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Biramitrapur Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T18:20:20Z

Ronny14Z58: put up data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Biramitrapur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Biramitrapur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 10
| type = SLA
| map_image = 10-Biramitrapur.svg
| map_caption = Biramitrapur Assembly constituency in [[Sundargarh district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Northen Division
| district = [[Sundargarh district|Sundargarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sundargarh]]
| established = 1974
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Rohit Joseph Tirkey]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,44,417{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Biramitrapur''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] [[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Sundergarh district]] in [[Odisha]] [[States and union territories of India|State]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040439/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=10 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 January 2014 |title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Biramitrapur (10) District : Sundargarh|accessdate= 5 January 2014}}</ref> It was established in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317193120/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Extent of Assembly Constituencies ==

* Kuarmunda Block
* Nuagaon Block
* Birmitrapur Municipality
* Bisra Block (excluding Kulunga (O.G) Jagada & Jhirpani GPs).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp138.htm|title= 138 - Biramitrapur Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.53}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|34.66}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Samata Kranti Dal}}|28.41}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|36.38}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|43.01}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|47.05}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|48.59}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|42.61}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.98}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|32.92}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|36.46}}
}}
Since its formation in 1951, 12 elections have been held till date.

List of members elected from Biramitrapur constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Biramitrapur Assembly Election Results 2024: Biramitrapur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/biramitrapur-constituency-result-18010 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Rohit Joseph Tirkey]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Shankar Oram]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="2" |George Tirkey
|{{full party name with color|Samata Kranti Dal}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Nihar Surin
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |George Tirkey
|-
||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Satyanarayan Pradhan
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Remis Kerketta
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Junas Bilung
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Premchand Bhagat
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Christodas Lagun
|{{full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
Voting was held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rohit Joseph Tirkey]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Shankar Oram]] by a margin of 6,884 votes.<ref name=":0" />
{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Biramitrapur(ST)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rohit Joseph Tirkey]]
|votes = 84,116
|percentage = 44.53
|change = {{increase}}19.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Shankar Oram]]|votes=77,232|percentage=40.89|change={{increase}}6.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Party|candidate=Remish Jojo|votes=8,871|percentage=4.70|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,909|percentage=1.01|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,884|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=188,898|percentage=77.29|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link |
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Shankar Oram]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Makhlu Ekka by a margin of 16,351 votes.<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Biramitrapur<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1810.htm?ac=10|title=Assembly Election 2019 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shankar Oram]]
|votes = 60,937
|percentage = 34.66
|change = {{increase}}13.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=Makhlu Ekka|votes=44,586|percentage=25.36|change={{increase}}9.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Rohit Joseph Tirkey]]|votes=44,212|percentage=25.15|change={{increase}}17.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,804|percentage=1.03|change=''-''|Symbol=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,351|percentage=9.29|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,75,823|percentage=74.96|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Samata Kranti Dal]] candidate George Tirkey defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Shankar Oram]] by a margin of 11,947 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=7 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Biramitrapur<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Biramitrapur|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1810.htm?ac=10|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Biramitrapur (10)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714194351/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=10|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 July 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=7 June 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samata Kranti Dal
|candidate = George Tirkey
|votes = 46,114
|percentage = 28.41
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Shankar Oram]]|votes=34,167|percentage=21.05|change={{increase}}10.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=Sebeyan Aind|votes=27,849|percentage=17.16|change={{decrease}}2.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=Magdali Kongadi|votes=25,158|percentage=15.5|change={{decrease}}0.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rajesh Kerketta|votes=13,006|percentage=8.01|change={{decrease}}2.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None|votes=1,496|percentage=0.92|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,947|percentage=7.36|change=''-''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,62,315|percentage=77.26|change=8.51}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,10,077
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Samata Kranti Dal
|loser = Independent (politician)
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, independent candidate George Tirkey defeated [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] candidate Nihar Soren by a margin of 20,811 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=20811 |accessdate=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Biramitrapur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = George Tirkey
|votes = 45,132
|percentage = ''36.38''
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=Nihar Soren|votes=24,321|percentage=19.60|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=Sanjib Pratab Singhdeo|votes=19,665|percentage=15.85|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Raisan Tirkey|votes=12,748|percentage=10.27|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Serophina Tapno|votes=12,431|percentage=10.02|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=20,811|percentage=''16.77''{{efn|%of total valid votes}}|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,24,116|percentage=68.75|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sundergarh district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|22.41|84.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Sundergarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Orissa]]

Solapur City North Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T22:35:40Z

Ronny14Z58: Added initial place basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Solapur City North
| constituency_no = 248
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| preceded_by = Vishwanath Chakote
| map_image = 248-Solapur City North.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur]]
| division = [[Pune division]]
| district = [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 328,653
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Vijay Sidramappa Deshmukh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image_alt = Vijay Sidramappa Deshmukh
| alliance = [[Maha Yuti]]
}}
'''Solapur City North Assembly constituency''' ''(formerly Sholapur)'' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Solapur district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polling Booths in Solapur City North Assembly Constituency, Maharashtra |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/polling-booth/solapur-city-north.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

The constituency comprises ward nos. 1 to 5, 15 to 28, 48 to 49, 52 to 65, 86 to 88 of [[Solapur Municipal Corporation]] and Solapur revenue circle.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=272|accessdate=2015-08-14}}</ref>

Polling booth station areas under constituency
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Polling Booth Areas'''
|-
|Bidi Gharkul / Vidi Gharkul
|-
|West Mangalavar Peth
|-
|Patra Talim
|-
|Hande Plot
|-
|Damani Nagar
|-
|Jodabhavi Peth
|-
|Shukravar Peth
|-
|Tulajapur Ves
|-
|Chaupad
|-
|Budhavar Peth Milind Nagar
|-
|Balives
|-
|Bhavani Peth Hanuman Nagar
|-
|Kasabe Solapur Karamba
|-
|Bhavani Peth
|-
|Shivaji Nagar (keganv )
|-
|Kegav
|-
|Budhavar Peth
|-
|Kondi
|-
|Rangraj Nagar
|-
|Shelagi
|-
|Kondi
|-
|Datta chowk area
|-
|Ghongade Vasti
|-
|Sakhar Peth
|-
|Murarji Peth
|-
|Shelagi
|-
|Bhavani Peth Maddi Patil Vasti
|-
|Ravivar Peth
|-
|Laxmi Peth Hause Vasti
|-
|Rupabhavani
|-
|Daji Peth
|-
|Sarvodya Nagar
|-
|Market Yard
|-
|Gandhi Nagar Zopadpatti Nan2
|-
|Laxmi Peth
|-
|Laxmi Peth Habbuvasti
|-
|Laxmi Peth Thobade Vasti
|-
|Dhor Gali
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Shivshakar Mallappa Dhanshetty || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Keshavlal Veerchand Shah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Yankapa Ramaya Madur || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | [[Ramkrishna Pant Bet]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || [[Adam Narsayya Narayan]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan="2" | Baburao Channappa Chakote || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan="2" | [[Lingaraj Valyal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1996 elections in India#Maharashtra|1996 By-election]] || Narsing Madhavrao Mengaji
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Vishwanath Baburao Chakote|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="5" | [[Vijay Deshmukh|Vijay Siddramappa Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Solapur City North">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Solapur City North |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13248.htm |accessdate=14 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114044315/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13248.htm |archivedate=14 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Solapur City North Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Solapur City North Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/solapur-city-north |accessdate=14 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114044344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/solapur-city-north |archivedate=14 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.news18.com/elections/maharashtra/solapur-city-north-assembly-constituency-s13aed2008a248/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijay Deshmukh|Vijay Siddramappa Deshmukh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 117,215 |percentage = 61.12% |change = {{decrease}}3.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kothe Mahesh Vishnupant |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 62,632 |percentage = 32.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vikrant Shrikant Gaikwad |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,477 |percentage = 1.29% |change = {{decrease}}14.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Juber Salim Patel |party = Bharatiya Congress Paksha |votes = 1,885 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mosin Gulab Bagwan (Maindargikar) |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,693 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shilwant Tatyarao Kale |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,547 |percentage = 0.81% |change = {{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 716 |percentage = 0.37% |change = {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 54,583 |percentage = 28.46% |change = {{decrease}}20.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 192,503 |percentage = 58.57% |change = {{increase}}5.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 191,787}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 328,653 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijay Deshmukh|Vijay Siddramappa Deshmukh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 96,529 |percentage = 64.56% |change = {{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Baburao Chandanshive |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 23,461 |percentage = 15.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manohar Ganpat Sapate |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 19,205 |percentage = 12.84% |change = {{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansode Atish Mohan |party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 5,386 |percentage = 3.60% |change = {{decrease}}4.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,153 |percentage = 1.44% |change = {{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdeo Tukaram Raste |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,122 |percentage = 0.75% |change = {{decrease}}4.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Somnath Vijay |party = Sambhaji Brigade Party |votes = 1,058 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 73,068 |percentage = 48.87% |change = {{increase}}3.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,837 |percentage = 52.64% |change = {{decrease}}4.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 149,520}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 288,466 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay Sidramappa Deshmukh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,877 |percentage = 57.07% |change = {{increase}}11.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahesh Chandrakant Gadekar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 17,999 |percentage = 11.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chakote Vishwanath Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,456 |percentage = 9.50% |change = {{decrease}}28.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishnupant L. Gavade |party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 12,358 |percentage = 8.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khandare Uttamprakash Baburao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 9,028 |percentage = 5.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Pandhari Janrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,881 |percentage = 5.18% |change = {{increase}}1.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 928 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 68,878 |percentage = 45.25% |change = {{increase}}37.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,052 |percentage = 56.73% |change = {{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,223}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 271,536 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}11.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijay Deshmukh|Vijay Siddramappa Deshmukh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,363 |percentage = 45.60% |change = {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kothe Mahesh Vishnupant |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,273 |percentage = 38.22% |change = {{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sapate Manohar Ganpat |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,624 |percentage = 10.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jain Manoj Sumerchand |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,770 |percentage = 3.49% |change = {{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ram Vaman Sarvade |party = Republican Party of India (Democratic) |votes = 843 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,090 |percentage = 7.38% |change = {{decrease}}4.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,821 |percentage = 51.22% |change = {{decrease}}7.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,763}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 267,133 |ref = |change = {{increase}}145.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijay Deshmukh|Vijay Siddramappa Deshmukh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,665 |percentage = 51.11% |change = {{increase}}11.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chakote Vishwanath Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,392 |percentage = 39.73% |change = {{decrease}}4.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mangodekar Tulajarm Shetiba |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,216 |percentage = 5.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mengaji Narsing Madhavrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,451 |percentage = 2.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sayyad Mohammand Sadik Mahiboobso |party = Independent politician |votes = 480 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,273 |percentage = 11.38% |change = {{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,927 |percentage = 58.79% |change = {{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,914}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,747 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chakote Vishwanath Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,167 |percentage = 44.11% |change = {{increase}}7.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kishor A. Deshpande |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 26,240 |percentage = 39.69% |change = {{decrease}}14.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadul Dharmanna Mondayya |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 10,577 |percentage = 16.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,927 |percentage = 4.43% |change = {{decrease}}12.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,036 |percentage = 60.92% |change = {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,120}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,682 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1996 elections in India#Maharashtra|1996 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Solapur City North <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov1996/index.htm |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - 1996 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mengaji Narsing Madhavrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,126 |percentage = 53.73% |change = {{increase}}7.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chakote Vishwanath Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,982 |percentage = 36.68% |change = {{increase}}10.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalshetti Siddhappa Shivbasappa |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 5,601 |percentage = 8.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sagari Moulasab Jamalsab |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 533 |percentage = 0.82% |change = {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,144 |percentage = 17.04% |change = {{decrease}}2.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,880 |percentage = 61.00% |change = {{decrease}}14.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,380}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,006 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Lingaraj Valyal]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,077 |percentage = 45.79% |change = {{decrease}}8.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdulpurkar Aralappa Gangappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,883 |percentage = 26.51% |change = {{decrease}}14.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chakote Baburao Channappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,772 |percentage = 18.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marta Prakash Mallayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,452 |percentage = 3.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kureshi A. Khalif Haji A. Ajij |party = Independent politician |votes = 842 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shetty Saraswati Shankar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 548 |percentage = 0.70% |change = {{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,194 |percentage = 19.29% |change = {{increase}}6.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,049 |percentage = 75.08% |change = {{increase}}8.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,786}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,616 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}9.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Lingaraj Valyal]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,059 |percentage = 54.23% |change = {{increase}}19.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chakote Baburao Channappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,128 |percentage = 41.42% |change = {{decrease}}16.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanna Umesh Vishwambar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 1,995 |percentage = 2.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,931 |percentage = 12.80% |change = {{decrease}}9.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,297 |percentage = 66.52% |change = {{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,563}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,712 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chakote Baburao Channappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,370 |percentage = 57.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raleraskar Ravindra Ramkrishna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,302 |percentage = 35.13% |change = {{increase}}29.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parakipandala Narsayya Lachhamaya |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,652 |percentage = 7.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,068 |percentage = 22.72% |change = {{increase}}22.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,043 |percentage = 65.52% |change = {{increase}}0.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,324}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,317 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{increase}}17.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chakote Baburao Channappa |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 25,870 |percentage = 40.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dikonda Vithalrao Sayanna |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 25,769 |percentage = 40.07% |change = {{increase}}13.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Iqbal Rayalliwala |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,933 |percentage = 6.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Adam Narsayya Narayan]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,647 |percentage = 5.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Indapure Chintamani Dattatraya |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,073 |percentage = 3.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gentyal Narasappa Bhimayya |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,958 |percentage = 3.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vishnupanth Ramrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 916 |percentage = 1.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 101 |percentage = 0.16% |change = {{decrease}}4.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,207 |percentage = 65.21% |change = {{decrease}}2.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,311}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,988 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = {{increase}}8.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Adam Narsayya Narayan]] |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 20,372 |percentage = 31.28% |change = {{increase}}29.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dikonda Vithalrao Sayanna |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 17,123 |percentage = 26.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bali Ganesh Rachappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,354 |percentage = 22.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhogade Vishvanath Sidramappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,281 |percentage = 14.25% |change = {{decrease}}33.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rampure Abdal Ajit Nabilal |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,598 |percentage = 3.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vishnupant Ramrao |party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 874 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ohol Ganpat Bhagwan |party = Independent politician |votes = 406 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,249 |percentage = 4.99% |change = {{decrease}}2.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,263 |percentage = 68.18% |change = {{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,123}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,185 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramkrishna Pant Bet]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,364 |percentage = 47.58% |change = {{increase}}7.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madur Venkappa Ramayya |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 21,301 |percentage = 39.96% |change = {{increase}}5.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Revansidha Bhogade |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,473 |percentage = 10.27% |change = {{increase}}7.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Adam Narsayya Narayan]] |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,170 |percentage = 2.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,063 |percentage = 7.62% |change = {{increase}}1.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,427 |percentage = 70.15% |change = {{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,308}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,591 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramkrishna Pant Bet]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,722 |percentage = 40.49% |change = {{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. R. Madur |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 15,809 |percentage = 34.19% |change = {{decrease}}10.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Warad |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 8,769 |percentage = 18.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Bumal |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,593 |percentage = 3.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. B. Hampi |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,235 |percentage = 2.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,913 |percentage = 6.30% |change = {{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,816 |percentage = 71.89% |change = {{increase}}8.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,244}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,905 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}24.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}3.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Yankapa Ramaya Madur |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 23,025 |percentage = 44.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavlal Virchand Shah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,301 |percentage = 39.09% |change = {{decrease}}17.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanmantraya Irappa Racheti |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,822 |percentage = 13.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sidram Mallayya Kantikar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,241 |percentage = 2.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sidramappa Maruti Fulari |party = Independent politician |votes = 546 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,724 |percentage = 5.25% |change = {{decrease}}26.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,541 |percentage = 63.15% |change = {{increase}}2.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,935}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,540 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shah Keshavlal Veerchand |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,503 |percentage = 56.54% |change = {{increase}}17.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Irabatti Ashanna Lachamaya |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,791 |percentage = 24.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abute Laxman Narasu |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 8,042 |percentage = 18.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,712 |percentage = 31.64% |change = {{increase}}18.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,336 |percentage = 60.94% |change = {{increase}}13.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,336}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,115 |ref = |change = {{increase}}49.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}4.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dhanshetti Shivshakar Mallappa |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 11,799 |percentage = 52.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chanapattan Vyankappa Tippanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,737 |percentage = 38.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sardar Madiwallappa Shivshankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 527 |percentage = 2.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bableshwar Hajisaheb Amirsaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 381 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Oname Annarao Revanshiddappa |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 357 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kankatti Papayya Ushappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 298 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheral Narsappa Lachmaya |party = Independent politician |votes = 221 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bet Ramkrishna Vyankappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 192 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,062 |percentage = 13.60% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,512 |percentage = 47.39% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,512}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,501 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Solapur district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|17.69|75.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Solapur district]]
[[Category:Solapur]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Renjusha Menon

2026-04-29T22:56:54Z

Ronny14Z58: made a data!

{{Short description|Indian actress (1989–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Renjusha Menon
| image = Renjusha Menon.jpg
| children =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1988}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2023|10|30|35|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India
| death_cause = Suicide by hanging
| nationality =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
| height =
| years_active =
}}

'''Renjusha Menon''' (1988 – 30 October 2023) was an Indian actress, who primarily appeared in Malayalam television serials.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-30 |title=35-year-old Malayalam actress Renjusha Menon found dead at her residence |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/35-year-old-malayalam-actress-renjusha-menon-found-dead-at-her-residence/articleshow/104816110.cms |access-date=2023-10-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
Renjusha, who was a contestant on the [[Malayalam]] celebrity reality show ''Nakshatra Deepangal'' on [[Kairali TV]], first appeared in the program ''Sensation''. She then acted in [[Surya TV]]'s serials such as ''Anandaragam'', Kaumudi's ''Varan Doctor'' and ''[[Ente Maathavu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ആദ്യവിവാഹവും പ്രശ്നങ്ങളും, പങ്കാളിയുമായുള്ള ബിസിനസ്സും സ്വപ്നങ്ങളും; രഞ്ജുഷയുടെ മരണത്തിന് കാരണം തേടി സോഷ്യൽ മീഡിയ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/social-media-discussions-on-renjusha-menon-s-un-expected-death/articleshow/104817948.cms |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> Renjusha made her debut on the [[Television|small screen]] with the serial ''Sthree''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renjusha Menon Dies: 5 Points On The Malayalam TV And Film Actor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/renjusha-menon-dies-5-points-on-the-malayalam-tv-and-film-actor-4527625 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> She then acted in serials like ''Nizhalattam'', ''Magalude Amma'' and ''Balamani.'' In 2006, she made her film debut in ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |date=30 October 2023 |title=Boldest girl on set who talks against suicide; Renjusha passes away on her birthday |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1178809&u=boldest-girl-on-set-who-talks-against-suicide-ranjusha-passes-away-on-her-birthday-1178809 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> She also acted in films like ''[[Thalappavu]]'' (2008), ''[[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]]'' (2010),'' [[City of God (2011 film)|City of God]]'' (2011)'', [[Bombay March 12]]'' (2011), ''[[Lisammayude Veedu|Lizammayude Veedu]]'' (2013). She was also a classic dancer, and took a degree in [[Bharatanatyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=സിനിമ– സീരിയല്‍ നടി രഞ്ജുഷ മേനോൻ തൂങ്ങി മരിച്ച നിലയില്‍ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2023/10/30/film-serial-actress-renjusha-menon-found-dead.html |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>

==Death==
On 30 October 2023, Renjusha was found hanging in her rented apartment in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. She was 35, and had been living in the apartment with her family.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Actress Renjusha Menon found hanging, body found in flat |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1178789&u= |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]'' || Kavitha ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Thalappavu]]'' || Narayani ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]]'' || Lolappan's wife ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''[[City of God (2011 film)|City of God]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bombay March 12]]'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Lisammayude Veedu]]'' || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Renjusha}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:2023 suicides]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Female suicides]]

Kakraita

2026-04-27T16:39:56Z

Ronny14Z58: adding initial article more to come!

{{Short description|Village in Agra, Uttar Pradesh}}

'''Kakraita''', also known as '''Kakrahta''' or '''Kakrentha''', is a village of Sikandra block of [[Agra district|Agra District]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyYKAQAAIAAJ&dq=kakraita+agra&pg=PP234|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India|last=Sutherland Cotton|first=James|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1909|pages=56}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm05AAAAIAAJ&q=kakretha|title=The Indian Factories Journal|publisher=Laws of India Private Limited|year=1981|pages=23,62}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The village is on the banks of the [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]], with [[Mathura district]] to the west.

The main spoken language is Hindi, as the major population is Hindu. The local [[pin code]] for the village is 282007, as it falls in the Sikandra block of Agra district.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fI-59nhUNQC&q=kakretha+yamuna|title=District Census Handbook. Series 21 : Uttar Pradesh: Agra|last=Uttar Pradesh|first=India.|publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|year=1900|pages=49}}</ref>

== Location ==
[[Guru Ka Tal|Gurudwara Guru ka Tal]], a tourist and [[Sikhs|Sikh]] religious destination, is located in village, and the monument [[Akbar's tomb]] and [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH-19]], which connects it with Mathura district, are nearby.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-58EAAAQBAJ&dq=kakretha&pg=PT190|title=Guru Tegh Bahadur His Life, Travel and Message|last=Singh|first=Dr. Dharam|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|year=2022|pages= |isbn=978-93-5409-583-2 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|27|12|57|N|77|58|30|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Villages in Agra district]]

{{Agra-geo-stub}}

Decline of the Mughal Empire

2026-04-23T14:35:28Z

Ronny14Z58: put up a data

{{Short description|Period in Indian history, c. 1712–1857}}
[[File:Joppen_map-India_in_1751_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg|right|thumb|India in 1751]]

The '''decline of the Mughal Empire''' was a period in [[History of India|Indian history]] roughly between the early 18th century and mid 19th century during which the [[Mughal Empire]], which once dominated [[Indian subcontinent|the subcontinent]], experienced a sharp decline. The period is also called '''the Anarchy''' by [[William Dalrymple]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkw_EAAAQBAJ |title=The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire |date=2022-01-11 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-63557-580-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=Tom |date=October 2020 |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company. By William Dalrymple. pp. 557. London, Bloomsbury, 2019. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/anarchy-the-relentless-rise-of-the-east-india-company-by-william-dalrymple-pp-557-london-bloomsbury-2019/2E6D56C3FB8B5DAEA97B8CE3AD7CB079 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=771–774 |doi=10.1017/S1356186320000425 |issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Several factors are frequently cited to be responsible for the decline, including the [[Mughal war of succession (1707–1709)|wars of succession]], various different (Maratha, [[Mughal-Rajput wars|Rajput]], Sikh and [[Aurangzeb#Jat rebellion|Jat]]) rebellions, the [[Durrani Empire|Afghan]] and [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Iranian]] invasions, and the rise of the [[British East India Company]]. The period is usually considered to have begun with the death of [[Bahadur Shah I]] in 1712 and ended with the deposition of [[Bahadur Shah II]] in 1857. A number of provinces became hereditary vassal monarchies who ruled nominally in the name of the emperor. All powers, including the Marathas and British, nominally ruled in the name of the emperor, and the politics of the era was marked by these powers trying to gain a larger influence over the emperor than the other.

Several Historians have debated the cause of decline. [[Irfan Habib]] argues the excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich (the [[Agrarian crisis of the Mughal Empire|agrarian crisis]]), which stripped away the will and the means to support the regime causing the empire to collapse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Habib |first=Irfan |date=March 1969 |title=Potentialities of Capitalistic Development in the Economy of Mughal India |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=32–78 |doi=10.1017/s0022050700097825 |jstor=2115498 |s2cid=91170802}}</ref> Habib developed this argument at length in ''The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707'' as the [[Agrarian crisis of the Mughal Empire|agrarian crisis]], characterised by peasant flight, zamindar militarisation, and a widening gap between assessed (''jama'') and realised (''hasil'') revenue.<ref>{{cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |title=The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707 |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |orig-date=1963 |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-807742-8 |pages=364–405}}</ref> [[William Dalrymple]] largely attributes the decline to the [[Religious policy of the Mughals after Akbar|rigid religious policies under Aurangzeb]] and the [[Deccan wars|Deccan Wars]].<ref name=":6" /> [[Jeffrey G. Williamson]] argues that the [[Economic history of India|South Asian economy]] underwent [[deindustrialization]] in the later half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, local [[Supply-side economics|supply-side influences]] such as political and economic fragmentation, and
global [[commodity price shocks]], which led to a decline in agricultural productivity that drove up [[food prices]], [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal]] wages and textile prices.<ref name="williamson">{{Cite web |last=[[Jeffrey G. Williamson]], David Clingingsmith |date=August 2005 |title=India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries |url=http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/orourkek/Istanbul/JGWGEHNIndianDeind.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213044056/http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/orourkek/Istanbul/JGWGEHNIndianDeind.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=18 May 2017 |publisher=[[Harvard University]]}}</ref> Williamson further argues that this led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain.<ref name="Jeffrey G. Williamson 2011 91">{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey G. Williamson |author-link=Jeffrey G. Williamson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QiDslL0o-hUC&pg=PA91 |title=Trade and Poverty: When the Third World Fell Behind |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-262-29518-5 |page=91 |access-date=15 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922033919/https://books.google.com/books?id=QiDslL0o-hUC&pg=PA91 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Broadberry |first1=Stephen |last2=Gupta |first2=Bishnupriya |year=2005 |title=Cotton textiles and the great divergence: Lancashire, India and shifting competitive advantage, 1600–1850 |url=http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/papers/broadberry-gupta.pdf |conference=The Rise, Organization, and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets |publisher=Utrecht University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910075425/http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/papers/broadberry-gupta.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016 |conference-url=http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/factormarkets.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

Karen Leonard focuses on the failure of the regime to work with Hindu bankers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leonard |first=Karen |date=April 1979 |title=The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0jt639r0 |url-status=live |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=151–167 |doi=10.1017/s0010417500012792 |jstor=178414 |s2cid=54775994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221110905/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0jt639r0 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref> In a religious interpretation, some scholars argue that the Hindu powers revolted against the rule of a Muslim dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hallissey |first=Robert C. |url=https://archive.org/details/rajputrebelliona00hall |title=The Rajput Rebellion Against Aurangzeb |publisher=University of Missouri Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-8262-0222-2 |pages=ix, x, 84 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Some historians assert such orthodox policies resulting in decline of Mughal power in the Indian Subcontinent.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Katherine Butler |date=January 2007 |title=Did Aurangzeb Ban Music? Questions for the Historiography of his Reign |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=41 |issue=1 |page=79 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X05002313 |s2cid=145371208}}</ref> During the reign of [[Aurangzeb]] imposed practices of orthodox Islamic state based on the ''[[Fatawa 'Alamgiri]].'' This resulted in the persecution of [[Shia]]s, [[Sufi]]s and non-Muslims.<ref name="bitory1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdmcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 |title=The History of India |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-201-7 |editor-last=Pletcher |editor-first=Kenneth |page=183}}</ref><ref name="bitory2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idw0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA433 |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4833-5988-5 |editor-last=Joseph |editor-first=Paul |pages=432–433}}</ref> G. N. Moin Shakir and Sarma Festschrift argue that he often used political opposition as pretext for religious persecution, resulting in revolts of groups of [[Jat people|Jats]], Marathas, Sikhs, [[Satnami]]s and [[Pashtuns]].<ref name="Edwardes1930">{{cite book |last1=Edwardes |first1=Stephen Meredyth |authorlink1=Stephen Edwardes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aqU9Zu7mFoC&pg=PA119 |title=Mughal Rule in India |last2=Garrett |first2=Herbert Leonard Offley |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |year=1930 |isbn=978-81-7156-551-1 |page=119}}</ref><ref name="bitory4">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_gQAQAAIAAJ |title=Religion State And Politics in India |publisher=Ajanta Publications (India) |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-202-0213-9 |editor-last1=Shakir |editor-first1=Moin |page=47}}</ref>{{sfnp|Agrawal|1983|p=15}}

Other scholars argue that the very prosperity of the Empire inspired the provinces to achieve a high degree of independence, thus weakening the imperial court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Claude Markovits |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA172 |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4 |pages=172–173 |orig-year=First published 1994 as ''Histoire de l'Inde Moderne''}}</ref> Aurangzeb's son, [[Bahadur Shah I]], repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. However, after he died in 1712, the Mughal dynasty began to sink into chaos and violent feuds. In 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne.<ref name="Berndl">{{Cite book |last=Berndl |first=Klaus |title=National Geographic Visual History of the World |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5 |pages=318–320}}</ref>

== Mughal war of succession (1707–1709) ==
{{See also|Mughal war of succession (1707–1709)|Battle of Jajau}}
[[File:Shah Alam Bahadur (Bahadur Shah I 1707-1712).jpg|thumb|[[Bahadur Shah I]] was crowned the Mughal Emperor in 1707. ]]
Following the [[Deccan wars|Deccan Wars]], the three sons of Aurangzeb, [[Bahadur Shah I]], [[Muhammad Azam Shah]], and [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]] fought each other for the throne. Muhammad Azam Shah lived in [[Ahmednagar]]. [[Khafi Khan]] suggested that whoever reached the capital city of Agra first would capture the throne.{{sfnp|Khafi Khan|2006|p=577}} The distances to Agra from Jamrud and Ahmednagar were 715 and 700 miles, respectively. Azam Shah and Bahadur Shah were involved in the [[Battle of Jajau]], south of [[Agra]], on 20 June 1707.{{sfnp|Irvine|2006|p=22}} Azam Shah and his three sons were killed in the battle and were buried with other royals in [[Humayun's Tomb]] in [[Delhi]].{{sfnp|Irvine|2006|p=34}}

Bahadur Shah's half-brother, [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]], marched to [[Bijapur]] in March 1707 with his soldiers. When the news of Aurangzeb's death spread through the city, the city's monarch, King Sayyid Niyaz Khan surrendered the fort to Baksh without a fight.{{sfnp|Irvine|2006|p=51}} In May 1708, Bahadur Shah sent a letter to Kam Bakhsh warning that he hoped would prevent him from proclaiming himself an independent sovereign. Bahadur Shah then began a journey to the [[Tomb of Aurangzeb]] to pay his respects to his father.{{sfnp|Irvine|2006|p=57}} Kam Bakhsh replied, thanking him "without either explaining or justifying [his actions]".{{sfnp|Irvine|2006|p=58}}

When Bahadur Shah reached [[Hyderabad]] on 28 June 1708, he learned that Kam Bakhsh had attacked [[Machilipatnam]] (Bandar) in an attempt seize over three million rupees worth of treasure hidden in its fort. The [[subahdar]] of the province, [[Rustam Dil Khan|Jan Sipar Khan]], refused to hand over the money.{{sfnp|Irvine|2006|p=58}} Enraged, Kam Bakhsh confiscated his properties and ordered the recruitment of four thousand soldiers for the attack.{{sfnp|Irvine|2006|p=59}} In July, the garrison at the [[Gulbarga Fort]] declared its independence and garrison leader Daler Khan Bijapuri "reported his desertion from Kam Bakhsh". On 20 December 1708, Kam Bakhsh marched towards Talab-i-Mir Jumla, on the outskirts of Hyderabad, with "three hundred camels, [and] twenty thousand rockets" for war with Bahadur Shah. Although Kam Bakhsh had little money and few soldiers left, the royal astrologer had predicted that he would "miraculously" win the battle.{{sfnp|Irvine|2006|p=61}} At sunrise the following day, Bahadur Shah's army charged towards Kam Bakhsh. His 15,000 troops were divided into two bodies: one led by Mumin Khan, assisted by Rafi-ush-Shan and Jahan Shah, and the second under [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung]]. Two hours later Kam Bakhsh's camp was surrounded, and Zulfiqar Khan impatiently attacked him with his "small force".{{sfnp|Irvine|2006|p=62}} With his soldiers outnumbered and unable to resist the attack, Kam Bakhsh joined the battle and shot two quivers of arrows at his opponents. A dispute arose between Mumin Khan and Zulfikar Khan Nusrat Jung over who had captured them, with Rafi-us-Shan ruling in favor of the latter.{{sfnp|Irvine|2006|p=63}} Bahadur Shah I was crowned the Mughal emperor after the conflicts.

== Later civil wars ==
After the death of Bahadur Shah I, a war of succession brow out between his sons in which [[Jahandar Shah]] was victorious. Unlike previous Mughal wars of succession, the outcome of this war was engineered by a noble, [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]]. He built an alliance between Jahandar Shah, and his younger brothers [[Rafi-ush-Shan|Rafi-us-Shan]] and [[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Jahan Shah]], proposing to them that they could divide the empire between them upon victory (with Zulfiqar Khan serving as their common ''mir bakhshi''). Azim-us-Shan was defeated and killed, following which Jahandar Shah broke the alliance and turned on his brothers, defeating them and killing them with the help of Zulfiqar Khan, emerging as the victor of the succession struggle.{{sfnp|Faruqui|2012|p=310 & 315-317}}<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=A history of modern India, 1480-1950 |date=2002 |publisher=Anthem Press |others=Claude Markovits, Nisha George, Maggy Hendry |isbn=1-84331-004-X |location=London |pages=174–175 |oclc=50175836}}</ref>

[[Farrukhsiyar]] defeated Jahandar Shah with the aid of the [[Sayyid brothers]], and one of the brothers, Abdullah Khan. According to historian [[William Irvine (historian)|William Irvine]], Farrukhsiyar's close aides [[Mir Jumla III]] and Khan Dauran sowed seeds of suspicion in his mind that they might usurp him from the throne.{{sfnp|Irvine|2006|p=282}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Michael Fischer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bhKMDwAAQBAJ&dq=so+he+could+not+confront+the+Sayyid+brothers.+Further,+they+threatened+to+enthrone&pg=PA212 |title=A Short History of the Mughal Empire |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9780857727770 |page=212}}</ref>

=== Syed brothers ===
{{See also|Sayyid brothers}}{{Multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Ḥasan ʿAlí Xárí, later ʿAbdulláh Xár Quṭb al-mulk..jpg
| caption1 = [[Hussain Ali Khan Barha]]
| image2 = Farrukhsiyar receiving Husain Ali Khan ca. 1715 British Library.jpg
| caption2 = [[Hassan Ali Khan Barha]]
| align = left
}}

During the reign of the Aurangzeb in 1697, [[Hassan Ali Khan Barha|Hassan Ali Khan]] and [[Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Hussain Ali Khan]] were appointed into Mughal administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Audrey Truschke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOcSEAAAQBAJ&dq=sayyid+brothers+figureheads&pg=PT146 |title=the Language of History:Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule |publisher=Publisher:Columbia University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-231-55195-3 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403222119/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOcSEAAAQBAJ&dq=sayyid+brothers+figureheads&pg=PT146 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad Yasin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC&q=sayyid+barha+brotherhood |title=A Social History of Islamic India, 1605–1748 |publisher=Upper India Publishing House |year=1958 |page=18 |quote=became virtual rulers and 'de facto' sovereigns when they began to make and unmake emperors. They had developed a sort of common brotherhood among themselves |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403224905/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC&q=sayyid+barha+brotherhood |archive-date=3 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> They were [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]] belonging to the [[Sadaat-e-Bara]] clan of the [[Barha dynasty]], who claimed to be [[Sayyid]]s or the descendants of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Claude Markovits |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&dq=sayyid+barha+indian+muslim&pg=PA175 |title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 |author2=Maggy Hendry |author3=Nisha George |date=2002 |publisher=Anthem |isbn=9781843310044}}</ref> The brothers became highly influential in the Mughal Court after Aurangzeb's death in 1707 and became de facto sovereigns of the empire when they began to make and unmake emperors.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=193}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC&q=sayyid%20brotherhood%20barha |title=Mohammad Yasin |date=1958 |publisher=Upper India Publishing House |page=18}}</ref>

After Prince Mu'izz ud-Din Jahandar Shah, the eldest of Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]]'s sons, had been appointed in 1695 to the charge of the [[Multan]] province.<ref>{{cite book |author=Muzaffar Alam (1986) |title=The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India |publisher=Oxford University Press, Bombay |page=21}}</ref> When Emperor Aurangzeb died and Prince Muhammad Mu'azzam Shah Alam, reached Lahore on his march to [[Agra]] to contest the throne, the Sayyids presented themselves, and their services were gladly accepted. In the [[Battle of Jajau]] or Jajowan on the 18th Rabi I, 1119 H. (18 June 1707), they served in the [[Vanguard (military tactics)|vanguard]] and fought valiantly on foot, as was the Sayyid habit in an emergency.<ref>{{cite book |author=William Irvine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&dq=they+served+in+the+vanguard+and+fought+valiantly+on+foot+,+as+was+the+Sayyid+habit+on+an+emergency+.&pg=PA204 |title=Later Mughal |date=1971 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |page=204}}</ref> The two Sayyids managed to quarrel with Khanazad Khan, the vizier Munim Khan's second son, and offended Jahandar Shah, though the breach was healed by a visit to them from the vizier in person, there is little doubt that this difference helped to keep them out of employment.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6mgAAAAMAAJ&dq=bahadur+shah+i+sayyids+of+barha&pg=PA335 |title=Calcutta Review Volume 52 |date=1871 |publisher=Indiana University |page=335}}</ref>

== Rajput rebellions ==
In the late 17th century, various Rajput noblemen previously loyal to the Mughal crown, revolted and carved out their own independent kingdoms. These revolts lasted throughout the 17th and 19th centuries.

{{See also|Rathore rebellion (1679–1707)}}
[[File:Durga Das before Maharaja Ajit Singh of Marwar.jpg|left|thumb|[[Durgadas Rathore]] and [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]]]]
The Rathore rebellion,<ref name="GH3">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=history%20of%20rajasthan%20hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan |publisher=Rupa |year=2006 |isbn=9788129115010 |pages=595–610 |quote=With Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the first phase of Rathore resistance against the Mughals ended. Ajit Singh wrested the fort and city of Jodhpur from the imperial qiledar on March 12, 1707, after killing or dispersing the imperial garrison. Thereafter, while the sons of Aurangzeb were involved in a struggle for the imperial throne Ajit Singh succeeded in extending his sway over Sojat, Pali and Merta.}}</ref> was fought [[Kingdom of Marwar|Rajputs of Marwar]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] started after the death of [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar]], due to [[Aurangzeb]]'s attempt to interfere in the succession of [[Marwar]]. On 23 July 1679, Aurangzeb made attempts to divide Marwar into two [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] principalities, one held by Inder Singh Rathore and other by [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]]. Aurangzeb also proposed that Ajit Singh should be raised as a Muslim and offered Jodhpur in return.<ref name="RC2">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |url= |title=an advanced history of Rajasthan |publisher=Trinity Press |year=2020 |pages=494–497 |quote=The Rathors, thrown into confusion and dismay by the death of their chief, failed to present any united national resistance. ... Jodhpur was offered to Ajit on condition of his turning a Muslim. This extraordinary proposal hurt the feelings of the Rathors. ... Rajputs carried on a guerrilla warfare and fell on the Mughal outposts with so much courage that 'the command of the outposts went a-begging, captain after captain declining the dangerous honour and offering excuses'. The Rajputs surprised the Mughal army under Prince Akbar in May 1680 and carried off its provisions. Reduced to starvation the Mughal army stood "motionless through fear", as Prince Akbar complained. ... Under the able leadership of Durgadas, the Rathors ceaselessly carried on a guerrilla warfare and harassed the Mughal outposts so that the Mughal officers were compelled to pay chauth.}} According to historian Jadunath Sarkar, the date of the attack was 14 May 1680 (''History of Aurangzib: Northern India, 1658–1681'' (M. C. Sarkar & Sons, 1920) p. 408).</ref> The Jodhpur nobles led by Durgadas opposed this decision, upon which Aurangzeb tried to imprison the infant prince Ajit Singh.<ref name="richards">{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |author-link=John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA180 |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-52156-603-2 |edition=Reprinted |pages=180–181}}</ref><ref name="SC">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&q=satish+chandra+medieval+india |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals |publisher=Har Anand |year=2005 |isbn=9788124110669 |pages=306–312 |quote=With the return of Durgadas to Marwar in 1686 and with the appearance of Ajit Singh in person to head the resistance, the Rathors gained a number of victories.}}</ref>

Upon hearing of this news, the Marwar loyalists led by Sonig Rathore and Ram Bhati captured the fort of Jodhpur from the Mughal officers, Tahir Beg and Tahawar Khan. Other loyalists like Sujan Singh also captured the forts of Siwana and Merta.<ref name="GH3"/><ref name="SC" /> [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Prince Akbar]] was sent with an army to occupy Jodhpur. The Rajputs made headstrong and suicidal attacks on the Mughals, but they were unable to stop their advance towards Jodhpur, which was soon occupied by Akbar.<ref name="richards" />

After the death of [[Raj Singh I|Raj Singh]], Aurangzeb was able to sue for peace with Mewar, upon which the new Rana was forced to give away some land and promise not to help Ajit Singh. In 1686, Durgadas returned and won several victories against the Mughals, prompting Shujaat Khan, the Mughal governor of Gujarat and Jodhpur, to lead an intensive campaign against the Rathors.<ref name="SC" /><ref name="RC2"/> Hostilities thus continued until [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb's]] death, after which Jodhpur was captured by the Rathores.<ref name="GH3"/><ref name="SC" /> [[Bahadur Shah I]] would invade Marwar again, resulting in the [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)|Rajput Rebellion of 1708–1710]].<ref name="GH3"/>

[[R. C. Majumdar]] wrote:<ref name="RC2"/>{{blockquote|The Rajput wars of Aurangzeb produced disastrous consequences for his Empire. Thousands of lives were sacrificed and enormous sums were wasted on the desert land without any lasting success to the emperor.}}

=== Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710) ===
{{See also|Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)}}
[[File:The rulers of Jodhpur, Amber and Udaipur.jpg|thumb|A Mewari painting of [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]], [[Amar Singh II]], [[Sawai Jai Singh|Maharaja Jai Singh II]] and [[Durgadas Rathore]]]]
Various Rajput nobles including [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]], [[Amar Singh II]], [[Sawai Jai Singh|Maharaja Jai Singh II]] and [[Durgadas Rathore]] formed an alliance and revolted against the Mughal crown in 1708.<ref name="KS2">{{Cite book |last=Bhatnagar |first=V.S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Life and times of Sawai Jai Singh |publisher=Impex India |year=1974 |pages=62–63 |quote=The Rajputs broke open the treasury and disbursed its contents among the people.....three thousand enemy soldiers, as Jai Singh wrote to Chattrasal Bundela on October 16, 1708 were killed in the bloody engagement.......The Rajputs had despatched their armies towards Rohtak, Delhi and Agra and had established ouposts at Rewari and Narnaul.}}</ref>

Bahadur Shah I was forced to move south and could not come back till 12 June 1710. Jodhpur was captured in July and Amber in October 1708.<ref name="PD">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DLQeSBLpUwsC |title=Rajasthan Through the Ages |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176258418 |pages=100–103 |language=en |quote=}}</ref> Sayyid Hussain Barha and Churaman Jat were sent with a large force to retake Amber, however Barha was shot dead with his brothers and the Mughals were defeated. Three thousand Mughals were killed at Sambhar. Jai Singh in his letter to Chattrasal has written that "among the dead were all three [[Faujdar]]s". The Rajputs also took all the Mughal treasury of Sambhar and distributed it among the people.<ref name="KS2"/> When Bahadur Shah got to know of this defeat, he immediately tried to sue for peace by offering to restore Ajit Singh and Jai Singh to their thrones, however the Rajputs demanded the restoration of their lands that had been forcefully taken by Aurangzeb in 1679 and the expulsion of the Mughals from Rajputana.<ref name="KS2"/>

When Bahadur Shah returned, he had no choice but to negotiate with the Rajputs. Gifts and letters were sent to the two rebel Rajas in May 1710. The rise of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] and death of [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]], [[faujdar]] of [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]], further caused fear in the Mughal court and on 11 June 1710 Jai Singh and Ajit Singh were invited to the Mughal court and were given robes of honour, presents and governorships of [[Malwa]] and [[Gujarat]].

== War with the Marathas ==

=== Early conflicts ===
[[File:Jai Singh and Shivaji.jpg|thumb|[[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] meets [[Shivaji]] after the [[Battle of Purandar]].|left]]
The [[Maratha Empire]] was founded by [[Shivaji]].{{sfnp|Pearson|1976|pp=221–235}} He led a resistance against the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] in 1645 by winning the fort Torna, followed by many more forts, placing the area under his control. He created an independent Maratha kingdom with [[Raigad fort|Raigad]] as its capital{{sfnp|Vartak|1999|pp=1126–1134}} and successfully fought against the Mughals to defend his kingdom.

In 1665 the Marathas under Shivaji [[Battle of Surat|sacked Surat]], a wealthy Mughal port city. The Maratha soldiers took away cash, gold, silver, pearls, rubies, diamonds & emeralds from the houses of rich merchants such as [[Virji Vora]], Haji Zahid Beg, Haji Kasim and others. The business of Mohandas Parekh, the deceased broker of the [[Dutch East India Company]], was spared as he was reputed as a [[Charity (practice)|charitable]] man.
<ref name="Sardesai2002">{{cite book |author=H. S. Sardesai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&pg=PA506 |title=Shivaji, the great Maratha |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7755-286-7 |pages=506– |access-date=14 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="BGGokhale_1979">{{cite book |author=[[Balkrishna Govind Gokhale]] |title=Surat In The Seventeenth Century |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1979 |isbn=9788171542208 |page=25 |chapter=VII. The Merchant Prince Virji Vora |access-date=2011-11-25 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frbYo91TuV4C&q=Mohandas+Parekh+charitable&pg=PA25}}</ref> In 1660 in the [[Shaista Khan]] defeated [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] forces under [[Firangoji Narsala]].<ref name="chakan">{{cite book |author=Jacques, Tony |url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 |page=220 |access-date=2015-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |archive-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shaista Khan's residence in Pune was later attacked by Shivaji. Mughal Commander Jai Singh defeated Shivaji in [[Battle of Purandar]] in 1665.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Deccan wars ===
{{See also|Deccan wars}}
Mughal and Maratha Forces clashed in the 27 years long [[Deccan wars|Deccan Wars]].<ref name="laine-2003-ch3">{{citation |last=Laine |first=James W. |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |pages=45–47 |year=2003 |chapter=The Hindu Hero: Shivaji and the Saints, 1780–1810 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-019-514126-9}}</ref> Shivaji's son [[Sambhaji]] engaged a rebellion against the Mughal state and service to the Mughal sovereign in an official capacity.<ref name="bang-oxford-ewh-2021-intro">{{citation |last=Bang |first=Peter Fibiger |title=The Oxford World History of Empire |volume=1 |page=8 |year=2021 |editor1-last=Bang |editor1-first=Peter Fiber |chapter=Empire—A World History: Anatomy and Concept, Theory and Synthesis |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977236-0 |editor2-last=Bayley |editor2-first=C. A. |editor3-last=Scheidel |editor3-first=Walter}}</ref> It was common practice in late 17th-century India for members of a ruling family of a small principality to both collaborate with the Mughals and rebel.<ref name="bang-oxford-ewh-2021-intro" />

In 1681, Sambhaji was contacted by [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar|Prince Akbar]], the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb's son, who was keen to enter into a partnership with the Marathas in order to assert his political power against his ageing father's continuing dominance.<ref name="laine-2003-ch3" /> Akbar spent several years under the protection of Sambhaji but eventually went into exile to Persia in 1686. Sambhaji was later [[Execution of Sambhaji|executed]] by Mughal forces in 1689.{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|pp=49-50}}<ref name="laine-2003-ch3" /> at the age of 31. His death was a significant event in Indian history, marking the end of the golden era of the Maratha Empire. Sambhaji's wife and minor son, later named [[Shahu I|Shahuji]] was taken into the Mughal camp, and Rajaram, who was now an adult, was re-established as ruler; he quickly moved his base to [[Gingee]], far into the [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil country]].<ref name="laine-2003-ch3" /> From here, he was able to frustrate Mughal advances into the Deccan until 1700. In 1689, Sambhaji's son [[Shahu I|Shahu]] was taken prisoner along with his mother by Mughals after the Battle of Raigarh.<ref>https://archive.org/stream/rukaatialamgirio00aurarich#page/152/mode/2up%7C Rukaat-i-Alamgiri page 153</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLNhAAAAIAAJ |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Buldhana |publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |year=1976 |quote=Shahu, the son of Sambhaji along with his mother Yesubai, was made a prisoner}}</ref>

Constant warfare in Deccan, especially with the Marathas, largely contributed in the bankruptcy and decline of the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=J. F. |year=1981 |title=Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=285–308 |doi=10.1017/s0010417500013311 |jstor=178737 |s2cid=154809724}}</ref> The Indologist [[Stanley Wolpert]], emeritus professor at [[UCLA]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Stanley A. Wolpert |url=http://www.history.ucla.edu/people/faculty?lid=393 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930074005/http://www.history.ucla.edu/people/faculty?lid=393 |archive-date=30 September 2012 |access-date=1 October 2012 |publisher=UCLA}}</ref> says that:

{{blockquote|The conquest of the Deccan, to which Aurangzeb devoted the last twenty-six years of his life, was in many ways a Pyrrhic victory, costing an estimated hundred thousand lives a year during its last decade of fruitless, chess-game warfare ... The expense in gold and rupees can hardly be imagined or accurately estimated. Alamgir's moving capital alone-a city of tents thirty miles in circumference, two hundred and fifty bazaars, with half a million camp followers, fifty thousand camels, and thirty thousand elephants, all of whom had to be fed, stripped peninsular India of any and all of its surplus grain and wealth ... Not only famine, but bubonic plague arose ... Even Alamgir had ceased to understand the purpose for it all by ... 1705. The emperor was nearing ninety by then ... "I came alone and I go as a stranger. I do not know who I am, nor what I have been doing," the dying old man confessed to his son in February 1707.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |year=2004 |orig-date= 1977 |title=New History of India |edition=7th |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=167–168 |isbn=978-0-19-516677-4}}</ref>}}

=== Maratha invasions ===
[[File:India1760 1905.jpg|thumb|the Maratha Confederacy in 1760]]
In 1707, Emperor Aurangzeb died and [[Shahu I|Shahu]] was recognized by the Mughal Emperors as the rightful heirs to Shivaji.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haig L |first1=t-Colonel Sir Wolseley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1 |title=The Cambridge History of India. Volume 3 (III). Turks and Afghans |date=1967 |publisher=Cambridge University press |isbn=9781343884571 |location=Cambridge UK |pages=395 |access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref> Over the 18th century Maratha Forces invaded and conquered former Mughal territories.

