked, so for the next couple of hours they first rewrote the second half of ''Aradhana'', and subsequently went on to discuss ''Kati Patang''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two of his finest films were created in one evening |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-shakti-samanta-the-director-with-a-keen-ear-for-music/20120626.htm#4 |date=26 June 2012 |publisher=Rediff Movies |access-date=7 May 2013 |archive-date=11 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911010058/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-shakti-samanta-the-director-with-a-keen-ear-for-music/20120626.htm#4 |url-status=live }}</ref> The "Roop Tera Mastana" song sequence, which lasted more than three minutes and 30 seconds, was filmed in a single take.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/SRK-Kajol-to-shoot-one-take-song-in-Dilwale-but-its-not-Bollywoods-first/articleshow/48654893.cms|title=SRK Kajol to shoot one take song in Dilwale, but it's not Bollywood's first|work=Business Insider|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019130933/http://www.businessinsider.in/SRK-Kajol-to-shoot-one-take-song-in-Dilwale-but-its-not-Bollywoods-first/articleshow/48654893.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sharmila Tagore believes this was done due to time constraints.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/your-call-with-sharmila-tagore-full-transcript-510271|title='Your Call' with Sharmila Tagore: full transcript|work=NDTV.com|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=27 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527204753/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/your-call-with-sharmila-tagore-full-transcript-510271|url-status=live}}</ref> Shakti Samanta reminisces in an interview that he suggested to Rajesh Khanna that he mimic [[Dev Anand]] in his second role as a son. He did and it clicked.<ref name="Shakti_Samanta">{{ YouTube |title= Shakti Samanta speaks about his film 'Amar-Prem' |id=xHnm7wgAHhw|time=5m55s}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aradhana
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to ''Aradhana''
| artist = [[S. D. Burman]], [[Kishore Kumar]] & [[R. D. Burman]]
| cover = Aradhana songs.jpeg
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Original LP Cover
| released = 1969
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[EMI Records]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[S. D. Burman]], with lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]]. Sachin Dev Burman had written the music for the songs of ''Aradhana''. Rahul Dev Burman was the Assistant Music Director in this film. His main work was on arrangement, background score and improvising some tunes for the singer and helping his father in the process. All the tunes were composed by Sachin Dev Burman. Sachin Dev Burman himself was instrumental in putting up [[Kishore Kumar]] for the rising star [[Rajesh Khanna]].<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/28/stories/2002102800830200.htm | title = Song of the rebel | author = Prakash Parayath | date = 28 October 2002 | access-date = 13 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029215613/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/28/stories/2002102800830200.htm | archive-date = 29 October 2013 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | url-status = dead }}</ref> It was the third best-selling [[Hindi film music|Hindi film album]] of the 1960s, behind ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]'' and ''[[Mere Mehboob]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music Hits 1960–1969|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081535/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|access-date=2 September 2013|website=Box Office India}}</ref>

In "Roop Tera Mastana", [[Kersi Lord]] played the [[accordion]], [[Homi Mullan]] played the [[Duggi (drum)|duggi]], [[Manohari Singh]] played the [[saxophone]] and Buji Lord played the [[vibraphone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview – HQ Chowdhury, Speaking to Shakti Samanta, Dhaka film festival 2001|url=http://www.youtube.com|publisher=Moti Lalwani|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-date=28 April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050428014715/http://www.youtube.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/31burman.htm|title=The Aradhana syndrome and S D Burman|date=31 October 2000|work=Rediff|access-date=24 July 2013|archive-date=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005192311/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/31burman.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/the-unforgettable-music-rajesh-khanna-kishore-kumar-and-rd-burman-created-together-245250|title=NDTV Movies: Bollywood News – Celebrity News – Celebrity Gossip – Latest Bollywood Stories|website=movies.ndtv.com|access-date=24 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724134404/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/the-unforgettable-music-rajesh-khanna-kishore-kumar-and-rd-burman-created-together-245250|archive-date=24 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> This track was also reused in Tamil Remix Version as "Jean Pants" sung by [[K.S. Chithra]] and Stylebhai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roop Tera Mastana (Tamil Version)|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/jeans-pant/CQsfAkVeZgs|website=JioSaavn|date=12 March 1997 |access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = [[Mere Sapno Ki Rani]]
| length1 = 5:00
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| title3 = Kora Kagaz Tha Yeh Man Mera
| length3 = 5:38
| extra3 = [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| title6 = Gun Guna Rahe Hai Bhanvare
| length6 =3:53
| extra6 = [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
| title2 = Roop Tera Mastana
| length2 = 3:45
| extra2 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| title5 = Saphal Hogi Teri Aradhana
| length5 = 5:45
| extra5 = [[S. D. Burman]]
| title4 = Chanda Hai Tu Mera Suraj Hai Tu
| length4 = 4:02
| extra4 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| title7 = Baghon Mein Bahar Hai
| length7 = 3:52
| extra7 = [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]

| total_length = 31:55
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Bengali track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing =
| total_length = 26:57

| title1 = Mor Shopneri Shathi
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| length1 = 4:50
| title4 = Aj Hridoye Bhalobeshe
| extra4 = [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length4 = 5:56
| title3 = Gunjone Dole Je Bhromor
| extra3 = [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length3 = 4:34
| title2 = Eto Kache Dujone
| extra2 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| length2 = 4:08
| title5 = Chondro Je Tui
| extra5 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length5 = 3:50
| title6 = Madhobi Futeche Oi
| extra6 = [[Rahul Dev Burman]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length6 = 3:59
}}

== Awards ==
; [[17th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki><ref>{{cite news|title=The Winners -1969|work=The Times Of India|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366821.cms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709172616/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366821.cms|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref>
'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – [[Shakti Samanta]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Sharmila Tagore]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Kishore Kumar]] for "Roop Tera Mastana"

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – Shakti Samanta
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Rajesh Khanna]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Farida Jalal]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[S. D. Burman]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Anand Bakshi]] for "Mere Sapno Ki Rani"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – [[Sachin Bhowmick]]

; [[17th National Film Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/98_17thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725172021/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/98_17thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
'''Won'''

* [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[S. D. Burman]] for "Safal Hogi Teri Aradhana"

== Box office ==
''Aradhana'' estimated worldwide gross: {{INR|{{#expr:70+108.5}} million|link=yes}} ({{US$|{{#expr:9.33+14.29}} million|long=no}}). Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to {{INR|{{#expr:5.9+5.47}} billion}} in 2017, or {{INRConvert|{{Inflation|IN|11.37|2017|r=2}}|b}} in {{Inflation/year|IN}}.

*India: {{INR|70 million}} ({{US$|{{To USD|70|IND|year=1969}} million|long=no}}) in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=175&catName=MTk2OQ==|title=Box Office 1969|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014065501/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=175&catName=MTk2OQ==|archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to {{INR|{{#expr:{{Inflation|US|70|1969|1993|r=2}}*21.38/1000 round 2}} billion}} in 2017.{{#tag:ref|Inflation rate from 1993 to 2017: {{#expr:274.584584/12.845 round 2}} times
* ''[[Aankhen (1993 film)|Aankhen]]''{{'}}s domestic nett of {{INR|128.45 million}} in 1993 is equivalent to {{INR|2,745,845,840}} in 2017.<ref name="inflation93">{{cite web|title=Top Adjusted Nett Grossers 1993|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-adjusted-nett-gross.php?year=1993|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref>
|group=n|name=Inflation93}}

*[[Soviet Union]]: 11.85 million [[Soviet rouble|Rbls]]{{efn|47.4 million tickets sold,<ref name="soviet">{{cite web|url=https://kinanet.livejournal.com/1469857.html|title=Зарубежные популярные фильмы в советском кинопрокате (Индия)|author=Sergey Kudryavtsev|date=3 August 2008|author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609183351/https://kinanet.livejournal.com/1469857.html|url-status=live}}</ref> average ticket price of 25 [[kopeck]]s<ref name="moscow7">[https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2015/FAV291/um/Roth-Ey-Moscow_Prime_Time.pdf#page=7 ''Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War'', page 48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510014311/https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2015/FAV291/um/Roth-Ey-Moscow_Prime_Time.pdf#page=7 |date=10 May 2018 }}, [[Cornell University Press]], 2011</ref>}} ($14.29 million,{{efn|0.829 [[Soviet rouble|Rbl]] per US dollar in 1972<ref name="russia">{{cite web|title=Archive|url=http://cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls|website=[[Central Bank of Russia]]|year=1992|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717030948/http://cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls|url-status=live}}</ref>}} {{INR}}108.5 million){{efn|name=RupeeUSD72|7.5945 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1972.<ref name="sauder">{{cite web|title=Pacific Exchange Rate Service|url=http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf#page=3|website=[[UBC Sauder School of Business]]|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]|page=3|access-date=21 November 2017|archive-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512095429/http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf#page=3|url-status=live}}</ref>}} in 1972.<ref name="soviet"/> Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to {{US$|{{Inflation|US|14.29|1972|2017}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:{{Inflation|US|14.29|1972|2017}}*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND|year=2017}})/1000 round 2}} billion}}) in 2017.

In terms of estimated [[List of films by box office admissions|box office footfalls]], it sold {{nowrap|42 million}} ticket sales in India{{Efn|See {{Section link|List of highest-grossing films in India|Highest-grossing films by year}}|name=DomesticFootfalls}} and {{nowrap|47.4 million}} [[List of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union|tickets in the Soviet Union]],<ref name="soviet"/> for a combined {{nowrap|{{#expr:42+47.4}} million}} tickets sold worldwide.

== Impact ==
''Aradhana'' had a large impact on Indians in general. It inspired many to take up films as a vocation, one of them being the popular Indian actor [[Tom Alter]], who confessed in an interview that he headed to [[Film and Television Institute of India]] after being impressed watching Rajesh Khanna in ''Aradhana'' in 1970.<ref>{{cite AV media|date=23 August 2016|title=Guftagoo with Tom Alter|language=hi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYCeKUKxt-U |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/lYCeKUKxt-U |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2017|publisher=[[Rajya Sabha TV]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/lsquoI-still-dream-of-being-Rajesh-Khannarsquo/article15941561.ece|work=The Hindu|title=I still dream of being Rajesh Khanna|date=12 July 2009|access-date=22 May 2017|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810033952/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/lsquoI-still-dream-of-being-Rajesh-Khannarsquo/article15941561.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030731/cth1.htm|title=Chandigarh Stories|publisher=Tribune India|date=31 July 2003|access-date=7 August 2011|archive-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708194233/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030731/cth1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=n}}
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|0065416|Aradhana}}
* [http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/31burman.htm The Aradhna Syndrome]

{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm 1961–1980}}

[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Indian aviation films]]
[[Category:1969 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shakti Samanta]]
[[Category:Films set in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force in films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sachin Bhowmick]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of English films]]

Ab Kya Hoga

2026-03-03T23:29:13Z

RosemaryBrifman: improve references per standard format further and corrected details per sources

{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ab Kya Hoga
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Saawan Kumar Tak]]
| producer = [[Saawan Kumar Tak]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shatrughan Sinha]] [[Neetu Singh]] [[Asrani]]
| music = [[Usha Khanna]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1977|03|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Ab Kya Hoga''''' ({{Translation|What will happen now}}) is a supernatural-thriller 1977 Hindi movie, produced, directed and written by [[Sawan Kumar Tak]]. The film stars [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Asrani]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] (cameo) and [[Ranjeet]]. The film's music is by Tak's wife [[Usha Khanna]].

It was a rare movie of olden times where actor <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0710211/|title=Ranjeet|website=IMDb}}</ref> [[Ranjeet]] played a non-villain role, whereas noted comedy actor [[Asrani]] played a negative role who plans the hero's death. Most of the past is copied from the 1964 Raj Khosla movie ''[[Woh Kaun Thi?]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/ab-kya-hoga/movieshow/61339301.cms|title=Ab Kya Hoga Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around Ram Sinha, who meets a girl named Chitralekha while on a train journey. She disappears suddenly from a moving train and thereafter he meets her on various occasions, in circumstances that make him believe that she is a spirit or a ghost. He then discovers that his mother has fixed his marriage with the same girl, and though he goes through with the ceremony, he refuses to accept her as his wife. Chitralekha's ghost/spirit leads him to various life-threatening situations, from which he escapes. Eventually, Ram is killed in a jeep accident, after which it is revealed that his best friend Rajesh had conspired behind his back to cheat him of his wealth. The ghost was a well tutored accomplice who wore a mask that made her look like his betrothed and poisoned Ram's mind against her. The final denouement comes when Ram reappears and reveals that he had faked his death with the help of the Police and his doctor, so as to bring the culprits to the book.

==Cast==
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Ram Sinha
* [[Neetu Singh]] as Chitralekha
[[Asrani]] as Rajesh
* [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] (Cameo)
* [[Vinod Mehra]] (Special appearance)
* [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Anarkali / Kamini
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Mr Dindayal Bhargav
* [[Chand Usmani]] as Ranjana, Rajesh's mother
* [[Indrani Mukherjee]] as Seeta, Raj's mother
* Mahavir Shah as Driver Arvind Nath Gupta
* Shahnaz Vahanvaty as Ananya
* [[Jankidas]] as Chakradhari
* [[Ranjeet]] as Dr Prem Mehra
* [[Mac Mohan]] as Jagmohan

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Sar-E-Mehfil Mera Imaan, Be-imaan Ho Gaya"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Aa Devta Tu"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Teri Dulhan Hoon"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Soone Se Jeevan Ke"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Main Raat Bhar Na Soyi"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0178212}}

[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Saawan Kumar Tak]]
[[Category:Films scored by Usha Khanna]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Poove Poochooda Vaa

2026-03-03T05:21:49Z

RosemaryBrifman: Put Up A Info Initial Version...

{{short description|1985 film directed by Fazil}}
{{for|the TV series|Poove Poochudava (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Poove Poochooda Vaa.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]
| writer = Fazil
| producer = [[Navodaya Appachan|Appachan]]
| starring = [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] [[S. Ve. Shekher]] [[Nadhiya]] [[Sukumari]] [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = T. R. Sekhar
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Navodaya Studio]]
| released = {{film date|1985|7|19|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Poove Poochooda Vaa''''' ({{Translation|Come to adorn you with flowers}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]], starring [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[S. Ve. Shekher]], [[Nadhiya]] and [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]. It is a remake of his own [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu]]'' and also marked the Tamil debut of Nadhiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2016 |title=ராஜா ராஜாதான் தொடர் – சிவக்குமார் 03–08–16 |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/12514 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413103451/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/12514 |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=13 April 2018 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref> The film ran for 100 days In many theatres across the state.

== Plot ==
Poongavanathamma is a lonely old woman who lives in a town named Malligaipanthal. She is frequently irritated by the nearby schoolboys ringing her door bell frequently for fun, sneezing while she is going to temple, making a loud noise in the speaker, etc. A girl comes to her home one day and rings the doorbell. Mistaking her for the irritating boys, Poongavanathamma comes to thrash them, but is surprised on seeing a young girl who introduces herself as Sundari, her granddaughter. Poongavanathamma does not invite her inside and tries to shut the door, but Sundari manages to enter the house. Sundari explains how she knows about her grandmother and how she arrived at her doorstep but Poongavanathamma does not respond to anything.

Sundari, being a mischievous girl, pranks her neighbour David, a young man, by scaring him with the demon's mask while he is working out on his terrace. She befriends the boys who irritate her grandmother and play all sorts of pranks and becomes the loving girl in her area. Sundari finds that her grandma likes yellow colour very much and tries to impress her with that. But Poongavanthamma gets angry and throws her out of her home at night. But she again takes her back and explains why she has behaved like that.

Poongavanthamma, being a single mother was very close to her daughter. She permitted her daughter to marry the man of her choice on the condition that the groom must live with them forever. But the groom did not keep the promise and he took her daughter away. After the death of her daughter, she pleaded to get back the child from her son-in-law, to which he refused. She also had an unsuccessful legal attempt to get the custody of her granddaughter as she is too old to take care of a child. Since 17 years, neither Sundari nor her father visited her home. This made her frustrated and angry as her waiting for 17 years to hear the door bell rung by her granddaughter did not happen. Sundari promises her grandmother that she will never leave her alone no matter who calls her. From then on, Poongavanthamma and Sundari bond with each other. Sundari also realises how affectionate her grandmother is towards her at many points. Poongavanthamma removes the much troubling doorbell as her desire got fulfilled by Sundari's arrival.

Sundari wanted a yellow rose plant for her garden and finds out that David has one. She visits his house to request him and pranks him that the sunglasses which she wears make the wearing person to see only the body of the person and not their clothes. David is shocked by that and runs away from her view. David wants to get revenge on her by stealing the glasses and look at her without her clothes as she did to him. He manages to steal the sunglasses, but finds that Sundari played a prank on him. This further angers him and waits for a time for him to come. Sundari invites David for the Deepavali festival combined with her birthday party. David presents her a set of crackers which delights her. But Sundari gets injured when bursting crackers and David gets satisfied that his plan worked. Sundari understands about David and tells him that all her pranks were only meant to make people happy, not to hurt them and apologises to him if she had hurt him in any way and treats her injury as her birthday gift by David.

David's friend Alex visits his home and recognises Sundari who is the friend of his sister. He immediately rushes to inform her father about her whereabouts. When David asks for the reason, he informs him that Sundari is counting her last days. Sundari met with an accident a few days ago. She was treated and discharged from the hospital; however, she was diagnosed with brain disorder which requires a major operation for survival, which does not guarantee to save her life. Sundari does not want to lose her life without enjoying it and she cannot tolerate the pain of her family and hence she came away uninformed. David feels very bad for behaving rudely with Sundari and he apologises to her for his acts.

Sundari's father Sundaram visits Poongavanthamma's house to pick up his daughter, but Poongavanthamma neither allows him to come inside nor to explain why he had come. Sundaram seeks the help of the town's [[Church (building)|Church]] priest and headmaster of the town's school to allow him to take his daughter with him. Sundari gets promises from everyone including her father that her grandmother should not know about her condition. Poongavanthamma and Sundari get into a quarrel one night and Sundari is compelled to tell the truth about her health. Poongavanthamma visits the church that night and expresses that she has no objection to take Sundari for operation and she would make her sleep as Sundari would not go with them while she is awake. Sundari is transported in an ambulance for the operation. All others except David leave the place and David sees Poongavanthamma fixing the doorbell again, hoping that it would again be rung by her granddaughter Sundari.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Poongavanathamma
*[[Nadhiya]] as Sundari (Voice dubbed by Durga)
*[[S. Ve. Shekher]] as David
*[[Sukumari]] as David's mother
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Sundaram
*[[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] (photo) as Sundari's mother
*[[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]] (Guest)
*[[Charle]]
}}

== Production ==
''Poove Poochooda Vaa'' is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu]]''. That film's director [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] and lead actresses [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] and [[Nadhiya]] reprised their roles from the Malayalam version, with Nadhiya making her Tamil debut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sangita |date=4 February 2008 |title=Nadia spelt fun |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Nadia-spelt-fun/article15373218.ece |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602105155/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Nadia-spelt-fun/article15373218.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poove Poochoodava Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/poove-poochoodava-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217055214/https://mossymart.com/product/poove-poochoodava-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=17 February 2023 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track
! Singer
! Duration
|-
| "Chinna Kuyil Paadum Pattu"
| [[K. S. Chithra]]
| 4:20
|-
| "Pattasu Chuttu"
| K. S. Chithra
| 4:51
|-
| "Poovae Poochudava" – (Female)
| K. S. Chithra
| 4:31
|-
| "Poovae Poochudava" – (Male)
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| 4:32
|}

== Critical reception ==
On 6 October 1985, the review board of ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 55 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vikatan Review Board |date=6 October 1985 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: பூவே பூச்சூடவா |url=https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2009-apr-15/vikatan-pokkisham/40078.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226172957/https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2009-apr-15/vikatan-pokkisham/40078.html |archive-date=26 February 2019 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performances of Nadhiya, Padmini, the cinematography and music.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=22 September 1985 |title=பூவே பூச்சூடவா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-09-22/page/n55/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230514074819/https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-09-22/page/n55/mode/2up |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=54 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised acting, music and direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=22 September 1985 |title=பூவே பூச்சூடவா |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_312/6.jp2/full/1000,1360/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704065751/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_312/6.jp2/full/1000,1360/0/default.jpg |archive-date=4 July 2025 |access-date=4 July 2025 |work=Anna |pages=6 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Fazil (director)}}

[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 drama films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Films about mother–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films directed by Fazil]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Artillery

2026-03-02T23:37:37Z

RosemaryBrifman: Enhanced content and organization

{{short description|Long-ranged guns for land warfare}}
{{Redirect|Artilleryman|the racehorse|Artilleryman (horse)}}
{{other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2019}}
[[File:M777 howitzer rear.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|US [[artillerymen]] test fire an [[M777]] Lightweight 155-millimeter [[Howitzer]] at [[Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms]] (2005)]]

{{War|weapons|width=220px}}

'''Artillery''' consists of ranged weapons that launch [[Ammunition|munitions]] far beyond the range and power of [[Small arms and light weapons|infantry firearms]]. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach [[defensive wall]]s and [[fortification]]s during [[siege]]s, and led to heavy, fairly immobile [[siege engine]]s. As technology improved, lighter, more mobile [[field artillery]] [[cannon]]s were developed for battlefield use. This development continues today; modern [[self-propelled artillery]] vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility generally providing the largest share of an army's total firepower.

Originally, the word "artillery" referred to any group of soldiers primarily armed with some form of manufactured weapon or armour. Since the introduction of [[gunpowder]] and cannon, "artillery" has largely meant cannon, and in contemporary usage, usually refers to [[Shell (projectile)|shell]]-firing [[Field gun|gun]]s, [[howitzer]]s, and [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] (collectively called ''barrel artillery'', ''cannon artillery'' or ''gun artillery'') and [[rocket artillery]]. In common speech, the word "artillery" is often used to refer to individual devices, along with their accessories and fittings, although these assemblages are more properly called "equipment". However, there is no generally recognized generic term for a gun, howitzer, mortar, and so forth: the United States uses "artillery piece", but most English-speaking armies use "gun" and "mortar". The projectiles fired are typically either "[[round shot|shot]]" (if solid) or "shell" (if not solid). Historically, variants of solid shot including [[Canister shot|canister]], [[chain shot]] and [[grapeshot]] were also used. "Shell" is a widely used generic term for a projectile, which is a component of [[ammunition|munitions]].

By association, artillery may also refer to the [[Combat arms|arm of service]] that customarily operates such engines. In some armies, the artillery arm has operated [[field gun|field]], [[Coastal artillery|coastal]], [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]], and [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-tank]] artillery; in others these have been separate arms, and with some nations coastal has been a naval or marine responsibility.

In the 20th century, target acquisition devices (such as radar) and techniques (such as [[sound ranging]] and [[flash spotting]]) emerged, primarily for artillery. These are usually utilized by one or more of the artillery arms. The widespread adoption of [[indirect fire]] in the early 20th century introduced the need for specialist data for field artillery, notably [[Surveying|survey]] and meteorological, and in some armies, provision of these are the responsibility of the artillery arm. The majority of combat deaths in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], [[World War I]], and [[World War II]] were caused by artillery.<ref name=bellamy>{{cite book|first = Christopher |last =Bellamy|title = Oxford Companion to Military History|chapter = artillery|chapter-url = https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198606963.001.0001/acref-9780198606963-e-97 |date = 2004|publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn =978-0-19-860696-3}}</ref> In 1944, [[Joseph Stalin]] said in a speech that artillery was "the god of war".<ref name=bellamy/>

==Artillery piece==
[[File: French soldiers in the Franco-Prussian War 1870-71.jpg|thumb|right|French soldiers in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] 1870–71]]
[[File: British 64 Pounder Rifled Muzzle-Loaded (RML) Gun on Moncrieff disappearing mount, at Scaur Hill Fort, Bermuda.jpg|thumb|British 64 Pounder Rifled Muzzle-Loaded (RML) Gun on a Moncrieff disappearing mount, at Scaur Hill Fort, Bermuda. This is a part of a fixed battery, meant to protect against over-land attack and to serve as coastal artillery.]]
Although not called by that name, siege engines performing the role recognizable as artillery have been employed in warfare since antiquity. The first known [[catapult]] was developed in [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] in 399 BC.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Catapult: A History|first = Tracey Elizabeth|last = Rihll|date = 2007|publisher = Westholme Publishing|isbn = 9781594160356}}</ref> Until the introduction of [[gunpowder]] into western warfare, artillery was dependent upon mechanical energy, which not only severely limited the kinetic energy of the projectiles, but also required the construction of very large engines to accumulate sufficient energy. A 1st-century BC Roman catapult launching {{cvt|6.55|kg|lb}} stones achieved a kinetic energy of 16 [[Joule#Kilojoule|kilojoules]], compared to a mid-19th-century [[12-pounder gun]], which fired a {{cvt |4.1|kg|lb}} round, with a kinetic energy of 240 kilojoules, or a 20th-century US battleship that fired a {{cvt|1225|kg|lb}} projectile from its main battery with an energy level surpassing 350 [[Joule#Megajoule|megajoules]].

From the [[Middle Ages]] through most of the [[modern era]], [[Cannon|artillery pieces]] on land were moved by [[Horse-drawn vehicle|horse-drawn]] [[gun carriage]]s. In the [[Contemporary history|contemporary era]], artillery pieces and their crew relied on [[Motor vehicle|wheeled]] or [[tracked vehicle]]s as transportation. These land versions of artillery were dwarfed by [[railway gun]]s; the largest of these [[large-calibre artillery|large-calibre guns]] ever conceived – [[Project Babylon]] of the [[Supergun affair]] – was theoretically capable of [[Space gun|putting a satellite into orbit]]. Artillery used by naval forces has also changed significantly, with [[missile]]s generally replacing guns in [[surface warfare]].

Over the course of military history, projectiles were manufactured from a wide variety of materials, into a wide variety of shapes, using many different methods in which to [[Targeting (warfare)|target]] structural/defensive works and inflict enemy [[Casualty (person)|casualties]]. The engineering applications for [[Ammunition#Artillery|ordnance]] delivery have likewise changed significantly over time, encompassing some of the most complex and advanced technologies in use today.

In some armies, the weapon of artillery is the projectile, not the equipment that fires it. The process of delivering fire onto the target is called gunnery. The actions involved in operating an artillery piece are collectively called "serving the gun" by the "detachment" or gun crew, constituting either direct or indirect artillery fire. The manner in which gunnery crews (or formations) are employed is called artillery support. At different periods in history, this may refer to weapons designed to be fired from ground-, sea-, and even air-based [[weapons platform]]s.

==Crew==
Some armed forces use the term "gunners" for the soldiers and sailors with the primary function of using artillery.
[[File: M777 Light Towed Howitzer 1.jpg|thumb|7-person gun crew firing a US [[M777 howitzer|M777 Light Towed Howitzer]], [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]], 2009]]
The gunners and their guns are usually grouped in teams called either "crews" or "detachments". Several such crews and teams with other functions are combined into a unit of artillery, usually called a [[Artillery battery|battery]], although sometimes called a company. In gun detachments, each role is numbered, starting with "1" the Detachment Commander, and the highest number being the Coverer, the second-in-command. "Gunner" is also the lowest rank, and junior non-commissioned officers are "Bombardiers" in some artillery arms.

Batteries are roughly equivalent to a [[Company (military unit)|company]] in the infantry, and are combined into larger [[military organization]]s for administrative and operational purposes, either battalions or regiments, depending on the army. These may be grouped into brigades; the Russian army also groups some brigades into artillery divisions, and the [[People's Liberation Army]] has artillery corps.

The term "artillery" also designates a combat arm of most [[military service]]s when used organizationally to describe [[Military organization|units]] and [[Military organization|formations]] of the national armed forces that operate the weapons.

== Tactics ==
[[File:Artillerieschiessen Simplonpass 2023 (01).jpg|thumb|Artillery illuminating ammunition used in a shooting exercise on [[Simplon Pass]], [[Switzerland]]. The illuminated mountain is Mount [[Fletschhorn]], 9 km from the photographer's position.]]
During [[military operation]]s, [[field artillery]] has the role of providing support to other arms in combat or of attacking targets, particularly in-depth. Broadly, these effects fall into two categories, aiming either to suppress or neutralize the enemy, or to cause casualties, damage, and destruction. This is mostly achieved by delivering high-explosive munitions to suppress, or inflict casualties on the enemy from [[Penetrating trauma|casing fragments and other debris]] and from [[blast injury|blast]], or by destroying enemy positions, equipment, and vehicles. Non-lethal munitions, notably smoke, can also suppress or neutralize the enemy by obscuring their view.

Fire may be directed by an [[artillery observer]] or another observer, including crewed and uncrewed aircraft, or called onto [[Geographic coordinate system|map coordinates]].

[[Military doctrine]] has had a significant influence on the core [[Engineering design process|engineering design]] considerations of artillery ordnance through its history, in seeking to achieve a balance between the delivered volume of fire with ordnance mobility. However, during the modern period, the consideration of protecting the gunners also arose due to the late-19th-century introduction of the new generation of infantry weapons using [[Cylindro-conoidal bullet|conoidal bullet]], better known as the [[Minié ball]], with a range almost as long as that of field artillery.

[[File:Weapons Of The Field Artillery (1953).webm|thumb|''"Weapons Of The Field Artillery"'' (1953) - Official United States Army artillery training information reel.]]
The gunners' increasing proximity to and participation in direct combat against other combat arms and attacks by aircraft made the introduction of a gun shield necessary. The problems of how to employ a fixed or horse-towed gun in mobile warfare necessitated the development of new methods of transporting the artillery into combat. Two distinct forms of artillery were developed: the towed gun, used primarily to attack or defend a fixed-line; and the self-propelled gun, intended to accompany a mobile force and to provide continuous fire support and/or suppression. These influences have guided the development of artillery ordnance, systems, organizations, and operations until the present, with artillery systems capable of providing support at ranges from as little as 100 m to the intercontinental ranges of [[ballistic missile]]s. The only combat in which artillery is unable to take part is [[Close combat|close-quarters combat]], with the possible exception of artillery reconnaissance teams.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Šotnar|first1=Jiří|last2=Carbol|first2=Michal|last3=Blaha|first3=Martin|title= Modernization of artillery reconnaissance|url=http://inase.org/library/2014/varna/bypaper/AMCSE/AMCSE-17.pdf|website= INASE|publisher=Applied Mathematics, Computational Science and Engineering|access-date=March 17, 2015|archive-date= April 17, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180417100510/http://inase.org/library/2014/varna/bypaper/AMCSE/AMCSE-17.pdf|url-status=dead}}
</ref>

==Etymology==
The word as used in the current context originated in the [[Middle Ages]]. One suggestion is that it comes from French ''[[atelier]]'', meaning the place where manual work is done.

Another suggestion is that it originates from the 13th century and the [[Old French]] ''[[wiktionary:fr:artillier|artillier]]'', designating craftsmen and manufacturers of all materials and warfare equipments (spears, swords, armor, war machines); and, for the next 250 years, the sense of the word "artillery" covered all forms of military weapons. Hence, the naming of the [[Honourable Artillery Company]], which was essentially an [[infantry]] unit until the 19th century.

Another suggestion is that it comes from the Italian ''arte de tirare'' (art of shooting), coined by one of the first theorists on the use of artillery, [[Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia|Niccolò Tartaglia]]. The term was used by [[Girolamo Ruscelli]] (died 1566) in his ''Precepts of Modern Militia'' published posthumously in 1572.

==History==
{{see also|History of cannons|History of gunpowder}}
[[File:Ming Dynasty field artillery cannon.jpg|thumb|upright|A bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon" from the ''[[Huolongjing]]''.]]
Mechanical systems used for throwing ammunition in ancient warfare, also known as "[[engines of war]]", like the [[catapult]], [[onager (siege weapon)|onager]], [[trebuchet]], and [[ballista]], are also referred to by military historians as artillery.

===Medieval===
During medieval times, more types of artillery were developed, most notably the counterweight trebuchet. Traction trebuchets, using manpower to launch projectiles, have been used in ancient China since the 4th century as anti-personnel weapons. The much more powerful counterweight trebuchet was invented in the eastern Mediterranean region in the 12th century, with the earliest definite attestation in 1187.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-05 |title=Arms and Men: The Trebuchet |url=https://www.historynet.com/weaponry-the-trebuchet/ |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=Historynet |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Invention of gunpowder===
{{see also|Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty}}
[[File:1350 AD early Chinese vase-shaped cannon.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|A depiction of an early vase-shaped cannon (shown here as the "Long-range Awe-inspiring Cannon"(威遠砲)) complete with a crude sight and an ignition port dated from around 1350 AD. The illustration is from the 14th century Ming Dynasty book ''Huolongjing''.<ref name="needham314316"/>]]

Early Chinese artillery had vase-like shapes. This includes the "long range awe inspiring" cannon dated from 1350 and found in the 14th century [[Ming dynasty]] treatise ''[[Huolongjing]]''.<ref name="needham314316">{{Harvnb|Needham|1987|pages=314–16}}</ref> With the development of better metallurgy techniques, later cannons abandoned the vase shape of early Chinese artillery. This change can be seen in the bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon", an early example of [[field artillery]].<ref name="Science and Civilisation in China">{{cite book|first=Joseph|last=Needham|year=1987|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Science & Civilisation in China, volume 7: The Gunpowder Epic|isbn=978-0-521-30358-3|pages=317–19}}</ref> These small, crude weapons diffused into the Middle East (the ''[[Inventions in medieval Islam#Military|madfaa]]'') and reached Europe in the 13th century, in a very limited manner.

In Asia, [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] adopted the Chinese artillery and used it effectively in the [[Mongol invasions|great conquest]]. By the late 14th century, Chinese rebels used organized artillery and cavalry to push Mongols out.

As small smooth-bore barrels, these were initially cast in iron or bronze around a core, with the first drilled bore ordnance recorded in operation near Seville in 1247.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} They fired lead, iron, or stone balls, sometimes large arrows and on occasions simply handfuls of whatever scrap came to hand. During the [[Hundred Years' War]], these weapons became more common, initially as the [[Bombard (weapon)|bombard]] and later the [[cannon]]. Cannons were always [[muzzle-loader]]s. While there were many early attempts at [[Breechloader|breech-loading]] designs, a lack of engineering knowledge rendered these even more dangerous to use than muzzle-loaders.

===Expansion of use===
{{main|Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:French gunner 15th century · HHWXI264.svg|thumb|left|upright|French gunner in the 15th century, a 1904 illustration]]
[[File:1526-First Battle of Panipat-Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[First Battle of Panipat]]<ref>{{cite web|last=unknown |url=http://warfare.uphero.com/Moghul/Baburnama/1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.htm |title=1526, First Battle of Panipat, Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur |date=1590s |work=Baburnama}}</ref>]]
[[File:Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during the attack on Ranthambhor Fort.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's [[Siege of Ranthambore (1568)|Siege of Ranthambore]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm|title=Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort|date=1590–95|work= The Akbarnama |access-date= May 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519132308/http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm |archive-date= May 19, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

In 1415, the Portuguese invaded the Mediterranean port town of [[Ceuta]]. While it is difficult to confirm the use of firearms in the siege of the city, it is known the Portuguese defended it thereafter with firearms, namely ''bombardas'', ''colebratas'', and ''falconetes''. In 1419, Sultan Abu Sa'id led an army to reconquer the fallen city, and Marinids brought cannons and used them in the assault on Ceuta. Finally, hand-held firearms and riflemen appear in Morocco, in 1437, in an expedition against the people of [[Tangiers]].<ref>Cook, Weston F., Jr. 1993 ''Warfare and Firearms in Fifteenth century Morocco, 1400–1492.''</ref>{{Page needed|date=April 2011}} It is clear these weapons had developed into several different forms, from small guns to large artillery pieces.

The artillery revolution in Europe caught on during the [[Hundred Years' War]] and changed the way that battles were fought. In the preceding decades, the English had even used a gunpowder-like weapon in military campaigns against the Scottish.<ref>([[Sieges of Stirling Castle]])</ref> However, at this time, the cannons used in battle were very small and not particularly powerful. Cannons were only useful for the defense of a [[castle]], as demonstrated at [[Siege of Breteuil|Breteuil]] in 1356, when the besieged English used a cannon to destroy an attacking French assault tower.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=T.W.|title=Military Technologies of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nrZqzQs3jMC&q=Battle%20of%20Breteuil%20cannon&pg=PA242|access-date=17 November 2017|isbn=978-0-275-99536-2|date=2008-12-30|publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref> By the end of the 14th century, cannons were only powerful enough to knock in roofs, and could not penetrate castle walls.

However, a major change occurred between 1420 and 1430, when artillery became much more powerful and could now batter strongholds and fortresses quite efficiently. The English, French, and Burgundians all advanced in military technology, and as a result the traditional advantage that went to the defense in a siege was lost. Cannons during this period were elongated, and the recipe for gunpowder was improved to make it three times as powerful as before.<ref>{{cite journal
|title = The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years' War
|last = Rogers
|first = Clifford J.
|journal = [[The Journal of Military History]]
|issn = 1543-7795
|volume = 57
|issue = 2
|year = 1993
|pages = 241–78
|doi = 10.2307/2944058
|jstor = 2944058
}}</ref> These changes led to the increased power in the artillery weapons of the time.

[[File:HGM Pumhart von Steyr.jpg|thumb|left|The Austrian [[Pumhart von Steyr]], the earliest extant [[large-calibre artillery|large-calibre gun]]<ref>{{harvnb|Schmidtchen|1977|p=162}}</ref>]]
[[Joan of Arc]] encountered gunpowder weaponry several times. When she led the French against the English at the Battle of Tourelles, in 1430, she faced heavy gunpowder fortifications, and yet her troops prevailed in that battle. In addition, she led assaults against the English-held towns of Jargeau, Meung, and Beaugency, all with the support of large artillery units. When she led the assault on Paris, Joan faced stiff artillery fire, especially from the suburb of St. Denis, which ultimately led to her defeat in this battle. In April 1430, she went to battle against the Burgundians, whose support was purchased by the English. At this time, the Burgundians had the strongest and largest gunpowder arsenal among the European powers, and yet the French, under Joan of Arc's leadership, were able to beat back the Burgundians and defend themselves.<ref>DeVries, K: The Use of Gunpowder Weaponry By and Against Joan or Arc During the Hundred Years' War. 1996</ref> As a result, most of the battles of the Hundred Years' War that Joan of Arc participated in were fought with gunpowder artillery.
[[File:Dardanelles Gun Turkish Bronze 15c.png|thumb|[[Dardanelles Gun]]. Very heavy 15th-C bronze muzzle-loading cannon of type used by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in [[siege of Constantinople (1453)]], showing ornate decoration. Taken by The Land Feb 07 at [[Fort Nelson, Hampshire]].]]

The army of [[Mehmet the Conqueror]], which conquered [[Constantinople]] in 1453, included both artillery and foot soldiers armed with gunpowder weapons.<ref name=Nicolle2>{{cite book|last=Nicolle|first=David|author-link=David Nicolle|title=Constantinople 1453: The end of Byzantium|url=https://archive.org/details/constantinopleen00nico_981|url-access=limited|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|year=2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/constantinopleen00nico_981/page/n66 29]–30|isbn=978-1-84176-091-9|location=London}}</ref> The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] brought to the siege sixty-nine guns in fifteen separate [[Artillery battery|batteries]] and trained them at the walls of the city. The barrage of Ottoman cannon fire lasted forty days, and they are estimated to have fired 19,320 times.<ref name=Nicolle3>{{cite book|last=Nicolle|first=David|title=Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|year=1983|pages=29–30|isbn=978-0-85045-511-3}}</ref> Artillery also played a decisive role in the [[Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs]] of 1444. Early cannon were not always reliable; King [[James II of Scotland]] was killed by the accidental explosion of one of his own cannon, imported from Flanders, at the siege of Roxburgh Castle in 1460.

The able use of artillery supported to a large measure the expansion and defense of the [[Portuguese Empire]], as it was a necessary tool that allowed the Portuguese to face overwhelming odds both on land and sea from [[Morocco]] to Asia.<ref name="peers"/> In great sieges and in sea battles, the Portuguese demonstrated a level of proficiency in the use of artillery after the beginning of the 16th century unequalled by contemporary European neighbours, in part due to the experience gained in intense fighting in Morocco, which served as a proving ground for artillery and its practical application, and made Portugal a forerunner in gunnery for decades.<ref name="peers"/> During the reign of [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel]] (1495–1521) at least 2017 cannon were sent to Morocco for garrison defense, with more than 3000 cannon estimated to have been required during that 26-year period.<ref name="peers">Douglas M. Peers: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fKpYEAAAQBAJ&dq=Warfare%20and%20Empires%3A%20Contact%20and%20Conflict%20Between%20European%20and%20Non-European%20Military%20and%20Maritime%20Forces%20and%20Cultures%20morocco&pg=PP64 Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures]'', Routledge, 2022</ref> An especially noticeable division between siege guns and anti-personnel guns enhanced the use and effectiveness of Portuguese firearms above contemporary powers, making cannon the most essential element in the Portuguese arsenal.<ref name="peers"/>
[[File:Museu Militar - Lisboa - Portugal (49431498938).jpg|thumb|Portuguese artillery on display at the Military Museum of Lisbon, Portugal.]]