Shahu appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] as Peshwa in 1713. In 1719, [[Maratha Army|Marathas]] under Balaji marched to [[Delhi]] with [[Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Sayyid Hussain Ali]], the Mughal governor of Deccan, and deposed the Mughal emperor, [[Farrukhsiyar]].{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=12}}The new teenaged emperor, [[Rafi ud-Darajat]] and a puppet of the Sayyid brothers, granted Shahu rights to collecting [[Chauth]] and [[Sardeshmukhi]] from the six Mogul provinces of Deccan, and full possession of the territories controlled by Shivaji in 1680.{{sfnp|Agrawal|1983|pp=24, 200–202}}{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|pp=492–494}}

After Balaji Vishwanath's death in April 1720, his son, [[Bajirao I]], was appointed Peshwa by Shahu. Bajirao is credited with expanding the Maratha Empire tenfold from 3% to 30% of the modern Indian landscape during 1720–1740. He fought over 41 battles before his death in April 1740 and is reputed to have never lost any.{{sfnp|Montgomery|1972|p=132}} [[File:Baji_Rao_I.png|thumb|[[Bajirao I]] riding a horse into battle c.1720–1740|left]]The [[Battle of Palkhed]] was a land battle that took place on 28 February 1728 at the village of Palkhed, near the city of Nashik, Maharashtra, India between Baji Rao I and [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I]] of Hyderabad. The Marathas defeated the [[Nizam]]. The battle is considered an example of the brilliant execution of military strategy.{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=12}} In 1737, Marathas under [[Bajirao I]] raided the suburbs of Delhi in a blitzkrieg in the Battle of Delhi (1737).{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=117}}{{sfnp|Sen|2006|p=12}} The Nizam set out from the Deccan to rescue the Mughals from the invasion of the Marathas, but was defeated decisively in the [[Battle of Bhopal]].{{sfnp|Sen|2006}}{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=23}} The Marathas extracted a large tribute from the Mughals and signed a treaty which ceded [[Malwa]] to the Marathas.{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=13}}

[[Raghoji I of Nagpur|Raghuji I]] of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]] undertook [[Expeditions in Bengal|six expeditions into Bengal]] from 1741 to 1748. {{sfnp|Sarkar|1991|p=}} In 1743, the [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam]] recaptured Tiruchirappalli from the Maratha forces in the [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)|Siege of Trichinopoly]].<ref name="Roy">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Olivier |title=Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-231-80042-6}}</ref> [[Alivardi Khan]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]] made peace with Raghuji in 1751 ceding [[Cuttack]] up to the river Subarnarekha, and agreeing to pay Rs. 1.2 million annually as the [[Chauth]] for Bengal and Bihar.{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=15}}

By 1760 Delhi had been sacked several times, and there was an acute shortage of supplies in the Maratha camp. [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] ordered the sacking of the already depopulated city.{{sfnp|Agrawal|1983|p=26}}{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=274}} He is said to have planned to place his nephew and the Peshwa's son, [[Vishwasrao]], on the Mughal throne. By 1760, with the defeat of the Nizam in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], Maratha power stretched across large parts of former Mughal territory. {{sfnp|Turchin|Adams|Hall|2006|p=223}} In 1761, Maratha power in Northern India declined following the [[Third Battle of Panipat]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |title=Warfare In The Eighteenth Century |publisher=Cassell |year=2002 |isbn=978-0304362127}}</ref>

In 1771, [[Mahadaji Shinde]] recaptured [[Capture of Delhi (1771)|Delhi]] from the [[Rohilla|Rohilla Pashtuns]]. Shinde captured the family of [[Zabita Khan]], desecrated the grave of [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] and looted his fort.{{sfnp|Rathod|1994|pp=8–9}} With the fleeing of the Rohillas, the rest of the country was burnt, with the exception of the city of Amroha, which was defended by some thousands of [[Amrohi Syed|Amrohi Sayyid]] tribes.<ref>{{cite book |author=Poonam Sagar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Av9HAAAAMAAJ&q=marathas+amroha |title=Maratha Policy Towards Northern India |date=1993 |publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan |page=158}}</ref> [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] Barech sought assistance in an agreement formed with the Nawab of [[Oudh]], Shuja-ud-Daula, by which the Rohillas agreed to pay four million rupees in return for military help against the Marathas. Hafiz Rehmat sought an alliance with Awadh to keep the Marathas out of Rohilkhand. However, after he refused to pay, [[Oudh]] attacked the Rohillas.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jos J. L. Gommans|author-link=Jos Gommans |title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: c. 1710–1780 |date=1995 |publisher=Brill |page=178}}</ref>
[[File:Shah Alam II (1759-1806), the blind mughal Emperor, seated on a golden throne..jpg|thumb|[[Shah Alam II]] was placed on the Mughal throne as a puppet ruler by the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] in 1784]]
In 1784, Shinde installed [[Shah Alam II]] as a puppet ruler on the Mughal throne.{{sfnp|Rathod|1994|p=8}} Shinde receiving in return the title of deputy ''[[Vakil-i-Mutlaq|Vakil-ul-Mutlak]]'' or vice-regent of the Empire. The Mughals also gave him the title of ''Amir-ul-Amara'' (head of the amirs).{{sfnp|Farooqui|2011|p=334}} After taking control of Delhi, the Marathas sent a large army in 1772 to punish Afghan [[Rohilla]]s for their involvement in Panipat. Their army devastated [[Rohilkhand]] by looting and plundering as well as taking members of the royal family as captives.{{sfnp|Rathod|1994|p=8}}

=== Later conflicts ===
The Marathas had lost control of Delhi in [[Battle of Delhi (1803)|1803]] to the East India Company during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Contending with the Ocean |date=2024-02-08 |work=Conflicting Claims to East India Company Wealth, 1600-1650 |pages=137–170 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.11930968.7 |access-date=2024-04-06 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |doi=10.2307/jj.11930968.7 |isbn=978-90-485-5785-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1804, Mughal forces under Shah Alam II, allied with the East India Company, engaged with Maratha forces in Delhi. [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] confronted the British commander [[David Ochterlony]]. Holkar abandoned the siege after reinforcements led by [[Gerard Lake]] arrived on 18 October.{{sfnp|Naravane|2014|p=92}} With this victory, Shah Alam II retained control over Delhi under protection of the East India Company.{{sfnp|Naravane|2014|p=92}}

== Nader Shah's invasion of India ==
{{See also|Nader Shah's invasion of India}}
[[File:Nadir Shah at the sack of Delhi - Battle scene with Nader Shah on horseback, possibly by Muhammad Ali ibn Abd al-Bayg ibn Ali Quli Jabbadar, mid-18th century, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.jpg|thumb|[[Nader Shah|Nadar Shah's]] forces [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Sacking Delhi]]]]
Emperor [[Nader Shah]], of the [[Afsharid dynasty]], invaded large parts of [[North India|Northern India]] including [[Delhi]]. His army had easily defeated the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] at the [[Battle of Karnal]] and would eventually capture the Mughal capital in the aftermath of the battle.<ref name="br">{{cite web |title=Nadir Shah |date=28 May 2024 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401451/Nadir-Shah |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>

=== Battle of Khyber Pass ===
{{See also|Battle of Khyber Pass (1738)}}
Mughal and Afsharid forces fought the [[Battle of Khyber Pass (1738)|Battle of Khyber Pass]] 1738. This was an overwhelming victory for the [[Persians]], opening up the path ahead to invade the crown-lands of the Mughal Empire of [[Muhammad Shah]]. On November 26 from near Jalalabad, the Persian army arrived at Barikab (33 kilometres from the Khyber Pass) where Nader divided his army leaving his son Nasrollah Mirza behind with the bulk of the forces at his disposal and sending forth 12,000 men to the Khyber Pass under Nasrollah Qoli whilst he gathered a 10,000 light cavalry under his direct command. Beginning an epic flank-march of over 80 kilometres through some of the most unnavigable terrain in Asia, Nader reached close to Ali-Masjed where the 10,000 troops of his army curved their route of march northwards and onto the eastern end of the Khyber Pass.{{sfnp|Ghafouri|2008|p=383}}

As the reports reached the Mughal high command, disagreement arose as to whether these calls for reinforcement ought to be answered. Muhammad Shah was eager to join Sa'adat Khan in the field, but his two chief advisers, Nizam-ul-Mulk and Khan Dowran, advised caution against rash decisions. Khan-i Dauran declared that it was not the Indian style to abandon a friend, even if he was imprudent.<ref>{{cite book |author=G. S. Cheema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_RtAAAAMAAJ&q=even+if+he+was+imprudent+.+%27+Let+others+do+as+they+please |title=The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707–1857 |date=2002 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9788173044168 |page=195}}</ref> The initial total of men leaving the Mughal camp alongside Khan Dowran was 8,000–9,000 men, mostly cavalry with some musket-bearing infantry. A steady stream of reinforcements left the Mughal encampment to cross the Alimardan river and join battle throughout the day, but there was no effort to bring these large numbers under a unified deployment east of the Alimardan river in support of Mughal units already engaged. Instead, the Mughals at the front would receive a continuous line of reinforcements with no grand tactical plan to help direct them.<ref>Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein (2008). The Great Battles of Nader Shah. Donyaye Ketab.</ref>

=== Battle of Karnal ===
{{See also|Battle of Karnal}}
[[File:Jahangusha-ye_Naderi_10.jpg|left|thumb|Illustration of [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Sa'adat Khan]]'s surrender after the ambush at Kanjpura, as he is brought captive to [[Nader Shah]] upon his elephant.]]
On 24 February 1739 Mughal and Afsharid forces fought the [[Battle of Karnal]]<ref>{{cite web |title=India vii. Relations: The Afsharid and Zand – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-vii-relations-the-afsharid-and-zand-periods |access-date=16 November 2015 |work=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> Nader observed the massacre from behind the main line of [[Military of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia#Jazāyerchi|jazāyers]] as they fired volley after volley into the reeling enemy before them. The [[Army of the Mughal Empire#Cavalry|cavalry of Khan Dowran]], consisting of Indian Muslims,<ref>{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119114/page/n293/mode/2up?q=patronage |title=Parties And Politics At The Mughal Court |date=1959 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=245}}</ref> looked down on fighting with muskets with contempt, which was a talent of the mostly Hindu infantrymen in India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sir Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFrXAAAAMAAJ&q=department+was+filled+with+Turkish+and+Feringi+gunners+and+cannon+-+founders+,+while+the+musketeers+were+mostly+recruited+from+certain+. |title=The Mughal Administration |date=1920 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa |page=17 |quote=musketeers were mostly recruited from certain Hindu tribes, such as the Bundelas, the Karnatakis, and the men of Buxar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ghosh, D. K. Ed. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149767/page/n89/mode/2up?q=sword+play |title=A Comprehensive History Of India Vol. 9 |date=1978 |publisher=Orient Longmans |quote=The Indian muslims looked down upon fighting with muskets and prided on sword play. The best gunners in the mughal army were hindus}}</ref> They prided themselves on sword-play and fancy-riding, while musketeers were not given importance in the Mughal military compared to Iran.<ref>{{cite book |author=William Irvine |title=Later Muguhals |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |page=668}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=J.J.L. Gommans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNiAAgAAQBAJ&dq=matchlockmen+mughal&pg=PA161 |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500–1700 |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781134552764}}</ref> The heavy bullets of the jazāyer muskets, and the even more powerful cannonballs of the zamburaks, easily penetrated the armour of the war elephants. Many nobles were killed and captured amongst the Mughals; Khan Dowran himself was struck. Badly injured, he fell from his elephant as his own blood splattered over him, prompting his remaining retainers to scramble to his aid.<ref>"History of Nadir Shah's Wars" (Taarikhe Jahangoshaaye Naaderi), 1759, Mirza Mehdi Khan Esterabadi, (Court Historian).</ref>

[[Tahmasp Khan Jalayer]], in command of the Persian right, did not engage until this phase in the battle and began wrapping his forces around the left flank of [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Sa'adat Khan's]] men from the north. After two hours of intense fighting in the centre, Sa'adat Khan's war elephant became entangled with another and in the frenzy a Persian soldier climbed the side of the Khan's beast and implored him to surrender. Being caught in an impossible set of circumstances Sa'adat Khan decided to lay down his arms. Unwilling to engage the Mughals on disadvantageous ground Nader re-established his lines in the valley to the east.<ref name="Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein 2008">Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein(2008). The Great Batlles of Nader Shah. Donyaye Ketab.</ref> Muhammad Shah urged the Nizam to help Khan Dowran, but the Nizam moved no further and ignored all pleas for action.<ref>{{cite book |author=Michael Axworthy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCSPDwAAQBAJ&dq=observe+how+the+deccan+monkey+dances&pg=PA202 |title=Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant |date=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9780857724168 |page=202}}</ref>

=== Sacking of Delhi ===
Nader entered Delhi with Mohammed Shah as his vassal on 20 March 1739. The person of the Shah was accompanied by 20,000 [[Military of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia#Iranian cavalry|Savaran-e Saltanati]] (royal guard), and 100 war elephants mounted by his [[Military of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia#Jazāyerchi|Jazāyerchi]]. Rumors began spreading amongst the populace of Delhi that a gratuitous levy was imminent. Nader sent out a ''fowj'' (a thousand-strong unit) but ordered them to engage only those involved in the violence.<ref>Axworthy p. 8.</ref><ref name="Browne2">{{Cite web |title=An Outline of the History of Persia During the Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922) |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=90001014&ct=33 |access-date=2010-09-24 |work=Edward G. Browne |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |page=33 |location=London}}</ref> Nader sent forth 1,000 cavalrymen to each district of the city to ensure the collection of taxes. But perhaps the greatest riches were plundered from the treasuries of the Mughal dynasty's capital. The [[Peacock Throne]] was also taken away by the Persian army, and thereafter served as a symbol of Persian imperial might. Among a trove of other fabulous jewels, Nader also gained the [[Koh-i-Noor]] ("Mountain of Light") and [[Darya-ye Noor]] ("Sea of Light") diamonds. It is estimated that the total worth of the treasures plundered was perhaps 700 million rupees.<ref>Axworthy, Michael, ''Iran: Empire of the Mind'', Penguin Books, 2007. p. 159. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

Persian troops left Delhi at the beginning of May 1739, also taking with them thousands of elephants, horses, and camels, all loaded with the booty they had collected. The plunder seized from India was so rich that Nader stopped taxation in Persia for a period of three years following his return.<ref>Cust, Edward, ''Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century'', (Gilbert & Rivington Printers: London, 1862), 228.</ref> On Nader's return to Iran, [[Sikhs]] fell upon Nader's army and seized a large amount of booty and freed the slaves in captivity.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Hari Ram Gupta]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGwwAQAAIAAJ |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708–69 |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=9788121502481 |page=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=[[Vidya Dhar Mahajan]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDscEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |title=Modern Indian History |date=2020 |publisher=S. Chand Limited |isbn=9789352836192 |page=57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Paul Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3pZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3857 |title=The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives |date=2016 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=9781483359908}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=[[Rajmohan Gandhi]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA118 |title=Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1999 |isbn=9780140290455 |pages=117–118}}</ref>

=== Losses and consequences ===
[[File:Nadir_Shah_on_the_Peacock_Throne_after_his_defeat_of_Muhammad_Shah._ca._1850,_San_Diego_MOA.jpg|thumb|330x330px|[[Nader Shah]] sitting upon the [[Peacock Throne]] after his victory at the [[Battle of Karnal]].]]
The Mughals suffered far heavier casualties than the Persians. Exact figures are uncertain as accounts of that period were prone to bombast. Various contemporary commentators estimated Mughal casualties being up to 30,000 men slain with most agreeing on a figure of around 20,000 and with Axworthy giving an estimate of roughly 10,000 Mughal soldiers killed. Nader himself claimed that his army slew 20,000.<ref>Brigadier-General Sykes, Sir Percy (1930). "A history of Persia, Vol. II", third edition, p. 260. Macmillan & Co.</ref> The number of Mughal officers slain amounted to a staggering 400.<ref>{{cite web |title=La stratégie militaire, les campagneset les batailles de Nâder Shâh – La Revue de Téhéran – Iran |url=http://www.teheran.ir/spip.php?article1970#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=13 February 2016 |work=teheran.ir}}</ref> The Mughals had been defeated in part due to their outdated cannons. In addition, Indian elephants were an easy target for Persian artillery and Persian troops were more skilled with a musket.<ref>{{harvp|Axworthy|2009}}</ref>

The city of Delhi was sacked for several days. An enormous fine of 20 million rupees was levied on the people of Delhi. Muhammad Shah handed over the keys to the royal treasury, and lost the [[Takht e Taus|Peacock Throne]], to Nader Shah, which thereafter served as a symbol of Persian imperial might. Amongst a treasure trove of other fabulous jewels, Nader also gained the [[Koh-i-Noor]] and [[Darya-i-Noor]] ("Mountain of Light" and "Sea of Light", respectively) [[diamond]]s; they are now part of the British and Iranian Crown Jewels, respectively. Nader and his Afsharid troops left Delhi in the beginning of May 1739, but before they left, he ceded back all territories to the east of the Indus, which he had overrun, to Muhammad Shah.{{sfnp|Axworthy|2006|pp=212, 216}}

== European colonialism ==
In the 18th and 19th Centuries, the [[East India Company|British]] and [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]] fought several [[proxy war]]s with the Mughal Empire and its [[Mughal successor states|successor states]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hasan |first=Farhat |date=1991 |title=Conflict and Cooperation in Anglo-Mughal Trade Relations during the Reign of Aurangzeb |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=351–360 |doi=10.1163/156852091X00058 |jstor=3632456}}</ref> The British were overall victorious. This led to the weakening of the empire's power and economy.

=== Carnatic wars ===
{{Main|Carnatic wars}}

[[File:Dupleix_meeting_the_Soudhabar_of_the_Deccan.jpg|left|thumb|[[Joseph François Dupleix]] meeting the Nizam of Hyderabad [[Muzaffar Jung]]]]
The [[Mughal tribe|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] died in 1707. He was succeeded by [[Bahadur Shah I]], but there was a general decline in central control over the empire during the tenure of [[Jahandar Shah]] and later emperors. [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] established Hyderabad as an independent kingdom. Several erstwhile Mughal territories were autonomous such as the Carnatic, ruled by Nawab [[Dost Ali Khan]] Dost Ali's death sparked a power struggle between his son-in-law [[Chanda Sahib]], supported by the French, and [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah|Muhammad Ali]], supported by the British.{{sfnp|Naravane|2014|pp=150–159}}

In 1740, the [[First Carnatic War]] broke out as a part of the [[War of the Austrian Succession]].{{sfnp|Naravane|2014|pp=150–159}} Great Britain was drawn into the war in 1744, opposed to [[France]] and its allies.<ref>Dodwell, H. H. (ed), Cambridge History of India, Vol. v.</ref> In July 1746, French commander [[Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais|La Bourdonnais]] and British Admiral [[Edward Peyton]] fought [[Action of 6 July 1746|an indecisive action]] off Negapatam, after which the British fleet withdrew to Bengal. On 21 September 1746, the French [[Battle of Madras|captured the British outpost at Madras]]. La Bourdonnais had promised to return Madras to the British, but [[Joseph François Dupleix]] withdrew that promise, and wanted to give Madras to Anwar-ud-din after the capture. The Nawab, [[Anwaruddin Khan]], then sent a 10,000-man army to take Madras from the French but this was repulsed in the [[Battle of Adyar]]. The French then made several attempts to capture the British [[Fort St. David]] at [[Cuddalore]], but were halted. British Admiral [[Edward Boscawen]] [[Siege of Pondicherry (1748)|besieged Pondicherry]] in the later months of 1748, but lifted the siege with the advent of the [[monsoon]] rains in October.{{sfnp|Naravane|2014|pp=150–159}}

The siege was lifted in October 1748 with the arrival of the [[monsoon]], and the war came to a conclusion with the arrival in December of news of the [[Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle]]. Under its terms [[Madras]] was returned to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] control.{{sfnp|Harvey|1998|p=42}}

The [[Second Carnatic War]] broke out in 1749. On one side was [[Nasir Jung]], the Nizam and his protege Muhammad Ali, supported by the British, and on the other was [[Chanda Sahib]] and [[Muzaffar Jung]], supported by the French, vying to become the Nawab of [[Arcot]]. Muzaffar Jung and Chanda Sahib were able to capture Arcot while Nasir Jung's subsequent death allowed Muzaffar Jung to take control of [[Hyderabad]]. In 1751, however, [[Robert Clive]] led British troops to [[Siege of Arcot|capture Arcot]]. The war ended with the [[Treaty of Pondicherry]], signed in 1754, which recognised [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah|Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah]] as the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]].{{sfnp|Naravane|2014|pp=150–159}}

The outbreak of the [[Seven Years' War]] in Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India. This started the [[Third Carnatic War]] in 1757. This war beyond southern India and into [[Bengal]] where British forces captured the French settlement of [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]] in 1757. However, the war was decided in the south, where the British [[Siege of Madras|successfully defended Madras]], and [[Sir Eyre Coote, KB|Sir Eyre Coote]] decisively defeated the French, commanded by the [[Thomas Arthur, Comte de Lally|Comte de Lally]] at the [[Battle of Wandiwash]] in 1760. After Wandiwash, Pondicherry [[Siege of Pondicherry (1760)|fell to the British in 1761]].{{sfnp|Naravane|2014|pp=150–159}}

=== Battle of Plassey ===
{{main|Battle of Plassey}}

[[File:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Clive]] meeting with [[Mir Jafar]] after the [[Battle of Plassey]].]]
The [[Battle of Plassey]] was fought by the [[British East India Company]], under the leadership of [[Robert Clive]] and the [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]] and his [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French]] allies in 1757.{{sfnp|Campbell|Watts|1760|loc=[https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2384/]}} Clive defeated [[Siraj ud-Daulah|Siraj-ud-Daulah]] at Plassey in 1757 and captured Calcutta.<ref name="Gresham College">{{cite web |last1=Robins |first1=Nick |title=This Imperious Company – The East India Company and the Modern Multinational – Nick Robins – Gresham College Lectures |url=http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/this-imperious-company-the-east-india-company-and-the-modern-multinational |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619204523/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/this-imperious-company-the-east-india-company-and-the-modern-multinational |archive-date=19 June 2015 |access-date=19 June 2015 |website=Gresham College Lectures |publisher=Gresham College}}</ref> Robert Clive bribed [[Mir Jafar]], the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Nawab]]'s army, and also promised to make him [[Nawab of Bengal]].<ref name="Gresham College"/> The victory was made possible by the defection of [[Mir Jafar]], Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah's commander in chief.{{sfnp|Harrington|1994|p=84}}

The battle was preceded by an attack on British-controlled Calcutta by [[Nawab]] [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]] and the [[Black Hole of Calcutta|Black Hole]] massacre. The British sent reinforcements under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral [[Charles Watson (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Watson]] from Madras to Bengal and recaptured Calcutta. Clive then seized the initiative to [[Battle of Chandannagar|capture the French fort]] of [[Chandannagar]].{{sfnp|Naravane|2014|p=38}}

Clive decided to launch a surprise attack on the Nawab's camp on the morning of 4 February 1757. The attack scared the Nawab into concluding the [[Treaty of Alinagar]] with the Company on 9 February, agreeing to restore the Company's factories, allow the fortification of Calcutta and restoring former privileges. The Nawab withdrew his army back to his capital, Murshidabad.{{sfnp|Hill|1905|pp=cxlvi–cxlvii}}{{sfnp|Orme|1861|pp=131–136}} Furthermore, Siraj-ud-Daula believed that the British East India Company did not receive any permission from the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Alamgir II]] to fortify their positions in the territories of the Nawab of Bengal.<ref name="google">{{cite book |author=Rai, R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4-8Z0gqBkoC&pg=PA44 |title=History |publisher=FK Publications |isbn=978-8187139690 |page=44 |access-date=13 September 2015}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> On 23 June, Clive received a letter from Mir Jafar asking for a meeting with him. Clive was taken to the Nawab's palace, where he was received by Mir Jafar and his officers. Clive placed Mir Jafar on the throne and acknowledging his position as Nawab, presented him with a plate of gold rupees.{{sfnp|Harrington|1994|pp=83-84}}{{sfnp|Orme|1861|pp=178–81}}

Siraj-ud-daulah had reached Murshidabad at midnight on 23 June. He summoned a council where some advised him to surrender to the British, some to continue the war and some to prolong his flight. His fate could not be decided by a council headed by Mir Jafar and was handed over to Mir Jafar's son, Miran, who had Siraj murdered that night. His remains were paraded on the streets of Murshidabad the next morning and were buried at the tomb of [[Alivardi Khan]].{{sfnmp|Harrington|1994|1p=84|Orme|1861|2pp=183–184|Stanhope|1853|3pp=346–347}}

According to the treaty drawn between the British and Mir Jafar, the British acquired all the land within the [[Maratha Ditch]] and {{convert|600|yd|m}} beyond it and the [[zamindari]] of all the land between Calcutta and the sea. Besides confirming the firman of 1717, the treaty also required the restitution of 22,000,000 rupees (£2,750,000) to the British for their losses. However, since the wealth of Siraj-ud-daulah proved to be far less than expected, one half of the amount was to be paid immediately – two-thirds in coin and one third in jewels and other valuables.{{sfnmp|Orme|1861|1pp=180–182|Stanhope|1853|2pp=347–348}}

=== Battle of Buxar ===
{{See also|Battle of Buxar}}
[[File:IGI1908India1765a.jpg|left|thumb|Map of the Indian Subcontinent in 1765]]
The [[Battle of Buxar]] was fought between the [[British East India Company]], under [[Hector Munro, 8th of Novar|Hector Munro]], and the combined armies of [[Balwant Singh of Benares|Balwant Singh]], [[Mir Qasim]], [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], [[Shah Alam II]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Parshotam Mehra |title=A Dictionary of Modern History (1707–1947) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985 |isbn=0-19-561552-2}}</ref> it was a challenging victory for the British [[East India Company]]. The war was brought to an end by the [[Treaty of Allahabad]] in 1765.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zaman |first=Faridah |date=2015 |title=Colonizing the Sacred: Allahabad and the Company State, 1797–1857 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43553588 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=347–367 |doi=10.1017/S0021911815000017 |jstor=43553588 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The defeated Indian rulers were forced to sign this treaty, granting the East India Company diwani rights, which allowed them to collect revenue from the territories of [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], and [[Orissa]] on behalf of the Mughal emperor. This gave the company immense economic control, enabling them to pass financial policies to exploit the resources of the region for their own benefit.<ref name=":1" />

The British engaged in the fighting numbered 17,072<ref name="Cust1858">{{cite book |last=Cust |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Cust |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoZCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113 |title=Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth Century: 1760–1783 |publisher=Mitchell's Mibdglitiry Library |year=1858 |volume=III |location=London |page=113}}</ref> Munro divided his army into various columns and particularly pursued the Mughal [[Grand Vizier]] [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] the [[Nawab of Awadh]] who responded by blowing up his boat-bridge after crossing the river, thus abandoning the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]] and members of his own regiment. [[Mir Qasim]] also fled with his 3 million rupees worth of gemstones and later died in poverty in 1777. Mirza Najaf Khan reorganized formations around [[Shah Alam II]], who retreated and then chose to negotiate with the victorious British.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Sonal |date=2017 |title=Micro-history Lost in a Global Narrative? Revisiting the Grant of the 'Diwani' to the English East India Company |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26380344 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=45 |issue=3/4 |pages=41–51 |jstor=26380344 }}</ref>

Following their victory, the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] emerged as the predominant power in Bengal over the already declining Mughal Empire.<ref name=":0" /> In 1765, the British East India Company was granted the right to collect taxes from Bengal-Bihar. Eventually, in 1772, the East India company abolished local rule and took complete control of the province of Bengal-Bihar.<ref name="Keay2010">{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdgQt6Tc54C |title=The Honourable Company |year= 2010 |publisher=HarperCollins UK |isbn=978-0-00-739554-5 |edition=Paperback |location=London |page=374}}</ref> The battle exposed the inherent weaknesses and divisions among the Indian rulers. The lack of unity and coordination between the Nawabs and the Mughal Emperor made it easier for the British to overpower them. This further exacerbated the fragmentation of political power in India and paved the way for British imperialism.

==== Treaty of Allahabad ====
{{See also|Treaty of Allahabad}}
[[File:Shah_'Alam_conveying_the_grant_of_the_Diwani_to_Lord_Clive.jpg|thumb|The Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]] and [[Robert Clive]] sign the [[Treaty of Allahabad]].]]
The [[Treaty of Allahabad]] was signed on 16 August 1765,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=B. L. |url=https://www.schandpublishing.com/books/higher-education/history/a-new-look-at-modern-indian-history/9788121905329/ |title=A New Look at Modern Indian History |last2=Mehta |first2=Alka |publisher=S Chand Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-8121905329 |edition=30th |page=364}}</ref> between the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] and [[Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive|Robert Clive]], after the [[Battle of Buxar]].The treaty was handwritten by [[I'tisam-ud-Din]], a [[Bengali Muslim]] scribe and diplomat to the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="christian">{{cite book |title=Christian–Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 12 Asia, Africa and the Americas (1700–1800) |year=2018 |pages=544–548}}</ref>

The treaty marked the political and constitutional involvement of the British in India.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Bhattacherje |first=S. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=SL1-PA63 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |date=2009 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-4074-7 |page=A-96}}</ref> Based on the terms of the agreement, Alam granted the East India Company ''Diwani rights'', or the right to collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from the eastern province of Bengal-Bihar-Orissa. These rights allowed the company to collect revenue directly from the [[Bengal Subah]]. In return, the Company paid an annual tribute of twenty-six [[lakh]] rupees while securing for Shah Alam II the districts of [[Kora Jahanabad|Kora]] and [[Allahabad]]. The tribute money paid to the emperor was for the maintenance of the Emperor's court in Allahabad. The [[Nawab of Awadh]] [[Shuja-ud-Daula|Shuja ud Daulah]] also had to pay fifty lakhs of rupees as war indemnity to the East India Company.<ref name=":2" />

== Conflicts with the Afghans ==
{{Main|Mughal–Afghan Wars}}

=== Early revolts ===
{{Main|Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)}}

After the Mughal conquest of [[Pashtunistan|Pashtun homelands]], several revolts by local [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] tribes started to arise, specifically in the [[Kabulistan|Kabul Sabah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Micheal Fisher |url=http://archive.org/details/a-short-history-of-the-mughal-empire |title=A Short History Of The Mughal Empire |date=2016 |pages=132–133}}</ref>

During the reign of [[Akbar]], revolts brow out in the [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)|Malandari Pass]] under [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai]] leader [[Kalu Khan Yousafzai|Kalu Khan]].<ref name="Symist">{{Cite book |last=Symist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IE6FDwAAQBAJ&dq=mughal+afghan+war+1586&pg=PA35 |title=India: Brief History Volume 2 |date=2019-01-27 |publisher=Symist |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&dq=Raja+birbal+death&pg=PA276 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |last2=Masson |first2=Vadim Mikhaĭlovich |last3=Unesco |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1 |pages=276 |language=en}}</ref> The siege took more than two months. The Akbar than sent one of his most intelligent and closest Minister whose name was Raja Birbal. But the Yousufzai tribesmen defeated the Mughal forces led by [[Birbal]], who was killed in action.<ref name="Symist"/> [[Khafi Khan]], 40,000–50,000 Mughal men perished in this battle.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ops5AAAAIAAJ |title=Central Asia |date=1981 |publisher=Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar. |pages=47–48 |language=en}}</ref> However, [[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni|Badayuni]] claims a death toll of 8,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliot |first=Henry Miers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AGBNfe8ZQC&dq=Raja+birbal+killed&pg=PA451 |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |date=2013-03-21 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05587-1 |pages=451 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Janik |first=Vicki K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLtoRB9Wy-sC&pg=PA91 |title=Fools and Jesters in Literature, Art, and History: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook |date=1998-05-21 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-29785-4 |pages=91–96 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Conflict with the Durrani Empire ===
{{Main|Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}

[[File:Detail of Ahmad Shah Abdali on horseback from a larger Faizabad-style painting of the Third Battle of Panipat, Mughal, ca.1761–1770.jpg|thumb|[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] on horseback]]
[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], the founder of the [[Durrani Empire]], invaded [[Indian subcontinent]], engaging in conflict with the Mughal Empire in the 18th century. These invasions contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bansal |first=Bobby Singh |title=Remnants of the Sikh empire : historical Sikh monuments in India and Pakistan |date=2015 |isbn=978-93-84544-89-8 |location=New Delhi, India |chapter=Chapter 5 - North-West Frontier |oclc=934672669}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Afghanistan at war : from the 18th-century Durrani dynasty to the 21st century |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-59884-759-8 |editor=Tom Lansford |location=Santa Barbara, California |pages=21 |oclc=952980822}}</ref> Various civil wars and revolts in [[Lahore]] enabled Durrani to evade the city.<ref name="Ganda Singh Ahmed Shah Durrani">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5426/page/n55/mode/2up |title=Ahmad Shah Durrani, father of modern Afghanistan |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1959 |pages=40–43}}</ref><ref name="Gupta-1944">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282887/page/n77/mode/2up |title=Studies In Later Mughal History Of The Punjab 1707 To 1793 |publisher=The Minerva Book company |year=1944 |pages=64–69}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadhunath |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n141/mode/2up |title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire Vol. 1 |publisher=Orient Longman Ltd. |year=1964 |pages=118–121}}</ref>

==== Battle of Lahore (1748) ====
{{Main|Battle of Lahore (1748)}}

On 10 January 1748, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and his army camped near the Shalamar gardens.<ref name="Singh-4">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5426/page/n63/mode/2up |title=Ahmed Shah Durrani |date=4 October 2023 |publisher=Asia Publishing House, Bombay |pages=48–51}}</ref><ref name="Gupta-2">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282887/page/n175/mode/2up |title=Studies in later mughal History |date=4 October 2023 |pages=162–165}}</ref> The Afghan and Mughal Forces would fight one another on 11 January 1748.<ref name="Singh-2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Surinder |url=https://archive.org/details/TheMughalSubahOfLahore1581To1751AStudyInAdministrativeStructureAndPractices/page/n331/mode/2up |title=The Mughal Subah Of Lahore 1581 To 1751 A Study In Administrative Structure And Practices |pages=321–325}}</ref><ref name="Gupta-2" /> Durrani had around 18,000 Afghan soldiers under his command, one third of which were from his own tribe.<ref name="Singh-3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5426/page/n59/mode/2up |title=Ahmad Shah Durrani |date=4 October 2023 |publisher=Asia Publishing House, Bombay |pages=43–47}}</ref><ref name="Singh-2" /><ref name="Gupta">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282887/page/n83/mode/2up |title=Studies In Later Mughal History Of The Punjab 1707 To 1793 |date=4 October 2023 |pages=69–72}}</ref><ref name="Sarkar-2">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadhunath |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n151/mode/2up |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol I |date=4 October 1964 |pages=128–131}}</ref> Durrani's army however lacked any artillery and was much smaller compared to the Mughals.<ref name="Singh-4" /><ref name="Lee">{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Johnathan |url=https://archive.org/details/Book_1094/page/n119/mode/2up |title=Afghanistan A History From 1260 To The Present |pages=119–122}}</ref><ref name="Gupta" /> Shah Nawaz had around 70,000 Soldiers under his command along with artillery.<ref name="Gupta" />

Ahmad Shah was able to overpower the [[Qizilbash]] soldiers of the Mughal army and began pursuing them into their entrenchments.<ref name="Singh-4" /> Asmatullah Khan began calling in for reinforcements. Adina Beg failed in properly reinforcing Asmatullah and Adina Beg soon fled towards Lahore.<ref name="Singh-4" /> Some of the Mughal soldiers took this as a sign of a ceasefire, and retreated to their trenches in complete disorder.<ref name="Singh-4" /><ref name="Gupta" /> The Afghans now launched a full-scale attack on the Mughal forces which forced Asmatullah Khan to retreat.<ref name="Singh-4" /><ref name="Singh-2" /> The various guns and artillery that was stored in the fort of Hazrat Ishan fell in the hands of the Afghan forces.<ref name="Singh-4" /> Adina Beg fired cannons and rockets onto the Afghan forces, however the Afghans were able to overpower the resistance offered by the Mughals.<ref name="Singh-4" /><ref name="Singh-2" /> Shah Nawaz escaped Lahore and fled towards Delhi.<ref name="Singh-4" /><ref name="Singh-2" /> Asmatullah Khan was killed during the battle.<ref name="Gupta" /><ref name="Singh-4" />

Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Afghan forces entered Lahore on 12 January 1748.<ref name="Singh-4" /> The previous members of the Lahore government that had been imprisoned by Shah Nawaz were released by the Afghans.<ref name="Singh-4" /> Mir Momin Khan, Lakhpath Rai and Surat Singh pleaded to Durrani to spare the city from plunder and paid a ransom to the Afghans.<ref name="Singh-5">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5426/page/n67/mode/2up |title=Ahmad Shah Durrani |date=4 October 2023 |publisher=Asia Publishing House, Bombay |pages=51–53}}</ref> Ahmad Shah accepted the ransom and ordered his officers to make sure the Afghan soldiers wouldn't subject the city to plunder.<ref name="Singh-4" /> Despite this, some parts of the city were looted by the Afghan forces.<ref name="Singh-5" /><ref name="Gupta-2" /> Various Guns, artillery, treasure and other goods all fell in the hands of the Afghan forces following their conquest of Lahore.<ref name="Singh-5" /> Durrani stayed in the city of Lahore for 5 weeks and began his plans to advance towards Delhi.<ref name="Singh-5" /><ref name="Sarkar-2" />

==== Battle of Manupur ====
{{Main|Battle of Manupur (1748)}}

Durrani attacked India in 1748. He had faced Mughal, Rajput and Sikh coalitions in Sirhind, Ahmad Shah's Afghan troops swept aside the Mughal army's left flank <ref name="Gupta-1978">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiEvolutionOfSikhConfederacies1707-69/page/n157/mode/2up |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1707-1769) |publisher=Munshiram Motilal Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=978-8121502481 |edition=3rd |pages=85 |orig-date=1937}}</ref> and raided their baggage train but a fire beginning in a captured rocket cart went on to ignite the Durrani artillery store, roasting thousands of soldiers alive and forcing Ahmad Shah Durrani's retreat.<ref>{{Google books|id=NbUB_ACAR5QC|page=509|title=History of Islam}}</ref> After the retreat of Durrani, Sikh bands under [[Charat Singh]] continued to harass them as they retreated to Kabul.{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=251}} He lost to the combined Mughal, [[Rajput]] and Sikhs forces.{{sfnp|Gandhi|2013|p=76}}

==== Battle of Lahore (1752) ====
{{Main|Battle of Lahore (1752)}}

In the winter of 1751, he invaded India for the third time on the pretext that [[Mir Mannu]], the Mughal governor of the province of [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]], had refused to pay him tax which he had promised to give on a monthly basis. Durrani started the battle by successfully besieging Mannu in the [[Lahore Fort]]. Mannu wrote to the Mughal emperor [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] for help, he received no reinforcements from [[Delhi]]. Failing to put up a fight, he surrendered to Durrani on 6 March 1752. After signing the instrument of surrender, Durrani's forces looted and plundered the city.{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=252}}

Mannu signed a peace treaty under which the two territories of Punjab – [[Multan]] and Lahore - were to be ceded to Durrani's Afghan empire. At that time, the ''[[Vizier|wazir]]'' of [[Delhi]], [[Safdar Jang]], was in [[Awadh]] to suppress a rebellion. He returned at the end of the month with fresh recruits to confront Durrani, but learned of the treaty and retreated.{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=253}}

== Sikh rebellions ==
=== Akal Sena ===
{{Main|Akal Sena}}

[[File:Painting_of_Guru_Hargobind_and_his_army,_the_Akal_Sena,_at_the_Golden_Temple_complex_in_Amritsar,_circa_19th_century.jpg|thumb|Painting of [[Guru Hargobind]] and his army, the [[Akal Sena]], at the [[Golden Temple]] complex in [[Amritsar]], circa 19th century|left]]
The Akal Sena, a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] military force, was founded by [[Guru Hargobind]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Whiting |first=J. R. S. |title=Religions for today. |date=1991 |publisher=Thornes |others=J. R. S.. Whiting |isbn=0-7487-0586-4 |edition=3rd |pages=67 |oclc=24669427}}</ref><ref name=":12a">{{Cite book |author1=Savinder Kaur Gill |title=Two Gurus One Message: The Buddha and Guru Nanak: Legacy of Liberation, Egalitarianism and Social Justice |author2=Sonam Wangmo |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |year=2019 |series=Teachings of Buddha and the Sikh Gurus |pages=19}}</ref> consisting of 700-800 horses, 300-500 cavalrymen, 60 musketeers, and 60 artillery men.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://assets-global.website-files.com/5e29591964852b5d27d96ea4/5f81773f8455f6dab3dc6a2e_State%20of%20the%20Panth%202019-Akal%20Takht-Final-digital.pdf |title=Akal Takht Sahib: Timeless Sovereign Throne – State of the Panth, Report 4 |date=March 2019 |publisher=Sikh Research Institute |quote=Akal Takht Sahib became the seat of Sikh power and gave the Sikhs a rallying point as a symbol of Sikh sovereignty. It is from the Akal Takht Sahib that the Guru administered justice like a king in a court, accepted gifts of arms and horses, and awarded honors and punishment. Guru Hargobind Sahib, for example, is noted as having 800 horses in the stables, 300 troopers on horseback, and 60 men with firearms at all times. This tradition was carried forward by Guru Harirai Sahib, the seventh Guru, who maintained an army that consisted of 2,200 mounted soldiers. This army of the Akal Takht Sahib came to be called the Akal Sena (immortal army), and its warriors were honored as the Akalis (the immortals)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khushwant Singh |url= |title=A History of the Sikhs |date=1977 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= |volume=1 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=64 |oclc=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Balwant Singh |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur, a Biography |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1979 |pages=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prithi Pal Singh |title=The history of Sikh gurus |date=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=81-8382-075-1 |location=New Delhi |pages=81 |oclc=297207913}}</ref>{{sfnp|Gandhi|2013|p=483}} The Akal Sena fought major battles against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal empire]] and its allies, winning all four of the major battles in-which Guru Hargobind was leader, as well as more minor skirmishes.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Swati |title=Good Earth Punjab Travel Guide |publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited |year=2006 |isbn=9789380262178 |edition=2nd |pages=26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Sikh history from Persian sources : translations of major texts |date=2001 |publisher=Tulika |others=J. S. Grewal, Irfan Habib, Indian History Congress. Session |isbn=81-85229-17-1 |location=New Delhi |pages=4 |oclc=47024480 |quote=Even Guru Hargobind was sent as a prisoner to the fort of Gwalior on account of the arrears of fine imposed upon Guru Arjan. However, this was not the only cause of Guru Hargobind's difficulties. He had begun to wear the sword and adopted the appearance of a soldier; he used to hunt and to maintain servants. He came into armed conflict with the gumashtas (officials) of Shah Jahan and had to leave Ramdaspur for Kartarpur in the Jalandhar Doab. There too he had to fight quite a few battles before he moved to Phagwara and then to Kiratpur in the territory of the refractory hill chief Tara Chand. There too, Guru Hargobind maintained seven hundred horses in his stables, three hundred horsemen, and sixty musketeers. His headquarters served as a place of refuge for refractory individuals. The Dabistan, thus, provides extremely useful evidence on the change in the attitude of the Mughal Emperors towards the Gurus and the change in the attitude of Guru Hargobind towards the State.}}</ref> [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] was executed by beheading in 1675 on the orders of [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Terhune |first=Lea |title=California's Pioneering Punjabis: An American Story |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |others=I.J. Singh |year=2023 |isbn=9781439676783 |pages=30}}</ref> The Akal Sena was absorbed into the [[Khalsa Fauj]] of the [[Khalsa]] order formalized by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] on 13 April 1699,.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=2020-04-14 |title=Who are Nihang Sikhs? 'Guru di laadli fauj' warrior sect in news for chopping off cop's hand |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/who-are-nihang-sikhs-guru-di-laadli-fauj-warrior-sect-in-news-for-chopping-off-cops-hand/401331/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |quote=The Nihangs trace their origins to the founding of the Khalsa Panth by the 10th Sikh Guru, Gobind Singh, around 1699. Many claim the sect to be "guru di laadli fauj" (the guru's favourite army). The armed sect is believed to have emerged from the Akaal Sena, a band of soldiers of Guru Hargobind, the sixth guru. Later, the Akaal Sena metamorphosed into the ‘Khalsa Fauj’ of the 10th guru.}}</ref>

=== Early wars ===
The going power of the Sikh armies resulted in several conflicts fought between the Sikhs and Mughal Empire throughout the 17th century. The [[battle of Rohilla]], was fought in 1621 and was a Sikh victory.{{sfnp|Jaques|2007|p=860}} The [[Battle of Amritsar (1634)|Battle of Amritsar]] was fought during Mukhlis Khan's campaign against [[Guru Hargobind]] and the Sikhs on 14 April 1634.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Dalbir Singh |title=Sikhism: Origin and Development |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |date=1988 |page=122}}</ref>{{sfnp|Jaques|2007|p=47}} The [[Battle of Kartarpur]] was fought on 25 April 1635.<ref name="The encyclopaedia of Sikhism">{{Cite book |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |others=Harbans Singh |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=2 |location=Patiala |pages=448 |oclc=29703420}}</ref>

=== Khalsa Fauj ===
{{Main|Khalsa Fauj}}

[[File:Painting_depicting_the_execution_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur.jpg|thumb|Painting depicting the execution of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] in 1675]]
The [[Khalsa Fauj]] was established inn 1699 by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] replacing the Akal Sena after the execution of his father [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in 1675.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=2020-04-14 |title=Who are Nihang Sikhs? 'Guru di laadli fauj' warrior sect in news for chopping off cop's hand |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/who-are-nihang-sikhs-guru-di-laadli-fauj-warrior-sect-in-news-for-chopping-off-cops-hand/401331/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |quote=The Nihangs trace their origins to the founding of the Khalsa Panth by the 10th Sikh Guru, Gobind Singh, around 1699. Many claim the sect to be “guru di laadli fauj” (the guru's favourite army). The armed sect is believed to have emerged from the Akaal Sena, a band of soldiers of Guru Hargobind, the sixth guru. Later, the Akaal Sena metamorphosed into the ‘Khalsa Fauj’ of the 10th guru.}}</ref><ref name="NirdrSingh19982">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nidr |url=https://www.academia.edu/35835682 |title=The Fighting Traditions and Fighting Arts of the Traditional Sikh Warriors the Beloved of Guru Gobind Singh Ji the Akali Nihangs |publisher=Budha Dal and Tarna Dal |year=1998 |edition=2nd |pages=8–9 |format=PDF}}</ref> The Khalsa Fauj frequently fought battles with the [[Mughal Empire]] and Rajas belonging to various [[Hill States of India|Hill States]].<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia. |date=1992–2005 |publisher=Unesco |others=Ahmad Hasan Dani, V. M. Masson, J. Harmatta, Baij Nath Puri, G. F. Etemadi, B. A. Litvinskiĭ, Guangda Zhang, R. Shabani Samghabadi, Muḣammad Osimī, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, C. Adle, Irfan Habib, Madhavan K. Palat, Anara Tabyshalieva, Unesco |isbn=92-3-102719-0 |location=Paris |pages=800 |oclc=28186754}}</ref> A short-lived reconciliation between the Mughals and Sikhs occurred in 1707.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708) : master of the white hawk |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-19-949494-1 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |pages=223 |oclc=1121651952}}</ref> Gobind Singh sent [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] to the northwest.<ref name=":32" /> Ater the death of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Khalsa Fauj divided into various ''[[jatha]]s'' (armed group or band of Sikhs).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sukhdial |url=https://gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/English_Thesis_Papers/The.Rise.Growth.and.Fall.of.the.Bhangi.Misal.by.Dalbir.Singh.(GurmatVeechar.com).pdf |title=Rise, Growth and Fall of Bhangi Misal |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |year=2010 |pages=19–20 |quote=Acting in accordance with the circumstances the Sikhs assembled at Amritsar on 14 October 1745 on the occasion of Diwali and passed a Gurmata for merging all the small Jathas into twenty five strong Jathas." // "Around 1748, the number of these Jathas rose up to the strength of sixty five.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=Sikhs in the eighteenth century : their struggle for survival and supremacy |date=1999 |publisher=Singh Bros |isbn=81-7205-217-0 |edition=1st |location=Amritsar |pages=387 |oclc=42719418}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |isbn=81-7010-301-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=112 |oclc=243621542 |quote=After the execution of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 AD and subsequent persecution of Sikhs, the Khalsa dispersed to the hills and forests in small bands or jathas led by a leader called jathedar. The misls grew out of these jathas.}}</ref> By the 1720s, the rebellion of the Sikhs had been extinguished.<ref name=":102">{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |date=2022-11-01 |title=Sikh insurgency in pre-British India: origin, context and legacies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592318.2022.2136922 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=597–626 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2022.2136922 |issn=0959-2318 |s2cid=253264030|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== First Sikh State ===
{{Main|First Sikh State}}

[[File:Painting from an illustrated folio of a Mughal manuscript depicting the Battle of Sirhind (1710), also known as the Battle of Chappar Chiri. From the ‘Tawarikh-i Jahandar Shah’, Awadh or Lucknow, ca.1770.jpg|thumb|Painting from an illustrated folio of a Mughal manuscript depicting the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri|Battle of Sirhind]] (1710)]]
The First Sikh State was established by [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] after the [[Battle of Samana]] and lasted until his defeat in the [[Battle of Gurdas Nangal]].<ref name="archive2">{{cite web |title=Banda Singh Bahadur And Sikh Sovereignty : Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Harish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg89BAAAQBAJ&q=battle+of+ropar |title=First Raj of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Banda Singh Bahadur |date=2013-05-01 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-39-5 |language=en}}</ref> In 1709, the [[Battle of Amritsar (1709)|Battle of Amritsar]] was fought in which the Sikhs were victorious.<ref name="Gandhi1999">{{cite book |author=Surjit Singh Gandhi |url=https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/89/mode/2up?q=rauni |title=Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century |publisher=Singh Bros. |year=1999 |isbn=9788172052171 |pages=87}}</ref><ref name="Short">{{cite book |author=Teja Singh and Ganda Singh |url=https://archive.org/details/AShortHistoryOfTheSikhs-Volume1/page/n121/mode/2up?q=sahai |title=A Short History Of The Sikhs - Volume 1 |publisher=Orient Longmans |year=1950 |pages=112–113}}</ref> On 14 May 1710, Banda and his army entered and [[Siege of Sirhind|captured Sirhind.]]{{sfnp|Sagoo|2001|p=132}} In 1710, [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]] was later killed in the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]].{{sfnp|Sagoo|2001|p=131}} The [[Battle of Rahon (1710)|Battle of Rahon]] was fought between Sikhs and Mughal Empire on 11 October 1710.<ref name="auto7">{{cite web |title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty |url=https://archive.org/details/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty/page/n191/mode/1up}}</ref> The [[Siege of Gurdaspur]] took place in April 1715 leading to the fall of the first Sikh state.{{sfnp|Sagoo|2001|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{Citation |title=XIX. A Century of Political Decline: 1707-1803 |date=1964-12-31 |work=Muslim Civilization in India |pages=254–276 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/ikra92066-022 |access-date=2024-06-15 |publisher=Columbia University Press |doi=10.7312/ikra92066-022 |isbn=978-0-231-88685-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Dal Khalsa ===
{{Main|Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)}}

[[File:Sikh Capture Delhi.jpg|left|thumb|Sikh Forces occupy the [[Red Fort|Red fort]] in Delhi during the [[Battle of Delhi (1783)|Battle of Delhi]] in 1783]]
Dal Khalsa was the combined military forces of 11 Sikh [[Sikh Confederacy|misls]] established by [[Nawab Kapur Singh]] in 1748.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for faith and nation : dialogues with Sikh militants |date=1997 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=0-585-12702-6 |location=Philadelphia |pages=108 |oclc=44966032}}</ref>

In 1733, the subahdar of [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]] [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]] attempted to negotiate a peace with the Sikhs by offering them a [[jagir]], the title [[Nawab]] to their leader, and unimpeded access to the [[Harmandir Sahib]]. The Sikh leader [[Nawab Kapur Singh|Kapur Singh]] was titled Nawab.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=Sikh Studies, Book 6 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2005 |isbn=8170102588 |page=37}}</ref>

The [[Battle of Delhi (1783)|Battle of Delhi]] was fought between the Dal Khalsa and the Mughal forces in 1783.{{sfnp|Singha|2000|p=26-27}} The Sikhs under [[Baghel Singh]], [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]], and [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] began raiding and plundering the outskirts of Delhi in 1764. In April 1782, [[Mirza Najaf Khan|Najaf Khan]] hitherto the highest commander of the Mughal army died.<ref name="sur">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/563/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century |pages=559, 560}}</ref> In 1783, Sikh forced would temporally occupy the city of [[Delhi]].{{sfnp|Singha|2000|p=26-27}} Ahluwalia was temporally placed the Mughal throne, however Ramgarhia objected it without the approval of [[Sarbat Khalsa]].<ref>Hari Ram Gupta, ''History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764–1803,'' second ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2000) {{ISBN|978-8-12150-213-9}}</ref> Ramgarhia later captured the [[Red Fort]] of Delhi and detached the Mughal throne and brought it on elephants to [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIN0AAAAMAAJ&q=Ramgarhia+Bunga+golden+temple+jassa+singh |title=Sikh Identity: Continuity and Change |last2=Barrier |first2=Norman Gerald |publisher=Manohar |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-7304-236-2 |page=264 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sikhchic.com">{{cite web |title=Restoration of The Bunga Ramgharia |url=http://sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=2532&cat=14 |access-date=2024-02-20}}</ref> The Nawab of [[Sardhana]] [[Begum Samru]] requested the Sikhs to leave Delhi allowing 30,000 of Sikh troops to stay and 5 Gurdwaras constructed. The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] and the Sikh leaders agreed. However the Sikhs refused to accept athorory of the Mughal Crown. Later,[[Vakil of the Mughal Empire|Vicegerent]] [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadji Shinde]] was made an agreement with the Sikhs not to raid the Mughal lands in exchange for 1/3 of the Delhi's revenue annually.<ref name="Jawandha 2010 207">{{cite book |last=Jawandha |first=Nahar |title=Glimpses of Sikhism |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=9789380213255 |location=New Delhi |page=207}}</ref>

== Indian rebellion and formal end ==
{{Main|Indian Rebellion of 1857}}
{{Expand section|date=August 2024}}
On 10 May 1857 a [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion]] against the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] broke out in the Indian Subcontinent.<ref name="marshall-197">{{Harvnb|Marshall|2007|p=197}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Who Was Who |date=2007-12-01 |chapter=Altrincham |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u5395}}</ref>

[[File:The capture of the king of delhi by Captain Hodson.jpg|thumb|The capture of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] in 1857]]

On 12 May 1857, Zafar held his first formal audience in several years.<ref>{{Citation |title=Who Was Who |date=2007-12-01 |chapter=Altrincham |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u5395}}</ref> Bahadur Shah Zafar's conduct was indecisive. However, he yielded to the demands of the sepoys when he was told that they would not be able to win against the East India Company without him.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |title=Proceedings of the April 1858 Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar 'King of Delhi' |journal=Parliamentary Papers |volume=June 1859}}</ref> On 16 May, sepoys and palace servants killed fifty-two Europeans who were prisoners of the palace and who were discovered hiding in the city. The executions took place under a peepul tree in front of the palace, despite Zafar's protests. It was later believed that Bahadur Shah was not directly responsible for the massacre, but that he may have been able to prevent it, and he was therefore considered a consenting party during his trial.<ref name=":24" />

The Emperor nominated his eldest son, [[Mirza Mughal]], as the commander in chief of his forces. However, Mirza Mughal had little military experience and was rejected by the sepoys.<ref>Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 145 fn</ref>

During the [[Siege of Delhi]] when the victory of the British became certain, Zafar took refuge at [[Humayun's Tomb]], in an area that was then at the outskirts of Delhi. Company forces led by [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|Major William Hodson]] surrounded the tomb and Zafar was captured on 20 September 1857. The next day, Hodson shot his sons [[Mirza Mughal]] and [[Mirza Khizr Sultan]], and grandson [[Mirza Abu Bakht]] under his own authority at the [[Khooni Darwaza]], near the [[Delhi Gate (Delhi)|Delhi Gate]] and declared Delhi to be captured.<ref>{{harvtxt|Dalrymple|2009|pp=341–47}}</ref>

After a crushing defeat in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|war of 1857–1858]] which he nominally led, the last Mughal, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], was deposed by the British [[East India Company]] and exiled in 1858. Zafar was exiled to [[Rangoon]], Burma.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=Conermann |first=Stephan |title=Mughal Empire |date=2015-08-04 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-early-modern-history-online/*-COM_024206 |access-date=2022-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326064353/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-early-modern-history-online/*-COM_024206 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206 |url-access=subscription |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online}}</ref> His wife [[Zeenat Mahal]] and some of the remaining members of the family accompanied him. At 4 am on 7 October 1858, Zafar along with his wives, and two remaining sons began his journey towards Rangoon in bullock carts escorted by [[9th Queen's Royal Lancers#Early history|9th Lancers]] under the command of Lieutenant Ommaney.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=The Last Mughal |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-14-310243-4}}</ref> Through the [[Government of India Act 1858]] the [[British Crown]] assumed direct control of East India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new [[British Raj]]. In 1876 the British [[Queen Victoria]] assumed the title of [[Empress of India]].

== See also ==

* [[Battle of Fatehpur Sikri]]
* [[Sikh attacks on Delhi]]
* [[Battle of Delhi (1757)|Maratha capture of Mughals]]
* [[Maratha conquest of North-west India]]
* [[Takht ya takhta]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
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{{refend}}

[[Category:18th century in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:19th century in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Dissolutions of empires|Mughal]]

V. Narayanan (politician)

2026-04-22T01:43:06Z

Ronny14Z58: Added basic pg needs work

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Narayanan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency =
| term_start1 = 24 October 2019
| term_end1 = 2 May 2021
| predecessor1 = [[H. Vasanthakumar]]
| successor1 = [[Ruby R. Manoharan]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''V. Narayanan''' is an Indian politician in the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party. He was elected as a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nanguneri (state assembly constituency)|Nanguneri]] on 24 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web
| title= In Tamil Nadu Bypolls, AIADMK Wrests Vikravandi and Nanguneri Seats from DMK, Congress
| url= https://www.news18.com/news/politics/in-tamil-nadu-bypolls-aiadmk-wrests-vikravandi-nanguneri-from-dmk-congress-2361519.html
| date= 25 October 2019
| accessdate= 25 October 2019
| website= News18
| archive-date= 25 October 2019
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191025085433/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/in-tamil-nadu-bypolls-aiadmk-wrests-vikravandi-nanguneri-from-dmk-congress-2361519.html
| url-status= live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vikravandi, Nanguneri bypolls: AIADMK candidates win by huge margin
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vikravandi-nanguneri-bypolls-aiadmk-candidates-win-by-huge-margin-6085952/
|website=The Indian Express| date= 24 October 2019| accessdate= 25 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=TN bypolls: AIADMK wrests Vikravandi, Nanguneri from DMK, Congress
|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/tn-bypolls-aiadmk-wrests-vikravandi-nanguneri-from-dmk-congress-11571927949036.html
|website=Livemint
|date=24 October 2019
|accessdate=25 October 2019
|archive-date=25 October 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025085433/https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/tn-bypolls-aiadmk-wrests-vikravandi-nanguneri-from-dmk-congress-11571927949036.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, V.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Madhavrao Patil

2026-04-18T13:54:53Z

Ronny14Z58: Stub!