The three major classes of Portuguese artillery were anti-personnel guns with a high borelength (including: ''rebrodequim'', ''berço'', ''falconete'', ''falcão'', ''sacre'', ''áspide'', ''cão'', ''serpentina'' and ''passavolante''); bastion guns which could batter fortifications (''camelete'', ''leão'', ''pelicano'', ''basilisco'', ''águia'', ''camelo'', ''roqueira'', ''urso''); and howitzers that fired large stone cannonballs in an elevated arch, weighted up to 4000 pounds and could fire incendiary devices, such as a hollow iron ball filled with pitch and fuse, designed to be fired at close range and burst on contact.<ref name="peers1">Douglas M. Peers: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fKpYEAAAQBAJ&dq=Warfare%20and%20Empires%3A%20Contact%20and%20Conflict%20Between%20European%20and%20Non-European%20Military%20and%20Maritime%20Forces%20and%20Cultures%20morocco&pg=PP68 Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures]'', Routledge, 2022</ref> The most popular in Portuguese arsenals was the ''berço'', a 5 cm, one pounder bronze breech-loading cannon that weighted 150 kg with an effective range of 600 meters.<ref name="peers1"/>

A tactical innovation the Portuguese introduced in fort defense was the use of combinations of projectiles against massed assaults.<ref name="peers2"/> Although canister shot had been developed in the early 15th century, the Portuguese were the first to employ it extensively, and Portuguese engineers invented a canister round which consisted of a thin lead case filled with iron pellets, that broke up at the muzzle and scattered its contents in a narrow pattern.<ref name="peers2"/> An innovation which Portugal adopted in advance of other European powers was fuse-delayed action shells, and were commonly used in 1505.<ref name="peers2"/> Although dangerous, their effectiveness meant a sixth of all rounds used by the Portuguese in Morocco were of the fused-shell variety.<ref name="peers2">Douglas M. Peers: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fKpYEAAAQBAJ&dq=Warfare%20and%20Empires%3A%20Contact%20and%20Conflict%20Between%20European%20and%20Non-European%20Military%20and%20Maritime%20Forces%20and%20Cultures%20morocco&pg=PP69 Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures]'', Routledge, 2022</ref>

[[File:Chongtongs-Jinju Castle.jpg|right|thumb|Three of the large Korean artillery, [[Chongtong]] in the Jinju National Museum. These cannons were made in the mid 16th century. The closest is a "Cheonja chongtong"(천자총통, 天字銃筒), the second is a "Jija chongtong"(지자총통, 地字銃筒), and the third is a "Hyeonja chongtong"(현자총통, 玄字銃筒).]]
The new [[Ming Dynasty]] established the "Divine Engine Battalion" (神机营), which specialized in various types of artillery. Light cannons and cannons with multiple volleys were developed. In a campaign to suppress a local minority rebellion near today's Burmese border, "the Ming army used a 3-line method of arquebuses/muskets to destroy an elephant formation".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ot6rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 |title = Enotenplato, the Chronicle of Military Doctrine |date = August 23, 2019 |publisher = Lulu.com |isbn = 978-0-35980699-7}}</ref>

When the Portuguese and Spanish arrived at Southeast Asia, they found that the local kingdoms were already using cannons. Portuguese and Spanish invaders were unpleasantly surprised and even outgunned on occasion.<ref>{{cite book|title=Changes of regime and social dynamics in West Java : society, state, and the outer world of Banten, 1750–1830 |last1= Atsushi |first1= Ota|date=2006|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-15091-1|location= Leiden}}</ref> Duarte Barbosa ca. 1514 said that the inhabitants of Java were great masters in casting artillery and very good artillerymen. They made many one-pounder cannons (cetbang or [[Lantaka|rentaka]]), long muskets, ''spingarde'' (arquebus), ''schioppi'' (hand cannon), [[Greek fire]], guns (cannons), and other fire-works. In all aspects the Javanese were considered excellent in casting artillery, and in the knowledge of using it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=John Winter|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsofludovic00vartrich/page/254/mode/2up?q=|title=The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508|publisher=Hakluyt Society|year=1863}}</ref>{{Rp|254}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Edward John|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptionofcoa00barbrich/page/n7/mode/2up|title=A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century by Duarte Barbosa |publisher= The Hakluyt Society|year=1866}}</ref>{{Rp|198}}<ref>{{Cite book |last= Partington |first= J. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNZBSqd2cToC&pg=PA224|title=A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder|date=1999|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5954-0|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp |224}} In 1513, the [[Djong (ship)#European age of discovery|Javanese fleet]] led by Pati Unus sailed to attack [[Portuguese Malacca]] "with much artillery made in Java, for the Javanese are skilled in founding and casting, and in all works in [[iron]], over and above what they have in [[India]]".<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNsk7tLkMU4C |title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2012 |isbn=978-981-4311-96-0 |editor-last=Wade |editor-first=Geoff |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Tana |editor-first2=Li}}</ref>{{Rp |162}}<ref name=":222">{{Cite book |last=Crawfurd |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n8/mode/2up?q= |title=A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries |publisher=Bradbury and Evans |year=1856}}</ref>{{Rp|23}} By the early 16th century, the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] had already started locally-producing large guns, which were dubbed "sacred cannon[s]" or "holy cannon[s]" and have survived up to the present day – though in limited numbers. These cannons varied between 180 and 260 pounders, weighing anywhere between 3–8 tons, measuring between 3–6 m.<ref>''Modern Asian Studies''. Vol. 22, No. 3, Special Issue: Asian Studies in Honour of Professor Charles Boxer (1988), pp. 607–28.</ref>

Between 1593 and 1597, about 200,000 Korean and Chinese troops which [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|fought against Japan in Korea]] actively used heavy artillery in both siege and field combat. Korean forces mounted artillery [[Panokseon|in ships]] as [[naval gun]]s, providing an advantage against Japanese navy which used ''Kunikuzushi'' (国崩し – Japanese [[breech-loading swivel gun]]) and ''Ōzutsu'' (大筒 – large size [[Tanegashima (Japanese matchlock)|Tanegashima]]) as their largest firearms.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://sillok.history.go.kr/url.jsp?id=kna_13806007_002 |title= 조선왕조실록 |website= History | place = [[Korea|KR]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/url.jsp?id=kna_12610022_001|title=조선왕조실록 |website= History | place = KR}}</ref>

In the 16th century Ottoman Empire, [[Humbaracı]]s were founded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uyar |first1=Mesut |last2=Erickson |first2=Edward |date=2009 |title=A Military History of the Ottomans}}</ref>

===Smoothbores===
[[File:Gabions.png|left|thumb|Artillery with [[gabion]] fortification]]

Bombards were of value mainly in [[siege]]s. A famous Turkish example used at the [[Fall of Constantinople|siege of Constantinople]] in 1453 weighed 19 tons{{Vague|which tons?|date=February 2009}}, took 200 men and sixty oxen to emplace, and could fire just seven times a day. The Fall of Constantinople was perhaps "the first event of supreme importance whose result was determined by the use of artillery" when the huge bronze cannons of [[Mehmed II]] breached the city's walls, ending the [[Byzantine Empire]], according to Sir [[Charles Oman]].<ref>Holmes, p. 70</ref>

Bombards developed in Europe were massive [[smoothbore]] weapons distinguished by their lack of a field carriage, immobility once emplaced, highly individual design, and noted unreliability (in 1460 [[James II of Scotland|James II]], King of Scots, was killed when one exploded at the siege of Roxburgh). Their large size precluded the barrels being cast and they were constructed out of metal staves or rods bound together with hoops like a barrel, giving their name to the [[gun barrel]].<ref name="WARKEEGAN">{{cite book |author-link=John Keegan|last =Keegan|first = John|title = A History of Warfare|date = 1993 |publisher = Hutchinson|isbn = 978-0-09174527-1|title-link =A History of Warfare}}</ref>{{Page needed |date= April 2011}}

The use of the word "cannon" marks the introduction in the 15th century of a dedicated field carriage with axle, trail and animal-drawn limber—this produced mobile field pieces that could move and support an army in action, rather than being found only in the siege and static defenses. The reduction in the size of the barrel was due to improvements in both iron technology and gunpowder manufacture, while the development of [[trunnion]]s—projections at the side of the cannon as an integral part of the cast—allowed the barrel to be fixed to a more movable base, and also made raising or lowering the barrel much easier.<ref name="WARKEEGAN"/>

[[File:Tsar Cannon, Tsar Pushka, Kremlin, Moscow, Russia.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Tsar Cannon]] (caliber 890 mm), cast in 1586 in Moscow. It is the largest bombard in the world.]]
The first land-based mobile weapon is usually credited to [[Jan Žižka]], who deployed his oxen-hauled cannon during the [[Hussite Wars]] of Bohemia (1418–1424). However, cannons were still large and cumbersome. With the rise of musketry in the 16th century, cannon were largely (though not entirely) displaced from the battlefield—the cannon were too slow and cumbersome to be used and too easily lost to a rapid enemy advance.

The combining of shot and powder into a single unit, a cartridge, occurred in the 1620s with a simple fabric bag, and was quickly adopted by all nations. It speeded loading and made it safer, but unexpelled bag fragments were an additional fouling in the gun barrel and a new tool—a [[Worm (artillery)|worm]]—was introduced to remove them. [[Gustavus Adolphus]] is identified as the general who made cannon an effective force on the battlefield—pushing the development of much lighter and smaller weapons and deploying them in far greater numbers than previously. The outcome of battles was still determined by the clash of infantry.

Shells, explosive-filled fused projectiles, were in use by the 15th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NPS Interpretive Series: Artillery Through the Ages - Explosive Shells |date=1955 |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/source/is3/is3d1.htm |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=National Park Service |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230514204212/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/source/is3/is3d1.htm |archive-date= 2023-05-14 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shell {{!}} ammunition |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/shell-ammunition |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> The development of specialized pieces—shipboard artillery, howitzers and [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]]—was also begun in this period. More esoteric designs, like the multi-barrel ''[[ribauldequin]]'' (known as "organ guns"), were also produced.{{dubious |date=October 2018}}

The 1650 book by [[Kazimierz Siemienowicz]] ''Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima''<ref>Ordway, Vice-Commander of Artillery of the Polish king, Wladyslaw IV, ''Great Art of Artillery, the First Part'', also known as ''The Complete Art of Artillery'', pp. 407–16.</ref> was one of the most important contemporary publications on the subject of artillery. For over two centuries this work was used in Europe as a basic artillery manual.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lithuanian Art Fund|url=https://lithuanianart.com/artwork/44 |access-date=2021-01-28}}</ref>

[[File:Belagerung Stralsunds durch Wallenstein 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Siege of Stralsund (1628)|Siege of Stralsund]] during the [[Thirty Years' War]], 1628]]
One of the most significant effects of artillery during this period was however somewhat more indirect—by easily reducing to rubble any medieval-type fortification or city wall (some which had stood since Roman times), it abolished millennia of siege-warfare strategies and styles of fortification building.<ref name= "WARKEEGAN"/> This led, among other things, to a frenzy of new [[bastion]]-style fortifications to be built all over Europe and in its colonies, but also had a strong integrating effect on emerging nation-states, as kings were able to use their newfound artillery superiority to force any local dukes or lords to submit to their will, setting the stage for the absolutist kingdoms to come.<ref name= "WARKEEGAN"/>

Modern [[rocket artillery]] can trace its heritage back to the [[Mysorean rockets]] of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]. Their first recorded use was in 1780 during the battles of the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War|Second]], [[Third Mysore War|Third]] and [[Fourth Mysore War]]s. The wars fought between the [[British East India Company]] and the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in [[Hindustan|India]] made use of the rockets as a weapon. In the [[Battle of Pollilur (1780)|Battle of Pollilur]], the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1792)]] and in [[Battle of Seringapatam]] in 1799, these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British.<ref name= r&ms>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1357360/rocket-and-missile-system/ |title= Rocket and missile system| first1=Frederick C. III | last1 = Durant | first2=Stephen Oliver | last2 = Fought | first3= John F. Jr. | last3 = Guilmartin |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=December 19, 2011}}</ref> After the wars, several Mysore rockets were sent to England, but experiments with heavier payloads were unsuccessful. In 1804 William Congreve, considering the Mysorian rockets to have too short a range (less than 1,000 yards) developed rockets in numerous sizes with ranges up to 3,000 yards and eventually utilizing iron casing as the [[Congreve rocket]] which were used effectively during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and the [[War of 1812]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Tipu's missile launch pad in shambles|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/23/stories/2005062310360300.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071001030520/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/23/stories/2005062310360300.htm |url-status= dead|archive-date=October 1, 2007|access-date=December 16, 2011|date=June 23, 2005 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|location=Karnataka, India}}</ref>

===Napoleonic===
[[File:Farkhi.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century cannon, set in the wall of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] to commemorate the city's resistance to the [[Siege of Acre (1799)|1799 siege]] by [[Napoleon|Napoleon's]] troops.]]
With the Napoleonic Wars, artillery experienced changes in both physical design and operation. Rather than being overseen by "mechanics", artillery was viewed as its own service branch with the capability of dominating the battlefield. The success of the French artillery companies was at least in part due to the presence of specially trained artillery officers leading and coordinating during the chaos of battle.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tactics and Grand Tactics of the Napoleonic Wars|last=Jeffery|first=George|publisher=Courier|year=1982}}</ref> [[Napoleon]], himself a former artillery officer, perfected the tactic of massed artillery batteries unleashed upon a critical point in his enemies' line as a prelude to a decisive infantry and cavalry assault.

Physically, cannons continued to become smaller and lighter. During the Seven Years War, [[King Frederick II of Prussia]] used these advances to deploy horse artillery that could move throughout the battlefield. Frederick also introduced the reversible iron ramrod, which was much more resistant to breakage than older wooden designs. The reversibility aspect also helped increase the rate of fire, since a soldier would no longer have to worry about what end of the ramrod they were using.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Battle of Kolin|url=https://www.britishbattles.com/frederick-the-great-wars/seven-years-war/battle-of-kolin/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=www.britishbattles.com}}</ref>

[[Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval|Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval]], a French artillery engineer, introduced the standardization of cannon design in the mid-18th century. He developed a 6-inch (150 mm) field howitzer whose gun barrel, carriage assembly and ammunition specifications were made uniform for all French cannons. The standardized interchangeable parts of these cannons down to the nuts, bolts and screws made their mass production and repair much easier. While the Gribeauval system made for more efficient production and assembly, the carriages used were heavy and the gunners were forced to march on foot (instead of riding on the [[Limbers and caissons|limber]] and gun as in the British system).<ref>{{Cite book|title=French Napoleonic Artillery|last=Head|first=Michael|publisher=Almark Publishing Co. Ltd|year=1970|location= Middlesex}}</ref> Each cannon was named for the weight of its projectiles, giving us variants such as 4, 8, and 12, indicating the weight in pounds. The projectiles themselves included solid balls or canister containing lead bullets or other material. These canister shots acted as massive shotguns, peppering the target with hundreds of projectiles at close range.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Weapons and Equipment of the Napoleonic Wars|last=Haythornwaite|first=Philip J.|publisher=Blanford Press|year=1979}}</ref> The solid balls, known as [[round shot]], was most effective when fired at shoulder-height across a flat, open area. The ball would tear through the ranks of the enemy or bounce along the ground breaking legs and ankles.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Artillery Equipments of the Napoleonic Wars|last= Wise|first=Terence|publisher=Osprey|year=1979|isbn=9780850453362}}</ref>

===Modern===
{{See also|Field artillery in the American Civil War}}

[[File:Battle_of_Langensalza.jpg|thumb|[[Prussia]]n artillery at the [[Battle of Langensalza (1866)]]]]
The development of modern artillery occurred in the mid to late 19th century as a result of the convergence of various improvements in the underlying technology. Advances in metallurgy allowed for the construction of [[breech-loading weapon|breech-loading]] [[rifling|rifled]] guns that could fire at a much greater [[muzzle velocity]].

After the British artillery was shown up in the [[Crimean War]] as having barely changed since the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the industrialist [[William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong|William Armstrong]] was awarded a contract by the government to design a new piece of artillery. Production started in 1855 at the [[Elswick Ordnance Company]] and the [[Royal Arsenal]] at [[Woolwich]], and the outcome was the revolutionary [[Armstrong Gun]], which marked the birth of modern artillery.<ref>{{cite journal
|title = From Breechloaders to Monster Guns: Sir William Armstrong and the Invention of Modern Artillery, 1854–1880
|last = Bastable
|first = Marshall J.
|journal = [[Technology and Culture]]
|issn = 1097-3729
|volume = 33
|issue = 2
|year = 1992
|pages = 213–47
|doi = 10.2307/3105857
|jstor = 3105857
|s2cid = 112105821
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/William_Armstrong|title=William Armstrong|website = Grace's Guide to British Industrial History|date = 4 October 2018}}</ref> Three of its features particularly stand out.

[[File:Sagahan Armstrong gun used at the Battle of Ueno against the Shogitai 1868.jpg|thumb|Armstrong gun deployed by Japan during the [[Boshin war]] (1868–69)|left]]
First, the piece was rifled, which allowed for a much more accurate and powerful action. Although rifling had been tried on small arms since the 15th century, the necessary machinery to accurately rifle artillery was not available until the mid-19th century. [[Martin von Wahrendorff]], and [[Joseph Whitworth]] independently produced rifled cannon in the 1840s, but it was Armstrong's gun that was first to see widespread use during the Crimean War.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/gabrmetz/gabr001b.htm |title= The Emergence of Modern War|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190701173545/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/gabrmetz/gabr001b.htm|archive-date = 1 July 2019}}</ref> The [[cast iron]] shell of the Armstrong gun was similar in shape to a [[Minié ball]] and had a thin lead coating which made it fractionally larger than the gun's [[Gauge (firearms)|bore]] and which engaged with the gun's rifling grooves to impart spin to the shell. This spin, together with the elimination of [[British ordnance terms#Windage|windage]] as a result of the tight fit, enabled the gun to achieve greater range and accuracy than existing smooth-bore muzzle-loaders with a smaller powder charge.

[[File:ArmstrongRifle.jpg|thumb|right|8-inch Armstrong gun during [[American Civil War]], [[Fort Fisher]], 1865]]
His gun was also a breech-loader. Although attempts at breech-loading mechanisms had been made since medieval times, the essential engineering problem was that the mechanism could not withstand the explosive charge. It was only with the advances in [[metallurgy]] and [[precision engineering]] capabilities during the [[Industrial Revolution]] that Armstrong was able to construct a viable solution. The gun combined all the properties that make up an effective artillery piece. The gun was mounted on a carriage in such a way as to return the gun to firing position after the [[recoil]].

[[File:Canon de 75 front.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|The French [[Canon de 75 modèle 1897]], the first modern artillery piece]]
What made the gun really revolutionary lay in the technique of the construction of the gun barrel that allowed it to withstand much more powerful explosive forces. The "[[built-up gun|built-up]]" method involved assembling the barrel with [[wrought-iron]] (later [[mild steel]] was used) tubes of successively smaller diameter.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/local/rbl6.htm |title=Armstrong Rifled Breech Loading (RBL) 6-Pounder |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020220090540/http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/local/rbl6.htm |archive-date=February 20, 2002}}</ref> The tube would then be heated to allow it to expand and fit over the previous tube. When it cooled the gun would contract although not back to its original size, which allowed an even pressure along the walls of the gun which was directed inward against the outward forces that the gun's firing exerted on the barrel.<ref>Holley states that [[Daniel Treadwell]] first patented the concept of a central steel tube kept under compression by wrought-iron coils.. and that Armstrong's assertion that he (Armstrong) first used a wrought-iron A-tube and hence did not infringe the patent, was disingenuous, as the main point in Treadwell's patent was the tension exerted by the wrought-iron coils, which Armstrong used in exactly the same fashion. Holley, Treatise on Ordnance and Armour, 1865, pp. 863–70</ref>

[[File:Weapons of the Field Artillery (1966).webm|thumb|''"Weapons of the Field Artillery""'' (1966).]]
Another innovative feature, more usually associated with 20th-century guns, was what Armstrong called its "grip", which was essentially a squeeze bore; the 6 inches of the bore at the muzzle end was of slightly smaller diameter, which centered the shell before it left the barrel and at the same time slightly [[swage]]d down its lead coating, reducing its diameter and slightly improving its ballistic qualities.

Armstrong's system was adopted in 1858, initially for "special service in the field" and initially he produced only smaller artillery pieces, 6-pounder (2.5 in/64 mm) mountain or light field guns, 9-pounder (3 in/76 mm) guns for [[horse artillery]], and [[RBL 12 pounder 8 cwt Armstrong gun|12-pounder (3 inches /76 mm) field guns]].

The first cannon to contain all 'modern' features is generally considered to be the [[Canon de 75 modèle 1897|French 75]] of 1897.<ref>Chris Bishop, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MuGsf0psjvcC&pg=PA137 "Canon de 75 modèle 1897"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000655/https://books.google.com/books?id=MuGsf0psjvcC&pg=PA137 |date=November 26, 2022 }}, The encyclopedia of weapons of World War II, p. 137</ref><ref name=roberts>Priscilla Mary Roberts, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TogXVHTlxG4C&pg=PA726 "French 75 gun"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000657/https://books.google.com/books?id=TogXVHTlxG4C&pg=PA726 |date=November 26, 2022 }}, World War One, p. 726</ref> The gun used cased ammunition, was breech-loading, had modern sights, and a self-contained firing mechanism. It was the first [[field gun]] to include a [[Hydraulic recoil mechanism|hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism]], which kept the gun's trail and wheels perfectly still during the firing sequence. Since it did not need to be re-aimed after each shot, the crew could fire as soon as the barrel returned to its resting position. In typical use, the French 75 could deliver fifteen rounds per minute on its target, either [[Shrapnel shell|shrapnel]] or [[Picric acid|melinite]] [[high-explosive]], up to about 5 miles (8,500 m) away. Its firing rate could even reach close to 30 rounds per minute, albeit only for a very short time and with a highly experienced crew. These were rates that contemporary [[bolt action rifle|bolt action]] [[rifle]]s could not match.

====Indirect fire====
{{Main|Indirect fire}}
Indirect fire, the firing of a projectile without relying on direct line of sight between the gun and the target, possibly dates back to the 16th century.<ref>Hogg, O. F. G. (1970). ''Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline''. C. Hurst.</ref> Early battlefield use of indirect fire may have occurred at [[Battle of Kay|Paltzig]] in July 1759, when the Russian artillery fired over the tops of trees,<ref>Christopher Bellamy, ''Red God of War: Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces'', London, 1986, p.16, quoted in {{cite book|title=The Dynamics of Military Revolution|last1=Knox|first1=MacGregor|last2=Murray|first2=Williamson|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-80079-2|page=135}}</ref> and at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], where a battery of the [[Royal Horse Artillery]] fired shrapnel indirectly against advancing French troops.<ref>Against All Odds!: Dramatic Last Stand Actions; Perret, Brian; Cassell 2000; {{ISBN|978-0-304-35456-6}}: discussed during the account of the Hougoumont action.</ref>

In 1882, Russian Lieutenant Colonel KG Guk published ''Indirect Fire for Field Artillery'', which provided a practical method of using [[aiming point]]s for indirect fire by describing, "all the essentials of aiming points, crest clearance, and corrections to fire by an observer".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Dynamics of Military Revolution|last1=Knox|first1=MacGregor|last2=Murray|first2=Williamson|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-80079-2|page=136}}</ref>

A few years later, the Richtfläche (lining-plane) sight was invented in Germany and provided a means of indirect laying in azimuth, complementing the clinometers for indirect laying in elevation which already existed. Despite conservative opposition within the [[German Army (German Empire)|German army]], indirect fire was adopted as doctrine by the 1890s. In the early 1900s, Goertz in Germany developed an optical sight for azimuth laying. It quickly replaced the lining-plane; in English, it became the 'Dial Sight' (UK) or 'Panoramic Telescope' (US).

The British halfheartedly experimented with indirect fire techniques since the 1890s, but with the onset of the [[Boer War]], they were the first to apply the theory in practice in 1899, although they had to improvise without a lining-plane sight.<ref name="Evolution">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5dmYQPNfGFsC&pg=PA30|title=The Evolution of Indirect Fire|author=Frank W. Sweet|pages=28–33|isbn=978-0-939479-20-7|publisher=Backintyme|year=2000}}</ref>

In the next 15 years leading up to [[World War I]], the techniques of indirect fire became available for all types of artillery. Indirect fire was the defining characteristic of 20th-century artillery and led to undreamt of changes in the amount of artillery, its tactics, organisation, and techniques, most of which occurred during World War I.

An implication of indirect fire and improving guns was increasing range between gun and target, this increased the time of flight and the vertex of the trajectory. The result was decreasing accuracy (the increasing distance between the target and the mean point of impact of the shells aimed at it) caused by the increasing effects of non-standard conditions. Indirect firing data was based on standard conditions including a specific muzzle velocity, zero wind, air temperature and density, and propellant temperature. In practice, this standard combination of conditions almost never existed, they varied throughout the day and day to day, and the greater the time of flight, the greater the inaccuracy. An added complication was the need for survey to accurately fix the coordinates of the gun position and provide accurate orientation for the guns. Of course, targets had to be accurately located, but by 1916, air photo interpretation techniques enabled this, and ground survey techniques could sometimes be used.

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S36048, Frankreich, Arras, Artillerie.jpg|thumb|German [[15 cm sFH 13|15cm field howitzers]] during [[World War I]]]]
In 1914, the methods of correcting firing data for the actual conditions were often convoluted, and the availability of data about actual conditions was rudimentary or non-existent, the assumption was that fire would always be ranged (adjusted). British heavy artillery worked energetically to progressively solve all these problems from late 1914 onwards, and by early 1918, had effective processes in place for both field and heavy artillery. These processes enabled 'map-shooting', later called 'predicted fire'; it meant that effective fire could be delivered against an accurately located target without ranging. Nevertheless, the mean point of impact was still some tens of yards from the target-centre aiming point. It was not precision fire, but it was good enough for concentrations and barrages. These processes remain in use into the 21st century with refinements to calculations enabled by computers and improved data capture about non-standard conditions.

The British [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major General]] [[Henry Hugh Tudor]] pioneered armour and artillery cooperation at the breakthrough [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]]. The improvements in providing and using data for non-standard conditions (propellant temperature, muzzle velocity, wind, air temperature, and barometric pressure) were developed by the major combatants throughout the war and enabled effective predicted fire.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Dynamics of Military Revolution|last1=Knox|first1=MacGregor|last2=Murray|first2=Williamson|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-80079-2|page=141}}.</ref> The effectiveness of this was demonstrated by the British in 1917 (at Cambrai) and by Germany the following year ([[Operation Michael]]).

Major General J.B.A. Bailey, British Army (retired) wrote:
{{blockquote|From the middle of the eighteenth century to the middle of the nineteenth, artillery is judged to have accounted for perhaps 50% of battlefield casualties. In the sixty years preceding 1914, this figure was probably as low as 10 percent. The remaining 90 percent fell to small arms, whose range and accuracy had come to rival those of artillery. ... [By WWI] The [[British Royal Artillery]], at over one million men, grew to be larger than the Royal Navy. Bellamy (1986), pp. 1–7, cites the percentage of casualties caused by artillery in various theaters since 1914: in the First World War, 45 percent of Russian casualties and 58 percent of British casualties on the Western Front; in the Second World War, 75 percent of British casualties in North Africa and 51 percent of Soviet casualties (61 percent in 1945) and 70 percent of German casualties on the Eastern Front; and in the Korean War, 60 percent of US casualties, including those inflicted by mortars.<ref>{{citation|first=Jonathan B.A.|last=Bailey|year=2004|title=Field artillery and firepower|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-029-0}}{{page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref>|J.B.A. Bailey (2004). ''Field artillery and firepower''}}

An estimated 75,000 French soldiers were casualties of friendly artillery fire in the four years of World War I.<ref>General Percin, 1921 ''Le massacre de notre infanterie, 1914–1918''. Percin supports his claim with hundreds of items of battlefield correspondence from all parts of the Western Front.</ref>

===Precision-guidance===
[[File:XM982 Excalibur inert.jpg|thumb|left|[[M982 Excalibur]] guided artillery shell]]
[[modern era|Modern]] artillery is most obviously distinguished by its long range, firing an [[explosive]] [[shell (projectile)|shell]] or [[rocket (weapon)|rocket]] and a mobile carriage for firing and transport. However, its most important characteristic is the use of indirect fire, whereby the firing equipment is aimed without seeing the target through its sights. Indirect fire emerged at the beginning of the 20th century and was greatly enhanced by the development of [[predicted fire]] methods in World War I. However, indirect fire was area fire; it was and is not suitable for destroying point targets; its primary purpose is area suppression. Nevertheless, by the late 1970s precision-guided munitions started to appear, notably the US 155 mm Copperhead and its Soviet 152 mm [[Krasnopol (weapon)|Krasnopol]] equivalent that had success in Indian service. These relied on laser designation to 'illuminate' the target that the shell homed onto. However, in the early 21st century, the [[Global Positioning System|Global Positioning System (GPS)]] enabled relatively cheap and accurate guidance for shells and missiles, notably the US 155 mm Excalibur and the 227 mm GMLRS rocket. The introduction of these led to a new issue, the need for very accurate three dimensional target coordinates—the mensuration process.<ref name= tmo >Ms. Marie Berberea (TRADOC) [https://www.army.mil/article/191808/fort_sill_working_to_install_new_digital_imaging_program (3 August 2017) Fort Sill working to install new digital imaging program]</ref>

[[File:XM1156-PGK.svg|thumb|right|[[M1156 precision guidance kit]] can be added to unguided projectiles]]

Weapons covered by the term 'modern artillery' include "[[cannon]]" artillery (such as [[howitzer]], [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]], and [[field gun]]) and [[rocket artillery]]. Certain smaller-caliber mortars are more properly designated small arms rather than artillery, albeit indirect-fire small arms. This term also came to include [[coastal artillery]] which traditionally defended coastal areas against seaborne attack and controlled the passage of ships. With the advent of powered flight at the start of the 20th century, artillery also included ground-based [[anti-aircraft battery|anti-aircraft batteries]].

The term "artillery" has traditionally not been used for projectiles with internal [[guidance system]]s, preferring the term "missilery", though some modern artillery units employ surface-to-surface [[missile]]s. Advances in terminal guidance systems for small munitions has allowed large-caliber guided projectiles to be developed, blurring this distinction.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chikammadu|first=Ali Caleb|title=Enotenplato The Chronicle of Military Doctrine|publisher=[[Lulu.com]]|date=September 3, 2019|isbn=9780359806997|pages=196}}</ref> ''See [[Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF)]], [[Joint terminal attack controller]]''

==Ammunition==

One of the most important roles of logistics is the supply of [[munition]]s as a primary type of artillery consumable, their storage ([[ammunition dump]], [[arsenal]], [[Magazine (artillery)|magazine]]
) and the provision of fuzes, detonators and warheads at the point where artillery troops will assemble the charge, projectile, bomb or shell.

A round of artillery ammunition comprises four components:
# [[Fuze]]
# [[Projectile]]
# [[Propellant]]
# [[Primer (firearms)|Primer]]

===Fuzes===
{{Main|Artillery fuze}}
[[Fuze (munitions)|Fuzes]] are the devices that initiate an artillery projectile, either to detonate its [[Explosive#High|High Explosive (HE)]] filling or eject its cargo (illuminating flare or smoke canisters being examples). The official military spelling is "fuze".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/Other_Pubs/aap6.pdf |page=2-F-8 |title=AAP-06 - NATO GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS (ENGLISH AND FRENCH) |year=2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718224533/https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/Other_Pubs/aap6.pdf |archive-date=July 18, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Broadly there are four main types:
* [[Impact (mechanics)|impact]] (including graze and [[Delay composition|delay]])
* [[Mechanism (engineering)|mechanical]] [[time]] including [[Air burst|airburst]]
* [[proximity sensor]] including [[Air burst|airburst]]
* [[Programmer (hardware)|programmable]] [[Electronics|electronic]] [[detonation]] including [[Air burst|airburst]]

Most artillery fuzes are nose fuzes. However, base fuzes have been used with armor-piercing shells and for squash head ([[High-explosive squash head|High-Explosive Squash Head (HESH)]] or [[High-explosive squash head|High Explosive, Plastic (HEP)]] anti-tank shells). At least one nuclear shell and its non-nuclear spotting version also used a multi-deck mechanical time fuze fitted into its base.

Impact fuzes were, and in some armies remain, the standard fuze for HE projectiles. Their default action is normally 'superquick', some have had a 'graze' action which allows them to penetrate light cover and others have 'delay'. Delay fuzes allow the shell to penetrate the ground before exploding. Armor or Concrete-Piercing (AP or CP) fuzes are specially hardened. During World War I and later, ricochet fire with delay or graze fuzed HE shells, fired with a flat angle of descent, was used to achieve airburst.

HE shells can be fitted with other fuzes. Airburst fuzes usually have a combined airburst and impact function. However, until the introduction of [[proximity fuze]]s, the airburst function was mostly used with cargo munitions—for example, shrapnel, illumination, and smoke. The larger calibers of [[anti-aircraft]] artillery are almost always used airburst. Airburst fuzes have to have the fuze length (running time) set on them. This is done just before firing using either a wrench or a fuze setter pre-set to the required fuze length.

Early airburst fuzes used igniferous timers which lasted into the second half of the 20th century. Mechanical time fuzes appeared in the early part of the century. These required a means of powering them. The Thiel mechanism used a spring and escapement (i.e. 'clockwork'), Junghans used [[centrifugal force]] and gears, and Dixi used centrifugal force and balls. From about 1980, electronic time fuzes started replacing mechanical ones for use with cargo munitions.

Proximity fuzes have been of two types: photo-electric or radar. The former was not very successful and seems only to have been used with British [[anti-aircraft artillery]] 'unrotated projectiles' (rockets) in World War II. Radar proximity fuzes were a big improvement over the mechanical (time) fuzes which they replaced. Mechanical time fuzes required an accurate calculation of their running time, which was affected by non-standard conditions. With HE (requiring a burst 20 to {{convert|30|ft|m}} above the ground), if this was very slightly wrong the rounds would either hit the ground or burst too high. Accurate running time was less important with cargo munitions that burst much higher.

The first [[Proximity fuze|radar proximity fuzes]] (perhaps originally codenamed 'VT' and later called Variable Time (VT)) were invented by the British and developed by the US and initially used against aircraft in World War II. Their ground use was delayed for fear of the enemy recovering 'blinds' (artillery shells which failed to detonate) and copying the fuze. The first proximity fuzes were designed to detonate about {{convert|30|ft|m}} above the ground. These air-bursts are much more lethal against personnel than ground bursts because they deliver a greater proportion of useful fragments and deliver them into terrain where a prone soldier would be protected from ground bursts.

However, proximity fuzes can suffer premature detonation because of the moisture in heavy rain clouds. This led to 'Controlled Variable Time' (CVT) after World War II. These fuzes have a mechanical timer that switched on the radar about 5 seconds before expected impact, they also detonated on impact.

The proximity fuze emerged on the battlefields of Europe in late December 1944. They have become known as the U.S. Artillery's "Christmas present", and were much appreciated when they arrived during the [[Battle of the Bulge]]. They were also used to great effect in anti-aircraft projectiles in the Pacific against ''[[kamikaze]]'' as well as in Britain against [[V-1 flying bomb]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/science-service-historical-images-collection|title=Science Service Historical Images Collection|date=April 19, 2018|website=National Museum of American History}}</ref>

Electronic multi-function fuzes started to appear around 1980. Using solid-state electronics they were relatively cheap and reliable, and became the standard fitted fuze in operational ammunition stocks in some western armies. The early versions were often limited to proximity airburst, albeit with height of burst options, and impact. Some offered a go/no-go functional test through the fuze setter.

Later versions introduced induction fuze setting and testing instead of physically placing a fuze setter on the fuze. The latest, such as Junghan's DM84U provide options giving, superquick, delay, a choice of proximity heights of burst, time and a choice of foliage penetration depths.

===Projectiles===
{{Main|Shell (projectile)}}
[[File:Nuclear artillery test Grable Event - Part of Operation Upshot-Knothole.jpg|thumb|Artillery can be used to fire [[nuclear artillery|nuclear warheads]], as seen in [[Upshot-Knothole Grable|this 1953 nuclear test]].]]
The projectile is the munition or "bullet" fired downrange. This may be an explosive device. Projectiles have traditionally been classified as "shot" or "shell", the former being solid and the latter having some form of "payload".

Shells can be divided into three configurations: bursting, base ejection or nose ejection. The latter is sometimes called the shrapnel configuration. The most modern is base ejection, which was introduced in World War I. Base and nose ejection are almost always used with airburst fuzes. Bursting shells use various types of fuze depending on the nature of the payload and the tactical need at the time.

Payloads have included:
* '''Bursting''': high-explosive, [[white phosphorus]], coloured marker, chemical, nuclear devices; [[high-explosive anti-tank]] and canister may be considered special types of bursting shell.
* '''Nose ejection''': shrapnel, star, incendiary and flechette (a more modern version of shrapnel).
* '''Base ejection''': [[Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition]] bomblets, which arm themselves and function after a set number of rotations after having been ejected from the projectile (this produces unexploded sub-munitions, or "duds", which remain dangerous), scatterable mines, illuminating, coloured flare, smoke, incendiary, propaganda, chaff<ref>p. 266, Browne & Thurbon</ref> (foil to jam radars)<ref>p. 262, International
Aeronautic Federation</ref> and modern exotics such as electronic payloads and sensor-fuzed munitions.

===Stabilization===
* '''Rifled''': Artillery projectiles have traditionally been spin-stabilised, meaning that they spin in flight so that [[gyroscopic]] forces prevent them from tumbling. Spin is induced by gun barrels having [[rifling]], which engages a soft metal band around the projectile, called a "[[driving band]]" (UK) or "rotating band" (U.S.). The driving band is usually made of copper, but synthetic materials have been used.
* '''Smoothbore/fin-stabilized''': In modern artillery, [[smoothbore]] barrels have been used mostly by [[mortar (weapon)|mortars]]. These projectiles use fins in the airflow at their rear to maintain correct orientation. The primary benefits over rifled barrels is reduced barrel wear, longer ranges that can be achieved (due to the reduced loss of energy to friction and gas escaping around the projectile via the rifling) and larger explosive cores for a given caliber artillery due to less metal needing to be used to form the case of the projectile because of less force applied to the shell from the non-rifled sides of the barrel of smooth bore guns.
* '''Rifled/fin-stabilized''': A combination of the above can be used, where the barrel is rifled, but the projectile also has deployable fins for stabilization,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6779754-fulltext.html |title=Fin-stabilized artillery shell |publisher=patentstorm.us |date=August 24, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209222127/http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6779754-fulltext.html |archive-date=February 9, 2008 }}</ref> guidance{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} or gliding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6748871-fulltext.html |title=Guided artillery missile with extremely long range |publisher=patentstorm.us |date=August 24, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209222122/http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6748871-fulltext.html |archive-date=February 9, 2008 }}</ref>

===Propellant===
[[File:152 mm howitzer D-20 belong to Military of Iran.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.05|[[152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)|152 mm howitzer D-20]] during the [[Iran–Iraq War]]]]
Most forms of artillery require a [[propellant]] to propel the projectile to the target. Propellant is always a low explosive, which means it [[Deflagration|deflagrates]], rather than [[detonation|detonating]] like high explosives. The shell is accelerated to a high velocity in a very short time by the rapid generation of gas from the burning propellant. This high pressure is achieved by burning the propellant in a contained area, either the chamber of a gun barrel or the combustion chamber of a [[rocket motor]].

Until the late 19th century, the only available propellant was [[black powder]]. It had many disadvantages as a propellant; it has relatively low power, requiring large amounts of powder to fire projectiles, and created thick clouds of white smoke that would obscure the targets, betray the positions of guns, and make aiming impossible. In 1846, [[nitrocellulose]] (also known as guncotton) was discovered, and the high explosive [[nitroglycerin]] was discovered at nearly the same time. Nitrocellulose was significantly more powerful than black powder, and was smokeless. Early guncotton was unstable, however, and burned very fast and hot, leading to greatly increased barrel wear. Widespread introduction of smokeless powder would wait until the advent of the double-base powders, which combine nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin to produce powerful, smokeless, stable propellant.