{{Short description|Indian politician (1940–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madhavrao Thete Patil
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1940|1|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nasik ]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age |2020|6|14|1940|1|21|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]]
| term = 1998-1999
| predecessor = [[Rajaram Godase]]
| successor = [[Uttamrao Dhikale]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| spouse = Hirabai
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3896.htm
}}

'''Madhavrao Thete Patil''' (21 January 1940 – 14 June 2020) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]], as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He joined the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in 1999.<ref name="Hindustan Times 2020">{{cite web | title=Former Lok Sabha MP, banker Madhavrao Patil dies in Nashik | website=Hindustan Times | date=14 Jun 2020 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-lok-sabha-mp-banker-madhavrao-patil-dies-in-nashik/story-FCteeEoDyRLHRHi41nc8cM.html | access-date=9 Mar 2023}}</ref><ref name="Deccan Herald 2020">{{cite web | title=Former Lok Sabha MP, banker Madhavrao Patil dies in Nashik | website=Deccan Herald | date=14 Jun 2020 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/former-lok-sabha-mp-banker-madhavrao-patil-dies-in-nashik-849501.html | access-date=9 Mar 2023}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1999 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Who's who | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | issue=12 | year=1999 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1MO5trcRwBsC | access-date=9 Mar 2023 | page=709}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3896.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Navalgund Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:14Z

Ronny14Z58: New

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Navalgund
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 69
| map_image = 69-Navalgund constituency.svg
| mla = [[N. H. Konaraddi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Shankar Patil Munenakoppa]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad]]
| established = 1956
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:207237}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}
'''Navalgund Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Dharwad district]]. As of 2023, its representative is [[N. H. Konaraddi]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028|7}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | Ramanagouda Marigouda Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || P. R. Marigouda
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || K. M. Karaveerappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Patil Shankaragouda Virupakshagouda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="3" | Kulkarni Mallappa Karaveerappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | Gaddi Kallappa Nagappa || {{Full party name with color|Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Dr. Shiriyannavar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Shankar Patil Munenakoppa]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[N. H. Konaraddi]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Shankar Patil Munenakoppa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[N. H. Konaraddi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Navalgund">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Navalgund |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1069.htm?ac=69 |access-date=11 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. H. Konaraddi]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 86,081 |percentage = 53.16% |change = {{increase}}28.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Basanagouda Patil Munenakoppa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 63,882 |percentage = 39.45% |change = {{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddi Kallappa Nagappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,914 |percentage = 4.27% |change = {{decrease}}24.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankrappa Rudrappa Ambali |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,134 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,120 |percentage = 0.69% |change = {{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,199 |percentage = 13.71% |change = {{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,262 |percentage = 78.30% |change = {{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,914}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,237 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.57 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}11.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankar Patil Munenakoppa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 65,718 |percentage = 41.19% |change = {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. H. Konaraddi]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 45,197 |percentage = 28.33% |change = {{decrease}}5.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Asuti Vinod Kashinath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,906 |percentage = 24.39% |change = {{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanand Basappa Karigar |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,555 |percentage = 2.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,914 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghavendra Shankrappa Teradal |party = Independent politician |votes = 980 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,521 |percentage = 12.86% |change = {{increase}}10.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,593 |percentage = 78.22% |change = {{increase}}3.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,546}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,041 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. H. Konaraddi]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 44,448 |percentage = 34.32% |change = {{increase}}9.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankar Patil Munenakoppa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 41,779 |percentage = 32.26% |change = {{decrease}}8.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddi Kallappa Nagappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,780 |percentage = 23.77% |change = {{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanand Basappa Karigar (Mudnur) |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,901 |percentage = 6.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Shiriyannavar |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 4,028 |percentage = 3.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhashchandragouda Bhimanagouda Patil (Chandragouda) |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,356 |percentage = 1.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shambhulinga C. Sidramashettar |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,109 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saidapur Yellappa Dundur |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 935 |percentage = 0.72% |change = {{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,669 |percentage = 2.06% |change = {{decrease}}11.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 137,360 |percentage = 75.10% |change = {{increase}}5.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,517}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,898 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.35 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankar Patil Munenakoppa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,436 |percentage = 40.93% |change = {{increase}}6.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddi Kallappa Nagappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,541 |percentage = 26.94% |change = {{decrease}}3.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. H. Konaraddi]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 30,263 |percentage = 25.05% |change = {{increase}}9.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bentur Hanamaraddi Shivaraddi |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,284 |percentage = 1.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankrappa Rudrappa Ambali |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,547 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijayakumar Ningappa Guddad |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,222 |percentage = 1.01% |change = {{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Badni Hemaraj Adiveppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 891 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veerayya Chandrashekharayya Sobarad |party = Rashtriya Hindustan Sena Karnataka |votes = 833 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Navalgund Mallikarjun Neelappa |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 814 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,895 |percentage = 13.99% |change = {{increase}}9.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,888 |percentage = 69.63% |change = {{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 120,795}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,616 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Shiriyannavar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,195 |percentage = 34.89% |change = {{increase}}16.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddi Kallappa Nagappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,356 |percentage = 30.45% |change = {{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. H. Konaraddi]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 13,318 |percentage = 15.39% |change = {{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Erappa Kusugal |party = Janata Party |votes = 10,444 |percentage = 12.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kallur Shivashankar Channappa |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 3,089 |percentage = 3.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rangaswamy. R. D |party = Independent politician |votes = 999 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chalavadi Gurushamappa Hanumappa |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 821 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pachangi Shivanand Laxman |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 770 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mundinamani. H. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 559 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,839 |percentage = 4.44% |change = {{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,631 |percentage = 67.73% |change = {{decrease}}5.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,551}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,913 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.87 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddi Kallappa Nagappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,396 |percentage = 26.64% |change = {{increase}}11.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Shiriyannavar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 13,761 |percentage = 17.97% |change = {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Erappa Kusugal |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,036 |percentage = 17.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desaigoudi Shankara Gouda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,021 |percentage = 13.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadar Math Basayya Basalingaiyya |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,149 |percentage = 11.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manami Basappa Kallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,048 |percentage = 6.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shamashuddin. B. Kunnibhavi |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,035 |percentage = 5.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chulaki Shankarappa Fakirappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,032 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,635 |percentage = 8.66% |change = {{increase}}3.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,713 |percentage = 72.98% |change = {{increase}}6.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,575}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,099 |percentage = 7.37% |change = {{increase}}4.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,331 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |swing = {{increase}}6.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddi Kallappa Nagappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 13,998 |percentage = 20.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Mallappa Karaveerappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,650 |percentage = 15.58% |change = {{decrease}}27.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganiger Basappa Bharamappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 10,537 |percentage = 15.42% |change = {{decrease}}10.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eshwarchandra Hosamani |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 8,678 |percentage = 12.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Shiriyannavar Rajshekhar Basappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,667 |percentage = 12.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Hosagoudar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,284 |percentage = 12.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khaji Abdulsattar Mahadabdulla |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,607 |percentage = 6.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramappa Mallappa Yalavatti |party = Independent politician |votes = 518 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunathagouda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 415 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,348 |percentage = 4.90% |change = {{decrease}}11.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,613 |percentage = 66.34% |change = {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,345}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,245 |percentage = 3.18% |change = {{decrease}}3.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,441 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.54 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}22.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Mallappa Karaveerappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,222 |percentage = 42.80% |change = {{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mankani Vijay Lingaraddi |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 16,729 |percentage = 26.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kallannavar Chandrakantha Ningappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 16,484 |percentage = 25.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Nemachandra Jinnappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,261 |percentage = 3.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,493 |percentage = 16.50% |change = {{increase}}15.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,417 |percentage = 66.55% |change = {{increase}}2.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,610}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,807 |percentage = 7.03% |change = {{increase}}4.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,802 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Mallappa Karaveerappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,469 |percentage = 46.86% |change = {{decrease}}9.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant Kallannavar |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,997 |percentage = 45.91% |change = {{increase}}15.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eshwarchandra Hosamani |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,246 |percentage = 2.49% |change = {{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Goundanaikar Leelappa Sannakallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 663 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mantur Kushuma Sheshappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 531 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunagar Rudrappa Ballappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 423 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 472 |percentage = 0.94% |change = {{decrease}}24.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,520 |percentage = 63.86% |change = {{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,088}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,432 |percentage = 2.78% |change = {{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,679 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Mallappa Karaveerappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,524 |percentage = 56.43% |change = {{increase}}39.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Nemachandra Jinnappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 13,857 |percentage = 30.63% |change = {{decrease}}8.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neelappagoudar Channabasagouda Virupaxagouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,746 |percentage = 6.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bentur Hanamaraddi Shivaraddi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,408 |percentage = 3.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotturshettar Irappa Chanaveerappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,118 |percentage = 2.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nidavani Chanabasappa Holiyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 364 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,667 |percentage = 25.79% |change = {{increase}}20.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,753 |percentage = 60.42% |change = {{decrease}}15.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,235}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,518 |percentage = 3.25% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,379 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.70 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}12.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shankaragouda Virupakshagouda |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 22,825 |percentage = 43.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Mallappa Karaveerappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,205 |percentage = 38.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yavagal Basavaraddi Rangaraddi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,014 |percentage = 17.32% |change = {{decrease}}28.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,620 |percentage = 5.03% |change = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,798 |percentage = 75.57% |change = {{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,044}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,754 |percentage = 3.26% |change = {{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,189 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.81 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{decrease}}7.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Karaveerappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 21,716 |percentage = 51.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. M. Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,594 |percentage = 46.30% |change = {{decrease}}28.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. K. Basapa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,013 |percentage = 2.39% |change = {{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,122 |percentage = 5.01% |change = {{decrease}}47.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,761 |percentage = 77.95% |change = {{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,323}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,138 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.82 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}23.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. R. Marigouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,973 |percentage = 74.64% |change = {{increase}}16.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Mallaoppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,791 |percentage = 22.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Gurubasappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,036 |percentage = 2.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,182 |percentage = 52.25% |change = {{increase}}31.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,113 |percentage = 76.57% |change = {{increase}}6.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,800}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,471 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}12.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanagouda Marigouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,618 |percentage = 58.23% |change = {{decrease}}11.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallappa Kariveerappa Kulkarni |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,183 |percentage = 37.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramdas Annabhat Joshi |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,607 |percentage = 4.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,435 |percentage = 21.00% |change = {{decrease}}17.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,422 |percentage = 69.61% |change = {{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,408}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,196 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Navalgund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanagouda Marigouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,798 |percentage = 69.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koyppanvar Malleshappa Neelappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,578 |percentage = 30.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,220 |percentage = 38.95% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,376 |percentage = 60.29% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,376}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,038 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dharwad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|15.56|75.36|display=title}}

Hadagali Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:41Z

Ronny14Z58: adding new biography w/ infobox!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hadagalli
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 88
| map_image = 88-Hoovina Hadagali constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]]
| established = 1956
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Krishna Nayaka]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[P. T. Parameshwar Naik]]
| electors = {{formatnum:191338}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}
'''Hadagali Assembly constituency''' ''formerly Hoovina Hadagali'' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Vijayanagara district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. [[Krishna Nayaka]] is the current MLA of Hoovina Hadagali constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || M. P. Mariswamiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Angadi Channabasappa || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || N. M. K. Sogi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Andaneppa. C
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Karibasavanagoud Kogali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | [[M. P. Prakash]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || E. T. Shambunatha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[M. P. Prakash]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Halappa. V. B || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[M. P. Prakash]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Chandranaik. B || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="2" | [[P. T. Parameshwar Naik]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Krishna Nayaka]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hadagali">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hadagali |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1088.htm?ac=88 |access-date=29 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429180411/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1088.htm?ac=88 |archive-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1088.htm?ac=88 |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Krishna Nayaka]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,200 |percentage = 48.81% |change = {{increase}}28.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. T. Parameshwar Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,756 |percentage = 47.85% |change = {{increase}}9.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puthresh Kayannanavar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,847 |percentage = 1.23% |change = {{decrease}}4.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 823 |percentage = 0.55% |change = {{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,444 |percentage = 0.96% |change = {{decrease}}5.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,172 |percentage = 78.49% |change = {{increase}}1.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 149,956}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,338 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.58 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. T. Parameshwar Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,097 |percentage = 38.65% |change = {{decrease}}2.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Odo Gangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 44,919 |percentage = 32.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandranaik. B |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,255 |percentage = 20.18% |change = {{increase}}7.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kayannanavara Putrappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,327 |percentage = 5.95% |change = {{increase}}3.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Naik. L |party = All India Mahila Empowerment Party |votes = 1,534 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,025 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,178 |percentage = 6.56% |change = {{decrease}}21.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,522 |percentage = 76.81% |change = {{increase}}2.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 139,981}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,959 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. T. Parameshwar Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,336 |percentage = 40.97% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandranaik. B |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,526 |percentage = 12.79% |change = {{decrease}}35.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhunaik. L |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 18,178 |percentage = 12.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hemanhtkumar Bharati |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 10,300 |percentage = 7.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. L. P. Naik Katari |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,861 |percentage = 2.67% |change = {{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harish Kumar. V |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,098 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Uchhengappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,113 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. J. Raghavendranaik |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes = 927 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Honnurappa |party = Ambedkar National Congress |votes = 885 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,810 |percentage = 28.18% |change = {{increase}}21.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,218 |percentage = 73.89% |change = {{increase}}8.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,826}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,287 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.54 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chandranaik. B |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,992 |percentage = 48.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. T. Parameshwar Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,474 |percentage = 41.12% |change = {{increase}}16.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Naik |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,132 |percentage = 3.44% |change = {{decrease}}51.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harish Kumar. V |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,302 |percentage = 2.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Mahesh |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,853 |percentage = 2.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Uchangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,067 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Dyamappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 763 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Moti Naik |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 549 |percentage = 0.60% |change = {{decrease}}14.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,518 |percentage = 7.15% |change = {{decrease}}22.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,167 |percentage = 65.23% |change = {{decrease}}5.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,132}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,757 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}11.63 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}6.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. P. Prakash]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 61,863 |percentage = 55.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Halappa. V. B |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,077 |percentage = 24.99% |change = {{decrease}}25.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotraiah Guruvina |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 16,688 |percentage = 14.85% |change = {{decrease}}32.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mrutyunjaya Jyothi |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 1,963 |percentage = 1.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shridhara Naik. N |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,478 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakkannanavara Mallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,371 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagaraja. T |party = Independent politician |votes = 916 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,786 |percentage = 30.07% |change = {{increase}}27.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,461 |percentage = 71.11% |change = {{decrease}}3.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,356}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,155 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Halappa. V. B |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,434 |percentage = 50.56% |change = {{increase}}17.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. P. Prakash]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 48,344 |percentage = 47.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr Ab Mallappa Chigateri |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,943 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,090 |percentage = 3.04% |change = {{decrease}}24.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,252 |percentage = 74.37% |change = {{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,721}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,445 |percentage = 4.18% |change = {{increase}}1.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,871 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.23 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}10.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. P. Prakash]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 59,056 |percentage = 60.61% |change = {{increase}}14.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotraiah Guruvina |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,345 |percentage = 33.19% |change = {{decrease}}16.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. T. Shambunatha |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,652 |percentage = 2.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. G. M. Channaveeraiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,290 |percentage = 2.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muddannawara Bheemanagouda |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 794 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,711 |percentage = 27.41% |change = {{increase}}24.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,703 |percentage = 74.83% |change = {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,441}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,257 |percentage = 2.26% |change = {{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,242 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.18 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = E. T. Shambunatha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,518 |percentage = 49.28% |change = {{increase}}10.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. P. Prakash]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 39,989 |percentage = 46.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Veeranagoud |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,009 |percentage = 3.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,529 |percentage = 2.93% |change = {{decrease}}17.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,129 |percentage = 74.67% |change = {{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,277}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,852 |percentage = 5.32% |change = {{increase}}3.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,038 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}10.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. P. Prakash]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 44,870 |percentage = 59.34% |change = {{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Andanappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,268 |percentage = 38.71% |change = {{increase}}3.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Shankar Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,044 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,602 |percentage = 20.63% |change = {{decrease}}3.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,997 |percentage = 75.99% |change = {{increase}}5.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,612}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,385 |percentage = 1.80% |change = {{decrease}}1.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,331 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. P. Prakash]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 36,740 |percentage = 59.83% |change = {{increase}}19.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Lankeppa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,719 |percentage = 35.37% |change = {{increase}}24.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mrutyunjaya Jyothi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,949 |percentage = 3.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Yunus |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,004 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,021 |percentage = 24.46% |change = {{increase}}17.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,575 |percentage = 70.91% |change = {{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,412}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,163 |percentage = 3.40% |change = {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,655 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.23 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}12.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Karibasavanagoud Kogali |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,962 |percentage = 47.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. P. Prakash]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,952 |percentage = 40.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Ravanagound |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,483 |percentage = 11.35% |change = {{decrease}}48.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. B. Siddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 721 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,010 |percentage = 7.02% |change = {{decrease}}13.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,258 |percentage = 71.53% |change = {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,118}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,140 |percentage = 3.61% |change = {{increase}}3.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,840 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.94 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}13.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Andaneppa. C |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,859 |percentage = 60.32% |change = {{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. M. Kotrabasavaiah Sogi |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 20,956 |percentage = 39.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,903 |percentage = 20.64% |change = {{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,576 |percentage = 73.09% |change = {{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,815}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,672 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. M. K. Sogi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,462 |percentage = 60.99% |change = {{increase}}18.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Andaneppa. C |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,563 |percentage = 39.01% |change = {{decrease}}18.94 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,899 |percentage = 21.99% |change = {{increase}}6.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,406 |percentage = 72.73% |change = {{increase}}8.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,025}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,557 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.99 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}3.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Angadi Channabasappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 22,694 |percentage = 57.95% |change = {{increase}}9.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhavi Lingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,469 |percentage = 42.05% |change = {{decrease}}9.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,225 |percentage = 15.90% |change = {{increase}}13.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,682 |percentage = 64.50% |change = {{decrease}}5.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,163}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,622 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.23 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadagali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Mariswamiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,673 |percentage = 51.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Angadi Channabasappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 19,671 |percentage = 48.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,002 |percentage = 2.48% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,344 |percentage = 70.06% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,344}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,581 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Vijayanagara district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|15.02|75.93|display=title}}

[[Category:Ballari district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

Lal Mohan Pati

2026-04-10T08:51:37Z

Ronny14Z58: Starting

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| name = Lal Mohan Pati
}}

'''Lal Mohan Pati''' was an Indian politician who was the Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] representing [[Orissa]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=D. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8GXSR0SiF8C&dq=Lal+Mohan+Pati&pg=PA25 |title=People's Revolt in Orissa: A Study of Talcher |date=1998 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-739-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kashyap |first=Anirban |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePAdAAAAMAAJ&q=Lal+Mohan+Pati |title=Communalism and Constitution |date=1988 |publisher=Lancers Books |isbn=978-81-7095-007-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Praharaj |first=Debendra Mohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmduAAAAMAAJ&q=Lal+Mohan+Pati |title=Tribal Movements and Political History in India: A Case Study from Orissa, 1803-1949 |date=1988 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0208-0 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pati became a Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from [[Orissa]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u24sRrM_rNoC&q=Lal+Mohan+Pati |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |date=2011 |publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|The assembly was elected to frame the [[Constitution of India]], and its members played a crucial role in defining the country's governance. Pati was said to have added to this legislative body.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Odisha (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-jWdIgQGR8C&q=Lal+Mohan+Pati |title=Orissa Gazette |date= October 1963|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgYnAQAAIAAJ&q=Lal+Mohan+Pati |title=The Feudatory and zemindari India |date=1943 |language=en}}</ref> Odisha,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQTw4Y2W10C&dq=Lal+Mohan+Pati&pg=RA1-PA341 |title=The Bihar & Orissa Gazette |date=1921 |language=en}}</ref>}} He contributed to [[Biswanath Das]], Bichitrananda Das, and [[Harekrushna Mahatab]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Nivedita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Lal+Mohan+Pati |title=Oriya Nationalism: Quest for a United Orissa, 1866-1956 |date=2005 |publisher=Prafulla |isbn=978-81-901589-6-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parliament |first=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJ_MDdflkeMC&q=Lal+Mohan+Pati |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=February 1950 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref>

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |last=Assembly (Legislative) |first=India Constituent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWCWQcN8KgC&q=Lal+Mohan+Pati |title=The Constituent Assembly of India (Legislative) Debates: Official Report |date=1948 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kashyap |first=Subhash C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiI9AQAAIAAJ&q=Lal+Mohan+Pati |title=Constitutional Law of India: An Exhaustive Article-wise Commentary on the Constitution of India with Comprehensive Coverage of Background, Review, and Reform |date=2008 |publisher=Universal Law Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7534-687-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rath |first=Bijay Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tAAAAAMAAJ&q=Lal+Mohan+Pati |title=Unrest in Princely States of Orissa: Dhenkanal and Talcher, 1938-1947 |date=1993 |publisher=Arya Prakashan |language=en}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pati, Lal Mohan}}
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Ram (film)

2026-04-08T15:01:06Z

Ronny14Z58:

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian Malayalam action thriller film by Jeethu Joseph}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ram
| image = Ram Movie first look.jpg
| alt =
| caption = First look poster
| director = [[Jeethu Joseph]]
| writer = Jeethu Joseph
| producer = {{ubl|Ramesh P. Pillai|Sudhan Sundharam}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mohanlal]]
* [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]]
* [[Samyuktha Menon|Samyuktha]]
* [[Adil Hussain]]
}}
| music = Vishnu Shyam
| cinematography = [[Satheesh Kurup]]
| editing = V. S. Vinayak
| studio = {{ubl|Peacock Film Production Abhishek Films|Passion Studios}}
| distributor =
| released =
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|140 crore}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2023 |title=Director Jeethu Joseph unveils 'Ram's budget; More than Rs 140 crores! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/director-jeethu-joseph-unveils-rams-budget-more-than-rs-140-crores/articleshow/106296546.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227140527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/director-jeethu-joseph-unveils-rams-budget-more-than-rs-140-crores/articleshow/106296546.cms |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''Ram''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Jeethu Joseph]]. It is the first installment of a two-part film series, and stars [[Mohanlal]] in the title role, with an [[ensemble cast]] consisting of [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]], [[Adil Hussain]], [[Durga Krishna]], [[Anoop Menon]], [[Chandhunadh]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], and [[Leona Lishoy]]. The film's music was composed by Vishnu Shyam.

[[Principal photography]] began in January 2020. The production has been delayed for over half a decade due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

== Premise ==
The film focuses on the efforts of [[Research & Analysis Wing|RAW]] to track down a former operative, Ram Mohan, who went rogue and disappeared. The military needs his mental and physical abilities to deal with ''Bael'', a terrorist group that possesses nuclear weapons capable of destroying an entire nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2023 |title=Mohanlal, Jeethu Joseph's Ram plot leaked. 'This is Pathaan 2.0,' say fans |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-ram-plot-leaked-this-is-shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-20-say-fans-2329023-2023-02-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301103108/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-ram-plot-leaked-this-is-shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-20-say-fans-2329023-2023-02-01 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|* [[Mohanlal]] as Ram Mohan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] as Dr. Vineetha
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Shyam Balachandran [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Samyuktha Menon|Samyuktha]]
* [[Adil Hussain]] as [[Colonel|Col.]] Yogesh Bhatia
* [[Durga Krishna]] as Meera
* [[Anoop Menon]]
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]]
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]
* [[Chandhunadh]] as Vivek
* [[Vasishta N. Simha]]
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
* [[Leona Lishoy]] as [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Aswathy
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]]
* [[Santhi Mayadevi]]
* [[Priyanka Nair]]
* [[Anant Mahadevan]]
* [[Prachi Tehlan]]
* [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]]
* [[Suresh Chandra Menon]]
* [[G. Suresh Kumar]]
* [[Shobi Thilakan]]
* [[Jayan Cherthala]]
* [[Sunil Sukhada]]
* [[Adam Ayub]]
* [[Hima Shankar]]
* [[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]]}}

== Production ==
===Development===
[[Jeethu Joseph]] began working on the pre-production of ''Ram'' in early 2020 while simultaneously overseeing the post-production of ''[[The Body (2019 film)|The Body]]'' and ''[[Thambi (2019 film)|Thambi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. |first=Srivatsan |date=17 December 2019 |title=Jeethu Joseph on 'Thambi', the Chinese remake of 'Drishyam' and Mohanlal's 'Ram' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jeethu-joseph-on-thambi-the-chinese-remake-of-drishyam-and-mohanlals-ram/article30329800.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223032032/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jeethu-joseph-on-thambi-the-chinese-remake-of-drishyam-and-mohanlals-ram/article30329800.ece |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=18 January 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In November-December that year, it was reported that [[Mohanlal]] and [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] would be starring in Jeethu's high-budget thriller film, which would be shot across various locations in [[India]] and overseas, with filming scheduled to begin in December-January and last for 60 days. It was jointly produced by the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Chennai]]-based Peacock film Production as main film making company and Abhishek Films and Passion Studios as joint venturist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=9 September 2019 |title=Mohanlal, Trisha to star in director Jeethu Joseph's next film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/sep/08/mohanlal-trisha-to-star-in-director-jeethu-josephs-next-film-2030786.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004074103/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/sep/08/mohanlal-trisha-to-star-in-director-jeethu-josephs-next-film-2030786.html |archive-date=4 October 2019 |access-date=18 January 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> However, the filming date was postponed to late December to coincide with the release of ''Thambi''. Jeethu described the film as an action-thriller with a story spanning several countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Vijay |date=5 December 2019 |title=I don't want to do remakes any more: Jeethu Joseph |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jeethu-joseph-on-his-projects-in-hindi-and-tamil-and-making-remakes/article30174996.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208232449/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jeethu-joseph-on-his-projects-in-hindi-and-tamil-and-making-remakes/article30174996.ece |archive-date=8 December 2019 |access-date=18 January 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On 16 December, a [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] function and press meet were held for the film, during which its title was revealed. Jeethu shared that he was approached by the producers three years ago to make one film with Mohanlal after the success of ''[[Drishyam]]'' (2013). He further added, "I was tensed about doing another film with Lalettan [Mohanlal] because it's a huge responsibility. It took me three years to come up with the right subject".<ref name="TNIE">{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=18 December 2019 |title=Jeethu Joseph's next with Mohanlal titled 'Ram' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/dec/18/jeethu-josephs-next-with-mohanlal-titled-ram-2077543.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219155218/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/dec/18/jeethu-josephs-next-with-mohanlal-titled-ram-2077543.html |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=18 January 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The production of the film faced a delay during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020. Utilizing the break, Jeethu expanded the film's scope, expanding it into a two-part film. As Jeethu explained, "we can't make a movie that is five hours long, and that's why it's been split into two parts. When I initially tried to compress everything into a single film, it turned out to be too long, and the editing process caused disruptions to the continuity of the film". He said that initially he had planned to limit Ram, a globetrotter, to a single film, "but following the success of ''[[Drishyam 2]]'', the subsequent expansion of Lal sir's market, and the delay of the film for about two years, I felt it could be done on a bigger canvas", which the producers agreed to.<ref name="split">{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=6 December 2022 |title=Jeethu Joseph reveals why he decided to split Mohanlal's Ram into 2 parts |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-mohanlals-ram-had-to-be-a-duology-as-it-wasnt-practical-to-make-a-5-hour-long-film-jeethu-joseph/2067fd3dbd247 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502134157/https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-mohanlals-ram-had-to-be-a-duology-as-it-wasnt-practical-to-make-a-5-hour-long-film-jeethu-joseph/2067fd3dbd247 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |publisher=OTT Play}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Mohanlal]] reportedly plays a [[R&AW]] agent in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ETimes.in |date=23 September 2022 |title=Is Mohanlal playing a raw agent in Jeethu Joseph's 'Ram'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/is-mohanlal-playing-a-raw-agent-in-jeethu-josephs-ram-read-more/articleshow/94388689.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929001517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/is-mohanlal-playing-a-raw-agent-in-jeethu-josephs-ram-read-more/articleshow/94388689.cms |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> During the casting process, [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] was suggested for the role by Mohanlal.<ref name=TNIE/> Trisha plays one of the lead roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ETimes.in |date=29 December 2021 |title='Mohanlal's Ram is my most expensive commercial entertainer', says director Jeethu Joseph |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-ram-is-my-most-expensive-commercial-entertainer-says-director-jeethu-joseph/articleshow/88562224.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519103539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-ram-is-my-most-expensive-commercial-entertainer-says-director-jeethu-joseph/articleshow/88562224.cms |archive-date=19 May 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She plays Vineetha, a doctor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=18 January 2020 |title=Trisha to play a doctor in Mohanlal's Ram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/trisha-starts-filming-for-mohanlals-ram/articleshow/73354238.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007105125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/trisha-starts-filming-for-mohanlals-ram/articleshow/73354238.cms |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Mohanlal also suggested [[Prachi Tehlan]] for a role, who was in talks in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=15 January 2020 |title=Prachi Tehlan in talks to join Mohanlal-Jeethu Joseph's 'Ram' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/jan/15/prachi-tehlan-in-talks-to-join-mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-ram-2089623.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116152309/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/jan/15/prachi-tehlan-in-talks-to-join-mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-ram-2089623.html |archive-date=16 January 2020 |access-date=18 January 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Tehlan reportedly joined the film that month.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Timesofindia.com |date=15 January 2020 |title=Mohanlal looks super cool and stylish as he shoots for 'RAM' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-looks-super-cool-and-stylish-as-he-shoots-for-ram/articleshow/73274437.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118231044/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-looks-super-cool-and-stylish-as-he-shoots-for-ram/articleshow/73274437.cms |archive-date=18 January 2020 |access-date=17 January 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Anoop Menon]] also joined in January.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2020 |title=ഇതിഹാസ താരത്തോടൊപ്പം; ഇതൊരു ഭാഗ്യമാണ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-trisha-krishnan-raam-jeethu-joseph-anoop-menon-1.4489775 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305013201/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-trisha-krishnan-raam-jeethu-joseph-anoop-menon-1.4489775 |archive-date=5 March 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref> [[Chandhunadh]] plays Vivek, a journalist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=15 February 2020 |title=Chandhunadh: My dreams are being realised in a fancy, cinematic way |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/chandhunadh-my-dreams-are-being-realised-in-a-fancy-cinematic-way/articleshow/74145861.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016063839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/chandhunadh-my-dreams-are-being-realised-in-a-fancy-cinematic-way/articleshow/74145861.cms |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Adil Hussain]] was cast in a brief but crucial role, while [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] was cast in a role with ample screen time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Digital Native |date=1 February 2020 |title=Indrajith Sukumaran joins the sets of Mohanlal's 'Ram' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/indrajith-sukumaran-joins-sets-mohanlal-s-ram-117311 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929091712/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/indrajith-sukumaran-joins-sets-mohanlal-s-ram-117311 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> [[Suresh Chandra Menon]] was cast in the role of a villain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=25 March 2020 |title=Lucifer villain to team up with Mohanlal again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lucifer-villain-to-team-up-with-mohanlal-again/articleshow/74810334.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007105126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lucifer-villain-to-team-up-with-mohanlal-again/articleshow/74810334.cms |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

[[Durga Krishna]] played the character of Meera in the first schedule of filming.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajan |first=Silpa |date=4 September 2021 |title=Durga Krisha on working with Mohanlal in 'Ram': The whole experience was nothing short of a masterclass - Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/durga-krisha-on-working-with-mohanlal-in-ram-the-whole-experience-was-nothing-short-of-a-masterclass-exclusive/articleshow/85920654.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929091739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/durga-krisha-on-working-with-mohanlal-in-ram-the-whole-experience-was-nothing-short-of-a-masterclass-exclusive/articleshow/85920654.cms |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Meera is sister to Vineetha.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=7 February 2020 |title=Durga Krishna: I constantly observe Lalettan to learn how to perform well |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/durga-krishna-i-constantly-observe-lalettan-to-learn-how-to-perform-well/articleshow/74007864.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016063510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/durga-krishna-i-constantly-observe-lalettan-to-learn-how-to-perform-well/articleshow/74007864.cms |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> David John, who had contested in the Mohanlal-hosted reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 1)|Bigg Boss]]'' was cast in a negative role, he was suggested by Mohanlal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=24 March 2020 |title=Bigg Boss-fame David John part of Mohanlal's Ram |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/mar/24/bigg-boss-fame-david-john-part-of-mohanlals-ram-2120725.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007122533/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/mar/24/bigg-boss-fame-david-john-part-of-mohanlals-ram-2120725.html |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Samyuktha Menon]] joined the film's shoot in September 2022 at [[London]]. Her character was created after the film was scaled-up after the schedule break due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="Samyuktha">{{Cite web |last=Team OTTplay |date=22 September 2022 |title=Samyukhta Menon joins Trisha as the second female lead in Mohanlal's Ram |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/samyukhta-menon-joins-trisha-as-the-second-female-lead-in-mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-ram/3bf156874f920 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929091712/https://www.ottplay.com/news/samyukhta-menon-joins-trisha-as-the-second-female-lead-in-mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-ram/3bf156874f920 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |publisher=OTT Play}}</ref> [[Priyanka Nair]] also joined the shoot in London.<ref name="London">{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=20 September 2022 |title=Priyanka Nair joins Mohanlal's 'Ram' in London |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/sep/20/priyanka-nair-joins-mohanlals-ram-in-london-2499887.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928173126/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/sep/20/priyanka-nair-joins-mohanlals-ram-in-london-2499887.html |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

===Filming===
Initially, ''Ram'' was planned as a single film when the production began. [[Principal photography]] commenced on 6 January 2020,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=8 January 2020 |title=Jeethu Joseph's 'Ram' begins filming, Mohanlal joins sets |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/jan/08/jeethu-josephs-ram-begins-filming-mohanlal-joins-sets-2086411.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519154715/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/jan/08/jeethu-josephs-ram-begins-filming-mohanlal-joins-sets-2086411.html |archive-date=19 May 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> with the first phase of filming in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Onmanorama staff |date=6 August 2022 |title=Jeethu Joseph resumes shoot of Mohanlal-starrer 'Ram' after 3 years |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/06/jeethu-joseph-mohanlal-ram-shoot-resumes-movie-collaboration.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007105126/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/06/jeethu-joseph-mohanlal-ram-shoot-resumes-movie-collaboration.html |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> Following this, the film was shot in [[Kerala]] .<ref>{{Cite news |last=Onmanorama Staff |date=6 December 2022 |title=Mohanlal heads to Morocco for next leg of Jeethu Joseph's 'Ram' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/06/mohanlal-morocco-jeethu-joseph-ram-film-shooting-locations.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502134156/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/06/mohanlal-morocco-jeethu-joseph-ram-film-shooting-locations.html |archive-date=2 May 2023 |access-date=2 May 2023 |work=[[OnManorama]]}}</ref> In February, the team completed the shoot in India. However, plans to shoot remaining portions in other countries were impeded by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=26 June 2022 |title=Mohanlal and Jeethu Joseph's action-thriller Ram to be released in two parts? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlal-and-jeethu-josephs-action-thriller-ram-to-be-released-in-two-parts/0876a36f96910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025548/https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlal-and-jeethu-josephs-action-thriller-ram-to-be-released-in-two-parts/0876a36f96910 |archive-date=16 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=Theatre OTT Play}}</ref> In May, Jeethu announced that filming would resume in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Uzbekistan]] once the spread of the virus was under control. Meanwhile, he also decided to direct another film that could be shot entirely in his home state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=19 May 2020 |title=Mohanlal and Trisha-starrer Ram is not shelved, clarifies director Jeethu Joseph |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/-mohanlal-and-trisha-starrer-ram-is-not-shelved-clarifies-director-jeethu-joseph-1679555-2020-05-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519154714/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/-mohanlal-and-trisha-starrer-ram-is-not-shelved-clarifies-director-jeethu-joseph-1679555-2020-05-19 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Post-production work for ''Ram'' began in UK, along with ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' in India which he had completed by that time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Timesofindia.com |date=15 November 2020 |title=Mohanlal's 'Drishyam 2' and 'Ram' enter post-production |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-drishyam-2-and-ram-enter-post-production/articleshow/79232637.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007105123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-drishyam-2-and-ram-enter-post-production/articleshow/79232637.cms |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The budget spent until then was approximately {{currency|94|INR}} crore, with additional {{currency|94|INR}} crore required to complete the film. The team contemplated moving the location to [[France]] due to prolonged restriction in the UK due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but decided to wait until the restrictions were lifted due to the higher cost.<ref>{{Cite news |last=കുമാർ |first=ഷജിൽ |date=10 July 2021 |title=25 ദിവസത്തെ ഷൂട്ട്, 5 നായികമാർ; 'ട്വൽത്ത് മാൻ' വരുന്നു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/07/10/12-th-man-mohanlal-and-jeethu-joseph-team-up-for-a-mystery-thriller.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714113558/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/07/10/12-th-man-mohanlal-and-jeethu-joseph-team-up-for-a-mystery-thriller.html |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml}}</ref> Jeethu said that ''Ram'' was his most expensive film to date.<ref name="BollywoodHungama">{{Cite web |last=Nambiar |first=Athulya |date=29 November 2021 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Jeethu Joseph on the delay in Mohanlal starrer Ram- "We want to release Ram in theatres" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/exclusive-jeethu-joseph-delay-mohanlal-starrer-ram-want-release-ram-theatres/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519103539/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/exclusive-jeethu-joseph-delay-mohanlal-starrer-ram-want-release-ram-theatres/ |archive-date=19 May 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

During the pandemic break, Jeethu increased the scope of the film and expanded it into a two-part film, with both parts planning to be shot [[Back to back film production|back-to-back]].<ref name="split" /> In the meantime, Jeethu directed three more films—''[[Drishyam 2]]'', ''[[12th Man (film)|12th Man]]'', and ''[[Kooman]]'', between 2021 and 2022.<ref name="interview1" /> In May 2022, Jeethu said that they are conducting [[location scouting]] in the [[Middle East]] and the UK that month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=17 May 2022 |title=Exclusive! Jeethu Joseph on Mohanlal's Ram: We have increased the scale of the movie since the pandemic break |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-jeethu-joseph-on-mohanlals-ram-we-have-increased-the-scale-of-the-movie-since-the-pandemic-break/3cd7fde848200 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519103539/https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-jeethu-joseph-on-mohanlals-ram-we-have-increased-the-scale-of-the-movie-since-the-pandemic-break/3cd7fde848200 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=OTT Play}}</ref> In July, the crew scouted in [[England]] and [[North Africa]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=ETimes.in |date=6 August 2022 |title=Mohanlal-Jeethu Joseph resume shoot of 'Ram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-jeethu-joseph-resume-shoot-of-ram/articleshow/93385647.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002145801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-jeethu-joseph-resume-shoot-of-ram/articleshow/93385647.cms |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

After a two-year seven months production delay, filming resumed the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ETimes.in |date=6 August 2022 |title=Mohanlal-Jeethu Joseph resume shoot of 'Ram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-jeethu-joseph-resume-shoot-of-ram/articleshow/93385647.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929073254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-jeethu-joseph-resume-shoot-of-ram/articleshow/93385647.cms |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> These portions featured Mohanlal, Indrajith, and Trisha.<ref name="Samyuktha" /> The filming schedule in London was deferred due to the death of [[Queen Elizabeth II]] on 8 September 2022, four days before production was set to begin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=6 December 2022 |title=Jeethu Joseph: Several locations for Ram were cancelled after the Queen's death |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-jeethu-joseph-several-locations-for-mohanlals-ram-were-cancelled-after-queen-elizabeths-death/ea2fd2d177548 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502134155/https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-jeethu-joseph-several-locations-for-mohanlals-ram-were-cancelled-after-queen-elizabeths-death/ea2fd2d177548 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |publisher=OTT Play}}</ref> Filming eventually resumed that month.<ref name="London" /> American stunt director Peter Pedrero choreographed the action sequence for the London shoot.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ETimes.in |date=3 October 2022 |title=Hollywood stunt coordinator Peter Pedrero roped in for Mohanlal's 'Ram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/hollywood-stunt-coordinator-peter-pedrero-roped-in-for-mohanlals-ram/articleshow/94617917.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005141018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/hollywood-stunt-coordinator-peter-pedrero-roped-in-for-mohanlals-ram/articleshow/94617917.cms |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=5 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The schedule was completed in October 2022.<ref name="interview1">{{Cite news |last=R. |first=Chandhini |date=8 November 2022 |title=Jeethu Joseph Interview: Commercial success is more important than awards and accolades |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2022/nov/08/jeethu-joseph-interview-the-filmmaker-on-kooman-ram-dirshyam-mohanlal-36370.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502134155/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2022/nov/08/jeethu-joseph-interview-the-filmmaker-on-kooman-ram-dirshyam-mohanlal-36370.html |archive-date=2 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Following that, there was a 3-day shoot in [[Ernakulam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Web Team |date=15 October 2022 |title='റാമി'ന്‍റെ യുകെ ഷെഡ്യൂള്‍ പൂര്‍ത്തിയാക്കി മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍; ഇനി മൊറോക്കോ, ടുണീഷ്യ, കൊച്ചി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/mohanlal-completes-uk-schedule-of-ram-movie-jeethu-joseph-monster-rjsbm3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502120207/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/mohanlal-completes-uk-schedule-of-ram-movie-jeethu-joseph-monster-rjsbm3 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |access-date=2 May 2023 |work=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}</ref> In the first week of December, the crew traveled to [[Morocco]] for the next phase of filming.<ref>{{Cite news |last=R. |first=Chandhini |date=6 December 2022 |title=Mohanlal flies to Morocco to shoot for Jeethu Joseph's Ram |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/06/mohanlal-flies-to-morocco-to-shoot-for-jeethu-josephs-ram-37404.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502134155/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/06/mohanlal-flies-to-morocco-to-shoot-for-jeethu-josephs-ram-37404.html |archive-date=2 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The Moroccan schedule was wrapped on 23 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=R. |first=Chandhini |date=24 December 2022 |title=Ram's Morocco schedule wrapped up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/24/rams-morocco-schedule-wrapped-up-38053.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502135443/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/24/rams-morocco-schedule-wrapped-up-38053.html |archive-date=2 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

The film has pending schedules in [[Tunisia]], the UK, and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=ഫിൽമി റിപ്പോർട്ടർ |date=4 April 2023 |title='വാലിബൻ' കഴിഞ്ഞാൽ 'റാം'; ബാക്കിയുള്ളത് 44 ദിവസങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/film-news/mohanlal-to-join-jeethu-josephs-ram-after-completing-malaikottai-valiban-108952 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502120532/https://www.reporterlive.com/film-news/mohanlal-to-join-jeethu-josephs-ram-after-completing-malaikottai-valiban-108952 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |access-date=2 May 2023 |work=[[Reporter TV]] |language=ml}}</ref> According to Jeethu, it may have a schedule in [[Israel]] too.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haran |first=Praveen V. |date=6 November 2022 |title='Kooman' needed a young ordinary cop: Jeethu Joseph |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/11/06/kooman-needed-young-ordinary-cop-jeethu-joseph-interview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502134156/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/11/06/kooman-needed-young-ordinary-cop-jeethu-joseph-interview.html |archive-date=2 May 2023 |access-date=2 May 2023 |work=[[OnManorama]]}}</ref>

==Music==
The soundtrack is composed by Vishnu Shyam. ''Ram'' marks his debut work as a music director, although his second film ''[[Kooman (film)|Kooman]]'' (also directed by Jeethu) was released ahead of it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ജോയ് |first=ജോയ്സ് |date=12 November 2022 |title=വിദ്യാസാഗറിന്റെ ശിഷ്യത്വം നേടാൻ കാത്തിരുന്നത് 4 വർഷം; 'കൂമന്റെ' സംഗീതസംവിധായകനു പറയാനുണ്ട്, ഏറെ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2022/11/12/interview-with-kooman-music-director-vishnu-shyam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503193758/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2022/11/12/interview-with-kooman-music-director-vishnu-shyam.html |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |work=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml}}</ref> The lyrics are written by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joy |first=Joys |date=16 December 2019 |title=വിഷ്ണുവും വിനായകും കൈ കോർക്കുന്നു; ജീത്തു ജോസഫിന്‍റെ മോഹൻലാൽ ചിത്രം 'റാമി'നു വേണ്ടി |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/lyricist-vinayak-sasikumar-and-music-director-vishnu-shyam-joins-for-jeethu-joseph-new-mohanlal-movie-ram-jj-185425.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807020754/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/lyricist-vinayak-sasikumar-and-music-director-vishnu-shyam-joins-for-jeethu-joseph-new-mohanlal-movie-ram-jj-185425.html |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=18 January 2020 |work=[[News18 Malayalam]] |language=ml}}</ref>

==Release==
Before production began, ''Ram'' was originally planned for release during [[Onam]] 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=India Today Web Desk |date=17 December 2019 |title=Mohanlal reunites with Drishyam director Jeethu Joseph for Ram. Reveals first look |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mohanlal-reunites-with-drishyam-director-jeethu-joseph-for-ram-reveals-first-look-1628889-2019-12-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714150124/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mohanlal-reunites-with-drishyam-director-jeethu-joseph-for-ram-reveals-first-look-1628889-2019-12-17 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, filming was delayed. In May 2022, Jeethu revealed that they had to push the shooting dates to secure the desired locations.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11449482}}

{{Jeethu Joseph}}

[[Category:Unreleased Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]

Sherlock Toms

2026-04-08T12:10:08Z

Ronny14Z58: Added some info basic info...

{{short description|Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sherlock Toms
| image = Sherlock Toms.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]]
| producer = [[Prem Menon]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Sachy (writer)|Sachy]] [[Najeem Koya]]
| story =
| based_on = [[Man on a Ledge]] by [[Pablo Fenjves]]
| starring = [[Biju Menon]] [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] [[Srinda Arhaan]] [[Salim Kumar]] [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] [[Hareesh Perumanna]]
| music = [[Bijibal]] (songs) [[Rahul Raj]] (score)
| cinematography = Alby
| editing = V. Saajan
| studio = [[Global United Media]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|9|29}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sherlock Toms''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]] and written by [[Sachy (writer)|Sachy]]. The film stars [[Biju Menon]], [[Miya (actress)|Miya]], [[Srinda Arhaan]], [[Salim Kumar]], and [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]. It was produced by [[Prem Menon]] under his [[Global United Media]]. The plot follows the encounters of Thomas, an [[Indian Revenue Service]] employee, who is fondly called Sherlock Toms due to his shrewd intelligence and keen observation skills. The film was inspired by Hollywood flick [[Man on a Ledge ]]. The film was released on 29 September 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/mar/15/biju-menon-is-an-aspiring-detective-in-sherlock-toms-1581321.html |title=Biju Menon is an aspiring detective in Sherlock Toms. The movie was met with mixed to negative reaction from critics and public alike. It shares similarity with the English movie Man On The Ledge |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2017-03-15 |access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/biju-menon-shafis-film-gets-a-title-sherlock-toms/articleshow/57571522.cms |title=sherlock toms: Biju Menon - Shafi's film gets a title, 'Sherlock Toms' | Malayalam Movie News - Times of India |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2017-03-10 |accessdate=2017-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ramaleela-scriptwriter-sachy-to-have-a-unique-honour-on-sept-28-2018/articleshow/60823596.cms|title = Ramaleela scriptwriter Sachy to have a unique honour on Sept 28, 2018 - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

==Plot==
Thomas Joy is an avid fan of [[Sherlock Holmes]], a character created by [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]. His friends call him 'Sherlock Toms' due to his keen observation skills. Despite some childhood difficulties he grows up to be an [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS officer]] but has a troubled relationship with Rekha, whom he married accidentally.

Tom conducts an unfruitful raid on a "chit fund company" in which he caused damage to their vault and got suspended. Tom attributes it to his wife's behaviour and has an argument with her. She calls the police and alleges Tom hit her. He then faces court cases brought by Rekha and the chit fund company. When it becomes apparent his lawyer is not succeeding in proving his innocence, Tom loudly threatens to commit suicide. The judge orders Tom to undergo a treatment but during the commotion, he flees and accidentally enters a large hotel opposite to the office of the chit company from where he demands the lifting of his suspension and a divorce from Rekha. He and Rekha argue while he is still about to commit suicide and exposes his toxic relationship and abuse he suffered from her in front of hundreds and TV. He also asks for a rock band to play music while he stood there and demanded a reporter speak to him.

In the hotel room, which he gatecrashes, he discovers cancelled currencies which he shows to the gathered media reporting about him. When the police rescue team captured him, Tom confesses his suicide threat was a distraction to get the company raided thereby clearing his name.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Biju Menon]] as P.L.Thomas Varghese [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS]] alias Sherlock Toms, Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax/ Deputy Director of Enforcement Directorate
**[[Master Dhananjay|Dhananjay]] as Young Toms
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Chavaro Ashan
*[[Miya (actress)|Miya]] as Shiney Mattummel, TV reporter
*[[Srinda Ashab]] as Rekha Toms aka Sabdarekha, Toms's wife
*[[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Sathyaprathapan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Commissioner
*[[Hareesh Perumanna]] as Fakrudeen aka Fakru, Police constable
*[[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as R. Kannan Nair, Kerala Fire and Rescue Services officer
*[[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as Sugunan Master
*[[Kottayam Nazeer]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Shinto
*[[Jayan Cherthala]] as P. Sundaram, Joint Director of Enforcement
*[[Noby Marcose]] as Madan Thulasi
*[[Rafi Mecartin|Rafi]] as Saghav Lazar, Thomas's father
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Unneesho Mappila
*[[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Constable Raghu
*[[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Adv.Sambashivan P. K
*Molly Kannamaly as Kuruvi Thathi
*Sunil Babu as Uvvachu Chacko, son of Chavaro Ashaan
*[[Saju Kodiyan]] as Fa. Stephen Kunnummel
*[[Balaji Sarma]] as Vinod, Enforcement officer
*Kalyani Nair a Sherly, Enforcement officer
*[[Anu Joseph]] as Deepa, Kannan's wife
*[[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu]] as Magistrate
*[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Markose
*[[Prasanth Alexander]] as Joji Tharakan, Branch Manager at Mannanam Chits and Finance, Ravipuram branch
*[[Sreenivasan]] as [[Narrator]] (Voice Only)
*[[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Jolly
*Vinod Kedamangalam as School Peon
*Nelson as Panthayam Panchi
*Majeed as Prosecutor
*Rajesh Paravoor as Nilavudeen
*Vijayan Karanthoor as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Chandran, at Alangad Station
*Manju Satheesh as P. Bhanumathy, School H. M
*Manve Surendran as Sushma teacher
*Riyas K.H as Stranger in Bank
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt6667268}}

{{Sachy}}
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rahul Raj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shafi]]
[[Category:2017 comedy films]]

O. V. Vijayan

2026-03-27T21:57:00Z

Ronny14Z58: small add intro based on references additionally and fixed typos for consistency

{{short description|Indian writer and cartoonist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Ottupulackal Velukkuty Vijayan
| image = Vijayan.jpg
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1930|07|2}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2005|3|30|1930|07|2}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Now [[Telangana]]), [[India]]
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[short story writer]], [[cartoonist]], [[journalist]]
| genre = [[Novel]], [[short story]], [[essays]]
| subject = Social aspects
| movement = [[Modernism]], [[Magical realism]]
| spouse = Teresa Vijayan
| children = Madhu Vijayan
| relatives = [[O. V. Usha]] (sister)
| awards = {{ublist|1970 [[Odakkuzhal Award]]|1990 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]|1990 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]|1991 [[Vayalar Award]]|1992 [[Muttathu Varkey Award]]|2001 [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram|Ezhuthachan Award]]|2001 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]|2003 [[Padma Bhushan]]|2004 [[Mathrubhumi Literary Award]]}}
| website =
}}

{{Indian name|Vijayan|Ottupulackal Velukkuty}}'''Ottupulackal Velukkuty Vijayan''' (2 July 1930 – 30 March 2005), commonly known as '''O. V. Vijayan''', was an Indian author and cartoonist, who was an important figure in modern [[Malayalam literature]]. Best known for his [[debut novel|first novel]] ''[[Khasakkinte Itihasam]]'' (1969), Vijayan was the author of six novels, nine short-story collections, and nine collections of essays, memoirs and reflections.

Born in [[Palakkad]] in 1930, Vijayan graduated from [[Government Victoria College, Palakkad|Victoria College]] in Palakkad and obtained a master's degree in English literature from [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College, Madras]]. He wrote his first short story, "Tell Father Gonsalves", in 1953. ''[[Khasakkinte Itihasam]]'' (''The Legends of Khasak''), Vijayan's first novel, appeared in 1969.<ref name="Njattupura recreates Thasrak magic">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/njattupura-recreates-thasrak-magic/article7019937.ece |title=Njattupura recreates Thasrak magic |date=March 22, 2015 |access-date=July 23, 2017}}</ref> It set off a great literary revolution and cleaved the history of Malayalam fiction into pre-Khasak and post-Khasak. While ''Khasakkinte Itihasam'' continues to be his best-known work as an angry young man, his later works, ''[[Gurusagaram]]'' (''The Infinity of Grace''), ''Pravachakante Vazhi'' (''The Path of the Prophet'') and ''Thalamurakal'' (''Generations'') bespeak a mature transcendentalist.

Vijayan authored many volumes of short stories, which range from the comic to the philosophical and show a diversity of situations, tones and styles. Vijayan translated most of his own works from Malayalam to English. He was also an editorial cartoonist and political observer and worked for news publications including ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' and ''[[The Hindu]]''.

==Early life==
[[File:O. V. Vijayan.jpg|left|thumb|240x240px|Illustration of O.V. Vijayan]]
O. V. Vijayan was born on 2 July 1930 at Vilayanchaathanoor village in [[Palakkad district]] in Kerala.<ref name="O. V. Vijayan - Indian Cartoonist and Writer">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2017 |title=O. V. Vijayan - Indian Cartoonist and Writer |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica |location=UK |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/O-V-Vijayan |access-date=July 23, 2017}}</ref> Born premature in the seventh month, Vijayan was sickly from childhood and spent most of his time confined to his room. His father O. Velukkutty was an officer in [[Malabar Special Police]] of the erstwhile [[Madras Province]] in [[British India]].<ref name="Vijayan: The writer, cartoonist">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/mar/30ov2.htm |title=Vijayan: The writer, cartoonist |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref><ref name="VIJAYAN O V Palakkad">{{Cite web |url=https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/author/vijayan-o-v |title=VIJAYAN O V Palakkad |date=2017-07-23 |website=DC Books online |access-date=2017-07-23 |archive-date=24 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624001003/http://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/author/vijayan-o-v |url-status=dead }}</ref> His youngest sister [[O. V. Usha]] is a Malayalam poet.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ajith Kumar|first=J.|title=A passion for the unknown|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/11/24/stories/2002112400620200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219084833/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/11/24/stories/2002112400620200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2014|access-date=2 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 November 2002}}</ref> As a child, Vijayan was largely homeschooled. Formal schooling began at the age of twelve, when he joined Raja's High School, [[Kottakkal]] in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]], directly into sixth grade. The informal education arranged by his father during his absentee years was sufficient to keep him at par with his peers. The following year, Velukkutty was transferred and Vijayan joined the school at [[Koduvayur-II|Koduvayur]] in [[Palakkad]]. He graduated from [[Government Victoria College, Palakkad|Victoria College]] in Palakkad and obtained a master's degree in English literature from [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]].<ref name="Vijayan O V - DC Books profile" /> Vijayan taught for some time at [[Malabar Christian College]], [[Kozhikode]], and Victoria College before opting for journalism.<ref name="Vijayan: The writer, cartoonist" />

==Literary career==

===''Khasakkinte Itihasam'' ===
{{quote box|align = right|width=22em|''When the bus came to its final halt in Koomankavu, the place did not seem unfamiliar to Ravi. He had never been there before, but he had seen himself coming to this forlorn outpost beneath the immense canopy of trees, with its dozen shops and shacks raised on piles; he had seen it all in recurrent premonitions – the benign age of the trees, the river bark and roots arched above the earth.'' (the opening paragraph of ''[[Khasakkinte Itihasam]]'')<ref name="World Book Day: Revisiting Thasrak, where a legend was born">{{Cite web |url=https://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/getting-about-kerala/palakkad/thazrak-ov-vijayan-khasakinte-ithihasam-legend-palakkad.html |title=World Book Day: Revisiting Thasrak, where a legend was born |last=Baiju Govind |date=April 23, 2017 |website=OnManorama |language=en |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>}}
''[[Khasakkinte Itihasam]]'' (''The Legends of Khasak''), Vijayan's first novel, which took twelve years' writing and rewriting to reach its final form, was published in 1969.<ref name="Vijayan: Guru of a whole generation">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/mar/30ov1.htm |title=Vijayan: Guru of a whole generation |website=Rediff |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref> A year before, it was serialized in [[Mathrubhumi]] weekly for 28 weeks starting from January 28, 1968<ref name="Khasakkinte Ithihasam - 50 Years">{{Cite web |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/literature/literature-articles/ov-vijayan-khasakkinte-ithihasam-literature-news/573653 |title=Khasakkinte Ithihasam - 50 Years |website=Madhyamam |date=18 November 2018 |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref> and set off a great literary revolution and cleaved the history of Malayalam fiction into pre-Khasak and post-Khasak eras.<ref name="Kerala's magic-realist and political commentator - Why everyone should read O. V. Vijayan">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-s-magic-realist-and-political-commentator-why-everyone-should-read-ov-vijayan-82895 |title=Kerala's magic-realist and political commentator - Why everyone should read O. V. Vijayan |website=www.thenewsminute.com |access-date=2019-01-30|date=2018-06-12 }}</ref> The former era was romantic and formal; the latter is modernist, post-modernist and post-post-modernist, with tremendous experimentation in style and content. The novel, which has drawn comparisons with ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]'' of [[Gabriel García Márquez]],<ref name="Lost in translation">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/lost-in-translation/article5969970.ece |title=Lost in translation |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=K. K. |date=2014-05-03 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref><ref name="It Takes a Village">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/it-takes-a-village-2756713/ |title=It Takes a Village |date=2016-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref> is about Ravi, a teacher in an informal education centre in Khasak, and his existential crises. The central character is shown as a visionary who completed his post graduate programme in Physics from a college at [[Tambaram]]. The novel ends when Ravi begins his journey to some other realms of existence.<ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA195|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|pages=195–}}</ref> The existential puzzle of man as to why he should exist is explored in this novel. The novel introduced a new poetic style of prose, combining [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Palakkad]] dialect of Malayalam.<ref name="Khasakkinte Ithihasam - 50 Years" /> It also introduced a narrative style that moved forth from reality to myths and back.<ref name="Remains of the Day">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/ov-vijayan-photos-the-legends-of-khasak-book-3079873/ |title=Remains of the Day |date=2016-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref> The work was later adapted as a play by [[Deepan Sivaraman]].<ref name="The local route">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-local-route/article8560854.ece |title=The local route |last=Ganesh |first=Deepa |date=2016-05-05 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>

=== ''Dharmapuranam''===
''Dharmapuranam'' (''The Saga of Dharmapuri'', 1985) is outwardly a great political satire where the author knows no restraint in lampooning political establishments.<ref name="Vijayan: Guru of a whole generation" /> The works attempts to lampoon modes of governance through its characters and the setting. The central character is Sidhartha, modelled after [[Gautama Buddha]], whose personality is shown to lead people to enlightenment. Though satirical in its tone, the novel has a spiritual level, too. ''[[Malayalanadu]]'' weekly announced that the novel would be serialised from July 1975, but the plan was dropped when [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] was proclaimed on June 25, 1975. The novel was finally serialised only in 1977, after the Emergency was lifted and it proved to be prophetic. There were hindrances for its publication as well due to its sexual-scatological language and imagery and as the atrocities perpetrated during Emergency were still haunting the public. Finally, it was published in 1985. Two years later, [[Penguin Books]] published the English translation and the book drew critical reviews. ''...dangerous stuff and cut close to the bone'' were the words of [[David Selbourne]], in ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'' and [[Khushwant Singh]] rated the novel as ''not the kind of novel you forget in a hurry.'' Vijayan himself described it as a cleansing act that he had no desire to repeat.<ref name="A sage and an iconoclast">{{Cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2208/stories/20050422003113200.htm |title=A sage and an iconoclast |last=K. Satchidanandan |website=frontline.thehindu.com |access-date=2019-01-30 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Later novels===
The third novel, ''[[Gurusagaram]]'' (''The Infinity of Grace'', 1987) differs in language, vision and characterisation from the earlier works.<ref name="Vijayan: Guru of a whole generation" /> It is on the immanence of Guru in the life of the seeker. Guru is everywhere and is manifested in everybody. The seeker partakes of the grace of the Guru as he happens for him unawares and unconditional. The central character is a journalist from Kerala, working in Delhi, going on an assignment to report the Indo-Pak war of 1971. He undergoes an excruciating experience both spiritually and physically to learn how to annihilate all forms of ego. ''Gurusagaram'' fetched him the [[Vayalar Award]], the central [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] and the [[Kerala Sahithya Academy]] Award in 1991.

''Madhuram Gayathi'' (1990) has been termed as "a fantastic [[allegory]] fusing mythology, spirituality and ecology". It is an allegorical fable of the post-Holocaust world with its lovelessness and disharmony. ''Pravachakante Vazhi'' (''The Path of the Prophet''; 1992) emphasises the vision that intuition is perennial and it is one and the same always. This oneness of the revelation makes the ways of all prophets the same. This great education in spirituality is got in those barbarous days of Delhi when the Sikhs were maniacally hunted after and mercilessly butchered following the murder of [[Indira Gandhi]]. Vijayan's last novel ''Thalamurakal'' (''Generations''; 1997) is autobiographical to a great extent. It is historical to a still greater extent. Beyond autobiography and history, the novel is a journey down the collective experiences of a family in search of an awareness about oneself and his clan. This search is of great importance when the collective experiences of the subculture are very bitter and the individual sense of the clan identity is much superior. The novel is a narration of four generations in Ponmudi family in Palakkad, Kerala.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/apr/30rajeev.htm The Great Malabar Novel- Review]</ref>

===Other literary works===
He wrote his first short story, "Tell Father Gonsalves", in 1953. He wrote many volumes of short stories, the first volume of which was published in 1957 – ''Three Wars''. The stories, which range from the comic to the philosophical, show an astonishing diversity of situations, tones and styles. O. V. Vijayan's best known collection in English is ''After the Hanging and Other Stories'' which contains several jewel-like masterpieces, in particular the title story about a poor, semi-literate peasant going to the jail to receive the body of his son who has been hanged; ''The Wart'' and ''The Foetus'' about the trauma of the fascist Emergency; the transcendental ''The Airport'', ''The Little Ones'', and several others. He also wrote many essays, and also published one book of cartoons- ''Ithiri Neramboke, Ithiri Darshanam'' (A Little Pastime, A little Vision) – 1990. ''Itihasathinte Itihasam'', a historical treatise written by him is considered by many as masterpiece.<ref name="Key Indian writer OV Vijayan dies">{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4394419.stm |title=Key Indian writer OV Vijayan dies |date=2005-03-30 |language=en-GB |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>

An incisive writer in English as well, Vijayan translated most of his own works from Malayalam to English. Selected works have been published by [[Penguin Books|Penguin India]]. His own translations of his stories into English – ''After Hanging and Other Stories'' and ''Selected Stories'' and the novels, ''The Saga of Dharmapuri'', ''The Legend of Khasak'' and ''The Infinity of Grace'' – have had a pan-Indian appeal, though many have been critical of the freedoms he took with his own works as well as his English style.<ref name="his novel of nested narratives chronicles the battles of two women (or three, including the author)">{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/883709/this-novel-of-nested-narratives-chronicles-the-battles-of-two-women-or-three-including-the-author |title=This novel of nested narratives chronicles the battles of two women (or three, including the author) |last=Balakrishnan |first=Suneetha |website=Scroll.in |date=23 June 2018 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>

At the [[Wayanad Literature Festival]], N. S. Madhavan discusses how O. V. Vijayan's writing was a pioneering force in the magical realism sphere of Malayalam Literature.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/IwSQ50X88Sw |title=മാജിക് റിയലിസം മൂന്നാം ലോകരാജ്യങ്ങളിലെ സാഹിത്യഭാഷയായി മാറി - N S Madhavan {{!}} WLF 2024 |language=en |access-date=2025-12-08 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

==Cartoons==
Vijayan left his home state in 1958 to pursue his career as a cartoonist in [[Delhi]].<ref name="O V Vijayan passes away">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/mar/30ov.htm |title=O V Vijayan passes away |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref> Joining the famous ''[[Shankar's Weekly]]'', Delhi, as a cartoonist and writer of political satire, he moved to ''Patriot'' as a staff cartoonist in 1963.<ref name="Key Indian writer OV Vijayan dies" /> Vijayan was also an editorial cartoonist and political observer in various news publications – ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' and ''[[The Hindu]]'' – and later turned freelancer.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/mar/31intera.htm The lion in winter The Rediff Interview/O V Vijayan]</ref> His cartoons also appeared in publications such as ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'' and ''[[The New York Times]]''. Philosophy and politics merged in his cartoons, just as revolution and spirituality coalesced in his writings. His searing comment on Indira Gandhi's Emergency rule and about her return to power in 1980 would remain high points in the history of Indian cartooning.

==Later life and death==
Vijayan was married to Theresa Gabriel, an academic and the couple had a son, Madhu.<ref name="Vijayan: The writer, cartoonist" /> He was afflicted with [[Parkinson's disease]] for 20 years and in early March 2005, he was admitted to Care Hospital, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] where he succumbed to organ failure on 30 March 2005 aged 74,<ref name="Vijayan O V - DC Books profile">{{Cite web |url=http://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/authors/vijayan-o-v |title=Vijayan O V - DC Books profile |publisher=dcbooks |access-date=16 May 2013 |archive-date=17 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517062727/http://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/authors/vijayan-o-v |url-status=dead }}</ref> survived by his wife and son.<ref name="The Hindu : National : Directive to O.V. Vijayan's son">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/28/stories/2005102805391300.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=National : Directive to O.V. Vijayan's son |access-date=2019-01-30}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Family fight breaks out over Vijayan's ashes - Times of India">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Family-fight-breaks-out-over-Vijayans-ashes/articleshow/1071992.cms |title=Family fight breaks out over Vijayan's ashes - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=8 April 2005 |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref> His body was taken to Kerala by special flight and was cremated with full state honours at Ivor Madom crematorium in Pambadi, [[Thrissur]] near [[Thiruvilwamala]] on the banks of the [[Bharathapuzha]] where his nephew, [[Ravi Shankar (cartoonist)|Ravi Shankar]], a known cartoonist, lit the pyre.<ref name="Can your ashes be a part of your estate?">{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/leisure/can-your-ashes-be-a-part-of-your-estate/cid/1013769 |title=Can your ashes be a part of your estate? |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref><ref name="Sh. Madhu Vijayan And Anr. vs Sh. S.G. Ravishankar on 10 March 2006">{{Cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/648185/ |title=Sh. Madhu Vijayan And Anr. vs Sh. S.G. Ravishankar on 10 March, 2006 |last=A. Sikri |date=10 March 2006 |website=indiankanoon.org |access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref> Teresa Vijayan died a year after his death,<ref name="Vijayan O V - DC Books profile" /> and his son lives in the US.<ref name="O V Vijayan passes away" />

== Awards and honours ==
[[File:O.V Vijayan Smarakam Thasraak.jpg|thumb|250px|O.V Vijayan Memorial by Kerala Government at Thasrak, Palaghat, Kerala]]
Vijayan received the [[Odakkuzhal Award]] for ''[[Khasakkinte Itihasam]]'' in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/ |title=Winners of Odakkuzhal Award |date=2019-01-31 |website=www.keralaculture.org |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |language=en |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref> His third novel, ''[[Gurusagaram]]'', brought him three awards, [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm |title=Kendra Sahitya Academy Awards (Malayalam) |publisher=Public Relations Department, [[Government of Kerala]] |access-date=11 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524212356/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm |archive-date=24 May 2007 }}</ref> and [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]] in 1990<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards for Novel">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards for Novel |date=2019-01-31 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109145935/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Vayalar Award]] in 1991.<ref name="Award Page (Malayalam)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw27.htm |title=Award Page (Malayalam) |date=2019-01-31 |website=Kerala Sahitya Academy |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref> When [[Muttathu Varkey Award]] was instituted in 1992, he received the inaugural award.<ref name="The Hindu : Kerala News : Muttathu Varkey award for Zacharia">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/29/stories/2005042912210400.htm |title=Kerala News : Muttathu Varkey award for Zacharia |date=April 29, 2005 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2019-01-31}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The Government of Kerala awarded him the [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]], their highest literary honour, in 2001,<ref name="Ezhuthachan Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw23.htm |title=Ezhuthachan Award |date=2019-01-31 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref> the same year as he was inducted as an honorary fellow by [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Fellows/Html/HonMembersPage-3.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship |date=2019-01-30 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian honor, in 2003.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Mathrubhumi Literary Award]], the last of the awards he received was in 2004, a year before his death.<ref name="Mathrubhumi Literary Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/ |title=Mathrubhumi Literary Award |website=www.keralaculture.org |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |language=en |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref><ref name="Mathrubhumi Literary Award winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw42.htm |title=Mathrubhumi Literary Award winners |date=2019-01-31 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref> A memorial, [[O. V. Vijayan Memorial]] has been constructed by the Government of Kerala in Thasrak, the setting of his novel, ''Khasakkinte Ithihasam''.<ref name="Khasakh heroes to welcome visitors to Vijayan memorial">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/khasakh-heroes-to-welcome-visitors-to-vijayan-memorial/article8368313.ece |title=Khasakh heroes to welcome visitors to Vijayan memorial |last=Shaji |first=K. A |date=2016-03-18 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref><ref name="O. V. Vijayan Memorial">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ovvijayanmemorial.com/en/ |title=O. V. Vijayan Memorial |last=Multimedia |first=G. L. O. |date=2019-01-31 |language=en-GB |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref><ref name="Work on O.V. Vijayan memorial at Thasrak slack in Kozhikode">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/work-on-ov-vijayan-memorial-at-thasrak-slack-in-kozhikode/article6437575.ece |title=Work on O.V. Vijayan memorial at Thasrak slack in Kozhikode |last=Shaji |first=K. a |date=2014-09-23 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>

==O. V. Vijayan Literary Award==
{{main|O. V. Vijayan Sahitya Puraskaram}}
The [[O. V. Vijayan Sahitya Puraskaram]] (O. V. Vijayan Literary Award) was instituted by the Naveena Samskarika Kala Kendram, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], in 2011, in memory of Vijayan who had spent his last days in [[Secunderabad]].<ref name="Award for Sara Joseph">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/award-for-sara-joseph/article2575789.ece |title=Award for Sara Joseph |date=October 28, 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref> The award consists of a cash component of {{INR}}50,001, a memento by [[Kanayi Kunhiraman]], and a citation. The award is given to the best book of a writer during the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.info/News/Article.asp?category=5&subCategory=1&ContentId=99833|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218054506/http://www.thehansindia.info/News/Article.asp?category=5&subCategory=1&ContentId=99833|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2013|title=A thinker who was far ahead of his time|date=12 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref> [[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]], [[Paul Zacharia|Zacharia]], [[Vijayalakshmi (poet)|Vijayalakshmi]], B. Rajeevan and Usha Kumari are some of the recipients of the award.<ref name="Malayalam writer bags O V Vijayan literature award">{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/malayalam-writer-bags-o-v-vijayan-literature-award/articleshow/49468462.cms |title=Malayalam writer bags O V Vijayan literature award |date=2015-10-20 |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
'''Novels'''
{{Div col|colwidth=50em}}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Khasakkinte Itihasam (The Legends of Khasak)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGFkAAAAMAAJ|year=1969|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-7130-126-3}}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Dharmapuranam (The Saga of Dharmapuri)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovA2HAAACAAJ|year=1985|publisher=DC Books}}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Gurusagaram (The Infinity of Grace)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V44sAAAAIAAJ|year=1987|publisher=DC Books}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://ebooks.dcbooks.com/madhuram-gayathi |title=Madhuram Gayathi |last=O. V. Vijayan |publisher=DC Books |year=1990 |asin=B007E5FFA4 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131201305/http://ebooks.dcbooks.com/madhuram-gayathi |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |title=Pravachakante Vazhi |author=O. V. Vijayan |publisher=DC Books |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-7130-258-1}}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Thalamurakal (Generations)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xMSqAzXXiQC|year=1997|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-7130-742-5}}
{{div col end}}

'''Short stories'''
{{Div col|colwidth=50em}}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Oru Neenda Rathriyude Ormakkayi (kathakaḷ - Remembering a Long Night - stories)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AogtAQAAIAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Sāhityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ : National Book Stall}}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=O. V. Vijayant̲e Kathakaḷ (Short Stories of Vijayan)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RkAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-0220-5}}
* {{Cite book |title=Asanthi : Rathiyude Kathakal (Unrest: Stories of Lust) |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=1179 |last=O. V. Vijayan |publisher=DC Books |year=1985 |isbn=978-93-86560-54-4 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013346/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=1179 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Balabodhini: kathakaḷ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hk4sAAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Sāhityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ : National Book Stall}}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Kadaltheerathu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2QZAAAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=DC Books}}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Kattu Paranja Katha (The Stories Told by the Wind)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJ0eAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=DC Books}}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Poothaprabandhavum Mattu Kathakalum (Poothaprabandham and Other Stories)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_p6aAAAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-7130-279-6}}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Kure Kathabeejangal (kathakaḷ - Stories)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6OaAAAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-7130-546-9}}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=O. V. Vijayante Kathakal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RkAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-0220-5}}
* {{cite book|author=O.V. Vijayan|title=Arakshithavastha (Insecurity)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfBcPgAACAAJ|date=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1471-0}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=123 |title=Samudrathilekku Vazhithetti Vanna Paralmeen |last=O. V. Vijayan |publisher=DC Books |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065303/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=123 |url-status=dead }}
{{div col end}}

'''Collection of essays'''
{{Div col|colwidth=50em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.el-aloysius.in:8081/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=17320&query_desc=au%3AVIJAYAN%20%20%2C%20O%20%20V |title=Oru Sindoora Pottinte Orma |last=O. V. Vijayan |publisher=DC Books |year=1987 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013459/http://www.el-aloysius.in:8081/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=17320&query_desc=au%3AVIJAYAN%20%20%2C%20O%20%20V |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=762 |title=Khoshayathrayil Thaniye (Alone in the Procession) |last=O. V. Vijayan |publisher=DC Books |year=1988 |archive-date=31 January 2019 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131201247/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=762 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=4148 |title=Vargasamaram Swathwam |last=O. V. Vijayan |publisher=DC Books |year=1988 |archive-date=31 January 2019 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131201326/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=4148 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=O. V. Vijayante Kurippukal (Notes)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-QZAAAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Current Books}}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Ente Charithranewshana Pareekshakal (My Experiments with History)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0swtAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-7130-081-5}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.el-aloysius.in:8081/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=18233&query_desc=au%3AVIJAYAN%20%20%2C%20O%20%20V |title=Sandehiyude Samvadam |last=O. V. Vijayan |publisher=Current Books |year=1991 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013628/http://www.el-aloysius.in:8081/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=18233&query_desc=au%3AVIJAYAN%20%20%2C%20O%20%20V |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.el-aloysius.in:8081/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=20456 |title=Haindhavanum Athuhaindhavanum |last=O. V. Vijayan |publisher=Current Books |year=1998 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013445/http://www.el-aloysius.in:8081/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=20456 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Andhanum Akalangal Kaanunnavanum: (lekhanangaḷ - The Blind and The Seer - satirical essays)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXtkAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-0299-1}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=4148 |title=Vargasamaram, Swathwam |last=O. V. Vijayan |publisher=DC Books |year=2005 |archive-date=31 January 2019 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131201326/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=4148 |url-status=dead }}
{{div col end}}

'''Memoirs'''
{{Div col|colwidth=50em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/ITHIHAASATHINTE-ITHIHAASAM#; |title=Ithihasathinte Ithihasam |last=O. V. Vijayan |publisher=DC Books |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-264-2877-9 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013115/https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/ITHIHAASATHINTE-ITHIHAASAM#; |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Vijayan: A Cartoonist Remembers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruZ2AAAACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-7167-883-9}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=8217 |title=Vijayante Kathukal (Vijayan's Letters) |last=O. V. Vijayan |publisher=DC Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-264-3325-4 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013238/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=8217 |url-status=dead }}
{{div col end}}

'''Cartoons'''
{{Div col|colwidth=50em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=160 |title=Ithiri Neramboke, Ithiri Darsanam (cartoons) |last=O. V. Vijayan |publisher=DC Books |year=1990 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065324/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=160 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |title=Tragic idiom : O.V. Vijayan's cartoons & notes on India |author=Vijayan, O. V. |date=2006 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-81-264-1235-8 |location=Kottayam, Kerala |oclc=123377620}}
{{div col end}}

'''Translations into English'''
{{Div col|colwidth=50em}}
* {{Cite book |title=After the hanging and other stories |author=Vijayan, O. V. |date=1989 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-012617-4 |location=New Delhi, India |oclc=22731313 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/afterhangingothe00vija }}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=The Saga of Dharmapuri|url=https://archive.org/details/sagaofdharmapuri00vija|url-access=registration|year=1988|publisher=Penguin Group USA|isbn=978-0-14-010787-6}}
* {{Cite book |title=The legends of Khasak |author=Vijayan, O. V. |date=1994 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-93-5118-009-8 |location=New Delhi |oclc=624323262}}
* {{Cite book |title=The infinity of grace |author=Vijayan, O. V. |date=1996 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-026007-6 |location=New Delhi |oclc=36470487}}
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Selected Fiction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uz4aAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-028965-7}}
{{div col end}}

'''Translations into French'''
{{Div col|colwidth=50em}}
* {{cite book|first=O. V. |last=Vijayan |translator-first=Dominique |translator-last=Vitalyos|title=Les Légendes de Khasak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T8nkPQAACAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Fayard|isbn=978-2-213-61994-1}}
* '' O.V. Vijayan: L'Aéroport'', transl. from Malayalam by Dominique Vitalyos, Revue Europe, nov-dec. 2002, pp. 236–241
* ''O.V. Vijayan: Les Rochers'', translated from English by Valérie Blavignac, Revue Europe avril 2001, pp. 132–138.
{{div col end}}

'''Translations into Hindi'''
* {{cite book|author=O. V. Vijayan|title=Samudra Thad Par|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76xNTuv6AVsC|series=Translation of "Kadaltheerathu"|year=1997|publisher=Katha|isbn=978-81-85586-55-7}}

== Writings on Vijayan ==
* {{Cite journal |last=V.B. Vinod |title=Location of History in a Spiritual Eco-System: Looking at "Madhuram Gayati" by O V Vijayan |journal=Indian Literature |date=2009 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=180–185|jstor=23348055 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/131317/10/10_chapter%205.pdf |title=The Creative World of Vijayan |date=2019-01-31 |website=Shodhganga |access-date=2019-01-31}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=4521 |title=Ormmapusthakam (Remembrances) |publisher=DC Books |year=2006 |quote=Memories of Vijayan, written by [[Anand (writer)|Anand]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[M. P. Narayana Pillai]], [[Kakkanadan]], [[Madhavikkutty]], [[P. Govinda Pillai]], [[Paul Zacharia|Zacharia]], [[N. S. Madhavan]], [[V. K. N.]], [[T. J. S. George]], [[E. P. Unni]], [[O. V. Usha]], Theresa Vijayan, Akavur Narayanan, and M. G. S. |archive-date=31 January 2019 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131201249/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=4521 |url-status=dead }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

KP Ramesh, OV VIjayan Daivasandramaya Kaattu (Biobraphy of OV VIjayan), Kerala Sahitya Akademi,2010

==External links==
{{commons category|O. V. Vijayan}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2005/mar/31intera.htm |title=The lion in winter |date=March 31, 2005 |website=ia.rediff.com |language=en |access-date=2019-01-31 |quote=Rajeev Srinivasan's interview with O V Vijayan}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=106 |title=Author Details |date=2019-01-31 |website=www.puzha.com |access-date=2019-01-31 |archive-date=12 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212182335/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=106 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | url=http://katalog.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/cgi-bin/titel.cgi?katkey=65805177 | title=Katalog | publisher=Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg | date=2015 | access-date=May 7, 2015|isbn=978-3-458-17219-2 }}

{{Cartoonists from Kerala}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Malayalam}}
{{Ezhuthachan Puraskaram}}
{{Malayalam Literature}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship}}
{{Vayalar Awards}}

{{Authority control}}
{{portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayan, O. V.}}
[[Category:1930 births|Vijayan, O.V.]]
[[Category:2005 deaths|Vijayan, O.V.]]
[[Category:Indian editorial cartoonists]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian fabulists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ezhuthachan Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Government Victoria College, Palakkad alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Malabar Christian College]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]

Rover (space exploration)

2026-03-27T04:25:02Z

Ronny14Z58: quick adjusted formatting to improve readability additionally and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Planetary surface exploration vehicle}}
{{for|more specific instances|Lunar rover|Mars rover}}
{{Other uses|Rover (disambiguation){{!}}Rover}}
[[File:PIA15279 3rovers-stand D2011 1215 D521.jpg|thumb|400px|Three different [[Mars rover]] designs: [[Sojourner (rover)|''Sojourner'']], [[Mars Exploration Rover|MER]] and [[Curiosity Rover|''Curiosity'']]]]
[[File:Pia21486curiowheelpopping.jpg|thumb|''Curiosity''{{'}}s wheels on Mars, 2017]]
[[File:OutOfThisWorldRecordsModified.jpg|thumb|300px|Comparison of distances driven by various wheeled vehicles on the surface of the [[Moon]] and [[Mars]]]]
A '''rover''' (or sometimes '''planetary rover''') is a [[planetary surface]] [[exploration]] [[machine]] designed to move over the rough surface of a [[planet]] or other [[planetary-mass object|planetary-mass]] [[celestial bodies]]. Some rovers have been designed as [[land vehicle]]s to transport members of a [[human spaceflight]] crew; others have been partially or fully [[autonomous robot]]s.

Rovers typically land on a planet other than [[Earth]] or a [[natural satellite|moon]] via a [[lander (spacecraft)|lander]]-style [[spacecraft]], tasked to move around and collect information about the terrain, and to take [[crust (geology)|crust]] samples such as [[dust]], [[soil]], [[Rock (geology)|rock]]s and even [[liquid]]s. They are essential [[astrogeology]] tools for [[space exploration]].

== Features ==
Rovers arrive on spacecraft and are used in conditions very distinct from those on the Earth, which makes some demands on their design.

=== Reliability ===
Rovers have to withstand high levels of acceleration, high and low temperatures, [[pressure]], dust, [[corrosion]], [[cosmic rays]], remaining functional without repair for a needed period of time.
[[File:Sojourner in cruise configuration.gif|thumb|left|150px|Mars rover ''[[Sojourner (rover)|Sojourner]]'' in cruise configuration]]

=== Autonomy ===
Rovers which land on celestial bodies far from the Earth, such as the [[Mars Exploration Rovers]], cannot be remotely controlled in real-time since the [[speed of light|speed at which radio signals travel]] is far too slow for ''real-time'' or ''near-real-time'' communication. For example, sending a signal from Mars to Earth takes between 3 and 21 minutes. These rovers are thus capable of operating [[Autonomous robot|autonomously]] with little assistance from ground control as far as [[Autonomous robot#Outdoor navigation|navigation]] and [[data acquisition]] are concerned, although they still require human input for identifying promising targets in the distance to which to drive, and determining how to position itself to maximize solar energy.<ref name="Schirber">{{cite news | author = Michael Schirber | title = Rovers of the future may make decisions on their own | date = 8 July 2012 | publisher = Mother Nature Network | url = http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/space/stories/rovers-of-the-future-may-make-decisions-on-their-own | work = Astrobiology Magazine }}</ref> Giving a rover some rudimentary visual identification capabilities to make simple distinctions can allow engineers to speed up the reconnaissance.<ref name="Schirber" /> During the NASA Sample Return Robot Centennial Challenge, a rover, named ''Cataglyphis'', successfully demonstrated autonomous navigation, decision-making, and sample detection, retrieval, and return capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/centennial_challenges/feature/2016_sample_return_robot_challenge_award.html|title=NASA Awards $750K in Sample Return Robot Challenge|last=Hall|first=Loura|date=2016-09-08|access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref>

=== Non-wheeled approaches ===

Other rover designs that do not use wheeled approaches are possible. Mechanisms that utilize "walking" on [[Legged robot|robotic legs]], hopping, rolling, etc. are possible. For example, [[Stanford University]] researchers have proposed "Hedgehog", a small [[cube]]-shaped rover that can controllably hop—or even spin out of a sandy sinkhole by corkscrewing upward to escape—for surface exploration of [[low gravity]] celestial bodies.<ref name=physorg20160208>{{cite news |last=Chipman |first=Ian |url=http://phys.org/news/2016-02-hedgehog-cube-like-rover-exploration-asteroids.html |title=Meet "Hedgehog": Engineers build cube-like rover for exploration of asteroids, comets |work=[[Phys.org]] |date=2016-02-08 |access-date=2016-02-11 }}</ref>

== Past missions ==
[[File:moonLanderLola16.png|thumb|right|300px|Landing sites of sample return and rover missions]]

=== Moon ===
{{main |Lunar rover#Past missions}}

====Lunokhod 0 (No.201)====
The Soviet rover was intended to be the first roving remote-controlled [[robot]] on the [[Moon]], but crashed during a failed start of the launcher 19 February 1969.

====Lunokhod 1====
[[File:Soviet moonrover.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Lunokhod 1]] Lunar Rover|235x235px]]
The [[Lunokhod 1]] rover landed on the Moon in November 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lunar Lost & Found: The Search for Old Spacecraft|date=27 March 2006 |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060327_mystery_monday.html|publisher=www.space.com|access-date=2009-03-18}}</ref> It was the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on any celestial body. The [[Soviet Union]] launched Lunokhod 1 aboard the [[Luna 17]] spacecraft on November 10, 1970, and it entered lunar orbit on November 15. The spacecraft soft-landed in the [[Sea of Rains]] region on November 17. The lander had dual ramps from which Lunokhod 1 could descend to the lunar surface, which it did at 06:28 UT. From November 17, 1970, to November 22, 1970, the rover drove 197 m, and during 10 communication sessions returned 14 close up pictures of the Moon and 12 panoramic views. It also analyzed the lunar soil. The last successful communications session with Lunokhod 1 was on September 14, 1971, having operated for 11 months.<ref>{{cite web|title=Luna 17 and Lunokhod 1
|url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna17.php
|publisher=www.zarya.info
|access-date=2009-08-23}}
</ref>

====Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle====
[[File:Apollo15LunarRover.jpg|thumb|right|Apollo 15 [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]]]]
NASA included [[Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle|Lunar Roving Vehicle]]s in three [[Apollo program|Apollo]] missions: [[Apollo 15]] (which landed on the Moon July 30, 1971), [[Apollo 16]] (which landed April 21, 1972), and [[Apollo 17]] (which landed December 11, 1972).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/ApolloCat/Part1/LRV.htm|title=Experiment: Lunar Rover Vehicle|publisher=Ares.jsc.nasa.gov|access-date=2009-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320185219/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/ApolloCat/Part1/LRV.htm|archive-date=2009-03-20}}</ref>

====Lunokhod 2====
[[File:Lunokhod-2 model.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Lunokhod 2]] lunar rover]]
The [[Lunokhod 2]] was the second of two uncrewed lunar rovers landed on the [[Moon]] by the [[Soviet Union]] as part of the [[Lunokhod program]]. The rover became operational on the [[Moon]] on January 16, 1973.<ref>{{cite web|title=Luna 21 and Lunokhod 2
|url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna21.php
|publisher=www.zarya.info
|access-date=2009-08-23}}
</ref>
It was the second roving remote-controlled [[robot]] to land on any celestial body. The [[Soviet Union]] launched Lunokhod 2 aboard the [[Luna 21]] spacecraft on January 8, 1973, and the spacecraft soft-landed in the eastern edge of the [[Mare Serenitatis]] region on January 15, 1973. Lunokhod 2 descended from the lander's dual ramps to the lunar surface at 01:14 UT on January 16, 1973. Lunokhod 2 operated for about four months, covered {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}} of terrain, including hilly [[highland (geography)|upland]] areas and [[rille]]s, and sent back 86 panoramic images and over 80,000 TV pictures.<ref name="2004Lunokhod2Airandspace">{{cite news |title=The Other Moon Landings |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/other-moon.html |access-date=May 25, 2013 |author=Andrew Chaikin |publisher=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian]] |date=March 1, 2004 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140511103222/http://www.airspacemag.com/space/the-other-moon-landings-6457729/ |archive-date=May 11, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="2012Lunokhod2Register">{{cite news |title=New NASA snap of game developer's electric cart FOUND ON MOON: Probe in low pass over Garriott's radioactive tub-rover |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/03/16/moon_detailed_pic_landing_site_rover/ |author=Lewis Page |publisher=The Register |date=March 16, 2012 |access-date=May 25, 2013}}</ref><ref name="2012Lunokhod2Revisted">{{cite news |title=Lunokhod 2 Revisited |url=http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/news/?archives/537-Lunokhod-2-Revisited.html |publisher=NASA |date=March 13, 2012 |access-date=May 25, 2013}}</ref> Based on wheel rotations Lunokhod 2 was thought to have covered {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}} but Russian scientists at the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK) have revised that to an estimated distance of about {{convert|42.1-42.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} based on Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ([[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter|LRO]]) images of the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2013/06211627-opportunity-lunokhod-record.html |title=Is Opportunity near Lunokhod's distance record? Not as close as we used to think! |publisher=The Planetary Society |last1=Lakdawalla |first1=Emily |date=June 21, 2013 |access-date=June 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Witze |first1=Alexandra |title=Space rovers in record race |journal=Nature |volume=498 |issue=7454 |pages=284–285 |publisher=Nature News |date=June 19, 2013 |doi=10.1038/498284a |pmid=23783609 |bibcode=2013Natur.498..284W |doi-access=free }}</ref> Subsequent discussions with their American counterparts ended with an agreed-upon final distance of {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}}, which has stuck since.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/its-official-nasa-confirms-mars-opportunity-rover-has-broken-the-off-world-driving-record/32813/|title=Opportunity breaks off-world driving record!|first=S.|last=Sutherland|website=The Weather Network|date=July 29, 2014|access-date=January 20, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/774|title=Trundling Across the Moon|website=lroc.sese.asu.edu}}</ref>

====Lunokhod 3====
The Soviet rover was intended to be the third roving remote-controlled robot on the Moon in 1977. The mission was canceled due to lack of launcher availability and funding, although the rover was built.

====''Yutu''====
[[File:Yutu rover.jpg|thumb|alt=Yutu rover on lunar surface|''[[Yutu rover|Yutu]]'' rover on lunar surface]]
[[Chang'e 3]] is a Chinese Moon mission that includes a robotic rover [[Yutu (rover)|''Yutu'']], named after the pet rabbit of [[Chang'e]], the goddess of the Moon in Chinese mythology. Launched in 2013 with the [[Chang'e 3]] mission, it is China's first lunar rover, the first soft landing on the Moon since 1976 and the first rover to operate there since the Soviet [[Lunokhod 2]] ceased operations on 11 May 1973.<ref name="Molnár-May2013">{{cite news | first=László | last=Molnár | title=Chang'e-3 revealed – and its massive! | date=24 May 2013 | url=http://www.pulispace.com/en/media/news/231-change-3-revealed-and-its-massive | work=Pull Space Technologies | access-date=16 January 2018 | archive-date=6 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606034406/http://www.pulispace.com/en/media/news/231-change-3-revealed-and-its-massive }}</ref> It was deployed on the Moon on December 14, 2013, and the rover encountered operational difficulties toward the end of the second lunar day<ref name="abnormality">{{cite news | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-25/an-china27s-moon-rover2c-jade-rabbit2c-has-27abnormality27/5218986 | title=China's first moon rover has experienced a "mechanical control abnormality | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=26 January 2014 }}</ref> after surviving and recovering successfully the first 14-day lunar night (about a month on the Moon),<ref name="back">{{cite news|first=Alan |last=Boyle |title=Chinese moon lander and rover wake up after weeks of sleep |date=12 January 2014 |publisher=NBC News |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/science/chinese-moon-lander-rover-wake-after-weeks-sleep-2D11909188 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114045936/http://www.nbcnews.com/science/chinese-moon-lander-rover-wake-after-weeks-sleep-2D11909188 |archive-date=14 January 2014 }}</ref> and was unable to move after the end of the second lunar night, though it continued to gather useful information for some months afterward.<ref name="Not dead yet">{{cite news | first=Euan | last=McKirdy | title=Down but not out: Jade Rabbit comes back from the dead | date=13 February 2014 | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/12/world/asia/jade-rabbit-resurrection/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 | work=CNN }}</ref> In October 2015, ''Yutu'' set the record for the longest operational period for a rover on the Moon.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://spacenews.com/chinas-immobile-rover-passes-a-purely-figurative-milestone/ |title= China's Immobile Rover Passes a Purely Figurative Milestone |author= Jeff Foust |date= 30 October 2015 |publisher= SpaceNews }}</ref> On 31 July 2016, ''Yutu'' ceased to operate after a total of 31 months, well beyond its original expected lifespan of three months.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-10/29/c_134763460.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151102022438/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-10/29/c_134763460.htm |archive-date= November 2, 2015 |title= China's first moon rover sets record for longest stay |date= 29 October 2015 |author= An |publisher= Xinhua }}</ref>
{{clear}}

====''Pragyan'' (Chandrayaan-2 rover)====
{{Main|Chandrayaan-2|Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)}}
[[Chandrayaan-2]] was the second lunar mission by India, consisting of a lunar orbiter, a lander named [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']], and a rover named [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)|''Pragyan'']]. The rover weighing 27 kg,<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103 |title=ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh| website=pib.nic.in| access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref> had six wheels and was to be operated on [[solar power]].<ref name="duration">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/sac-to-deliver-eyes-and-ears-of-chandrayaan-2-by-2015-end |title=ISRO to deliver "eyes and ears" of Chandrayaan-2 by 2015-end |work=The Indian Express |first=Avinash |last=Nair |date=31 May 2015 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> Launched on 22 July 2019, the mission entered lunar orbit on August 20. ''Pragyan'' was destroyed along with its lander, ''Vikram'', when it crash-landed on the Moon on 6 September 2019 and never got the chance to deploy.<ref name='L Update'>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan - 2 Latest Update|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|date = September 7, 2019|access-date = September 11, 2019|website = isro.gov.in|archive-date = September 8, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update}}</ref><ref name="Hard landing TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro.] ''Times of India''. 8 September 2019.</ref>

====Rashid ====
{{main|Emirates Lunar Mission}}

Rashid was a lunar rover built by [[Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre|MBRSC]] to be launched onboard [[ispace (Japanese company)|Ispace]]'s lander called Hakuto-R. The rover was launched in November 2022, but was destroyed as the lander crash landed in April 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nasir |first=Sarwat |date=19 September 2022 |title=Launch window for UAE Moon mission revealed |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/uae-in-space/2022/09/19/launch-window-for-uae-moon-mission-revealed/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}</ref> It was equipped with two high-resolution cameras, a microscopic camera to capture small details, and a thermal imaging camera. The rover carried a [[Langmuir probe]], designed to study the Moon's plasma and will attempt to explain why Moon dust is so sticky.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2020 |title=UAE hopes this tiny lunar rover will discover unexplored parts of the moon |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/24/middleeast/uae-moon-rover-mission-scn-spc-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

====SORA-Q (Hakuto-R Mission 1 rover)====
{{main|ispace (Japanese company)}}

[[Takara Tomy]], [[JAXA]] and [[Doshisha University]] made a rover to be launched onboard [[ispace (Japanese company)|Ispace]]'s lander called Hakuto-R. It was launched in 2022, but was destroyed as the lander crash landed in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Elizabeth Howell |date=2021-05-27 |title=Japan will send a transforming robot ball to the moon to test lunar rover tech |url=https://www.space.com/japan-transformable-moon-robot-ispace-2022-lunar-lander |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2021/05/20210527-1_e.html |title=Data Acquisition on the Lunar Surface with a Transformable Lunar Robot, Assisting Development of the Crewed Pressurized Rover |work=[[JAXA]] |date=27 May 2021 |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This is the Lunar Excursion Vehicle (LEV-2) which will ride to the Moon on the JAXA SLIM spacecraft in the near future |url=https://twitter.com/shuttlealmanac/status/1583763766898208768 |access-date=November 8, 2022 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

====''Pragyan'' (Chandrayaan-3 rover)====
[[Chandrayaan-3]] is a mission by India's space agency ([[ISRO]]), consisting of a lunar lander and the [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|''Pragyan'' rover]]. It was a re-attempt to demonstrate soft landing, following the failure of [[Chandrayaan-2]]'s ''Vikram'' lander. It was launched on 14 July 2023 on the [[LVM3|LVM-3]] launch vehicle and has soft landed near south pole of the Moon August 23 at 6.04 PM IST. The 26 kg 6 wheeled rover ''Pragyan'' has descend from lander belly, on to the Moon's surface, using one of its side panels as a ramp. The rover will carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during its course of its mobility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LVM-3 {{!}} Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/NextSpaceflight.com/launches/details/3092 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=nextspaceflight.com |language=en}}</ref> The rover was deployed on 23 August<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravisetti |first=Monisha |date=2023-08-28 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 takes the moon's temperature near lunar south pole for 1st time |url=https://www.space.com/chandrayaan-3-moon-temperature-lunar-south-pole-first-time |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> and was put into sleep mode after completing all its objectives on 3 September. It later died during that lunar night.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Arpan |date=2023-09-03 |title=Mission accomplished, India puts moon rover to 'sleep' |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/mission-accomplished-india-puts-moon-rover-sleep-2023-09-03/ |access-date=2023-11-24}}</ref>

====Peregrine Mission One====
{{Main|Peregrine Mission One}}
Peregrine launched towards the Moon on 8 January 2024, taking with it 5 [[Colmena]] rovers and a ''[[CubeRover|Iris]]'' rover.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Belam |first=Martin |date=2024-01-08 |title=Nasa Peregrine 1 launch: Vulcan Centaur rocket carrying Nasa moon lander lifts off in Florida – live updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2024/jan/08/nasa-peregrine-1-launch-rocket-moon-latest-news-updates-live |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> After separation from the launch vehicle a fault occurred preventing it from completing its mission. The spacecraft instead returned to [[Atmospheric entry|Earth's atmosphere]], where it disintegrated on 18 January.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Jackie |last1=Wattles |first2=Kristin |last2=Fisher |date=2024-01-08 |title=Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/08/world/peregrine-lunar-lander-anomaly-astrobotic-nasa-scn/index.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

====SLIM rovers====
{{Main|Smart Lander for Investigating Moon}}

The SLIM lander has two rovers onboard, Lunar Excursion Vehicle 1 (LEV-1) (hopper) and Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2), a tiny rover developed by JAXA in joint cooperation with [[Tomy]], [[Sony Group]], and [[Doshisha University]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hirano |first=Daichi |url=https://global.jaxa.jp/activity/pr/jaxas/no088/03.html |title=Palm-Sized Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2) |work=[[JAXA]] |date=7 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> The first rover has direct-to-Earth communication. The second rover is designed to change its shape to traverse around the landing site over a short lifespan of two hours. SLIM was launched on September 6, 2023, and reached lunar orbit on 25 December 2023. They two rovers were successfully deployed and landed separately from SLIM shortly before it own landing on 19 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=2024-01-19 |title=Japan Becomes Fifth Country to Land on the Moon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/12/science/japan-moon-landing-slim |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> LEV-1 conducted six hops on lunar surface and LEV-2 imaged SLIM lander on lunar surface.<ref>{{Citation |title=小型月着陸実証機（SLIM）および小型プローブ（LEV）の月面着陸の結果・成果等の記者会見 | date=24 January 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U61i0wN01Uk |access-date=2024-01-25 |language=en}}</ref>

====''Jinchan'' ====
{{main|Chang'e 6}}
The Chang'e 6 [[sample return mission]] carried a rover called ''Jinchan'' to conduct [[Absorption spectroscopy|infrared spectroscopy]] of lunar surface. ''Jinchan'' was also used to image the Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Andrew |title=China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon |url=https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-is-carrying-a-surprise-rover-to-the-moon/ |website=SpaceNews |access-date=8 May 2024 |date=6 May 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508193233/https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-is-carrying-a-surprise-rover-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====IM-2 Athena Rovers====
{{main|IM-2}}
The IM-2 ''Athena'' lander carried a number of rovers to lunar surface, including MAPP LV1, Micro-Nova ''Gracie'', the AstroAnt miniature rover and the Japanese ''[[Yaoki]]''. The lander was intact after touchdown but resting on its side.<ref name="JF20250306">{{cite web |last1=Foust |first1=Jeff |title=IM-2 lunar lander on its side after touchdown |url=https://spacenews.com/im-2-lunar-lander-touches-down-status-unclear/ |website=[[SpaceNews]] |date=6 March 2025 |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> The rovers were not deployed.<ref>{{cite web | title=Athena landed in a dark crater where the temperature was minus 280° F | date=13 March 2025 | url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/03/athena-landed-in-a-dark-crater-where-the-temperature-was-minus-280-f/ }}</ref>

=== ''TENACIOUS'' ===
The [[Hakuto-R Mission 2]] was developed by the Japanese company [[Ispace (Japanese company)|ispace]] and launched on 15 January 2025. It included a {{cvt|5|kg}} rover called "TENACIOUS", designed and manufactured in [[Luxembourg]], to be lowered to the lunar surface from the lander and explore the area around the landing site.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=ispace-EUROPE announces Completion of First European Designed, Manufactured, and Assembled Lunar Micro Rover |url=https://ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=5593}}</ref> During the lunar landing on 5 June 2025, the lander lost communications approximately 90 seconds before touchdown and crashed on the surface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=2025-06-06 |title=A Japanese lander crashed on the Moon after losing track of its location |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/06/a-japanese-lander-crashed-on-the-moon-after-losing-track-of-its-location/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mars ===

====PrOP-M====
The Soviet [[Mars 2]] and [[Mars 3]] landers each had a small 4.5 kg [[PrOP-M]] rover on board, which would have moved across the surface on [[skis]] while connected to the lander with a 15-meter umbilical. Two small metal rods were used for autonomous obstacle avoidance, as radio signals from Earth would have taken too long to drive the rovers using remote control. The rover was planned to be placed on the surface after landing by a manipulator arm and to move in the field of view of the television cameras and stop to make measurements every 1.5 meters. The rover tracks in the Martian soil would also have been recorded to determine material properties. Because of the crash landing of Mars 2 and the communication failure (15 seconds post landing) of Mars 3, neither rover was deployed.

====Marsokhod====
The [[Marsokhod]] was a Soviet rover (hybrid, with both controls [[telecommand]] and automatic) aimed at Mars, part of the [[Mars 4NM]] and scheduled to commence after 1973 (according to the plans of 1970). It was to be launched by a [[N1 rocket]], which never flew successfully.<ref>[http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/213/50.shtml Советский грунт с Марса] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408175307/http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/213/50.shtml |date=April 8, 2010 }}</ref>

====''Sojourner''====
[[File:Sojourner on Mars PIA01122.jpg|thumb|''[[Sojourner (rover)|Sojourner]]'' on Mars in 1997]]
The [[Mars Pathfinder]] mission included ''[[Sojourner (rover)|Sojourner]]'', the first rover to successfully deploy on another planet. [[NASA]] launched Mars Pathfinder on 4 December 1996; it landed on Mars in a region called [[Chryse Planitia]] on 4 July 1997.<ref name="NASASojourner">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder/| title=Mars Pathfinder | publisher=NASA |access-date=2009-03-18}}</ref> From its landing until the final data transmission on 27 September 1997, Mars Pathfinder returned 16,500 images from the lander and 550 images from ''Sojourner'', as well as data from more than 15 chemical analyses of rocks and soil and extensive data on winds and other weather factors.<ref name="NASASojourner" />

====Beagle 2 ====
[[Beagle 2]] was designed to explore Mars with a small "mole" (Planetary Undersurface Tool, or PLUTO), to be deployed by the arm. PLUTO had a compressed spring mechanism designed to enable it to move across the surface at a rate of 20 mm per second and to burrow into the ground, collecting a subsurface sample in a cavity in its tip. Beagle 2 failed while attempting to land on Mars in 2003.

====Mars Exploration Rover ''Spirit'' ====
[[File:NASA Mars Rover.jpg|thumb|[[Mars Exploration Rover]]]]
[[Spirit (rover)|''Spirit'']] is a [[Mars rover|robotic rover on Mars]], active from 2004 to 2010. It was one of two rovers of [[NASA]]'s ongoing [[Mars Exploration Rover]] mission. It landed successfully on [[Mars]] at 04:35 [[Ground UTC]] on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, ''[[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity]]'' (MER-B), landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a [[Mars Exploration Rover#Naming of Spirit and Opportunity|NASA-sponsored student essay competition]]. The rover became stuck in late 2009, and its last communication with Earth was sent on March 22, 2010.

====Mars Exploration Rover ''Opportunity''====
[[Opportunity (rover)|''Opportunity'']] is a [[Mars rover|robotic rover on the planet Mars]], active from 2004 to early 2019. Launched from [[Earth]] on July 7, 2003, it landed on the [[Mars|Martian]] [[Meridiani Planum]] on January 25, 2004, at 05:05 [[Ground UTC]] (about 13:15 [[Timekeeping on Mars|local time]]), three weeks after its twin ''[[Spirit (rover)|Spirit]]'' (MER-A) touched down on the other side of the planet. On July 28, 2014, NASA announced that ''Opportunity'', after having traveled over {{convert|25|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} on the planet [[Mars]], has set a new "off-world" record as the rover having driven the greatest distance, surpassing the previous record held by the Soviet Union's [[Lunokhod 2|Lunokhod 2 rover]] that had traveled {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="NASA-20140728a">{{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |title=NASA Long-Lived Mars Opportunity Rover Sets Off-World Driving Record |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-245 |date=July 28, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=July 29, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="FRB-20140729">{{cite web |last=Knapp |first=Alex |title=NASA's Opportunity Rover Sets A Record For Off-World Driving |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2014/07/29/nasas-opportunity-rover-sets-a-record-for-off-world-driving |date=July 29, 2014 |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=July 29, 2014}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

====''Zhurong''====
[[File:Zhurong-with-lander-selfie.png|thumb|<div style="text-align: center">''Zhurong'' selfie with lander, taken by the deployable ''Tianwen-1'' remote camera.</div>]]
''[[Zhurong (rover)|Zhurong]]'' rover was a Chinese Mars rover operated by [[China National Space Administration|CNSA]].It was launched from [[Wenchang Space Launch Site|Wenchang]] by a [[Long March 5]] carrier rocket on 23 July 2020, 23:18 UTC. It deployed successfully on Mars at 22 May 2021, 02:40 UTC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Chinese Mars probe successfully landed with a rover |url=https://www.golem.de/news/zhurong-erste-chinesische-marssonde-mit-rover-erfolgreich-gelandet-2105-156507.html |website=www.golem.de}}</ref> It was designed for 90sols (93 Earth days), and operated for 347sols (356.5 Earth days) and travelled 1.921Km/1.194Mi.The rover was deactivated on 20 May 2022 due to an approaching sandstorm and Martian winter,<ref name="vice_2303">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/china-mars-rover-zhurong-space/ |title=China's Mars Rover Has Not Moved Since September, NASA Images Revealed |website= Vice News |date=13 March 2023 |first= Rachel |last=Cheung }}</ref> waiting to be self-reactivation during favorable condition. ''Zhurong'' was expected to reactivate in December 2022, but due to excessive dust accumulation on the solar panel, the rover could not wake itself. On 25 April 2023, chief designer Zhang Rongqiao indicated that the rover could be inactive "forever".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/news/innovation/space-force-updates-chinas-mars-rover-is-stuck-sleeping/ |title=China's Mars rover is stuck sleeping after harsh martian winter |website=Forbes |first=Robert |last=Hart |date=25 April 2023 }}</ref>

== Active rover missions ==

=== Mars ===

===Mars Science Laboratory Rover ''Curiosity''===
[[File:PIA16239 High-Resolution Self-Portrait by Curiosity Rover Arm Camera.jpg|thumb|Mars Science Laboratory ''Curiosity'' rover]]
On 26 November 2011, NASA's [[Mars Science Laboratory]] mission was successfully launched for Mars. The mission successfully landed the robotic ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' rover on the surface of Mars in August 2012. The rover is currently helping to determine whether Mars could ever have supported life, and search for evidence of past or present [[life on Mars (planet)|life on Mars]].<ref name="NASA-MSL">{{cite web |author=NASA Staff |title=Mars Science Laboratory |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/ |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=26 November 2011 |access-date=2011-11-26 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-MSL">{{cite web |agency=Associated Press|title=NASA Launches Super-Size Rover to Mars: 'Go, Go!' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/11/26/science/AP-US-SCI-Mars-Rover.html |work=[[New York Times]] |date=26 November 2011 |access-date=2011-11-26 }}</ref>

=== Mars 2020 ''Perseverance'' rover ===
NASA's ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'' rover is a part of the [[Mars 2020]] mission, launched in 2020 and landed on Mars on February 18, 2021. It is intended to investigate an [[astrobiology|astrobiologically]] relevant ancient environment on Mars, investigate its surface [[Geology of Mars|geological processes]] and history, including the assessment of its past [[Planetary habitability|habitability]] and potential for preservation of [[biosignature]]s within accessible geological materials.<ref name="Cowing">{{cite web | url = http://spaceref.com/mars/science-definition-team-for-the-2020-mars-rover.html | title = Science Definition Team for the 2020 Mars Rover | access-date = 21 December 2012 | author = Keith Cowing | date = 21 December 2012 | work = NASA | publisher = Science Ref}}</ref>

=== Moon ===
===''Yutu-2''===
Chinese [[Chang'e 4]] mission launched 7 December 2018, landed and deployed rover 3 January 2019 on the [[far side of the Moon]]. It was the first ever rover that operates on the far side of the Moon.