Many other formulations were developed in the following decades, generally trying to find the optimum characteristics of a good artillery propellant – low temperature, high energy, non-corrosive, highly stable, cheap, and easy to manufacture in large quantities. Modern gun propellants are broadly divided into three classes: single-base propellants that are mainly or entirely nitrocellulose based, double-base propellants consisting of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, and triple base composed of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin and [[nitroguanidine]].

Artillery shells fired from a barrel can be assisted to greater range in three ways:
* [[Rocket-assisted projectile]]s enhance and sustain the projectile's velocity by providing additional 'push' from a small rocket motor that is part of the projectile's base.
* [[Base bleed]] uses a small pyrotechnic charge at the base of the projectile to introduce sufficient combustion products into the low-pressure region behind the base of the projectile responsible for a large proportion of the [[Form drag|drag]].
* Ramjet-assisted, similar to rocket-assisted, but using a ramjet instead of a rocket motor; it is anticipated that a ramjet-assisted 120-mm mortar shell could reach a range of {{convert|22|mi|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=McNab|first=Chris|author2=Hunter Keeter|title=Tools of Violence: Guns, Tanks and Dirty Bombs|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/toolsofviolenceg0000mcna/page/145 145]|isbn=978-1-84603-225-7|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofviolenceg0000mcna/page/145}}</ref>

Propelling charges for barrel artillery can be provided either as cartridge bags or in metal cartridge cases. Generally, anti-aircraft artillery and smaller-caliber (up to 3" or 76.2 mm) guns use metal cartridge cases that include the round and propellant, similar to a modern rifle cartridge. This simplifies loading and is necessary for very high rates of fire. Bagged propellant allows the amount of powder to be raised or lowered, depending on the range to the target. It also makes handling of larger shells easier. Cases and bags require totally different types of breech. A metal case holds an integral primer to initiate the propellant and provides the gas seal to prevent the gases leaking out of the breech; this is called obturation. With bagged charges, the breech itself provides obturation and holds the primer. In either case, the primer is usually percussion, but electrical is also used, and [[laser ignition]] is emerging. Modern 155 mm guns have a primer magazine fitted to their breech.

[[File:16-in Battleship Ammunition.JPG|thumb|Battleship ammunition: 16" artillery shells aboard a United States {{sclass|Iowa|battleship}}]]
Artillery ammunition has four classifications according to use:
* '''Service''': ammunition used in [[live fire exercise|live fire training]] or for wartime use in a combat zone. Also known as "warshot" ammunition.
* '''Practice''': Ammunition with a non- or minimally-explosive projectile that mimics the characteristics (range, accuracy) of live rounds for use under training conditions. Practice artillery ammunition often utilizes a colored-smoke-generating bursting charge for marking purposes in place of the normal high-explosive charge.
* '''Dummy''': Ammunition with an inert warhead, inert primer, and no propellant; used for training or display.
* '''Blank''': Ammunition with live primer, greatly reduced propellant charge (typically black powder), and no projectile; used for training, demonstration or ceremonial use.

==Field artillery system==
{{unreferenced section |date=May 2017}}

[[File:Cyclone-French-320th-artillery-5 Sept-1917-Belgium.jpg|thumb|right|''Cyclone'' of the 320th French Artillery, in [[Hoogstade]], Belgium, September 5, 1917]]
Because modern [[field artillery]] mostly uses [[indirect fire]], the guns have to be part of a system that enables them to attack targets invisible to them, in accordance with the combined arms plan.

The main functions in the field artillery system are:
* Communications
* Command: authority to allocate resources;
* Target acquisition: detect, identify and deduce the location of targets;
* Control: authority to decide which targets to attack and allot fire units to the attack;
* Computation of firing data – to deliver fire from a fire unit onto its target;
* Fire units: guns, launchers or mortars grouped together;
* Specialist services: produce data to support the production of accurate firing data;
* Logistic services: to provide combat supplies, particularly ammunition, and equipment support.

All these calculations to produce a quadrant elevation (or range) and azimuth were done manually using instruments, tabulated, data of the moment, and approximations until battlefield computers started appearing in the 1960s and 1970s. While some early calculators copied the manual method (typically substituting [[polynomial]]s for tabulated data), computers use a different approach. They simulate a shell's trajectory by 'flying' it in short steps and applying data about the conditions affecting the trajectory at each step. This simulation is repeated until it produces a quadrant elevation and azimuth that lands the shell within the required 'closing' distance of the target coordinates.
NATO has a standard ballistic model for computer calculations and has expanded the scope of this into the NATO Armaments Ballistic Kernel (NABK)<ref>The public NABK Brochure [https://aop37.lsec.dnd.ca/sites/s4_public_info/S4%20Document%20Information/NABK%20brochure.pdf NABK] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706175224/https://aop37.lsec.dnd.ca/sites/s4_public_info/S4%20Document%20Information/NABK%20brochure.pdf |date=July 6, 2011 }}</ref> within the [[SG2 Shareable (Fire Control) Software Suite (S4)]].

===Logistics===
Supply of artillery ammunition has always been a major component of military logistics. Up until World War I some armies made artillery responsible for all forward ammunition supply because the load of small arms ammunition was trivial compared to artillery. Different armies use different approaches to ammunition supply, which can vary with the nature of operations. Differences include where the logistic service transfers artillery ammunition to artillery, the amount of ammunition carried in units and extent to which stocks are held at unit or battery level. A key difference is whether supply is 'push' or 'pull'. In the former the 'pipeline' keeps pushing ammunition into formations or units at a defined rate. In the latter units fire as tactically necessary and replenish to maintain or reach their authorised holding (which can vary), so the logistic system has to be able to cope with surge and slack.

==Classification==
[[File:Finnish Army 130 mm Gun M-46 direct fire.png|thumb|The [[Finnish Defence Forces]] using [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|130 mm Gun M-46]] during a direct fire mission in a live fire exercise in 2010.]]
Artillery types can be categorised in several ways, for example by type or size of weapon or ordnance, by role or by organizational arrangements.

===Types of ordnance===
The types of cannon artillery are generally distinguished by the velocity at which they fire projectiles.
Types of artillery:
[[File:PzH2000.Ger.jpg|thumb|right|[[German Army]] [[PzH 2000]] self-propelled artillery]]
* [[Cannon]]: The oldest type of artillery with direct firing trajectory.
* [[Bombard (weapon)|Bombard]]: A type of a large calibre, muzzle-loading artillery piece, a cannon or mortar used during sieges to shoot round stone projectiles at the walls of enemy fortifications.
* [[Falconet (cannon)|Falconet]] was a type of light cannon developed in the late 15th century that fired a smaller [[Round shot|shot]] than the similar falcon.
* [[Swivel gun]] is a type of small cannon mounted on a swiveling stand or fork which allows a very wide arc of movement. Camel mounted swivel guns called [[zamburak]] were used by the [[Gunpowder Empires]] as self-propelled artillery.
* [[Volley gun]] is a gun with multiple single-shot barrels that [[volley fire]]d simultaneously or sequentially in quick succession. Although capable of unleashing intense firepower, volley guns differ from modern [[machine gun]]s in that they lack [[Action (firearms)#Autoloading operation|autoloading]] and [[automatic fire]] mechanisms
* [[Siege artillery]]: Large-caliber artillery that have limited mobility with indirect firing trajectory, which was used to bombard targets at long distances.
**[[Large-calibre artillery]].
* [[Field artillery]]: Mobile weapons used to support armies in the field. Subcategories include:
** [[Infantry support gun]]s: Directly support infantry units.
** [[Mountain gun]]s: Lightweight guns that can be disassembled and transported through difficult terrain.
** [[Field gun]]s: Capable of long-range [[direct fire]]s.
** [[Howitzer]]s: Capable of high-angle fire, they are most often employed for [[indirect-fire]].
** [[Gun-howitzer]]s: Capable of high or low-angle fire with a longer barrel.
** [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]]s: Typically muzzle-loaded, short-barreled, high-trajectory weapons designed primarily for an indirect-fire role.
** [[Gun-mortar]]s: Typically breech-loaded, capable of high or low-angle fire with a longer barrel.
** [[Tank gun]]s: Large-caliber guns mounted on [[tank]]s to provide mobile direct fire.
** [[Anti-tank artillery]]: Guns, usually mobile, designed primarily for direct fire to destroy [[armored fighting vehicle]]s with heavy [[vehicle armor|armor]].
**[[Anti-tank gun]]: Guns designed for direct fire to destroy tanks and other armored fighting vehicles.
** [[Anti-aircraft artillery]]: Guns, usually mobile, designed for attacking [[aircraft]] by land and/or at sea. Some guns were suitable for the dual roles of anti-aircraft and anti-tank warfare.
** [[Rocket artillery]]: Launches [[rocket (weapon)|rocket]]s or [[missile]]s, instead of shot or shell.
* [[Railway gun]]: Large-caliber weapons that are mounted on, transported by and fired from specially designed [[railway wagon]]s.[[File:MuseeMarine-canonBronze-p1000434.jpg|thumb|Naval cannon, early 19th century]]
* [[Naval artillery]]: Guns mounted on [[warship]]s to be used either against other naval vessels or to bombard coastal targets in support of ground forces. The crowning achievement of naval artillery was the [[battleship]], but the advent of air power and missiles have rendered this type of artillery largely obsolete. They are typically longer-barreled, low-trajectory, high-velocity weapons designed primarily for a direct-fire role.
* [[Coastal artillery]]: Fixed-position weapons dedicated to defense of a particular location, usually a coast (for example, the [[Atlantic Wall]] in World War II) or harbor. Not needing to be mobile, coastal artillery used to be much larger than equivalent field artillery pieces, giving them longer range and more destructive power. Modern coastal artillery (for example, Russia's [[130 mm coastal defense gun A-222|"Bereg"]] system) is often self-propelled, (allowing it to avoid [[counter-battery fire]]) and fully integrated, meaning that each battery has all of the support systems that it requires (maintenance, targeting radar, etc.) organic to its unit.
* [[Aircraft artillery]]: Large-caliber guns mounted on [[attack aircraft]], this is typically found on slow-flying [[gunship]]s.
* [[Nuclear artillery]]: Artillery which fires [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear shells]].

Modern field artillery can also be split into two other subcategories: towed and [[Self-propelled artillery|self-propelled]]. As the name suggests, [[Field artillery|towed artillery]] has a prime mover, usually an [[artillery tractor]] or truck, to move the piece, crew, and ammunition around. Towed artillery is in some cases equipped with an [[Auxiliary power unit|APU]] for small displacements. Self-propelled artillery is permanently mounted on a carriage or vehicle with room for the crew and ammunition and is thus capable of moving quickly from one firing position to another, both to support the fluid nature of modern combat and to avoid counter-battery fire. It includes mortar carrier vehicles, many of which allow the mortar to be removed from the vehicle and be used dismounted, potentially in terrain in which the vehicle cannot navigate, or in order to avoid detection.

===Organizational types===
At the beginning of the modern artillery period, the late 19th century, many armies had three main types of artillery, in some case they were sub-branches within the artillery branch in others they were separate branches or corps. There were also other types excluding the armament fitted to warships:
[[File:70 mm horse artillery (cropped).jpg|thumb|Horse-drawn artillery]]
[[File:Skoda 70 mm field gun pulled by men (cropped).jpg|thumb|Man-pulled artillery]]
[[File:Gasmasked artillerymen.jpg|thumb|Australian gunners, wearing [[WWI gas mask|gas mask]]s, operate a [[BL 9.2 inch Howitzer|{{convert|9.2|in|mm|adj=on}} howitzer]] during World War I]]
* [[Horse artillery]], first formed as regular units in the late 18th century, with the role of supporting cavalry, they were distinguished by the entire crew being mounted.
* [[Field artillery|Field or "foot" artillery]], the main artillery arm of the field army, using either guns, howitzers, or mortars. In World War II this branch again started using [[rocket artillery|rockets]] and later surface to surface missiles.
* Fortress or garrison artillery, operated a nation's fixed defences using guns, howitzers or mortars, either on land or coastal frontiers. Some had deployable elements to provide heavy artillery to the field army. In some nations [[Coastal artillery|coast defence artillery]] was a naval responsibility.
* [[mountain gun|Mountain artillery]], a few nations treated mountain artillery as a separate branch, in others it was a speciality in another artillery branch. They used light guns or howitzers, usually designed for pack animal transport and easily broken down into small easily handled loads
* [[Naval artillery]], some nations carried pack artillery on some warships, these were used and manhandled by naval (or marine) landing parties. At times, part of a ship's armament would be unshipped and mated to makeshift carriages and limbers for actions ashore, for example during the [[Second Boer War]], during the First World War the guns from the stricken [[SMS Königsberg (1905)|SMS ''Königsberg'']] formed the main artillery strength of the [[German Empire|German]] forces in East Africa.
[[File:Tir.jpg|thumb|Firing of an 18-pound gun, [[Louis-Philippe Crepin]] (1772–1851)]]
After World War I many nations merged these different artillery branches, in some cases keeping some as sub-branches. Naval artillery disappeared apart from that belonging to marines. However, two new branches of artillery emerged during that war and its aftermath, both used specialised guns (and a few rockets) and used direct not indirect fire, in the 1950s and 1960s both started to make extensive use of missiles:
* [[Anti-tank artillery]], also under various organisational arrangements but typically either field artillery or a specialist branch and additional elements integral to infantry, etc., units. However, in most armies field and anti-aircraft artillery also had at least a secondary anti-tank role. After World War II anti-tank in Western armies became mostly the responsibility of infantry and armoured branches and ceased to be an artillery matter, with some exceptions.
* [[Anti-aircraft artillery]], under various organisational arrangements including being part of artillery, a separate corps, even a separate service or being split between army for the field and air force for home defence. In some cases infantry and the new armoured corps also operated their own integral light anti-aircraft artillery. Home defence anti-aircraft artillery often used fixed as well as mobile mountings. Some anti-aircraft guns could also be used as field or anti-tank artillery, providing they had suitable sights.

However, the general switch by artillery to indirect fire before and during World War I led to a reaction in some armies. The result was accompanying or infantry guns. These were usually small, short range guns, that could be easily man-handled and used mostly for direct fire but some could use indirect fire. Some were operated by the artillery branch but under command of the supported unit. In World War II they were joined by self-propelled assault guns, although other armies adopted infantry or close support tanks in armoured branch units for the same purpose, subsequently tanks generally took on the accompanying role.

===Equipment types===

The three main types of artillery "gun" are [[field gun]]s, [[howitzers]], and [[mortar (weapon)|mortars]]. During the 20th century, guns and howitzers have steadily merged in artillery use, making a distinction between the terms somewhat meaningless. By the end of the 20th century, true guns with calibers larger than about 60 mm have become very rare in artillery use, the main users being tanks, ships, and a few residual anti-aircraft and coastal guns. The term "cannon" is a United States generic term that includes guns, howitzers, and mortars; it is not used in other English speaking armies.

The traditional definitions differentiated between guns and howitzers in terms of maximum elevation (well less than 45° as opposed to close to or greater than 45°), number of charges (one or more than one charge), and having higher or lower muzzle velocity, sometimes indicated by barrel length. These three criteria give eight possible combinations, of which guns and howitzers are but two. However, modern "howitzers" have higher velocities and longer barrels than the equivalent "guns" of the first half of the 20th century.

True guns are characterized by long range, having a maximum elevation significantly less than 45°, a high muzzle velocity and hence a relatively long barrel, smooth bore (no rifling) and a single charge. The latter often led to fixed ammunition where the projectile is locked to the cartridge case. There is no generally accepted minimum muzzle velocity or barrel length associated with a gun. [[File:60 pounder Cape Helles June 1915.jpg|thumb|A British 60-pounder ({{convert|5|in|mm|adj=on}}) gun at full recoil, in action during the [[Battle of Gallipoli]], 1915. Photo by [[Ernest Brooks (photographer)|Ernest Brooks]].]]

Howitzers can fire at maximum elevations at least close to 45°; elevations up to about 70° are normal for modern howitzers. Howitzers also have a choice of charges, meaning that the same elevation angle of fire will achieve a different range depending on the charge used. They have rifled bores, lower muzzle velocities and shorter barrels than equivalent guns. All this means they can deliver fire with a steep angle of descent. Because of their multi-charge capability, their ammunition is mostly separate loading (the projectile and propellant are loaded separately).

That leaves six combinations of the three criteria, some of which have been termed [[gun howitzers]]. A term first used in the 1930s when howitzers with a relatively high maximum muzzle velocities were introduced, it never became widely accepted, most armies electing to widen the definition of "gun" or "howitzer". By the 1960s, most equipment had maximum elevations up to about 70°, were multi-charge, had quite high maximum muzzle velocities and relatively long barrels.

[[mortar (weapon)|Mortars]] are simpler. The modern mortar originated in World War I and there were several patterns. After that war, most mortars settled on the Stokes pattern, characterized by a short barrel, smooth bore, low muzzle velocity, elevation angle of firing generally greater than 45°, and a very simple and light mounting using a "baseplate" on the ground. The projectile with its integral propelling charge was dropped down the barrel from the muzzle to hit a fixed firing pin. Since that time, a few mortars have become rifled and adopted breech loading.

There are other recognized typifying characteristics for artillery. One such characteristic is the type of obturation used to seal the chamber and prevent gases escaping through the breech. This may use a metal cartridge case that also holds the propelling charge, a configuration called "QF" or "quickfiring" by some nations. The alternative does not use a metal cartridge case, the propellant being merely bagged or in combustible cases with the breech itself providing all the sealing. This is called "BL" or "breech loading" by some nations.

A second characteristic is the form of propulsion. Modern equipment can either be towed or self-propelled (SP). A towed gun fires from the ground and any inherent protection is limited to a gun shield. Towing by horse teams lasted throughout World War II in some armies, but others were fully mechanized with wheeled or tracked gun towing vehicles by the outbreak of that war. The size of a towing vehicle depends on the weight of the equipment and the amount of ammunition it has to carry.

A variation of towed is portee, where the vehicle carries the gun which is dismounted for firing. Mortars are often carried this way. A mortar is sometimes carried in an armored vehicle and can either fire from it or be dismounted to fire from the ground. Since the early 1960s it has been possible to carry lighter towed guns and most mortars by helicopter. Even before that, they were parachuted or landed by glider from the time of the first airborne trials in the USSR in the 1930s.

In SP equipment, the gun is an integral part of the vehicle that carries it. SPs first appeared during World War I, but did not really develop until World War II. They are mostly tracked vehicles, but wheeled SPs started to appear in the 1970s. Some SPs have no armor and carry few or no other weapons and ammunition. Armored SPs usually carry a useful ammunition load. Early armored SPs were mostly a "casemate" configuration, in essence an open top armored box offering only limited traverse. However, most modern armored SPs have a full enclosed armored turret, usually giving full traverse for the gun. Many SPs cannot fire without deploying stabilizers or spades, sometimes hydraulic. A few SPs are designed so that the recoil forces of the gun are transferred directly onto the ground through a baseplate. A few towed guns have been given limited self-propulsion by means of an auxiliary engine.

Two other forms of tactical propulsion were used in the first half of the 20th century: Railways or transporting the equipment by road, as two or three separate loads, with disassembly and re-assembly at the beginning and end of the journey. [[Railway gun|Railway artillery]] took two forms, railway mountings for heavy and super-heavy guns and howitzers and armored trains as "fighting vehicles" armed with light artillery in a direct fire role. Disassembled transport was also used with heavy and super heavy weapons and lasted into the 1950s.

===Caliber categories===
A third form of artillery typing is to classify it as "light", "medium", "heavy" and various other terms. It appears to have been introduced in World War I, which spawned a very wide array of artillery in all sorts of sizes so a simple categorical system was needed. Some armies defined these categories by bands of calibers. Different bands were used for different types of weapons—field guns, mortars, anti-aircraft guns and coastal guns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artillery |url=https://www.theworldwar.org/learn/about-wwi/artillery |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=National WWI Museum and Memorial |language=en}}</ref>

==Modern operations==
[[File:ATAGS Howitzer.webm|right|thumb|[[DRDO Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System|ATAGS]] showcasing towing, turning and firing of rounds]]
[[File:AMX AuF1, 40e régiment d'artillerie, Implementation Force, 1996.jpg|thumb|Two French Army Giat [[GCT 155mm]] (155 mm AUF1) Self-propelled Guns, 40th Regiment d' Artillerie, with IFOR markings are parked at Hekon base, near Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina, in support of Operation Joint Endeavor]]

List of countries in order of amount of artillery (only conventional barrel ordnance is given, in use with land forces):{{Sfn | Hackett | 2010}}{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2016}}

{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col1left" style=text-align:right;
|+
! rowspan =2 | Country
! colspan=2 | Number
! scope=col class=unsortable rowspan=2 | Ref (2010)
|-
! data-sort-type=number | 2010
! data-sort-type=number | 2016{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2016}}
|-
| Russia || 26,121{{spaces|1|en}} || 4,180+ || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 223 | ps =. The number given is for Land Forces only. Naval Infantry and Coastal Defense forces, Federal Border Guard Service, and Interior Troops use an additional 500+ ordnance pieces.}}
|-
| North Korea || 17,900+ || 21,100+ || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 412}}
|-
| China || 17,700+ || 13,178+ || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 400}}
|-
| India || 11,258+ || 9,682+ || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 360}}
|-
| South Korea || 10,774+ || 11,038+ || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 414}}
|-
| United States || 8,137{{spaces|1|en}} || 5,923{{spaces|1|en}} || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 33 | ps =. The total is composed of 6,270+ ordnance used by the US Army, Army Reserve and National Guard with 1,867 used by the USMC.}}
|-
| Turkey || 7,450+ || 7,852+ || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 165}}
|-
| Israel || 5,432{{spaces|1|en}} || 530{{spaces|1|en}} ||{{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 255}}
|-
| Egypt || 4,480{{spaces|1|en}} || 4,468{{spaces|1|en}} ||{{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 248 | ps =. Syria, Egypt's strategic partner in the past wars against Israel, uses 3,440+ artillery pieces, and is the 11th ranking artillery user in the World.}}
|-
| Pakistan || 4,291+ || 4,472+ || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 368}}
|-
| Syria || 3,805+ || {{unknown}} || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 368}}
|-
| Iran || 3,668+ || 8,798+ || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 368}}
|-
| Algeria || 3,465{{spaces|1|en}} || 1,109{{spaces|1|en}} || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 368}}
|-
| Jordan || 2,339{{spaces|1|en}} || 1,429+ || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 368}}
|-
| Iraq || 2,300+ || 1,061+ || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 368}}
|-
| Finland || 1,398{{spaces|1|en}} || 647{{spaces|1|en}} ||<ref name="HS">{{cite web | type= news analysis | title = In a changing world, Finland's artillery stays the same | url= http://www.hs.fi/english/article/NEWS+ANALYSIS+In+a+changing+world+Finland%E2%80%99s+artillery+stays+the+same/1135238365526 | access-date= July 24, 2013 | archive-date= January 22, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130122064517/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/NEWS+ANALYSIS+In+a+changing+world+Finland%E2%80%99s+artillery+stays+the+same/1135238365526 | url-status= dead}}</ref>
|-
| Brazil || 900{{spaces|1|en}} || 1,847{{spaces|1|en}} || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 368}}
|-
| Cameroon || 883{{spaces|1|en}} || 106+ || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 368}}
|-
| Morocco || 848{{spaces|1|en}} || 2,141{{spaces|1|en}} || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 368}}
|-
| Hungary || 835{{spaces|1|en}} || 69{{spaces|1|en}} || {{Citation needed |date=April 2022}}
|-
| France || 758{{spaces|1|en}} || 298+ || {{Sfn | Hackett | 2010 | p = 368}}
|}

Artillery is used in a variety of roles depending on its type and caliber. The general role of artillery is to provide ''fire support''—"the application of fire, coordinated with the manoeuvre of forces to destroy, ''neutralize'' or ''suppress'' the enemy". This NATO definition makes artillery a supporting arm although not all NATO armies agree with this logic. The ''italicised'' terms are NATO's.<ref>{{Citation | id = AAP-6(2006) | publisher = NATO | title = Glossary of Terms and Definitions}}.</ref>

Unlike rocket artillery, guns, howitzers, and mortars are well-suited for providing ''close supporting fire''. However, they are all suitable for providing ''deep supporting fire'' although the limited range of many mortars tends to exclude them from the role. Their control arrangements and limited range also mean that mortars are most suited to ''direct supporting fire''. Guns are used either for this or ''general supporting fire'' while rockets are mostly used for the latter. However, lighter rockets may be used for direct fire support. These rules of thumb apply to NATO armies.

Modern [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], because of their lighter weight and simpler, more transportable design, are usually an integral part of [[infantry]] and, in some armies, [[Armoured fighting vehicle|armour]] units. This means they generally do not have to ''concentrate'' their fire so their shorter range is not a disadvantage. Some armies also consider infantry operated mortars to be more responsive than artillery, but this is a function of the control arrangements and not the case in all armies. However, mortars have always been used by artillery units and remain with them in many armies, including a few in NATO.

In NATO armies artillery is usually assigned a tactical mission that establishes its relationship and responsibilities to the formation or units it is assigned to. It seems that not all NATO nations use the terms and outside NATO others are probably used. The standard terms are: ''direct support'', ''general support'', ''general support reinforcing'' and ''reinforcing''. These tactical missions are in the context of the command authority: ''operational command'', ''operational control'', ''tactical command'' or ''tactical control''.

In NATO direct support generally means that the directly supporting artillery unit provides observers and liaison to the manoeuvre troops being supported, typically an artillery battalion or equivalent is assigned to a brigade and its batteries to the brigade's battalions. However, some armies achieve this by placing the assigned artillery units under command of the directly supported formation. Nevertheless, the batteries' fire can be ''concentrated'' onto a single target, as can the fire of units in range and with the other tactical missions.

===Application of fire===
[[File:155fire.jpg|right|thumb|A 155 mm artillery shell fired by a United States [[11th Marine Regiment]] [[M198 howitzer|M-198]] [[howitzer]]]]
There are several dimensions to this subject. The first is the notion that fire may be against an ''opportunity'' target or may be ''arranged''. If it is the latter it may be either ''on-call'' or ''scheduled''. Arranged targets may be part of a ''fire plan''. Fire may be either ''observed'' or ''unobserved'', if the former it may be ''adjusted'', if the latter then it has to be ''[[predicted fire|predicted]]''. Observation of adjusted fire may be directly by a forward observer or indirectly via some other ''target acquisition'' system.

NATO also recognises several different types of fire support for tactical purposes:
* ''[[Counterbattery fire]]'': delivered for the purpose of destroying or ''neutralizing'' the enemy's fire support system.
* ''Counterpreparation fire'': intensive prearranged fire delivered when the imminence of the enemy attack is discovered.
* ''Covering fire'': used to protect troops when they are within range of enemy small arms.
* ''Defensive fire'': delivered by supporting units to assist and protect a unit engaged in a defensive action.
* ''Final Protective Fire'': an immediately available prearranged barrier of fire designed to impede enemy movement across defensive lines or areas.
* ''[[Harassing fire]]'': a random number of shells are fired at random intervals, without any pattern to it that the enemy can predict. This process is designed to hinder enemy forces' movement, and, by the constantly imposed stress, threat of losses and inability of enemy forces to relax or sleep, lowers their morale.
* ''Interdiction fire'': placed on an area or point to prevent the enemy from using the area or point.
* ''Preparation fire'': delivered before an attack to weaken the enemy position.

These purposes have existed for most of the 20th century, although their definitions have evolved and will continue to do so, lack of ''suppression'' in ''counterbattery'' is an omission. Broadly they can be defined as either:
* ''Deep supporting fire'': directed at objectives not in the immediate vicinity of own force, for neutralizing or destroying enemy reserves and weapons, and interfering with enemy command, supply, communications and observation; or
* ''Close supporting fire'': placed on enemy troops, weapons or positions which, because of their proximity present the most immediate and serious threat to the supported unit.
[[File:Gun5a.jpg|thumb|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] [[M198 howitzer|M-198]] firing outside of [[Fallujah]], Iraq in 2004]]
Two other NATO terms also need definition:
* ''Neutralization fire'': delivered to render a target temporarily ineffective or unusable; and
* ''Suppression fire'': that degrades the performance of a target below the level needed to fulfill its mission. Suppression is usually only effective for the duration of the fire.

The tactical purposes also include various "mission verbs", a rapidly expanding subject with the modern concept of "effects based operations".

''Targeting'' is the process of selecting target and matching the appropriate response to them taking account of operational requirements and capabilities. It requires consideration of the type of fire support required and the extent of coordination with the supported arm. It involves decisions about:
* what effects are required, for example, ''neutralization'' or ''suppression'';
* the proximity of and risks to own troops or non-combatants;
* what types of munitions, including their fuzing, are to be used and in what quantities;
* when the targets should be attacked and possibly for how long;
* what methods should be used, for example, ''converged'' or ''distributed'', whether adjustment is permissible or surprise essential, the need for special procedures such as precision or danger close
* how many fire units are needed and which ones they should be from those that are available (in range, with the required munitions type and quantity, not allotted to another target, have the most suitable line of fire if there is a risk to own troops or non-combatants);

The ''targeting'' process is the key aspect of tactical fire control. Depending on the circumstances and national procedures it may all be undertaken in one place or may be distributed. In armies practicing control from the front, most of the process may be undertaken by a forward observer or other target acquirer. This is particularly the case for a smaller target requiring only a few fire units. The extent to which the process is formal or informal and makes use of computer based systems, documented norms or experience and judgement also varies widely armies and other circumstances.

Surprise may be essential or irrelevant. It depends on what effects are required and whether or not the target is likely to move or quickly improve its protective posture. During World War II UK researchers concluded that for impact fuzed munitions the relative risk were as follows:{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
* men standing – 1
* men lying – 1/3
* men firing from trenches – 1/15–1/50
* men crouching in trenches – 1/25–1/100
Airburst munitions significantly increase the relative risk for lying men, etc. Historically most casualties occur in the first 10–15 seconds of fire, i.e. the time needed to react and improve protective posture, however, this is less relevant if airburst is used.

There are several ways of making best use of this brief window of maximum vulnerability:
* ordering the guns to fire together, either by executive order or by a "fire at" time. The disadvantage is that if the fire is ''concentrated'' from many dispersed ''fire units'' then there will be different times of flight and the first rounds will be spread in time. To some extent a large concentration offsets the problem because it may mean that only one round is required from each gun and most of these could arrive in the 15 second window.
* burst fire, a rate of fire to deliver three rounds from each gun within 10 or 15 seconds, this reduces the number of guns and hence fire units needed, which means they may be less dispersed and have less variation in their times of flight. Smaller caliber guns, such as 105 mm, have always been able to deliver three rounds in 15 seconds, larger calibers firing fixed rounds could also do it but it was not until the 1970s that a multi-charge 155 mm howitzer, [[FH-70]] first gained the capability.
* multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI), where a single weapon or multiple individual weapons fire multiple rounds at differing trajectories so that all rounds arrive on target at the same time.
* ''time on target'', fire units fire at the time less their time of flight, this works well with prearranged scheduled fire but is less satisfactory for opportunity targets because it means delaying the delivery of fire by selecting a 'safe' time that all or most fire units can achieve. It can be used with both the previous two methods.

===Counter-battery fire===
{{Main|Counter-battery fire}}
Modern counter-battery fire developed in [[World War I]], with the objective of defeating the enemy's artillery. Typically such fire was used to suppress enemy batteries when they were or were about to interfere with the activities of friendly forces (such as to prevent enemy defensive artillery fire against an impending attack) or to systematically destroy enemy guns. In World War I the latter required air observation. The first indirect counter-battery fire was in May 1900 by an observer in a balloon.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Enemy artillery can be detected in two ways, either by direct observation of the guns from the air or by ground observers (including specialist reconnaissance), or from their firing signatures. This includes radars tracking the shells in flight to determine their place of origin, sound ranging detecting guns firing and resecting their position from pairs of microphones or cross-observation of gun flashes using observation by human observers or opto-electronic devices, although the widespread adoption of 'flashless' propellant limited the effectiveness of the latter.

Once hostile batteries have been detected they may be engaged immediately by friendly artillery or later at an optimum time, depending on the tactical situation and the counter-battery policy. Air strike is another option. In some situations the task is to locate all active enemy batteries for attack using a counter-battery fire at the appropriate moment in accordance with a plan developed by artillery intelligence staff. In other situations counter-battery fire may occur whenever a battery is located with sufficient accuracy.

Modern counter-battery target acquisition uses unmanned aircraft, [[counter-battery radar]], ground reconnaissance and sound-ranging. Counter-battery fire may be adjusted by some of the systems, for example the operator of an unmanned aircraft can 'follow' a battery if it moves. Defensive measures by batteries include frequently changing position or constructing defensive earthworks, the tunnels used by North Korea being an extreme example. Counter-measures include air defence against aircraft and attacking counter-battery radars physically and electronically.

[[File:PzH2000Munition.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Modern artillery ammunition. Caliber 155 mm as used by the [[PzH 2000]]]]

=== Time on target ===
{{main|Time on target}}
A technique called time on target (TOT) was developed by the British Army in North Africa at the end of 1941 and early 1942 particularly for counter-battery fire and other concentrations, it proved very popular. It relied on BBC time signals to enable officers to synchronize their watches to the second because this avoided the need to use military radio networks and the possibility of losing surprise, and the need for field telephone networks in the desert.<ref>The Development of Artillery Tactics and Equipment, Brigadier AL Pemberton, 1950, The War Office, pg 129</ref> With this technique the time of flight from each fire unit (battery or troop) to the target is taken from the range or firing tables, or the computer and each engaging fire unit subtracts its time of flight from the TOT to determine the time to fire. An executive order to fire is given to all guns in the fire unit at the correct moment to fire. When each fire unit fires their rounds at their individual firing time all the opening rounds will reach the target area almost simultaneously. This is especially effective when combined with techniques that allow fires for effect to be made without preliminary adjusting fires.

===Multiple round simultaneous impact===
[[File:MRSI-trajectories.svg|thumb|Illustration of different trajectories used in MRSI: For any muzzle velocity there is a steeper (> 45°, solid line) and a lower (<45°, dashed line) trajectory. On these different trajectories, the shells have different flight times.]]
{{MRSI_animation_SMIL.svg}}
Multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI) is a modern version of the earlier [[time on target]] concept. MRSI is when a single gun fires multiple shells so all arrive at the same target simultaneously. This is possible because there is more than one trajectory for a round to fly to any given target. Typically one is below 45 degrees from horizontal and the other is above it, and by using different sized propellant charges with each shell, it is possible to utilize more than two trajectories. Because the higher trajectories cause the shells to arc higher into the air, they take longer to reach the target. If shells are fired on higher trajectories for initial volleys (starting with the shell with the most propellant and working down) and later volleys are fired on the lower trajectories, with the correct timing the shells will all arrive at the same target simultaneously. This is useful because many more shells can land on the target with no warning. With traditional methods of firing, the target area may have time (however long it takes to reload and re-fire the guns) to take cover between volleys. However, guns capable of burst fire can deliver multiple rounds in a few seconds if they use the same firing data for each, and if guns in more than one location are firing on one target they can use Time on Target procedures so that all their shells arrive at the same time and target.

MRSI has a few prerequisites. The first is guns with a high rate of fire. The second is the ability to use different sized propellant charges. Third is a fire control computer that has the ability to compute MRSI volleys and the capability to produce firing data, sent to each gun, and then presented to the gun commander in the correct order.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Xin Jun |last2=Wang |first2=Hang Yu |title= Effectiveness Calculation of Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact Shooting Method Based on Monte Carlo Method |journal=Applied Mechanics and Materials |date=September 2013 |volume=397–400 |pages= 2459–63 |doi=10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.397-400.2459|s2cid=111026161 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact, adjustable simulation |url=https://www.geogebra.org/m/r82YhC8d |website= GeoGebra | date= 30 May 2017}}</ref> The number of rounds that can be delivered in MRSI depends primarily on the range to the target and the rate of fire. To allow the most shells to reach the target, the target has to be in range of the lowest propellant charge.

Examples of guns with a rate of fire that makes them suitable for MRSI includes UK's [[AS-90]], South Africa's [[Denel G6]]-52 (which can land six rounds simultaneously at targets at least {{convert |25|km|0|abbr= on}} away), Germany's [[Panzerhaubitze 2000]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hungary purchases a brutal military beast that can eliminate targets from over 60 kilometres |url= https://dailynewshungary.com/hungary-purchases-a-brutal-military-beast-that-can-eliminate-targets-from-over-60-kilometres/ |website= Daily News Hungary |date= 9 January 2019}}</ref> (which can land five rounds simultaneously at targets at least {{convert|17|km|0|abbr=on}} away), Slovakia's [[155mm SpGH ZUZANA|155 mm SpGH ZUZANA 2]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kotadef article on 155mm SpGH Zuzana |url=https://kotadef.sk/projekty/zuzana/?lang=en |access-date=2025-01-02}}</ref> and [[K9 Thunder]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= Finnish Army report on K9 Thunder |url=https://maavoimat.fi/en/self-propelled-howitzer-k9-thunder |access-date=2025-01-02}}</ref>

The [[Archer Artillery System|Archer project]] (developed by BAE-Systems Bofors in Sweden) is a 155 mm howitzer on a wheeled chassis which is claimed to be able to deliver up to six shells on target simultaneously from the same gun. The 120 mm twin barrel [[AMOS]] mortar system, joint developed by [[BAE Systems Hägglunds|Hägglunds]] (Sweden) and [[Patria (company)|Patria]] (Finland),<ref>{{Cite web | place = [[Finland|FI]] | url= http://www.patriahagglunds.fi/ |title= Patria hagglunds |access-date=April 4, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100404172145/http://www.patriahagglunds.fi/ |archive-date=April 4, 2010 |url-status= dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> is capable of 7 + 7 shells MRSI. The United States [[XM2001 Crusader|Crusader]] program (now cancelled) was slated to have MRSI capability. It is unclear how many fire control computers have the necessary capabilities.

Two-round MRSI firings were a popular artillery demonstration in the 1960s, where well trained detachments could show off their skills for spectators.

===Air burst===
{{Main|Air burst}}
The destructiveness of artillery bombardments can be enhanced when some or all of the shells are set for airburst, meaning that they explode in the air above the target instead of upon impact. This can be accomplished either through time [[Fuze (explosives)|fuzes]] or [[proximity fuze]]s. Time fuzes use a precise timer to detonate the shell after a preset delay. This technique is tricky and slight variations in the functioning of the fuze can cause it to explode too high and be ineffective, or to strike the ground instead of exploding above it. Since December 1944 ([[Battle of the Bulge]]), proximity fuzed artillery shells have been available that take the guesswork out of this process. These employ a miniature, low powered [[radar]] transmitter in the fuze to detect the ground and explode them at a predetermined height above it. The return of the weak radar signal completes an electrical circuit in the fuze which explodes the shell. The proximity fuze itself was developed by the British to increase the effectiveness of [[anti-aircraft warfare]].

This is a very effective tactic against infantry and light vehicles, because it scatters the [[fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]] of the shell over a larger area and prevents it from being blocked by terrain or entrenchments that do not include some form of robust overhead cover. Combined with TOT or MRSI tactics that give no warning of the incoming rounds, these rounds are especially devastating because many enemy soldiers are likely to be caught in the open; even more so if the attack is launched against an assembly area or troops moving in the open rather than a unit in an entrenched tactical position.

==Use in monuments==
[[File:Tupelo NBS Monument.jpg|thumb|An artillery piece in the monument commemorating the 1864 [[Battle of Tupelo]] ([[American Civil War]])]]
Numerous [[war memorial]]s around the world incorporate an artillery piece that was used in the war or battle commemorated.