In December 2019, ''Yutu 2'' broke the lunar longevity record, previously held by the Soviet Union's ''[[Lunokhod 1]]'' rover,<ref>[https://www.space.com/china-change-4-rover-moon-record.html China's Farside Moon Rover Breaks Lunar Longevity Record.] Leonard David, ''Space.com''. 12 December 2019.</ref> which operated on the lunar surface for eleven lunar days (321 Earth days) and traversed a total distance of {{cvt|10.54|km}}.<ref>Howell, Elizabeth (December 19, 2016). "[https://www.space.com/35090-lunokhod-1.html Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover"], Space.com. Retrieved May 31, 2018.</ref>

In February 2020, Chinese astronomers reported, for the first time, a high-resolution image of a [[Geology of the Moon#Geologic history|lunar ejecta sequence]], and, as well, direct analysis of its internal architecture. These were based on observations made by the [[Ground-penetrating radar|Lunar Penetrating Radar]] (LPR) on board the ''Yutu-2'' rover while studying the [[far side of the Moon]].<ref name="NYT-20200226">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=China's Rover Finds Layers of Surprise Under Moon's Far Side - The Chang'e-4 mission, the first to land on the lunar far side, is demonstrating the promise and peril of using ground-penetrating radar in planetary science. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/science/china-moon-far-side.html |date=26 February 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=27 February 2020 }}</ref><ref name="SA-20200226">{{cite journal |author=Li, Chunlai |display-authors=et al. |title=The Moon's farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang'E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar |date=26 February 2020 |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=eaay6898 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aay6898 |pmid=32133404 |pmc=7043921 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.6898L |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Planned rover missions==
{{Update section|date=September 2025}}

=== ExoMars ''Rosalind Franklin'' ===
{{Main|Rosalind Franklin (rover)}}
The European Space Agency ([[European Space Agency|ESA]]) has designed and carried out early prototyping and testing of the ''[[Rosalind Franklin (rover)|Rosalind Franklin]]'' rover. As a result of [[Russia|Russia's]] [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion]] of [[Ukraine]], [[European Space Agency|ESA]] severed ties with [[Roscosmos]] and was left without a launch vehicle for this mission. The mission now plans to launch no earlier than (NET) 2028 with a landing around 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQ: The 'rebirth' of ESA's ExoMars Rosalind Franklin mission |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/FAQ_The_rebirth_of_ESA_s_ExoMars_Rosalind_Franklin_mission |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref>

=== LUPEX rover ===
A 350 kilogram rover is planned to be built by [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries|Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=ISRO and JAXA Gear Up for Joint Chandrayaan-5 / LUPEX Mission in the Technical Interface Meet |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_JAXA_CH5_Technical_Interface_Meet.html |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> for the upcoming Indo-Japanese [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission|LUPEX]] mission.The rover would carry multiple instruments by [[JAXA]] and [[ISRO]] including a drill to collect sub-surface samples from a depth of {{cvt|1.5|m}}.<ref name="SPACE.COM">{{cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=Japan Sets Sights on Moon with NASA and India |url=https://www.space.com/japan-moon-plans-with-nasa-india.html |access-date=10 March 2021 |publisher=Space.com}}</ref><ref name="MEXT_20190829">{{cite web |date=29 August 2019 |title=国際協力による月探査計画への参画に向けて参考資料 |url=http://www.mext.go.jp/component/b_menu/shingi/toushin/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2019/08/29/1420708_2_1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014163852/http://www.mext.go.jp/component/b_menu/shingi/toushin/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2019/08/29/1420708_2_1.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2019 |access-date=10 March 2021 |publisher=MEXT.GO}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies]]
* [[Google Lunar X Prize]]
* [[Lander (spacecraft)]]
* [[LORAX]]
* [[Lunar rover]]
* [[Mars rover]] ([[Crewed Mars rover|Crewed]])
* ''[[Tank on the Moon]]'', 2007 documentary film

== References ==
{{Commons category|Rovers (space exploration)}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Mars spacecraft}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Mars rovers}}
{{Lunar Rovers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rover (Space Exploration)}}
[[Category:Off-road vehicles]]
[[Category:Spacecraft]]
[[Category:Planetary rovers| ]]
[[Category:Soviet inventions]]
[[Category:Russian inventions]]
[[Category:Space robots| ]]

Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana

2026-03-24T17:44:33Z

Ronny14Z58: Biography

{{Short description|Punjabi landowner and politician}}'''Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana'''{{efn|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ملک فتح خان ٹوانہ}} (died 1848) was a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] landowner, [[Sardar]] of [[Mitha Tiwana]] State and [[politician]] during the [[Sikh Empire]].
[[File:Fateh Khan Tiwana. Watercolour by a Company artist, Punjab, ca.1865.jpg|thumb|right|Fateh Khan Tiwana, watercolour company painting, Punjab, c. 1865]]

==Biography==
===Early life===
Born to Khuda Yar Khan Tiwana, he was a member of the [[Tiwana family of Shahpur]]. He was the grandson of Khan Muhammad Khan Tiwana, the chief of [[Noorpur Thal|Nurpur Tirwana]], and the uncle of [[Malik Sahib Khan Tiwana]]. He served [[Hari Singh Nalwa|General Hari Singh Nalwa]] who had held the jagir of Mitha Tiwana since 1819. Fateh Khan held a command under Hari Singh's authority until his death in 1837.<ref name="Singh-2015">Rishi Singh, State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab, SAGE Publications India, 23 Apr 2015</ref> The following year Prime Minister, Raja [[Dhian Singh|Dhyan Singh]] rewarded him control of Mitha Tiwana and the salt mines to the south of the country.<ref name="Singh-2015" /> His administration was unsuccessful and he was placed under house arrest by [[Nau Nihal Singh]] until arrears were paid. On the death of Nau Nihal Singh, his fortunes rose once again, and he was made manager of the [[Kachhi (Punjab)|Kachhi country]].<ref name="Singh-2015" /> In 1843 his patron Raja Dhyan Singh was assassinated, and Fateh was accused of conspiracy to the murder. The murdered minister's son, Hira Singh, himself now Prime Minister, [[Rebellion of Fateh Khan Tiwana|placed a bounty on Fateh's head]]. Fateh escaped to [[Bannu District|Bannu]] where he sought refuge and thereafter returned to rally fellow Muslims to take up arms against the government.<ref name="Singh-2015" />

===Murder of Pashaura Singh===
In 1844, on the fall of Hira Singh from power, Fateh went to [[Lahore]] to seek the assistance of [[Jawahar Singh (wazir)|Jowahir Singh]], the new Prime Minister. Jowahir Singh made him governor of Mitha Tiwana, of portions of [[Jhelum]] and [[Rawalpindi]], and of the whole province of [[Dera Ismail Khan]] and Bannu. In return, Fateh was requested to assist Jowahir Singh in defeating [[Pashaura Singh]], a reputed son of [[Ranjit Singh]] and popular choice to succeed as Maharajah of the Punjab.<ref name="Griffin-1865">Lepel H. Griffin, The Punjab Chiefs, 1865</ref> Pashaura had, with the help of local Muslim tribes, secured the fort of [[Attock]].<ref name="Griffin-1865" /> Together with [[Chattar Singh Attariwalla]], and some 8,000 men, Fateh was ordered to the fort. Unable to seize Pashaura by force, they promised him safe passage if he surrendered the fort, and Pashaura obliged.<ref name="Griffin-1865" /> They then set out for Lahore, when upon reaching [[Hasan Abdal]], they received word that it was unsafe to continue to the capital and were ordered to retain him in the north of the province.<ref name="Griffin-1865" /> That same night they placed him in chains and marched him back to Attock. Here he was placed in the lower chamber of a tower, and strangled to death the following night. His body was thrown into the [[Indus River]].<ref name="Singh-2015" />

After the murder of Pashaura, Fateh took possession of Dera Ismail Khan and sought to secure his position. He had two of the chief [[Jagir]]dars of [[Tank, Pakistan|Tank]] killed, namely Payinda Khan and Ashik Muhammad Khan, whilst a third Haiyat Ullah Khan narrowly escaped.<ref name="Griffin-1865" /> The killings caused uproar across the province and Fateh had to pay a high price for immunity.<ref name="Griffin-1865" /> He was however replaced as governor of Dera Ismail Khan by Daulat Rai. In 1846 he was attacked by Daulat Rai and forced to retire to Mitha Tiwana.<ref name="Griffin-1865" /> In the summer of 1846 he was sent to [[Kashmir]] in a bid to influence his friend, the rebel governor [[Shaikh Imam-ud-Din|Imaduddin]], and to convince him to surrender the province of Kashmir to [[Gulab Singh]]. Having achieved his mission with success, he later accompanied [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Major Henry Lawrence]] to Kashmir.<ref name="Griffin-1865" />

===Later life and death===
On his return to Lahore he was held to account for financial irregularities in his former government. He was ordered to pay four lakh rupees, and on pleading impecunity, he was held under house arrest by Lawrence. He was then imprisoned at Govindghar fort along with his son Fatah Sher Khan.<ref name="Griffin-1865" />

At the start of the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]], [[Herbert Benjamin Edwardes|Lieutenant Edwardes]] recommended he be installed as the Governor of Bannu in place of [[Reynell Taylor|Lieutenant Taylor]].<ref name="Lethbridge-1893">Sir Roper Lethbridge, The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire, Aakar Books, 1893</ref> He was besieged at his fort of Dalipnagar, and killed in the gateway.<ref name="Lethbridge-1893" /> He was succeeded by son Fatah Sher Khan, who would go on to serve as one of Lieutenant Edwardes's chief officers, and rendered support for the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="Lethbridge-1893" /> Malik Muhammad Sher Khan Tiwana was his grandson, who further had two sons, Shahadat Khan Tiwana and Feroz Khan Tiwana.

== References ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1848 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]

Ranaghat

2026-03-24T12:09:58Z

Ronny14Z58:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ranaghat
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.18|N|88.58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Ranaghat Municipality
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Koshaldev Bandyopadhyay
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Ranaghat City|url=http://www.ranaghatmunicipality.org/|access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7.72
| area_metro_km2 = 30
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 8
| population_total = 75365
| population_footnotes =
| population_metro = 235583
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741201, 741202, 741256
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-3473-2xxxxx
| registration_plate = WB-51, WB-52
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]
| website = {{URL|www.ranaghat.org/}}
| footnotes =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_size = 400px
| leader_party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| native_name_lang =
| leader_title1 = Vice Chairman
| leader_name1 = Ananda Dey
}}
'''Ranaghat''' is a city and a municipality in [[Nadia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India. It is the headquarters of the [[Ranaghat subdivision]]. It is known for its handloom industry, various types of flowers and floriculture.

== History ==
After the independence of India, Ranaghat was chosen to be the district capital of Nadia, but later [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar city]] was selected instead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RANAGHAT POLICE DISTRICT |url=https://ranaghatpolice.wb.gov.in/HistoryRanaghatPoliceDistrict |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=ranaghatpolice.wb.gov.in}}</ref>

Ranaghat has existed since the British invaded India. The most likely origin for the name of the town comes from Rani (Queen) or Rana (a Rajput warrior) and [[Ghat]] (steps leading to the river). A myth is still prevalent that the name of the town came from the bandit 'Rana Dacoit', who used to pillage this area five or six hundred years back and he used to give ''pujas'' to the goddess Kali to thank her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=More to this town than robber Rana |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/more-to-this-town-than-robber-rana/cid/1475274 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

A large percentage of Ranaghat's population are the families of Hindu refugees from Bangladesh, who fled during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971 with Pakistan. There are also many families who had extensive ties to foreign investments in the town. Ranaghat also played an important role in the Indian struggle for freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16 |title=In West Bengal, some villages celebrate Independence Day after August 15; here's why |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/west-bengal-partition-india-independence-day-5908464/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The area grew to prominence when Krishna Panti, a humble pan seller who lived in a mud hut, became one of the wealthiest merchants of India, known as one of the "5 Great Noblemen of Bengal" due to his honesty and piety, according to local legend. Offered the title of raja, he humbly declined, receiving instead the title Pal-Chaudhuri. The family built 3 palaces, of which the last to remain was in Ranaghat, with 300 rooms, designed by Scottish architects. The Pal-Chaudhuri family which ruled much of Nadia, was known for charitable works, building schools and temples throughout Nadia, and established Ranaghat Pal Choudhury High School in 1853.<ref>{{cite web | title=Unraveling the History of Ranaghat: From Brahmadanga to Ranaghat | work=Akhil Bharat Times News | date=2 April 2023 | url=https://abtimeslive.news.blog/2023/04/02/unraveling-the-history-of-ranaghat-from-brahmadanga-to-ranaghat/ }}</ref> Pal Choudhury family founded the Ramakrishna Vedanta Vidyapith, Shakti Empowerment Institute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni Profile: Indrani Pal-Chaudhuri '01, celebrity photographer {{!}} Princeton Alumni Weekly |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/alumni-profile-indrani-pal-chaudhuri-01-celebrity-photographer |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=paw.princeton.edu |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Ranaghat subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|13|53|N|88|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Nrisinghapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Nrisinghapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|25|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2=Ghoralia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ghoralia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|15|N|88|28|52|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Harinadibhastsala | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Harinadibhastsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|28|7|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Beharia | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Beharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|12|5|N|88|30|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Phulia | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Phulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|20|40|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Bagula | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bagula]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|18|45|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Badkulla | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badkulla]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|50|N|88|30|55|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Patuli | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|17|20|N|88|31|47|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gangni | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Gangni]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kamgachhi | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kamgachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|12|55|N|88|33|40|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Raghabpur | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Raghabpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|12|0|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Panpara | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Panpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|33|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Aistala | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Aistala]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|55|N|88|33|2|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Satigachha | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Satigachha]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|8|15|N|88|33|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Anulia | numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Anulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|55|N|88|32|44|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Gopalpur | numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Gopalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|6|10|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Parbbatipur | numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Parbbatipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|35|18|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Halalpur Krishnapur | numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Halalpur Krishnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Hijuli | numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Hijuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|9|40|N|88|34|44|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Ranaghat (CT) | numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|8|5|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Nasra | numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Nasra, Ranaghat]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|7|51|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Gangnapur | numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Gangnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|5|50|N|88|31|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Belgharia | numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Belgharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|30|N|88|31|40|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ranaghat | numbered24=M| mark-title24= Ranaghat (M) |shape-color24=black| label-size24=13|label-color24=black 
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|16|4|N|88|26|13|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Shantipur |label-size25=13 | numbered25=M| mark-title25= [[Shantipur]] (M)|label-color25=#800000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|15|25|N|88|33|29|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Birnagar |label-size26=13 | numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Birnagar]] (M)|label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|8|50|N|88|35|21|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Cooper's Camp |label-size27=11 | numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Cooper's Camp]] (M)|label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|16|25|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Taherpur |label-size28=11 | numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Taherpur]] (M)|label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|13|34|N|88|40|30|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Panikhali| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Panikhali]] (R)| shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|14|34|N|88|36|17|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Aranghata| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Aranghata]] (R)| shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|14|44|N|88|42|21|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Duttapulia| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Duttapulia]] (R)| shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|22|3|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Hanskhali| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Hanskhali]] (R)| shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|9|35|N|88|30|38|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Habibpur| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Habibpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|11|58|N|88|37|50|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Dhantala| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Dhantala]] (R)| shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|10|27|N|88|35|48|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Nokari| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Nokari]] (R)| shape-color35=#C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|6|50|N|88|31|25|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Payradanga| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Payradanga]] (R)| shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|18|0|N|88|21|0|E}}|label37= Bhagirathi| labela37=River|label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-75| label-pos37=top| label-size37=11| mark-size37=0| mark-title37=none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|19|40|N|88|35|0|E}}|label38= Churni |labela38 = River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-65| label-pos38=top| label-size38=11| mark-size38=0| mark-title38=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|22|30|N|88|46|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=3.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
The town is exactly 74 kilometres north of [[Calcutta]] and 26 kilometres south of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], Nadia District headquarter. It is located on the banks of [[River Churni]].

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Police station==
Ranaghat and Taherpur police stations have jurisdiction over Ranaghat, [[Birnagar]], [[Taherpur]] and [[Ranaghat I]] CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://nadiapolice.gov.in/ | title = Nadia District Police | work = Police Unit | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 17 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170528060640/http://nadiapolice.gov.in/ | archive-date = 28 May 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> The total area covered by the Ranaghat police station is 250 km2 and the population covered was 624,151 in 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nadiapolice.gov.in/PSDETAILS.html | title = Ranaghat Police Station Details | publisher = Nadia Police | access-date = 17 May 2017 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160329131028/http://nadiapolice.gov.in/PSDETAILS.html | archive-date = 29 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{see also|List of cities in West Bengal}}

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Ranaghat had a population of 68,754.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-WestBengal.html |title=City Population site estimate |access-date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527080128/http://www.citypopulation.de/India-WestBengal.html |archive-date=27 May 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Ranaghat had an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 87%, and female literacy was 80%. In Ranaghat, 8% of the population was under 6 years old.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}

In the 2011 census, Ranaghat [[Urban Agglomeration]] had a population of 235,583, out of which 119,578 were male and 116,005 were female. The 0–6 years population was 18,575. Effective literacy rate for the 7+ population was 86.10%. Male literacy was 89.77% and female literacy at 82.33%<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above | work = Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | access-date = 2011-10-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date = 13 November 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The following municipalities, notified area, outgrowths and census towns were part of Ranaghat Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census: Ranaghat (M), [[Birnagar]] (M), [[Cooper's Camp]] (NA), Magurkhali (OG), [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT), [[Hijuli, Nadia|Hijuli]] (CT), [[Aistala]] (CT), [[Satigachha]] (CT), [[Nasra, Ranaghat|Nasra]] (CT), [[Panpara]] (CT), [[Raghabpur, Nadia|Raghabpur]] (CT), [[Kamgachhi]] (CT), [[Anulia]] (CT) and [[Halalpur Krishnapur]] (CT).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 18 October 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Churni Bridge.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Churni Bridge]]
[[File:Siddeshwari Kali Mandir.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Siddeshwari Temple]]

== Economy ==
[[File:Shankarpur Farmland.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A farmland in Shankarpur, Ranaghat outskirt]]
Ranaghat is an important place of business. Small traders from nearby towns and villages purchase goods from Ranaghat Town Bazar. Both wholesale and retail business have developed here. The economy of Ranaghat and its surrounding region is mostly based on agriculture. Paddy (rice), flour, wheat and fruits are produced by farmers outside the main township. Various dairy products are transported to [[Kolkata]] every morning. A cold storage had been renovated by former chief minister [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]] at [[Nokari]] village, located on east half of the town.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}

The Department of Food Processing Industries of India was planning to set up a market complex exclusively for florists in Ranaghat.<ref>[http://www.wbfpih.org/sectors.htm Flower Complex at Ranaghat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620064643/http://www.wbfpih.org/sectors.htm |date=2008-06-20 }} Food Processing and Horticulture Department, West Bengal.</ref> Ranaghat has one of the most capturing market of flowers in West Bengal.<ref>[http://www.wbidc.com/about_wb/agro.htm Flower Market in Ranaghat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214215031/http://www.wbidc.com/about_wb/agro.htm |date=14 February 2008 }} WBIDC Reference</ref>

Another industry which receives immense government patronage is [[handicraft]] and [[boutique]]s. At least a 1000 people depend on this for their livelihood. Aishtala (situated on the west bank of river Churni) is a place for textile weaving. Moreover, ready-made garments are trendy clothes of late became very popular among the teens and youths.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100523/jsp/bengal/story_12478951.jsp |title=Telegraph article on clothes market at Ranaghat |access-date=23 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026074715/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100523/jsp/bengal/story_12478951.jsp |archive-date=26 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Education ==
{{unreferenced section |date= June 2018}}
[[File:PCHS School.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Pal Chaudhary High School]][[File:Ranaghat College Main Gate.jpg|thumb|200px|Ranaghat College Entrance]]
[[File:St mary's english school.jpg|thumb|200px|St Mary's English School]]
[[File:BRAJABALA_GIRLS_PRIMARY_SCHOOL_-_panoramio.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|Brojobala Girls' High School]]

The town has a large number of primary and high schools and a college for higher education.

===Schools===
* Ramakrishna Vidyapith - Shakti Empowerment Education

===High schools===
Boys School
* [[Pal Choudhury High School]] (H.S)
* Ranaghat Lal Gopal High school
* Ranaghat Bharati High School (H.S)
* Ranaghat Yusuf Boys Institution
* Ranaghat Nasra Boys High School

Girls School
* [[Brajabala Girls' High School]]
* Ranaghat Debnath Girls High School
* Ranaghat Nasra Girls High School
* Ranaghat Pal Chowdhury Girls High School
* Ranaghat Yusuf Girls High School
* Ranaghat Lal Gopal Girls High School

English Medium School
* Convent of Jesus & Mary (CJM)
* St. Mary's High School
* St. Stephen's High School

===Colleges===
* [[Ranaghat College]]
* Ranaghat Government Polytechnic

==Culture==
=== Festivals ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2019}}
The town is inhabited mostly by Bengali Hindus. Durga-puja and Kali puja, like in all other Bengali communities, are the largest and most colourful festivals and are celebrated throughout the town.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bej5YgFPFXo YouTube]</ref>

A Hindu festival called 'Dol yatra' is celebrated everywhere at the town. A village named 'Harinagar' is known for 'kirtan',{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} a gathering of Hindu religious people in a motive to know God Krishna, is very popular.

History of the ancient rath yatra<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 July 2021|title=রানাঘাটের প্রাচীন রথযাত্রার ইতিহাস|work=[[Ranaghat News]]|url=https://ranaghatnews.in/history_of_ranaghat_rathyatra/|access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref> of Ranaghat: The history of Pal-Chowdhury and De-Chowdhury is closely associated with the Rath Yatra of the ancient city of Ranaghat. The 3 ancient chariots of Ranaghat are in the hands of this dynasty. Two different dynasties of the Pal Chowdhury ratha yatra in different ways. One is Krishnapanti and the other is Shambhupanti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nahabatkhana |url=https://wbhc.in/home/place_details/MzA5MmVhYjEyZWM0MWFlNWY2N2Y4MzEyMzEyZTM2YzJlYmI2OGRiODY1OGU4N2E0Y2Y0NjA4YjViMmE1YzFmNTJkOTFiNDNkOGZlODgwNTlmZWY3YjZkNjlhNjRjN2UzOGQ0ODA2NzdmMWRiMWZkMzU3ZGI5NGY2M2NkMDVhMmM0UFVSN0tUdEV0M1VYZkM4ajZGM0V1aGsrNkR3VkRYWnF5cFpVYTdLeThnPQ== |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=West Bengal Heritage Commission |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Muslim community also present in court para. The [[Christians|Christian community]] celebrates Christmas at Begopara Church outside the main township.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Dr Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcTOEAAAQBAJ&dq=ranaghat+Pal-Chowdhury+history&pg=PT58 |title=Emerging Horizons For Women Entrepreneurship: A Sociological Enquiry |date=2023-08-02 |publisher=Bani Bharati Publishers |language=en}}</ref> During Christmas, people from all religions join the party. Moreover, there is a mosque at Nasra-para, on the outskirts of the town. Here people celebrate Eid, Durga Puja, Diwali and Christmas together.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGZkDPD0AzM YouTube]</ref>

== Transportation ==
===Railways===
[[File:Ranaghat_railway_station_11.jpg|left|thumb|Ranaghat railway station]]{{stnlnk|Ranaghat}} is one of the most important railway junctions in the [[Sealdah]]–[[Lalgola]] railway section. The "[[Maitree Express]]" linking [[Kolkata]] and [[Dhaka]] passes through Ranaghat.

The city is well connected to the [[Sealdah railway station]] through the [[Sealdah–Ranaghat line]]. Local and passenger trains are available frequently.

The railway station at Ranaghat has a long history. The Sealdah–Ranaghat rail connection was made during the British period. This main line was opened in September 1862. Ranaghat–Kalyani and Ranaghat–Shantipur sections were electrified in the financial year 1963–64.<ref>[http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html IRFCA reference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225163912/http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |date=25 December 2007 }} History of Railways Electrification surrounding Ranaghat</ref>

From Ranaghat railway station,<ref>[http://www.india9.com/i9show/Ranaghat-67160.htm Train-routes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606040839/http://www.india9.com/i9show/Ranaghat-67160.htm |date=6 June 2011 }} Article on India9.com</ref> trains travel both north and south. Local trains are available to {{stnlnk|Krishnanagar City Junction}}, [[Shantipur]], [[Gede, Nadia|Gede]], [[Bangaon]], [[Baharampur]] and [[Sealdah]]. Couple of ladies-special trains were inaugurated in the year 2010.<ref>[http://www.newsfromnadia.com/news-reader/items/working-women-got-priority-from-the-railway-minister.html] Mamata Banerjee inaugurates new projects {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714174030/http://www.newsfromnadia.com/news-reader/items/working-women-got-priority-from-the-railway-minister.html|date=14 July 2011}}</ref>

===Roadways===
[[File:Ranaghat Street.jpg|thumb|Streets of Ranaghat.]]
The town has three bus-stands, one at Rathtala, one near Ranaghat College and one over GNPC Road opposite police phari. [[Calcutta State Transport Corporation|CSTC]] buses plying from Kolkata going to North Bengal also has a stop at Ranaghat on NH-34. Buses ply to Krishnanagar, [[Hanskhali]], [[Palashi]] and other parts of Nadia district. Long-distance night buses to [[north Bengal]] are also available. People in general, though prefer trains because of ready availability and more convenience.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}

[[State Highway 11 (West Bengal)|SH 11]] meets [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] at Ranaghat.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=Department of Road Transport and Highways|access-date=7 February 2017|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php | title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 7 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161219094346/http://wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php | archive-date = 19 December 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>

[[Auto rickshaw]] service are also available here.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

===Airways===
The nearest airport from the town is the [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] at [[Dum Dum]], almost 65 km from the town.

== Notable people ==
* [[Joy Goswami]], poet and essayist
* [[Mausumi Dikpati]], scientist at the [[High Altitude Observatory]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://staff.ucar.edu/users/dikpati|title=Staff Directory, NCAR|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102001/https://staff.ucar.edu/users/dikpati|archive-date=19 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> operated by the [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]], USA
* [[Indrani Pal-Chaudhuri]], ancestral place for this Indian-Canadian-British director and photographer
* [[Rakhee Gulzar]], film actress
* [[Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya]], a Bengali author best known for his biography of Rabindranath Tagore
* [[Soma Biswas]], an internationally recognized athlete
* [[Susmita Bose]], Indian-American scientist, Herbert and Brita Lindholm endowed Chair Professor, [[Washington State University]]
* [[Indranil Biswas]], Indian-American Microbiologist. Fulbright Scholar.
* [[Nikhil Nandy]], Indian Olympian
* Bholanath Bandyopadhyay, poet of the elegiac poem 'Ashru'.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage inline|Ranaghat}}
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Ranaghat&ie=UTF8&ll=23.18676,88.60405&spn=0.1417,0.219727&t=h&z=12&iwloc=addr Ranaghat on Google Maps]
* [https://www.ranaghat.gov.in Ranaghat Sub Division Official HomePage]

{{Nadia District}}
{{Nadia topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-22T05:25:51Z

Ronny14Z58:

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Sultanpur {{Small|UP-44}}
| incumbent_image =
| established = 1952-present
| reservation = None
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| mp = [[Rambhual Nishad]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Sultanpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Isauli Assembly constituency|Isauli]] [[Sultanpur Assembly constituency|Sultanpur]] [[Sadar Assembly constituency|Sadar]] [[Lambhua Assembly constituency|Lambhua]] [[Kadipur Assembly constituency|Kadipur]]
}}
'''Sultanpur''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Assembly segments==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|187
|[[Isauli Assembly constituency|Isauli]]
|rowspan="5"| [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
|[[Mohammad Tahir Khan]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|188
|[[Sultanpur Assembly constituency|Sultanpur]]
|Vinod Singh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|189
|[[Sadar Assembly constituency|Sadar]]
|Raj Prasad Upadhyay
|-
|190
|[[Lambhua Assembly constituency|Lambhua]]
|Sitaram Verma
|-
|191
|[[Kadipur Assembly constituency|Kadipur]] (SC)
|[[Rajesh Gautam]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[B. V. Keskar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Govind Malviya]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Kunawr Krishna Verma
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Ganpat Sahai]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Kedar Nath Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Kedar Nath Singh]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Zulfiquarulla
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Giriraj Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Raj Karan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Ram Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Vishwanath Das Shastri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Devendra Bahadur Roy]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Jai Bhadra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Mohammad Tahir Khan|Tahir Khan]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Sanjaya Sinh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Varun Gandhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Maneka Gandhi]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|[[Rambhual Nishad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]]<ref name="Sultanpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2025">{{cite news |title=Sultanpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/sultanpur |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220172816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/sultanpur |archive-date=20 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election Results: Sultanpur">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election Results: Sultanpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2438.htm |access-date=20 February 2025 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220172814/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2438.htm |archive-date=20 February 2025}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Rambhual Nishad]]
|party= Samajwadi Party
|votes= 4,44,330
|percentage= 43.00
|change={{up}}43.00
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Maneka Gandhi]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 4,01,156
|percentage= 38.82
|change={{down}}7.09
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Uday Raj Verma
|party= Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 1,63,025
|percentage= 15.78
|change={{down}}28.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 8,513
|percentage = 0.82
|change ={{down}}0.16
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 43,174
|percentage = 4.18
|change ={{up}}2.72
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,33,387
|percentage = 55.78
|change ={{decrease}}0.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Maneka Gandhi]]|votes=4,59,196|percentage=45.91|change={{increase}}3.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chandra Bhadra Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,44,670|percentage=44.43|change={{increase}}20.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sanjaya Sinh|Dr. Sanjay Sinh]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=41,681|percentage=4.17|change={{decrease}}0.18}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Pragatisheel Samajwadi Party (Lohiya)|PSP(L)]]
|candidate = Kamla Yadav
|votes = 31,494
|percentage = 3.15
|change = {{increase}}3.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=9,771|percentage=0.98|change={{increase}}0.42}}
{{Election box majority||votes=14,526|percentage=1.46|change={{decrease}}17.08}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,20,764|percentage=56.37|change={{decrease}}0.22}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}3.39
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Feroze Varun Gandhi]]
|votes = 4,10,348
|percentage = 42.52
|change = +36.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Pawan Pandey]]
|votes = 2,31,446
|percentage = 23.98
|change = -4.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shakeel Ahmed
|votes = 2,28,144
|percentage = 23.64
|change = +8.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ameeta Sinh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 41,983
|percentage = 4.35
|change = -38.09
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Varun Gandhi
|votes = 14,021
|percentage = 1.45
|change = +1.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 5,412
|percentage = 0.56
|change = +0.56
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,78,902
|percentage = 18.54
|change = +4.58
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,65,310
|percentage = 56.66
|change = +7.19
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +0.08
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sanjaya Sinh|Dr. Sanjay Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,00,411
|percentage = 42.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mohammad Tahir Khan|Mohammad Tahir]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,01,632
|percentage = 28.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashok Pandey
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,07,895
|percentage = 15.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Surya Bhan Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 44,425
|percentage = 6.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Jhinkuram Vishwakarma
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 8,903
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 98,779
|percentage = 13.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,07,855
|percentage = 49.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/sultanpur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Sultanpur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Faizabad division topics}}

{{Coord|26.26|82.07|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sultanpur district]]

Indian whisky

2026-03-21T10:35:35Z

Ronny14Z58: general reworked structure for accuracy and improved wording based on references

{{short description|Type of distilled liquor produced in India}}
{{Out of date|date=June 2022|reason=much changed since 2004}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}

'''Indian whisky''' is a [[New world whisky]] that is mostly [[Indian-made foreign liquor]] and is labelled as "[[whisky]]”.<ref name="WSJRum">[https://www.wsj.com/article/SB115653128082145738-search.html "Where 'Whisky' Can Be Rum"]{{Dead link|date=March 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, from ''The Wall Street Journal'', 26 August 2006, accessed 27 January 2012.</ref> [[blended whisky|Blends]] based on [[neutral spirits]] are commonly distilled from fermented [[molasses]] with only about 10 to 12 percent creating traditional [[malt whisky]]. Outside India, such a drink would more likely be labelled a [[rum]].<ref name=Battle>{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=265802&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__business/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601194459/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=265802&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__business%2F |archive-date=1 June 2008 |title=Battle for the world's largest whisky market – India |publisher=South Africa [[Mail & Guardian]] |author=Paul Peachey |date=3 March 2006 |access-date=14 May 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

{{Infobox drink
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Liquor| Distilled beverage]]
| manufacturer = 13
| origin = [[India]]
| introduced = 1855<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Indian Whisky |url=https://www.masterofmalt.com/country/indian-whisky/the-history-of-indian-whisky/?srsltid=AfmBOoo-1PkUVYM7Tu8rWaRw1AIfPhsKiO_Q1iCQ5WNLBeaPPZMNGCWi |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=www.masterofmalt.com |language=en}}</ref>
| abv = 42%<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-14 |title=21st Century Pure Malted Whisky - Ratings and reviews - Whiskybase |url=https://www.whiskybase.com/whiskies/whisky/236747/21st-century-pure-malted-whisky |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Whiskybase.com |language=en}}</ref> - 71%<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=Amrut 10-year-old - Ratings and reviews - Whiskybase |url=https://www.whiskybase.com/whiskies/whisky/66794/amrut-10-year-old |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Whiskybase.com |language=en}}</ref>
| colour = Caramel to pale yellow
| flavour = Fruity and sweet
([[Vanilla]]. [[caramel]], [[citrus]], [[spices]], [[chocolate]], [[honey]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostock |first=Mark |date=2024-11-17 |title=Everything You Wanted To Know About Indian Whisky |url=https://thewhiskeywash.com/whiskey-styles/world/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-indian-whisky/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=The Whiskey Wash |language=en-US}}</ref>
| variants = [[Single malt whisky| Single malt]], [[Grain whisky]]
| related = [[New world whisky]]
| website = https://indianmaltwhisky.org/
}}

Molasses-based blends made up 90 percent of the spirits consumed as "whisky" in India in 2004,<ref name=Stretch>[http://www.beveragedaily.com/news/ng.asp?id=48996-india-stretches-whisky "India stretches whisky market lead"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215014918/http://www.beveragedaily.com/news/ng.asp?id=48996-india-stretches-whisky |date=15 December 2007 }}, Beverage Daily, 13 January 2004, accessed 25 June 2007</ref> although whisky wholly distilled from [[malt]] and other [[Food grain|grains]], was also manufactured and sold.<ref name=Amrut>[http://www.amrutdistilleries.com/ Official web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040805004127/http://www.amrutdistilleries.com/ |date=5 August 2004 }} of [[Amrut Distilleries]], accessed 25 June 2007.</ref> By 2004, shortages of wheat had been overcome and India was one of the largest producers. [[Amrut (whisky)|Amrut]], the first single malt whisky produced in India, was launched in Glasgow, Scotland, in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ishani |last=Duttagupta |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/liquor/how-indias-first-single-malt-brand-amrut-distilleries-cracked-luxury-market-in-west/articleshow/12912782.cms|title=How India's first single malt brand Amrut Distilleries cracked luxury market in West |work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=29 April 2012}}</ref> After expanding in Europe, it was launched in India in 2010.

By 2022, India produced many whiskies both for the local market—the most lucrative market for whisky in the world—and export. Indian single malts comprised 15% of the local market in 2017, increasing to 33% in 2022. In the three years to 2022, sales of Indian malts increased by an annual average of 42%, compared with 7% for imported rivals.<ref name=kasturi>{{Cite news |title=How India's new taste for local whisky is shaking up the global drinks market |author=Charu Sudan Kasturi |newspaper=The Guardian |date=4 June 2022 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jun/04/how-indias-new-taste-for-local-whisky-is-shaking-up-the-global-drinks-market}}</ref>

==History==
The drinking of Scotch whisky was introduced to India in the nineteenth century, during the [[British Raj]]. In the late 1820s, Edward Dyer moved from England to set up the first brewery in India at [[Kasauli]]. The brewery was soon shifted to nearby [[Solan]] (close to the British [[summer capital]] [[Shimla]]), as there was an abundant supply of fresh springwater there. The [[Kasauli Brewery]] site was converted to a [[distillery]] becoming India's first distillery, which is currently operated by [[Mohan Meakin]].<ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Companies/ny0g0a6Vo9Xz7DlB2TGcYI/Whisky-in-India.html Whisky in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902015539/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/ny0g0a6Vo9Xz7DlB2TGcYI/Whisky-in-India.html |date=2 September 2013 }}. Livemint (29 December 2011). Retrieved on 23 December 2013.</ref> Production of alcohol from grain was hampered by shortage of extra grain, due to food shortages. Allowing grains to be used for alcohol manufacture is a controversial subject in India, due to poverty and alcohol's ambivalent reputation.<ref name="The Economic Times">[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-16/news/37767273_1_indian-whisky-spirit-tequila-agave-spirit Indian liquor industry moves towards spirits made from authentic source materials – Economic Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928032623/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-16/news/37767273_1_indian-whisky-spirit-tequila-agave-spirit |date=28 September 2013 }}. Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com (16 March 2013). Retrieved on 23 December 2013.</ref> [[Economic liberalisation in India|Economic liberalisation in the 1990s]] led to the moderate reduction of [[Tariff|import duties]], to about 35%, giving distillers access to better technology.<ref name="dnaindia1"/>

[[File:Amrut singlemalt whisky 2013-06-11 18-39.jpg|thumb|Amrut single malt whisky]]
The manufacture of whisky from malted grains in India was pioneered by [[Amrut Distilleries]] in 1982.<ref name="business-standard1"/> Amrut Distilleries began procuring barley from farmers in [[Haryana]],<ref name="business-standard1"/> [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Rajasthan]], in addition to molasses,<ref name="livemint1">{{cite web|author=Poornima Mohandas |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/gr38dzdMdPmjGGrpfEMnSJ/Blend-it-like-Amrut.html |title=Blend it like Amrut |publisher=Livemint |date=5 March 2010 |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> and launched Prestige Blended Malt Whisky in the [[Canteen Stores Department (India)|Canteen Stores Department]] in 1986.<ref name="outlookindia1">{{cite web |url=http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?279968 |title=High Spirits |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=18 February 2012 |access-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308050149/http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?279968 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The first batch of [[single malt whisky]] was ready within 18 months. Because India had no culture of consuming single malts at the time, the company did not consider bottling it as a single malt. Instead, the whisky was blended with alcohol distilled from sugarcane to produce MaQintosh Premium Whisky.<ref name="amrutdistilleries3">{{cite web |url=http://www.amrutdistilleries.com/validated/pages/outlookbusiness.html |title=High Spirits; Amrut Fusion is the only Indian brand to find global acceptance in the rarefied world of single malt whiskies |first=Kripa |last=Mahalingan |work=Outlook Business |publisher=Amrut Distilleries |date=18 February 2012 |access-date=21 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714040315/http://www.amrutdistilleries.com/validated/pages/outlookbusiness.html |archive-date=14 July 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> According to Neelakanta Jagdale, "The alcoholic beverages industry was not a priority in the country. Although we received help to a certain extent from the [[Central Food Technological Research Institute]] (CFTRI), we had to find our own ways to learn about improved distilling methods".<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1700807/report-bangalore-s-amrut-distilleries-hhigh-on-success |title=Bangalore's Amrut Distilleries high on success |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Amrut Distilleries launched [[Amrut (whisky)|Amrut]], the first single malt whisky to be made in India, on 24 August 2004.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|author=Ishani Duttagupta |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-29/news/31477540_1_amrut-distilleries-whisky-bible-rakshit-jagdale |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804010225/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-29/news/31477540_1_amrut-distilleries-whisky-bible-rakshit-jagdale |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2013 |title=How India's first single malt brand Amrut Distilleries cracked luxury market in West |work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=29 April 2012 |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> The production of Amrut single malt whisky was the result of the distillery having malt that was [[Barrel aging|ageing]] far in excess of what was needed for its medium range Prestige Malt Whisky.<ref name="business-standard1">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-malt-of-india-112021800056_1.html |title=The malt of India |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=18 February 2012 |access-date=21 June 2013|last1=Aravind |first1=Indulekha }}</ref> Initially, Amrut aged malt whisky for around a year before blending it. However, due to changing customer preferences, less malt whisky was being added into blended variants.<ref name="outlookindia1"/> Surinder Kumar, the [[master blender]] at Amrut Distilleries, has estimated that because of climate differences, one year of barrel ageing in India is equal to three years of ageing in Scotland.<ref name="business-standard1"/>

[[John Distilleries]] had been making blended whisky since its foundation, but decided to manufacture [[single malt whisky]] in 2008 in an attempt to enter the premium end of the market. The first bottling of [[Paul John (whisky)|Paul John whisky]], branded "Paul John Single Cask 161 Whisky", was launched on 4 October 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drinksint.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/3342/Indian_whisky_in_scotch_92s_back_yard__.html |title=Indian whisky in scotch's back yard |publisher=Drinks International |date=5 October 2012 |access-date=4 July 2013}}</ref>

Economic liberalisation also lead to the entry of foreign companies to the market, whose brands were seen as more authentic and attractive by affluent Indian consumers. This led several Indian manufacturers to acquire foreign liquor companies.<ref name="The Economic Times"/> Under [[Vijay Mallya]]'s direction, the Indian company [[United Spirits Limited]] acquired a number of noted whisky brands and distilleries in Scotland, including [[Dalmore Single Malt|Dalmore]], [[Isle of Jura Single Malt|Isle of Jura]], and [[Whyte & Mackay]].<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6659779.stm "Whisky giant sold to billionaire"] , [[BBC News]], 16 May 2007, accessed 25 June 2007</ref> (In 2012, [[Diageo]] acquired a 55% stake in United Spirits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/819cb09c-dbe0-11e5-9ba8-3abc1e7247e4|title=Diageo pays $75m to Vijay Mallya to step down from United Spirits|first=Amy|last=Kazmin|date=25 February 2016|website=www.ft.com}}</ref>) Since export of single malt whiskies in any container other than sealed bottles labelled for retail sale was banned by the UK [[Scotch Whisky Regulations 2009]],<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/media/1519/swr-guidance-for-bottlers-and-producers.pdf|title=The Scotch Whisky Regulations 2009 - Guidance for Producers and Bottlers|page=19|chapter=Regulation 7: Movement from Scotland to another country|publisher=[[Scotch Whisky Association]]|archive-date=30 January 2024|access-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130171535/https://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/media/1519/swr-guidance-for-bottlers-and-producers.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> a limited amount of exportable Scotch whiskies are used in Indian blended whiskies. Whyte & Mackay has since been sold as of 2014 to Emperador, a company based in the Philippines.

== Definition ==
===Current===
According to the [[Scotch Whisky Association]]'s 2013 annual report, unlike in the [[European Union]] (EU), "there is no compulsory definition of whisky in India, and the Indian voluntary standard does not require whisky to be distilled from cereals or to be matured. Very little Indian 'whisky' qualifies as whisky in the EU owing to the use of molasses or neutral alcohol, limited maturation (if any) and the use of flavourings. Such spirits are, of course, considerably cheaper to produce than genuine whisky."<ref name="indiatimes22">{{cite news |date=12 May 2014 |title=Scotch whisky group threat legal action against Indian blends |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/liquor/scotch-whisky-group-threat-legal-action-against-indian-blends/articleshow/35020865.cms |access-date=12 May 2014 |newspaper=The Economic Times |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes12">{{cite news |date=12 May 2014 |title=Europe cries foul on Indian whisky |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/europe-cries-foul-on-indian-whisky/article1-1218193.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512033858/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/europe-cries-foul-on-indian-whisky/article1-1218193.aspx |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=12 May 2014 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref name="business-standard22">{{cite news |date=12 May 2014 |title=Scotch whisky makers threaten action against Indian blends |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/scotch-whisky-makers-threaten-action-against-indian-blends-114051200796_1.html |access-date=12 May 2014 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |agency=PTI}}</ref>
===Legal===
On February 20, 2025 the [[Indian Malt Whisky Association]] submitted a request to have Indian whisky recognised with a [[Geographical indication|geographical indication]], this includes a requirement for whiskies to be made from malt [[barley]] and distilled in a copper pot still at a single distillery.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Vijay |date=2025-02-20 |title=To raise the spirits, Indian whisky makers seek GI tag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/to-raise-the-spirits-indian-whisky-makers-seek-gi-tag/article69238030.ece/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Domestic market==
In terms of volume, India is the biggest consumer of whisky in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indians drink way, way more whiskey than Americans |last=Crowe |first=Portia |newspaper=Business Insider |date=24 June 2015 |url= https://www.businessinsider.in/indians-drink-way-way-more-whiskey-than-americans/articleshow/47802798.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818201744/http://www1.m.businessinsider.in/indians-drink-way-way-more-whiskey-than-americans/articleshow/47802798.cms |archive-date=18 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=kasturi/> It has a complex tax structure with taxes levelled by both [[Central government of India|Central]] and [[State governments of India|State Governments]]. Import taxes are applied by the Central Government on imported spirits. State level taxes are levied by each individual State, with taxation levels and methods varying significantly.<ref name="doc.research-and-analytics.csfb.com">{{cite web|url=https://doc.research-and-analytics.csfb.com/docView?language=ENG&source=emfromsendlink&format=PDF&document_id=1000473291&extdocid=1000473291_1_eng_pdf&serialid=oun6%2bKXvmqM8LPKFz5bkTilydCe08R2p1Spo3jV5TOw%3d |title=Indian Spirits Market |publisher=[[Credit Suisse]] |date=27 September 2012 |access-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> The sale of alcohol is also [[Prohibition in India|prohibited in some States]].

Whisky accounts for nearly 60% of the [[Indian-made foreign liquor]] market. India accounted for nearly half the global whisky market by volume in 2010.<ref name="doc.research-and-analytics.csfb.com"/> The market is generally divided into segments based on price.<ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-10/news/37008258_1_scotch-whisky-officer-s-choice-bagpiper Modi Illva plays smart in launching premium whisky, but Rockford Reserve faces challenges ahead – Economic Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108195216/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-10/news/37008258_1_scotch-whisky-officer-s-choice-bagpiper |date=8 November 2013 }}. Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com (10 February 2013). Retrieved on 23 December 2013.</ref>

== Awards ==

# Rampur Asava Indian Single Malt Whisky by [[Radico Khaitan]] has been awarded the title of Best World Whisky in the 2023 edition of the prestigious John Barleycorn Awards.<ref>{{Cite news |title=This Indian whiskey has bagged the 'Best World Whisky' title in John Barleycorn Awards | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=13 January 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/liquor/this-indian-whiskey-has-bagged-the-best-world-whisky-title-in-john-barleycorn-awards/articleshow/106810500.cms?from=mdr }}</ref>
# The Godawan 100 Single Malt won the best single malt at London Spirits Competition (LSC) 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Indian whisky has been named World's Best Single Malt |date=24 April 2024 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/this-indian-whisky-has-been-named-worlds-best-single-malt}}</ref>

==Trade controversy==
The consumption of native-distilled, molasses-based whisky in India is encouraged by [[tariff]] barriers of up to 150%<ref name="bbc.co.uk">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-16625585 BBC News – Scotching the trade protection racket] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726225109/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-16625585 |date=26 July 2016 }}. Bbc.co.uk (19 January 2012). Retrieved on 23 December 2013.</ref> that impose a significant markup on imported whiskies in India. Imported Scotch whisky bottled under its own brand names makes up only 1% of the total market share. The substantial tax markup on imported whiskies has been categorised by the [[Scotch Whisky Association]] (SWA) as "pure protectionism".<ref name=Rebellion>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070727052605/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1630540,00.html "The Whisky Rebellion"], [[Time Magazine|''Time'' magazine]], 7 June 2007, accessed 25 June 2007</ref> Indian distillers accuse the [[European Union]] of erecting its own sort of trade barriers by means of rules that forbid the marketing of molasses-based spirits as "whisky". Mallya has objected to the EU's refusal of entry to molasses-based whiskies, claiming that the "imposition of British imperialism is unacceptable".<ref name=Rebellion/> In a lawsuit brought in India by the SWA, the [[Delhi High Court]] in April 2006 enjoined Indian whisky manufacturers from labelling their product with the words "Scot" or "Scotch".<ref>[https://archive.today/20140514162507/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/archive_news_detail.asp?pp_cat=17&art_id=17241&sid=7640835&con_type=1&archive_d_str=20060425 "If it's Indian it can't be Scotch, court tells India's whiskey makers"], ''The Standard'', 25 April 2006, accessed 28 June 2007.</ref> However, on 27 May 2008, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] ruled in favour of distiller [[Khoday Group|Khoday India Limited]], allowing the company to keep its [[Peter Scot]] whisky brand trademark.<ref>{{cite news|author=Dhananjay Mahapatra |agency=TNN | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Scotch-or-not-Peter-Scot-wont-be-banned-SC/articleshow/3077991.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716051621/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-28/india/27741832_1_peter-scot-scot-or-scotch-sc-bench | url-status=live | archive-date=16 July 2013 |title=Scotch or not, 'Peter Scot' won't be banned: SC |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 May 2008 |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref>

In 2019, India was the world's second largest Scotch whisky market by volume (the equivalent of 131 million 70cl bottles exported)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indian market for Scotch Whisky |author= |website=Scotch Whisky Association |access-date=5 June 2022 |url= https://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/insights/international-trade/uk-india-trade-talks/}}</ref> and 7th largest by value ([[Pound sign|£]]166 million).

==Manufacturers==
{{see also|List of whisky brands#Indian whisky}}
Following is a list of whisky producers in India in alphabetical order. The location of the company headquarters is given in brackets.
* [[ADS Spirits]] (Jhajjar, Haryana)
* [[Amrut Distilleries]] (Bangalore, Karnataka)
* [[Allied Blenders & Distillers]]
* [[Diageo]] India Pvt Ltd. (Mumbai, Maharashtra)
* [[John Distilleries]] (Bangalore, Karnataka)
* [[Khoday Group|Khoday India Limited]] (Bangalore, Karnataka)
* [[Ocean King Distillers]], (Goa)
* [[Pincon Spirit Limited]], (Kolkata, West Bengal)
* [[Mohan Meakin]] (Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh)
* [[Radico Khaitan]] (Rampur, Uttar Pradesh)
* [[Seagram]] Manufacturing Ltd, owned by [[Pernod Ricard]]
* Suntory Jim Beam India Ltd, owned by [[Suntory Global Spirits]]
* [[United Spirits Limited]] (Bangalore, Karnataka)

===Defunct===
The following manufacturers have ceased operations.

* [[Shaw Wallace]] (Kolkata, West Bengal) – Merged with United Spirits Ltd

==See also==
* [[Outline of whisky]]
* [[Desi daru]]
* [[Scotch whiskey]]
* [[Indian beer]]
* [[Indian wine]]
* [[Indian Malt Whisky Association]]
* [[Sura_(alcoholic_drink)#Vedic_beverages|List of vedic and ayurvedic alcoholic drinks]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |last1=Badami |first1=Sunil |title=India's whisky consumption rises by 200pc in 10 years |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-12/indias-whisky-consumption-rises-by-200-percent-in-10-years/102304914 |access-date=2023-07-02 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)]] |date=2023-05-12 |language=en-AU}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070818090944/http://www.gourmetindia.com/pgview.php?id=234 The Anomalies of Drinking in India], Sharad Bailur, Mumbai, India (archived)

{{portalbar|Beer|Liquor|India}}
{{Alcohol in India}}
{{Alcohol by countries}}
{{Alcoholic beverages}}
{{Indian beverages}}
{{Beers of the world}}
{{Prohibition |state=collapsed}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Whisky |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Indian whisky| ]]
[[Category:Whisky by country|India]]

Prathap C. Reddy

2026-03-20T16:26:36Z

Ronny14Z58: made data!

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur and cardiologist (born 1933)}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Prathap C. Reddy
| image = Prathap C. Reddy (1).jpg
| caption = Prathap C. Reddy in 2014
| birth_name = Prathap Chandra Reddy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1933|02|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Aragonda]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| alma_mater = [[Stanley Medical College]]
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
| spouse = Sucharitha Reddy
| children = {{ubl
| [[Preetha Reddy]] (daughter)
| [[Sangita Reddy]] (daughter)
| Suneeta Reddy (daughter)
| [[Shobana Kamineni]] (daughter)
}}
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Ram Charan]] (grandson-in-law)|[[Armaan Ebrahim]] (grandson-in-law)}} [[Anindith Reddy]] (grandson)
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2010) [[Padma Bhushan]] (1991)
}}

'''Prathap Chandra Reddy''' (born 5 February 1933)<ref>[https://www.apollohospitals.com/news-detail.php?newsid=319 The first 'Apollo Isha Vidya Rural School' at Aragonda!], Apollo Hospitals press release, 25 December 2012, retrieved 2015-04-03</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/200901/50pathfinders02.shtml |title=The Trailblazer |journal=Express Healthcare |access-date=2015-04-04 |date=January 2009}}</ref> is an Indian entrepreneur and cardiologist who founded the first corporate chain of [[hospitals in India]], the [[Apollo Hospitals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mybtechlife.com/the-list-of-great-entrepreneurs-in-india-2015/|title=The List of Great Entrepreneurs of India in 2015|publisher=MyBTechLife|author=Srikar Muthyala|date=29 September 2015|access-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114000446/http://mybtechlife.com/the-list-of-great-entrepreneurs-in-india-2015/|archive-date=14 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' ranked him 48th in its 2017 list of India's 50 most powerful people.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's 50 powerful people|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170424-india-today-top-50-powerful-indians-mukesh-ambani-ratan-tata-kumar-mangalam-birla-gautam-adani-anand-mahindra-srk-amitabh-bacchan-986203-2017-04-14|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=14 April 2017}}</ref>

As per Forbes list of India’s 100 richest tycoons, dated 9 October 2024, Prathap Reddy is ranked 94th with a net worth of $ 3.52 Billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 100 Richest |website=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/india-billionaires/}}</ref>

== Education ==

Reddy received his medical degree from [[Stanley Medical College]] in [[Chennai]]. He later trained as a cardiologist in the United Kingdom and the United States.

He completed his fellowship at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] in Boston and went on to head several research programs at the Missouri State Chest Hospital in the United States, where he worked for several years before returning to India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apolloclinic.com/our-chairmans-profile |title=Our Chairman's Profile |website=apolloclinic.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Reddy was married at an early age to Sucharita Reddy. The couple are the parents of four girls:
*[[Preetha Reddy]],
*[[Sangita Reddy]],
*Suneeta Reddy, wife of P. Dwarakanath Reddy, son of [[P Obul Reddy|P. Ahobala Reddy]] of [[Nippo Batteries]] and Dyanora TV
*[[Shobana Kamineni]]. Her daughter, Upasana, is married to [[Ram Charan]], an actor in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-06-15|title=Dream wedding for Charan, Upasna|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dream-wedding-for-charan-upasna/article3531165.ece|access-date=2020-08-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

All of Reddy's daughters are serving as directors in the Apollo Hospitals.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hussain|first1=Shabana|title=Apollo Hospitals' Prathap Reddy grooms daughters for leadership positions|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/boardroom/apollo-hospitals-prathap-reddy-grooms-daughters-for-leaderhip-positions/39045/1 |work=Forbes India|access-date=16 November 2016|date=24 November 2014}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting Padma Vibhushan Award to Dr. Prathap Chandra Reddy, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-I, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 31, 2010.jpg|thumb|right|Prathap C. Reddy, receiving [[Padma Vibhushan]] award from the president [[Pratibha Patil]], in 2010]]
* '''1991:''' Conferred with the honor '''[[Padma Bhushan]]''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Name=prathap%20chandra%20reddy&Year=1991-1991|access-date=2021-01-29|website=www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>
* '''2010:''' Conferred with the second highest civilian honor '''[[Padma Vibhushan]]''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Name=prathap%20chandra%20reddy&Year=2010-2010|access-date=2021-01-29|website=www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>
* '''2018:''' Conferred the Lions Humanitarian Award by Apollo Hospitals<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr. Prathap C Reddy, Chairman, Apollo Hospitals conferred with the Lions Humanitarian Award|url=https://medgatetoday.com/dr-prathap-c-reddy-chairman-apollo-hospitals-conferred-with-the-lions-humanitarian-award|work=Medgate today}}</ref>
*'''2022:''' Conferred the Lifetime Achievement Award by IMA<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Prathap C Reddy conferred Lifetime Achievement Award by IMA |url=http://www.uniindia.com/dr-prathap-c-reddy-conferred-lifetime-achievement-award-by-ima/south/news/2765342.html |website=Uniindia |access-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*https://www.apollohospitals.com/corporate/apollo-management/chairman-profile

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Pratap C}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in trade & industry]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the health care industry]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Andhra Pradesh]]

National Film Awards

2026-03-13T05:47:18Z

Ronny14Z58:

{{short description|State-instituted annual film awards in India}}
{{About|the National Film Awards in India|other uses|National Film Awards (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| current_awards = 71st National Film Awards
| caption =
| awarded_for = Excellence in cinematic achievements for [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]]
| presenter = [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]]
| sponsor =
| host =
| location = [[Vigyan Bhawan]], New Delhi
| country = India
| year = {{Start date and age|df=y|1954|10|10}}
| year2 =
| website = {{URL|https://nfaindia.org/}}
}}

The '''National Film Awards''' are awards for artistic and technical merit given for excellence within the Indian film industry. Established in 1954, it has been administered, along with the [[International Film Festival of India]] and the Indian Panorama, by the [[Indian government]]'s [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] from 1973 until 2020, and by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] since 2021.<ref name="Explained 2022">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-national-film-awards-their-history-significance-and-recent-trends-8046256/ |title=Explained: The National Film Awards, their history, significance, and recent trends |date=22 July 2022}}</ref><ref>[https://dff.nic.in Official site Directorate of Film Festivals]</ref><ref>[http://mib.nic.in/informationb/media/filmfestival.htm Film Festival] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617202154/http://www.mib.nic.in/informationb/media/filmfestival.htm |date=17 June 2008 }}</ref>

Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in [[New Delhi]], where the [[President of India]] presents the awards. This is followed by the inauguration of the National Film Festival, where award-winning films are screened for the public. Declared for films produced in the previous year across the country, they hold the distinction of awarding merit to the best of [[Indian cinema]] overall, as well as presenting awards for the best films in each region and language of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/69th-national-film-awards-heres-the-complete-winner-list/articleshow/104498945.cms |title=69th National Film Awards: Here’s the complete winner list |date=17 October 2023 |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== History ==
The Awards were first presented in 1954. The [[Government of India]] conceived the ceremony to honor films made across India, on a national scale, to encourage the furthering of Indian art and culture. From 1973 until 2020, the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals administers the ceremony along with other major film events in India annually.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/70th-national-film-awards-criticism-ignoring-contributions-sound-recording-mixing-101708838112042.html |title=70th National Film Awards: Heavy criticism from industry for ignoring contributions to sound recording and mixing |date=25 February 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Since then, [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] administers the ceremony.

== Juries and rules ==
The National Film Awards are presented in two main categories: [[Feature film|Feature Films]] and [[Documentary film|Non-Feature Films]].<ref name="Explained 2022"/> The juries are appointed by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]. Neither the Government nor the organization has influence over which films are selected for consideration and which films ultimately win awards. There are strict criteria as to whether a film is eligible for consideration by the jury panels. Over 100 films made across the country are entered in each category (Feature and Non-Feature) for the awards and are deemed eligible each year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/2022/108 |title=National Awards 2022 Winners |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

A list of rules is presented every year in a document of regulations known as the National Film Award Regulations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=72nd National Film Awards Regulations - National Film Awards |url=https://www.nationalfilmawards.in/regulations |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=www.nationalfilmawards.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The criteria for eligibility contain many clauses. Among them, there is a direct requirement for the makers of a film, and particularly the director, to be Indian nationals.<ref name="eligibility">55th National Film Awards Regulations. ''Eligibility''. Pages 2–3.</ref> Films entering the competition should be produced in India, and in the case of co-production involving a foreign entity, there are as many as six conditions that should be fulfilled in order for the film to qualify.<ref name="eligibility"/> According to the criteria, in order to be eligible for consideration by the jury, a film should be certified by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] between 1 January and 31 December. Whether a film is considered a feature film or a non-feature film shall be decided by the Feature Film jury. The eligibility list includes a section of rules determining which films shall not be eligible for entry in the competition.<ref name="eligibility"/>

== Awards ceremonies ==
The "Year" in the below table corresponds to the year of the film certificate issued by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]]. The "Date" indicates when the awards were presented to the winners.
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center"
|-
!Year
! Ceremony
! Date
! Best Feature Film
!Best Non-Feature Film
|-
|1953
| [[1st National Film Awards|1st]]|| 10 October 1954 || [[Shyamchi Aai (1953 film)|''Shyamchi Aai'']]
|''Mahabalipuram''
|-
|1954
| [[2nd National Film Awards|2nd]]|| 21 December 1955 || ''[[Mirza Ghalib (film)|Mirza Ghalib]]''
|''Spirit of the Loom''
|-
|1955
| [[3rd National Film Awards|3rd]]|| September 1956 || ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
|''Magic of Mountains''
|-
|1956
| [[4th National Film Awards|4th]]|| 28 April 1957 || ''[[Kabuliwala (1957 film)|Kabuliwala]]''
|''[[Gotoma the Buddha|Gotama The Buddha]]''
|-
|1957
| [[5th National Film Awards|5th]]|| 16 April 1958 || ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]''
|''A Himalayan Tapestry''
|-
|1958
| [[6th National Film Awards|6th]]|| 28 April 1959 || ''[[Sagar Sangamey]]''
|''Radha Krishna''
|-
|1959
| [[7th National Film Awards|7th]]|| 1 May 1960 || ''[[Apur Sansar]]''
|''Kathakali''
|-
|1960
| [[8th National Film Awards|8th]]|| 31 March 1961 || [[Anuradha (1960 film)|''Anuradha'']]
|''Kangra and Kulu''
|-
|1961
| [[9th National Film Awards|9th]]|| 21 April 1962 || ''[[Bhagini Nivedita (film)|Bhagini Nivedita]]''
|[[Rabindranath Tagore (film)|''Rabindranath Tagore'']]
|-
|1962
| [[10th National Film Awards|10th]]|| 21 April 1963 || ''[[Dada Thakur (film)|Dada Thakur]]''
|''Four Centuries Ago''
|-
|1963
| [[11th National Film Awards|11th]]|| 25 April 1964 || ''[[Shehar Aur Sapna]]''
|''Song of the Snow''
|-
|1964
| [[12th National Film Awards|12th]]|| 31 May 1965 || ''[[Charulata]]''
|''One Day''
|-
|1965
| [[13th National Film Awards|13th]]|| 1966 || ''[[Chemmeen]]''
|''Cloven Horizon''
|-
|1966
| [[14th National Film Awards|14th]]|| 10 October 1967 || ''[[Teesri Kasam]]''
|''Glimpses of West Bengal''
|-
|1967
| [[15th National Film Awards|15th]]|| 25 November 1968 || ''[[Hatey Bazarey]]''
|''India '67''
|-
|1968
| [[16th National Film Awards|16th]]|| 13 February 1970 || ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]''
|''Everest''
|-
|1969
| [[17th National Film Awards|17th]]|| 21 November 1970 || ''[[Bhuvan Shome]]''
|''Amrita Sher-Gil''
|-
|1970
| [[18th National Film Awards|18th]]|| 1971 || ''[[Samskara (film)|Samskara]]''
|"No Award"
|-
|1971
| [[19th National Film Awards|19th]]|| 1 May 1972 || ''[[Seemabaddha]]''
|''Bhutan''
|-
|1972
| [[20th National Film Awards|20th]]|| 1973 || ''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]''
|''[[The Inner Eye]]''
|-
|1973
| [[21st National Film Awards|21st]]|| October 1974 || ''[[Nirmalyam]]''
|''The Flame Burns Bright''
|-
|1974
| [[22nd National Film Awards|22nd]]|| 1976 || ''[[Chorus (1974 film)|Chorus]]''
|''Man In Search of Man''
|-
|1975
| [[23rd National Film Awards|23rd]]|| 1976 || ''[[Chomana Dudi]]''
|''Winged Wonderland''
|-
|1976
| [[24th National Film Awards|24th]]|| 1977 || ''[[Mrigayaa]]''
|{{Em dash}}
|-
|1977
| [[25th National Film Awards|25th]]|| 27 April 1978 || ''[[Ghatashraddha]]''
|''Deshratna Rajendra Prasad''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1978
| rowspan="2" | [[26th National Film Awards|26th]] || rowspan="2" | April 1979 || rowspan="2" | {{Em dash}}
|''Rumtek - A Monastery Wrethed''
|-
|''In A Hundred Thousand Rainbows''
|-
|1979
| [[27th National Film Awards|27th]]|| May 1980 || ''[[Shodh]]''
|{{Em dash}}
|-
|1980
| [[28th National Film Awards|28th]]|| April 1981||''[[Akaler Shandhaney]]''
|''Daldal''
|-
|1981
| [[29th National Film Awards|29th]]|| April 1982||''[[Dakhal]]''
|''Faces After The Storm''
|-
|1982
| [[30th National Film Awards|30th]]|| May 1983||''[[Chokh]]''
|''An Indian Story''
|-
|1983
| [[31st National Film Awards|31st]]|| June 1984||''[[Adi Shankaracharya (film)|Adi Shankaracharya]]''
|''The Procession''
|-
|1984
| [[32nd National Film Awards|32nd]]|| June 1985||''[[Damul]]''
|''Music of Satyajit Ray''
|-
|1985
| [[33rd National Film Awards|33rd]]|| June 1986||''[[Chidambaram (film)|Chidambaram]]''
|''[[Bombay: Our City]]''
|-
|1986
| [[34th National Film Awards|34th]]|| September 1987||''[[Tabarana Kathe]]''
|''The Land of Sand Dunes''
|-
|1987
| [[35th National Film Awards|35th]]|| April 1988||''[[Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai]]''
|''Bhopal: Beyond Genocide''
|-
|1988
| [[36th National Film Awards|36th]]|| 31 May 1989||''[[Piravi]]''
|''Kanaka Purandara''
|-
|1989
| [[37th National Film Awards|37th]]|| May 1990||''[[Bagh Bahadur]]''
|''Aar Koto Din''
|-
|1990
| [[38th National Film Awards|38th]]|| 7 April 1991||''[[Marupakkam]]''
|''Graven Image''
|-
|1991
| [[39th National Film Awards|39th]]|| 6 May 1992||''[[Agantuk]]''
|''Sons of Abotani: The Misings''
|-
|1992
| [[40th National Film Awards|40th]]|| 4 May 1993||''[[Bhagavad Gita (film)|Bhagavad Gita]]''
|''In Search of Indian Theatre''
|-
|1993
| [[41st National Film Awards|41st]]|| 30 September 1994||''[[Charachar]]''
|''Maihar Raag''
|-
|1994
| [[42nd National Film Awards|42nd]]|| 17 July 1995||''[[Unishe April]]''
|''Rasayatra''
|-
|1995
| [[43rd National Film Awards|43rd]]|| 6 August 1996||''[[Kathapurushan]]''
|''Tarana''
|-
|1996
| [[44th National Film Awards|44th]]|| 15 July 1997||''[[Lal Darja]]''
|''Sham's Vision''
|-
|1997
| [[45th National Film Awards|45th]]|| 10 July 1998||''[[Thaayi Saheba]]''
|''Jataner Jami''
|-
|1998
| [[46th National Film Awards|46th]]|| 15 February 2000||''[[Samar (1999 film)|Samar]]''
|''In The Forest Hangs a Bridge''
|-
|1999
| [[47th National Film Awards|47th]]|| 18 September 2000||''[[Vanaprastham]]''
|''Dui Paatan Ke Beech Mein''
|-
|2000
| [[48th National Film Awards|48th]]|| 12 December 2001||''[[Shantham]]''
|''Rasikpriya''
|-
|2001
| [[49th National Film Awards|49th]]|| 13 February 2003||''[[Dweepa]]''
|''Sonal''
|-
|2002
| [[50th National Film Awards|50th]]|| 29 December 2003||''[[Mondo Meyer Upakhyan]]''
|''Narayan Gangaram Surve''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
| rowspan="2" | [[51st National Film Awards|51st]]|| rowspan="2" | 2 February 2005|| rowspan="2" |''[[Shwaas]]''
|''Kaya Poochhe Maya Se''
|-
|''War and Peace''
|-
|2004
| [[52nd National Film Awards|52nd]]|| 21 October 2005||''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''
|''Girni''
|-
|2005
| [[53rd National Film Awards|53rd]]|| 14 September 2007||''[[Kaalpurush (2005 film)|Kaalpurush]]''
|''[[Riding Solo to the Top of the World]]''
|-
|2006
| [[54th National Film Awards|54th]]|| 2 September 2008||''[[Pulijanmam]]''
|''Bishar Blues''
|-
|2007
| [[55th National Film Awards|55th]]|| 21 October 2009||''[[Kanchivaram]]''
|''[[Hope Dies Last in War]]''
|-
|2008
| [[56th National Film Awards|56th]]|| 20 March 2010||''[[Antaheen]]''
|''[[AFSPA, 1958]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
| rowspan="2" | [[57th National Film Awards|57th]]|| rowspan="2" | 22 October 2010|| rowspan="2" |''[[Kutty Srank]]''
|''The Postman''
|-
|''Bilal''
|-
|2010
| [[58th National Film Awards|58th]]|| 9 September 2011||''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''
|''[[Germ (film)|Germ]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
| rowspan="2" | [[59th National Film Awards|59th]]|| rowspan="2" | 3 May 2012||''[[Byari (film)|Byari]]''
| rowspan="2" |''[[And We Play On]]''
|-
|''[[Deool]]''
|-
|2012
| [[60th National Film Awards|60th]]|| 3 May 2013||''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]]''
|''[[Shepherds of Paradise]]''
|-
|2013
| [[61st National Film Awards|61st]]|| 3 May 2014||''[[Ship of Theseus (film)|Ship of Theseus]]''
|''[[Rangbhoomi (2013 film)|Rangbhoomi]]''
|-
|2014
| [[62nd National Film Awards|62nd]]|| 3 May 2015||''[[Court (2014 film)|Court]]''
|''[[Tender Is the Sight]]''
|-
|2015
| [[63rd National Film Awards|63rd]]|| 3 May 2016||''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|''[[Amdavad Ma Famous]]''
|-
|2016
| [[64th National Film Awards|64th]]|| 3 May 2017||''[[Kaasav]]''
|''Fireflies in the Abyss''
|-
|2017
| [[65th National Film Awards|65th]]|| 3 May 2018||''[[Village Rockstars]]''
|{{Em dash}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| rowspan="2" | [[66th National Film Awards|66th]]|| rowspan="2" | 23 December 2019|| rowspan="2" |''[[Hellaro]]''
|''[[Son Rise]]''
|-
|''[[The Secret Life of Frogs]]''
|-
|2019
| [[67th National Film Awards|67th]]|| 25 October 2021||''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]''
|''An Engineered Dream''
|-
|2020
| [[68th National Film Awards|68th]]|| 30 September 2022||''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''
|''[[Testimony of Ana]]''
|-
|2021
| [[69th National Film Awards|69th]]
| 17 October 2023
|''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''
|''[[Ek Tha Gaon]]''
|-
|2022
| [[70th National Film Awards|70th]]
| 8 October 2024
|''[[Aattam]]''
|''[[Ayena]]''
|-
|2023
| [[71st National Film Awards|71st]]
| 23 September 2025
|''[[12th Fail]]''
|''[[Flowering Man]]''
|}

== Current categories ==
The awards are categorized into three sections; Feature film, Non-feature film, and Best Writing on cinema. With each section having its individual aims, [[Feature film|Feature Film]] and Non-Feature Film sections aim at encouraging the production of films of aesthetic and technical excellence and social relevance, contributing to the understanding and appreciation of cultures of different regions of the country in cinematic form, thereby promoting unity and integrity of the nation.<ref name="Explained 2022"/> The Best Writing on cinema section aims to encourage the study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of the art form through the publication of various books, articles, reviews, newspaper coverage, and studies.<ref name="59threg">{{cite press release |url=http://dff.nic.in/59th_NFA_Regulations_1.pdf |title=59th National Film Awards: Regulations |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=29 July 2012 |page=2,4,12,14,22,24,25,30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324031331/http://dff.nic.in/59th_NFA_Regulations_1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012}}</ref> In addition, a lifetime achievement award, named after the father of Indian cinema [[Dadasaheb Phalke]], is awarded to a film personality for the outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian Cinema.<ref name="59threg" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp |title=Dadasaheb Phalke Award Past Recipients |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref>

All the award winners are awarded a [[Medal]]lion, a cash prize, and a certificate of merit. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award, six categories from the Feature Films section, three from the Non-Feature Films and Best Writing on Cinema sections each have been made eligible for ''Swarna Kamal'' (Golden Lotus Award), and the rest of the categories for ''Rajat Kamal'' (Silver Lotus Award).<ref name="59threg" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/rrr-allu-arjun-alia-bhatt-national-awards-india-1235703652/ |title=‘RRR’ Wins Big at India’s National Film Awards |first=Naman |last=Ramachandran |date=24 August 2023}}</ref>

=== Lifetime Achievement ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of current Lifetime Achievement categories by year introduced
!Year introduced
!Category
|-
! colspan="2" |Golden Lotus (Swarna Kamal)
|-
|'''1969'''
|[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]
|}

=== Feature film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of current Feature film categories by year introduced
!Year introduced
!Category
|-
! colspan="2" |Golden Lotus (Swarna Kamal)
|-
|'''1953'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1953'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
|-
|'''1967'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
|-
|'''1974'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|-
|'''1980'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]]
|-
|'''2022'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Film in AVGC|Best Film in AVGC (Best Animation Film)]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Silver Lotus (Rajat Kamal)
|-
|'''1954'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Bengali Feature Film|Best Bengali Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1954'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Hindi Feature Film|Best Hindi Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1954'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Kannada Feature Film|Best Kannada Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1954'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Malayalam Feature Film|Best Malayalam Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1954'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film|Best Marathi Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1954'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film|Best Tamil Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1954'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film|Best Telugu Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1955'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Assamese Feature Film|Best Assamese Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1960'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Gujarati Feature Film|Best Gujarati Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1960'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Odia Feature Film|Best Odia Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1962'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Punjabi Feature Film|Best Punjabi Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1965'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Konkani Feature Film|Best Konkani Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1967'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
|-
|'''1967'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
|-
|'''1967'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]
|-
|'''1967'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|-
|'''1967'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|-
|'''1967'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|-
|'''1968'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|-
|'''1968'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
|-
|'''1968'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|-
|'''1972'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Manipuri Feature Film|Best Manipuri Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1976'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
|-
|'''1976'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|-
|'''1978'''
|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]]
|-
|'''1979'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]]
|-
|'''1984'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|-
|'''1984'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|-
|'''1984'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|-
|'''1985'''
|[[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Bodo Feature Film|Best Bodo Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1991'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]{{Efn|Although the category was introduced in [[39th National Film Awards]] (1991), there was no winner. The first winner was announced during the [[40th National Film Awards]] (1992).}}
|-
|'''2006'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Make-up|Best Make-up]]
|-
|'''2016'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Stunt Choreography|Best Stunt Choreography]]
|-
|'''2022'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values|Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values]]
|-
|'''2022'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Film in AVGC|Best Film in AVGC (Best Visual Effects)]]
|}

=== Non-feature film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of current Non-feature film categories by year introduced
!Year introduced
!Category
|-
! colspan="2" |Golden Lotus (Swarna Kamal)
|-
|'''1953'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Non-Feature Film]]
|-
|'''1991'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director (non-feature film)|Best Debut Film of a Director]]{{Efn|The category was remained in the Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus) section since the introduction, but was moved to Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus) section during the [[70th National Film Awards]] (2022).<ref>{{cite web |author=Under Secretary to the Government of India |title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India |url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |access-date=25 August 2024 |date=14 December 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
|'''2000'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Direction (non-feature film)|Best Direction]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Silver Lotus (Rajat Kamal)
|-
|'''1967'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Animation Film|Best Animation Film]]
|-
|'''1978'''
|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (non-feature film)|Special Mention]]
|-
|'''1985'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film|Best Arts / Cultural Film]]
|-
|'''1987'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Short Film|Best Short Film]]
|-
|'''1990'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography (non-feature film)|Best Cinematography]]
|-
|'''1990'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Editing (non-feature film)|Best Editing]]
|-
|'''1990'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Sound Design (non-feature film)|Best Sound Design]]
|-
|'''1993'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction (non-feature film)|Best Music Direction]]
|-
|'''2003'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Narration / Voice Over|Best Narration / Voice Over]]
|-
|'''2022'''
|Best Non Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values
|-
|'''2022'''
|Best Biographical / Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film
|-
|'''2022'''
|Best Documentary
|-
|'''2022'''
|Best Script
|}

=== Writing on cinema ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of current Writing on cinema categories by year introduced
!Year introduced
!Category
|-
! colspan="2" |Golden Lotus (Swarna Kamal)
|-
|'''1981'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]]
|-
|'''1984'''
|[[National Film Award for Best Film Critic|Best Film Critic]]
|}

== Discontinued and intermittent categories ==
{{Main|Discontinued and intermittent National Film Awards}}

==Records==
{| class="wikitable floatright plainrowheaders"
|+ List of films with most awards
|-
! scope="col" | Film (Year)
! scope="col" | No. of awards won
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Lagaan]]'' ([[49th National Film Awards|2001]])
|{{won|8}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' ([[63rd National Film Awards|2015]])
|{{won|7}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Godmother (film)|''Godmother'']] ([[46th National Film Awards|1998]])
|{{won|6}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' ([[50th National Film Awards|2002]])
|{{won|6}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aadukalam]]'' ([[58th National Film Awards|2010]])
|{{won|6}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[RRR]]'' ([[69th National Film Awards|2022]])
|{{won|6}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jogwa]]'' ([[56th National Film Awards|2008]])
|{{won|5}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kutty Srank]]'' ([[57th National Film Awards|2009]])
|{{won|5}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' ([[68th National Film Awards|2020]])
|{{won|5}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]'' ([[69th National Film Awards|2022]])
|{{won|5}}
|-
|}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Further reading ===
* {{Citation |surname1=Matthew |given1=K.M. |year=2006 |title=Manorama Yearbook 2006 |publisher=Malayala Manorama, India |isbn=81-89004-07-7}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|National Film Awards, India}}
* {{Official website|https://nfaindia.org/}}
* [https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000467 National Film Awards] at [[IMDb]]

{{National Film Awards}}
{{National Cinema Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India)| ]]
[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1954]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in India]]

Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini

2026-03-11T17:34:33Z

Ronny14Z58: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Dissolved armed wing of the Awami League (1972–1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = National Guard জাতীয় রক্ষী বাহিনী
| image = Emblem of the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini
| dates = 1 February 1972 – 9 October 1975
| country = Bangladesh
| allegiance = [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]], [[Bangladesh Awami League]]<ref name="Emajuddin2004" />
| branch =
| type = [[Infantry]] [[President Guard Regiment|Presidential guard]] [[Death squad]]
| role = [[Counter-insurgency]] [[Counter-terrorism]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Alam |first=Aksadul |year=2012 |chapter=History |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> [[Anti-communism]]
| size = 16,000 (1975)<ref name="Emajuddin2004" />
| command_structure =
| garrison = Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| nickname = ''Rakkhi'', ''JRB''
| patron = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| motto =
| colors = Dark Brown, Light French Beige {{Color box|#5C4033}} {{Color box|#C8AD7E}}
| colors_label =
| march =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = {{tree list}}
*[[1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency]]
*[[1974 Ramna massacre]]
*[[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
{{tree list/end}}
| mascot = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Index finger of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| disbanded = 9 October 1975
| flying_hours =
| website =
| notable_commanders = Brigadier General [[A. N. M. Nuruzzaman]]
| identification_symbol = [[File:Insignia of the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini.svg|170px]]
| identification_symbol_label = [[Embroidered patch|JRB Insignia]]
}}

The '''Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini''' ({{langx|bn|জাতীয় রক্ষী বাহিনী|lit=National Guard}})<ref name="Emajuddin2004" /> was a Bangladeshi paramilitary force formed in 1972 by the [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] government. Initially formed to curb [[1972-1975 Bangladesh insurgency|an insurgency]] and maintain law and order, the force became involved in numerous [[Human rights abuse|charges of human rights abuses]], including political killings,<ref name="Human Rights Watch">{{cite web |date=2009-03-18 |title=Ignoring Executions and Torture : Impunity for Bangladesh's Security Forces |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/bangladesh0509webwcover.pdf |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref name="amardeshonline" /><ref name=":3" /> shooting by [[death squads]],<ref name=":5" /> and rape.<ref name=":3" /> It was seen as the armed wing of the ruling [[Awami League]]<ref name="Emajuddin2004" /> and it swore an oath of loyalty to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.<ref name="Pike2010" />

The Rakkhi Bahini has been condemned by many academics and journalists, including [[Ghulam Murshid]] who compared it with the [[Gestapo]],<ref name="Ghulam">{{cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |author-link=Ghulam Murshid |date=2010 |script-title=bn:মুক্তিযুদ্ধ ও তারপর একটি নির্দলীয় ইতিহাস |title=Muktiyuddha o tārapara: ekaṭi nirdalīẏa itihāsa |location=Dhaka |publisher=Prothoma Prakashani |page=199 |isbn=978-984-8765-37-1}}</ref> and [[Anthony Mascarenhas]] who said that it was a "gang of hoodlums little different from the [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] [[Sturmabteilung|Brown shirts]]."<ref name="Mascarenhas1986p37">{{cite book |last=Mascarenhas |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Mascarenhas |date=1986 |title=Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |page=37 |isbn=978-0-340-39420-5}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] states that the institutionalized violence committed by the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini, established the culture of impunity with which [[military of Bangladesh|security forces in independent Bangladesh]] continue to abuse human rights.<ref name="Human Rights Watch" /> Pro Awami League commentators dismiss the charges as "myths".<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Ahsan |first1=Syed Badrul |author-link=Syed Badrul Ahsan |date=13 January 2014 |title=Myth, reality and Rakkhi Bahini |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/myth-reality-and-rakkhi-bahini-6669 |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Anwar-ul-Alam" />

== History ==
===Background===
After the end of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], there was a violent [[1972-1975 Bangladesh insurgency|insurgency]] led by [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal]] to replace the elected revolutionary government of the newly independent country with a "[[Scientific socialism|scientific socialist]]" system of government inspired by [[Soviet Union]] and the [[People's Republic of China]] through the uses of private militias formed by left-wing army commanders who fought in the war, such as Colonel [[Abu Taher]].<ref name="Emajuddin2004" /><ref>{{cite news |title=JS sees debate over role of Gono Bahini |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/js-sees-debate-over-role-of-gono-bahini-31691 |work=The Daily Star |date=4 July 2014}}</ref>

During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation War of Bangladesh]], numerous civilians joined the war after being trained by the [[Indian Army|Indian forces]]. [[Tajuddin Ahmad]] felt these people should come under national service as they had arms and training. Tajuddin Ahmad asked [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] to form a para-military force for them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.bracu.ac.bd:9292/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=11781|title=Ayesha Abed Library|work=bracu.ac.b|access-date=2015-03-02}}</ref>

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman primarily rejected the proposal but soon realized the necessity of an elite force, because many police officers died in the Bangladesh Liberation War. Whenever rebels attacked them in their office, they were outnumbered.<ref name="Ghulam"/> Raw materials, machinery and goods of factories were being smuggled through the [[Bangladesh–India border|border]] to [[India]] which also became a headache for the newly formed government.<ref name=Ghulam />

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' remarked after independence that "Many of the more radical young guerrillas who fought with the [[Mukti Bahini]] may not be content with the moderate course charted by the middle-aged politicians of the Awami League. Moreover, the present Dacca government is a very remote power in country villages where the local cadres of the Mukti Bahini are highly visible."<ref name="time">{{cite magazine |title=BANGLADESH: Mujib's Road from Prison to Power |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877626,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308005342/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877626,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2008 |date=17 January 1972 |magazine=Time}}</ref> The article also quoted one of its commanders, Ali Ashraf Chowdhury: "We will never lay down our arms until our social ideals have been realized".<ref name="time" /> he said. The article continues, "So far the [[Mujib Bahini]] has done a commendable job of protecting the [[Biharis]], the non-Bengali Moslems who earned Bengali wrath by siding with the [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani army]]. But the government is anxious to disarm the Mujib Bahini, and has plans to organize it into a constabulary that would carry out both police and militia duties."<ref name="time" />

Masudul Haque in his book, ''Bangladesher Swadhinota Juddho O CIA'' (''Liberation War of Bangladesh and [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]''), mentions Abdur Rajjak, a young leader and the chief of [[Bangladesh Awami Swechasebak League|Bangladesh Swecchasebok League]] (Bangladesh Volunteer's League) that Mujib told them not to surrender all the guns.

Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini was actively deployed just after the Indian Army left Bangladesh on 17 March. The force was trained and brought up by Major General Sujan Singh Uban from [[Research & Analysis Wing|Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW) as per the request of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Moidul Hassan, confirmed this information in the book ''Muktijuddher Purbapor''.<ref name=Hassan>{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Moidul |date=2011 |script-title=bn:মুক্তিযুদ্ধের পূর্বাপর : কথোপকথন |trans-title=War Context: Conversation |publisher=Prathama Prakasana |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/4548/muktijuddher-purbapor---kothopokothon?ref=r_s13|language=bn |isbn=978-9848765227}}</ref> Moidul Hassan wrote, {{blockquote|Analyzing the geo-political situation when United States started to recover their loss after the surrender of Pakistan Army on 16 December, Pakistan government had to release Sheikh Mujibur Rahman without any condition. Just after returning home Sheikh Mujibur Rahman realized to form a security force and he decided to form the Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini only with the loyal part of Maujib Bahini. Without any discussion in the cabinet, which members were concerned about the stages of liberation war he himself gave the responsibility of forming the force to Major General S. S. Uban who was a recruit of CIA in 60s and now working as the IG of RAW.<ref name=Hassan/>}}

However, this is at least partially inaccurate as [[President of Pakistan|Pakistani President]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto]] did not release Sheikh Mujibur Rahman "without any condition". Indeed, at the direction of [[Indira Gandhi]], who was desperate to keep Sheikh Mujibur Rahman alive and to free him, some 90,000 Pakistani POWs (including thousands of women and children civilians) were housed in comfort and released without extradition or charges despite massive and manifest human rights violations against both Bengali Muslims and Hindus during the War of Liberation.<ref name=Hossain>{{cite book |last=Hossain |first=M. Shakhawat |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ: রক্তাক্ত অধ্যায় ১৯৭৫-৮১-ব্রিগেডিয়ার জেনারেল এম. সাখাওয়াত হোসেন |trans-title=Bangladesh: a bloody chapter in 1975-81 |publisher=Palaka pabalisarsa |language=bn }}</ref> In [[Savar]] camp there was three additional battalions who were called Recruit Battalion. These three battalions were directly supervised by Major Bala Reddy.<ref name=Hossain /> [[Anwar Ul Alam Shaheed|Anwar-ul-Alam]] admitted that there were many Junior Commissioned Officers of Indian Army in the training camp of Savar.<ref name=Anwar-ul-Alam>{{cite book |author=Anwar-ul-Alam |date=2013 |script-title=bn:রক্ষীবাহিনীর সত্য-মিথ্যা |trans-title=The captain of the truth |publisher=Prathama prakasana |language=bn |isbn=978-9849025399}}</ref>

=== Formation ===
On 3 January 1972, naming prime minister [[Tajuddin Ahmad]] as the chairman, the Bangladesh government announced the names of the ten members of the Central Regulating Board of the National Militia.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The members were:
# [[Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani|Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani]] (chairman, [[National Awami Party (Bhashani)]])
# [[Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman]] (home minister, People's Republic of Bangladesh)
# [[Manoranjan Dhar]] (member of National Assembly, Awami League)
# [[Moni Singh]] (chairman, [[Communist Party of Bangladesh]])
# Professor [[Muzaffar Ahmed (NAP politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]] (president, [[National Awami Party (Muzaffar)]])
# [[Gazi Golam Mostafa]] (member of Provincial Assembly, Awami League)
# [[Rafiq Uddin Bhuiyan]] (member of Provincial Assembly, Awami League)
# [[Tofael Ahmed]] (member of National Assembly, Awami League)
# [[Abdur Razzaq (politician, born 1942)|Abdur Razzaq]] (member of Provincial Assembly, Awami League)
# [[Captain (retd.) Muhammad Shujat Ali]] (member of Provincial Assembly, Awami League).
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, wanted to merge the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini, with the [[Bangladesh Rifles]] but the Bangladesh Rifles personnel stiffly opposed the move in a commotion that resulted in a mutiny. This plan was then abandoned.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhaumik |first1=Subir |title=Bangladesh's first line of defence |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7909596.stm |access-date=16 June 2016 |publisher=BBC |date=25 February 2009}}</ref>

The Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini Order (President's order No. 21) of 1972 provided for the establishment of the force and set out its responsibilities and powers. The presidential order, published on 7 March, was retroactive to 1 February.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hossain |first1=Hamza |last2=Islam |first2=Kamrul |date=April 1974 |title=Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini Act |publisher=Khoshroz Kitab Mahal |pages=1–2 |oclc=499457300}}</ref>

Political opponents of the Awami League allege that the Rakkhi Bahini was made to replace the [[Bangladesh Army|army]].<ref name=":7">{{cite news |date=18 December 2015 |title=Brazen politicization: Bureaucracy, police, army |work=Holiday |issue=1 |url=http://www.weeklyholiday.net/homepage/pages/UserHome.aspx?ID=4&date=12%2F18%2F2015 |access-date=3 December 2016 |archive-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207102906/http://www.weeklyholiday.net/homepage/pages/UserHome.aspx?ID=4&date=12%2F18%2F2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Rakkhi Bahini had automatic weapons, steel helmets, jeeps, trucks etc.<ref name="Mascarenhas" /> The Awami League government seemed to be more interested in the development of the militia than in the armed forces.<ref name="Emajuddin2004" /> It was planned that this militia would be increased annually so that by the end of 1980 its strength would be 20,000.<ref name="Emajuddin2004" /> On the other hand, Bangladesh Army was poorly equipped.<ref name="Emajuddin2004" /> In winter they had to guard the border in slippers.<ref name="Mascarenhas" />

The Rakkhi Bahini was distrusted by the [[military of Bangladesh|defence services in Bangladesh]] because of its pro-Indian orientation.<ref name="Emajuddin2004" /> This was so for several reasons. First, most of the members of the armed forces who fought during the War of Independence strongly believed that the Indian Army just walked in at the end of Bangladesh Liberation War thereby robbing the Bangladesh military of the "glory of liberating their motherland."<ref name="Emajuddin2004" /> Second, many senior military officers believed that the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|government-in-exile at Mujibnagar]] signed a secret treaty with the Indian government, compromising the sovereignty of Bangladesh and that Sheikh Mujib became less interested in the development of the defence forces because of that treaty. Third, many senior army personnel felt that the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini was planned and designed by the [[Indian Army]] for the safety of the [[Awami League|Awami League regime]]. The poorly equipped defence services were also bitter about the fact that the Indian Army took away all the sophisticated weapons left by the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name="Emajuddin2004" />

Mascarenhas also records the statement of Major General [[Muhammed Abul Manzur|Abul Manzoor]], that numerous military personnel were killed by Rakkhi Bahini terming them as [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]] or collaborators.<ref name="Mascarenhas" /> Despite the indignation, from July 1973 to July 1974, the army conducted a number of combined military operations with the Rakkhi Bahini and the police such as checking for smuggling at the border, handling 'extremists', and maintaining law and order.<ref name="Emajuddin2004" />

The Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini (Amendment) Act of 1974 added two new articles, 8A and 16A, to the act, effective retroactively to 1 February 1972. Article 8A granted officers of the Rakkhi Bahini the power to arrest without warrant any person they reasonably suspect of having committed a cognizable offence under any law. This is similar to the power of police officers. The article further states that anyone arrested by the Rakkhi Bahini shall be delivered forthwith to the nearest police station.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hossain |first1=Hamza |title=Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini Act |last2=Islam |first2=Kamrul |date=April 1974 |publisher=Khoshroz Kitab Mahal |pages=2–4 |oclc=499457300}}</ref> It also gives officers the right of search and seizure in connection with any reasonable suspicion that an offence has been committed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hossain |first1=Hamza |title=Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini Act |last2=Islam |first2=Kamrul |date=April 1974 |publisher=Khoshroz Kitab Mahal |pages=5–6 |oclc=499457300}}</ref>

Article 3 of the act says,

{{blockquote|No suit, prosecution, or other legal proceedings shall be against any member of the Bahini for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done in pursuance of this order or rule made there under."<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Act No. XI of 1974 |url=https://legislativediv.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/legislativediv.portal.gov.bd/page/bf3cd905_628f_4cb8_8b76_c5adeb487c18/283.pdf |access-date=2023-06-16 |magazine=The Bangladesh Gazette, Extra |date=7 February 1974 |page=1629|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313203806/https://legislativediv.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/legislativediv.portal.gov.bd/page/bf3cd905_628f_4cb8_8b76_c5adeb487c18/283.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2023 }}</ref>}}

===After the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman===
{{main|Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}

When Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|killed]] on 15 August 1975 by members of the Bangladesh Army, the Rakkhi Bahini was very inactive.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" />

After the coup, members of Rakkhi Bahini who were deployed all around the country escaped from their camps and houses in fear of mob-violence, as the people were very angry with them.<ref>{{cite news |date=2012-07-27 |script-title=bn:দেয়াল |language=bn |trans-title=Walls |newspaper=Prothom Alo |type=Review of Novel |url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/277120 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905211349/http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/277120 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref>

After the death of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the force was absorbed in Bangladesh Army after the "Jatiyo Rokkhi Bahini Absorption Act, 1975 came into effect.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini (Absorption in the Army) Ordinance, 1975 |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/pdf_part.php?id=505 |access-date=21 June 2016 |website=Information System of the Laws of Bangladesh |publisher=Government of Bangladesh}}</ref> It was issued on 9 October 1975 and was in effect from 3 September 1975.<ref name=":0" />

The director general of the force [[A. N. M. Nuruzzaman|Brigadier Nuruzzaman]] was appointed as an ambassador after the force was absorbed.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

==Organization==
Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini had a complete table of organization which was circulated on 8 March 1972 by a gazette notification. The chief of the force was known as director general. His five deputies were known as Deputy Director General. In reality, the Rakkhi Bahini was under the direct control of the prime minister's office and attached to the local [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]] units.<ref name="Emajuddin2004">{{cite book |last=Ahamed |first=Emajuddin |author-link=Emajuddin Ahamed |year=2004 |chapter=The military and democracy in Bangladesh |chapter-url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p33231/pdf/ch0731.pdf |editor1-last=May |editor1-first=Ronald James |editor2-last=Selochan |editor2-first=Viberto |title=The Military and Democracy in Asia and the Pacific |location=Sydney |publisher=Australian National University Press |pages=108–110 |isbn=978-1-920942-01-4}}</ref> In time, the government planned to place each unit under the command of a district governor.<ref name="Emajuddin2004" /> The Rakkhi Bahini also swore an oath of loyalty to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.<ref name="Pike2010">{{Cite book |last=Pike |first=Francis |year=2010 |title=Empires At War: A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II |publisher=I.B. Tauris |pages=569 |isbn=978-1-84885-079-8}}</ref>

Brigadier [[A. N. M. Nuruzzaman]] was appointed as the director general while Major [[Anwar Ul Alam Shahid]] (deputy director, Training), Lieutenant Colonel Abul Hasan Khan (deputy director, administration), Lieutenant Colonel Sarwar (deputy director, operations), Lieutenant Colonel [[Sabihuddin Ahmed (army officer)|Sabihuddin Ahmed]] (deputy director, signals), Lieutenant Colonel Azizul Islam (deputy director, Zonal Headquarters of Chittagong) and Lieutenant Colonel A M Khan (deputy director, medical) were his six deputies.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The bulk of the Rakkhi Bahini personnel were recruited from the [[Mujib Bahini]], a [[Militia|militia force]] that was formed during the concluding part of Liberation War and was under direct Indian supervision.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mujib Bahini sowed rift between Bangabandhu, Tajuddin|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/mujib-bahini-sowed-rift-between-bangabandhu-tajuddin-40589|access-date=28 February 2015|agency=The Daily Star|date=7 September 2014}}</ref>

The basic training of the force officers candidates were given in [[Indian Military Academy]], and at [[Savar Cantonment|Savar camp]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Humayun|date=2013|publisher=Anyaprakasa|isbn=978-9845021272|language=bn|script-title=bn:দেয়াল|trans-title=Walls|type=Fiction}}</ref> under the supervision of Indian military officer named Major Bala Reddy.<ref name="Hossain" /> Any other additional courses, special courses were also provided by Indian Army, at the [[Indian Military Academy]] of [[Dehradun]].<ref name="Mascarenhas" />

Some additional land and properties were also given to this force by the government. The zonal headquarters building in the [[Bhatiary]] of [[Chittagong]] and lands in Giltala of [[Khulna]], Bateshwar of [[Sylhet]], [[Bogra]] and in [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]] of [[Dhaka]].<ref name="Anwar-ul-Alam" />

During its first days as it was formed as an auxiliary of Police, it helped police to guard the office. When police failed to control the situation, they were deployed. At least 44 offices and residents of police were attacked and looted from June to December 1973. So the government deployed Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini within September of the year.<ref name="Anwar-ul-Alam" /> JASAD challenged the government's activities and started to gain huge popularity especially among the students and youths. And many other secret organizations emerged and gained popularity as the government was failing to solve almost every issue.<ref name=Mascarenhas>{{cite book |last=Mascarenhas |first=Anthony |date=1986 |title=Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |isbn=978-0-340-39420-5}}</ref>

== Human rights abuses ==
The Rakkhi Bahini committed various [[human rights abuses]], including [[extrajudicial killing]],<ref name="Human Rights Watch" /><ref name="amardeshonline" /><ref name=":3">{{cite book |last1=Fair |first1=Christine C. |last2=Riaz |first2=Ali |title=Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1136926242 |pages=30–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpFaBwAAQBAJ&q=Rape+by+Rakkhi+Bahini&pg=PA30 |access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> [[Forced disappearance in Bangladesh|forced disappearances]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Moudud |author-link=Moudud Ahmed |year=1984 |orig-year=First published 1983 |title=Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |page=57 |isbn=3-515-04266-0}}</ref> [[death squads|shooting by death squads]],<ref name=":5">{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Atif |date=18 February 2013 |title=Bangladesh: Baptism By Fire |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/atif-choudhury/bangladesh-no-justice-wit_b_4455782.html |newspaper=[[Huffington Post]] |access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> and [[rape]].<ref name=":3" /> [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal]] claims that over 60,000 of its members were killed.<ref name=Anwar-ul-Alam /> The most conservative estimates put the death toll at over 2000.<ref name=":3"/> [[Syed Badrul Ahsan]] dismisses these claims as "myths."<ref name=":0" />

[[Anthony Mascarenhas]] describes the activities of Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini in his book ''Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood,'' he writes:

<blockquote>The Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini, which roughly translated means National Security Force, was an elite para-military force whose members had to take oaths of personal loyalty to Mujib. Despite its high-sounding name, it was a sort of private army of bully boys not far removed from Nazi [[Sturmabteilung|Brown shirts]].<ref name="Mascarenhas1986p37"/></blockquote>

Mascarenhas adds that by the end of 1973 the total of politically motivated murders in Bangladesh had crossed the 2000 mark. The victims included some members of Parliament and many of the murders were resulted of intra-party conflicts within [[Awami League]].<ref name="Mascarenhas"/>

Within three years, political killings by Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini reached about 30,000.<ref name="Mascarenhas"/> This included numerous [[Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal]] members.<ref name="Mascarenhas" />

Even the capital Dhaka was not immune to the violence. An unofficial curfew was introduced after midnight. Almost every rickshaw, taxi and private car was checked and searched by Rakkhi Bahini personnel.<ref name="Mascarenhas"/>

===1974 famine===

When the famine started, millions of people came to the capital from villages in search of food. The government decided to drive the poor and have-nots out of the capital as it was embarrassed in front of international community with the famine. On 3 January Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini was deployed to 'Clean Dhaka' depriving the poor-beggars and the destitute from the city.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} In this operation about 200,000 have-nots and slum dwellers were taken away from the capital and were forced either to return to their villages or to be moved to the three camps. The camps were hastily laid out several miles from the city. Condition of the camps was disastrous.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Amongst the three camps, the camp of Demra was the most appalling one, in where Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini gathered about 50,000 people. Those people were ill-treated and sometimes they felt that death is a better solution.<ref name=Mascarenhas />

[[Al Mahmud]] did not listen to the government and tried to publish the accurate news. When the government came to know that, they sent three trucks full of Police and Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini personnel to seize the office and press of 'Gonokontho' at night and arrested the Editor Al Mahmud along with seven workers of the press.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

=== Crackdowns on JaSaD ===
====1974 Ramna massacre====
{{main|1974 Ramna massacre}}

Jasad, frequently tortured by JRB, decided to hold a rally on 17 March at [[Paltan]]. They also made a plan to surround the residence of Home Minister [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]] on the same day after the rally.<ref name="Mascarenhas"/>

On 17 March 1975, agitated Jasad supporters tried to set up a barricade in front of the residence of the Home Minister [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]] after the rally. But prepared Rakkhi Bahini personnel started firing indiscriminately upon the crowd leaving several people dead on the spot.<ref name="Mascarenhas"/>

A notable occurrence occurred on 17 March 1975. Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini set up fire on the headquarters of JASAD on 14 March 1975. JASAD decided to form a rally towards Home Minister Mansoor Ali's house and surround it as a counter to that incident on 17 March.<ref name="Mascarenhas" />

The rally that started from Paltan was forwarding to the Home Minister's house but the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini opened brush-fire and at least 50 JASAD activists were killed on the spot.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2012/03/17/136542|script-title=bn:জাসদের মিছিলে রক্ষীবাহিনীর গুলিতে নিহত ৫০|work=Amar Desh |language=bn |access-date=2015-03-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012024/http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2012/03/17/136542|archive-date=19 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

During the regime of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman thousands of youths were killed due to the suspicion of having connection with JASAD by Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini.<ref name="amardeshonline">{{cite news|url=http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2011/01/15/63217|date=16 January 2011|newspaper=Amar Desh|script-title=bn:রক্ষীবাহিনীর নৃশংসতা মধ্যযুগীয় বর্বরতাকেও হার মানিয়েছিল|language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117040756/http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2011/01/15/63217|archive-date=17 January 2011}}</ref>

Among them a leader of [[Bangladesh Krishak League]] central committee and a teacher of Nawabganj High School Siddiqur Rahman Khan was killed on 10 October 1972. On 17 September 1973 JASAD Student's League leader Bablu, Robi, Ebadat Ali, Motaleb, Kalu and many other were killed in daylight by Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini.<ref name="amardeshonline" />

Notable victims include: General Secretary of City College Students' Union Jahangir, student of Jahangir Nagar University Shah Borhan Uddin Rokon, student of BUET Nikhil Chandra Saha; Narshingdi JASAD leader Alauddin; JASAD leader from Gazipur Akram, Joinal, Shamsu, Badal, Anwar; Manikganj JASAD leader Shahadat Hossain Badal, Delwar Hossain Haraj, Abdul Awal Naju, Najim; activists from Jamalpur Giasuddin Master; JASAD activist Abdur Rashid, Hasu Miah; leader from Mymensingh Masuduzzaman, Abdul Jabbar; Madaripur JASAD activist Jahngir, Saddam, Ali Hosen, Mofijur; Faridpur's Kamaluzzaman, Abdul Hakim; Moniddin Ahmed, Salam Master, Rafique Uddin from Razshahi; Ata, Ranju, Manik Das Gupta, Tota, Colonel Rana, Khalil, Rajjak of Bagura; Natore's JASAD leader Nasiruddin; leader from Pabna Ashfaqur Rahman Kalu.<ref name="amardeshonline" />

==== Execution of Siraj Sikder ====
[[Siraj Sikder]] was a freedom fighter.<ref name="prothom-alo">{{cite news |script-title=bn:বিপ্লবীদের ঝাপসা স্মৃতি |trans-title=Revolutionaries Fuzzy Memory |url=http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/120643 |newspaper=Prothom Alo |language=bn |date=2011-01-04 |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305023704/http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/120643 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was educated in EPUET, now which is known as [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology|BUET]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2012-07-31 |script-title=bn:বুয়েট বাঁচান |trans-title=Save Technology |url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/278117 |newspaper=Prothom Alo |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804233607/http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/278117 |archive-date=2012-08-04 }}</ref> After the liberation war he started his mission to establish a socialist society. During the liberation war on 3 June he established the [[Proletarian Party of East Bengal]]. On the first congress of the party he was elected as the party's president on 14 January 1972.<ref name="prothom-alo" /> He started working as the President of the party. In 1973, he was elected as the President of an alliance of eleven peoples' organization named as ''Purba Banglar Jatyo Mukti Front'' (National Liberation Front of [[East Bengal]]). But analyzing political situation of the country which was named as "One Party Democracy" by Guardian and the increasing torture over his party members forced him to choose the way of revolution.<ref name="prothom-alo" />

On 28 December 1974, the government announced the first ever state of emergency in the [[History of Bangladesh (1971–present)|history of Bangladesh]] to arrest all the terrorists and opposition leaders.<ref name="prothom-alo" /> From then Sikder was being treated as an outlaw by the law and enforcement forces. He went underground after the promulgation of emergency.<ref name=Mascarenhas /> A Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini commander later denied that the murder of Sikder was committed by his force.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bd-pratidin.com/?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=07-11-2012&type=gold&data=International&pub_no=905&cat_id=1&menu_id=7&news_type_id=1&index=3. |script-title=bn:রক্ষীবাহিনীর অজানা অধ্যায় |work=Bangladesh Pratidin |language=bn |access-date=2015-03-02 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407184105/http://www.bd-pratidin.com/?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=07-11-2012&type=gold&data=International&pub_no=905&cat_id=1&menu_id=7&news_type_id=1&index=3. |archive-date=2013-04-07}}</ref>

===Other incidents===
[[Aruna Sen v. Government of Bangladesh|Aruna Sen]]<ref name="thedailystar">{{cite news |date=2007-01-06 |title=Comrade Aruna Sen passes away |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2007/01/06/d70106061082.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref> the wife of politician Shanti Sen, was detained by the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini, along with her relative Chanchal Sen.<ref name=":6">{{cite news|title=Justice Debesh Bhattacharya protected citizens' rights|url=http://newagebd.net/156659/justice-debesh-bhattacharya-protected-citizens-rights/|access-date=25 June 2016|agency=[[The New Age]]|issue=1|publisher=[[The New Age]]|date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813014114/https://newagebd.net/156659/justice-debesh-bhattacharya-protected-citizens-rights/ |archive-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> She was subjected to torture while in captivity.<ref name="Portraits">{{cite book|title=Portraits of repression and anarchy : eras of Mujib & Hasina : dark chapters in Bangladesh's history.|publisher=E-Forum|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|page=27|oclc=53019306}}</ref> Aruna Sen published a statement regarding her captivity in the 17 March edition of Weekly Holiday and in the June edition of Monthly Sangskriti in 1974. After Aruna Sen was detained, a writ was filed at Supreme Court. The court asked Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini to present her in front of the court and prove her detention legal. They presented her but failed to support the legality of the detention.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports/43.pdf |title=The Law Commission |publisher=Lawcommissionbangladesh.org |access-date=2015-03-02}}</ref>

Shahjahan was an 18-year-old boy from what is now [[Naria Upazila]] of [[Faridpur District]]. He was arrested in [[Dhaka]] on 28 December 1973 and handed over to the Rakkhi Bahini at their request. He was not seen again after 2 January 1974, when his brother said he saw him in custody at Rakkhi Bahini headquarters. His brother petitioned the court for a writ of ''[[habeas corpus]]'', challenging the legality of Shahjahan's detention. The Rakkhi Bahini responded that Shahjahan had escaped on 29 December, so was not in detention and could not be brought to the court.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Moudud |author-link=Moudud Ahmed |year=1984 |orig-year=First published 1983 |title=Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=56–57 |isbn=3-515-04266-0}}</ref> On cross examination, officers said the organization followed no regulations or procedure. They kept no records of their searches, seizures, arrests, or other activities. Former prime minister [[Moudud Ahmed]] believes that because Shahjahan allegedly belonged to the student wing of the [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal]], an opposition political party, the Rakkhi Bahini killed him and secretly disposed of his body. Without evidence, however, the Rakkhi Bahini could not be held to account.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Moudud |author-link=Moudud Ahmed |year=1984 |orig-year=First published 1983 |title=Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |page=59 |isbn=3-515-04266-0}}</ref>

The court held that the Rakkhi Bahini version of events was "a pure concoction" that "demonstrates complete disregard of the law of the country."<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Moudud |author-link=Moudud Ahmed |year=1984 |orig-year=First published 1983 |title=Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=57–58 |isbn=3-515-04266-0}}</ref> In May 1974, Justice [[Debesh Bhattacharya]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Moudud |author-link=Moudud Ahmed |year=1984 |orig-year=First published 1983 |title=Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |page=58 |isbn=3-515-04266-0}}</ref> condemned the organization in his verdict, stating:
{{blockquote|The irregular and very unsatisfactory manner of the handling of the matter by the Rakkhi Bahini has created a situation that urgently calls for an effective action on the part of the authorities to clear the cloud and create a sense of assurance in the mind of the people.<ref name="Ahmed1984p59-60" />}}

The court urged the government to hold an enquiry into the whereabouts of Shahjahan, but none was ever undertaken.<ref name="Ahmed1984p59-60">{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Moudud |author-link=Moudud Ahmed |year=1984 |orig-year=First published 1983 |title=Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=59–60 |isbn=3-515-04266-0}}</ref>

Ayesha Faiz<ref name="kalerkantho">{{cite news |date=2012-08-03 |script-title=bn:আমার ছেলেদের লেখক হতে আলাদা কোনো পরিবেশ লাগেনি |language=bn |newspaper=Kaler Kantho |url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/index.php?view=details&type=gold&data=Antivirus&pub_no=963&cat_id=1&menu_id=152&news_type_id=1&index=4 |access-date=25 February 2013 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015124/http://www.kalerkantho.com/index.php?view=details&type=gold&data=Antivirus&pub_no=963&cat_id=1&menu_id=152&news_type_id=1&index=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is the widow of [[Faizur Rahman]] and the mother of novelists [[Humayun Ahmed]] and [[Muhammad Zafar Iqbal]]. A house in Babar Road of Mohammadpur was allotted to her by the government for her husband.<ref name="amardeshonline_b">{{cite news |script-title=bn:পড়বে না তাঁর পায়ের চিহ্ন |language=bn |work=Amar Desh |url=http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/weekly_news/2012/08/04/8386 |url-status=dead |access-date=2015-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145814/http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/weekly_news/2012/08/04/8386 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> But just after three days she was kicked out of the house with her family by a Subedar Major of Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini.<ref name="kalerkantho" /> She detailed the incident in her biography ''Jibon Je Rokom'' (''Life as it is'').<ref name="amarboi">{{cite web |script-title=bn:জীবন যে রকম - আয়েশা ফয়েজ |url=http://www.amarboi.com/2012/01/jibon-je-rokom-by-ayesha-faiz.html |work=amarboi.com |language=bn}}</ref> Ayesha Faiz left the home with her children. She later recalled: "Once I was made refugee by the Pakistan Army of occupation. The second time it was done by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini.

==Legacy==
===Human rights abuse===
[[Human Rights Watch]] states that institutionalized violence committed by the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini, established the culture of impunity and widespread prevalence of abuses by security forces in independent Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ignoring Executions and Torture: Impunity for Bangladesh's Security Forces|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/05/18/ignoring-executions-and-torture/impunity-bangladeshs-security-forces|journal=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=18 May 2009 |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> Pro-Awami columnist<ref name=":2">{{cite web|last1=Ahsan|first1=Syed Badrul|title=The Awami League in our history|url=http://bangladeshchronicle.net/2015/11/the-awami-league-in-our-history/|website=The Bangladesh Chronicle|access-date=18 June 2016|archive-date=1 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501141613/http://bangladeshchronicle.net/2015/11/the-awami-league-in-our-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Syed Badrul Ahsan defends its actions, but acknowledges "it would have been more effective and effectual, more properly indoctrinated in the spirit of the 1971 war, history would have been different."<ref name=":0" />

===In popular culture===
* ''[[The Black Coat]]'', a historical novel written by [[Neamat Imam]] and published by [[Penguin Books|Penguin Books India]] in 2013, presents the most scathing criticism of Sheikh Mujib's rule and his employment of the Rakkhi Bahini in decades. The novel explores Sheikh Mujib's rule from 1972 to 1975, especially during the [[Bangladesh famine of 1974]], when he became increasingly autocratic. Radio Canada commented that: ''The Black Coat'' is 'a novel that slays Sheikh Mujib,'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio-canada.ca/emissions/plus_on_est_de_fous_plus_on_lit/2012-2013/chronique.asp?idChronique=297801|title=Controverse littéraire au Bangladesh - Plus on est de fous, plus on lit! - ICI Radio-Canada Première|access-date=2015-03-02}}</ref> and ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'' remarked: '...a poignant political tale... Imam has shown a lot of courage in dealing with one of the most tumultuous and controversial phases of independent Bangladesh's history.'<ref>{{cite news |date=2013-07-08 |title=From euphoria to disillusion |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/from-euphoria-to-disillusion/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=2015-03-02}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rapid Action Battalion]]
* [[Kader Bahini]]
* [[Mujib Bahini]]
* [[Human rights in Bangladesh]]
* [[Freedom of religion in Bangladesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Citation|last=Ziring|first=Lawrence|title=Bangladesh: From Mujib to Ershad: An Interpretive Study|year=1993|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn= 978-0195774207}}.
* {{Citation|last=Halim |first=Abdul|script-title=bn:সংবিধান, সাংবিধানিক আইন ও রাজনীতি|year=1995|publisher=CCB Foundation|oclc=39842685}}.
* {{Citation|last=Siddiqui |first=Rezwan|script-title=bn:কথামালার রাজনীতি|year=1994|publisher=কমলকুঁড়ি প্রকাশনী}}.
* {{Citation|last=Faiz |first=Ayesha|script-title=bn:জীবন যে রকম|year=2008|publisher=সময়|oclc=278264877}}.
* {{Citation|last=Musa |first=Ahmed|script-title=bn:ইতিহাসের কাঠগড়ায় আওয়ামীলীগ}}.

{{Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}

[[Category:Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini| ]]
[[Category:Political career of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
[[Category:History of Bangladesh (1971–present)]]
[[Category:History of the Awami League]]
[[Category:Torture in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman administration initiatives]]

Bhopal State

2026-03-09T13:14:15Z

Ronny14Z58: corrected references after review and updated info

{{Short description|Islamic principality in India (1708–1949)}}
{{About|the pre-1949 Indian [[princely state]]|the state of the Union of India|Bhopal State (1949–56)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Bhopal State
| name =
| common_name = Bhopal
| status = protectorate
| status_text = [[Tributary state|State]] within the [[Maratha Confederacy]] (1737-1818)<ref>https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/History%20Part/History_III/chapter_3.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=December 2025}}</ref> [[Princely state]] of India (1818–1947)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bhopal.nic.in/en/history/ | title=History of Bhopal | District Bhopal, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India }}</ref> [[List of historical unrecognized states|Unrecognised state]] (1947–1949)
| empire = British Indian Empire
| government_type = [[Islamic state|Islamic principality]]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Jamal|title=Perspectives of Mutual Encounters in South Asian History 1760-1860|last2=Preckel|first2=Claudia|publisher=Brill|year=2000|isbn=90-04-11802-0|location=Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The .Netherlands|pages=65|chapter=The Roots of Anglo-Muslim Co-operation and Islamic Reformism in Bhopal}}</ref>
| year_start = 1707<ref>{{cite book | title=Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA141 | year=1997 | publisher=Merriam-Webster | isbn=978-0-87779-546-9 | page=141 }}</ref>
| date_end = 1 June
| year_end = 1949
| p1 = Maratha Empire
| flag_p1 =
| s1 = Bhopal State (1949–1956)
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Drapeau Bhopal.svg
| image_coat = Bhopal State CoA.svg
| image_map = Central India Agency Map.jpg
| image_map_caption = Bhopal State as a part of the Central India Agency.
| capital = [[Bhopal]] (1707-1728, 1742-1949), [[Islamnagar, Bhopal|Islamnagar]] (1728-1742)<ref name="Mittal Publications">{{cite book |last1=Singh, Dharmajog |first1=Jogendra Prasad, Anita |title=City Planning in India: A Study of Land Use of Bhopal |date=1997 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7099-705-4 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUEIo4W1IegC&pg=PA28}}</ref>
| latd =
| latm =
| latNS =
| longd =
| longm =
| longEW =
| national_motto = ''"Nasr min Allah"'' (Victory from Allah)<ref>{{cite book | title = The golden book of India | author = Roper Lethbridge| author-link = Roper Lethbridge | publisher = Aakar | edition = illustrated | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-81-87879-54-1 | page = 79 }}</ref>
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] (Official) and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| religion = [[Islam]] (official) [[Hinduism]] (majority)<ref>[https://census2011.co.in%2Fdata%2Freligion%2Fdistrict%2F311-bhopal.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHinduism%2520constitutes%252074.05%2525%2520of%2520Bhopal%2Csignificant%252022.16%2525%2520of%2520total%2520population.&usg=AOvVaw1P8YWi7aAf62Cpi97eusO3&opi=89978449 census2011.co.uk]</ref>
| currency = 
| leader1 = [[Dost Mohammad Khan, Nawab of Bhopal|Dost Mohammad Khan]] (first)
| leader2 = [[Hamidullah Khan]] (last)
| year_leader1 = 1707–1728
| year_leader2 = 1926–1949
| title_leader = [[Nawab of Bhopal]]
| stat_area1 = 17,876
| stat_year1 = 1901
| today = [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| footnotes = Statistics from {{harvnb|Furber|1951|p=367}}
}}
'''Bhopal State''' (pronounced {{IPA|hns|bʱoːpaːl||Bhopal.ogg}}) was an [[Islamic state|Islamic principality]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Preckel|first=Claudia|title=Begums of Bhopal|publisher=Lotus Collection|year=2000|isbn=81-7436-098-0|location=New Delhi|pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Jamal|title=Perspectives of Mutual Encounters in South Asian History 1760-1860|last2=Preckel|first2=Claudia|publisher=Brill|year=2000|isbn=90-04-11802-0|location=Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands|page=65|chapter=The Roots of Anglo-Muslim Co-operation and Islamic Reformism in Bhopal}}</ref> founded in the beginning of 18th-century India by the Afghan [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] noble [[Dost Mohammad of Bhopal|Dost Muhammad Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Preckel|first=Claudia|title=Begums of Bhopal|publisher=Lotus Collection|year=2000|isbn=81-7436-098-0|location=New Delhi|pages=12–13}}</ref> It was a [[tributary state]] within the [[Maratha Empire]] during the 18th century (1737–1818), a [[princely state]] with rights to a 19-gun salute in a [[subsidiary alliance]] with [[British India]] from 1818 to 1947, and an independent state from 1947 to 1949. [[Islamnagar, Bhopal|Islamnagar]] was founded and served as the State's first capital, which was later shifted to the city of [[Bhopal]].