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[List of artillery]]
* [[Advanced Gun System]]
* [[Artillery museums]]
* [[Barrage (artillery)]]
* [[Beehive anti-personnel round]]
* [[Coilgun]]
* [[Combustion light-gas gun]]
* [[Cordite]]
* [[Fuze]]
* [[Gun laying]]
* [[Light-gas gun]]
* [[Paris Gun]]
* [[Railgun]]
* [[Shoot-and-scoot]]
* [[Shrapnel shell]]
* [[Suppressive fire]]
* [[Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War]]
* [[Field artillery (United States)]]
{{div col end}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book|last1= Browne|first1= J.P.R.|last2= Thurbon|first2= M T |title= Electronic Warfare |year= 1998 |series= Brassey's air power, v. 4|publisher= Brassey's|location= London|isbn= 978-1-85753-133-6 |oclc= 38292289}}
* {{Citation | editor-last = Hackett | editor-first = James | title = The Military Balance 2010 | year = 2010 | publisher = Routledge |ISBN = 978-1-85743-557-3}}
* {{cite book | last= International Institute for Strategic Studies | title=The Military Balance 2016 | publisher=Routledge | date=2016 | isbn=978-1-85743-835-2}}
* {{Cite book|last= Holmes|first= Richard|title= The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the Course of History|year= 1988|publisher= [[Viking Press|Viking Studio Books]]|location= New York |isbn= 978-0-670-81967-6|oclc= 17840438|url= https://archive.org/details/worldatlasofwarf0000unse}}
* {{Cite book|last= McCamley|first= N.J.|title= Disasters Underground|year= 2004|location= [[Barnsley]] |isbn= 978-1-84415-022-9|oclc= 53241739|publisher= [[Pen and Sword Books|Pen & Sword Military]]}}
* {{Cite journal|last= McNaughton|first= Andrew|author-link= Andrew McNaughton|title= The Development of Artillery in the Great War|journal= Canadian Defence Quarterly|volume= 6|issue= 2|date=January 1929}}
* {{Cite journal|last= Ordway|first= Frederick I|title= History of Astronautics Symposium: Mar Del Plata, Argentina, October 1969|journal= Technology and Culture|volume= 11|issue= 3|pages= 407–416|date=July 1970 |issn= 0040-165X|doi= 10.2307/3102202|jstor= 3102202|s2cid= 113141625}}
* {{Cite journal|last= Schmidtchen|first= Volker|title= Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit |trans-title= Giant cannon of the 15th century: technical masterpieces of their era |journal= Technikgeschichte|pages= 153–73 (162–64)|volume= 44|issue= 2|year= 1977|language= de|oclc= 85351643}}
* {{Cite journal| publisher = International Aeronautic Federation|journal= Interavia|page= 262|volume= 32 |date= January–June 1977|issn= 0020-5168}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last= Hogg|first= Oliver Frederick Gillilan|title= Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline|year= 1970|publisher= C. Hurst|location= London|isbn= 978-0-900966-43-9|oclc= 99454}}
* {{Cite book|last= Bailey|first= J.B.A.|title= Field Artillery and Firepower|year= 2004|series= AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book|publisher= Naval Institute Press|location= Annapolis, MD|isbn= 978-1-59114-029-0|oclc= 51931033}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|artillery}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Artillery}}
* [http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/index_weapons.htm Naval Weapons of the World]
* [http://www.cannonartillery.com/ Cannon Artillery – The Voice of Freedom's Thunder]
* [http://www.enemyforces.com/artillery.htm Modern Artillery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504204735/http://www.enemyforces.com/artillery.htm |date=May 4, 2006 }}
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/1574077313Z.00000000029?needAccess=true What sort of forensic information can be derived from the analysis of shell fragments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809051938/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/1574077313Z.00000000029?needAccess=true |date=August 9, 2021 }}
* Evans, Nigel F. (2001–2007) "[http://nigelef.tripod.com/index.htm British Artillery in World War 2]"
* [http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/artillery_tactics.htm Artillery Tactics and Combat during the Napoleonic Wars]
* [http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/IMPERIAL_GUARD_artillery.htm Artillery of Napoleon's Imperial Guard]
* [http://www.artillerie.info/ French artillery and its ammunition. 14th to the end of the 19th century]
* Historic films showing artillery in World War I at [http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914%20Artillery/multilingual:1/showOnly:video europeanfilmgateway.eu]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUvcdKGD-FM/ Video: Inside shrieking shrapnel. Hear the great sound of shrapnel's – Finnish field artillery fire video year 2013]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5--klcaqbZY Video: Forensic and archaeological interpretation of artillery shell fragments and shrapnel]
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ordnance |volume=20 |pages=189–235 |short=1}}
{{Weapons}}
{{Military and war}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Artillery| ]]
[[Category:Chinese inventions]]
[[Category:Explosive weapons]]

Shafi (actor)

2026-02-23T07:30:23Z

RosemaryBrifman: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shafi
| image = Actor Shafi during a photoshoot.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|04|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[National School of Drama]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2002–present
| employer =
| organization =
| awards = [[Nandi Awards]] [[Filmfare Awards South]]
}}

'''Mohammed Shafiullah Moinudden''', known professionally as '''Shafi''', is an Indian actor primarily recognized for his roles in [[Telugu cinema]]. Known for his villainous roles, Shafi gained acclaim in 2002 for his debut film ''[[Khadgam]]'', for which he won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Villain – Telugu]]. With notable performances in movies like ''[[Kamli (2006 film)|Kamli]]'' (directed by [[K. N. T. Sastry]]), ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' (directed by S. S. Rajamouli), and ''[[Khaleja]]'' (directed by [[Trivikram Srinivas]]), he has established himself as a key player in the industry.

==Career==
Shafi’s first film appearance was in ''[[Khadgam]]'' (2002) as the villain Azhar.<ref name="YoVizag1">https://www.yovizag.com/telugu-actor-shafi-underrated-performance/</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shafi-the-intense-actor/articleshow/3124092.cms</ref> Critics praised his debut, and he received the Filmfare Award for Best Villain – Telugu for the role.<ref name="Times1">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/underrated-performances-of-shafi/articleshow/94615176.cms</ref>

After [[Khadgam]], he acted in supporting and negative roles in several Telugu films like ''Praanam'' (2003) and ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' (2004). In 2005, he played a key antagonist in [[S. S. Rajamouli filmography|S. S. Rajamouli’s]] ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]'', winning the Cine Goers Award for Best [[Supporting actor|Supporting Actor.]]

In 2006, Shafi took his first lead role opposite Nandita Das in [[Kamli (2006 film)|Kamli]], a Telugu drama directed by K. N. T. Sastry. He played a drunkard coolie, a deeply researched role.<ref name="Times1"/> The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]. He also appeared in films like ''[[Mayajalam]]'' (2006) and ''[[Thenavattu]]'' (2008, Tamil).

Through the late 2000s and 2010s, Shafi worked in major films across languages. He had comedic and supporting roles in ''Ready'' (2008) and [[Khaleja]] (2010), where his role as Sidhappa won him the Bharathamuni Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also featured in ''[[Dookudu]]'' (2011) opposite [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Julayi]] (2012), and ''[[Balupu]]'' (2013).

In 2023, Shafi starred in ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire|Salaar: Part 1]] – Ceasefire'' by [[Prashanth Neel]], and will return in ''[[Salaar: Part 2]] – Shouryanga Parvam''.<ref name="HT1">https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/south-indian-cinema/salaar-part-2-confirmed-101701855063013.html</ref> He also acted in the short film ''3:15 AM'' (2023), directed by Amit Raj Verma, which won Best Thriller at the Los Angeles Film Awards. Shafi was nominated for Best Actor (Short Film) at the [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes World Film Festival]], gaining recognition.<ref name="NewsMeter1">{{cite web | title=Attn senior citizens: Here are some tips for quality sleep | date=30 August 2023 | url=https://www.newsmeter.in/entertainment/telugu-actor-shafi-earns-nomination-at-cannes-world-film-festival-717183 }}</ref><ref name="Times2">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-actor-shafi-earns-nomination-at-cannes-world-film-festival/articleshow/94328724.cms</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Note
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Khadgam]]''
| Azhar
| Debut film
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Praanam]]''
| Uma's brother's nephew
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
| Kaasi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''[[Danger (2005 film)|Danger]]''
| Gattayya's brother
|
|-
| ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chhatrapati]]''
| Ashok / Akash
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
| ''[[Mayajalam|Maayajaalam]]''
| Chhatrapati
|
|-
| ''[[Nuvve.. Nuvve...]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kamli (2006 film)|Kamli]]''
| Redya
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Maharajasri''
|
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]''
| Nagappa
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009
| ''[[Katha (2009 film)|Katha]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Current (2009 film)|Current]]''
| Shafi
|
|-
| ''[[Shh...]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
| ''[[Kutti Pisasu|Cara Majaka]]''
|
|Simultaneously in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada
|-
| ''[[Khaleja]]''
| Sidhappa
|
|-
| ''Telugammayi''
|
|
|-
| ''Killer''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011
| ''[[Golconda High School]]''
| Madhu Babu
|
|-
| ''[[Wanted (2008 film)|Wanted]]''
| Raja
|
|-
| ''[[Prema Kavali]]''
| Babji
|
|-
| ''[[Dookudu]]''
| Qadir
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012
| ''[[Tuneega Tuneega]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Julayi]]''
| Lala
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013
| ''[[Balupu]]''
| Kaasi
|
|-
| ''[[Kiss (2013 film)|Kiss]]''
| Murthy
|
|-
| ''Sahasra''
| Chinappa
|
|-
| ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]''
| Baadshah's henchman
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Jaihind 2]]''
|Chandru
|Simultaneously in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada
|-
| ''[[Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham]]''
| Journalist Shafi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| ''[[A Shyam Gopal Varma Film]]''
| Shyam Gopal Varma
|
|-
| ''[[Sher (film)|Sher]]''
| Chotu
|
|-
| ''[[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|Shivam]]''
| Mustafa
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Mister (film)|Mister]]''
| Sadasiva Rayalu
|
|-
| ''[[Yuddham Sharanam]]''
| Selvam
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Hyderabad Love Story]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Rangu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Akshara (film)|Akshara]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Brochevarevarura]]''
| Constable Ashok Kumar
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Run (2020 Indian film)|Run]]''
| Real Doctor
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Drushyam 2]]''
| Janardhan
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]''
| Murugan
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
| Thiru
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana]]''
| John Philip
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Solo Boy]]''
|
|
|}

=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Note
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
| ''[[Thenavattu]]''
| Santhosh
|
|-
| ''[[Bheemaa]]''
| Chinna's friend
|
|-
|2009
| ''[[Sindhanai Sei]]''
| Shankar
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Kutti Pisasu]]''
| Mandhira Moorthy
| rowspan="2" | Simultaneously in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Jaihind 2]]''
| Chandru
|-
|2017
| ''[[12-12-1950]]''
|
|
|-

|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Note
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]''
|
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]]
| Cameo Appearance
|-
|2008
| ''[[Firaaq]]''
| Ghogha
|
|-
|2010
| ''[[Kutti Pisasu|Bombat Car]]''
|
| rowspan="3" | [[Kannada]]
| rowspan="2" |Simultaneously in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada
|-
|2014
| ''[[Jaihind 2|Abhimanyu]]''
|Chandru
|-
|2019
| ''Ranahedi''
|
|
|-
|}
;Television
*''[[ATM (TV series)|ATM]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|2310461}}

{{Instagram|shafi_actor|Shafi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shafi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Smile International Film Festival for Children and Youth

2026-02-18T16:34:39Z

RosemaryBrifman: started some details basic info

{{Short description|Annual film festival in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Notability|Events|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox Film Festival
| name = Smile International Film Festival for Children & Youth (SIFFCY)
| image =
| caption = logo
| location = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| language =
| website = http://www.siffcy.org
}}

The '''Smile International Film Festival for Children & Youth''' ('''SIFFCY''') is an annual [[film festival]] in [[New Delhi]] organized by the Smile Foundation.

==Organization==
Smile Foundation is a national development organisation which undertakes welfare projects on education, healthcare, and women's empowerment in over 700 remote villages across 25 states of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2016 |title=Philips, Smile Foundation launch Skill India programmes |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/philips-smile-foundation-launch-skill-india-programmes-116032100571_1.html |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2015 |title=CSR spend to rise; greater sensitisation needed: Smile Foundation |newspaper=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/csr-spend-to-rise-greater-sensitisation-needed-smile-foundation-115101100465_1.html}}</ref> Smile Foundation has produced over 60 [[short film]]s and [[Documentary film|documentaries]] as well as a [[feature film]] called ''[[I Am Kalam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalam nostalgia spurs book sales, biopic, online pleas |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalam-nostalgia-spurs-book-sales-biopic-online-pleas/articleshow/48302685.cms}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia aug 2011">{{cite news |last=Malani |first=Gaurav |date=4 August 2011 |title=I Am Kalam: Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news-interviews/29849681_1_film-nila-madhab-panda-harsh-mayar |url-status=dead |accessdate=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523204749/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news-interviews/29849681_1_film-nila-madhab-panda-harsh-mayar |archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref>

==Key members==
*Santanu Mishra (Smile Foundation co-founder and executive trustee)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Santanu Mishra |url=https://www.ideasforindia.in//profile/santanu1.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Ideas for India |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Jitendra Mishra]] (Festival director)<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author= |date=2015-12-14 |title=SIFFCY 2015 to open with Russian film Celestial Camel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/siffcy-2015-to-open-with-russian-film-celestial-camel-530588-2015-12-14 |accessdate=2016-03-14 |website=India Today}}</ref>
*Utpal Borpujari (Member)<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=15 December 2015 |title=SIFFCY Finalises Films for 2015 International Film Festival for Children and Youth |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Life-Style/2015-12-15/SIFFCY-Finalises-Films-for-2015-International-Film-Festival-for-Children-and-Youth/193261?infinitescroll=1 |accessdate=2016-03-14 |website=Hans India}}</ref>
*Saibal Chatterjee (Member)<ref name=":1" />
*Ashok Rane (Jury Member)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siffcy Jury |url=https://siffcy.org/siffcy-jury.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=siffcy.org}}</ref>
*[[Jahnu Barua]] (Adviser)<ref name=":0" />
*[[Hansal Mehta]] (Adviser)<ref name=":0" />
*[[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] (Adviser)<ref name=":0" />
*[[Nagesh Kukunoor]] (Adviser)<ref name=":0" />
*[[Resul Pookutty]] (Adviser)<ref name=":0" />
*[[Santosh Sivan]] (Adviser)<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIFFCY 2023 |url=https://siffcy.org/siffcy-2023/ |website=Siffcy |date=28 March 2023 }}</ref>
*Best Feature Film (Children)
*Best Feature Film (Youth)
*Best Story
*Best Actor
*Best Short Film
*Best Next Gen
*[[European Children's Film Association|ECFA]] Best Film
*International Centre of Films for Children & Young People Best Film
*[[Film Critics Circle of India|FCCI]] Best Film
*Best Director
*Best Short Film (Children)
*Best Short Film (Youth)

== General references ==

* [https://www.india.com/entertainment/week-long-film-festival-for-kids-youth-next-month-736739/ "Week-long film festival for kids, youth next month"]. ''India.com''. 26 November 2015.
* [https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maneka-gandhi-tigmanshu-dhulia-inaugurate-film-fest-for-kids-115122100874_1.html "Maneka Gandhi, Tigmanshu Dhulia inaugurate film fest for kids"]. ''Business Standard''. 21 December 2015.
* Vaid, Dharvi (26 December 2015). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Pick-of-movies-brings-smile-on-little-ones-faces/articleshow/50327978.cms "Pick of movies brings 'smile' on little ones' faces"]. ''[[The Times of India]]''.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.siffcy.org// Official website]
* [https://www.smilefoundationindia.org// Smile Foundation official website]

[[Category:Festivals in Delhi]]
[[Category:Film festivals in India]]

{{Asia-film-festival-stub}}

Dabeli

2026-02-11T09:28:13Z

RosemaryBrifman:

{{Short description|Indian snack food}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Dabeli
| image = Daabeli.JPG
| caption =
| alternate_name = Kutchi Dabeli, Double Roti
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Mandvi]], [[Kutch]]
| creator = Said to be Mohan Bavaji, popularised by Keshavji Gabha Chudasama (Kesha Malam roti vara)
| type = [[Chaat]]
| served = Normal Temperature
| main_ingredient = [[Potato]]es, [[Spice mix#Masala|masala]], pav ([[burger bun]]), [[pomegranate]], [[peanut|peanuts]]
}}
{{Indian cuisine}}

'''Dabeli''', '''Kutchi Dabeli''' or '''Double Roti''' ({{Langx|gu|દાબેલી, કચ્છી દાબેલી}}, [[Devanagari]]: दाबेली, कच्छी दाबेली), is a popular [[snack food]] of [[India]], originating in [[Mandvi]], in the [[Kutch]] region of [[Gujarat]]. It is a spicy, sweet snack made by mixing boiled potatoes with a special dabeli [[Spice mix#Masala|masala]], putting the mixture in a ''ladi pav'' (similar to a [[burger bun]]), and serving it with [[chutney]]s made from tamarind, date, garlic, red chilies and other ingredients. It is garnished with pomegranate and roasted peanuts.

''Dabeli'' literally means "pressed" in [[Gujarati language]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/gujarati/guj-engdictionary.pdf|title=Gujarati- English Learner's Dictionary}}</ref> The dish is said to have been created by Keshavji Gabha Chudasama (also known as Kesha Malam), a resident of Mandvi, Kutch, in the 1960s. When he started business he sold dabeli at the price of one ''[[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]]'' or six ''[[paisa]]''. His shop is still open in Mandvi, run by a later generation of his family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whatscookingindia.com/kacchi-dabeli-recipe-dabeli-recipe-dabeli-masala-recipe/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106171146/http://whatscookingindia.com/kacchi-dabeli-recipe-dabeli-recipe-dabeli-masala-recipe/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 6, 2019|title = Kacchi Dabeli Recipe | Easy Dabeli Recipe in 40 Minutes| date=6 November 2019 }}</ref> Today, dabeli masala made in the Kutch region are said to be most authentic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dabeli: Its Origin And Journey To Maharashtra |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/dabeli-history-behind-its-origin-and-its-journey-to-maharashtra-1635926451331 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.slurrp.com}}</ref> Aside from Mandvi, the towns of [[Bhuj]] and [[Nakhatrana]] in the Kutch region are also known for authentic dabeli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dabeli: Its Origin And Journey To Maharashtra |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/dabeli-history-behind-its-origin-and-its-journey-to-maharashtra-1635926451331 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.slurrp.com}}</ref>

==Popularity==
[[File:Kutchi dabeli fillings.JPG|320x240px|thumbnail|Kutchi dabeli fillings]]
Dabeli today is eaten not only in [[Kutch]] and [[Gujarat]] but also certain parts of [[Maharashtra]]'s [[Sangli]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]] and [[Kolhapur]] {{citation needed|date=February 2018}}.

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
* [[List of Indian snack foods]]
* [[List of potato dishes]]
* [[List of sandwiches]]

==References==
{{Cookbook|Dabeli}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Sandwiches}}

[[Category:Indian fast food]]
[[Category:Indian snack foods]]
[[Category:Gujarati cuisine]]
[[Category:Kutchi cuisine]]
[[Category:Potato dishes]]
[[Category:Indian sandwiches]]

National Forensic Sciences University

2026-02-10T10:24:32Z

RosemaryBrifman: expand details per sources

{{Short description|University in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = '''National Forensic Sciences University'''
| image = National Forensic Sciences University Logo.png
| image_upright = 0.5
| other_name = NFSU
| motto = {{lang|sa|anveshanadvara shiksha}}
| mottoeng = Education through Investigation
| established = * {{start date and age|df=y|2009|02|11}} as ''Gujarat Forensic Sciences University'' <ref name="nfsu.mha.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=History National Forensic Sciences University |url=https://nfsu.mha.gov.in/about |website=nfsu.mha.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]}}</ref>
* {{start date and age|df=y|2020|10|01}} as ''National Forensic Sciences University'' (NFSU) <ref name="nfsu.mha.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=History National Forensic Sciences University |url=https://nfsu.mha.gov.in/about |website=nfsu.mha.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]}}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = [[J. M. Vyas|Dr. J. M. Vyas]]
| address = NFSU Campus, Sector-9
| city = [[Gandhinagar]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| postalcode = 382007
| country = [[India]]
| students =
| type = {{hlist| [[Institutes of National Importance|INI]] | [[Public university|Public]] [[International university|International]] [[Research university]]}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| parent = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry Of Home Affairs, Government of India]]
| accreditation = {{hlist| [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]]}}
| affiliations = {{hlist| [[BRICS Universities League]] | [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory|CFSL]]}}
| academic_affiliation = [[Institutes of National Importance]] ([[Autonomous university|Autonomous Body]])
| budget = {{INRConvert|2254.43|c|1|lk=on}} {{small|(2024{{ndash}}25)}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt to setup National Forensic Sciences University with ₹2,254 crore outlay |url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/govt-to-setup-national-forensic-sciences-university-with-2-254-crore-outlay-11718813029817.html |website=livemint.com |publisher=[[livemint]]}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.nfsu.ac.in/}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|display=inline, title}}
}}

[[File:Gujarat Forensic Sciences University - Panorama - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Panoramic view]]
'''National Forensic Sciences University''' ([[Abbreviation|abb]]. as '''NFSU'''; formerly '''Gujarat Forensic Science University''') is a public [[international university]]<ref name=State>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/Consolidated%20State%20%20University%20List.pdf|title=List of State Universities as on 06.08.2021|date=6 August 2021|access-date=25 August 2021|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210825095038/https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/Consolidated%20State%20%20University%20List.pdf|archive-date=25 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="NFSU">{{cite news|title=India's NFSU opens first overseas campus in Uganda, EAM Jaishankar describes it as 'significant milestone' in bilateral ties|url=https://www.ptinews.com/news/international/indias-nfsu-opens-first-overseas-campus-in-uganda-eam-jaishankar-describes-it-as-significant-milestone-in-bilateral-ties/549350.html|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=12 April 2023|access-date=12 April 2023|language=en}}</ref> and an [[Autonomous university|autonomous institute]] located in [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]]. It is recognized as an [[Institutes of National Importance|Institution of National Importance]] under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA), Government of India, by an act of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]. NFSU is solely dedicated to [[forensic science]], [[Criminal investigation|investigative science]] and [[criminology]].<ref name="saysfirst">{{cite news|title=Narendra Modi says world's first forensic science university is in Gujarat. |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/narendra-modi-says-worlds-first-forensic-science-university-is-in-gujarat_915108.html |date=1 March 2014 |location=Gandhinagar |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=27 Sep 2014}}</ref>

== History ==
The Gujarat Forensic Science University was formed by the [[Government of Gujarat]] in 2008. It was created by Act 17 passed in the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] on 30 September 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=About NFSU|url=https://www.nfsu.ac.in/about-nfsu|access-date=9 December 2021|website=www.nfsu.ac.in/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=26 June 2008|title=Gujarat to have forensic science university: Modi|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1500954211.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328204339/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1500954211.html|archive-date=28 March 2015|access-date=26 September 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Zulfi|first=Muhammad Zulqarnain|date=13 June 2014|title=Narendra Modi's brainchild to do joint research and academics in cyber security|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/narendra-modis-brainchild-to-do-joint-research-and-academics-in-cyber-security/1260100|access-date=26 September 2014|newspaper=The Financial Express (India)}}</ref> It was upgraded to the National Forensic Sciences University in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-19|title=NFSU Gandhinagar to set up 10 campuses in different states|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/nfsu-gandhinagar-to-set-up-10-campuses-in-different-states-7520069/|access-date=2022-01-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as an [[Institutes of National Importance|Institution of National Importance]] by the Act of Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 September 2020|title=Lok Sabha passes bill to set up National Forensic Sciences, Rashtriya Raksha Universities|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/lok-sabha-passes-bill-to-set-up-national-forensic-sciences-rashtriya-raksha-universities/articleshow/78228948.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=22 September 2020|title=Parliament Clears 3 Bill To Declare 5 IIITs, National Forensic Sciences University & Rashtriya Raksha University As Institutions Of National Importance|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/parliament-clears-3-bill-to-declare-5-iiits-national-forensic-sciences-university-rashtriya-raksha-university-as-institutions-of-national-importance-read-bills-163318|access-date=3 January 2021|publisher=LiveLaw}}</ref> It became an [[international university]] in April 2023, after the first campus of the university outside India at [[Uganda]], which also became [[Africa]]'s first Forensics Science University, was inaugurated and opened by the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]], [[S. Jaishankar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=First forensics science university in Africa to be built in Uganda|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/first-forensics-science-university-in-africa-to-be-built-in-uganda-3963634|work=Monitor|date=27 September 2022|access-date=10 April 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="NFSU"/>

==Campuses==
As of April 2023, it has 9 campuses across India and 1 campus in [[Uganda]].<ref name="NFSU"/>

===India===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Established
!City
!State/UT
|-
|1
|NFSU Main Campus
|2008
|[[Gandhinagar]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|-
|2
| [[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science|LNJN-NICFS]]
|1972
|[[Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|-
|3
|NFSU Goa Campus <ref>{{Cite news|date=19 October 2021|title=National forensic university to offer four courses at its Goa Campus|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/national-forensic-university-to-offer-four-courses-at-its-goa-campus/articleshow/87120949.cms|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>
|2021
| [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]
|[[Goa]]
|-
|4
|NFSU Tripura Campus <ref>{{Cite news|date=27 October 2021|title=Tripura allocates Rs 100 crore to set up NFSU campus on 70-acre site|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-tripura-allocates-rs-100-crore-to-set-up-nfsu-campus-on-70-acre-site-7592538/|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>
|2021
|[[Agartala]]
|[[Tripura]]
|-
|5
|NFSU Bhopal Campus
|
|[[Bhopal]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|6
|NFSU Pune Campus
|
|[[Pune]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|7
|NFSU Guwahati Campus
|
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Assam]]
|-
|8
|NFSU Manipur Campus
|2022
|[[Imphal]]
|[[Manipur]]
|-
|9
|NFSU Dharwad Campus
|2023
|[[Dharwad]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|10
|NFSU Bhubaneswar Campus
|2023
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Odisha]]
|}

===Uganda===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Established
!City
![[Regions of Uganda|Region]]
|-
|1
|NFSU Uganda <ref name="NFSU"/>
|2023
|[[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]
|[[Eastern Region (Uganda)|Eastern Region]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory]]
* [[National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science]]
* [[Institute of Forensic Science, Mumbai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
{{commons category}}
{{Universities in Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forensics organizations]]
[[Category:Central universities in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Education in Gandhinagar]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:National Forensic Sciences University| ]]

Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic

2026-02-07T12:09:15Z

RosemaryBrifman: improved article

{{short description|Responses of Indian state governments towards ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in India}}
{{About||Indian government response|Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{Update|date=April 2021|reason=Second Wave of COVID-19 infections}}{{Use dmy dates|date = March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
[[File:Narendra Modi - 5th COVID-19 State CM video conference.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Narendra Modi chairing a video conference with the state Chief Ministers on May 11, 2020]]
The Indian state governments have responded to the '''[[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]''' with various declarations of emergency, closure of institutions and public meeting places, and other restrictions intended to contain the spread of the virus.

{{horizontal TOC|align=center|nonum=yes}}

== State level regulations (before 24 March) ==
The table lists state level regulations that were imposed by the respective state and central governments before 24 March 2020. On 24 March, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] ordered a [[2020 India coronavirus lockdown|nationwide lockdown]] from 12:01 am of 25 March for three weeks.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/asia/india-coronavirus-lockdown.html|title=Modi Orders 3-Week Total Lockdown for All 1.3 Billion Indians|date=2020-03-24|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-25|last2=Schultz|first2=Kai|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center" width="82%"
! rowspan="3" |State/Union territory
! rowspan="3" |[[Unlawful assembly|Section 144]] declared
! rowspan="3" |Lockdown
! colspan="4" |Services shutdown
! rowspan="3" |Sources
|-
! rowspan="2" |Schools
! rowspan="2" |Cinemas/ Malls
! colspan="2" |Transport{{refn|Exceptions included for police, health, fire, food deliveries and other essentials.|group=lower-alpha}}
|-
!Public
!Private
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
| rowspan="2" style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|style="background: #ffcccc;" | 23 March{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=Nellore144|Only in the city of Nellore.<ref name="Andhra144"/>}}
| rowspan="4" style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
|style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
|style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
| rowspan="2" style="background: #ffcccc;" |Yes
|<ref name="Andhra144">{{Cite web|url=https://newsmeter.in/coronavirus-section-144-imposed-in-nellore/|title=Coronavirus: Section 144 imposed in Nellore|date=2020-03-23|website=NewsMeter|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref><ref name="ITlockdown">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-outbreak-lockdown-in-delhi-uttar-pradesh-rajasthan-telangana-andhra-nagaland-full-details-1658523-2020-03-22|title=Coronavirus outbreak: States impose lockdown in battle against Covid-19 {{!}} All you need to know|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="HTlockdown">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/82-districts-under-lockdown-over-covid-19-what-s-open-and-what-is-shut/story-c1AEMZXuuXN6FvmrAdRvsJ.html|title=82 districts under lockdown over Covid-19: What is shut and where|date=2020-03-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| rowspan="6" style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
| rowspan="2" style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
| rowspan="6" style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|style="background: #ffcccc;" |Yes
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/coronavirus-arunachal-pradesh-orders-lockdown-from-monday-evening-till-march-31/articleshow/74770575.cms|title=Coronavirus: Arunachal Pradesh orders lockdown from Monday evening till March 31|date=2020-03-23|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref><ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Assam]]
| rowspan="5" style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
| rowspan="5" style="background: #ccffcc;" |No
| rowspan="7" |<ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Bihar]]
| rowspan="3" style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="2" {{Partial}}
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[National Capital Territory of Delhi|Delhi]]
|style="background: #ffcccc;" | 23 March
|style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
|style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
|style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
|style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
|style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Goa]]
| style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|{{Partial}}
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
| style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
| rowspan="16" style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Gujarat]]
|style="background: #ffcccc;" |22 March{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=Gujarat144|In five districts.<ref name="gujarat144"/>}}
| rowspan="3" style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
| rowspan="8" style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
| rowspan="8" style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
| rowspan="2" style="background: #ffcccc;" |Yes
|<ref name="gujarat144">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/section-144-imposed-in-five-districts-of-south-gujarat/articleshow/74753511.cms|title=Section 144 imposed in five districts of south Gujarat|website=The Times of India|date=22 March 2020 |language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=D. P.|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lockdown-in-gujarat-extended-to-the-entire-state/articleshow/74782066.cms|title=Lockdown in Gujarat extended to the entire state|date=2020-03-24|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/22/covid-19-impact-gujarat-suspends-transport-services-till-march-25.html|title=COVID-19 impact: Gujarat suspends transport services till March 25|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Haryana]]
| rowspan="4" style="background: #ccffcc;" |No
| rowspan="4" |<ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-announces-immediate-lockdown-till-march-31/articleshow/74775180.cms|title=Jharkhand Lockdown: Jharkhand announces immediate lockdown till March 31 |date=March 23, 2020|first1=Dhritiman |last1=Ray|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Himachal Pradesh]]
| rowspan="4" style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{Partial}}
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Jharkhand]]
| rowspan="4" style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Karnataka]]
|style="background: #ffcccc;" |24 March
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-karnataka-under-lockdown-section144-in-bengaluru-mangaluru-11584990923929.html|title=Coronavirus: Karnataka under lockdown, Section 144 in Bengaluru, Mangaluru|last1=Poovanna|first1=Sharan|date=2020-03-24|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref><ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Kerala]]
| rowspan="4" style="background: #ccffcc;" |No
|style="background: #ffcccc;" |Yes
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lockdown-in-kerala-as-coronavirus-cases-touch-28-cm-says-all-emergency-services-open-1658916-2020-03-24|title=Lockdown in Kerala as coronavirus cases touch 28, CM says all emergency services open|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Ladakh]]
| rowspan="10" style="background: #ccffcc;" |No
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Lakshadweep]]
| style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|{{Partial}}
| rowspan="17" style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
| rowspan="2" style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background: #ffcccc;" |23 March
| rowspan="13" style="background: #ffcccc;" |Yes
|<ref name="section144">{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/maharashtra-goes-into-lockdown-mode-section-144-in-place-from-monday-announces-chief-minister-uddhav-thackeray/articleshow/74759333.cms|title=Maharashtra goes into lockdown mode: Section 144 in place from Monday, announces Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Manipur]]
| rowspan="7" style="background: #ccffcc;" |No
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
| rowspan="5" |<ref name=":0ilg">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/covid-19-assam-tripura-meghalaya-and-manipur-announces-lockdown/articleshow/74786995.cms|title=Covid-19: Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya and Manipur announces lockdown|work=The Economic Times|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Meghalaya]]
|style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Mizoram]]
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Nagaland]]
| rowspan="8" style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Odisha]]
|style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|style="background: #ccffcc; |No
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/puducherry-govt-announces-lockdown/article31145906.ece|title=Puducherry govt. announces lockdown|date=2020-03-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| rowspan="2" style="background: #ffcccc;" | Yes
| rowspan="2" style="background: #ffcccc;" |Yes
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/punjab-to-enforce-lockdown-till-march-31/articleshow/74756389.cms|title=Punjab to enforce lockdown till March 31|date=2020-03-22|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Rajasthan]]
|style="background: #ffcccc;" |19 March
|<ref name="RJcurfew">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/section-144-imposed-in-rajasthan-after-couple-2-year-old-test-positive-for-coronavirus-1657192-2020-03-19|title=Section 144 imposed in Rajasthan after couple, 2-year-old test positive for coronavirus|last1=Parihar|first1=Rohit|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Sikkim]]
|style="background: #ccffcc; |No
| style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
| style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/sikkim-to-be-under-lockdown-from-6-am-on-march-25-till-march-31-817113.html|title=Sikkim to be under lockdown from 6 am on March 25 till March 31|date=2020-03-24|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref><ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| style="background: #ffcccc;" |24 March
| rowspan="2" style="background: #ffcccc;" |Yes
|style="background: #ffcccc;" |Yes
|<ref name="TNlockdown">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-in-india-tamil-nadu-to-go-under-lockdown-from-tuesday-1658800-2020-03-23|title=Coronavirus in India: Tamil Nadu to go under lockdown from Tuesday|date=March 23, 2020|first=Shalini|last=Lobo|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref><ref name="TNNtamilnadu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-imposes-section-144-week-no-gatherings-more-5-people-120912|title=TN imposes Section 144 for a week, no gatherings of more than 5 people|date=23 March 2020|website=www.thenewsminute.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Telangana]]
|style="background: #ffcccc;" |23 March
| rowspan="2" style="background: #ccffcc;" |No
|<ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" /><ref name="TGcurfew"/>
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Tripura]]
| rowspan="4" style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
| rowspan="3" style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
|<ref name=":0ilg" /><ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{Partial}}
| rowspan="3" style="background: #ffcccc;" |Yes
|style="background: #ffcccc;" |Yes
|<ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Uttarakhand]]
| rowspan="2" style="background: #ffcccc;" |Yes
| rowspan="2" style="background: #ccffcc;" | No
| <ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" />
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[West Bengal]]

|style="background: #ffcccc;" |Yes
| <ref name="ITlockdown" /><ref name="HTlockdown" /><ref name="WB Lockdown">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/entire-west-bengal-brought-under-lockdown-till-march-31/articleshow/74792486.cms|title=Entire West Bengal brought under lockdown till March 31|date=2020-03-24|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:left;" |'''Notes'''{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
|}

==Andhra Pradesh==
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh}}

On 18 March, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] announced closure of all educational institutions till 31 March.<ref>{{cite news|title=AP educational institutions to remain closed till March 31 due to Coronavirus outbreak|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/andhra-pradesh-educational-institutions-remain-closed-till-march-31-due-to-coronavirus/articleshow/74694735.cms|access-date=19 March 2020|website=The Times of India|date=19 March 2020 }}</ref>

==Bihar==
'''On 15 March,''' [[Bihar Public Service Commission]] (BPSC) postponed all the recruitment exams till 31 March.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 March 2020|title=BPSC assistant engineer main exam 2019 postponed amid coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/bpsc-assistant-engineer-main-exam-2019-postponed-amid-coronavirus-outbreak/story-rQzUCoRWC4NHWa7Gq0SQTN.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

On 22 March, the Government of Bihar announced a state-wide lockdown till March 31.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar announces lockdown in urban areas till March 31|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-announces-lockdown-in-urban-areas-till-march-31-1658511-2020-03-22|date=March 22, 2020|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>

On 2 April, the state government announced that a one-time cash transfer of Rs 1,000 will be provided to the migrants.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Government Launces Corona Sahayata Scheme {{!}} Apply Online & Get Rs 1000 (aapda.bih.nic.in)|url=https://tricksnhub.com/bihar-corona-sahayata-app-apk-download-apply-online-form/|date=2020-04-12|website=tricksNhub|language=en-US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416200751/https://tricksnhub.com/bihar-corona-sahayata-app-apk-download-apply-online-form/|archive-date=16 April 2020|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>

==Chandigarh==
'''On 17 March''' [[Chandigarh]] administration ordered the closure of public facilities till 31 March. It also banned gatherings of more than a 100 people and census work was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 March 2020|title=Covid-19: Malls, cinema halls, gyms closed in Chandigarh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/malls-clubs-discotheques-and-gyms-closed-in-chandigarh-till-march-31-to-check-coronavirus-spread/story-SlWceuV22oQXG5RKxODz4M.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> At the same time, Dera chiefs were asked to postpone all religious events.<ref>{{cite news|title=Punjab malls, gyms, restaurants deserted after advisory on coronavirus|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/multimedia/video-gallery/general/punjab-malls-gyms-restaurants-deserted-after-advisory-on-coronavirus-101227.htm}}</ref>

'''On 23 March,''' [[Punjab]] [[Governor (India)|Governor]] [[V. P. Singh Badnore]] who is also [[union territory]] [[Administrator of the government|administrator]] imposed a curfew starting midnight of 24 March.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/coronavirus-curfew-in-chandigarh-from-midnight-60055|title=Coronavirus: Curfew to be imposed in Chandigarh from midnight|work=The Tribune|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502161609/https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/coronavirus-curfew-in-chandigarh-from-midnight-60055|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Chhattisgarh ==
'''On 13 March,''' Chhattisgarh government closed educational institutions.<ref>{{cite web|title=कोरोनावायरस : छत्तीसगढ़ में स्कूल कॉलेज 31 मार्च तक बंद|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/career/story-coronavirus-school-college-in-chhattisgarh-closed-till-31-march-3082405.html|access-date=16 March 2020|website=livehindustan.com|language=hi}}</ref>

== Delhi ==
'''On 21 March,''' [[Government of Delhi]] announced closure of all primary schools across Delhi till 31 March as a precaution.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/coronavirus-threat-delhi-govt-orders-closure-of-all-primary-schools-till-march-31/story-ExewEmJeLCZ6egWDW6Ss2N.html|title=Coronavirus threat: Delhi govt orders closure of all primary schools till March 31|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=5 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306042604/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/coronavirus-threat-delhi-govt-orders-closure-of-all-primary-schools-till-march-31/story-ExewEmJeLCZ6egWDW6Ss2N.html|archive-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>

'''On 12 March,''' it announced closure of schools, colleges and cinema halls till the end of March and ordered disinfection of all public places as a precautionary measure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/schools-colleges-movie-theatres-to-be-shut-in-delhi-till-march-31-due-to-coronavirus-2193840|title=Delhi Schools, Colleges, Cinemas Shut Till March 31 Due To Coronavirus|date=12 March 2020|editor-last=Sanyal|editor-first=Anindita|website=NDTV|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>

'''On 22 March,''' after the central government's decision, complete lockdown of Delhi from 6 am of 23 March to at least 31 March was declared. Essential services and commodities to continue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jagannath|first1=J.|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-lockdown-to-start-at-6-am-monday-until-31-march-kejriwal-11584881955813.html|title=Delhi lockdown to start at 6 am Monday, until 31 March: Kejriwal|date=22 March 2020|work=Livemint|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>

'''On 28 March,''' Delhi government had set up over 500 hunger relief camps providing free food for people who have been left stranded due to the nationwide lockdown.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/coronavirus-delhi-govt-sets-up-500-hunger-relief-camps/articleshow/74858737.cms|title=Coronavirus: Delhi govt sets up 500+ hunger relief camps|website=The Times of India|date=28 March 2020 |language=en|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>

== Goa ==
'''On 15 March,''' [[Goa's]], CM [[Pramod Sawant]] declared that all educational institutions would remain close, but planned to conduct the ongoing Board examinations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Schools closed till March 31, all exams cancelled except for 10th, 12th Boards|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/school-holiday-updates-due-to-coronavirus-in-kerala-karnataka-jammu-kashmir-bangalore-delhi-mumbai-india/563653|website=timesnownews|date=15 March 2020 }}</ref>

== Gujarat ==
'''On 15 March,''' [[Gujarat]] government closed schools, colleges and cinema halls till 31 March, but planned to conduct the Board examinations.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hardaha|first1=Rashi|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Gujarat shuts all schools, colleges, cinema halls from tomorrow|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/breaking-coronavirus-gujarat-shuts-schools-colleges-covid19-598370|access-date=15 March 2020|website=indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

'''On 23 March,''' Gujarat DGP Shivanand Jha said that from 12 am, the entire state will be under lockdown till 31 March. "State borders have been sealed. Action will be taken against the people who will violate the lockdown," he said.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 March 2020 |title=Coronavirus pandemic: Gujarat placed under lockdown till March 31; state borders sealed |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/coronavirus-pandemic-gujarat-placed-under-lockdown-till-march-31-state-borders-sealed/568455 |publisher=Times Now |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

== Haryana ==
On 24 March, [[Government of Haryana]] announced complete lockdown of the Haryana.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 March 2020 |title=Haryana extends lockdown to entire state to curb COVID-19, accords financial aid to poor |url=https://theprint.in/india/haryana-extends-lockdown-to-entire-state-to-curb-covid-19-accords-financial-aid-to-poor/386710/ |newspaper=ThePrint |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

== Himachal Pradesh ==
'''On 14 March''', [[Himachal Pradesh]] closed educational institutions and theatres until 31 March.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 March 2020|title=Himachal Pradesh closes all schools, colleges, Anganwadi centers till March 31 due to coronavirus threat|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/himachal-pradesh-closes-all-schools-colleges-anganwadi-centers-till-march-31-due-to-coronavirus-threat-598055|website=indiatvnews}}</ref>

[[Himachal Pradesh]] banned entry of foreign and domestic tourists on 19 March until further notice.<ref>{{cite news|title=Himachal bans entry of domestic, foreign tourists amid coronavirus threat|work=The Tribune|agency=Tribune News Service|issue=19 March 2020|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal-bans-entry-of-domestic-foreign-tourists-amid-coronavirus-threat-58038|access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref>

On March 24, [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]] imposed an indefinite statewide curfew to combat coronavirus.