The state was founded in 1707 by [[Dost Mohammad Khan, Nawab of Bhopal|Dost Mohammad Khan]], a [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Pashtun]] soldier in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army, who became a mercenary after the Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s death and annexed several territories to his [[fiefdom]]. It came under the suzerainty of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] in 1723 shortly after its foundation. In 1737, the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] defeated the Mughals and the [[Nawab of Bhopal]] in the [[Battle of Bhopal]], and started collecting [[chauth|tribute]] from the state.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://unacademy.com/content/ca-foundation/study-material/history/battle-of-bhopal/ | title=Battle of Bhopal }}</ref> After the defeat of the Marathas in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], Bhopal became a [[British India|British]] [[princely state]] in 1818. The state was merged into the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] in 1949 as [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal]]. In 1901 the state had a population of 665,961 people occupying 6,902 sq. miles of land and an average revenue of Rs. 25,00,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_131.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 8, page 125 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414150214/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_131.gif|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bhopal state was unique for a continuous lineage of four female [[Nawab]]s who ruled its throne for over a century between 1819 and 1926. During this period, the state was noteworthy for its immense contributions to the development of Islamic religious activities, cultural reform and educational efforts which caused a growing appreciation for its rulers in Indian political circles. Some of the [[Islamic revival]] activities of the Bhopal state were met with disapproval by the [[British Raj|British authorities]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Jamal|title=Perspectives of Mutual Encounters in South Asian History 1760-1860|last2=Preckel|first2=Claudia|publisher=Brill|year=2000|isbn=90-04-11802-0|location=Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The .Netherlands|pages=65–66|chapter=The Roots of Anglo-Muslim Co-operation and Islamic Reformism in Bhopal}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Silver Rupee of Bhopal State struck in the name of Mughal emperor Muhammad Akbar II, minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee of Bhopal State struck in the name of Mughal emperor [[Akbar II]], minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.]]
[[File:Silver Rupee coin of the princely state of Bhopal, struck in the name of Nawab Sikander Begum, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, September 17, 2024.jpg|thumb|200px|Silver Rupee coin from the princely state of Bhopal, struck in the name of Nawab [[Sikander Begum]].]]

===Establishment===

The State of Bhopal was established by [[Dost Mohammad Khan, Nawab of Bhopal|Dost Mohammad Khan]] (1672–1728), a [[Pashtun people|pashtun]] soldier in the [[Mughal Army]].<ref>{{cite book | title = The Waterhouse albums: central Indian provinces|author1=John Falconer |author2=James Waterhouse | publisher = Mapin | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-81-89995-30-0 }}</ref> After the death of the emperor [[Aurangzeb]], Khan started providing mercenary services to several local chieftains in the politically unstable Malwa region. In 1709, he took on the lease of the [[Berasia]] estate. Later, he usurped the Rajput principality of [[Mangalgarh, Bhopal|Mangalgarh]] and the Gond kingdom of Rani Kamlapati, after the death of their female rulers to whom he had been providing mercenary services.<ref name="KamlaMittal_1990">{{cite book | title = History of Bhopal State | author = Kamla Mittal | publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal | year = 1990 | oclc = 551527788 | page = 2 }}</ref> He also annexed several other territories in Malwa to his state.

During the early 1720s, Khan founded the city of [[Bhopal]] into a fortified city and assumed the title of [[Nawab]].<ref name="Somerset_states">{{cite book | title = Indian states: a biographical, historical, and administrative survey |author1=Somerset Playne |author2=R. V. Solomon |author3=J. W. Bond |author4=Arnold Wright | editor = Arnold Wright | edition = illustrated, reprint | publisher = Asian Educational Services | year = 1922 | isbn = 978-81-206-1965-4 | page = 57 }}</ref> Khan became close to the [[Sayyid Brothers]], who had become highly influential king-makers in the Mughal court. Khan's support to the Sayyids earned him the enmity of the rival Mughal nobleman [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]], who invaded Bhopal in March 1724, forcing Khan to cede much of his territory, give up his son as a hostage, and accept the Nizam's suzerainty.<ref name="William_Hough_1845">{{cite book | title = A brief history of the Bhopal principality in Central India | url = https://archive.org/details/abriefhistorybh01houggoog | author = William Hough | publisher = Baptist Mission Press | location = Calcutta | year = 1845 | oclc = 16902742 | pages = 1–4 }}</ref>

Dost Mohammad Khan and his [[Pakhtun]] [[Orakzai]] dynasty brought Islamic influence to the culture and architecture in the foundation of Bhopal. Aside from the city of [[Bhopal]], which was his capital, Dost Mohammad Khan also renovated the nearby fort of Jagdishpur and renamed it [[Islamnagar, Bhopal|Islamnagar]]. Yet, Dost Mohammad was fated to suffer defeat in his declining years. After Khan's death in 1728, the Bhopal state remained under the influence of the [[Orakzai]] dynasty.<ref name="Shaharyar_Begums_2000">{{cite book | title = The Begums of Bhopal | author = Shaharyar M. Khan | author-link = Shahryar Khan | edition = illustrated | publisher = I. B. Tauris | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-86064-528-0 | pages = 1–29 }}</ref>

In 1737, [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] under the leadership of Peshwa [[Baji Rao I]], defeated the forces of the Mughals and the [[Nawab of Bhopal]] in the [[Battle of Bhopal]]. Following the victory of the Marathas, Bhopal came under the suzerainty of the [[Maratha Empire]] as a semi-autonomous state and remained so until the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1818.

Dost Mohammad Khan's son and successor, [[Nawab]] [[Yar Mohammad Khan]] (r.1728-1742), moved the capital from [[Bhopal]] to [[Islamnagar, Bhopal|Islamnagar]]. However, his successor, [[Nawab]] [[Faiz Mohammad Khan|Faiz Muhammed Khan]] (r.1742–1777), moved back to Bhopal, which would remain the capital of Bhopal State until its fall in 1949.<ref name="Mittal Publications">{{cite book |last1=Singh, Dharmajog |first1=Jogendra Prasad, Anita |title=City Planning in India: A Study of Land Use of Bhopal |date=1997 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7099-705-4 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUEIo4W1IegC&pg=PA28}}</ref> [[Faiz Mohammad Khan|Faiz Muhammad Khan]] was a religious recluse, and the state was effectively ruled by his influential stepmother [[Mamola Bai]].<ref name="Shaharyar_Begums_2000"/><ref name="Census_2011_Handbook">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2327_PART_B_DCHB_BHOPAL.pdf 2011 District Census Handbook: Bhopal]</ref>

The state became a [[British India|British]] protectorate in 1818 after the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] and was ruled by the [[Orakzai]] descendants of [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] until 1949, when it was annexed by the [[Dominion of India]] after a popular revolt against the ruling dynasty.

===Early rulers===
[[File:Chup Tazia Bhopal.jpg|thumb|A procession of Shia Muslims in [[Bhopal]] in the [[Mughal Empire]].]]
By the 1730s, [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] under the leadership of Peshwa [[Baji Rao I]], defeated the forces of the Mughals and the [[Nawab of Bhopal]] in the [[Battle of Bhopal]]. Following the victory of the Marathas, Bhopal came under the suzerainty of the [[Maratha Empire]] as a semi-autonomous state.

The Marathas conquered several nearby states, including [[Indore]] to the west and [[Gwalior state|Gwalior]] to the north, but Bhopal remained a Muslim-ruled state under Dost Mohammed Khan's successors. Subsequently, Nawab Wazir Mohammed Khan, a general, created a stable semi-autonomous state.

Nawab Jahangir Mohammed Khan established a [[cantonment]] at a distance of one mile from the fort. This was called Jahangirabad after him. He built gardens and barracks for British guests and soldiers in Jahangirabad.

In 1778, during the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]], when the British General Thomas Goddard campaigned across India, Bhopal was one of the few states that reached out to the British. In 1809, during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], General Close led a British expedition to Central India. The [[Nawab of Bhopal]] petitioned in vain to be received under British protection. In 1817, when the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] broke out, a treaty of dependence was signed between the British Government of India and the Nawab of Bhopal. Bhopal remained a friend of British Government during the [[British Raj]] in India.

In February–March 1818, Bhopal became a [[princely state]] in [[British India]] as a result of the Anglo-Bhopal treaty between the East India Company and Nawab Nazar Muhammad (Nawab of Bhopal during 1816–1819). Bhopal state included the present-day [[Bhopal District|Bhopal]], [[Raisen District|Raisen]], and [[Sehore District|Sehore]] districts, and was part of the [[Central India Agency]]. It straddled the [[Vindhya Range]], with the northern portion lying on the [[Malwa]] [[plateau]], and the southern portion lying in the [[valley]] of the [[Narmada River]], which formed the state's southern boundary. [[Bhopal Agency]] was formed as an administrative section of Central India, consisting the Bhopal state and some princely states to the northeast, including [[Khilchipur]], [[Narsinghgarh, Damoh|Narsingarh]], [[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh|Rajgarh]], and after 1931 the [[Dewas]] states. It was administered by an agent to the British [[Governor-General of India]].

===The rule of the Begums===
[[File:Bhopal Government Postage - One Anna Six Pies.png|thumb|right|The Bhopal State postal service was introduced during the rule of the Begums.]]
Between 1819 and 1926, it was ruled by four women – Begums – unique in the royalty of those days. Qudsia Begum was the first woman ruler, who was succeeded by her only daughter Sikandar Begum, who in turn was succeeded by her only daughter, Shah Jahan Begum. Sultan Shah Jahan Begum was the last women ruler, who after 25 years of rule, abdicated in favour of her son, Hamidullah Khan. The rule of Begums gave the city its waterworks, railways, a postal system and a municipality constituted in 1907.

During this period, Bhopal state became a major hub of religious leaders and activists of the so-called Indian "Wahhabi" movement (the followers of [[Sayyid Ahmad Shahid]]) such as Munshi Jamal al-Din, [[Siddiq Hasan Khan]], Abdul Jabbar, Abdul Rahman and Ali Karim. Siddiq Hasan Khan would eventually rise to position of virtual ruler of the state after his marriage to the widowed [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Shah Jahan Begum]] in 1870; resulting in the ascendancy of the ''[[Ahl-i Hadith]]'' movement. Various [[Education in Islam|Islamic educational]] and [[Islamic political jurisprudence|political]] [[Islah|reforms]] were initiated by Khan and the doctrines of the ''Ahl-i Hadith'' became the [[state religion]] under his reign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Qeyamuddin |author-link=Qeyamuddin Ahmad |title=The Wahhabi Movement in India |publisher=Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-367-51483-9 |location=2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN |pages=257–258 |chapter=IX: The Concluding Phase of the Movement}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Krawietz, Tamer|first1=Birgit, Georges|title=Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya|last2=Preckel|first2=Claudia|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|year=2013|isbn=978-3-11-028534-5|location=Berlin, Germany|page=167|chapter=Screening Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān’s Library: The Use of Ḥanbalī Literature in 19th-Century Bhopal}}</ref>

====Qudsia Begum====
In 1819, 18-year-old Qudsia Begum (also known as Gohar Begum) took over the reins after the assassination of her husband. She was the first female ruler of Bhopal. She refused to follow the [[purdah]] tradition. She declared that her 2-year-old daughter Sikander will follow her as the ruler. None of the male family members dared to challenge her decision. She cared very well for her subjects and took her dinners only after receiving the news every night that all her subjects had taken meals. She built the Jama Masjid (mosque) and her beautiful palace the 'Gohar Mahal'(also called Nazar Bagh) in Bhopal. She ruled till 1837 when she died having adequately prepared her daughter for ruling the state.

====Sikander Jahan Begum====
[[File:Sikandar Begum Bhopal.jpg|right|thumb|120px|Sikandar Begum]]
In 1844, Sikander Begum succeeded her mother as the ruler of Bhopal.

During the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]], she sided with the British and crushed all those who revolted against them. She did a lot of public welfare too – she built roads and reconstructed the fort. She also built the Moti Masjid (meaning the Pearl Mosque) and Moti Mahal (the Pearl Palace).

====Indian Rebellion of 1857====
{{See also|Indian Rebellion of 1857}}
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the Bhopal state sided with the East India Company, as per the treaty of 1818. The rebellion in Bhopal and neighbouring areas was suppressed by Sikander Begum in its initial stages.

By June 1857, the rebellion had spread to neighbouring areas of Bhopal, such as [[Indore]], [[Mhow]], and [[Neemuch]]. In the beginning of July 1857, Sikandar Begum was informed by Bakhshi Murawwat Mohammed Khan Nasrat Jang, that the rebel forces from neighbouring areas were marching towards Bhopal. She asked Khan to repulse the rebel forces from Mhow.<ref name="radianceweekly_1857">{{cite web|url=http://www.radianceweekly.com/cover_story.php?content_id=178&issue_id=48|title=How Bhopal Ruler Tackled 1857 Revolt|author=Pervez Bari|date=31 December 2006|work=Radiance Viewsweekly Vol. XLIV No. 28|access-date=2007-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928201210/http://www.radianceweekly.com/cover_story.php?content_id=178&issue_id=48|archive-date=28 September 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In some of the mosques of Bhopal, the rebellion against the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] was declared as [[jihad]] by the [[Maulvi]]s and the [[Pashtun people|Pathan]]s. The rebels maintained contacts with [[Rani Lakshmibai]] of Jhansi, [[Tatya Tope]], the [[Nawab of Tonk]], Nawab of [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]] and others. They also acknowledged [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] as the [[emperor of India]], and sent offerings to [[Delhi]] in form of horses and cash.<ref name="radianceweekly_1857"/>

It was reported that the rebels were mobilising people for revolt by spreading messages through ''[[chapati]]s'' in villages. Sikander Begum banned the distribution of these chapatis from village to village. She required undertakings from the ''[[balahi]]'' and ''[[patel]]'' (chiefs) of every village, to report any violations to the concerned ''thana'' (police station). Sikandar Begum also banned the circulation of any [[sedition|seditious]] notices either found lying on the road or stuck on the walls. Maulvi Abdul Qayyum, the ''[[darogha]]'' of Fatehgarh fort distributed 500 copies of a pamphlet issued by the rebels of [[Siege of Cawnpore|Cawnpore]] (now [[Kanpur]]). The pamphlet claimed that the British were interfering with the religious sentiments of Hindus and Muslims, and urged them to rebel against the British rule in India. Sikandar Begum instituted an inquiry against the Maulvi, who was charged of [[collusion]] with the rebels. She also published a pamphlet from Sikandari press, denying the charges of British interference in the religious affairs of Hindus and Muslims.

The Bhopal state had an army under the direct command of British officers, raised under the Anglo-Bhopal treaty of 1818, and consisting of 600 cavalry and 400 infantry. When the signs of a rebellion started appearing in the army, Major William Henry Richards (the Political Agent at Bhopal) and other British officers withdrew to a safer place at [[Hoshangabad]] near Bhopal, leaving the matter under the direct charge of the Begum. Mama Qahhar Khan, the ''[[jamadar]]'' in the Vilayatian Regiment, and the [[sepoy]]s under him refused to accept their pay, and revolted; they were punished by being discharged from the service.

In the [[Berasia]] tehsil of Bhopal, the rebel leaders Shajaat Khan [[Pindari]] and Jahangir Muhammad Khan raised a small force consisting of 70 sepoys. They launched an attack on Berasia on 14 July 1857. The rebels looted the township, and killed Babu Subh Rao (the assistant Political Agent), Munshi Mukhdum Bakhsh and other British loyalists. They also plundered the local treasury and seized the assets of the state officers they had killed. They were supported by some sepoys from the Bhopal Contingent stationed at Berasia. Sikandar Begum took measures against the rebels in Berasia and neighbouring areas, forcing them to flee. Shajaat Khan Pindari had plans to flee and join Fazil Muhammad Khan, the [[jagirdar]] of Garhi Ambapani, or Prince Bhawani Singh of [[Narsinghgarh, Damoh|Narsingarh]]. However, he was arrested with help of spies, and brought to the Sehore jail along with his followers. He and his son were hanged near [[mosque|idgah]] of the town, and then buried beneath a [[madhuca longifolia|mahua]] tree by some sweepers.<ref name="radianceweekly_1857"/>

On 6 August 1857, [[Risaldar]] Wali Shah and Kotha-[[Havaldar]] Mahavir declared a [[sepoy]] rebellion at [[Sehore]] cantonment near Bhopal. They pronounced the symbols of revolt as the ''Nishan-i-Muhammadi'' ("the symbol of Muhammad", for Muslims) and the ''Nishan-i-Mahaviri'' ("the symbol of Mahavir", for Hindus). The rebel sepoys decided to collect at least Rs. 200,000 from the Mahajans of Sehore, by foul or fair means. The rebel leader Mahavir looted Rs. 700 from the state treasury of the Sehore [[tehsil]]. They also ransacked and burned the [[bungalow]]s of the British officers, and made attempts to plunder arms and ammunitions from the [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]].

In the Piklon tehsil of Bhopal, the rebellion was led by Muhammad Abu Saeed Khan (popularly known as Nawab of Itarsiwala), Raja Chhatarsal of [[Agra]], Aqil Muhammad Khan, Fazil Muhammad Khan and Adil Muhammad Khan of Garhi Ambapani. The rebel leaders planned to occupy the town. Sikander Begum sought help from the [[Scindia]] [[Maharaja]] of [[Gwalior]] to defeat the rebels, but the rebel army consisting of around 300 men attacked Piklon. The small state force was forced to retreat, and the [[tehsildar]] of Piklon fled to Scindia's territory. The rebels plundered the Piklon town, and neighbouring villages such as Chopra, Bisraha and Bisrai. They also established a ''thana'' (station) at Piklon. However, they were soon ousted by the state forces.

==== Shah Jahan Begum ====
[[File:Shahjahan begum yong.jpg|thumb|120px|A young Shah Jahan Begum]]
{{Main|Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal}}

Sikander Begum's successor Shah Jahan Begum (begum 1844–60, Sikandar Begum being regent; ruled 1868–1901) was quite passionate about architecture, like her Mughal namesake emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. She built a vast mini-city, called Shahjahanabad after her. She also built a new palace for herself, the [[Taj Mahal, Bhopal|Taj Mahal]] (not to be confused with the famous [[Taj Mahal]] at Agra). She built many other beautiful buildings as well, including Ali Manzil, Amir Ganj, Barah Mahal, Ali Manzil, Be nazir Complex, Khawasoura, Mughalpura, Nematpua and Nawab Manzils. Today, one can see the ruins of Taj Mahal and some of the parts that have stood the test of time; Barah Mahal and Nawab Manzil have also stood the test of time. During her rule, in 1900, the complete failure of the [[monsoon]] rains led to a severe famine in Bhopal. Most notable among the achievements of Shah Jahan Begum was that under her rule the economy flourished. During this period Bhopal had the highest{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} GDP contribution towards the Indian economy mainly due to its superior craftsmanship and rich gold works.

====Kaikhusrau Jahan Begum====
Sultan Kaikhusrau Jahan Begum, [[GCSI]], [[GCIE]], [[Dame Grand Cross of the British Empire|GBE]], [[Order of the Crown of India|CI]], [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|KIH]] (9 July 1858 – 12 May 1930) daughter of Shah Jahan Begum, succeeded her in 1901, ruling to her abdication in favour of her son in 1926. She further advanced the emancipation of women and established a modern municipality in 1903.<ref name="Claudia2000">{{cite book | author=Claudia Preckel | title=Begums of Bhopal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2xuAAAAMAAJ | year=2000 | publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books | isbn=978-81-7436-098-4 | page = 205}}</ref> She had her own palace Sadar Manzil (the present headquarters of [[Bhopal Municipal Corporation]]); yet preferred the quiet and serene environment at the outskirts of the city. She developed her own walled mini-city, named Ahmedabad after her late husband (not to be confused with [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat). This city was situated at Tekri Maulvee Zai-ud-din, which was at located a distance of a mile from the fort. She built a palace called Qaser-e-Sultani (now Saifia College). This area became a posh residency as royalty and elite moved here. The Begum installed the first water pump here and developed a garden called 'Zie-up-Abser'. She also constructed a new palace called 'Noor-us-Sabah', which has been converted into a heritage hotel. She was the first president of the All India Conference on Education and first chancellor of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].

The peaceful rule of Begums led to the rise of a unique mixed culture in Bhopal. The Hindus were given important administrative positions in the state. This led to communal peace and a cosmopolitan culture took its roots.

===After Indian independence===
Sultan Kaikhusrau Jahan Begum's son, [[Nawab]] [[Hamidullah Khan]], ascended the throne in 1926. He was Chancellor of the [[Chamber of Princes]]. He was the last ruling [[Nawabs of Bhopal|nawab of Bhopal]]. An active member of the independence movement, [[Hamidullah Khan]] was a delegate at the [[Round Table Conference]] from 1930 to 1932, an active member of the [[All-India Muslim League]], and a close political ally of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. However, like the rulers of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]], and others, he desired to maintain his state's autonomy. Bhopal, along with [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] and [[Kingdom of Travancore|Travancore]], became one of the Indian [[princely states]] which officially refused to join either the [[Dominion of India]] or the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Copland |first1=Ian |title=Lord Mountbatten and the Integration of the Indian States: A Reappraisal |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=385–408 |doi=10.1080/03086539308582896 |year=1993 }}</ref> As a Muslim ruler in Central India, Hamidullah Khan opposed the [[Partition of India]], in part because he feared it would marginalise Muslims outside [[West Pakistan|West]] or [[East Pakistan]], and instead sought regional Muslim autonomy within India.

[[Hamidullah Khan]] expressed his wish to retain Bhopal as a separate independent state in March 1948. Agitations against the Nawab broke out in December 1948, leading to the arrest of prominent leaders including Bhai Ratan Kumar Gupta and [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], the future president of India on 5 & 6 January 1949 respectively. Sharma was sentenced to eight months imprisonment for violating restrictions on public meetings; some other [[satyagraha|satyagrahis]] like Ram charan Rai, Biharilal Ghatt, Thakur Lalsingh, Laxminarayan Sinhal were also arrested. Amidst the Vilinikaran Andolan, many were shot dead by the Nawabi police, including the martyrs of Boras. Sardar Patel took the situation seriously, sent V P Menon for the Merger Agreement negotiations on 23 January 1949. Later, in February 1949, the political detainees were released and the Nawab Bhopal had to sign the agreement for merger on 30 April 1949.<ref name="SRBakshi_OPRalhan_2007">{{cite book|title=Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages|author1=S. R. Bakshi |author2=O. P. Ralhan |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2007|isbn=978-81-7625-806-7|page=360}}</ref>

The Bhopal princely state was taken over by the Union Government of India on 1 June 1949. The [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|new Bhopal State]] was declared a "Part C" state, governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the [[President of India]]. [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] refugees from Pakistan were accommodated in Bairagarh, a western suburb of Bhopal.

The eldest daughter of Nawab Hamidullah Khan and presumptive heiress, [[Abida Sultan]], gave up her right to the throne and opted for Pakistan in 1950. Therefore, the Government of India excluded her from the succession and her younger sister [[Sajida Sultan, Begum of Bhopal|Begum Sajida]] succeeded in her stead.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Shahryar M. |author-link1=Shahryar Khan |title=The Begums of Bhopal: A History of the Princely State of Bhopal |date=20 October 2000 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9781860645280 |page=233}}</ref> In 1971, all princely titles and privy purses were abolished by the Indian government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramusack|first=Barbara N.|author-link=Barbara Ramusack|title=The Indian princes and their states|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA278|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26727-4|page=278}}</ref>

== List of rulers of Bhopal ==
{{Main|Nawabs of Bhopal}}

* [[Dost Mohammad Khan, Nawab of Bhopal|Nawab Dost Mohammad Khan]] (1707–1728). Afghan adventurer with a flair for opportunism and intrigue, and few if any scruples. Came to India as a youth, took service in the Mughal army, and later founded Bhopal State during the anarchy following the death of emperor [[Aurangzeb]].
* Sultan Muhammad Khan (1728–1742). Born 1720, legitimate son of Dost Mohammad. Succeeded aged eight under the regency of his much older half-brother. Attempted to seize real power in 1742 when the regent died, but was defeated by the regent's family. Abdicated the throne in return for an estate.
:* Nawab Yar Mohammad Khan (regent and ''de facto'' ruler, 1728-42). Eldest but illegitimate son of Dost Mohammad. Never proclaimed himself ruler.
* Nawab [[Faiz Mohammad Khan]] (1742–1777). Eldest son of regent Yar Mohammad. A religious and unworldly man, he left administration to his step-mother, [[Mamola Bai]], a lady of [[Rajput]] birth who had been instrumental in securing the throne for him. No children.
* Nawab Hayat Mohammad Khan (1777–1807). Second son of Yar Mohammad. When besieged by the Marathas in 1795, he sought the help of a distant but agnatic cousin, Wazir Mohammad, and later put him in charge of administration. Thus did Wazir Khan, ancestor of the future royal family, gain ascendency in the Bhopal court.
* Nawab Ghous Mohammad Khan (1807–1826). Son of Hayat Mohammad and father of Begum Qudsia. He lost confidence in himself after losing battles to the Marathas in the first few months of his reign. He remained Nawab till his death, but appointed Wazir Mohammad as regent and himself lived quietly at [[Raisen]] on a pension.
:*("Regent" and ''de facto'' ruler) Nawab Wazir Mohammad Khan (reign of Ghous Mohammad Khan) – (1807–1816)
:*("Regent" and ''de facto'' ruler) Nawab Nazir Mohammad Khan (born 1793, tenure 1816–1819) - Second son of Wazir Mohammad Khan. Succeeded his father as regent and quickly became a favourite of Nawab Ghous Mohammad, who gave him his daughter Qudsia in marriage. During his brief tenure, Bhopal entered into [[subsidiary alliance]] with the British and regained significant territory as part of the agreement. He died aged 26 in a gun-related accident, leaving only one daughter.
:* [[Qudsia Begum, Begum of Bhopal|Qudsia Begum]] (born 1801, tenure 1819–1837, died 1881). Daughter of Nawab Ghous Mohammad and widow of regent Nazir Mohammad. She was nominally declared regent upon the death of her husband in 1819, but real power was shared between her father and Amir Mohammad, the elder brother of her late husband.
* Nawab Muiz Muhammad Khan (1826 – 1837), son of Ghous Mohammad. Powerless puppet ruler. Summarily deposed in 1837, died 1854.
* Nawab Jahangir Mohammad Khan (husband of Sikandar Jahan Begum) – (1837–1844)
* [[Sikandar Begum|Nawab Sikander Jahan Begum]] (1860–1868)
* [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Nawab Sultan Shah Jahan Begum]] (1844–1860 and 1868–1901)
* [[Kaikhusrau Jahan, Begum of Bhopal]] (1901–1926)
* [[Hamidullah Khan|Nawab Hamidullah Khan]] (1926–1949)

==See also==

*[[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Bhopal State postal service]]
*[[Ghulam Mansoor]], a [[Subedar-Major]] in the Bhopal State
*[[Mahseer#In heraldry|Mahseer in heraldry]]
*[[Political integration of India]]
*[[Pathans of Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[Orakzai]], the ruling [[dynasty]] of Bhopal

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation | last=Furber | first=Holden |author-link=Holden Furber| title=The Unification of India, 1947–1951 | journal=Pacific Affairs | volume=24 | issue=4 | year=1951 | pages=352–371 | doi=10.2307/2753451 | jstor=2753451}}

==Further reading==
* [http://digilib.bu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2144/580/briefhistoryofth014373mbp.txt?sequence=1 A brief history of the Bhopal principality in Central India : from the period of its foundation, about one hundred and fifty years ago, to the present time; by Maj. William Hough, 1865.]
* ''The Taj-ul Ikbal Tarikh Bhopal, Or, The History of Bhopal'', by Shah Jahan Begum, H. C. Barstow. Published by Thacker, Spink, Simla, 1876.
* ''The life and works of Muhammad Siddiq Hasan Khan, Nawab of Bhopal, 1248–1307 (1832–1890)'', by Saeedullah. Published by Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1973.
*''The Begums of Bhopal: A Dynasty of Women Rulers in Raj India'', by Shahraryar M. Khan. Published by I. B.Tauris, London, 2000. {{ISBN|1-86064-528-3}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jq-g5YF1QzEC&pg=PA68&dq=Nawab+Bhopal&lr=#PPP11,M1 Excerpts]

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/b/bhopal.html Genealogy of Bhopal] [[Queensland University]]

{{City of Bhopal}}
{{Princely states of India}}
{{MP Princely States}}
{{States of India on 26 January 1950}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|23|15|N|77|24|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhopal (State)}}
[[Category:Bhopal State| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1707]]
[[Category:History of Bhopal]]
[[Category:Princely states of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949]]
[[Category:1707 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Pashtun dynasties]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 2017

2026-03-07T07:24:46Z

Ronny14Z58: New

{{Short description|None}}
{{about|the films of West Bengal|the Bangladeshi films|List of Bangladeshi films of 2017}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

This is a following list of Indian Bengali films released by [[Cinema of West Bengal|West Bengal film Industry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/swapan-saha-to-come-back-with-a-new-film-sunny-leone-to-do-the-item-number-in-this-film-1.656181|title=বিরতি কাটিয়ে পরিচালনায়}}</ref>

==January–March==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Notes|Additional Notes & References}}
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |J A N U A R Y
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''13'''
| ''[[The Bongs Again]]''
| [[Anjan Dutt]]
| [[Parno Mitra]], Neha Panda, [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]] & [[Jisshu Sengupta]]
| [[Eskay Movies]]
| Drama
|
|-
| ''Kichhukshan''
| Anag Ranjan Pashi
| [[Sanjib Sarkar]], Piyali
| Kalyan Sinha Roy of Events Worldwide & Communication
| Drama
|
|-
|''[[Ei To Jeebon]]''
|Biplob Sarkar
|Suman Islam
|
|Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''20'''
| ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]''
| Mainik Bhowmik
| [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Biswanath Basu|Biswanath Bas]]
| Camellia Productions Pvt. Ltd.
| Comedy, Drama
|
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |F E B R U A R Y
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''3'''
| ''[[Tomake Chai (2017 film)|Tomake Chai]]''
| [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
| [[Bonny Sengupta]], [[Koushani Mukherjee (Actress)|Koushani Mukherjee]]
| [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| Comedy, Romance, Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''10'''
| ''Devi''
| Rick Basu
| [[Paoli Dam]], Shataf Figar
| Macneill Engineering Ltd.
| Drama
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengali Movie Devi|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/20419/bengali/devi/|access-date=10 March 2017|website=nowrunning.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''17'''
|''[[61 Garpar Lane]]''
|Rajesh Dutta, Ipsita Roy Sarkar
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]]
|
|Social Drama
|
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |M A R C H
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''24'''
| ''Mandobashar Galpo''
| Tathagata Banerjee
| [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Paoli Dam]]
|
| Drama
|
|-
|''[[Golmaal (2017 film)|Golmaal]]''
|Narayan Roy
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Roopa Ganguly]]
|
|Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''31'''
| ''[[Meher Aali]]''
| Arindam Dey
| [[Hiran Chatterjee|Hiran]], [[Satarupa Pyne]],
| Anuska Art & Niyasha Filmz
| Drama
|
|-
|''[[Ebong Kiriti]]''
|Anirban Parin
|[[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], [[Barun Chanda]]
|
|Drama
|
|-
|}

==April–June==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! style="width:15%;" |Production Company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Notes|Additional Notes & References}}
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |A P R I L
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''14'''
| ''[[One (2017 film)|One]]''
| [[Birsa Dasgupta]]
| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Yash Dasgupta]], [[Nusrat Jahan]]
| [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| Romance, Thriller
|
|-
|''[[Bishorjan]]''
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|[[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Jaya Ahsan]]
|
|Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''28'''
| ''[[Durga Sohay]]''
| [[Arindam Sil]]
| [[Sohini Sarkar]]
| [[AVMA MEDIA LLP]]
| Drama
|
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |M A Y
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''5'''
| ''Porobashinee''
| Shawpan Ahmed
| Enom
|
| Science Fiction
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''12'''
| ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]''
| Shiboprasad Mukherjee
| [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
| Windows Production House
| Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''19'''
| ''[[Ami Je Ke Tomar]]''
| [[Ravi Kinagi]]
| [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]], [[Nusrat Jahan]]
| [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| Romance, Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''26'''
| ''[[Khoj (2017 film)|Khoj]]''
| Arka Ganguly
| [[Vikram Chatterjee]], [[Shataf Figar]], Lalit Malla
| Magic Moments Motion Pictures
| Mystery, Thriller
|
|-
| ''[[Messi (2017 film)|Messi]]''
| [[Riingo Banerjee]]
| [[Aryann Bhowmik]], Ronodeep Bose, Chaiti Ghosal, Rana Mitra, Aishika
| Macneill Engineering
| Sport, Drama
|
|-
| ''[[Amar Aponjon]]''
| [[Raja Chanda]]
| [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
| Ajorso Entertainment, Sunday Films
| Romance, Drama
|
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |J U N E
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''16'''
| ''Secret Love Story''
| Narugopal Mandal
| Soumitra Chatterjee, Goutam Guru, Santana Bose, Robi Kumar, Narugopal Mandal, Tribeni Adhikari & Others. Script, Dialogue & Lyrics: Narugopal Mandal.
| Sri Sri Om Narasingha Jue Production & N M Production
| Drama
| https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7787762
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''23'''
| ''[[Chaamp]]''
| [[Raj Chakraborty]]
| [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Rukmini Maitra]]
| Dev Entertainment Ventures
| Romance, Action, Sport
|First movie from DEV Production house
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''30'''
| ''[[Boss 2: Back to Rule]]''
| [[Baba Yadav]]
| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]], [[Nusrat Faria Mazhar]]
| Jeetz Filmworks, Walzen Media Works
| Crime, Thriller
| Sequel to ''[[Boss: Born to Rule]]'' and Indo Bangladesh joint production with [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
|}

==July–September==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Notes|Additional Notes & References}}
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |J U L Y
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''21'''
| ''[[Dekh Kemon Lage]]''
| Abhijit Guha, [[Sudeshna Roy]]
| [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
| Greentouch Entertainment
| Romantic Comedy
|
|-
|''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]''
|[[Anik Dutta|Anik Datta]]
|[[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty|Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Barun Chanda]], [[Saayoni Ghosh]]
|Friend's Communication
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|
|-
|''[[Comrade (2017 film)|Comrade]]''
|Shankhudeb Panda
|[[Ena Saha]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Moubani Sorcar]]
|
|Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''28'''
|''[[Nabab]]''
|Joydeep Mukherjee
|[[Shakib Khan]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|Action
| Indo Bangladesh joint production with [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |A U G U S T
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''4'''
|''[[Jawker Dhan]]''
|Sayantan Ghosal
|[[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty|Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]], [[Kaushik Sen|Koushik Sen]]
|Champion Movies
|[[Action film|Action]], [[Adventure film|Adventure]], [[Mystery film|Mystery]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''11'''
| ''[[Dhananjay (film)|Dhananjay]]''
| [[Arindam Sil]]
| [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
| [[SVF Entertainment]]
| Thriller, Drama, Crime, Biopic
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''18'''
| ''Haripada Haribol''
| Subir Saha
| [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Dolon Roy]], [[Sampurna Lahiri]], [[Dipankar Dey]]
| Prague Entertainment pvt. Ltd.
| Comedy, Drama
|
|-
| ''[[Maacher Jhol]]''
| [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
| [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Paoli Dam]]
| [[Sony Pictures Networks]]
| Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''25'''
| ''[[Chaya O Chobi]]''
| [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Koel Mullick]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]], [[Churni Ganguly]]
| [[Surinder Films]]
| Drama
|
|-
! rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |S E P T E M B E R
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''1'''
|''[[Bilu Rakkhosh]]''
|[[Indrasis Acharya]]
|[[Joy Sengupta]], [[Koneenicha Bannerjee]]
|
|Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''8'''
| ''[[Shob Bhooturey]]''
| [[Birsa Dasgupta]]
| [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Sohini Sarkar]]
| [[SVF Entertainment]]
| Horror, Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''22'''
|''[[Cockpit (2017 film)|Cockpit]]''
|[[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Rukmini Maitra]]
|Dev Entertainment Ventures
|Adventure, Drama
|Second movie from DEV Production house
|-
|''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]''
|[[Srijit Mukherjee]]
|[[Aryann Bhowmik]], [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|Adventure, Thriller
|Second of "Kakababu" series from "Pahar Churay Atonko"
|-
|''[[Bolo Dugga Maiki]]''
|[[Raj Chakraborty]]
|[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Nusrat Jahan]]
|[[SVF Entertainment]]
|Comedy, Romance
|
|-
|''[[Byomkesh O Agnibaan]]''
|[[Anjan Dutta]]
|[[Jisshu Sengupta]]
|[[RP Production]]
|Mystery, Suspense, Thriller
|
|-
|''[[Projapoti Biskut]]''
|Anindya Chatterjee
|Aditya Sengupta, [[Ishaa Saha]], Aparajita Adhya
|
|Comedy, Romance
|
|-
|''[[Shrestha Bangali]]''
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|[[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Ulka Gupta]], Riju, Shakti Kapoor
|
|Action, Drama, Thriller
|
|-
|}

==October–December==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Notes|Additional Notes & References}}
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |O C T O B E R
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''6'''
|''[[Raktokorobi]]''
|[[Amitava Bhattacharya]]
|[[Kaushik Sen]]
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''20'''
| ''[[Jio Pagla]]''
| [[Ravi Kinagi]]
| [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Hiran Chatterjee|Hiran]], [[Bonny Sengupta]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], [[Payel Sarkar]], [[Koushani Mukherjee]], [[Rittika Sen]]
| [[Surinder Films]]
| Romance, Comedy
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''27'''
| ''[[No Bed of Roses]]''
| [[Mostofa Sarwar Farooki]]
| [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Nusrat Imrose Tisha]], [[Parno Mitra]]
| [[Eskay Movies]], [[Irrfan Khan|Irrfan Khan Films]]
| Drama
| Indo-Bangladesh joint venture film and co-produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |N O V E M B E R
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''18'''
|''[[Romantic Noy]]''
|Rajib Chowdhury
|[[Saheb Bhattacharya]]
|
|Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''24'''
|''[[Samantaral]]''
|Partho Chakraborty
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
|
|Drama
|
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |D E C E M B E R
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''1'''
|''[[Biler Diary]]''
|Biswarup Biswas
|[[Biswanath Basu]] and [[Samadarshi Dutta]]
|
|Drama, Family
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''22'''
| ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]''
| [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
| [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Laboni Sarkar]]
| [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| Adventure, Mystery, Drama
| Sequel of 2013 film ''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]''
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''29'''
|''[[Mayurakshi]]''
|[[Atanu Ghosh]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Indrani Halder]]
|
|Drama
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{2017 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 2017}}
[[Category:2017 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:Lists of 2017 films by language|Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|2017]]
[[Category:2017 Bengali-language films| ]]

Ezham Suryan

2026-03-07T04:35:42Z

Ronny14Z58: put up post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ezham Suryan
| image = Ezham Suryan.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Njanasheelan
| producer = Ramesh Cholayil
| story = Njanasheelan
| screenplay = V. Vijayakumar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Unni Mukundan]]
* [[Mahalakshmi (Malayalam actress)|Mahalakshmi]]
* [[Sreejith Ravi]]}}
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]] [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cinematography = Ashok Devaraj
| editing = Achu Vijayan Karthik
| studio = Kaivalyam Creations
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* Screen Arts
* Highness
* Kaivalyam creations
}}
| released = {{Film date|2012|05|25|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ezham Suryan''''' ({{Translation|Seventh Sun}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[tragedy]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[romantic drama film|romantic film]] directed by debutant Njanasheelan starring [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Sreejith Ravi]] and [[Mahalakshmi (Malayalam actress)|Mahalakshmi]].

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Unni Mukundan]] as Chitrabhanu (voiceover by [[Sarath Das]])
* [[Mahalakshmi (Malayalam actress)|Mahalakshmi]] as Gopika (voiceover by [[Devi S.]])
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Danny
* [[Saikumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as Vaazhakode Unnikrishnan Namboodiri
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Chakrapani
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Nalini
* [[Salim Kumar]]
* [[Kulappulli Leela]] as Omana
* [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] as Gopika's mother
* [[Meghna Vincent]] as Gopika's sister
* [[Lintu Rony]] as Muthu
* [[Meena Ganesh]]
}}

== Production ==
The [[muhurat|pooja]] for the film was held on 19 October 2011 in [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZA7AnsTzqA|title=Unni Mukundan in Ezham Suryan|date=5 November 2011|work=E Reporter|access-date=7 December 2024|archive-date=25 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125110211/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZA7AnsTzqA|url-status=live}}</ref> Njanasheelan worked on many television serials such as ''Niravathi'' and ''Janapriya'' before directing this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKUMRsrNCw8|title=Director Njanasheelan Talks On ''Ezham Sooryan''|work=CinemaKeralam|date=24 May 2012|access-date=7 December 2024|archive-date=25 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125110144/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKUMRsrNCw8|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdQlS_R2Th8|title=''Ezham Suryan'' Shooting Location|date=4 December 2011|work=[[Asianet News]]|access-date=7 December 2024|archive-date=24 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124085350/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdQlS_R2Th8|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Unni Mukundan]] plays a young father in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-to-play-double-in-meeras-comeback-film/articleshow/12995527.cms|title=Unni to play double in Meera's comeback film|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 May 2012|access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref> As of March 2012, his films that he finished working on and awaiting release were ''[[Mallu Singh]]'' (2012), this film and ''[[Ithu Pathiramanal]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/faces-to-look-for-in-malayalam-movie-screen/articleshow/12210043.cms|title=Faces to look for in the Malayalam movie screen|work=The Times of India|date=11 March 2012|access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was dubbed in Tamil under the same name and was released in 2018 on [[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/today-movies-on-the-tv-channel/articleshow/88218928.cms?trc_source=TaboolaExploreMore#google_vignette|title=சின்னத்திரையில் இன்றைய (டிசம்பர் 11) திரைப்படங்கள்|language=ta|trans-title=Today's (11 December) movies on television|work=[[The Times of India|The Times of India Samayam]]|date=11 December 2021|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|ezham_suryan}}
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]

Cheene Badam

2026-03-04T00:15:10Z

Ronny14Z58: put up new info - done

{{Short description|2022 Indian Bengali-language film by Shieladitya Moulik}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Sources exist|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cheene Badam
| image = Cheene Badam Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Shieladitya Moulik
| screenplay = Shieladitya Moulik
| story = Momo Md
| producer = Ena Saha Banani Saha
| starring = [[Yash Dasgupta]] [[Ena Saha]]
| cinematography = Souvik Basu
| editing = Subho Pramanik
| music = Soumya Rit
| studio = Jarek Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|6|10}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Cheene Badam''''' ({{langx|bn|চিনে বাদাম}}) is a 2022 Indian Bengali language film directed by Shieladitya Moulik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ena Saha- Shieladitya Moulik: বন্ধুত্ব -ডেটিং অ্যাপে বিশ্বাসী এনা-শিলাদিত্য? 'চিনে বাদাম'-র আড্ডায় অভিনেত্রী- পরিচালক |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/video/cheene-baadaam-starring-ena-saha-and-yash-daasguptaa-rom-com-bangla-movie-shieladitya-moulik-director-and-actor-shares-journey-exclusive-suc-soc-381580-2022-06-07 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611180733/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/video/cheene-baadaam-starring-ena-saha-and-yash-daasguptaa-rom-com-bangla-movie-shieladitya-moulik-director-and-actor-shares-journey-exclusive-suc-soc-381580-2022-06-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is produced by [[Ena Saha]] and Banani Saha under the banner of Jarek Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Cheene Baadaam': Get ready to see Yash Dasgupta's love story with Ena Saha this summer - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/cheene-baadaam-get-ready-to-see-yash-dasguptas-love-story-with-ena-saha-this-summer/articleshow/89733230.cms |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611173751/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/cheene-baadaam-get-ready-to-see-yash-dasguptas-love-story-with-ena-saha-this-summer/articleshow/89733230.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> This film features [[Yash Dasgupta]] and [[Ena Saha]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=Yash-Ena: বন্ধু খোঁজার অ্যাপ বানাবেন যশ-এনা, আসছে শিলাদিত্য মৌলিকের 'চিনে বাদাম' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/yash-dasgupta-to-pair-opposite-ena-saha-in-shieladitya-moulik-s-next-cheene-badam-this-film-bankroll-by-the-actress-31629812760167.html |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611180944/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/yash-dasgupta-to-pair-opposite-ena-saha-in-shieladitya-moulik-s-next-cheene-badam-this-film-bankroll-by-the-actress-31629812760167.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=June 2022}}
Rishav is a techie who creates a mobile app Cheene Baadaam that helps lonely people find friends. His girlfriend Trisha helped him build the app but now they are estranged. Life takes a weird turn when they now use their app to find friends.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheene Baadaam (2022) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kolkata - BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kolkata/movies/cheene-baadaam/ET00327460 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=in.bookmyshow.com |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611165833/https://in.bookmyshow.com/kolkata/movies/cheene-baadaam/ET00327460 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Yash Dasgupta]] as Rishav <ref>{{Cite news |title='Cheene Baadaam': Get ready to see Yash Dasgupta's love story with Ena Saha this summer - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/cheene-baadaam-get-ready-to-see-yash-dasguptas-love-story-with-ena-saha-this-summer/articleshow/89733230.cms |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611173751/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/cheene-baadaam-get-ready-to-see-yash-dasguptas-love-story-with-ena-saha-this-summer/articleshow/89733230.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ena Saha]] as Trisha <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Yash-Ena: প্রেমে- অভিমানে যশ -এনা! ভূস্বর্গ থেকে তিলোত্তমায় জমাট জুটির রসায়ন |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/yash-dasgupta-and-ena-saha-onscreen-chemistry-roads-kashmir-and-kolkata-cheene-badam-song-hariye-jao-jodi-bhire-launches-sung-anupam-and-mekhla-soc-364464-2022-04-15 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611173751/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/yash-dasgupta-and-ena-saha-onscreen-chemistry-roads-kashmir-and-kolkata-cheene-badam-song-hariye-jao-jodi-bhire-launches-sung-anupam-and-mekhla-soc-364464-2022-04-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Cheene Badam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Soumya Rit
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/cheene-baadaam/Khs4-FltbcM_|title=Cheene Baadaam – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=2022|publisher=Jiosaavn|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926091734/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/cheene-baadaam/Khs4-FltbcM_|url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:51
| language = Bengali
| label = Jarek Music
| producer =
}}

All the songs are composed by Soumya Rit<ref name=":0" /> and Rupak Tiary. The lyrics are penned by Soumya Rit and Avima Paul.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer
| title1 = Hariye Jao Jodi Bhire
| note1 =
| length1 = 3:31
| lyrics1 = Soumya Rit
| music1 = Soumya Rit
| extra1 = [[Anupam Roy]] Mekhla Dasgupta
| title2 = Ke Dake Sara Dao
| note2 =
| length2 = 3:00
| lyrics2 = Soumya Rit
| music2 = Soumya Rit
| extra2 = [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]]
| title3 = Bhalobashi Tai
| note3 =
| length3 = 3:52
| lyrics3 = Aviman Paul
| music3 = Rupak Tiary
| extra3 = [[Somlata Acharyya Chowdhury]] Ishan Mitra
| title4 = Cheene Baadaam (Title Track)
| note4 =
| length4 = 3:28
| lyrics4 = Soumya Rit
| music4 = Soumya Rit
| extra4 = Bonnie Chakraborty
| title5 =
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| extra5 =
| total_length = 13:51|
}}

== Controversy ==
Few days before release, [[Yash Dasgupta]] posted in Twitter account that he would no more be associated with the film due to creative differences with the director Shieladitya Moulik and producer [[Ena Saha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=রিলিজের আগেই Ena Saha-এর ছবি থেকে সরলেন Yash Dasgupta! Nushrat-এর সঙ্গে প্রজেক্ট নিয়েও প্রশ্ন |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/yash-dasgupta-tweets-that-he-is-diassociating-himself-with-the-film-cheene-badam-starring-ena-saha/articleshow/92018481.cms |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=EI Samay |date=5 June 2022 |language=bn |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628031054/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/yash-dasgupta-tweets-that-he-is-diassociating-himself-with-the-film-cheene-badam-starring-ena-saha/articleshow/92018481.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, the producer and director informed that they weren't previously informed about Yash's isolation with the film.<ref name="সংবাদদাতা">{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Cheene Badam: মিথ্যে দোষারোপ, আইন উত্তর দেবে: যশ।। ও ভাল বন্ধু, কথা বলে মেটাতে চাই: এনা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/yash-dasgupta-demands-he-has-been-falsely-accused-by-director-producer-on-cheene-badam-debate-dgtl/cid/1349735 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611115149/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/yash-dasgupta-demands-he-has-been-falsely-accused-by-director-producer-on-cheene-badam-debate-dgtl/cid/1349735 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, the director informed that Yash had an issue with a dark-skinned guy who danced in the title track, which Yash denied.<ref name="সংবাদদাতা"/>

== Release ==
The film released theatrically on 10 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=আনন্দ |first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি |date=2022-05-19 |title='আয় খুকু আয়', এক্স ইক্যুয়াল টু প্রেম'-এর পরে 'চিনেবাদাম', যশ-এনার ছবি মুক্তি পাচ্ছে ১০ জুন |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/cheene-badam-new-movie-cheene-badam-is-going-to-release-on-10-june-890032 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611171553/https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/cheene-badam-new-movie-cheene-badam-is-going-to-release-on-10-june-890032 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Empty section|date=June 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|15347828}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic drama films]]

Face 2 Face (2019 Indian film)

2026-03-03T21:23:52Z

Ronny14Z58: put up a data

{{short description|2019 Kannada film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Face 2 Face
| image = Face 2 Face (Kannada Movie) poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = Sandeep Janardan
| producer = Sumithra B K
| starring = Rohith Bhanuprakash<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rohit Bhanuprakash to make his debut as the lead with thriller lover story ‘Face 2 Face’ - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rohit-bhanuprakash-to-make-his-debut-as-the-lead-with-thriller-lover-story-face-2-face/articleshow/68357491.cms|access-date=2020-06-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Divya Uruduga<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-15|title=ಫೇಸ್ ಟು ಫೇಸ್: ಕಣ್ಣೆವೆ ಮಿಟುಕಿಸದಂತೆ ನೋಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳೋ ಅಪರೂಪದ ಚಿತ್ರ!|url=https://publictv.in/face-to-face-kannada-movie-review-sandalwood/amp|access-date=2020-06-17|website=Public Tv|language=en-US}}</ref> Purvi Joshi
| music = Ek Khwaab-The band
| cinematography = Vishwajith Rao
| editing = Sri Crazy Mindzz
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|3|15}}
| runtime = 109 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Face 2 Face''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]] romantic thriller film directed by Sandeep Janardhan and starring Rohith Bhanuprakash, Divya Uruduga and Purvi Joshi.