== Karnataka ==
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka#Governmental actions}}'''On 9 March''', Karnataka declared indefinite holiday for all kindergarten and pre-primary schools in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Holiday for all LKG, UKG, pre-primary schools in Bengaluru due to COVID-19|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/coronavirus-holiday-for-all-lkg-ukg-pre-primary-schools-in-bengaluru-due-to-covid-19-811899.html|access-date=9 March 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The holiday was extended to all primary schools up to fifth grade after a confirmed case was reported in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Karnataka confirms first case of COVID-19, declares holiday for all primary schools in Bengaluru|work=Bangalore Mirror|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/karnataka-confirms-first-case-of-covid-19-declares-holiday-for-all-primary-schools/articleshow/74555439.cms|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>

On 13 March, the [[Government of Karnataka]] ordered the closure of malls, universities and colleges, movie theatres, night clubs, marriages and conferences and other public areas as a precautionary measure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-karnataka-shuts-down-schools-malls-theatres-for-a-week-11584099614638.html|title=Coronavirus: Karnataka shuts down schools, malls, theatres for a week|website=livemint.com|date=13 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref>

Karnataka has closed its borders with Kerala for vehicular traffic in the wake of six people testing positive for coronavirus in Kasargod district of Kerala, which lies on the border of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/21/karnataka-closes-border-with-kerala-after-6-covid-19-cases-reported-in-kasargod.html|title=Karnataka closes border with Kerala after 6 COVID-19 cases reported in Kasargod|date=21 March 2020|newspaper=The Week}}</ref>

== Kerala ==
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala#Governmental actions}}The [[Government of Kerala]] had declared high alert from 4 to 8 February and then again starting 8 March 2020 due to coronavirus cases being reported in the state.<ref name="ecfeb8">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/coronavirus-over-3000-people-still-under-observation-says-govt/articleshow/74034608.cms|title=Coronavirus: Over 3000 people still under observation, says govt|date=8 February 2020|work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="gulfnews">{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/as-coronavirus-cases-surge-kerala-put-on-high-alert-1.1583752066135|title=As coronavirus cases surge, Kerala put on high alert|work=gulfnews.com|access-date=9 March 2020|language=en}}</ref>

'''On 9 March''', [[District magistrate|collector and district magistrate]] of [[Pathanamthitta district]] of Kerala declared three long holiday for all educational institutions in the district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus: 20 people in isolation in Pathanamthitta, Kollam|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/coronavirus-20-people-in-isolation-in-pathanamthitta-kollam-1.4598606|access-date=9 March 2020|website=Mathrubhumi|date=9 March 2020 }}</ref>

On 10 March, government urged people to not undertake pilgrimages, attend large gatherings such as weddings and cinema shows.<ref name="mar10">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/12-coronavirus-cases-kerala-grandparents-family-italy-test-positive-119892|title=12 coronavirus cases in Kerala, grandparents of family from Italy test positive|work=thenewsminute.com|access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref> Kerala announced closure of all schools and colleges across the state, with effect from 11 March.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: All schools, colleges in Kerala to shut down in March; 6 more test positive|work=Manorama Online|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2020/03/10/coronavirus-holiday-for-upto-class-7-kerala.html|access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref>

On 15 March, a new initiative 'Break the Chain' aiming to educate people about the importance of public and personal hygiene was introduced by Government of Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/kerala-launches-break-the-chain-campaign-to-combat-coronavirus-2196103%3Famp%3D1%26akamai-rum%3Doff|title=Kerala govt launches break the chain initiative for personal hygiene|work=NDTV|access-date=15 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328105212/https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/kerala-launches-break-the-chain-campaign-to-combat-coronavirus-2196103?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Madhya Pradesh ==
On 25 January, the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh Government]] issued an advisory regarding Coronavirus symptoms and possibility of human to human transmission and ordered that all health professionals be educated about the same.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.mp.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-03/69-25-1-2020.pdf|title=Advisory for Novel Coronavirus spread Control and Prevention|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502161541/http://www.health.mp.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-03/69-25-1-2020.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Free medicines for COVID-19 provided by Govt of Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|350px|Free medicines for COVID-19 provided by Govt of Madhya Pradesh]]
On 28 January, government issued notification to start testing people at the airport coming from China, Japan and Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.mp.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-03/75-28-1-2020.pdf|title=Notification to initiate health check-up for international passengers with respect to Novel Coronavirus|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502161544/http://www.health.mp.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-03/75-28-1-2020.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following declaration by [[World Health Organization|WHO]] of Coronavirus as Public Health Emergency on International concern, the government moved to monitor and test people coming from China and other affected countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.mp.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-03/81-31-1-2020.pdf|title=Update on prevention and cure on Novel Coronavirus|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502161546/http://www.health.mp.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-03/81-31-1-2020.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.mp.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-03/79-30-1-2020.pdf|title=MP Government order regarding Monitoring of Coronavirus|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502161550/http://www.health.mp.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-03/79-30-1-2020.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.mp.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-03/91-4-2-2020.pdf|title=MP Government notification regarding monitoring of passengers coming from China|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502161552/http://www.health.mp.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-03/91-4-2-2020.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 14 March, all schools and cinemas in the state were shut down.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-schools-cinema-halls-closed-in-madhya-pradesh-1655338-2020-03-14|title=Coronavirus: Schools, cinema halls closed in Madhya Pradesh|date=March 14, 2020|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref>
[[File:Vaccination drive for COVID prevention in Bhopal, India 02.jpg|thumb|Vaccination drive for COVID prevention in [[Bhopal]]]]
On 22 March, the acting chief minister of state [[Kamal Nath]] ordered complete shutdown including all business establishments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kamal-nath-instructs-complete-shut-down-in-mp-amid-corona-threat/articleshow/74764165.cms|title=Kamal Nath instructs complete shut down in MP amid corona threat |date=March 22, 2020|first=Rajendra |last=Sharma |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref>

On 24 March, the government imposed curfew in Bhopal and Jabalpur cities where Coronavirus cases were found.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/covid-19-madhya-pradesh-govt-imposes-curfew-in-bhopal-jabalpur-817069.html|title=COVID-19: Madhya Pradesh govt imposes curfew in Bhopal, Jabalpur|date=2020-03-24|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref>

On 25 March, [[Chief minister (India)|CM]] [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan|Shivraj Singh Chauhan]] announced various welfare measures in view of the nationwide lockdown.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Yadav|first1=Sidharth|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/madhya-pradesh-govt-to-give-bpl-families-free-ration-for-a-month/article31168585.ece|title=Coronavirus {{!}} Madhya Pradesh govt. to give BPL families free ration for a month|date=2020-03-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 30 March, total lockdown for 03 days including suspension of essential services was imposed in [[Indore district|Indore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/coronavirus-cases-in-mp-madhya-pradesh-news-and-updates/articleshow/74821979.cms|title=Madhya Pradesh reports third death due to coronavirus|website=Business Insider|access-date=2020-03-31|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326233833/https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/coronavirus-cases-in-mp-madhya-pradesh-news-and-updates/articleshow/74821979.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> With nearly 60% of the state's cases, Indore is fast becoming the epicenter for spread of coronavirus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/indore-and-ujjain-hotspots-of-coronavirus-outbreak-in-madhya-pradesh-home-to-70-cases/articleshow/74893924.cms|title=Indore and Ujjain hotspots of coronavirus outbreak in Madhya Pradesh, home to 70% cases |date=March 30, 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref> This strict decision is being taken to bring things under control.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/madhya-pradesh-government-making-all-efforts-to-fight-coronavirus-cm-shivraj-singh-chouhan-819419.html|title=Madhya Pradesh government making all efforts to fight coronavirus: CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan|date=2020-03-30|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref>

On 5 April, [[Bhopal]] became the second district in the state to go for a tougher lockdown like [[Indore district|Indore]]. All shops except for medicine and milk will be shut down. This decision was taken after two top bureaucrats Principal Secretary Health Pallavi Jain Govil and Additional Director Information/Communication (Health) Dr Veena Sinha were tested positive for COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-only-medicine-milk-to-be-available-as-bhopal-goes-for-tougher-lockdown-2206531|title=Only Medicine, Milk To Be Available As Bhopal Goes For Tougher Lockdown|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref>

== Maharashtra ==
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra#Response and impact}}
[[File:India Maharashtra COVID-19 map.svg|thumb|Map of districts with confirmed cases in Maharashtra]]
'''On 13 March''', the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Government]] declared the outbreak an [[epidemic]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]] and [[Nagpur]], and invoked provisions of [[Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/maharashtra-invokes-epidemic-act-55079|title=Maharashtra invokes epidemic Act|work=The Tribune|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref>

'''On 14 March''', [[Maharashtra]] government closed all public facilities in urban areas till 31 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Cases in Maharashtra surge, states shut down public places {{!}} Developments|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-cases-in-maharashtra-surge-states-shut-down-public-places-developments-1655635-2020-03-15|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus Outbreak LIVE Updates: Maharashtra closes malls till 31 March, postpones exams up to Class 9 as number of reported cases rises to 26|url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/coronavirus-outbreak-live-updates-covid-19-who-pandemic-quarantine-india-noida-bangalore-cases-alert-novel-latest-news-today-ipl-school-college-8138611.html|access-date=14 March 2020|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

'''On 15 March,''' [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] shut down [[Jijamata Udyaan]] till further orders.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus outbreak live updates: Mumbai cops invoke section 144 to ban group tours till March 31|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/coronavirus-updates-live-total-number-of-coronavirus-cases-in-india-maharashtra-telangana-haryana/liveblog/74632927.cms|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>

'''On 17 March,''' [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]] ordered private firms in [[Mumbai]] to function "only at 50% of their staff capacity or face action under section 188 of the [[Indian Penal Code|IPC]]".<ref>{{Cite news|title=BMC orders private companies to work only at 50% of capacity as coronavirus count rises|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bmc-orders-private-firms-to-work-only-at-50-of-their-capacity/articleshow/74661516.cms}}</ref>

'''On 17 March,''' [[Maharashtra]], government offices were closed down for seven days.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 March 2020|title=Coronavirus Outbreak: Maharashtra to shut government offices for next 7 days|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/coronavirus-uddhav-thackeray-maharashtra-government-offices-shut-7-days-598998|website=indiatv}}</ref> [[Mumbai Police]] ordered the closure of pubs, bars and discos till 31 March.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zachariah|first1=Reeba|last2=Ali|first2=S Ahmed|date=18 March 2020|title=Coronavirus in Mumbai: Pubs, bars closed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/coronavirus-in-mumbai-eatery-industry-seeks-financial-relief-from-government/articleshow/74682915.cms|access-date=18 March 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

'''On 18 March''', the Federation of Trade Association of Pune announced that all shops, barring grocery stores and pharmacies, will be shut in the city, resulting in the closure of up to 40,000 shops.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/coronavirus-impact-markets-in-maharashtra-in-shutdownmode/1901557/|title=Coronavirus impact: Markets in Maharashtra in shutdown mode|work=Financial Express|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref>

'''On 20 March,''' the state government announced the closure of workplaces, excluding essential services and public transport, in Mumbai, [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]], Pune, Pimpri-Chinchwad and Nagpur until 31 March.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-pune-offices-shops-to-close-in-wake-of-coronavirus-says-uddhav-thackeray-11584692833403.html|title=Mumbai, Pune offices to close in wake of coronavirus, says Uddhav Thackeray|work=Livemint|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref>

'''On 22 March,''' the state government declared that [[Section 144]] would be imposed across the state, with effect from 23 March, sending the state into a lockdown.<ref name="section144" /> Only employees that work for essential services are allowed to board local trains in Mumbai, and the rail service were cut back causing cancellation of more than 3,700 trains.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/janata-curfew-3700-trains-cancelled-on-sunday/articleshow/74740006.cms|title=Janata curfew: 3,700 trains cancelled on Sunday|date=March 21, 2020|first=Dipak K.|last=Dash|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-coronavirus-mumbai-local-closed-for-general-public-till-march-31-1180263|title=Coronavirus: Mumbai local closed for general public till March 31|date=2020-03-21|website=news.abplive.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/janta-curfew-and-how-states-are-implementing-it-all-you-need-to-know/story-0WwbvwC8J2EvDTtslml1sJ.html|title='Janta Curfew' and how states are implementing it- All you need to know|date=2020-03-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref>

'''On 23 March,''' the [[Chief minister (India)|CM]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]] announced the closure of borders of all districts and a strict statewide curfew.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/uddhav-thackeray-imposes-curfew-in-entire-maharashtra/articleshow/74775886.cms|title=Uddhav Thackeray imposes curfew in entire Maharashtra|date=2020-03-23|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref>

== Manipur ==
'''On 13 March,''' Manipur Government closed all educational institutions.

== Odisha ==
On 13 March, the chief minister Naveen Pantaik declared COVID-19 as a 'disaster'. Educational institutions and other public places were closed and officials were empowered by invoking the [[Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897]].<ref>Ashutosh Mishra, [https://thewire.in/government/odisha-covid-19-response Early Response Has Been Key to Odisha's Efforts to Tackle COVID-19], The Wire, 28 March 2020.</ref>

On 21 March, after confirming two positive cases of coronavirus, the state ordered 70 per cent lockdown, including its capital Bhubaneshwar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/health/covid-19-how-odisha-is-setting-an-example-in-preparedness-69940|title=COVID-19: How Odisha is setting an example in preparedness|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>

On 22 March, the [[Government of Odisha|state government]] extended it to a complete lockdown until 9 pm of March 29.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-update-odisha-govt-announces-lockdown-till-29-march-11584865948737.html|title=Coronavirus update: Odisha govt announces lockdown till 29 March|date=2020-03-22|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Interstate bus services and passenger trains were also suspended.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/coronavirus-odisha-government-suspends-inter-state-bus-services-forms-team-to-monitor-smooth-flow-of-essential-goods/articleshow/74762169.cms|title=Coronavirus: Odisha government suspends inter-state bus services; forms team to monitor smooth flow of essential goods|last1=Bisoyi|first1=Sujit Kumar|website=The Times of India|date=22 March 2020 |language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>

The government on 26 March signed agreements with medical colleges to set up two 1,000-bed hospitals in Bhubaneswar for treatment of the infected patients within 15 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/worries-grow-in-odisha-after-3rd-coronavirus-case-state-plans-1000-bed-hospital-2552869.html|title=Worries Grow in Odisha After 3rd Coronavirus Case; State Plans 1,000-bed Hospital|website=News18|date=27 March 2020|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>

On 9 April, the [[Government of Odisha|state government]] extended the lockdown till 30 April. It was also announced that educational institutes will remain closed till 17 June.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-becomes-first-state-to-extend-covid-19-lockdown-sets-april-30-as-new-date/story-MLEr0Zie3fXZWufT1lC2QM.html|title=Odisha becomes first state to extend Covid-19 lockdown; sets April 30 as new date|date=2020-04-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref>

== Punjab ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2020}}
On 13 March, the Punjab governments declared holidays in all schools and colleges till 31 March.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-punjab-shuts-all-schools-till-march-31-6313154/|title=Coronavirus: Punjab shuts all schools till March 31|date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

On 14 March Punjab government issue an advisory to close gyms, restaurants, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-14 |title=Coronavirus scare: Punjab shuts down cinema halls, restaurants, gyms, swimming pools |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-scare-punjab-shuts-down-cinema-halls-restaurants-gyms-swimming-pools-6314587/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 March Punjab School Education Board postponed all Board Exams of 10th and 12th classes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PSEB Board Exam Postponed Due To Coronavirus Outbreak |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/pseb-board-exam-postponed-punjab-board-class-10-12-exams-rescheduled-over-coronavirus-covid-19-2197613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203201941/https://www.ndtv.com/education/pseb-board-exam-postponed-punjab-board-class-10-12-exams-rescheduled-over-coronavirus-covid-19-2197613 |archive-date=2021-12-03 |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref>

20 March Punjab government also shuts down public transport in state from midnight of 20 March and prohibited gathering of more than 20 persons.

On 22 March Punjab government declared complete Lockdown in state till 31 March 2020 except Emergency services along Kala Sanghian.

On 23 March Punjab Government imposed full curfew across Punjab without any relaxation, become first State to impose full curfew, as some people were defy to follow lockdown, seriously.[19] Punjab government sanctions 20 crore rupees for free food, medicines to poor from CM Relief Fund, ministers pledge month's salary for efforts to control COVID-19.

On 24 March Punjab Chief Minister set up COVID Relief Fund to be utilised for the welfare of the people in distress due to Coronavirus.

On 10 April, the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] extended lockdown in the state till April 30.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/punjab-extends-lockdown-till-april-30/articleshow/75082850.cms|title=Covid-19: Punjab extends lockdown till April 30|date=10 April 2020|work=Economictimes|access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref>

== Puducherry ==
'''On 17 March,''' [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] shut down schools, colleges, cinemas and gyms till 31 March.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coronavirus outbreak live updates: Railways cancels 76 trains as coronavirus precautionary measure, non-occupancy|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/coronavirus-live-updates-number-of-coronavirus-cases-in-india-mumbai-hyderabad-kerala-pune-delhi/liveblog/74664459.cms}}</ref>

== Rajasthan ==
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan}}

'''On 14 March,''' [[Government of Rajasthan]] closed all educational institutions, gyms, and cinema halls, however ongoing school and college exams continued.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Iqbal|first1=Mohammed|date=14 March 2020|title=Coronavirus {{!}} Rajasthan closes schools, cinema halls till 30 March|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coronavirus-rajasthan-closes-schools-cinema-halls-till-march-30/article31067344.ece|access-date=15 March 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

'''On 17 March''' [[Rajasthan]] government banned the gathering of more than 50 people in public places till 31 March.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 March 2020|title=Coronavirus outbreak: Rajasthan bans all 50-plus gathering in public places till March 31, says official|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/coronavirus-outbreak-rajasthan-bans-all-50-plus-gathering-in-public-places-till-march-31-says-official/1900701/|website=The Financial Express}}</ref>

On 19 March, Section 144 was imposed in Rajasthan after three of a family tested positive for coronavirus.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Iqbal|first1=Mohammed|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coronavirus-prohibitory-orders-in-rajasthan-after-3-new-cases-test-positive/article31105200.ece|title=Coronavirus {{!}} Prohibitory orders in Rajasthan after 3 new cases test positive|date=2020-03-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="RJcurfew" />

The state was first to announce complete lockdown starting 22 March, barring essential services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/coronavirus-impact-rajasthan-under-lockdown-till-march-31-covid-19-1180245/amp|title=Coronavirus Impact: In A First, Rajasthan Govt Announces 'Complete Lockdown' In State Till March 31|work=ABP Live|date=21 March 2020}}</ref> On 22 March, the [[Government of Rajasthan]] banned public transport services in the state.<ref name="RJban">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coronavirus-update-rajasthan-bans-private-vehicles-to-give-pension-food-to-poor/story-McqrXsvPuqHPEA7wTe6qDI.html|title=Coronavirus update: Rajasthan bans private vehicles; to give pension, food to poor|date=24 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>

On 24 March, the state banned all private vehicles in the roads after COVID-19 cases crossed 32 in the state.<ref name="RJban" /> The state government had also announced free ration for two months for families covered under the National Food Security Act (NFSA).<ref name="RJban" /> The "Bhilwara model" of the state was praised nationwide for its effectiveness in containment of the virus.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-rajasthans-bhilwara-ruthless-containment-model-breaks-virus-transmission-chain/article31307764.ece/|title=In Rajasthan's Bhilwara, 'ruthless containment' model breaks virus transmission chain|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 April 2020|author=Mohammed Iqbal}}</ref>

On 11 April, the state government announced financial assistance of ₹50 lakhs to the family of government employees who die due to disease during anti-COVID-19 operations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-to-give-rs-50-lakh-to-kin-of-govt-employees-who-die-of-coronavirus-during-anti-covid-19-ops/story-kqaiB7Fjtojox0kBUJJyVK_amp.html|title=Rajasthan to give 50 lakhs to kin of Govt employees who die of coronavirus|work= Hindustan Times|date=14 April 2020}}</ref>

On 4 July, the chief minister Mr. Ashok Gehlot tweeted that Given the COVID-19 pandemic all kind of college, university, and technical education institute exams in the state will be cancelled. The UG and PG students will be promoted without writing their papers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.exammr.com/news/higher-education-exams-cancelled-in-rajasthan|title=Higher Education Exams Cancelled In Rajasthan|publisher=Exammr.com|date=4 July 2020|access-date=4 July 2020}}</ref>

The state government was the first to start rapid testing for COVID-19 through rapid testing kits on 17 April. It gives instant results based on presence of antibodies in blood, which helped in quickly isolating the suspected person.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthan-first-in-country-to-start-rapid-testing-for-covid-19/articleshow/75214085.cms|title=Rajasthan first in country to start rapid testing for Covid-19|work=The Times Of India|date=18 April 2020|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref>

== Sikkim ==
[[Sikkim]] restricted entry of domestic tourists in the state from 17 March and asked those who were already in the state to leave.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 March 2020|title=Sikkim quarantines itself, seals borders, bans entry of outsiders as coronavirus fear spikes|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sikkim-quarantines-itself-seals-borders-bans-entry-of-outsiders-as-coronavirus-fear-spikes/story-ClukHlUjLbfov83kTlWD3I.html|access-date=17 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Tamil Nadu ==
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu#Governmental response}}
On 30 January, the state had put 78 people who arrived from China under quarantine.<ref name="TNborder">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/coronavirus-outbreak-tamil-nadu-closes-borders-constitutes-task-force-120032201274_1.html|title=Coronavirus outbreak: Tamil Nadu closes borders, constitutes task force|work=Business Standard India|access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref>

On 17 March, Important tourist destinations in [[Tamil Nadu]] were locked down. Authorities in [[Nilgiris]] district ordered the closure of tourist sites including [[Ooty]] and the tourists staying in hotels and resorts were given 24 hours to leave the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus: Tourist centres in TN under lockdown; Visitors in|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/coronavirus-tourist-centres-in-tn-under-lockdown-visitors-in/1768933|website=outlookindia}}</ref>

On 20 March, the [[Government]] partially closed its borders with [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] on March 20 until March 31 and constituted a task force to closely monitor the preventive measures against the viral outbreak.<ref name="TNborder" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/tn-closes-border-roads-movement-of-essentials-allowed/1774787|title=TN closes border roads, movement of essentials allowed|website=Outlook India|access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref>

On 21 March, the state government postponed the Class 10 SSLC board exams to beyond April 14, which were due to begin from March 27.<ref>{{cite news |title=COVID-19: Tamil Nadu's Class 10 board exams postponed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/covid-19-tamil-nadus-class-10-board-exams-postponed/article31127217.ece |access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref>

Tamil Nadu did not allow visitors in jails during the Janata curfew, nor fishing is allowed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/janta-curfew-tamil-nadu-imposes-various-restrictions-on-fishing-fishing-related-activities/articleshow/74751270.cms|title='Janta Curfew': Tamil Nadu imposes various restrictions on fishing, fishing-related activities|date=March 21, 2020|first=M. K.|last=Ananth|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> On 22 March, the state government extended 'Janata curfew' to Monday morning 5 am.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tamil-nadu-govt-extends-janata-curfew-till-monday-morning/articleshow/74758800.cms|title=Tamil Nadu govt extends 'Janata curfew' till Monday morning|date=2020-03-22|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref>

On 23 March, the state government imposed Section 144 from March 24 6 pm until March 31 which prohibits gatherings of more than 5 people.<ref name="TNNtamilnadu" />

On 24 March, Health Minister [[C. Vijayabaskar]] announced a hospital dedicated for treating COVID-19 patients. The newly built Omandurar Government Multispeciality Hospital was being converted into a special facility with 350 beds to treat COVID-19 patients exclusively.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kannan|first1=Ramya|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu-announces-dedicated-hospital-for-covid-19-patients/article31146741.ece|title=Tamil Nadu announces dedicated hospital for COVID-19 patients|date=2020-03-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 2 April, the state government announced care package of Rs.1000 and ration of food supply for each households.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stopcoronatn.in/files/8496PDIPR-P.R.No.249-TNPDS-PressRelease-Date02.04.2020.pdf|title=TNPDS-PressRelease-Date02.04.2020|access-date=4 April 2020|archive-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419134944/http://www.stopcoronatn.in/files/8496PDIPR-P.R.No.249-TNPDS-PressRelease-Date02.04.2020.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Telangana ==
{{main|COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana}}
On 17 March, [[Government of Telangana]] started implementing screening of people entering Telangana from Maharashtra at four entry points.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/restrictions-on-maha-border-extended-by-t/articleshow/74663674.cms|title=Restrictions on Maha border extended by T|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref>

On 22 March, the state government announced a state-wide lockdown as five more cases emerged.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-telangana-goes-under-lockdown-as-five-more-positive-cases-emerge-11584890868818.html|title=Covid-19: Telangana goes under lockdown as five more positive cases emerge|last1=Lasania|first1=Yunus Y.|date=2020-03-22|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref> While supporting the Prime Minister's Janata curfew call, the [[List of chief ministers of Telangana#Chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]], [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] appealed to the people of Telangana to stay indoors for 24hrs from 6 am on Sunday (22-03-2020) in order to contain the possible spread of coronavirus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/covid-19-scare-telangana-may-close-borders-with-maharastra-says-cm-rao-120032100817_1.html|title=Covid-19 scare: Telangana may close borders with Maharastra, says CM Rao|date=2020-03-21|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref>

On 23 March, the state government imposed night curfew from 7 pm till 6 am.<ref name="TGcurfew">{{Cite web|url=https://newsmeter.in/telangana-government-imposes-strict-night-curfew-violators-to-be-dealt-strictly/|title=Telangana government imposes strict night curfew, violators to be dealt strictly|date=2020-03-23|website=NewsMeter|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref> During the lockdown, no vehicles were not allowed on the roads. The government has also closed all borders and suspended interstate transport.<ref name="TGcurfew" />

== Uttar Pradesh ==
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh#Response}}
'''On 17 March''', schools, colleges and multiplexes in [[Uttar Pradesh]] were shut down till 2 April and on-going examinations were postponed.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Uttar Pradesh govt closes schools, colleges and cinema halls till April |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-uttar-pradesh-govt-closes-schools-colleges-and-cinema-halls-till-april-11584440762947.html |newspaper=Mint |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

CM [[Yogi Adityanath]] announced on 21 March that the Uttar Pradesh government has decided to give ₹1,000 (US$14) to all daily wage laborers affected due to coronavirus in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/covid-19-coronavirus-uttar-pradesh-yogi-adityanath-1658075-2020-03-21|title=Covid-19: UP CM Yogi Adityanath says daily wage workers to get Rs 1,000 per day|date=March 21, 2020|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 March 2020|title=All schools, colleges, cinema halls in UP closed till April 2 amid coronavirus pandemic|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/schools-colleges-cinema-halls-in-uttar-pradesh-closed-till-april-2-amid-coronavirus-pandemic-598922|website=indianews}}</ref> On 22 March, Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] announced the lockdown of fifteen districts in state, from 22 to 25 March, including [[Noida]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Agra]], [[Aligarh]], [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]], [[Kanpur]], [[Varanasi]], [[Bareilly]], Lucknow, [[Saharanpur]], [[Meerut]], [[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh|Lakhimpur]], [[Azamgarh]], [[Gorakhpur]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-india-up-cm-yogi-adityanath-announces-lockdown-districts-1658470-2020-03-22|title=Coronavirus in India: UP CM Yogi Adityanath announces lockdown in 15 districts|date=March 22, 2020|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref>

On 28 March, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] deployed 1000 [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UPSRTC]] buses to ferry migrant workers to their native districts during the nationwide lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/28/up-govt-deploys-1000-upsrtc-buses-to-ferry-migrants-to-respective-districts-2122705.html|title=UP govt deploys 1000 UPSRTC buses to ferry migrants to respective districts|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref>

== Uttarakhand ==
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand}}Newly sworn [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand Chief Minister]] [[Tirath Singh Rawat]] has been criticised for placing [[Religion|faith]] before the pandemic and accused of [[double standard]]s on restrictions of gatherings of different religions.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Maa Ganga's Blessings in Flow, There Should Be No Corona': Uttarakhand CM on Kumbh Vs Markaz|url=https://thewire.in/politics/uttarakhand-corona-covid-tirath-singh-rawat-kumbh-markaz|access-date=2021-04-16|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-14|title=Kumbh 2021: Religion over pandemic for BJP? Uttarakhand CM Rawat responds|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/news/kumbh-2021-religion-over-pandemic-for-bjp-uttarakhand-cm-rawat-responds-101618387064348.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== West Bengal ==
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal}}

'''On 14 March''', [[West Bengal]] shut all educational institutions till 31 March, but planned to conduct the Board examinations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus: All Educational Institutes In West Bengal Shut Till March 31|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/coronavirus-all-educational-institutes-in-west-bengal-shut-till-march-31-2194885?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|website=ndtv}}</ref>

On 23 March, starting 5 PM, [[Kolkata]] and several areas across [[West Bengal]] were put under a lockdown till 27 March.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kolkata-several-areas-across-west-bengal-to-be-under-lockdown-from-monday-evening-to-march-27-2546569.html|title=Kolkata, Several Areas Across West Bengal to be Under Lockdown From Monday Evening to March 27|work=News18}}</ref>

On 24 March, starting 5 PM, entire state of [[West Bengal]] was put under a lockdown till 31 March.<ref name="WB Lockdown"/>

== See also ==
* [[Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}

[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Political responses to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Brihans Natural Products

2026-02-07T02:20:34Z

RosemaryBrifman: new pg!

{{Short description|Indian consumer goods company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Overly detailed|date=January 2026}}
{{COI|date=January 2026}}
{{Weasel|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Brihans Natural Products Ltd.
| logo =
| type = [[Private company limited by shares|Company limited by shares]]
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE04ZC01014}}
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age|20 April 2000}}
| founder = [[Mandar Agashe]]
| defunct =
| hq_location_city = [[Shaniwar Peth, Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = {{ubl|[[India]]|[[United Arab Emirates]]|[[Singapore]]|[[Nepal]]|[[Malaysia]]}}
| key_people = [[Sheetal Agashe]] ([[managing director]])
| industry = [[Ayurvedic]] [[skin care]], [[hair care]], and [[health care]] products
| products = [[Gel]]s, [[moisturizer]]s, [[shampoo]]s, [[lotion]]s, [[ointment]]s, [[juice]]s, [[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablet]]s, and [[herbal medication]]
| services =
| revenue = {{Unbulleted list|[[Indian rupee|IN₹]]109,558,698 (2022)}}
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{Unbulleted list|[[Indian rupee|IN₹]]12,116,321 (2019)}}
| aum =
| assets =
| equity = {{Unbulleted list|[[Indian rupee|IN₹]]250,000,000 [[Authorised capital]]|[[Indian rupee|IN₹]]215,000,000 [[Share capital]]}}
| equity_year = 2017
| owner =
| num_employees = 65
| num_employees_year = 2023
| parent = [[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| traded_as =
| homepage = {{URL|brihansnatural.com}}
| footnotes =<ref>{{cite news |title=Brihans Natural Products Company Profile |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/brihans-natural-products-limited/U74999PN2000PLC014774 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117170438/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/brihans-natural-products-limited/U74999PN2000PLC014774 |archive-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brihans Natural Products - Private Company Overview |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/company/brihans-natural?h=eyJlIjoiYnJpaGFucy1uYXR1cmFsIiwibiI6IkJyaWhhbnMgTmF0dXJhbCBQcm9kdWN0cyJ9&.tsrc=fin-srch |website=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219105617/https://finance.yahoo.com/company/brihans-natural?h=eyJlIjoiYnJpaGFucy1uYXR1cmFsIiwibiI6IkJyaWhhbnMgTmF0dXJhbCBQcm9kdWN0cyJ9&.tsrc=fin-srch |archive-date=19 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brihans Natural Products Limited Company Profile |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/BRIHANS-NATURAL-PRODUCTS-LIMITED/U74999PN2000PLC014774#:~:text=Brihans%20Natural%20Products%20Limited%20is,paid%20up%20capital%20is%20Rs. |website=Zauba Corp |access-date=16 February 2024 |date=21 April 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217173037/https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/BRIHANS-NATURAL-PRODUCTS-LIMITED/U74999PN2000PLC014774#:~:text=Brihans%20Natural%20Products%20Limited%20is,paid%20up%20capital%20is%20Rs. |archive-date=17 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brihans Natural |url=https://tracxn.com/a/d/company/R5ReGiyuuiNb6Ia6RcIoKOlH8XHiCuPkbiErTGmvdIU/brihansnatural.com#a:key-metrics |website=Tracxn |access-date=16 February 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331082905/https://tracxn.com/login?redirecturl=%2Fa%2Fd%2Fcompany%2FR5ReGiyuuiNb6Ia6RcIoKOlH8XHiCuPkbiErTGmvdIU%2Fbrihansnatural.com |archive-date=31 March 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Brihans Natural Products Limited''' is an Indian [[Fast-moving consumer goods|consumer goods]] company headquartered in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. Incorporated on 20 April 2000, it is best known for manufacturing and marketing [[Ayurvedic]] [[skin care]], [[hair care]], and [[health care]] products.

Best known for using [[natural product]]-derived [[active ingredient]]s, its various products have been used in various fields of [[scientific research]], but have also received notable criticism from the [[News media|media]] and academia.

== History ==
=== 1998–2010 ===
In 1998, the [[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate]] established a [[pharmaceuticals]] [[Division (business)|division]] in [[Mumbai]] to research and develop [[herbal medication]] using [[Allopathic medicine|allopathic]] [[delivery systems]] and [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic formulae]].{{Sfn|Babu|Prasad|Sreenivas|Sirisha|2017|page=264}} In August 1999, the company conducted [[market analysis]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] for [[skin care]] and [[hair care]] products with Ayurvedic formulae to address the [[side effect]]s caused by [[cosmetic products]], and then repeated the analysis on a national scale by February 2000.<ref name="Udyog Ratna">{{cite news |title='Udyog Ratna' for Brihans |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/Udyog-Ratna-for-Brihans/articleshow/357466440.cms |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Times News Network|TNN]] |date=7 September 2001 |location=[[Pune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728051020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/Udyog-Ratna-for-Brihans/articleshow/357466440.cms |archive-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Pullaiah|2002|page=561}} Brihans Natural Products was formally incorporated by [[Mandar Agashe]] on 20 April 2000 as a [[private limited company]], and as a [[subsidiary]] of the syndicate.{{sfn|Ministry of Commerce & Industry|2000|page=46}}

By September 2001, the company was operating through a [[Distribution (marketing)|distribution network]] across [[India]], exporting its products to the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Oman]], [[Malaysia]], and the [[Maldives]]. The company's initial products were a [[dandruff]] and [[hair loss]] prevention [[lotion]] and a [[chewable tablet]] for [[mouth ulcer]]s. That same year, the company was awarded an Udyog Ratna Excellence Award from the Institute of Economic Studies, in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Udyog Ratna" />

In December 2002, the company launched a [[shampoo]] and a skin [[gel]], and further established a division to distribute to [[beauty parlour]]s.<ref name="The Hindu 1">{{cite news |title=Brihans unveils new products |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/12/03/stories/2002120300570604.htm |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[Business Line]] |agency=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 December 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050201124549/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/12/03/stories/2002120300570604.htm |archive-date=1 February 2005 |location=[[Pune]]}}</ref> In January 2003, the company announced plans to export to the [[United States]] and [[Europe]], announcing a [[partnership]] with TSI Consumer Goods, to export ''[[Aloe vera]]'' juices and powders to be manufactured into [[personal care products]] for distribution within Europe from [[Germany]]. The company also exported to [[Sri Lanka]], [[Mauritius]], [[Thailand]], and [[South Korea]] at that time.<ref name="Financial Express 1">{{cite news |title=Brihans Natural Eyes US, European Markets |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/brihans-natural-eyes-us-european-markets/71329/ |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=24 January 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010904/http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/brihans-natural-eyes-us-european-markets/71329/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>

By January 2004, the company was manufacturing several ''Aloe vera''-based products and [[cucumber]] based products,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Seshan |first=Sekhar |title=A New High |journal=[[Business India]] |date=5–18 January 2004 |pages=69–70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbBIAAAAYAAJ |access-date=16 February 2024 |publisher=A. H. Advani |issn=0254-5268 |lccn=78914172 |oclc=4525594 |via=[[University of Virginia]]}}</ref> and had introduced a [[hibiscus]] based [[hair gel]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Anti-oxidant gel enriched with Vitamin C |journal=Asian Sources Gifts & Home Products |date=2004 |volume=22 |issue=11–12 |page=344 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7-ZAAAAIAAJ |access-date=16 February 2024 |publisher=Trade Media Limited |location=[[Hong Kong]] |issn=1010-9579 |lccn=97651331 |oclc=15071084 |via=[[University of California]]}}</ref> The company has also been a member as [[pharmaceutical formulation]]s and [[Herbal medicine|herbal]] or [[neutraceutical]] products manufacturer of the Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council under the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry of India]] since May 2004.{{sfnm|1a1=Mody|1y=2005|1p=27|2a1=Jasti|2y=2008|2p=39}} By November of that same year, the company began exporting to [[Australia]] and [[South East Asia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Corporate Briefs: Brihans move |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/corporate-briefs-04-11-2004/cid/699130 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=4 November 2004 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216133039/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/corporate-briefs-04-11-2004/cid/699130 |archive-date=16 February 2024}}</ref> By March 2006, the company had launched health juices,<ref name="Times of India 1">{{cite news |title=Health & Beauty |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2006/03/08/28/Ar02800.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE&DOCID=376040&Keyword=((%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihans%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ENatural%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EProducts))&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831181213/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2006/03/08/28/Ar02800.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE&DOCID=376040&Keyword=((%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihans%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ENatural%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EProducts))&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=31 August 2017 |page=28 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and further launched a [[turmeric]] based [[face wash]] in June that same year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brand Launches: Healing Aloe |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=ETPU/2006/06/21/26/Ar02603.xml&CollName=ET_PUNE_ARCHIVE&DOCID=143898&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihans%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ENatural%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EProducts%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924225208/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=ETPU/2006/06/21/26/Ar02603.xml&CollName=ET_PUNE_ARCHIVE&DOCID=143898&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihans%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ENatural%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EProducts%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=24 September 2017 |page=26 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> As of 2007, the company was [[Headquarters|headquartered]] in [[Shaniwar Peth, Pune]].{{sfn|Jain|2007|page=598}}

=== 2010–2020 ===
In January 2013, [[Sheetal Agashe]] was appointed the [[managing director]] of the company, having previously served as its [[chief executive officer]] since 2005.{{Sfn|Sathe-Patwardhan|2019|pages=64–65}} By May 2014, the company was exporting to [[Réunion]] and [[Singapore]] and manufactured most of its range with ''Aloe vera'' as the primary ingredient,<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Naturally yours! |url=https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Femina/Entertainment/48029 |via=[[Magzter]] |access-date=28 April 2025 |url-access=subscription |date=1 May 2014 |magazine=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |last1=Acharya |first1=Auyon |page=47 |last2=Sheikh |first2=Ghazala |location=[[Pune]] |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 6253/59] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331080211/https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Femina/Entertainment/48029 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |issn=0971-7285}}</ref> having secured a [[trademark]] for its [[trade name]] in October 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brihans Natural Products Ltd Receives Approval for Trademark BRIHANS NATURAL PRODUCTS |work=Indian Trademark News |date=25 Oct 2013 |location=[[India]] }}</ref> In October 2016, the company's flagship brand was shortlisted as one of India's most trusted brands by the [[business analysis]] firm IBC InfoMedia.<ref name="Sakal 1" /><ref name="WhatsHot 1">{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Tarana |title=6 Aloe Vera Products That Will Make You Go 'A Loe You Very Much' |url=https://www.whatshot.in/pune/6-aloe-vera-products-that-will-make-you-go-a-loe-you-very-much-c-31669 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=Whats Hot |date=9 November 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022101235/https://www.whatshot.in/pune/6-aloe-vera-products-that-will-make-you-go-a-loe-you-very-much-c-31669 |archive-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>

In July 2017, the company sponsored [[Vikram Phadnis]]'s [[directorial debut]], ''[[Hrudayantar]]'' (2017), starring [[Mukta Barve]] and [[Subodh Bhave]], with its [[Product placement|products being placed]] in scenes throughout the film.<ref name="Sakal 1">{{cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Praveen |title=शीतल आगाशे – प्रेरणादायी 'बिझनेस लीडर' |trans-title=Sheetal Agashe – Inspirational 'Business Leader' |date=3 April 2019 |work=[[Sakal]] |language=mr |location=[[Pune]] |page=2}}</ref> In August of that year, the company's reported [[Competition|competitors]] were [[Patanjali Ayurved]], [[Dabur]], the [[Baidyanath Group]], and the [[Himalaya Wellness Company]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=India Aloe Vera Products Market By End Use Application, By Form, By Distribution Channel, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2012 - 2022 |date=17 August 2017 |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/india-aloe-vera-products-market-by-end-use-application-by-form-by-distribution-channel-competition-forecast-opportunities-2012-2022-1002267082?miRedirects=1 |access-date=16 February 2024 |location=[[New York City]] |via=[[PR Newswire]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130125202/https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/india-aloe-vera-products-market-by-end-use-application-by-form-by-distribution-channel-competition-forecast-opportunities-2012-2022-1002267082?miRedirects=1&miredirects=1 |archive-date=30 January 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|TechSci Research|2017}} In September 2017, the company was also part of a [[shopper marketing]] [[trade show]] in [[Navi Mumbai]] hosted by the [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=कन्झ्युमर्स शॉपी प्रदर्शनाचा फायदा नगारिकांना होईल : भूषण गगराणी |url=https://www.navimumbailive.com/?p=17669 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Navi Mumbai Live |date=30 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330221715/https://www.navimumbailive.com/?p=17669 |archive-date=30 March 2025 |location=[[Navi Mumbai]] |language=mr}}</ref> In March 2018, the company was a brand sponsor for the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] edition of the [[Mirchi Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrities at Mirchi Music Awards Marathi 2018 |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/celebrities-at-mirchi-music-awards-marathi-2018-see-photos-1688853.html |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=14 March 2018 |location=[[Mumbai]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926114649/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/celebrities-at-mirchi-music-awards-marathi-2018-see-photos-1688853.html |archive-date=26 September 2023}}</ref> In September of that year, the company further sponsored ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'' magazine's Mrs. Stylista [[beauty pageant]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Femina Mrs Stylista West 2018 |url=https://www.femina.in/fashion/fashion-news/femina-mrs-stylista-west-2018_-106545.html |access-date=16 February 2024 |magazine=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |date=29 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217173031/https://www.femina.in/fashion/fashion-news/femina-mrs-stylista-west-2018_-106545.html |archive-date=17 February 2024 |issn=0971-7285}}</ref> In December of that same year, the company was awarded an India's Most Admired Brand Award by the [[market research]] firm White Page India.{{Sfn|Nair|K.|Pahari|2018|pages=28–29}}

By April 2019, the company was sourcing locally produced [[raw material]] from [[drought]]-prone [[Solapur]] in [[Maharashtra]], and its [[marketing strategy]] relied on [[celebrity endorsement]]s, film and television product placements, and [[award show]] sponsorships.<ref name="Sakal 1" /> In May of that year, the company's reported [[market share]] of ''Aloe vera'' on the [[Indian subcontinent]] was significant.{{Sfn|HTF Marketing Intelligence Consulting|2019}} In May and June of that same year, [[Malaika Arora]] endorsed the company's products in sponsored [[Column (periodical)|columns]] in ''[[The Times of India|Times Life]]'',<ref>Multiple articles:{{Bulleted list|{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Malaika |author1-link=Malaika Arora |title=Aloe Vera tips by Malaika Arora! Malaika swears by aloe vera, and here's why you should too. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/beauty/aloe-vera-tips-by-malaika/articleshow/69268221.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India|Times Life]] |agency=[[Times News Network|TNN]] |date=13 May 2019 |page=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221122148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/beauty/aloe-vera-tips-by-malaika/articleshow/69268221.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=21 February 2024}}|{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Malaika |title=Aloe Vera tips by Malaika Arora! For dry skin, apply a mix of aloe vera gel and moisturising lotion/cream. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/beauty/aloe-vera-tips-by-malaika-arora/articleshow/69371304.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India|Times Life]] |agency=[[Times News Network|TNN]] |date=19 May 2019 |page=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221122152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/beauty/aloe-vera-tips-by-malaika-arora/articleshow/69371304.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=21 February 2024}}|{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Malaika |title=Aloe Vera tips by Malaika! Lesser known uses of Aloe Vera! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/beauty/aloe-vera-tips-by-malaika/articleshow/69784904.cms |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India|Times Life]] |agency=[[Times News Network|TNN]] |date=16 June 2019 |page=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616063807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/beauty/aloe-vera-tips-by-malaika/articleshow/69784904.cms |archive-date=16 June 2019}}}}</ref> followed by posts over [[social media]] that July.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaika Arora की जवां स्किन का राज है ऐलोवेरा जेल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/beauty-skin/malaika-arora-reveals-her-beauty-secret-its-aloe-vera-gel/articleshow/69319456.cms |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |publisher=[[India Times]] |date=23 July 2019 |language=hi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221122147/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/beauty-skin/malaika-arora-reveals-her-beauty-secret-its-aloe-vera-gel/articleshow/69319456.cms |archive-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> In August of that year, the company's flagship brand was once again shortlisted as one of that year's most trusted brands in India from IBC InfoMedia,<ref name="WhatsHot 1" /> and in December 2019, received a [[Economic Times Awards|Promising Brand Award]] from ''The Economic Times'',<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=The Economic Times Promising Brands 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRMcUMWPjbk |date=12 December 2019 |type=[[Award ceremony]] |language=en |publisher=[[The Economic Times|ET Edge]] |time=1:44:29 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727170338/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRMcUMWPjbk |archive-date=27 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="WhatsHot 1" /> with the company further sponsoring the [[Filmfare|6th Filmfare Glamour and Style Awards]] that same month.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Seth |first=Analita |title=The Victory Wagon |url=https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Filmfare/Celebrity/398448 |url-access=subscription |via=[[Magzter]] |access-date=16 February 2024 |date=January 2020 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |editor-last=Pillai |editor-first=Jitesh |editor-link=Jitesh Pillai |volume=69 |issn=0971-7277 |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 1619/1957] |page=76 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011114716/https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Filmfare/Celebrity/398448 |archive-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>

=== 2020–present ===
In a July 2020 report prepared by the [[National Institute of Agricultural Marketing]], the company's operations in the Indian ''Aloe vera'' market were cited as significant.{{Sfn|Singh|De|2020|pages=III, 22}} In December 2020, amidst the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the company launched a [[Alcohol by volume|60%]] [[Mass fraction (chemistry)|w/w]] [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] based [[hand sanitizer]] and a liquid [[hand soap]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Safety, First! Try out these natural products today |url=https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Femina/Entertainment/558466 |via=[[Magzter]] |date=November 2020 |page=184 |volume=61 |issue=15 |editor1-last=Mehta |editor1-first=Ruchika |magazine=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 6253/59] |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152912/https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Femina/Entertainment/558466 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |issn=0971-7285}}</ref> By July 2021, the company was exporting its products across India, the United Arab Emirates, Singapore, [[Nepal]], and Malaysia.<ref name="Femina 1">{{cite magazine |last=Arya |first=Charudatta |title=Aloe There: Sheetal Agashe of Brihans Natural Products talks about the brand's USP |url=https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Femina/Entertainment/705917 |via=[[Magzter]] |date=July 2021 |location=[[Mumbai]] |magazine=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 6253/59] |page=11 |volume=62 |issue=7 |editor1-last=Muttoo |editor1-first=Ambika |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908095608/https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Femina/Entertainment/705917 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |issn=0971-7285}}</ref> In December of that year, the company was part of a shopper marketing trade show organised by the [[Rotary Club]] of [[Madgaon]].<ref>{{cite news |title=मडगावात 'कन्झ्युमर्स शॉपी'चे उद्घाटन |url=https://www.tarunbharat.com/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA/ |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[Tarun Bharat]] |date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712213343/https://www.tarunbharat.com/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |location=[[Margao]] |language=mr}}</ref>

In January 2022, the company's flagship brand was the recipient of a ''Femina'' magazine's Power Brands Award,<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Femina Power Brands 2021-22 |url=https://www.femina.in/femina-power-brands-2021-22/ |magazine=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |access-date=16 February 2024 |date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817165118/https://www.femina.in/femina-power-brands-2021-22/ |archive-date=17 August 2022 |issn=0971-7285}}</ref> and was awarded a Movers and Shakers Award from ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' in May 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Outlook Business: Meet The Movers And Shakers Of Indian Business |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/outlook-business-meet-the-movers-and-shakers-of-indian-business-news-195125 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[Outlook India]] |date=7 May 2022 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505175552/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/outlook-business-meet-the-movers-and-shakers-of-indian-business-news-195125 |archive-date=5 May 2022}}</ref> The company itself was awarded a Best of Bharat Award from the Exchange4Media Group that same month.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=e4m Pride Of India Brands: The Best of Bharat Awards 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNTgM-j3E58 |type=[[Award ceremony]] |date=23 May 2022 |publisher=Exchange4Media Group |time=29:55 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410132023/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNTgM-j3E58 |archive-date=10 April 2023}}</ref> In August that same year, the company was a brand sponsor for the [[67th Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Winners take it all! |date=October 2022 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://reader.magzter.com/preview/uubtmuvi5cqxq2xsgofbo11044710/1104471 |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |page=90 |volume=71 |access-date=16 February 2024 |editor-last=Pillai |editor-first=Jitesh |editor-link=Jitesh Pillai |via=[[Magzter]] |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 1619/1957] |issn=0971-7277 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 2023, the company further sponsored the [[Sakal|Sakal Premier Awards]] in April,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patil |first1=Vaishali |title=Sakal Premier Awards 2023: 'सकाळ प्रीमियर' सोहळ्यात गुणवंतांचा गौरव.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/image-story/sakal-premier-awards-2023-sakal-premier-ceremony-honors-the-meritorious-photo-viral-vnp98 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[Sakal]] |date=15 April 2023 |language=mr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415070747/https://www.esakal.com/image-story/sakal-premier-awards-2023-sakal-premier-ceremony-honors-the-meritorious-photo-viral-vnp98/image-1 |archive-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> the [[Grazia India|Grazia Millennial Awards]] in June,<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=All About The Grazia Millennial Awards 2023 |date=July 2023 |magazine=[[Grazia India]] |url=https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Grazia-India/Fashion/1386322 |last=Lokhandwala |first=Yusuf |pages=62–66 |access-date=16 February 2024 |issue=4 |editor-last=Dhondy |editor-first=Mehernaaz |location=[[Mumbai]] |volume=16 |via=[[Magzter]] |url-access=subscription |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI MAHENG/2008/25042] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230254/https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Grazia-India/Fashion/1386322 |archive-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> the [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri Icon Awards]] by ''[[Filmfare]]'' and ''Femina'' in July,<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Filmfare & Femina Bhojpuri Icons |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-femina-bhojpuri-icons-2023/ |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |issn=0971-7277 |access-date=16 February 2024 |location=[[Lucknow]] |language=en |date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802105107/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-femina-bhojpuri-icons-2023/ |archive-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> and the [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]] in November.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Art of Victory! |date=December 2023 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Filmfare/Celebrity/1545546 |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |page=57 |volume=71 |access-date=16 February 2024 |editor-last=Pillai |editor-first=Jitesh |editor-link=Jitesh Pillai |via=[[Magzter]] |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 1619/1957] |issn=0971-7277 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130162229/https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Filmfare/Celebrity/1545546 |archive-date=30 January 2025}}</ref> In March 2024, the company sponsored the inaugural [[Women in India|Women Achievers Awards]] hosted by the [[police commissioner]] of the [[Pune Police]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dolare |first1=Rahul |title=Pune Police Commissioner Amitesh Kumar Lauds Women's Contributions at Punekar News Women Achievers Awards Event |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-police-commissioner-amitesh-kumar-lauds-womens-contributions-at-punekar-news-women-achievers-awards-event/ |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=Punekar News |date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411102328/https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-police-commissioner-amitesh-kumar-lauds-womens-contributions-at-punekar-news-women-achievers-awards-event/ |archive-date=11 April 2025 |location=[[Pune]]}}</ref>

== Product history ==
The company has manufactured gels, [[moisturizer]]s, shampoos, and [[ointment]]s under its [[flagship]] brand Greenleaf since December 2002,{{Sfn|Nair|K.|Pahari|2018|page=29}}<ref name="The Hindu 1" /> and has been cited for using the [[balanced scorecard]] strategy in its [[business performance management]].{{Sfn|Gohel|2007|pages=78, 85}} The products are typically manufactured with [[natural product]]s such as ''[[Aloe vera]]'', ''[[Curcuma longa]]'', ''[[Melaleuca alternifolia]]'', ''[[Cucumis sativus]]'', ''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]'', ''[[Almond|Prunus amygdalus]]'', and ''[[Garcinia indica]]'' as [[active ingredient]]s in their formulations.<ref name="WhatsHot 1" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Shahi |first1=Sukriti |title=This Homegrown Brand Offers All-Natural Aloe Vera Products For Beauty Needs |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty/products/all-natural-aloe-vera-products-for-beauty-needs-210164.html |access-date=18 February 2024 |magazine=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |date=28 October 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104015511/https://www.femina.in/beauty/products/all-natural-aloe-vera-products-for-beauty-needs-210164.html |archive-date=4 November 2021 |issn=0971-7285}}</ref> The products have generally been marketed for the [[summer]] season.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rathod |first1=Kalwyna |title=Bid Goodbye To Summer Skin Problems With Aloe Vera Gel |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty/skin/bid-goodbye-to-summer-skin-problems-with-aloe-vera-gel-261695.html |access-date=18 February 2024 |magazine=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |date=31 March 2023 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401180523/https://www.femina.in/beauty/skin/bid-goodbye-to-summer-skin-problems-with-aloe-vera-gel-261695.html |archive-date=1 April 2023 |issn=0971-7285}}</ref>

In January 2006, ''[[The Economic Times]]'' reported that the company manufactured [[standardized]] batches of ''[[Aloe barbadensis]]'' to prevent [[contamination]] in its products.<ref>{{cite news |title=Green Leaf: India's 1st Skin Gel with 90% Aloe Vera |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=ETPU/2006/01/30/30/Ar03002.xml&CollName=ET_PUNE_ARCHIVE&DOCID=113212&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihans%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ENatural%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EProducts%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=30 January 2006 |ref={{SfnRef|The Economic Times|2006}} |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The company has manufactured [[sugar free]] health juices containing ''Aloe vera'' and ''[[Phyllanthus emblica]]'' since March 2006.<ref name="Times of India 1" /><ref name="Financial Express 1" /> The juices are typically [[Fiber|fibrous]] in consistency, and are marketed as [[nutritional supplement]]s and [[Immunity (medicine)|immunity builder]]s.<ref name="WhatsHot 1" />{{Sfn|Agashe|2022|p=6}} Since 2016, Greenleaf{{Efn|The brand name was initially [[stylized]] as "Green Leaf",<ref name="The Hindu 1" /> but has been stylized as "Greenleaf" as of 2022.{{Sfn|Agashe|2022|p=2}} Its 2019 [[trademark]] registration was for both stylizations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brihans Natural Products Ltd Receives Approval for Trademark GREENLEAF |work=Indian Trademark News |date=18 Dec 2019 |location=[[India]] }}</ref> This article uses the latest style for consistency.}} has also served as the [[umbrella brand]] for the company.{{Sfn|Sathe-Patwardhan|2019|pages=64–65}}

The company has manufactured a [[dandruff]] and [[hair loss]] prevention [[lotion]] since April 2000,<ref>{{cite journal |title=CleanComb Hair Loss Lotion MANUFACTURER: Brihans Natural Products CATEGORY: 321 - Hair Colorings Other Hair Products |journal=International Product Alert |date=2000 |volume=7 |issue=7 |url=https://cercabib.ub.edu/permalink/34CSUC_UB/e62qjn/cdi_gale_businessinsightsgauss_A61354577 |access-date=18 February 2024 |publisher=Marketing Intelligence Service, Ltd. |issn=1086-1238 |url-access=subscription |via=[[University of Barcelona]]}}</ref> before introducing a shampoo in December 2002,<ref name="The Hindu 1" /> and then a hair serum containing ''Aloe vera'', ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'', ''[[Lawsonia inermis]]'', ''Phyllanthus emblica'', and ''[[Eclipta prostrata]]'' in November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Give Your Hair The Care It Deserves With Greenleaf Anti Hair Fall Hair Serum From Brihans Natural! |url=https://www.whatshot.in/pune/give-your-hair-the-care-it-deserves-with-the-greenleaf-anti-hair-fall-hair-serum-from-brihans-natural-products-c-42918 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=Whats Hot |date=17 November 2023 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119173752/https://www.whatshot.in/pune/give-your-hair-the-care-it-deserves-with-the-greenleaf-anti-hair-fall-hair-serum-from-brihans-natural-products-c-42918 |archive-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> The company also manufactures a chewable tablet with ''[[Glycyrrhiza glabra]]'' and ''[[Acacia catechu]]'' for mouth ulcers, usually marketed as an [[Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] [[herbal medicine]].<ref name="Udyog Ratna" />{{Sfn|Agashe|2022|p=6}}

== In science ==
The company's various products have also been used in [[scientific research]],<ref>Multiple sources:{{Bulleted list|{{Harvnb|Nair|K.|Pahari|2018|p=29}}.|{{Harvnb|Babu|Prasad|Sreenivas|Sirisha|2017|p=264}}.|{{Harvnb|The Economic Times|2006}}.}}</ref> particularly in the fields of [[pharmacology]], [[phytochemistry]], [[pharmacognosy]], [[botany]], [[chemistry]], [[food technology]], and [[food science]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Rishi|1a2=Rampuria|1a3=Tewari|1a4=Koul|1y=2008|1p=1075–1082|2a1=Singh|2a2=Kumar|2a3=Shalini|2y=2009|2p=15–19|3a1=Sahoo|3a2=Jena|3a3=Mohanty|3a4=Biswal|3y=2024|3loc=vol. 447}}

The company's Greenleaf Aloe Vera Gel was used as the research material in a July 2008 study published in the journal ''[[Phytotherapy Research]]'' conducted by Rishi et al, studying the [[anti-inflammatory]] property of ''[[Aloe vera]]'' on the [[inflammation]] caused by the ''[[Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica]]'' [[subspecies]] of the [[genus]] ''[[Salmonella]]'' [[EnvZ/OmpR two-component system|OmpR]] when [[applied topically]] or administered by [[intraperitoneal injection]], concluding that the [[superoxide dismutase]] present in ''Aloe vera'' mediated the inflammation by increasing [[macrophage]] levels.{{Sfn|Rishi|Rampuria|Tewari|Koul|2008|pages=1075–1082}}

The company's initial [[Organic farming|organic]] ''Aloe vera'' juice exports to [[Europe]] were cited in a December 2009 study published by the journal ''Beverage & Food World'' conducted by Singh [[et al]] from the food technology departments of the [[Allahabad Agricultural Institute]] and the [[National Productivity Council]], researching the use of [[hurdle technology]] in determining the effects of [[pasteurisation]] or the use of [[preservatives]] as efficient preservation methods on the [[pH]] and [[total suspended solids]] in ''Aloe vera'' juice.{{Sfn|Singh|Kumar|Shalini|2009|pages=15–19}}

In a September 2023 study published by the ''[[Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology]]'' in January 2024, Sahoo et al sought to study if [[N-acetylcysteine]] would [[Photochemistry|photo-stabilize]] [[avobenzone]] under natural [[sunlight]] by integrating avobenzone, N-acetylcysteine (as a wound healing agent), and [[glutathione]] as a [[skin whitener]] into the company's Greenleaf Aloe Cucumber Gel using [[Ellman's reagent]]. Their findings concluded that their integrated formulation with the Greenleaf Aloe Cucumber Gel protected the skin against UVA radiation because the N-acetylcysteine deactivated the keto-avobenzone, and promoted [[Enol|keto-enol]] [[tautomerization]].{{Sfn|Sahoo|Jena|Mohanty|Biswal|2024}}

== Controversies and criticism ==
In April 2014, the company's advertisement for its hair loss lotion brand CleanComb was complained against to the Consumer Complaints Council of the [[Advertising Standard Council of India]]. The complaints alleged that the advertisement misled customers in violation of the [[Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954]]. The company's brand was one of several [[Final good|consumer brands]] from the [[health care]] and personal care products industries to be complained against.<ref>{{cite news |title=ASCI upheld complaints against 82 out of 124 ads in April 2014 |url=https://www.bestmediainfo.com/2014/06/asci-upheld-complaints-against-82-out-of-124-ads-in-april-2014 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=BestMediaInfo |date=27 June 2014 |location=[[Mumbai]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629023341/http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2014/06/asci-upheld-complaints-against-82-out-of-124-ads-in-april-2014/ |archive-date=29 June 2014}}</ref>

In October 2017, the Consumer Complaints Council of the Advertising Standard Council of India further upheld consumer complaints ''[[Sua sponte|suo moto]]'' against the company's advertisement of their flagship Greenleaf Pure Aloe Vera Skin Gel product in the [[personal care products]] category. The complaints alleged that the company's use of the "India's Most Trusted Brand Award 2016" from IBC InfoMedia was unreferenced within the advertisement, further alleging that the [[survey methodology]], [[survey data]], [[Evaluation strategy|evaluation criteria]], and [[competitor analysis]] for the award were missing from the advertisement.{{sfn|Advertising Standard Council of India|2017|page=8}}

The complaints further alleged that the product's claimed effects against acne, [[sunburn]], rashes, [[skin allergies]], cuts, and [[wound]]s were inadequately substantiated with [[comparative research]] for [[efficacy|product efficacy]], and thus [[misleading]] as per the Drugs and Magic Remedies Act, 1954, and the [[Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ASCI bans 200 ads in October 2017; Healthcare, Education sector tops list of banned ads |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/asci-bans-200-ads-in-october-2017-healthcare-education-sector-tops-list-of-banned-ads/52614.html |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=Moneylife |date=28 December 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226092041/https://www.moneylife.in/article/asci-bans-200-ads-in-october-2017-healthcare-education-sector-tops-list-of-banned-ads/52614.html |archive-date=26 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ASCI Update: Complaints against 200 out of 319 ads upheld in October 2017 |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/marketing/52092_ASCI-Update-Complaints-against-200-out-of-319-ads-upheld-in-October-2017 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=AFAQs! |date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217173034/https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/52092_asci-update-complaints-against-200-out-of-319-ads-upheld-in-october-2017 |archive-date=17 February 2024}}</ref> As a result, the company conducted [[clinical trial]]s in April 2018 for the product which [[Funding of science#Conflict of Interest|allegedly proved]] that it reduced [[inflammation]] and improved [[healing]] of the skin.<ref name="Femina 1" />

The company's 2017 advertising flaws were cited in a February 2020 analysis published in the ''Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research'' by C. L. Avadhani at [[Annamalai University]], studying the advertising laws and regulations of India that applied to the healthcare industry.{{Sfn|Avadhani|2020|page=42}}

== See also ==
*[[Alternative medicine]]
*[[Ayurveda]]
*[[Cosmetics]]
*[[FMCG in India]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |last1=Babu |first1=M. Kishore |last2=Prasad |first2=G. |last3=Sreenivas |first3=T. |last4=Sirisha |first4=B. |title=Globalisation of Indian Healthcare Services |publisher=Vandana Publications |location=[[Lucknow]] |date=2017 |isbn=978-81-934822-8-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qCTTEAAAQBAJ |access-date=16 February 2024 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{cite book |title=Company News and Notes |date=July 2000 |publisher=[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce & Industry]] |volume=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEO1QWVW9B8C |access-date=16 February 2024 |language=en |via=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |lccn=sa64002695 |oclc=1564543 |issn=0010-4027 |ref={{sfnref|Ministry_of Commerce & Industry|2000}} }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Jasti |editor1-first=Venkat |title=Pharmexcil: Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council Members Directory |url=https://pharmexcil.com/data/uploads/Pharmexcil_Members_Directory_2008.pdf |access-date=31 March 2025 |via=[[Google Scholar]] |date=2008 |publisher=[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] |location=[[Hyderabad]]}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Mody |editor1-first=Dinesh B. |title=Pharmexcil: Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council Members Directory |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/244494119/Member-Directory |access-date=31 March 2025 |via=[[Scribd]] |date=2005 |publisher=[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] |location=[[Hyderabad]] |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331081948/https://www.scribd.com/doc/244494119/Member-Directory |archive-date=31 March 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=Siddharth |last2=K. |first2=Samir |last3=Pahari |first3=Aishi |editor1-last=Sen |editor1-first=Anusua |editor2-last=Baweja |editor2-first=Garima |editor3-last=Zafar |editor3-first=S. |others=[[Research director|Research directed]] by Makky, M. Y. |title=India's Most Admired Brands 2018-19 : Research by White Page |date=2018 |type=[[Coffee table book]] |publisher=Pegasus Events & IQ Design Studio |location=[[New Delhi]] |chapter=Brihans Natural Products |volume=VII}}
*{{cite book |last1=Pullaiah |first1=T. |title=Medicinal Plants in India |date=2002 |publisher=Regency Publications |location=[[New Delhi]] |isbn=978-81-87498-51-3 |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUwPAQAAMAAJ |access-date=16 February 2024 |language=en |oclc=52472047 |via=[[University of Chicago]]}}
*{{cite book |title=Femina presents Pune's Most Powerful 2018-19 |date=2019 |publisher=Worldwide Media |last=Sathe-Patwardhan |first=Radhika |editor-last=Chaitanya |editor-first=Tanya |chapter=The Boss Lady: Sheetal Agashe, MD, Brihans Natural Products |location=[[Mumbai]] |type=[[Coffee table book]] |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 6253/59]}}
*{{cite book |title=The Indian Newspaper Society Press Handbook |date=2007 |publisher=S. Bhushan Jain |location=[[New Delhi]] |ref={{SfnRef|Jain|2007}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-L5IAQAAIAAJ |access-date=17 February 2024 |language=en |oclc=20611811 |via=[[Google Books]]}}

=== Academic articles ===
*{{cite journal |last1=Avadhani |first1=C. L. |title=Healthcare advertisement (promotion) – ethical and legal issues - Applicability of Indian laws - An analysis |journal=Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research |editor1-last=Jain |editor1-first=Esha |date=February 2020 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=30–55 |doi=10.5958/2278-4853.2020.00015.4 |url=https://tarj.in/wp-content/uploads/paper/AJMR/2020/AJMR-FEBRUARY-2020.pdf |access-date=6 March 2025 |issn=2278-4853 |s2cid=216334039 |via=[[Google Scholar]]}}
*{{Cite thesis |title=Relevance of Balanced Scorecard for Performance Evaluation of Selected Indian Corporate Units |last=Gohel |first=Harshakumari J. |date=2007 |degree=[[Doctor of Philosophy]] |publisher=[[Saurashtra University]] |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11821408.pdf |place=[[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]] |via=[[CORE (research service)|CORE]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412023508/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11821408.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Lakhanpal |first1=Garima |last2=Bhalerao |first2=Seema |last3=Sharma |first3=Sagar |last4=Patil |first4=Harshal |title=To Study the Efficacy of Different Formulations of Aloe Vera (Spp. Aloe barbadensis) On Wound Healing in Rats |journal=Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences |date=2015 |volume=6 |issue=4 |url=https://www.rjpbcs.com/pdf/2015_6(4)/%5B66%5D.pdf |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=[[Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre]] |location=[[Pune]] |issn=0975-8585 |via=[[Google Scholar]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728055600/https://www.rjpbcs.com/pdf/2015_6(4)/[66].pdf |archive-date=28 July 2018}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rishi |first1=Praveen |last2=Rampuria |first2=Anjali |last3=Tewari |first3=Rupinder |last4=Koul |first4=Ashwani |title=Phytomodulatory potentials of Aloe vera against Salmonella OmpR-mediated inflammation |journal=[[Phytotherapy Research]] |date=29 July 2008 |volume=22 |issue=8 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2458 |pmid=18570273 |s2cid=33776875 |oclc=264675210 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ptr.2458 |access-date=5 March 2025 |language=en |issn=1099-1573 |via=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]] |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307023046/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.2458 |archive-date=7 March 2025}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sahoo |first1=Deepak Kumar |last2=Jena |first2=Subhrakant |last3=Mohanty |first3=Pranay |last4=Biswal |first4=Himansu S. |last5=Gowd |first5=Konkallu Hanumae |title=Probing the photostability of avobenzone with N-acetylcysteine using UV spectroscopy, computational studies and integration into aloe vera gel |journal=[[Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology]] |date=15 January 2024 |volume=447 |issue=A: [[Chemistry]] |doi=10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.115196 |bibcode=2024JPPA..44715196S |s2cid=262988495 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1010603023006615 |access-date=17 February 2024 |issn=1010-6030 |oclc=10062577715 |via=[[Elsevier]] |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218103001/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1010603023006615 |archive-date=18 February 2024}}
*{{cite report |title=To Study the Cultivation / Collection Practices and Market Analysis of Ashwagandha, Aloe-vera and Aonla in the State of Telangana |date=July 2020 |url=https://ccsniam.gov.in/img/NMPB_Report.pdf |last1=Singh |first1=Sattram |access-date=6 March 2025 |last2=De |first2=Dyuti |publisher=[[National Institute of Agricultural Marketing]] |location=[[Jaipur]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331055513/https://ccsniam.gov.in/img/NMPB_Report.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2025 |via=[[Google Scholar]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv |last2=Kumar |first2=Anil |last3=Shalini |first3=Rachana |title=Effect of Preservation Techniques and Storage Conditions on TSS and pH of Flavoured Aloe Vera juice |journal=Beverage & Food World |date=December 2009 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237044130 |access-date=17 February 2024 |publisher=Amalgamated Press |location=[[Bombay]] |issn=0970-6194 |oclc=39134968 |via=[[ResearchGate]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130125159/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237044130_Effect_of_Preservation_techniques_and_storage_conditions_on_TSS_and_pH_content_of_flavoured_Aloe-Vera_juice |archive-date=30 January 2025}}

=== Business reports ===
*{{Cite report |title=Global (United States, China, Japan, Europe, MEA, LATAM, RoW) Aloe Vera Products Market Size, Growth Drivers and Trend to 2028 |date=May 2019 |url=https://www.htfmarketreport.com/reports/1297914-global-aloe-vera-products-market-4 |access-date=21 February 2024 |publisher=HTF Marketing Intelligence Consulting |location=[[Edison, New Jersey]] |id=1297914 |ref={{SfnRef|HTF Marketing Intelligence Consulting|2019}} |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822112003/https://www.htfmarketreport.com/reports/1297914-global-aloe-vera-products-market-4 |archive-date=22 August 2020}}
*{{Cite report |title=India Aloe Vera Products Market By End Use Application, By Form, By Distribution Channel, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2012 – 2022 |date=17 August 2017 |url=http://www.reportlinker.com/p05065468/India-Aloe-Vera-Products-Market-By-End-Use-Application-By-Form-By-Distribution-Channel-Competition-Forecast-Opportunities-.html |access-date=16 February 2024 |publisher=TechSci Research |via=ReportLinker |ref={{SfnRef|TechSci Research|2017}} |id=5065468 |url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite report |title=Suo Moto action against 148 advertisements: Healthcare: 82, Education: 75, Personal Care: 11, F&B: 8, Others: 24 |date=28 December 2017 |url=https://www.ascionline.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/asci-oct-ccc.pdf |access-date=6 March 2025 |publisher=[[Advertising Standard Council of India]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |ref={{SfnRef|Advertising Standard Council of India|2017}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922143359/https://www.ascionline.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/asci-oct-ccc.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2023}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Agashe |editor1-first=Sheetal |editor1-link=Sheetal Agashe |title=Brihans Natural Products Brochure |date=20 April 2022 |publisher=Brihans Group |location=[[Pune]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gt_EAAAQBAJ |others=Illustrated by Biradar, Leena |access-date=17 February 2024 |language=en |type=[[Brochure]] |oclc=1397301619 |via=[[Google Books]]}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://www.brihansnatural.com/}}
*{{Finance links|name=Brihans Natural Products Limited|yahoo=company/brihans-natural}}
*{{Crunchbase|brihans-natural|Brihans Natural Products|organization}}

{{Cosmetics}}
{{Subject bar|d=Q27863816|auto=1|portal1=India|portal2=Asia|portal3=Company|portal4=Business}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brihans Natural Products}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Companies based in Pune]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry in India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Cosmetics companies of India]]
[[Category:Health care companies of India]]
[[Category:Ayurvedic companies]]
[[Category:Personal care companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

Mundera Bazar

2026-02-04T02:00:33Z

RosemaryBrifman: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mundera Bazar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.649|N|83.594|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar Panchayat
| governing_body = Nagar Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 26503
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mundera Bazar''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Gorakhpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. MRs. Sunita Gupta , is the chairman of this nagar panchayat.

Mundera Bazar is related to the Chauri Chaura incident of 5 February 1922, who many commentators, following tradition established by R. Palme Dutt in India today, have continued to condemn decision taken by Gandhiji to withdraw the Non cooperation movement.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mundera Bazar had a population of 11,226.
As of 2022 voter list, total population extended to 26,503, after the addition of 6 gram panchayat in this Nagar Panchayat. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Mundera Bazar has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 62%. In Mundera Bazar, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gorakhpur district}}

2. Bipan chandra's India's Struggle for independence

3.Ramachandra Guha in his book, ‘Gandhi: The years that changed the world: 1914-1948’.

4.Event, memory, metaphor: Chauri Chaura (1922-1992) by Shahid Amin.

[[Category:Cities and towns in Gorakhpur district]]

{{Gorakhpur-geo-stub}}

Millennium Park Bus Depot

2026-01-31T11:19:53Z

RosemaryBrifman: page edit

{{Short description|Bus station in Delhi, India}}
{{About|the bus station near a Delhi park|other eponymous parks elsewhere|Millennium Park (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Millennium Park Bus Depot
| type =
| logo =
| style =
| image =Millennium_Depot_1.jpg
| image_caption = View of the depot during [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]
| address = Outer Ring Road, [[Nizamuddin East]], [[Delhi]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|13|N|77|15|20|E|display=inline}}
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platform =
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 17 September 2010
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code =
| owned = [[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
| web =
}}

The '''Millennium Park Bus Depot''' was a major bus station located in [[Delhi]], India. It was the largest bus depot in the world.<ref name="R2">{{cite web
|url = http://alpha.newsx.com/story/biggest-bus-depot-thrown-open-delhi
|publisher = News X
|title = Biggest bus depot thrown open in Delhi
|date = 17 September 2010
|accessdate = 15 February 2012
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101002145148/http://alpha.newsx.com/story/biggest-bus-depot-thrown-open-delhi
|archivedate = 2 October 2010}}</ref> Constructed primarily by the city's Public Works Department, the depot was inaugurated on 17 September 2010.<ref name="depot">{{cite web
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/World-s-largest-bus-depot-now-in-city-courtesy-DTC/Article1-601524.aspx
|work = Hindustan Times
|location = India
|title = 'World's largest' bus depot now in city, courtesy DTC
|date = 18 September 2010
|accessdate = 15 February 2012
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118060145/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/World-s-largest-bus-depot-now-in-city-courtesy-DTC/Article1-601524.aspx
|archivedate = 18 January 2012}}</ref> The depot occupied an area of {{convert|243000|m2|acre|abbr=on}}, and had the capacity to park up to 1,000 buses at a time under shed, constituting 14% of the total parking capacity of all DTC depots combined (7,000 buses).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/114985/delhi-govt-defends-bus-depot.html
|work=Deccan Herald|location=India
|title=Delhi govt defends bus depot on Yamuna bed, won't dismantle
|date=22 November 2010
|accessdate=15 February 2012
}}</ref> Though initially used exclusively for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the depot was used as a regular bus station operated by the [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] post the Games.<ref name="depot"/> While the benefits of the depot were well-recognized, the depot was also the center of much controversy and criticism especially regarding its "temporary" nature and the violation of environmental norms.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://dailypioneer.com/city/39466-fate-of-bus-depot-at-millennium-park-hangs-in-balance.html
|publisher=The Pioneer
|title=Fate of bus depot at Millennium Park hangs in balance
|date=1 February 2012
|accessdate=15 February 2012
}}</ref> Following a 2014 decision by the [[Delhi High Court]], the depot was ordered to be destroyed,<ref>{{Cite web |title=World's largest bus depot in the dumps |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/worlds-largest-bus-depot-dumps-2174084 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and land reclamation efforts began in 2023.<ref name=":0" />

==Construction==
The [[Delhi Development Authority]] envisioned the bus depot as a part of the Central Government's "Master Plan 2021" for Delhi, and the Zonal Development Plan-O.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/dda-supports-dtc-millennium-bus-depot-built-on-yamuna-bank_692298.html
|publisher=Zee News
|title=DDA supports DTC millennium bus depot built on Yamuna bank
|date=9 March 2011
|accessdate=15 February 2012
}}</ref> In accordance with this, the Government constituted the ''Yamuna River Development Authority'' to examine the feasibility of the proposal. In 2007, after inviting suggestions and objections from several quarters, the panel approved the construction of the depot.

In January 2009, the city-level Public Works Department (PWD) was provided with three possible places to set up the depot.<ref name="cont">{{cite web
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-26/delhi/29191512_1_dtc-parking-facilities-structure
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103064817/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-26/delhi/29191512_1_dtc-parking-facilities-structure
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 January 2013
|location=India
|title=How Millennium Bus Depot, meant to be temporary, became permanent
|date=26 March 2011
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|accessdate=15 February 2012
}}</ref> Finally, the location of the depot was decided to be opposite to the [[Indraprastha Park|Millennium Indraprastha Park]], located on the Outer Ring Road near the [[Nizamuddin East|Nizamuddin Bridge]];<ref name="const">{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/18/stories/2010091862441700.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918150229/http://hindu.com/2010/09/18/stories/2010091862441700.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=18 September 2010
|location=India
|title=A depot for 1,000 buses for the Games
|date=18 September 2010
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|accessdate=15 February 2012
}}</ref> incidentally, the depot was ultimately situated next to the Games Village near the [[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham Temple]],<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://cwg.ndtv.com/commonwealth/photodetail/page/5/id/8300/Brighter-side-of-the-Games.html
|publisher = NDTV
|title = Brighter side of the Games
|accessdate = 15 February 2012
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005004730/http://cwg.ndtv.com/commonwealth/photodetail/page/5/id/8300/Brighter-side-of-the-Games.html
|archivedate = 5 October 2010}}</ref> on the opposite side of the river [[Yamuna]]. Since the depot happened to be on the banks of the river, the DTC had to obtain special clearance so as to allow construction in spite of a moratorium which expressly forbade construction on the river banks.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-10/delhi/28259610_1_dtc-buses-dtc-officials-millennium-bus-depot
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203213241/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-10/delhi/28259610_1_dtc-buses-dtc-officials-millennium-bus-depot
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 February 2014
|location=India
|title=Millennium Depot land was to be vacated, agrees DTC
|date=10 November 2010
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|accessdate=16 February 2012
}}</ref> Land was obtained from two [[thermal power]] stations: the Indraprastha Power Station and the Rajghat Power Station, and 29 acres of land was cleared from them for use. Later, more land was given to construct the facilities of the depot.<ref name="cont"/>

The construction was sanctioned to the PWD in four phases, with the first sanction being received in September 2009 and the final sanction in April 2010. Environmentally friendly techniques were used throughout the construction of the depot; the station was constructed atop a [[fly ash]] pond previously used by the nearby power plants to dump wastes. There were several roadblocks faced during construction, notably poor weather and the fact that the slushy area had soil of very poor load-bearing capacity, which made it difficult to hold up the structure; overcoming these problems required special construction methods.<ref name="const"/> In spite of the problems, the depot's construction was completed in less than a year's time at a cost of {{INRConvert|61|c}}.<ref name="depot"/><ref name="R1">{{cite web
|url=http://www.sify.com/news/zipping-through-flyovers-metro-delhi-reaps-cwg-legacy-year-after-cwg-news-national-lj4qujdffib.html?ref=false
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202102036/http://www.sify.com/news/zipping-through-flyovers-metro-delhi-reaps-cwg-legacy-year-after-cwg-news-national-lj4qujdffib.html?ref=false
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2 February 2013
|website=Sify News
|title=Zipping through flyovers, Metro: Delhi reaps CWG legacy (Year after CWG)
|date=30 September 2011
|accessdate=15 February 2012
}}</ref> The station was formally inaugurated on 17 September 2010 by Delhi Chief Minister [[Sheila Dikshit]].

==Overview==

===Uses===
The Millennium Park Bus Depot was initially used exclusively for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], with the main aim of maintaining the fleet of 600 buses to be utilised for the transport of athletes, media-persons and officials around the city. Additionally, the depot was also used to house a number of police vehicles so as to fully secure the ongoing events.<ref name="uai">{{cite web
|url = http://www.4to40.com/newsat4/index.asp?p=World_largest_bus_depot_opened&c=World_Record
|publisher = 4 to 40 News
|title = World's largest bus depot opened
|date = 18 September 2010
|accessdate = 15 February 2012
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130116011036/http://www.4to40.com/newsat4/index.asp?p=World_largest_bus_depot_opened&c=World_Record
|archive-date = 16 January 2013
|url-status = dead}}</ref> On the eve of inauguration, Dikshit commented that the new depot "ushered in a new era in creation of world-class road transport facility"; additionally, she commented on the beautification of the area created due to the depot's construction.<ref name="const"/> After the Games concluded, the depot was used as a shed for 1,000 buses of the [[Delhi Transport Corporation|DTC]]. The depot was also one of the bus stations chosen to implement the new "cluster buses" system in the city, with the depot acting as a parking area for the privately owned buses.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://dailypioneer.com/city/20545-steps-taken-to-strengthen-fleet-of-cluster-buses.html
|publisher=The Pioneer
|title=Steps taken to strengthen fleet of cluster buses
|date=15 November 2011
|accessdate=16 February 2012
}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
The depot was the only DTC depot which contained gates opening into three Delhi districts (East, North and South).<ref name="cont"/> The depot also contained numerous features and facilities such as eight washing pits, five parking centres (which also have scanning centres in them), a water tank each for drinking purposes and the Fire Department, four underground water tanks for washing buses,<ref name="R1"/> seven dormitories capable of holding 500 people, and two [[CNG]] stations (DTC buses run on CNG) utilised by 10 filling pumps.<ref name="depot"/> In addition, the depot also contained a Logistics Park consisting of a [[GPS]]-based logistical center to monitor trip plans, bus movements and locations, punctuality and regularity of all the buses;<ref name="const"/> and a center used to train new drivers.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?articles=yes&pageid=8&max=true&articleid=Ar00804&sectid=4edid=&edlabel=CAP&my
|work=The Times of India
|title=Fire at Millennium Bus Depot
|date=17 March 2011
|accessdate=15 February 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713204727/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?articles=yes
|archive-date=13 July 2014
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref> For the Commonwealth Games, the police set up a command center and a cargo scanning center as well. The depot was equipped to repair 65 buses at a time. The depot was also fully secured with the surveillance of 37 [[CCTV]]s.<ref name="uai"/> Electricity was provided by an 11 KV electric substation present in the depot complex.<ref name="R2"/>

==Controversies==
{{See also|Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}

===Duration of existence===
The bus depot had initially been planned as a temporary structure, specifically for the Commonwealth Games. Permission from the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) had been obtained to this effect, and it had been stated that the depot would be "removed after the games". However, once the Games concluded, both the Delhi Government and the DTC refused to proceed with demolition measures for the depot;<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://governancenow.com/news/regular-story/ngo-wants-prez-intervene-save-yamuna
|publisher=Governance Now
|title=NGO wants prez to intervene to save Yamuna
|date=29 November 2010
|accessdate=17 February 2012
}}</ref> subsequently, it was reported that the DTC requested the DDA to change the land-use from "temporary" to "permanent".<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/PUBLICATIONS/HT/HD/2011/01/31/ArticleHtmls/MILLENNIUM-MATTER-Bus-depot-on-riverbed-without-DDA-31012011003009.shtml?Mode=1
|publisher = Hindustan Times
|title = Bus Depot on riverbed without DDA permission
|accessdate = 17 February 2012
}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The construction of the depot was also described by some politicians as "wasteful expenditure".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-19/india/28235973_1_cong-leadership-exercise-restraint-party-spokesperson-manish-tiwari
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104024752/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-19/india/28235973_1_cong-leadership-exercise-restraint-party-spokesperson-manish-tiwari
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=4 January 2013
|title=CWG probe: Sheila, Kalmadi told to pipe down
|date=19 October 2010
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|accessdate=17 February 2012
}}</ref>

===Environment===
The location of the bus depot (on the banks of the river, and near the Nizammuddin Bridge) was the subject of major controversy from environmentalists. Multiple NGOs and [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] activists strongly protested the location of the depot, citing that it violated Constitutional arrangements about protecting the environment. In addition, petitioners pointed out that the depot's location would be an environmental disaster, as the area was an important water recharge area and is an active floodplain.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-10/delhi/28676519_1_river-bed-depot-dtc
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103090535/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-10/delhi/28676519_1_river-bed-depot-dtc
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 January 2013
|title=Depot land meant for recreational purpose
|date=10 March 2011
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|accessdate=17 February 2012
}}</ref>

===Order of Removal===
On 15 January 2014, [[Arvind Kejriwal]], [[Chief Minister of Delhi]], announced that the government would clear its stand on the controversial depot before the high court through an [[affidavit]]. The CM also announced that no further construction would be allowed on the river bed. [[Arvind Kejriwal|Kejriwal]] stressed that it was not just a question of safeguarding the environment but also the important issue of ensuring that the city's natural resources are protected. "It is a catchment area for water which cannot be meddled with," he said.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140119063212/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-16/delhi/46263151_1_millennium-bus-depot-low-floor-dtc] [[The_Times_of_India]], 16 January 2014</ref> The [[Delhi Government]] said that it will take 9 months to shift it. The depot was built allegedly on the [[Yamuna]] riverbed, at a cost of Rs 60 [[crore]], ahead of the [[Commonwealth Games]] held in 2010. [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] has told [[Delhi High Court]] that it will vacate the millennium depot site by 31 October 2014. As of 2023 the 60 acres of land used for the depot has been recovered. The DDC is planning on restoration of the land.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi HC pulls up DDA over delays in land for relocating Millennium bus depot|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/delhi-hc-pulls-up-dda-over-delays-in-land-for-relocating-millennium-bus-depot/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Millennium Bus Depot Land Back, Delhi Development Authority plans to restore it. |work=The Times of India |date=29 January 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/millennium-bus-depot-land-back-delhi-development-authority-plans-to-restore-it/articleshow/97409531.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129075149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/millennium-bus-depot-land-back-delhi-development-authority-plans-to-restore-it/articleshow/97409531.cms |archive-date=29 January 2023 |accessdate=29 January 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{portal|Buses}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bus stations in India]]
[[Category:Parking facilities in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Delhi]]

Ajit Singh

2026-01-17T10:31:21Z

RosemaryBrifman: starting new bio more to come

'''Ajit Singh''' may refer to:

==Politicians and rulers==
* [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)]] (Chaudhary Ajit Singh, 1939–2021), founder of the Rashtriya Lok Dal party in Uttar Pradesh
* [[Ajit Singh (Bihar politician)]] (in office 2005–2015)
* [[Ajit Singh (Assam politician)]] (born 1960), cabinet minister in Assam, India
* [[Ajit Singh of Khetri]] (1861–1901), ruler of Khetri, Rajasthan
* [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]] (1670s–1724), Maharaja of Marwarlater Jodhpur
* [[Ajit Singh Kohar]], cabinet minister in Punjab, India
* [[Ajit Kumar Singh]] (1962–2007), Indian politician of the Janata Dal (United) party
* [[Ajit Kushwaha]] (Ajit Kumar Singh, born 1988), Indian politician of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation party
* [[Ajit Pratap Singh]] (1917–2000), Indian politician
* [[Sardar Ajit Singh]] (1881–1947), Indian nationalist revolutionary
* [[Ajit Singh (politician, died 2004)]] (died 2004)
==Sportspeople==
* [[Nongthombam Ajit Singh]] (born 1993), Indian cricketer
* [[Ajit Singh Balla]] (born 1931), Indian Olympic high jumper
* [[Ajit Singh (racewalker)]] (born 1936), Indian Olympic racewalker
* [[Ajit Pal Singh]] (born 1947), Indian field hockey player
* [[Ajit Singh (field hockey)]] (born 1952), Indian field hockey player

==Other people==
* [[Ajit Singh (economist)]] (1940–2015), Professor Emeritus of economics at Cambridge University
* [[Ajit Singh (police officer)]] (1945–1991), Indian Police Service officer
* [[Ajit Singh (Sikhism)]] (1687–1705), eldest son of Guru Gobind Singh
* [[Ajit Iqbal Singh]] (born 1943), Indian mathematician
* [[Ajit Swaran Singh]] (born 1951), judge in New Zealand

{{hndis|Singh, Ajit}}

RV Pax

2026-01-08T00:18:18Z

RosemaryBrifman: Put Up First Article Needs Work...

{{Short description|Navy minesweeper converted to yacht}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=US Minesweeper MSC-121 Bluebird detail.JPG
|image_caption=Broadside view of {{USS|Bluebird|MSC-121|2}}, a minesweeper of the same class, taken off the south end of [[Mare Island]] on 29 September 1953.
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
|name = [[Beemster-class minesweeper|''Beemster'']] class
|builders =
*[[Kneass Boat Works|George W. Kneass Co.]]
*[[San Francisco]], [[California]]
}}

|section3={{Infobox
|child=yes
|label1 = Naval architects
|data1 = [[Sparkman and Stephens]]
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/class overview
|hide_header=yes
|class_before =
|class_after =
|subclasses =
|cost =
|built_range = 1951-1954
|in_commission_range = 1953-1976
|total_ships_building =
|total_ships_planned =
|total_ships_completed =
|total_ships_cancelled =
|total_ships_active =
|total_ships_laid_up =
|total_ships_lost =
|total_ships_retired =
|total_ships_scrapped =
|total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section5={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header =
|header_caption = (1954)
|type = [[Minesweeper]]
|displacement = {{cvt|384|t|LT}}
|length = {{cvt|43.94|m|ftin}}
|beam = {{cvt|8.5|m|ftin}}
|height =
|draught =
|draft = {{convert|2.28|m|ftin}}
|decks =
|deck_clearance =
|ramps =
|ice_class =
|power =
|propulsion = *2 propellers
*{{cvt|880|hp}}
*2 x [[General Motors]] [[diesel engine]]s
|speed = {{convert|13.6|kn}}
|range =
|endurance =
|boats =
|capacity =
|troops =
|complement =
|crew = 37
|time_to_activate =
|sensors =
|EW =
|armament = *1 x double 20 mm [[machine gun]]s
|armour =
|aircraft =
|aircraft_facilities =
|notes =
}}

|section6={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=USA
|flag={{USN flag|1992}}
|name=AMS/MSC-148
|laid_down=29 April 1952
|launched=11 April 1953
|commissioned=21 April 1954
|decommissioned=
|fate=Transferred to Royal Netherlands Navy
}}

|section7={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=Netherlands
|flag={{shipboxflag|Netherlands}}
|name=''Breskens'' (M855)
}}

|section8={{Infobox
|child=yes
|label1 = Operators
|data1 = {{navy|Netherlands}}
}}

|section9={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=yes
|acquired=21 April 1954
|fate=*Returned to US custody 1976
*Sold to Harry Pound scrapyard,
*Portsmouth, England
}}

|section10={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=Australia
|flag={{shipboxflag|Australia}}
|name=''Kalbarrie'' (Motor yacht)
}}

|section11={{Infobox
|child=yes
|label1 = Owner
|data1 = [[Barkat Ali Khan Mukarram Jah|Mir Barkat Ali Khan Mukarram Jah, Asaf Jah VIII]]
}}

|section12={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=yes
|acquired=1978
|fate=Seized by the Sheriff of Western Australia due to unpaid bills 1988
}}

|section13={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=Australia
|flag={{shipboxflag|Australia}}
|name=''Kalbarrie'' (Motor yacht)
}}

|section14={{Infobox
|child=yes
|label1 = Owner
|data1 = Sheriff of Western Australia
}}

|section15={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=yes
|acquired=1988
|fate=Sold to Pax Scientific Inc.
}}

|section16={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=Australia
|flag={{shipboxflag|Australia}}
|name=R/V ''Pax''
}}

|section17={{Infobox
|child=yes
|label1 = Owner
|data1 = PAX Scientific Pty Ltd
}}

|section18={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=yes
|acquired=1991
|fate=Donated to a not-for-profit organisation 2012
}}

|section19={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=Australia
|flag={{shipboxflag|Australia}}
|name=R/V ''Pax''
}}

|section20={{Infobox
|child=yes
|label1 = Owner
|data1 = Project PAX for Veterans of Western Australia Inc.
}}

|section21={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=yes
|acquired=2012
|fate=Sank at her moorings June 2015. Raised July 2015 and scrapped December 2015.
}}
}}

'''RV ''Pax''''' built in 1952-54 as AMS/MSC148 a wooden minesweeper, was one of 160 of the [[USS Bluebird (AMS-121)|''Bluebird'']] class, 14 of which were given to the Royal Netherlands Navy under the [[Mutual Defense Assistance Act|Mutual Defense Assistance Program]] (MDAP), where they were known as the [[Beemster-class minesweeper|''Beemster'']] class and where she was known as MS855, ''Breskens''. In 1976 when she was no longer required as a minesweeper she was offered for sale at Harry Pound's scrapyard{{r|Last Nizam|p=286}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.derelictplaces.co.uk/threads/pounds-scrapyard-portsmouth.5126/|title=Pounds scrapyard, Portsmouth|website=Derelict Places - Urban Exploring Forum}}</ref> in Portsmouth, England. Her later activities included suspected gold, jewellery,<ref name="Saga">{{cite news |last1=Zubrzycki |first1=John |title=The saga of a yacht, a prince and an ex-Rajneeshi |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/the-saga-of-a-yacht-a-prince-and-an-exrajneeshi-20140925-10doqa.html |access-date=23 January 2023 |issue=Weekend |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald |date=September 27, 2014}}</ref> and drug<ref name="Last Nizam">{{cite book |last1=Zubrzycki |first1=John |title=The Last Nizam |date=2006 |publisher=Pan Macmillan Australia Pty Ltd |isbn=978 0 3304 2321 2 |pages=263–4, 286–7, 309, 314 |url=https://www.panmacmillan.com.au/9781742626109/ |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|p=286}} smuggling.

== Conversion to luxury yacht ''Kalbarrie'' ==

In 1978 the former minesweeper was purchased from Harry Pound by Prince [[Mukarram Jah]], the titular Eighth [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], with a view to her conversion to a luxury yacht. Similar conversions of former minesweepers had been carried out for [[Jacques Cousteau]]'s research vessel [[RV Calypso|''Calypso'']] in 1950 and [[John Wayne]]'s yacht [[USS YMS-328|''Wild Goose'']] in 1962.

According to the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]], Prince Jah's inheritance from the Seventh Nizam of Hyderabad in 1967 made him the world's richest person at that time, with a fortune estimated in 2023 terms to have been equivalent to $4.25 billion.<ref name="MWI">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Shalini |title=Mukkaram Jah: The Last Nizam And His Vanishing Wealth |journal=Man's World India |date=20 March 2002 |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/currentedition/from-the-magazine/mukkaram-jah-last-nizam-vanishing-wealth/ |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>

In 1972 Prince Jah left [[Hyderabad]] to live at a [[Murchison House Station|half-million-acre sheep station]] in [[Western Australia]]. He had a penchant for tinkering with machinery<ref name="Saga" /> {{r|Last Nizam|p=260}}<ref name="WAN840224">{{cite news |last1=Schmitt |first1=Hugh |title=The Two Lives of the Nizam of Hyderabad |url=https://cvxmelody.50webs.com |access-date=30 January 2023 |publisher=The West Australian newspaper |date=24 February 1984}}</ref> and the minesweeper's big twin stainless steel diesel engines formed part of his attraction to the vessel. The ''Kalbarrie'', as she would later be named, was sailed via India to Singapore for conversion, including the creation of dozens of secret compartments that could be used to smuggle jewellery and priceless antiques from the Prince's palaces in India to his mansion in [[Perth]], Western Australia.{{r|Saga}}<ref name="FSN">{{cite journal |last1=Harman |first1=Jay |title=The Research Vessel "Pax" - What a Story! |journal=Fremantle Shipping News |date=5 December 2021 |url=https://fremantleshippingnews.com.au/2021/12/05/the-research-vessel-pax-what-a-story/ |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>

When ''Kalbarrie'' arrived in [[Fremantle]], Western Australia in September 1981, customs officials threatened to seize her because she had been imported without permission. She was allowed to remain in Fremantle until repairs had been completed in August 1982, then sailed for [[Port Moresby]], [[Papua New Guinea]]. En route, she was intercepted by customs off [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]], who searched the boat for drugs and charged one crew member with possession of cannabis.{{r|Last Nizam|p=286}} She returned to Fremantle via [[Townsville]], where she remained until August 1984.

After sailing from Townsville for Fremantle on August 15 ''Kalbarrie'' lost a man overboard off the Western Australian coast on September 9.{{r|Last Nizam|p=286}}

In following years ''Kalbarrie'' was a luxurious venue of many Perth society parties, especially during the [[1987 Defender Selection Series|defence of the America's Cup]] off Fremantle, held from January 31 to February 4, 1987.{{r|FSN}}

Shortly afterwards in 1987 ''Kalbarrie'' was hoisted onto a slipway in Fremantle for repairs to its hull and to fix a damaged keel. A year later she remained there, as the company completing the repairs – Franmarine<ref>{{cite web |title=Franmarine |url=https://www.franmarine.com.au |website=Franmarine Underwater Services Pty Ltd |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref> – refused to release her until the AU$100,000 it was owed had been paid. Prince Jah refused to pay, claiming he had been overcharged, but in reality was unable to do so through inability to access funds due to a freezing of his assets by Swiss bankers.{{r|Saga|}} After prolonged dispute and lack of settlement the vessel was seized by the Sheriff of Western Australia. Desperate to regain her, Prince Jah sold some remaining assets including a two-door Rolls-Royce car and arrived to pay the debt only to find that just two hours earlier an offer for a reputed AU$66,000{{r|Saga}} had been accepted and paid.{{r|Last Nizam|p=287,314}}

== Service as a research vessel ==

In January 1991 Western Australia-born [[biomimetics]] engineer Jay Harman was looking for a suitable boat to serve as a base for marine research focusing on the drag and friction reduction strategies of sea creatures and seaweeds{{r|FSN}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jay |first1=Laura |title=Nature-inspired innovation: Pax Water Technologies |url=https://toolbox.biomimicry.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Outreach-Toolkit-PAX-Scientific-Case-Study.pdf |website=biomimicry.org |publisher=Terrapin Bright Green |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> when he discovered the ''Kalbarrie'' on Franmarine's slipway in Fremantle. Prince Jah had not paid the outstanding bill for her repairs and Harman was able to negotiate a scrap value{{r|Last Nizam|p=314}} purchase price with ''Kalbarrie''{{'s}} custodian, the Sheriff of Western Australia.

Renaming her R/V ''Pax'', Harman set about adapting her as a floating biomimicry laboratory,<ref name="WBPax">{{cite web |title=RV Pax |url=https://www.woodenboat.com/boat-launchings/rv-pax |website=woodenboat.com |publisher=Wooden Boat |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref> which service she performed for the next twenty years, playing an important role in what has now become Pax Scientific Pty Ltd and its associated subsidiary companies. During this time Harman says "The exciting thought of finding [smuggled jewellery] was never far from my mind. I searched high and low with no luck, though I did find a number of empty secret compartments."{{r|FSN}}

== Acquisition by not-for-profit organisation ==

Madeleine Whitburn, whose husband Norm was a Royal Australian Navy veteran suffering [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] as a result of post naval experiences serving as a fireman for many years, was watching television one Sunday evening in 2012 when there was a feature on a former research vessel in need of renovation being offered free to a worthy cause.<ref name="Manspace">{{cite web |last1=Broadhurst |first1=Zach |title=Restoration Therapy |url=https://manspacemagazine.com.au/restoration-therapy/ |website=manspacemagazine.com |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref> She immediately thought of its possible use as a floating [[men's shed]] and mentioned it to Norm. Together, they devised a proposal for the vessel's use as a project and meeting place for ex-servicemen and women, and [[first responder]]s, and received support from the vessel's owner, Jay Harman, and regulatory approval for the formation of Project PAX for Veterans of Western Australia Inc.<ref name="ACNCPP">{{cite web |title=Registration of Project Pax for Veterans of Western Australia |url=https://www.acnc.gov.au/charity/charities/cbbbb7f0-39af-e811-a963-000d3ad244fd/profile |website=acne.gov.au |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref>

Following media publicity,<ref name="ABCPP1">{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Lucy |title=Navy veterans helping to restore RV Pax to its former glory are patching themselves up too |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-12-31/rv-pax-feature/5180090 |access-date=29 January 2023 |publisher=ABC (Australian Broadcasting Commission) |date=31 December 2013 |ref=PPforV1}}</ref> Project Pax quickly recruited many retired navy servicemen including engineers and shipwrights, together with former firemen, and contact was established with several European groups that had undertaken restoration of similar ex-minesweepers.

On a Sunday in July 2014 a social gathering was held on board ''Pax'' that was attended by three visitors to Perth with strong connections to her history – Jay Harman and his wife Francesca Bertone, who had owned ''Pax'' for twenty years, and John Zubrzycki, author of ''The Last Nizam'', a comprehensive biography of [[Mukarram Jah]], the prince who had owned ''Pax'' for a decade and brought her to Australia from the other side of the world.{{r|Saga}}

== Ultimate fate ==

In May 2015 it became necessary to move ''Pax'' from a jetty to a mid-harbour mooring, where a month later she started taking on water at her buoy during heavy weather and was pushed to the shoreline to prevent her sinking. She was later deemed beyond further attempt at economic repair and restoration, and scrapped at [[Australian Marine Complex|Henderson]]<ref name="ScrapPP">{{cite web |last1=Department of Transport |first1=WA Government |title=Dismantling, Removal from Site, Sale and Disposal of the Salvaged Wooden Hull Vessel PAX from the Australian Marine Complex Common User Facility, Henderson, WA |url=https://www.australiantenders.com.au/tenders/238385/dismantling-removal-from-site-sale-and-disposal-of-the-salvaged-wooden-hull-vessel-pax-from-the-australian-marine-complex-common-user-facility-henderson-wa/ |website=australiantenders.com.au |access-date=30 January 2023 |ref=238385}}</ref> in December 2015.

== See also ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite news |title=Mukarram Jah, Nizam of Hyderabad |work=Obituaries |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |date=24 January 2023 |page=25}}
*{{cite news |title=Mukarram Jah |work=Obituaries |publisher=The Times |date=31 January 2023 |page=47}}
*{{cite news |last1=Traub |first1=Alex |title=Mukarram Jah, 89, Heir to an Opulent Throne He Abandoned, Is Dead |work=Obituaries |publisher=The New York Times |date=9 February 2023 |page=A25}}
*{{cite news |last1=Zubrzycki |first1=John |title=Indian prince fell for WA station life |work=Obituaries |publisher=The West Australian |date=9 February 2023 |page=46}}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://classiccountrymusic.com/a-closer-look-at-john-waynes-custom-yacht-wild-goose/ John Wayne's yacht ''Wild Goose'' (converted minesweeper)]
* [https://johnwayne.com/journal/heritage/dukes-wild-goose-days/ A closer look at John Wayne's yacht ''Wild Goose'']
* [https://www.boatsnews.com/story/20129/the-epic-of-calypso-from-minesweeper-to-captain-cousteau "The epic of ''Calypso'', from minesweeper to Captain Cousteau"]
* [https://www.jsme-fed.org/events/2011/AJK2011/documents/ "Biography_Mr.J.Harman"]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pax, RV}}
[[Category:1953 ships]]

Nilabati Saha

2026-01-02T20:11:14Z

RosemaryBrifman: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nilabati Saha
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = May 2016
| constituency = [[Sainthia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sainthia]]
| predecessor = Dhiren Bagdi
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| website =
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]
| profession =
| alma_mater =
| date =
| year =
| signature =
| bodyclass =
}}

'''Nilabati Saha''' is an Indian politician. She was elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sainthia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sainthia]] as a member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-full-list-of-winners/2243718/ | title=West Bengal assembly election 2021: Full list of winners | publisher=Financial Express | date=3 May 2021 | accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/sainthia-election-result-2021-live-updates-sainthia-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696941.html| title=Sainthia Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Nilabati Saha of TMC Wins | publisher=News18 | date=2 May 2021 | accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/sainthia-west-bengal-election-result-2021 | title=Sainthia Election Result 2021| publisher=Times Now | accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saha, Nilabati}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Sisterhood (web series)

2025-12-29T06:17:19Z

RosemaryBrifman: started the pg v1

{{Short description|2024 Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = Drama
| creator =
| based_on =
| screenplay =
| director = Nayana Shyam
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Nidhi Bhanushali
*Bhagyashree Limaye
*Anvesha Vij
*Nitya Mathur
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| location = India
| editor =
| runtime = 25 mins
| company =
| network = [[Amazon miniTV]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|06|14}}
}}

'''''Sisterhood''''' is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] drama television series directed by Nayana Shyam. The series features Nidhi Bhanushali, Bhagyashree Limaye, Anvesha Vij and Nitya Mathur in the lead role. The first season premiered on Amazon miniTV on 14 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sisterhood Season 1 Review : A bingeable coming-of-age teen drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/sisterhood/season-1/seasonreview/110961503.cms |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-16 |title='Sisterhood': Enjoying The Joys Of Friendship To Remembering School Adventures – 5 Reasons Why This Should Be On Your Watch List |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sisterhood-enjoying-the-joys-of-friendship-to-remembering-school-adventures-5-reasons-why-this-amazon-minitv-show-should-be-on-your-watch-list |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Nidhi Bhanushali as Gargi Oberoi, a new student who intends to transfer after six months<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Fame Nidhi Bhanushali Set To Make A Comeback With New Series |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-fame-nidhi-bhanushali-set-to-make-a-comeback-with-new-series-8929310.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
*Bhagyashree Limaye as Ann D'Silva, a repeating student who is naive in nature<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathi |first=TV9 |date=2024-06-17 |title=मराठी मालिकांमधील 'आदर्श सून' झळकतेय हिंदी वेबसिरिजमध्ये... |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/cinema-photos/actress-bhagyashree-limaye-in-sisterhood-amazon-mini-tv-latest-marathi-news-1218864.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
*Anvesha Vij as Zoya Baig, the topper of the class and Nikita's best friend
*Nitya Mathur as Nikita Waghmare, a rebel girl and Zoya's best friend<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=2024-06-27 |title=Actor Nitya Mathur brings her bubblier side out for 'Sisterhood' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2024/Jun/27/actor-nitya-mathur-brings-her-bubblier-side-out-for-sisterhood |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IDN |date=2024-06-25 |title=Nitya Mathur thanks web series 'Sisterhood' for introducing her to 'incredible group of girls' |url=https://www.illustrateddailynews.com/entertainment/nitya-mathur-thanks-web-series-sisterhood-for-introducing-her-to-incredible-group-of-girls-557344 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.illustrateddailynews.com |language=en}}</ref>
*Saumya Uniyal as Kiara Sharma, the girls' rival
*Meenal Kapoor as Sister Dianne
*Sangeetha Balachandran as Sister Rosie

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #3EB489
| link1 = 1
| episodes1 = 5
| released1 = {{start date|df=yes|2024|06|14}}
| color2 =
| link2 =
| episodes2 =
| released2 =
}}

== Music ==
{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tu Yaar Hay Wohi
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 =
| title2 = Gucchad Mucchad
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 =
}}

==Reception==
Ashna Santosh of [[Times Now|Times now]] News praised the story, direction as well as the acting performances of the show and gave it a rating of 3 out of 5 saying that, ''Each actress brings depth to her character, making the friendships feel genuine and heartfelt. Their chemistry on screen is palpable, drawing viewers into their world and making the story all the more compelling. Director Nayana Shyam has done a fantastic job of capturing the nuances of teenage life. The story is well-paced, and the episodes are filled with moments that are both touching and entertaining.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Sisterhood Review: A Heartwarming Tale Of Friendship And Growth |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/sisterhood-review-a-heartwarming-tale-of-friendship-and-growth-review-110969657 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Archika Khurana from [[The Times of India|Times of India]] gave it a rating 3 out of 5 saying that ''Each character stands out with distinct and relatable traits reminiscent of school acquaintances. Gargi exudes confidence, Zoya embodies discipline, Nikita epitomizes rebellion, and Ann displays naivety, with each character adding depth and unique flair to the series.''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sisterhood Season 1 Review : A bingeable coming-of-age teen drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/sisterhood/season-1/seasonreview/110961503.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|32563122|Sisterhood}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Shalimar–Udaipur City Weekly Express

2025-12-07T04:15:04Z

RosemaryBrifman:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Shalimar–Udaipur City Weekly Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|02|19}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Shalimar}} (SHM)
| stops = 22
| end = {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}} (UDZ)
| distance = {{convert|1873|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 32h 30m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock =
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 20971/20972
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The '''Shalimar–Udaipur City Weekly Express''' is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[North Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Shalimar}} and {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}} in India. It is currently being operated with 20971/20972 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2796&did=1440661421290D3BF8AD80E9CD3FF39ED8EB51726FBC8.web107 Due to Public Agitation in Ahmedabad Division, some Western Rly trains are cancelled, partially cancelled & diverted]</ref><ref>[http://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2798&id=0,4,268 Due to Public Agitation in Ahmedabad Division, some Western Rly trains are cancelled, partially cancelled & diverted]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=465&id=0,4,423 | title=Completion of girder launching work of ROB at Bagnan much ahead of Schedule | date=22 December 2013 | publisher=South Eastern Railway | accessdate=27 September 2018 }}</ref>

== Service==

The 20972/Shalimar–Udaipur City Weekly Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 1873 km in 33h 15m.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solanki |first=Sonu |title=20972/Shalimar - Udaipur City Weekly SF Express - Kolkata Shalimar to Udaipur NWR/North Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-shalimar-udaipur-city-weekly-sf-express-20972/16939/1913/158 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> The 20971/Udaipur City–Shalimar Weekly Express has an average speed of 58 km/h and covers 1873 km in 32h 30m.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solanki |first=Sonu |title=20971/Udaipur City - Shalimar Weekly SF Express - Udaipur to Kolkata Shalimar NWR/North Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-udaipur-city-shalimar-weekly-sf-express-20971/16968/158/1913 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Time table ==

'''From Udaipur City to Shalimar - 20971'''. The train starts from Udaipur City on every Saturday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solanki |first=Sonu |title=20971/Udaipur City - Shalimar Weekly SF Express - Udaipur to Kolkata NWR/North Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-udaipur-city-shalimar-weekly-sf-express-20971/16968/158/1913 |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:gold;" | Station code
! style="background:gold;" ! | Station name
! style="background:gold;" ! | Arrival
! style="background:gold;" ! | Departure
|-
| '''UDZ'''|| '''Udaipur City'''|| --- || '''01:00'''
|-
| RPZ || Ranapratapnagar || 01:07 || 01:09
|-
| MVJ|| Mavli Jn|| 01:40|| 01:42
|-
| CNA|| Chanderiya|| 03:05|| 03:10
|-
| KOTA || Kota Junction || 05:30 || 05:50
|-
| BAZ || Baran || 06:43 || 06:45

|-
| GUNA || Guna Jn || 09:20 || 09:30
|-
| MAKR || Bina Malkhedi Jn || 11:53 || 11:55
|-
| SGO || Saugor || 12:50 || 12:55
|-
| DMO || Damoh || 13:58 || 14:00
|-
| KMZ || Katni Murwara || 15:45 || 15:55
|-
| SDL || Shahdol || 18:20 || 18:25
|-
|APR
|Anuppur Junction
|19:00
|19:05
|-
|PND
|Pendra Road
|19:42
|19:44
|-
|BSP
|Bilaspur Junction
|21:35
|21:50
|-
|CPH
|Champa Junction
|22:31
|22:36
|-
|RIG
|Raigarh
|23:39
|23:44
|-
|JSG
|Jharsuguda
|01:05
|01:10
|-
|ROU
|Rourkela Junctrion
|02:20
|02:30
|-
|CKP
|Chakradhapur
|03:55
|04:00
|-
|TATA
|Tatanagar Junction
|04:50
|04:58
|-
|KGP
|Kharagpur
|07:20
|07:25
|-
|SRC
|Santragachi Junction
|09:00
|09:02
|-
| '''SHM''' || '''Kolkata Shalimar''' || '''09:30''' || ---
|}
Note : Train reverses its direction at [[Kota Junction railway station|Kota Junction]].

'''From Shalimar to Udaipur City - 20972'''. The train starts from Shalimar on every Sunday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solanki |first=Sonu |title=20972/Shalimar - Udaipur City Weekly SF Express - Kolkata to Udaipur NWR/North Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-shalimar-udaipur-city-weekly-sf-express-20972/16939/1913/158 |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:gold;" | Station code
! style="background:gold;" ! | Station name
! style="background:gold;" ! | Arrival
! style="background:gold;" ! | Departure
|-
| '''SHM''' || '''Kolkata Shalimar''' || --- || '''20:20'''
|-
| SRC || Santragachi Junction || 20:35 || 20:37
|-
|KGP
|Kharagpur
|22:00
|22:05
|-
|TATA
|Tatanagar Junction
|23:57
|00:02
|-
|CKP
|Chakradharpur
|00:53
|01:00
|-
| ROU || Rourkela Junction || 02:18 || 02:23
|-
|JSG
|Jhursuguda
|03:53
|03:55
|-
|RIG
|Raigarh
|04;48
|04;53
|-
|CPH
|Champa Junction
|05:57
|06:02
|-
| BSP || Bilaspur Junction || 07:05 || 07:20
|-
| PND || Pendra Road || 08:55 || 09:00
|-
| APR || Anuppur Junction || 09:51 || 09:56
|-
| SDL || Shahdol || 10:32 || 10:37
|-
| KMZ || Katni Murwara || 13:20 || 13:30
|-
| DMO || Damoh || 14:58 || 15:00
|-
| SGO || Saugor || 15:55 || 16:00
|-
| MAKR || Bina Malkhedi Jn || 17:13 || 17:15
|-
|GUNA
|Guna Jn
|19:55
|20:05
|-
|BAZ
|Baran
|22:18
|22:20
|-
|KOTA
|Kota Junction
|00:10
|00:30
|-
|CNA
|Chanderiya
|03:05
|03:10
|-
|MVJ
|Mavli Jn
|04:23
|04:25
|-
| RPZ || Ranapratapnagar || 05:00 || 05:02
|-
| '''UDZ''' || '''Udaipur City''' || '''05:35''' || ---
|}
Note : Train reverses its direction at [[Kota Junction railway station|Kota Junction]].

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 21 coaches:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 7 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 Divyangjan Cum Guard Coach
* 1 Generator Car

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="1" |Loco
! rowspan="1" |1
! rowspan="1" |2
! rowspan="1" |3
! rowspan="1" |4
! rowspan="1" |5
! rowspan="1" |6
! rowspan="1" |7
! rowspan="1" |8
!9
!10
! rowspan="1" |11
!12
! rowspan="1" |13
! rowspan="1" |14
! rowspan="1" |15
! rowspan="1" |16
! rowspan="1" |17
! rowspan="1" |18
! rowspan="1" |19
! rowspan="1" |20
! rowspan="1" |21
|-
|
|SLRD
|GEN
|GEN
|A1
|A2
|B1
|B2
|B3
|B4
|B5
|BE1
|S1
|S2
|S3
|S4
|S5
|S6
|S7
|GEN
|GEN
|EOG
|}

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a Santragachi Loco Shed/Tughlakabad Loco Shed based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] Locomotive.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction at [[Kota Junction railway station|Kota Junction]]

== See also ==

* [[Udaipur City railway station]]
* [[Shalimar railway station]]
* [[Ananya Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/16939 19659/Shalimar–Udaipur City Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/16968 19660/Udaipur City–Shalimar Weekly Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shalimar-Udaipur City Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Kanshi Ram

2025-11-25T06:24:55Z

RosemaryBrifman: fix formatting additionally and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian politician and social reformer (1934-2006)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kanshi Ram
| image = Kanshiram.jpg
| caption = Kanshi Ram at [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|03|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |2006|10|09|1934|03|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| office = 1st President of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| predecessor = ''office established''
| successor = [[Mayawati]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| predecessor2 = [[Kamal Chaudhry]]
| successor2 = [[Kamal Chaudhry]]
| predecessor3 = [[Ram Singh Shakya]]
| successor3 = [[Ram Singh Shakya]]
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| children =
| website = {{URL|http://www.bamcef.info/manyawar-shri-kanshiram-ji.php|Kansi Ram Official Website}}
| date =
| year =
| source =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| termstart1 = 1998
| termend1 = 2004
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| termstart = 14 April 1984
| termend = 18 September 2003
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| termend2 = 1998
| termstart2 = 1996
| constituency2 = [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]]
| termend3 = 1996
| termstart3 = 1991
| constituency3 = [[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]]
}}
'''Kanshi Ram''' (15 March 1934 – 9 October 2006), also known as '''Bahujan Nayak'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanshi Ram should be given the Bharat Ratna: Mayawati |work=DNA |date=15 March 2016 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kanshi-ram-should-be-given-the-bharat-ratna-mayawati-2189533 |access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref> or '''Manyavar''', '''Sahab Kanshiram'''<ref>{{cite web | title=How 'manyavar' Kanshiram stood up for a colleague and changed Indian politics | website=ThePrint | date=2018-10-09 | url=https://theprint.in/politics/how-manyavar-kanshiram-stood-up-for-a-colleague-and-changed-indian-politics/131612/ | access-date=2020-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=This bard wants Kanshi Ram loyalists to spread wings |first=Rajesh Kumar |last=Singh |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 July 2015|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/this-bard-wants-kanshi-ram-loyalists-to-spread-wings/article1-1374661.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814004143/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/this-bard-wants-kanshi-ram-loyalists-to-spread-wings/article1-1374661.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2015 |access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref> was an Indian politician and [[social reformer]] who worked for the upliftment and political mobilisation of the [[Bahujan]]s, the [[untouchability|backward or lower caste people including untouchable groups]] at the bottom of the [[caste system in India]].<ref name="Narayan 2012">{{cite web | last=Narayan | first=Badri | title=Ambedkar and Kanshi Ram – so alike, yet so different | website=The Hindu | date=11 May 2012 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ambedkar-and-kanshi-ram-so-alike-yet-so-different/article3405293.ece | access-date=2016-05-15}}</ref> Towards this end, Kanshi Ram founded [[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti]] (DS-4), the All India Backwards (SC/ST/OBC) and Minorities Communities Employees' Federation ([[BAMCEF]]) in 1971 and the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) in 1984. In 2001, he ceded leadership of the BSP to his protégé [[Mayawati]] who has served four terms as [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].

==Early life==
Kanshi Ram was born on 15 March 1934 into a [[Ramdasia]] Sikh family of [[Chamar]] caste in Pirthipur Bunga village, near Khawaspur, [[Ropar district]],{{Efn|Ropar district is now known as [[Roopnagar]] and lies midway between [[Chandigarh]] and [[Jalandhar]]. Kanshiram's ancestral home is Khawaspur village. The local dalits call his house 'Chann Sahib', 'chann' meaning house and 'sahib' being a mark of respect.}} [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-15|title=Kanshi Ram Death Anniversary: Know contributions made by Bahujan Nayak for upliftment of Dalits|url=https://newsd.in/kanshiram-birth-anniversary-know-contributions-made-by-bahujan-nayak-for-upliftment-of-dalits/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Newsd.in|language=en-US}}</ref> Significantly, he was not subjected to much social discrimination during his childhood or youth. As reason for the comparative absence of social discrimination in Kanshi Ram's early years is because he belonged to a Sikh family. Kanshi Ram referred to this in a later interview to French political scientist [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] saying, ''<nowiki/>'the teachings of the Sikh gurus were more egalitarian' and that 'converted Chamars at least had some upward mobility''.'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWms_1WzF1sC |title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India |date=2003 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-080-0 |pages=389 |language=en}}</ref> As a young Sikh from a family of soldiers, he was largely unaware about his caste while in school or in a college in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bo0AwAAQBAJ |title=Kanshiram Leader of the Dalits |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-670-0 |pages=25–26 |language=en |quote=Kanshiram’s family was Telasingh Ravidasia, gotra Chaukri, Ramdasiya Sikh Panth, and came from the once-untouchable Chamar caste. The fifth Sikh guru Ramdas had brought the Chamars into the fold of Sikhism. Despite being Chamars, the family was relatively well off. Unlike in UP, in Punjab the Chamars engaged in agriculture and earned better than they did in the rest of north India. The family owned a fair amount of land, so their main source of income was agriculture. Besides, they had a small tannery, and also took on lease a mango orchard and made money by selling the fruit. Kanshiram’s paternal grandfather, Dheloram, was a retired jawan from Lahore who had set up a cottage industry in tanning leather. He had three sons, Hari, Bishan and Rachan, and one daughter, Haro. While Bishan Singh and Rachan Singh joined the army like their father, Hari Singh took up leather tanning. In addition, he farmed on leased land to supplement his income.}}</ref>

After studies at various local schools, Ram graduated in 1956 with a [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] degree from Government College Ropar.<ref name="bose">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3MGWTeMUNMC&pg=PT35|title=Behenji: A Political Biography of Mayawati|last=Bose|first=Ajoy|year=2009|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9788184756500|language=en|page=35}}</ref>

==Career==
Kanshi Ram joined the offices of the [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|Explosive Research and Development Laboratory]] in [[Pune]].<ref name="India 14">{{cite news |title=The man who saw tomorrow |work=The Indian Express |date=24 May 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/the-man-who-saw-tomorrow-2/ |access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref> It was at this time that he first experienced caste discrimination<ref name="bose"/>{{how|date=March 2019}} and in 1964 he became an activist. Those who admire him point out that he was spurred to this after reading [[B. R. Ambedkar]]'s book ''[[Annihilation of Caste]]'' and witnessing the discrimination against a Dalit employee who wished to observe a holiday celebrating Ambedkar's birth. Kanshi Ram strongly inspired by B. R. Ambedkar and his philosophy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Waghmore|first=Suryakant|title=Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India|date=30 September 2013|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPenAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|publisher=Sage|isbn=9788132118862}}</ref>

Ram initially supported the [[Republican Party of India]] (RPI) but became disillusioned with its co-operation with the [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1971, he founded the All India SC, ST, OBC and Minority Employees Association and in 1978 this became BAMCEF, an organisation that aimed to persuade educated members of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backwards Classes and Minorities to support Ambedkarite principles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Shyamlal |date=2022-03-16 |title=88 and going strong: Beyond BSP, the reach of its founder Kanshi Ram |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/kanshi-ram-bsp-founder-mayawati-dalits-oppressed-politics-7823177/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> BAMCEF was neither a political nor a religious body and it also had no aims to agitate for its purpose. Suryakant Waghmore says it appealed to "the class among the Dalits that was comparatively well-off, mostly based in urban areas and small towns working as government servants and partially alienated from their untouchable identities".<ref>{{cite book|last=Waghmore|first=Suryakant|title=Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India|date=30 September 2013|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPenAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|publisher=Sage|isbn=9788132118862}}</ref>

Later, in 1981, Ram formed another social organisation known as [[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti]] (DSSSS, or DS4). He started his attempt of consolidating the Dalit vote and in 1984 he founded the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP). He fought his first election in 1984 from [[Janjgir-Champa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Janjgir-Champa]] seat in [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/chhattisgarh-polls-towards-a-photo-finish/article5359312.ece|title=Chhattisgarh polls: Towards a photo finish|last=Bagchi|first=Suvojit|date=2013-11-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The BSP found success in [[Uttar Pradesh]], initially struggled to bridge the divide between Dalits and [[Other Backward Class]]es<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?232896 |title=The Dalit Chanakya |first=Ramnarayan |last=Rawat |author-link=Ramnarayan Rawat |work=Outlook |date=23 October 2006 |access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref> but later under leadership of Mayawati bridged this gap.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lal|first=Ratan Mani|title=17 castes included Shakyas, Rajbhar, Saini, Maurya and others members of this community are more inclined towards Mayawati and her BSP.|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/why-badaun-gangrape-could-mark-mayawatis-big-political-return-1553959.html}}</ref>

In 1982, he published his only book ''The Chamcha Age'', on the fiftieth anniversary of the [[Poona Pact]]. He dedicated the book to [[Jyotirao Phule]], [[B. R. Ambedkar]], [[Periyar]], and ‘many other rebellious spirits’ who worked for Dalit emancipation. In the Poona Pact, Ambedkar who had worked hard to earn separate electorates from the British, had to surrender the possibility due to [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma]] Gandhi's fast unto death. Ambedkar feared the possible consequences to the nascent Dalit movement if he had not. Ram believed that the separate electorates would have provided the Dalits autonomy and authority; it would have undermined the power of the upper castes who constituted a relatively smaller population. Ram argued that Gandhi manipulated Ambedkar into signing the pact, and implied a defeat for the Dalits. This directly led to ''The Chamcha'' (stooge) ''Age,'' where Dalit leaders were made stooges of the upper caste. Dalit electorates had little say in getting their representatives elected even in seats reserved for them.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Jodhka |first=Surinder S. |title=Annihilation, Identity, Representation: Kanshi Ram and the Conundrums of Dalit Political Agency |date=2023-09-30 |work=Dalits in the New Millennium |pages=193–209 |editor-last=Pai |editor-first=Sudha |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009231220%23c11/type/book_part |access-date=2024-02-08 |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781009231220.011 |isbn=978-1-009-23122-0 |editor2-last=Babu |editor2-first=D. Shyam |editor3-last=Verma |editor3-first=Rahul|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ram used the term to describe Dalit leaders such as [[Jagjivan Ram]] and [[Ram Vilas Paswan]].<ref name="India 14"/> He argued that Dalits should work politically for their own ends rather than compromise by working with other parties.<ref name="India 2014">{{cite news |title=Return of the chamcha age |work=The Indian Express |date=3 November 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/return-of-the-chamcha-age/ | access-date=2016-02-27}}</ref> Opportunist mobilization of a section of Dalits in the ''chamcha'' age thus produces, what Kanshi Ram calls, an ‘alienation of the elite’. The Dalit elite could overcome this alienation by ‘payback to the oppressed and exploited society’.<ref name=":1" />

After forming BSP, Ram said the party would fight first election to lose, next to get noticed and the third election to win.<ref>{{cite news|title=a new party loses the first election, gets noticed in the next and wins the third, these are Kanshiram ji's words – Yogendra Yadav|url=http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/yogendra-yadav-on-swaraj-india-we-need-a-secular-politics-that-is-not-shy-of-offending-anyone-1475938166.html}}</ref> In 1988, he contested in [[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]] against a future Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]] and performed impressively but lost polling close to 70,000 votes.<ref>{{cite news|last1=SUBRAHMANIAM|first1=VIDYA|title=A quarter century of Kanshi Ram & Mayawati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-quarter-century-of-kanshi-ram-mayawati/article261256.ece}}</ref>

He unsuccessfully contested from [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (against [[H. K. L. Bhagat|HKL Bhagat]]) and [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (against Rajiv Gandhi) in 1989 and came in the third position on both the seats. Then he represented the 11th [[Lok Sabha]] (1996-1998) from [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]],<ref name="IIS Windows Server 1934">{{cite web | title=Biographical Sketch of Member of XI Lok Sabha: KANSHI RAM, SHRI B.S.P. – HOSHIARPUR (PUNJAB) | website=IIS Windows Server | date=15 March 1934 | url=http://164.100.47.192/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3518.htm | access-date=2016-05-02 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kanshiram was also elected as member of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]] in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":0" />

After [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in 1992, [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] and Kanshi Ram joined hands to keep communal forces out of power by creating unity among the backward and Dalit castes and giving the popular slogan "''Mile Mulayam-Kanshi Ram, Hawa mein ud gaye Jai Shri Ram''" (When Mulayam & Kanshiram come together, Jai Shri Ram vanishes).<ref>{{Cite web |title='Slogan hai': Some known and not-so-well-known electorally successful slogans - Sabko dekha bari bari, abki bari Atal Bihari |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/slogan-hai-some-known-and-not-so-well-known-electorally-successful-slogans/mile-mulayam-kanshi-ram-hawa-ho-gaye-jai-shri-ram/slideshow/68546012.cms |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> After the election, a coalition government of [[Samajwadi Party]] and [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] was formed in UP under the leadership of [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], although due to some differences and Mayawati's ambition, this alliance broke up in June 1995, Mayawati became first time [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] in support of [[BJP]]. In the late 1990s, Ram described the BJP as the most corrupt (''mahabrasht'') party in India and the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Samajwadi Party]] and [[Janata Dal]] as equally corrupt. In 2001, he declared Mayawati as his successor.<ref name="India Today 15041997 1997">{{cite web | title=Continuity of govt policies may be a casualty as BJP, BSP take turns to rule | website=India Today 15041997 | date=15 April 1997 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19970415-continuity-of-govt-policies-may-be-casualty-as-bjp-bsp-take-turns-to-rule-831294-1997-04-14 | access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref><ref name="Rediff.com 1998">{{cite web | title=Rediff on the NeT Elections '98: BSP to vote against Vajpayee | website=Rediff.com | date=20 March 1998 | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/20kanshi.htm | access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref>

==Proposed conversion to Buddhism==
In 2002, Ram announced his intention to convert to [[Buddhism]] on 14 October 2006, the 50th anniversary of [[Ambedkar]]'s conversion. He intended for 50,000,000 of his supporters to convert at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pippal |first=K.C. |date=15 March 2023 |title=Kanshi Ram Saheb who gave edge to caste politics - RSVS India. All rights reserved. Managed by ProtoCom India |url=http://www.rsvsindia.com/pi/index.php/activities/196-2023-03-16-07-48-45 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=www.rsvsindia.com |quote=Under this vision, Manyavar Kanshi Ram Saheb expressed his desire in 2002 to be initiated into Buddhism along with 6 crore Bahujan people on October 20, 2006. He specifically chose this date because it marked the 50th anniversary of Babasaheb Ambedkar's Buddhist initiation. This was intended to be a significant cultural act by Manyavar Kanshi Ram, akin to that of Babasaheb Ambedkar, but it remained incomplete due to his untimely death.}}</ref> Part of the significance of this plan was that Ram's followers include not only untouchables, but persons from a variety of castes, who could significantly broaden Buddhism's support. However, he and his successor Mayawati decided to convert to Buddhism when BSP will form the absolute government in some states and government at the centre.<ref>{{cite news |date=2006-10-10 |title=Mayawati claims Kanshi Ram's legacy |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/10/stories/2006101003771200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001001756/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/10/stories/2006101003771200.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=2016-10-16 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=Krishna Mohan |date=2024-10-09 |title=The enduring Buddhist legacy of Kanshi Ram |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/the-enduring-buddhist-legacy-of-kanshi-ram |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

[[Mayawati]] his successor said "Saheb Kanshi Ram and I had decided that we will convert and adopt [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] when we will get 'absolute majority' at the centre. We wanted to do this because we can make a difference to the religion by taking along with us millions of people. If we convert without power then only we two will be converting. But when you have power you can really create a stir".<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/oct/16look.htm?zcc=rl Mayawati claims Saheb Kanshi Ram's legacy]</ref>

==Death==
Kanshi Ram was a [[diabetes|diabetic]]. He suffered a heart attack in 1994, an arterial clot in his brain in 1995, and a paralytic [[stroke]] in 2003.<ref name="times">[https://archive.today/20130125111750/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mobile/Pages/StoryPage.aspx?ID=ada7e2c5-9ca5-4923-bab3-3b391fd38783&BC=Lifestyle-Wellness HT News]</ref> He died in New Delhi on 9 October 2006 of a severe heart attack at the age of 72.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/obituaries/10ram.html|title=Kanshi Ram, 72, a Voice for India's Outcasts, Dies|last=Hevesi|first=Dennis|date=2006-10-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He had been virtually bed-ridden for more than two years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kanshi-ram-breathes-his-last-1057545|title=Kanshi Ram breathes his last |date=2006-10-09|work=dna|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref> According to his wishes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/oct/10kanshi.htm |title=Kanshi Ram's ashes will not be immersed: Mayavati |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2012-08-04}}</ref> his funeral rites were performed according to Buddhist tradition, with Mayawati lighting the pyre.<ref name="times"/> His ashes were placed in an urn and kept at Prerna Sthal, where many people paid their respects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/162979.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022094453/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/162979.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=Maya gives city traffic blues! |work=Hindustan Times|date=19 October 2006 |access-date=2012-08-04}}</ref>

In his condolence message, Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] described Ram as "one of the greatest social reformers of our time.. his political ideas and movements had a significant impact on our political evolution... He had a larger understanding of social change and was able to unite various underprivileged sections of our society and provide a political platform where their voices would be heard." Under Ram's leadership, the BSP won 14 parliamentary seats in the 1999 parliamentary elections.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6032563.stm Indian Dalit leader passes away]</ref>

==Books==
In 1982, Kanshi Ram wrote ''The Chamcha Age'' (The Era of the Stooges), a book in which he used the term ''chamcha'' (stooge) for Dalit leaders who he alleged had selfish reasons to work for parties such as the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)<ref name="India 14"/> and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="India 2014"/> His book ''Birth of BAMCEF'' was also published.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3518.htm|title=Biographical Sketch of Member of XI Lok Sabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> His biography, ''Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits'' was written by Badri Narayan Tiwari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dalitliterature.com/product/kanshiram-leader-of-the-dalits/|title=Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits {{!}} DALITLITERATURE|website=DALITLITERATURE|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-20|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706030856/https://www.dalitliterature.com/product/kanshiram-leader-of-the-dalits/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/L6346mmJ2rPkz3gKWfoo3O/Book-Review--Kanshiram-Leader-Of-The-Dalits.html|title=Book Review {{!}} Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits|last=Bose|first=Ajoy|date=2014-05-31|work=livemint|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> His speeches are compiled in books like ''Bahujan Nayak Kanshiram Ke Avismarniya Bhashan'' by Anuj Kumar, ''Writings & Speeches of Kanshiram'' compiled by S. S. Gautam & [[A.R. Akela]] and ''The Editorials of Kanshi Ram'' by Bahujan Samaj Publications in 1997.

==Legacy==
[[File:MANYAWAR SHRI KANSHIRAM JI SMARAK STHAL.jpg|thumb|Kanshi Ram's memorial at [[Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji Green Eco Garden]]]]
There are many government programmes and schemes<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Kanshi-Ram-Shahri-Samagraya-Vikas-Yojna-developed/articleshow/4163383.cms|title=Kanshi Ram Shahri Samagraya Vikas Yojna developed|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Kanshiram-housing-scheme-gets-Rs-100Cr-in-new-avatar/articleshow/18082791.cms|title=Kanshiram housing scheme gets Rs 100Cr in new avatar |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> and public institutions named after Kanshi Ram in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/OPD-at-Kanshiram-hospital-in-Greater-Noida-starts/articleshow/19353484.cms|title=OPD at Kanshiram hospital in Greater Noida starts|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mkitm.com/vission_mission.htm|title=::Manyawar Kanshiram Institute of Tourism Management::|last=Upaddhayay|first=Dr. Sunil|website=www.mkitm.com|access-date=2018-05-20|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818133558/http://www.mkitm.com/vission_mission.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-after-bloody-trail-cops-clamp-down-on-celebratory-firing/story-Pm1WoGfn2IkJn5BkRq9dsN.html|title=Kanshiram Memorial Trauma Centre Kanpur|date=2018-05-02|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/govt-to-drop-kanshiram-from-urdufarsi-university/|title=Govt to drop Kanshiram from Urdu-Farsi university|date=2012-06-17|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref> His birthplace Pirthipur Bunga Sahib has a memorial with his statue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dalit-bsp-leader-arvind-kejriwal-give-bharat-ratna-to-kanshi-ram/|title=Kejriwal wants Bharat Ratna for Dalit leader Kanshi Ram, gets Dullo's backing|date=2016-03-16|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji Green Eco Garden]] in Lucknow has been named in his memory.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Eco-friendly-Mayawati-gifts-Rs-834-cr-park/articleshow/7623582.cms|title='Eco-friendly' Mayawati gifts Rs 834 cr park – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref>

==Biopic==
{{anchor|The Great Leader Kanshiram}} In 2017, a [[Hindi]]-language [[Biographical film|Biopic]] film ''[[The Great Leader Kanshiram]]'' was released in India, directed and produced by Arjun Singh,<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ready-for-release-a-film-on-the-journey-of-kanshiram-the-great/articleshow/57054683.cms|title=Ready for release: A film on the journey of Kanshiram 'the great' – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 February 2017 |access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/breaking-caste-barriers-to-script-their-own-stories/story-UDstlkLENxkROJ3wmzyvlJ.html|title=3 Dalit youngsters who are breaking caste barriers to script own stories|date=2016-03-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> based on the story of [[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti|DS4]], [[BAMCEF]] and [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] founder Kanshi Ram from his childhood to 1984.

==See also==
* [[Ravidassia]]
* [[List of Jatav]]
* [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
* [[Ramdasia|Ramdasia Sikh]]
* [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
* [[Bhim Army]]
* [[Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)]]

==Notes==
===Explanatory notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |title=Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits |year=2014 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-9351186700}}

==External links==
* [http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok11/biodata/11pn06.htm Profile on Parliament of India]
* [http://www.ambedkartimes.com/sahib_kanshi_ram.htm Shri Kanshi Ram ]
* [http://www.bspindia.org/manyawar-shri-kanshiram-ji.php Profile on Bahujan Samaj Party website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Kanshi}}
[[Category:Dalit politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian socialists]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism from Sikhism]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Former Sikhs]]
[[Category:People from Rupnagar district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:People from Etawah district]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:Dalit politics]]

Dullabcherra

2025-11-08T13:16:17Z

RosemaryBrifman: minor edit

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dullabcherra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bpy & bn
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_level_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|48|N|92|43|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karimganj District|Karimganj]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/ASSAM/KARIMGANJ/DULLABCHERRA_PINCODE 788736]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ratabari (Assembly constituency)]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dullabcherra''' ( also known as ''Durllavcherra'' ) a township located in [[Karimganj]] district in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. It is 375 kilometres south of the state capital [[Guwahati]] and 57 kilometres south of the district headquarters [[Karimganj]].

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]) are the official languages of this place.<ref name="BnOff">{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-withdraws-assamese-as-official-language-from-barak-valley-114090901180_1.html |title=Govt withdraws Assamese as official language from Barak valley |agency=Press Trust of India |date=9 September 2014 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=29 January 2018 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195116/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-withdraws-assamese-as-official-language-from-barak-valley-114090901180_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Meitei">{{Cite news |last=Purkayastha |first=Biswa Kalyan |date=24 February 2024 |title=Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name "Dullabcherra" originated meaning from the Singla River word ''Dullab'' (meaning "rare") and cherra (meaning "riverbank").

==Connectivity==
Dullabcherra is connected by road and [[Dullabcherra railway station|railways]] to the rest of the country.

==Education==
There’s a wide range of private schools in Dullabcherra, including Education Department Govt of Assam schools.

==References==
{{reflist}}
# {{note|1}} [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/18/1818_PART_A_DCHB_KARIMGANJ.pdf Village and town directory, Census of India 2011.]
# {{note|2}}[http://www.latlongwiki.com/?l=24.5&g=92.433333&title=Dullabcherra,%20India Dullabcherra, India ]
# {{note|3}}[http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1109&did=14909594003860F76A2E5C3D63A8276610402606745E2.web91 The last MG section of Northeast converted into BG ]
# {{note|4}}[http://morungexpress.com/entire-ne-converted-bg-line-nfr/ Entire NE converted into BG line: NFR ]
# {{note|5}}[http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/cover-story/3139-railway-transport Strengthening railway infrastructure and boosting connectivity in North East ]

[[Category:Karimganj district]]

Rajaditya (mathematician)

2025-10-09T17:02:38Z

RosemaryBrifman: redirect created

{{Short description|Jain mathematician}}
'''Rajaditya''' ({{fl.}} {{circa}} 1190 CE) was a [[Jain]] mathematician, scholar, and poet.<ref>Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). ''History of Kannada Literature''. Asian Educational Services. pp. 33–34.</ref> In the court of [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] he was known as the earliest author of mathematical works in [[Kannada]]. He is remembered for his contributions to medieval Indian mathematics and literature in [[Karnataka]].<ref>Mariappa Bhat (ed.) (1955). ''Vyavaharaganita''. Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras.</ref><ref>Padmavathamma, Dr. (Mrs.) and Krishnaveni, K.G. Prakash. ''Vyavahāragaṇita and Līlāvati: New Kannada and English Translation''. Government of Karnataka: Kannada Pustaka Pradhikara, Bangalore.</ref>

== Early life and background ==

He described himself as a devotee of [[Neminatha]] Tirthankara and was a native of "'''Puvina Bage'''" in North [[Karnataka]] (today's [[Raybag]], [[Belagavi]] district), thought to be near modern [[Hoovinahadagali]] or [[Bagewadi]]{{dn|date=October 2025}}.<ref>Mariappa Bhat (1955). ''Introduction to Vyavaharaganita''. Madras Government Press.</ref>

He was known for his poetic talent and scholarly ability, likely serving in a royal court. His patrons included "[[Bahubali]]" and "'''Bharatha'''". He described his father as Shripathi, his mother as Vasantha, and his guru as '''Shubhachandra Siddhanta deva'''.<ref>Mariappa Bhat (1955). ''Introduction to Vyavaharaganita''. Madras Government Press.</ref>

Rajaditya was conferred several honorific titles for his mastery, including Ganita Vilasa, Ojevedanga, Padyavidyadhara, Uttamabhavyabhushana, and Jinapadakamalamadhukara.<ref>Mariappa Bhat (1955). pp. vii–viii.</ref>

== Works ==
Rajaditya is credited with authoring several mathematical and poetic works in Kannada. These include '''''Vyavahāragaṇita''''', '''''Kṣetragaṇita''''', '''''Jainagaṇita Sūtrodāharaṇa''''', '''''Vyavahāraratna and Līlāvati''''', and '''''Chitrahasuge'''''.<ref>Padmavathamma Krishnaveni and K.G. Prakash (translators). ''Vyavahara Ganita and Lilavati: With New Kannada and English Translation''. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bangalore.</ref><ref>Padmavathamma, Dr. (Mrs.) and Krishnaveni, K.G. Prakash. ''Vyavahāragaṇita and Līlāvati: New Kannada and English Translation''. Government of Karnataka: Kannada Pustaka Pradhikara, Bangalore.</ref><ref>Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). ''History of Kannada Literature''. Asian Educational Services. pp. 33–34.</ref>

He is considered the first known author of mathematical treatises in Kannada. ''Vyavahāragaṇita'' is the only one fully preserved and was published in 1955 by the Government of Madras, edited by M. Mariappa Bhat.<ref>Mariappa Bhat (1955). ''Vyavaharaganita''. Madras Government Press.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajadtiya}}

[[Category:10th-century Indian mathematicians]]

Botia rostrata

2025-09-30T05:24:09Z

RosemaryBrifman: new a article

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Twin-banded loach
| image = Botia rostrata 1.jpg
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Chaudhry, S. |date=2010 |title=''Botia rostrata'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T166399A6200481 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T166399A6200481.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Botia rostrata
| authority = [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1868
| synonyms = ''Botia dayi'' {{small|Hora, 1932}}<ref name=Kottelat>Kottelat, M. (2012): [http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s26/Conspectus_cobitidum.pdf Conspectus cobitidum: an inventory of the loaches of the world (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cobitoidei).] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211134858/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s26/Conspectus_cobitidum.pdf |date=February 11, 2013 }} ''The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Suppl. No. 26: 1–199.''</ref>
}}

'''''Botia rostrata''''', the '''Gangetic loach''', '''ladder loach''', or '''twin-banded loach''', is a freshwater fish belonging to the loach family [[Botiidae]]. It originates in calmer water pool areas of highland streams in the lower [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra]] basins in [[Bangladesh]] and north India. Records from elsewhere are believed to be misidentification of relatives (e.g., ''[[Botia histrionica|B. histrionica]]'').<ref name=SeriouslyFish>SeriouslyFish: ''[http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/botia-rostrata/ Botia rostrata.]'' Retrieved 15 July 2014.</ref>

==In the aquarium==

''B. rostrata'' can reach a length of up to {{convert|11|-|12|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=SeriouslyFish/> It needs to be in a group of five or more to create a pecking order and is never seen when kept singly. During fighting or feeding time a larger specimen of this fish may be seen graying out (darkening in body) as a dominance behavior. It likes having plenty of hiding spots and crannies to cram into, so rocks and wood are needed.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3768273}}

[[Category:Botia|rostrata]]
[[Category:Fish of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1868]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]]

{{Cypriniformes-stub}}

Girish Gautam

2025-09-24T12:50:51Z

RosemaryBrifman:

{{Short description|Former Speaker of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[List of speakers of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term = 22 February 2021 - 3 February 2023
| predecessor = [[N. P. Prajapati]] | successor = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| office1 = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2008
| predecessor1 = Panchu Lal Prajapati
| constituency1 = [[Deotalab Assembly constituency|Deotalab]]
| term_start2 = 2003
| term_end2 = 2008
| predecessor2 = [[Sriniwas Tiwari]]
| successor2 = Panna Bai Prajapati
| constituency2 = [[Mangawan Assembly constituency|Mangawan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1953|3|28}}
| birth_place = [[Rewa district|Karaundi]], [[Vindhya Pradesh]] {{small|(now in [[Madhya Pradesh]])}}, [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Lalita Gautam
| children = 1 son(Rahul Gautam), 2 daughters(Rajani Gautam, Ruchi Gautam )

| education = [[B.Sc]], [[LL.B]]
| source = https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/presentsp.htm
}}
'''Girish Gautam''' is an [[Indian politician]] and Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Deotalab Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MADHYA PRADESH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY MEMBERS |url=https://www.oneindia.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-mlas-list/ |website=OneIndia}}</ref> who is served as [[List of speakers of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-21 |title=जानिये कौन हैं मध्यप्रदेश विधानसभा के नये स्पीकर गिरीश गौतम |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/politics/who-is-girish-gautam-new-speaker-of-madhya-pradesh-assembly/852747 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Madhya Pradesh: BJP names Girish Gautam for Speaker post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-bjp-names-girish-gautam-for-speaker-post/articleshow/81144859.cms |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Times of India |date= 22 February 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-22 |title=BJP's Girish Goutam unanimously elected Speaker of Madhya Pradesh Assembly |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjps-girish-goutam-unanimously-elected-speaker-of-madhya-pradesh-assembly/article33903754.ece |access-date=2022-10-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Girish Gautam to be next speaker of Madhya Pradesh assembly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/girish-gautam-to-be-next-speaker-of-madhya-pradesh-assembly/articleshow/81139249.cms |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Times of India |date= 21 February 2021|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 28 March 1953 in [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=श्री गिरीश गौतम माननीय अध्यक्ष, विधान सभा |url=https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/presentsp.htm |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam, Girish}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from Rewa, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]

Uyirmei

2025-08-20T13:04:30Z

RosemaryBrifman: started some article from scratch - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Uyirmei.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Soap opera [[medical drama|medical]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| director = [[Sundar K. Vijayan]] (25-122) Bhushan (001-025)
| creative_director = V.Priya
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]
* Praveen
* Vineeth
* [[Srithika Saneesh|Srithika]]
* Harshita
* Bharat Kalyan
}}
| theme_music_composer = [[Dharan Kumar]] (Title Song) Rehan (Background Score)
| opentheme = ''Uyirgalai Nesi'' (Vocals) [[Haricharan]] Monisha [[Snehan]] (Lyrics)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 122
| list_episodes =
| producer = Ramesh
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| company = Global One Studios
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|08|18}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2015|1|30}}
| related =
| screenplay =
| music =
| editor =
| channel = [[Zee Tamil]]
}}

'''''Uyirmei''''' is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[medical drama|medical]] soap opera that aired on [[Zee Tamizh|Zee Thamizh]]. The series is apparently inspired by American medical drama ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''. The plot revolves around the lives of some doctors, their lives, families and patients. The show premiered on 18 August 2014.First the director was Bhushan but after a couple of episodes Sundhar.K.Vijayan started to direct.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/column-tube-watch-yesteryear-film-darling-makes-comeback-on-tv/article6324396.ece |title=Yesteryear film darling makes comeback on TV |newspaper=The Hindu |author=Udhav Naig |date=17 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/change-is-in-the-air/article6326809.ece |title=Change is in the air |newspaper=The Hindu |author=Subha J Rao |date=18 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/20678/cinema/Kollywood/Amala-reaching-home-as-doctor--from-August-18.htm |title=18ம் தேதி முதல் வீட்டுக்குள் வருகிறார் டாக்டர் அமலா! (Doctor Amala comes home from 18th!) |newspaper=Dinamalar |language=ta |date=3 August 2014}}</ref> Starting from Monday 24 November 2014, the show was shifted to 7pm time Slot.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://screen4tv.com/?p=270|title=ஜீ தமிழ் – 'உயிர் மெய்' தொடர் நேரம் மாற்றம்.(the show was shifted to 7 pm time slot) |newspaper=screen4tv.com |language=ta }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tamilstar.com/photo-galleries/tamil-movies-uyirmei-serial-stills/01-tamil-movies-uyirmei-serial-stills-uyirmei-serial-stills-amala.html|title=UYIRMEI SERIAL STILLS|newspaper=tamilstar.com|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=2 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052308/http://www.tamilstar.com/photo-galleries/tamil-movies-uyirmei-serial-stills/01-tamil-movies-uyirmei-serial-stills-uyirmei-serial-stills-amala.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its episodes ended on 30 January 2015 with 112 episodes.

==Plot==
Dr Dayananad, founder of Dayanand medical foundation, gives the power of attorney to Kavitha ([[Amala Akkineni|Amala]])<ref>{{cite news |url=http://screen4tv.com/?p=17|title=ஜீ தமிழ் டிவியில் அமலா நடிக்கும் 'உயிர் மெய்' மெகா தொடர் |newspaper=screen4tv.com |language=ta }}</ref> but after some hours Dayanand falls ill. Kavitha manages the situation but problem ensues when the sons and daughters of Dayanand comes and irritates to give the power of attorney to them. To irritate her, the sons take Dayanand to Singapore Hospital. After a long fight, a shocking news arrives to them that Dayanand has died. The rest of the story follows how Kavitha struggles to maintain the hospital and safeguard from the sons of Dayanand.

==Cast==
* [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] as Dr. Kavitha Sandeep, Head of Emergency Care
* [[Srithika Saneesh|Srithika]] as Dr. Bhuvana Natrajan, a Junior Consultant in Internal Medicine
* Vineeth as Tamilselvan, a surgical intern
* Praveen as Doctor Mano Arunmani, a Junior Consultant in General Surgery
* Gibran Osman as Dr. Karan Bhalla, a pediatrician
* Harsitha as Jenny, a nurse
* Bharat Kalyan as Sandeep, Kavitha's husband
* Revathy Shankar as Sandeep's Mother
* [[Pooja Lokesh]] as Pooja, Sandeep's Ex Girlfriend
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
* [[Vatsala Rajagopal]]
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] as Sumathi

== Production ==
The series was created by director Bhushan Kalyan who had earlier apprenticed under acclaimed filmmaker [[Mani Ratnam]] in films such as ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997). Kalyan's wife and director [[V. Priya]], who has also assisted Ratnam, serves as the creative director. Actor and entrepreneur Gibran Osman was roped in to play a pediatrician, a character which is likeable and an instant hit with his patients. First the director was Bhushan but after a couple of episodes Sundhar.K.Vijayan started to direct. Even Gibran was removed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/The-good-doctor/2014/07/24/article2346444.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819091440/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/The-good-doctor/2014/07/24/article2346444.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 August 2014 |title=The good doctor |newspaper=The New Indian Express |author=Mrinalini Sundar |date=24 July 2014}}</ref>

Principal photography began in July 2014 in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Amala-Akkineni-to-debut-in-a-Tamil-TV-series/articleshow/38365924.cms |title=Amala Akkineni to debut in a Tamil TV series |newspaper=The Times of India |agency=TNN |author=Hemanth Kumar |date=14 July 2014}}</ref> The shooting was held at Ambattur where a sprawling set of an hospital was erected by art director and production designer [[Thota Tharani]]. The first episode was aired on 18 August 2014 in the satellite channel [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Amalas-TV-debut-on-August-18/articleshow/39347375.cms |title=Amala's TV debut on August 18 |newspaper=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=31 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|12306668}}

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language medical television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

PhulBan

2025-06-07T08:42:39Z

RosemaryBrifman:

{{more footnotes|date=September 2021}}

{{Infobox book

| name = PhulBan {{lang|ur|پھول بن}}
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt =
| author = Muhammad Mazharuddin Ibn Nashati
| title_orig =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Deccani language]] ([[Urdu]])
| series =
| subject = [[Romance novel|Romance]] and [[Adventure fiction|adventures]]
| genre = [[Romance novel|Romance]] and [[Adventure fiction|adventures]]
| publisher =
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 1656
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| wikisource =

}}

'''Muhammad Mazharuddin Ibn Nashati''' also known as "Ibn Nashati" was a 17th century [[Deccani language]] court poet of [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultan]] [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]]. His [[Masnavi]] ''PhulBan''-"Flower garden" composed in 1656 into [[Deccani language|Dakhini Urdu]] from Persian masnavi ''Basatin'' of 14th Century.
[[File:Phulban - a Persian love story (in Dakkhini Urdu).jpg|thumb|Illustrated page from ibn-e-Nishati's "Phulban" (Flower Garden), a Deccani Urdu rendition of a Persian work, ''Basatin''. Written by "Ibn Nishati" under the patronage of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]], depicted here seated on a throne.]]

==PhulBan==

The composition genre of ''PhulBan'' is a blend of [[Romance novel|romance]] and [[Adventure fiction|adventures]], with 3500 lines and 2000 couplets it is a collection of anecdote leading to each other, the opening element of the book is a tale narrated by a [[Dervish]] to the king of the mythical city of gold. Further stories consist of fabled Chinese merchants, illustrious kings, fictitious princes and princesses, fairy-tales, mythical birds and mendicant Dervish's and [[Yogis]].

As claimed by the author Ibn Nishati, the composition is a [[Deccani language|Dakhini Urdu]] translation of [[Persian language]] work ''Basatin''-(Gardens) by Ahmad Zubairi written in the reign of the 14th century Delhi sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]].

According to Sunil Sharma-(Professor of Persian and Comparative Literature at [[Boston University]])-an article published by British Library on 22 December 2017; "This Persian Basatin has generally been considered as a reference to a lost work, but it is most likely the 15th-century Indo-Persian prose romance, Basatin al-uns (Garden of companionship) written by Muhammad ibn Sadr Taj ‘Abdusi Akhsitan Dihlavi, a work that had a moderate degree of readership in the early modern period."

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://archive.org/stream/URDUHISTORYENG/URDU%20HISTORY%20ENG_djvu.txt History of Urdu Literature, by T. Grahame Bailey-1929]
* [https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/phulban-a-persian-romance Phulban - a Persian romance, by British Library]
* [https://scroll.in/article/862478/illustrations-in-the-dakhni-romantic-tale-phulban-love-meets-conspiracy-and-adventure In the Dakhni romantic tale ‘Phulban’, love meets conspiracy and adventure, by Sunil Sharma-2017]
* [https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2017/12/the-flower-garden-phulban-an-illustrated-dakhni-romance.html The 'Flower Garden' (Phulban), an illustrated Dakhni romance, by Sunil Sharma-2017]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=KtTnQc5HULoC&pg=PT217 The complete book of Muslim and Parsi names, by Menka Gandhi-2004]

[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian books]]

Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557)

2025-03-06T07:57:47Z

RosemaryBrifman: added details per standard format and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[Muhammad Adil Shah Suri]]

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Shivappa Nayaka Palace, Shimoga

2025-03-02T06:01:50Z

RosemaryBrifman: started initial stub more to come - done

{{Short description|Palace and museum in Karnataka state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox Building
| name = Shivappa Nayaka Palace
| image = Shivappa Nayaka Palace and garden.JPG
| caption = Shivappa Nayaka Palace and garden
| location_town = [[Shivamogga]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| years_built = 18th Century
}}

The '''Shivappa Nayaka Palace''' named after the popular 17th-century king [[Shivappa Nayaka]] of the [[Nayakas of Keladi|Keladi Nayaka dynasty]] is located in [[Shivamogga city]] (formerly known as Shimoga), the district headquarters of the [[Shimoga district|Shivamogga district]] in [[Karnataka state]], India. It is now the site of the '''Government Museum'''.

Though named after the Nayaka king, according to art historian George Michell, the palatial bungalow was actually built by the 18th century Mysore ruler [[Hyder Ali]].<ref name="nayaka"/> The building is a protected monument under the Karnataka state division of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="protected">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_karnataka.asp|title=Protected Monuments in Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref>

The two storied building comprises a ''[[Durbar (court)|Durbar]]'' hall ("nobel court") with massive wooden pillars and lobed arched panels. The living chambers on the sides are at the upper level and have balconies and look down into the hall.

Numerous antiquities collected from near by temples and archeological sites, such as sculptures, inscriptions and hero stones from the [[Hoysala empire|Hoysala]] era and later periods are on display at the palace grounds.<ref name="nayaka">Michell (2013), ''Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums'', chapter:Karnataka, section:19, Shimoga, Roli Books, {{ISBN|978-81-7436-920-8}}</ref>

==Gallery==

===The Building===

<gallery>
File:Shivappa Nayaka Palace in Shivamogga.JPG|[[Durbar (court)|Darbar hall]] in the Shivappa Nayaka Palace.
File:Inside the Shivappa Nayaka Palace in Shivamogga.JPG|The Interior
File:Shivappa Nayaka Palace Museum 01.jpg|Sculptures in the courtyard of the Palace.
</gallery>

===12th century Hindu Sculptures===

<gallery>
File:Sculpture of Mahishasura Mardhini dated to the 12th century.JPG|Sculpture of [[Durga|Mahishasura Mardhini]] dated to the 12th century.
File:Sculpture of Uma-Maheshvara dated to the 12th century from Belagutti.JPG|Sculpture of [[Uma–Maheshvara|Uma-Maheshvara]] dated to the 12th century from Belagutti.
File:Sculpture of Ganapati dated to the 11th century from Danayakapura.JPG|Sculpture of [[Ganesha|Ganapati]] dated to the 11th century from Danayakapura.
File:Sculpture of Nandi the bull at the Shivappa Nayaka Palace grounds.JPG|Sculpture of [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]] the bull.
File:Relief sculpture of Gajalakshmi dated to 16th century from Hittala at the Shivappa Nayaka Palace grounds.jpg|Relief sculpture of [[Gajalakshmi]] dated to the 16th century from Hittala.
File:Yoga Narasimha sculpture from the 12th century from Harakere.jpg|[[Narasimha|Yoga Narasimha]] sculpture from the 12th century from Harakere.
File:Ugra Narasimha sculpture.JPG|[[Narasimha|Ugra-Narasimha]] sculpture.
File:Sculpture of Surya the sun god dated to the 14th century from Kannuru.JPG|Sculpture of [[Surya]] the sun god dated to the 14th century from Kannuru.
</gallery>

===Jain Sculptures===

<gallery>File:Sculpture dated 12th century of Adinath Tirtankar from Gurupura.JPG|Sculpture dated 12th century of Adinath Tirtankar from Gurupura in the Shivappa Nayaka Palace in Shivamogga
File:Idols ShivappaNayakaPalace Shimoga Karnatak DivyaGupta2.jpg|Sculpture of [[Parshvanatha]]

</gallery>

===Hero Stones===

<gallery>
File:Hero stone with 13th century old Kannada inscription at the Shivappa Nayaka Palace grounds.JPG|Hero stone with 13th century old Kannada inscription at the Shivappa Nayaka Palace grounds
File:Hero stone with 16th century Kannada inscription at the Shivappa Nayaka Palace grounds.JPG|Hero stone with 16th century Kannada inscription at the Shivappa Nayaka Palace grounds
File:Old Kannada inscription of 12th century from Kallurugudda.jpg|Old Kannada inscription of the 12th century from Kallurugudda on display at the Shivappa Nayaka Palace grounds
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Shivappa Nayaka Palace}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Museums in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Palaces in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Shimoga]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Shimoga district]]
[[Category:State museums in India]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Keladi Nayaka Dynasty]]
[[Category:Museums with year of establishment missing]]

Environmentalist

2025-02-25T09:50:50Z

RosemaryBrifman: brief improve intro for accuracy and fixed typos to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Environmentalism]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}