== Plot ==
The film revolves around three characters: Santhosh, Sneha and Preethi. Santhosh is in love with Preethi, but a small incident changes the situation. Santhosh struggles to get his love back with the help of Sneha, who has just applied for a divorce from her husband. This continues to show three parallel stories - one about the possessive mother, a romantic story and a tale of a friendship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಟ್‌ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಇದಲ್ಲ: ಫೇಸ್‌ 2 ಫೇಸ್‌-Movie Review|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/kannada-movie-face-2-face-review-rating/moviereview/68427897.cms|access-date=2020-06-17|website=vijaykarnataka.com|language=kn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Rohith Bhanuprakash as Santhosh
* Divya Uruduga as Sneha
* Purvi Joshi as Preethi
* Aaryan Achukatla as Vikruth
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]
* [[Veena Sundar]]
* Yamuna Srinidhi

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Face 2 Face<ref>{{Citation|last=Hungama|title=Face 2 Face|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/face-2-face/39522954/|language=en|access-date=2020-06-17}}</ref>
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Ek Khwaab-The band
| cover = blank
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = PRK Audio
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Baayaarike
| extra1 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| lyrics1 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| title2 = Nindhe Haavali
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Ananya Bhat]]
| lyrics2 = Kaviraj
| title3 = Ibbani Haniyondu
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics3 = Vishwajith Rao
| title4 = Ee Mussanje
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]]
| lyrics4 = Vishwajith Rao
| title5 = Title Track
| extra5 = Ananya Bhat
| lyrics5 = Dhananjay Ranjan
}}

==Release==

=== Theatrical ===
The film released on 15 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The News Minute |first= Team |date=24 February 2019 |title=Kannada thriller ‘Face 2 Face’ gets release date |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-thriller-face-2-face-gets-release-date-97267 |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321121942/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-thriller-face-2-face-gets-release-date-97267 |archive-date=21 March 2022 }}</ref>

===Critical reception===

Reviewer Shashiprasad S. M from [[Deccan Chronicle]] gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote "the entertaining surprises coupled with dialogues and the performances of the characters elevates face to face to another level. There are also good number of negatives in the narrative when it starts throwing away too much of information but the end is what matters to make it a good watch"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shashiprasad |first= S M |date=16 March 2019 |title=Face to face movie review: Comes with lovely twists and turns |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/movie-reviews/160319/face-to-face-movie-review-comes-with-lovely-twists-and-turns.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321123415/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/movie-reviews/160319/face-to-face-movie-review-comes-with-lovely-twists-and-turns.html |archive-date=21 March 2022 }}</ref> Vivek M V of [[Deccan Herald]] gave the film a rating of 3/5 and stated "The film also tries to fit in nods to current affairs like the growing debate on dubbing in Kannada and the growing competition between telephone networks. It aims a sly dig at film critics."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vivek |first= M V |date=17 March 2019 |title=Face 2 Face: A mostly watchable romantic thriller |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/entertainment/a-mostly-watchable-romantic-thriller-723718.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321123656/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/entertainment/a-mostly-watchable-romantic-thriller-723718.html |archive-date=21 March 2022 }}</ref> A [[The New Indian Express]] critic A Sharadhaa gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and says" Technically, Face 2 Face has its own cinematic beauty, credit for which goes to cinematographer Vishwajith Rao, whose picturisation explains the story better."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharadhaa |first= A |date=16 March 2019 |title='Face 2 Face' movie review: Exploring love, lust, commitment, and complications |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/review/2019/mar/16/face-2-face--exploring-love-lust-commitment-and-complications-1951691.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321123806/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/mar/16/face-2-face--exploring-love-lust-commitment-and-complications-1951691.amp |archive-date=21 March 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|9872614}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 romance films]]
[[Category:2019 thriller films]]

Newton (film)

2026-03-02T09:46:42Z

Ronny14Z58: quick enhance content per standard format

{{Short description|2017 Indian comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Newton
| image = Newton (film).png
| alt = The poster features Rajkumar rao
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Amit V. Masurkar]]
| producer = [[Manish Mundra]]
| screenplay = Amit V. Masurkar Mayank Tewari
| starring = [[Rajkummar Rao]] [[Pankaj Tripathi]] [[Anjali Patil]] [[Raghubir Yadav]]
| music = [[Benedict Taylor (musician)|Benedict Taylor]] Naren Chandavarkar [[Rachita Arora]]
| cinematography = Swapnil S. Sonawane
| editing = Shweta Venkat Mathew
| studio = [[Eros International]] [[Drishyam Films]] [[Colour Yellow Productions]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|2017|2|10|[[67th Berlin International Film Festival|Berlinale]]|2017|09|22|India|df=yes}}
| runtime = 106 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}10 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/x4GmzDVzxJ84Lvy7YEgzRI/Why-Newton-could-overrule-Murphys-Law-at-the-Oscars.html|title=Why Newton could overrule Murphy's Law at the Oscars|publisher=[[Livemint]]|date=22 September 2017}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}15 crore<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-india-collections-day-wise-break-newton/ |title=Box Office: India collections and day wise break up of Newton |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''Newton''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[black comedy]]-[[drama film]] directed and co-written by [[Amit V Masurkar|Amit V. Masurkar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/newton-berlin-review/5114642.article|title='Newton': Berlin Review|access-date=4 April 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/01/18/newton-an-indie-starring-rajkummar-rao-makes-it-to-the-berli/ Huffington Post]</ref> The film stars [[Rajkummar Rao]] in the title role of a government servant who is sent to a politically sensitive area of central India on [[election]] duty. [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Anjali Patil]] and [[Raghubir Yadav]] appeared in prominent roles. The film was produced by Manish Mundra under [[Drishyam Films]], known for the 2015 film ''[[Masaan]]''. The film is Amit Masurkar's second feature after his debut with ''[[Sulemani Keeda]]'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2017 |title=Newton movie review: Rajkummar Rao, Pankaj Tripathi, Anjali Patil shine in a dazzlingly low-key dramedy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/newton-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-pankaj-tripathi-anjali-patil-shine-in-a-dazzlingly-low-key-dramedy-4059425.html}}</ref>

''Newton'' had its world premiere in the Forum section of the [[67th Berlin International Film Festival]]. The film secured eight nominations at the [[63rd Filmfare Awards]], including [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]], [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]] for Rao and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for Tripathi, while winning [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Story]].
Rao won the [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards|Asia Pacific Screen Award]] for Best Actor<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/asia-pacific-screen-awards-rajkummar-rao-bags-the-best-actor-trophy-as-newton-win-2-awards-view-list/131659|title=Asia Pacific Screen Awards: Rajkummar Rao bags the best actor trophy as Newton win 2 awards - view list|last=Chauhan|first=Guarang|date=November 23, 2017|work=TimesNow|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> and the writers won the award for Best Screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/apsa-nominees-winners?nomination-winner-name=nominee&apsa-year-name=2017 |title = APSA Nominees & Winners}}</ref> ''Newton'' was also awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]. Pankaj Tripathi won a special mention at [[65th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|title=National Film Awards 2018 complete winners list: Sridevi named Best Actress; Newton is Best Hindi Film|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/national-film-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-sridevi-named-best-actress-newton-is-best-hindi-film-4429915.html|access-date=13 April 2018|work=Firstpost|date=13 April 2018}}</ref> The film was selected as the [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Indian entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[90th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/these-are-the-91-other-films-rajkummar-rao-s-newton-is-competing-with-at-the-oscars/story-DdCidaVeQheKkXjO1wSquI.html|title=These are the 91 other films Rajkummar Rao's Newton is competing with at the Oscars|date=6 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/newton-is-indias-official-entry-to-oscars-2018/articleshow/60792920.cms|title='Newton' is India's official entry to Oscars 2018|date=22 September 2017|work=Times of India|access-date=22 September 2017}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Nutan "Newton" Kumar ([[Rajkummar Rao]]), a rookie [[government]] [[clerk]] on reserve is sent on [[election]] duty to a [[Naxal]]-controlled town in the [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency|insurgency]]-ridden jungles of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]], when one of the main duty officers there is found to be facing heart problems. Faced with the apathy of the war-weary [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) security forces, led by Assistant Commandant Aatma Singh ([[Pankaj Tripathi]]), and the looming fear of [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla attacks]] by [[communist]] insurgents, he tries his best to conduct free and fair [[voting]] despite the odds stacked against him. He is disappointed when the voters do not turn up for the election. Later when a foreign reporter turns up at the polling station, the CRPF force the villagers from the constituency to turn up to cast their votes. When one of the villagers enters the polling booth, he is bewildered by the voting machine and does not understand how to operate it.

After talking to the villagers, Newton soon realizes that they have no idea what the election is about. Some thought they would earn [[money]] from this, while others asked hopelessly about getting paid sufficiently for their work. He desperately tries to educate them but to no avail. Taking the lead, a frustrated Aatma Singh cuts off Newton aside and shames the villagers by telling them that these officers have risked their lives for their vote, and they should not turn them away. He tells them that the voting machine is a toy; there are symbols of elephants, cycles, etc. and they could press any symbol they like (leaving them uneducated about the fact that those symbols represent respective political parties). So while they vote for their favorite symbol, instead of politicians they have never heard about, the foreign reporter gets a good news report about [[India's democracy]].

Newton wants to sit at the polling booth for the stipulated time but is forced to flee due to a Naxal ambush, which he later realizes was actually staged by the CRPF. Upon learning this, he tries to outrun his escort team back to the polling booth, but gets caught on both sides, and is forcibly taken back to safety. On the way back, Newton decides to collect the votes of four villagers who suddenly turn up from deep inside the forest. Aatma Singh is reluctant to let them do so. Taking his duty very seriously, Newton steals Aatma Singh's rifle and holds the officer at gunpoint till the villagers cast their votes. Singh comments out of frustration that he did not want polling to be conducted in an area that was only secured by government forces 6 months ago, mentioning that there are still more landmines there than men. He tells Newton that he does not want to lose any more troops, especially when the government cannot even supply them with [[night vision goggles]] that they have been requesting for 2 years. Newton keeps him at gunpoint even after the voting for the remaining two minutes of his official duty (till 3 pm). The CRPF troops then beat him up out of frustration.

The movie concludes with a shot of the area six months later, showing mining activity going on. Aatma Singh is shown shopping in civilian dress with his wife and daughter during holidays, suggesting he is a human and conditions in Naxal-affected areas made him a dispassionate and cynical person. Newton is shown in his office wearing a neck brace for his injury from the beating but otherwise happy, and keeping with his old ways. He is visited by the local election officer Malko ([[Anjali Patil]]) who asks him what happened after she left as she is unaware of the events and Newton asks her to tell everything over tea, but only after five minutes, when Newton's scheduled lunch break begins.

== Cast ==
* [[Rajkummar Rao]] as Nutan “Newton” Kumar
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as [[Assistant Commandant]] Aatma Singh
* [[Anjali Patil]] as Malko Netam
* [[Raghubir Yadav]] as Loknath
* [[Danish Husain|Danish Hussain]] as DIG of Police
* Mukesh Prajapati as Shambhu
* Krishna Singh Bisht as Krishna
* Pistak Gond as The Village Patel
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] in a special appearance as an Election Instructor
* Mukesh Nagar as Mangal Netam
* Bachan Pachera as Newton's Father
* Kirti Shreeyansh Jain as Newton's Mother
* [[Omkar Das Manikpuri]] as Lakhma
* [[Jyotsana Trivedi]] as Fiancé

== Soundtrack ==
{{track listing
| headline=Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title2=Chal Tu Apna Kaam Kar
| length2= 3:51
| music2= [[Rachita Arora]]
| extra2=[[Amit Trivedi]]
| lyrics2= [[Irshad Kamil]]
| title3=Chal Tu Apna Kaam Kar
| note3= Version 2
| length3= 3:34
| music3= Rachita Arora
| extra3=[[Raghubir Yadav]]
| lyrics3= Irshad Kamil
| title1=Panchi Ud Gaya
| length1= 4:16
| lyrics1= [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]
| music1= Naren Chandavarkar and [[Benedict Taylor]]
| extra1= Mohan Kannan
}}

==Reception==
''Newton '' was released to critical praise and was also a commercial success. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|94|7.8|18|ref=yes|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}} On the Indian film review aggregator website The Review Monk, ''Newton'' received a 7.5 out of 10 average score based on 23 reviews.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://thereviewmonk.com/movie/newton/ | title=Newton Reviews}}</ref>

[[Rajeev Masand]] gave the film a rating of 4 stars out of 5 and said that, "''Newton'' is relevant and timely without being boring or inaccessible. You could say it lays on its message too thick in the end, or that the pace occasionally slips. But these are minor nigglings that never dent the impact of its thrust."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/rumble-in-the-jungle-2/ |title=Rumble in the jungle |publisher=Rajeev Masand |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925074724/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/rumble-in-the-jungle-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Neil Soans of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 4.5 stars out of 5, saying, "''Newton'' has dared to take on an issue that our vast majority turns a blind eye to, and slaps us out of our blissful ignorance. Amidst laughing, it'll leave you thinking, which - and we need to be reminded of this - is what good cinema should do. Both your funny bone and your grey cells will thank you for watching it." Soans praised the performances of the cast - particularly that of Rao and Tripathi - and the screenplay by Masurkar and Tewari.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/newton/movie-review/60739447.cms |title=Newton Movie Review |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Suhani Singh of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film a rating of 4 stars out of 5 and said that, "''Newton'' is a dark comedy that gives you equal measures of dread and disillusionment and hope and hilarity. It makes you see the pitfalls of the democratic system but also tells you that it's the only one capable of positive change. This is reality at its finest, with credible performances and backdrops that immerse viewers into the world and where even the faces of the background characters leave a heartbreaking impression."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/newton-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-1050010-2017-09-22 |title=Newton Movie Review: Rajkummar Rao's black comedy is the finest Hindi film of 2017 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a rating of 4 stars out of 5 saying that, "Director Amit V Masurkar and co-scriptwriter Mayank Tewari have crafted a strong black comedy. It is as sharp and subversive as the classic ''[[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro]]'', and even though it is entirely sobering, it leaves us feeling just a little better about ourselves." She also praised the performances of the actors saying, "Rajkummar Rao is enjoying a purple patch. After ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]'', here he is again stitching up a big performance full of small things: blinking, thinking, doing. He is at his most interesting when he is being quiet: he makes us watch. Pankaj Tripathi, as the head of the security detail, cynical yet doing the best he can, is lovely too. For once the talented Patil has been used well, and as for Raghubir Yadav, he gives us, after ''[[Peepli Live]]'', another stand-out act, a lesson in How To Immerse Yourself Effortlessly In Your Role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/newton-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-star-rating-4853836/ |title=Newton movie review: This Rajkummar Rao film is as sharp and subversive as Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Rohit Vats of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film a rating of 4 stars out of 5 and said that, "It is one of the finest political satires we have seen in the last couple of years. It refrains from taking sides and offers a humorous take on state versus the Maoists bloody battle. It raises questions on the importance of the electoral system we are so proud of. It takes us much beyond what we see. The team of Rajkummar Rao, Pankaj Tripathi, Raghuvir Yadav and Anjali Patil has come up with a top-notch performance."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/newton-movie-review-a-charming-satire-on-the-dance-of-democracy/story-51KAdBEEbNmGFmdWzPjkzI.html |title=Newton movie review: A charming satire on the dance of democracy |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Harish Wankhede calls Newton 'A new Dalit Hero' in the Indian Express review.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-05|title=A New Dalit Hero|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-new-dalit-hero-hindi-cinema-bollywood-newton-caste-social-identity-dalit-character-4874709/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He suggests that the most reviews of the film neglect the protagonist's social identity, while emphasising the film's creative aspects. "Newton, no doubt, is a refreshing entry in the genre of commercial art house cinema. However, more significantly, the director offers a new social imaginary to depict the film’s protagonist. A new Dalit hero is offered to the audience through the subtle use of certain symbolic gestures and social codes."

''Newton'' received a warm response at its premiere at the [[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/newton-wins-art-cinema-honour-at-berlinale-961409-2017-02-19|title=Rajkummar Rao-starrer Newton wins Art Cinema honour at Berlinale|access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref> It also won the [[CICAE]] Award for best film in the Forum Section. [[HuffPost|''The Huffington Post'']] wrote "''Newton'' is a touching, personal and very human film about the strength of one very resolute rookie election clerk to uphold the democratic process in a rebel-threatened area."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/e-nina-rothe/the-berlinale-2017-diarie_b_14699284.html|title=Huffington Post India|website=Huffington Post India|access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>

''Newton'' was India's official entry for the 90th Academy Awards;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-s-newton-selected-as-india-s-official-entry-to-the-oscars/story-sKAJdo1dUi7GL4kQTjTfoK.html |title=Rajkummar Rao's political satire 'Newton' is India's entry for the Oscars |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> it was also the first Indian film to receive a grant of Rs 1 crore from the [[Government of India|Central Government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/indias-oscar-entry-newton-to-get-rs-1-crore-grant-from-centre/articleshow/60803491.cms|title=India's Oscar entry 'Newton' to get Rs 1 crore grant from Centre|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Release==
''Newton'' had its world premiere at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]] held from 9–19 February 2017 in [[Berlin]], Germany<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2017/02_programm_2017/02_Filmdatenblatt_2017_201710388.php#tab=video |title=Newton |publisher=Berlin International Film Festival}}</ref> while in India it got released on 22 September 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU6zMPFd4UU |title=Newton Official Trailer |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Box office==
''Newton'' grossed Rs 11.75 crore net in the first week in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3283|title=Newton Survives - Bhoomi And Haseena Parkar Go Down}}</ref> The film grossed Rs 3.75 crore in its second weekend, taking the total to Rs 15.50 crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3295|title=Newton Slows In Second Weekend}}</ref> It was a box office success.

== Controversy ==
After the film's release and its selection as India's entry for the Oscars, ''Newton'' was criticized for its striking similarities with the Iranian movie ''[[Secret Ballot (film)|Secret Ballot]].'' In defense, film-maker [[Anurag Kashyap]] voiced his support to the team of ''Newton'', stating "''Newton'' is as much a copy of ''Secret Ballot'', ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' is of ''[[Watan Ke Rakhwale]]''".

The producer and director of ''Secret Ballot'' further clarified that ''Newton'' is not a copy of his film. Anurag Kashyap started an online chat with the producer of ''Secret Ballot'' Marco Müller, and he stated that "There's not even a hint of plagiarism". Kashyap then asked for his permission and shared a screenshot of the conversation on his [[Facebook]] account. Subsequently, the director of the Iranian film [[Babak Payami]] stated in an online interview that he "saw the film and there is no sign of plagiarism. These are completely different films."<ref>{{cite news|title='Newton' is different from 'Secret Ballot', confirms Iranian director|url=https://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/bollywood/newton-is-different-from-secret-ballot-confirms-iranian-director-1.2096794|access-date=27 September 2017|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=27 September 2017}}</ref>

Other commentators have noted a similarity between the film's official poster and that for [[Satyajit Ray]]'s film ''[[Ganashatru]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/newton-secret-ballot-copy-satyajit-ray-ganashatru-1052564-2017-09-26|title=Newton may not be copied from Secret Ballot, but is the poster inspired by this Satyajit Ray film?|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09|agency=Ist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-uncanny-resemblance-between-posters-of-newton-and-satyajit-ray-ganashatru-rajkummar-rao-403396|title=A coincidence? There's an uncanny resemblance between posters of Newton and Satyajit Ray's Ganashatru|last=Karki|first=Tripti|date=2017-09-26|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date of ceremony
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="6" |2017
|[[Berlinale|Berlin International Film Festival]]
|International Federation of Art Cinemas ([[International Confederation of Art Cinemas|CICAE]]) award
|''Newton''|''Newton''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/berlinale-2017-rajkummar-raos-newton-wins-big-at-the-film-festival-3291826.html|title=Berlinale 2017: Rajkummar Rao's Newton wins big at the film festival|date=2017-02-20|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-09-27|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hong Kong International Film Festival]]
|Young Cinema Competition Jury Award
|''Newton''|''Newton''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://asianfilmfestivals.com/2017/04/24/hong-kong-international-film-festival-awards-2017/|title=41st Hong Kong International Film Festival – Awards 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[International Film Festival of Kerala]]
|FIPRESCI Award: Best International Film
|''Newton''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="IFFK">{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iffk-2017-newton-bags-netpac-and-fipresci-awards-golden-crow-pheasant-goes-to-wajib-4261033.html|title=IFFK 2017: Newton bags NETPAC and FIPRESCI awards; Golden Crow Pheasant goes to Wajib|date=2017-12-17|work=Firstpost|access-date=2018-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|NETPAC Award: Best Asian Film
|''Newton''
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]
|Best Actor
|[[Rajkummar Rao]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Best Screenplay
|[[Amit V Masurkar]], Mayank Tewari
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |4 December 2017
| rowspan="5" |[[Screen Awards|Star Screen Awards]]
|Best Film (Critics)
|''Newton''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/star-screen-awards-2017-vidya-balan-rajkummar-rao-full-winners-list-1099753-2017-12-04|title=Star Screen Awards 2017: Dangal wins big, Vidya Balan-Rajkummar Rao named best actor and actress|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor (Critics)
|[[Rajkummar Rao]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Director
|[[Amit V Masurkar]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Pankaj Tripathi]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Anjali Patil]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |30 December 2017
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|Best Film (Jury's Choice)
|[[Amit V Masurkar]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/|title=2018 Archives - Zee Cine Awards|website=Zee Cine Awards|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor – Male (Jury's Choice)
|[[Rajkummar Rao]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |20 January 2018
| rowspan="8" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|Best Film (Critics)
|''Newton''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/nominations/critics-best-film-2018|title=Critics Best Film 2017 Nominees {{!}} Filmfare Awards|website=filmfare.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor (Critics)
|[[Rajkummar Rao]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/nominations/critics-best-actor-male|title=Critics Best Actor in Leading Role Male 2017 Nominees {{!}} Filmfare Awards|website=filmfare.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Pankaj Tripathi]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018_-26161-21.html|title=Nominations for the 63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018|work=filmfare.com|access-date=2018-01-18|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Editing
|Shweta Venkat Mathew
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Original Story
|[[Amit V Masurkar]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
| rowspan="2" |[[Amit V Masurkar]], Mayank Tewari
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Dialogue
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Swapnil S Sonawane
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |6 March 2018
| rowspan="2" |Bollywood Film Journalists Awards
|Best Feature Film
|''Newton''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|title=FinalVoteCount|url=http://www.powerbrands360.com/images/bollywoodawards/FinalVoteCount.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Rajkummar Rao]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |17 March 2018
| rowspan="3" |[[12th Asian Film Awards|Asian Film Awards]]
|[[Asian Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Newton''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frater|first1=Patrick|title=Asian Film Awards: 'Youth' Wins Top Prize From 'Demon Cat'|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/asia/asian-film-awards-2018-winners-1202729462/|website=Variety|date=17 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Asian Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Rajkummar Rao]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|[[Amit V Masurkar]], Mayank Tewari
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |20 March 2018
| rowspan="8" |News18 Reel Movie Awards
|Best Director
|[[Amit V Masurkar]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/reel-movie-awards-2018|title='Newton' & 'Mukti Bhawan' Win Big at the REEL Movie Awards|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-03-21|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Pankaj Tripathi]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Editing
|Shweta Venkat Mathew
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Film
|''Newton''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/reel-movie-awards-2018/on-screen-awards/|title=Reel Movie On Screen Awards 2018 {{!}} Best Film, Actor, Actress, Director and More|website=News18|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/reel-movie-awards-2018/behind-the-scenes-awards/|title=Reel Movie Behind The Scenes Awards 2018 {{!}}Best Cinematography, Sound, Art / Production Design, Editing, Music, Screenplay, Dialogues|website=News18|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-21}}</ref>
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Swapnil S Sonawane
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Sound
|Niraj Gera
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
| rowspan="2" |[[Amit V Masurkar]], Mayank Tewari
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Dialogues
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |3 May 2018
| rowspan="2" |[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film (Hindi)]]
|Producer: [[Drishyam Films]]
Director: [[Amit V Masurkar]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/65th-national-film-awards-live-sridevi-posthumously-awarded-best-actress-for-mom-newton-wins-best-hindi-film-1717053.html|title=65th National Film Awards LIVE: Sridevi Posthumously Awarded Best Actress; Vinod Khanna Honoured With Dada Saheb Phalke Award|date=2018-04-13|work=News18|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|Special Mention]] (Actor)
|[[Pankaj Tripathi]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |22 June 2018
| rowspan="6" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|Best Editing
|Shweta Venkat Mathew
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iifa.com/awards2018 |title=IIFA Awards 2018 Winners |publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-nominations-2018-tumhari-sulu-leads-with-7-nods-newton-follows-1855889|title=IIFA Nominations 2018: Tumhari Sulu Leads With 7 Nods, Newton Follows|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref>
|-
|Best Film
|''Newton''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Director
| rowspan="2" |[[Amit V Masurkar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Story
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Rajkummar Rao]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Pankaj Tripathi]]
|{{nom}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of submissions to the 90th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for ''Newton''
| list =
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}
{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestMovie}}
{{ScreenAwardBestFilm}}
}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rachita Arora]]
[[Category:Films scored by Benedict Taylor]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s political comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian political comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about elections]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about Naxalism]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Films about democracy]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Works about articles of the Constitution of India]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:Colour Yellow Productions films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Ranviir the Marshal

2026-03-02T09:33:57Z

Ronny14Z58: slightly rework page based on references further after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ranviir the Marshal
| image = Ranviir the Marshal Poster.jpg
| director = Milind Ukey
| producer = Alok Rajan Sharma
| starring = Rishy [[Rati Agnihotri]] [[Rajesh Khattar]] [[Shibani Kashyap]]
| studio = Cine Act 1 Productions
| released = {{Film date|2015|10|23}}
}}

'''''Ranviir the Marshal''''' is a 2015 Indian action<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/8-martial-arts-forms-showcased-in-upcoming-bollywood-film-115082300166_1.html|title=8 martial arts forms showcased in upcoming Bollywood film|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=23 August 2015|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> film based on [[martial arts]] produced by Alok Rajan Sharma under his production house Cine Act 1 Productions and directed by Milind Ukey. It stars Rishy and Ramnitu Chaudhary in lead roles. It also stars reputed actors like [[Rati Agnihotri]], Rajesh Kattar and [[Shibani Kashyap]]. The film is about a young man constantly plagued with disturbing dreams involving a martial arts hero fighting for truth, justice and courage.

== Plot ==
The protagonist of the movie, Ranviir (Rishy) lives alone with his mother Ayesha ([[Rati Agnihotri]]). The mother and son share a close bond and are generally content with their simple life. Ayesha is a strong woman and is extremely determined to shield her son from harm's way for as long as she can.

However Ranviir is intermittently plagued by dreams involving a [[martial arts]] hero fighting for truth and justice. Ranviir initially does share his disturbing dreams with Ayesha who is quick to dismiss them as a result of his ardent following of action movies. Although he does not completely believe her, he is compelled to drop the topic as he knows that inquiring too much against her will, will not prove fruitful. It is obvious that there is some dreadful reason behind Ranviir's violent dreams but Ayesha does not tell him the truth as she fears for his well-being. Ranviir suffers from an inherent streak of uncontrolled rage and so Ayesha tries to keep him away from pursuing martial arts by generally involving him in day-to-day chores and activities thereby keeping him occupied.

However, as Ranviir starts attending college, he starts interacting with varied people and varied opinions from the outside world, a world from which his mother had successfully alienated him until now. Ranviir on the very first day of his college finds himself challenged into a fight by Karan, while trying to protect the juniors from Karan's relentless and ruthless ragging. He also meets a girl Simran (Ramnitu Chaudhary) and finds his life taking a new turn. They eventually fall in love. In the natural course of events, he befriends Karan and they strike a lasting friendship. Realizing his natural inclination for it, Simran and Karan persuade Ranviir to pursue formal training in [[Taekwondo]]. Although initially reluctant, Raviir finally relents but decides to keep his mother in the dark about it.

Unfortunately, one day Ayesha finds out about Ranviir's Taekwondo training and gets extremely distressed. When Ranviir realizes that his actions have really hurt his mother, he decides to give up his training and assures her that he will stay away from martial arts. But that is not to be. Because as they say, 'What is meant to be, will always be.' Even Ayesha realizes that Taekwondo is Ranviir's true calling. She then takes him to meet a senior renowned mystical martial arts guru called Guru Bodhi Dharma. This eventually leads him to his final destiny and the secret Ayesha has guarded all her life from him.

The film features eight types of authentic martial art forms and has eight international fighters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thefirstmail.in/news/news-details/79372-8_martial_arts_forms_showcased_in_upcoming_bollywood_film |title=The First Mail | 8 Martial Arts Forms Showcased in Upcoming Bollywood Film |website=thefirstmail.in |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827024143/http://thefirstmail.in/news/news-details/79372-8_martial_arts_forms_showcased_in_upcoming_bollywood_film |archive-date=27 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Rishy as Ranviir
*[[Rati Agnihotri]] as Ayesha
*[[Rajesh Khattar]] as Rana
*[[Shibani Kashyap]] as Sheena
*Ramnitu Chaudhary as Simran
*Prateek Parmar as Karan
*Robin Das as Maha Guru
*[[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Jampa
*Nisha Parmar as Tanya

== Marketing ==
The trailer of the film hit the theaters on 2 October 2015.

== Release ==
The film's theatrical release was on 23 October 2015.<ref name="filmibeat1">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/release-dates/2015/ranviir-the-marshal-200199.html|title=Ranviir The Marshal|first=Vinod|last=D'souza|date=1 October 2015|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack for the movie has been composed by Ricky Mishra, Jaidev, and [[Ramji Gulati]] and sung by [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Shibani Kashyap]], [[Akriti Kakar]] and [[KK (singer)|KK]].

<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/8-martial-arts-forms-showcased-in-upcoming-bollywood-film-115082300166_1.html|title=8 martial arts forms showcased in upcoming Bollywood film|author=Press Trust of India|date=23 August 2015|work=business-standard.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nagpurtoday.in/first-look-posters-of-upcoming-bollywood-movie-ranviir-the-marshal/09281348|title=First look posters of upcoming Bollywood movie Ranviir The Marshal|work=nagpurtoday.in|date=28 September 2015}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenortheasttoday.com/ranviir-the-marshal-first-authentic-martial-arts-film/|title='Ranviir the Marshal' first authentic martial arts film|author=TNT News|work=The North East Today}}</ref>
<ref name="filmibeat1"/>
* Its Time To Fight - Rishy, Ramji Gulati, [[Shibani Kashyap]]
* Saware Naino Mein - [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Akriti Kakkar]]
* Kisne Yu Mujh Ko - [[KK (singer)|KK]]
* Munde Nave Nave - [[Jaidev Kumar]], Rituraj, Vaishnavi Shetty

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5065688}}

[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 action films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]

Delhi Public School, Greater Noida

2026-02-22T18:58:18Z

Ronny14Z58: new basic data w/ infobox - done

{{promotional|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Delhi Public School, Greater Noida
| motto = ''Service Before Self''
| established = 1998
| type = [[primary school|Primary]], [[middle school|middle]], [[secondary school|secondary]]
| location = [[Gamma II, Greater Noida|Gamma II]], [[Greater Noida]]
| campus =
| district =
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| campus_size = {{cvt|15|acre}}
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| classes = [[K-12]]
| chairperson = Kaushik Dutta, DPS Society
| principal = Seema Roy
| staff = 250
| enrollment = 4600(approx.)
| website = {{URL|www.dpsgrnoida.com}}
}}
'''Delhi Public School, Greater Noida''' also known as '''DPS, Greater Noida''' is a [[K–12]] [[Coed|co-ed]] [[English language|English-medium]] school in [[Gamma II, Greater Noida|Gamma II]], [[Greater Noida]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The school is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[New Delhi]] from class nursery to XII and is one of the core schools of the [[Delhi Public School Society]]. The current principal is Seema Roy.

==History==
The school was established in 1998 and Ranjeev Taneja was the founder principal. He is presently the secretary of DPS Society. DPS Greater Noida is divided into three wings: junior, middle and senior school. It has around 4,900 students and 400 faculty members.

==Academics==
The school follows curriculum designed by the Central Board of Secondary Education. Subjects taught are - English, Hindi, Maths, EVS, Science, Social Science, Sanskrit/French/German/Spanish/Japanese as third language, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physical Education, Economics, Psychology, Accounts, Business Studies, Information Practices, Entrepreneurship, Political Science, History, Geography. The schools has claimed toppers in CBSE Class XII exams.<ref>{{cite news|title=Class XII result: Noida gets two toppers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Class-XII-result-Noida-gets-two-toppers/articleshow/35740794.cms|access-date=30 May 2014|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Sports==
The school hosted the National Inter DPS Multi Sports Meet for Girls (under 19) 2014 from 27 to 29 December 2014. Nearly 600 girls from 47 Delhi Public Schools across the country participated in the event.<ref>{{cite news|title=National Inter-DPS Multi-Sports Meet(Girls)-2014 at DPSGN|url=http://tennews.in/national-inter-dps-multi-sports-meetgirls-2014-at-dpsgn/|publisher=Ten News}}</ref>

The school also hosted the National Level Inter DPS Badminton and Table Tennis Championship 2009 from 24 to 26 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=All India Inter DPS Badminton & Table Tennis Championship-2009|url=http://www.dpsgrnoida.com/dpsgrnoida/userspace/username/dpsnadmin/DynamicFolder/homepage%202009-2010/events%202009-10/badminton%20and%20tt%20tour.htm}}</ref>

The school hosted the National Inter DPS Athletic Meet (Boys)-2013 from 18 October to 20 October 2013.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==Co-curricular activities==
A wide range of co-curricular activities are organized to supplement the academic programme, such as Art & Craft club, Music (Vocal and instrumental), Indian and Western Dance, Activity clubs, Quiz club (Qureka), Taekwondo, Skating, Yoga, Public Speaking, Dramatics, Book club, Best out of waste, Nature club, Cooking without fire, Clay modeling, German Club, Japanese club, Spanish club, English Theater, English Creative Writing, English Debate, Hindi Theater, Hindi Debate, Embroidery and Fabric Painting, Cookery, Environment club and Gardening, Kathak Dance, Science Quiz & Club, Astronomy club, Fashion Designing, Eco projects, Calligraphy club, Robotics club, Cyber club and many more. The school has won many competitions in its recent history<ref>{{cite news|title= and an Inter DPS cultural fest at DPS Noida|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/inter-dps-cultural-fest-at-dps-noida/article7997478.ece|access-date=17 December 2015|work=The Hindu}}</ref> in Inter DPS annual festivals and runner up in Dr PK Khasnavis memorial inter-school debate ('against the motion') organized by [[DPS Rohini]].<ref>{{cite news|title=DPS Rohini organised the Dr PK Khasnavis memorial inter-school debate|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/times-nie/articleshow/45847900.cms|access-date=12 January 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref> It also hosted the Inter - DPS Science Fest in 2019.

==Controversies==
A 3-year old girl was reportedly raped in the school premises (swimming pool) by a life guard, reportedly by the name Chandidas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-14 |title=Lifeguard accused of raping 3-year-old girl at Greater Noida school, held |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/lifeguard-accused-of-raping-girl-at-greater-noida-nursery-school-arrested/story-CjbskZa1j5z175TMUbXEEO.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It led to a huge backlash and protests, the principal and lifeguard got booked.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-24 |title=Greater Noida nursery student's rape: Principal, class teacher booked |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/greater-noida-nursery-students-rape-principal-class-teacher-booked/articleshow/65522746.cms |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Chandidas was eventually proven guilty and granted life term imprisonment in Aug 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-13 |title=Ex-lifeguard sentenced to jail 'till last day of life' for raping 3-year-old student in Greater Noida school; court fines school Rs 10 lakh, orders trial of two investigating officers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/ex-lifeguard-sentenced-to-jail-till-last-day-of-life-for-raping-3-year-old-student-in-greater-noida-school/articleshow/123266340.cms |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Since 2020, the school quality has deteriorated substantially as reported by students and parents alike. A Reddit thread in October 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reddit - The heart of the internet |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/greaternoida/comments/1nz8kam/shocking_reality_of_dps_greater_noida/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.reddit.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reddit - The heart of the internet |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/greaternoida/comments/1m8u2dz/review_of_schools_in_greater_noida/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.reddit.com}}</ref> expresses concerns about the school and its standards, the treatment of students and teachers alike, and its functioning as a "business house".

It reveals widespread dissatisfaction among students and alumni following the appointment of a new principal in 2020. Users report that the school now prioritizes profit and marks over holistic development, with rampant advertising and monthly exams creating immense pressure. Summer breaks in board classes are reportedly of just 15 days.

Teachers are described as underpaid, demotivated, and often leaving for better opportunities, especially in Math and Science, where fail rates have increased and teachers allegedly push students toward private coaching. Communication gaps with parents persist, as teachers present a false image during PTMs. Students feel alienated and reluctant to attend school, while genuine learning and extracurriculars have deteriorated, marking a sharp decline in school standards.

The Reddit thread gained significant traction, and the school is reportedly pressurizing students to delete critical comments to safeguard its reputation rather than improving itself.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.dpsgrnoida.com}}

{{DPS Society aegis}}
{{coord|28.49|77.50|display=title}}

[[Category:Delhi Public School Society]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Noida]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Greater Noida]]

Sri Ma Vidyalaya

2026-02-21T23:47:46Z

Ronny14Z58: Added new details more to come...

{{Unreferenced|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sri Ma Vidyalaya High School
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| logo =
| seal_image =
| image =
| image_size =
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| caption =
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| address =
| region =
| city = [[Thane]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| province =
| county =
| postal_code = 400610
| zipcode =
| country = India
| country1 =
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|15|1.42|N|72|58|44.75|E|display=inline;title}}
| schooltype = Private
| fundingtype =
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| religious_affiliation =
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| patron =
| established =
| founded =
| opened = 1975
| founder =
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| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
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| gender = [[Co-education]]
| lower_age =
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| team_name = Sri Ma Group of Institutions
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}}
'''Sri Ma Vidyalaya''' is a high school in the [[Patlipada]] district of [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It is a [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) school.

Founded in 2002, the school is a part of the Sri Ma Group of Institutions. The group was founded by Sri Tara Ma.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Thane]]

Oothu, Tirunelveli

2026-02-14T12:00:05Z

Ronny14Z58:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Oothu, Tirunelveli
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[village]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|Image=
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Oothu, [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|coordinates = {{coord|8.5770|N|77.3418|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 1,307.8
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 627427<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oothu BO Pin Code: Find Pin Code of Oothu BO locality of Tamil Nadu - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/tamil-nadu/tirunelveli/oothu-bo |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230150200/https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/tamil-nadu/tirunelveli/oothu-bo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OOTHU Pin Code - 627427, Ambasamudram All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search TIRUNELVELI Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/tirunelveli/oothu-pincode-627427.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=news.abplive.com |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218085345/https://news.abplive.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/tirunelveli/oothu-pincode-627427.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] code
|area_code =
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Other [[towns]]
|blank1_info_sec1 = Manjolai, [[Singampatti]], [[Manimutharu]], [[Ambasamudram]], [[Kallidaikurichi]]
|blank2_name_sec1 =
|blank2_info_sec1 =
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 =
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 =
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 =
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Oothu'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dstAQAAIAAJ&dq=Oothu,%2520Tirunelveli |title=Planting Directory of Southern India |date=1960 |publisher=United Planters' Association of Southern India. |language=en |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230150202/https://books.google.com/books?id=8dstAQAAIAAJ&dq=Oothu,%2520Tirunelveli |url-status=live }}</ref>near Manjolai is a tribal village and hill station in [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve|kalakkad mundanthurai tiger reserve]] in [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in peninsular [[India]]. Oothu is one of the viewpoints of Upper Kodaiyar , it's located within the manjolai hill station. It is a vibrant town sourouded by the Oothu tea estate, operated by the Bombay burmah group. The tea estates have been shut down by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] and you can't visit without prior permission . They are letting the native plants grown and turning the area back into a forest the tribal residents are still there.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGxbJqdEQrwC&dq=Oothu%252C%2520Tirunelveli&pg=PA119 |title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu |date=2010 |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-81-7478-177-2 |language=en |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230150201/https://books.google.com/books?id=nGxbJqdEQrwC&dq=Oothu%252C%2520Tirunelveli&pg=PA119 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ta6AD7MNFioC&dq=Oothu%252C%2520Tirunelveli&pg=PA123 |title=Tourist Guide to South India |date=2003 |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-81-7478-175-8 |language=en |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230150200/https://books.google.com/books?id=ta6AD7MNFioC&dq=Oothu%252C%2520Tirunelveli&pg=PA123 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Location ==
Oothu is located at an altitude of about {{convert|1,307.8|m|ft}} above the mean sea level with the [[Coordinate system|geographic coordinates]] of ({{coord|8.5770|N|77.3418|E}}) in Tirunelveli.

{{Location map many | Tamil Nadu
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Oothu
| pos1 = right
| bg1 = gold
| label1_width = 8
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|8.5770|N|77.3418|E}}
}}

== Details ==
Oothu is one of the areas that was affected by December 2023 floods.<ref>{{Cite news |title=TN floods aftermath: Manjolai residents want roads to be repaired, buses to resume |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/dec/25/tn-floods-aftermath-manjolai-residents-want-roads-to-be-repaired-buses-to-resume-2644606.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230150200/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/dec/25/tn-floods-aftermath-manjolai-residents-want-roads-to-be-repaired-buses-to-resume-2644606.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the rainfall recording areas by Meteorological department.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-29 |title=Heavy rain forecast for south TN |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/heavy-rain-forecast-for-south-tn/articleshow/106364348.cms |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230150200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/heavy-rain-forecast-for-south-tn/articleshow/106364348.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tamil Nadu: Nellai, Tenkasi face heavy rainfall, flooding |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/dec/18/tamil-nadu-nellai-tenkasi-face-heavy-rainfall-flooding-2642528.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230150201/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/dec/18/tamil-nadu-nellai-tenkasi-face-heavy-rainfall-flooding-2642528.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Tirunelveli district]]

{{Tirunelveli-geo-stub}}

Rajeev Ram

2026-02-14T04:32:46Z

Ronny14Z58: new first details more to come

{{Short description|American tennis player (born 1986)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|name= Rajeev Ram
|image= Ram RG22 (14) (52144533385).jpg
|caption= Ram at the [[2022 French Open]]
|image_upright= .8
|country= {{USA}}
|residence= [[Carmel, Indiana]], U.S.
|birth_date= {{birth date and age|1984|3|18}}
|birth_place= [[Denver]], Colorado, U.S.
|height= 6 ft 4 in
|college= [[Illinois Fighting Illini men's tennis|University of Illinois]]
|turnedpro= 2004
|retired= 2017 (singles)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/ram-retirement-newport-2017 |title=Two-Time Newport Champion Rajeev Ram to Focus on Doubles |access-date=December 31, 2021 |archive-date=December 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231004929/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/ram-retirement-newport-2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|plays= Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
|coach= Bryan Smith, David O'Hare
|careerprizemoney= [[US$]] 10,190,534
|singlesrecord= 57–93
|singlestitles= 2
|highestsinglesranking= No. 56 (April 18, 2016)
|currentsinglesranking=
|AustralianOpenresult= 2R ([[2013 Australian Open – Men's singles|2013]], [[2016 Australian Open – Men's singles|2016]])
|FrenchOpenresult= 1R ([[2010 French Open – Men's singles|2010]], [[2016 French Open – Men's singles|2016]])
|Wimbledonresult= 2R ([[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2013]])
|USOpenresult= 2R ([[2013 US Open – Men's singles|2013]], [[2015 US Open – Men's singles|2015]])
|doublesrecord= 498–353
|doublestitles= 32
|highestdoublesranking= [[List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players|No. '''1''']] (October 3, 2022)
|currentdoublesranking= No. 34 (August 18, 2025)
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult= '''W''' ([[2020 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2020]])
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult= QF ([[2011 French Open – Men's doubles|2011]], [[2019 French Open – Men's doubles|2019]], [[2020 French Open – Men's doubles|2020]], [[2022 French Open – Men's doubles|2022]], [[2024 French Open – Men's doubles|2024]])
|WimbledonDoublesresult= SF ([[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2016]], [[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2021]], [[2022 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2022]])
|USOpenDoublesresult= '''W''' ([[2021 US Open – Men's doubles|2021]], [[2022 US Open – Men's doubles|2022]], [[2023 US Open – Men's doubles|2023]])
|OthertournamentsDoubles= yes
|MastersCupDoublesresult= '''W''' ([[2022 ATP Finals – Doubles|2022]], [[2023 ATP Finals – Doubles|2023]])
|OlympicsDoublesresult= F ([[Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2024]])
|Mixed = yes
|mixedrecord =
| mixedtitles=2
|AustralianOpenMixedresult= '''W''' ([[2019 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2019]], [[2021 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2021]])
|FrenchOpenMixedresult= SF ([[2017 French Open – Mixed doubles|2017]])
|WimbledonMixedresult= 3R ([[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2011]], [[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2021]])
|USOpenMixedresult= F ([[2016 US Open – Mixed doubles|2016]])
|OthertournamentsMixedDoubles = yes
|OlympicMixedDoublesresult = F ([[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|2016]])
| medaltemplates-title= Olympic medal record
| medaltemplates-expand= yes
| medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport | Men's [[tennis]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{USA}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver |[[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]] | [[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|Mixed Doubles]]}}
{{MedalSilver |[[Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Paris]] | [[Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|Men's Doubles]]}}
|updated = June 16, 2025
}}

'''Rajeev Ram''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|ʒ|iː|v|_|ˈ|r|ɑː|m}} {{respell|rə|ZHEEV|_|RAHM}};<ref>{{cite web |title=The pronunciation by Rajeev Ram himself |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/-/media/player-names/rajeev-ram.mp3 |publisher=ATP World Tour |access-date=November 17, 2017 |archive-date=June 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613215219/http://www.atpworldtour.com/-/media/player-names/rajeev-ram.mp3 |url-status=live}}</ref> born March 18, 1984) is an American professional [[tennis]] player. He has been ranked [[List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players|world No. 1]] in men's doubles by the [[Association of Tennis Professionals]] (ATP). Ram is a six-time [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Tournaments|major]] champion, having won the [[2020 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2020 Australian Open]], the [[2021 US Open – Men's doubles|2021 US Open]], the [[2022 US Open – Men's doubles|2022 US Open]], and the [[2023 US Open – Men's doubles|2023 US Open]] in men's doubles with [[Joe Salisbury]], as well as Australian Open mixed doubles titles in [[2019 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2019]] and [[2021 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2021]] alongside [[Barbora Krejčíková]].<ref>{{cite web |date=September 10, 2021 |title=Joe Salisbury and Rajeev Ram roar back to take US Open men's doubles title |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/sep/10/joe-salisbury-rajeev-ram-take-us-open-mens-doubles-title-jamie-murray-bruno-soares-tennis |website=The Guardian |access-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910201822/https://amp.theguardian.com/sport/2021/sep/10/joe-salisbury-rajeev-ram-take-us-open-mens-doubles-title-jamie-murray-bruno-soares-tennis |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2019 |title=Australian Open 2019: Barbora Krejcikova, Rajeev Ram win mixed doubles title |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/barbora-krejcikova-rajeev-ram-win-mixed-doubles-australian-open-5556473/ |access-date=February 2, 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |archive-date=February 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212559/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/barbora-krejcikova-rajeev-ram-win-mixed-doubles-australian-open-5556473/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Ram has also won two Olympic silver medals, in mixed doubles with [[Venus Williams]] at the [[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|2016 Olympics]], and in doubles with [[Austin Krajicek]] at the [[Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2024 Olympics]].

He also finished runner-up in men's doubles at the [[2021 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2021 Australian Open]], and in mixed doubles at the [[2016 US Open – Men's doubles|2016 US Open]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=David |title=Rajeev Ram, Venus Williams earn mixed doubles silver |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/olympics/rio-2016/2016/08/14/rajeev-ram-venus-williams-earn-mixed-doubles-silver/88726314/ |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=The Indianapolis Star |language=en-US |archive-date=March 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314151704/https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/olympics/rio-2016/2016/08/14/rajeev-ram-venus-williams-earn-mixed-doubles-silver/88726314/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He became world No. 1 for the first time in October 2022, and has won 32 doubles titles on the [[ATP Tour]], including six at [[ATP Tour Masters 1000|Masters 1000]] level. Ram has qualified for the [[ATP Finals]] on six occasions, winning the title in [[2022 ATP Finals – Doubles|2022]] and in [[2023 ATP Finals – Doubles|2023]], having finished as runner-up in both [[2016 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|2016]] and [[2021 ATP Finals – Doubles|2021]].

Prior to his retirement from singles in 2017, Ram reached a career-high ranking of world No. 56 in April 2016, and won two ATP singles titles, at the Hall of Fame Tennis Championships in both [[2009 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Singles|2009]] and [[2015 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Singles|2015]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Two-Time Newport Champion Rajeev Ram To Focus On Doubles {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/ram-retirement-newport-2017 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=ATP Tour |archive-date=December 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231004929/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/ram-retirement-newport-2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his [[Davis Cup]] debut for the United States in 2021, and competed at the [[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016]], the [[Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2021]] and the [[Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024]] Olympic Games.

==Early life==
Ram was born in [[Denver]] to Raghav and Sushma Ram, both immigrants from India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Jonathan |title=Rajeev Ram has reignited tennis fervor in the Hoosier State |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/rajeev-ram-has-reignited-tennis-fervor-in-the-hoosier-state |website=Tennis.com |access-date=July 31, 2024 |date=December 7, 2016}}</ref> His father was a [[Kannadigas|Kannadiga]] from [[Bangalore]] and his mother is from [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hegde |first1=Prajwal |title=Father Raghav but Uncle Sam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/father-raghav-but-uncle-sam/articleshow/1216112.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=July 31, 2024 |date=September 1, 2005}}</ref> Ram has described his knowledge of [[Hindi]] as "decent," but admitted that he unsuccessfully tried to learn [[Kannada]], the language of his father's family.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hegde |first1=Prajwal |title=I feel very comfortable in India, says Sania Mirza's new partner Rajeev Ram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/i-feel-very-comfortable-in-india-says-sania-mirzas-new-partner-rajeev-ram/articleshow/72445714.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=July 31, 2024 |date=December 9, 2019}}</ref>

Ram attended [[Carmel High School (Indiana)|Carmel High School]] in [[Carmel, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Horner |first1=Scott |title=Rajeev Ram tennis schedule at 2024 Paris Olympics |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/olympics/2024/07/25/rajeev-ram-schedule-at-2024-paris-olympics-for-carmel-tennis-player-austin-krajicek/74182145007/ |website=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 31, 2024 |date=July 25, 2024}}</ref> His father died of [[pancreatic cancer]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Jonathan |title=Ram goes Behind the Racquet to share family loss |url=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/ram-goes-behind-the-racquet-to-share-family-loss |website=Tennis.com |access-date=July 31, 2024 |date=November 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ambrogi |first1=Mark |title=Carmel Racquet Club to dedicate court to Ram family |url=https://youarecurrent.com/2021/12/13/carmel-racquet-club-to-dedicate-court-to-ram-family/ |website=Current |access-date=July 31, 2024 |date=December 13, 2021}}</ref>

==Junior and college career==
In his junior career, Ram won a total of nine national junior titles, including singles and doubles. Among his titles were the National Claycourt 14-and-under singles title, the boys' 16-and-under national championship, the 18-and-under Easter Bowl title, and the Target Cup tournaments. In addition to his nine junior titles, Ram played high school tennis at [[Carmel High School (Carmel, Indiana)|Carmel]], earned All-State honors, became the state singles champion, and earned a scholarship in both 1998 and 1999.

Rajeev earned a wildcard entry into the Juniors' [[2001 US Open (tennis)|2001 US Open]]. Ram participated in all of the [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] junior tournaments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player.asp?player=30022039 |title=ITF Tennis - Player Biography |website=www.itftennis.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040601143626/http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player.asp?player=30022039 |archive-date=June 1, 2004}}</ref> He was the runner-up in juniors doubles at the 2002 [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], partnered with [[Brian Baker (tennis)|Brian Baker]].

Ram then delayed enrollment at the [[University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign]] until January 2003 so that he could continue to play tennis as an amateur on the pro circuit.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/20/sports/tennis-american-decides-old-style-fits-fine.html |newspaper=New York Times |date=August 20, 2003 |access-date=September 9, 2016 |title=American Decides Old Style Fits Fine |author=Dicker, Ron |archive-date=May 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527234247/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/20/sports/tennis-american-decides-old-style-fits-fine.html |url-status=live}}</ref> During his one semester at Illinois, he won the national doubles title with [[Brian Wilson (tennis)|Brian Wilson]] and helped the Fighting Illini go undefeated (32–0) and win the [[NCAA Men's Tennis Championship|2003 NCAA team championship]].<ref name="NYT"/>

==Professional career==
===2007–08===
In 2007, he won five doubles Challenger titles partnering [[Bobby Reynolds]], and reached three other finals on his way to a career-high doubles ranking of No. 62.

On July 5, 2008, Ram won the Nielsen USTA Pro Tennis Championship in Winnetka, Illinois for his first career Challenger-level singles title.

===2009: First ATP singles and doubles titles===
He won his first ATP doubles title in Chennai, India 2009 with compatriot [[Eric Butorac]].

On July 10, 2009, Ram accomplished the unusual feat of winning four professional-level tennis matches in one day. At the Campbell's Hall of Fame Tennis Championships in Rhode Island, the tournament had been rained out early in the week, pushing back many scheduled matches. On July 10, Ram advanced to the singles semifinals with wins over [[Samuel Groth]] and [[Jesse Levine]] and then partnered with [[Jordan Kerr]] to advance to the doubles semifinals with wins over [[Arnaud Clément]]/[[Olivier Rochus]] and [[Nicolas Mahut]]/[[Fabrice Santoro]]. Mahut, Santoro, and Rochus each played three matches that day, though none of them won all their matches. Ram then beat Rochus and [[Sam Querrey]] on consecutive days to capture his first ATP title.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8147014.stm |title=Ram claims maiden ATP Tour title |date=July 12, 2009 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=July 13, 2009 |archive-date=July 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713012604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8147014.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> He accomplished the rare feat of winning a title as a [[lucky loser]] and also captured the doubles title.

In Atlanta in July 2010, he won his first doubles title with American [[Scott Lipsky]], defeating [[Rohan Bopanna]] and [[Kristof Vliegen]] for the outdoor hard-court [[2010 Atlanta Tennis Championships – Doubles|Atlanta Tennis Championships]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |url=http://www.csjl.org/articles/article87-ScottLipsky.htm |title=Scott Lipsky: Good Things Come in Doubles |publisher=Center for Sport and Jewish Life |access-date=July 2, 2011 |archive-date=June 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607033250/http://www.csjl.org/articles/article87-ScottLipsky.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/07/29/Doubles-Sunday-Americans-Save-Match-Point.aspx |title=Doubles Sunday – Lipsky/Ram Save Match Point To Win Atlanta Doubles Title |publisher=ATP World Tour |date=July 25, 2010 |access-date=July 5, 2011 |archive-date=July 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728042613/http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/07/29/Doubles-Sunday-Americans-Save-Match-Point.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> In the semifinals, Lipsky and Ram had defeated [[John Isner]] and [[James Blake (tennis)|James Blake]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://longislandtennismagazine.com/article860/long-islander-wins-doubles-title-atlanta-tennis-championships |title=Long Islander Wins Doubles Title at the Atlanta Tennis Championships |work=Long Island Tennis Magazine |date=July 26, 2010 |access-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-date=March 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317121030/http://longislandtennismagazine.com/article860/long-islander-wins-doubles-title-atlanta-tennis-championships |url-status=live}}</ref> In November, they won a tournament in Eckental, Germany.<ref name="atpworldtour2">{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Scott-Lipsky.aspx?t=pa&y=2009&m=d&e=0 |title=Tennis Players – Scott Lipsky |publisher=ATP World Tour |access-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112248/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Scott-Lipsky.aspx?t=pa&y=2009&m=d&e=0 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2011===
Ram started 2011 strong, partnering with Lipsky in February to take the indoor hard court San Jose Open (over [[Christopher Kas]] from Germany and [[Alexander Peya]] from Austria) and the outdoor hard-court [[2011 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships – Doubles|Delray Beach]] titles (over [[Alejandro Falla]] from Colombia and [[Xavier Malisse]] from Belgium).<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="atpworldtour3">{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Scott-Lipsky.aspx?t=pa&y=2011&m=d&e=0 |title=Tennis Players – Scott Lipsky |publisher=ATP World Tour |access-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022122517/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Scott-Lipsky.aspx?t=pa&y=2011&m=d&e=0 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://longislandtennismagazine.com/article2826/americans-lipsky-ram-win-delray-beach-international-doubles-title |title=Americans Lipsky & Ram Win Delray Beach International Doubles Title |work=Long Island Tennis Magazine |date=February 28, 2011 |access-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-date=March 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312142415/http://longislandtennismagazine.com/article2826/americans-lipsky-ram-win-delray-beach-international-doubles-title |url-status=live}}</ref> In June, he and Lipsky advanced to the quarterfinals at the [[2011 French Open]].<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite news |url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/french11/news/story?id=6619091 |title=2011 French Open: Scott Lipsky, Casey Dellacqua win mixed doubles; Bob Bryan, Mike Bryan lose in doubles semifinals |publisher=ESPN |date=June 2, 2011 |access-date=July 4, 2011 |archive-date=June 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608052207/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french11/news/story?id=6619091 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2013===
In 2013, he teamed with [[Rohan Bopanna]], and in Dubai, they reached the semifinals.

===2014: First Grand Slam doubles semifinal===
At the [[2014 US Open (tennis)]] he reached his first Grand Slam semifinal partnering [[Scott Lipsky]] where they were defeated by top seeds and eventual champions, [[the Bryan brothers]].

===2015: Second ATP singles title===
At the [[2015 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships|Hall of Fame Tennis Championships]], he reached his second career final and won his second career ATP singles title by defeating [[Ivo Karlović]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewportbuzz.com/rajeev-ram-beats-ivo-karlovic-to-win-2nd-newport-title/2611 |title=RAJEEV RAM BEATS IVO KARLOVIC TO WIN 2ND NEWPORT TITLE. |work=The Newport Buzz |date=July 19, 2015 |access-date=June 16, 2021 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195358/https://www.thenewportbuzz.com/rajeev-ram-beats-ivo-karlovic-to-win-2nd-newport-title/2611 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2016: Olympic silver and first Major mixed doubles final, ATP Tour Finals runner-up===
At the [[2016 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships|Delray Beach Open]], Ram reached his third career final and first singles final outside the grass courts of the Hall of Fame Open, losing to Sam Querrey. At the [[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|Olympic Games]], he won silver with [[Venus Williams]] in mixed doubles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/17303803 |title=Venus' silver in mixed doubles ties Olympic mark |date=August 14, 2016 |website=ESPN |language=en |access-date=February 2, 2019 |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030456/http://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/17303803 |url-status=live}}</ref> Less than a month later, Ram and [[CoCo Vandeweghe]] advanced to the [[2016 US Open – Mixed doubles|mixed doubles final]] at the [[2016 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], where they were defeated in straight sets by [[Mate Pavić]] and [[Laura Siegemund]].

In men's doubles, Ram and partner [[Raven Klaasen]] reached the finals for the [[2016 ATP World Tour Finals|ATP World Tour Finals]].

===2017: Retirement in singles, First doubles Masters title at Indian Wells===

===2018: Paris Masters Doubles Title===
Ram won 3 doubles titles, including Munich with Ivan Dodig over N. Mektic/A. Peya, Moscow with Austin Krajicek over M. Mirnyi/P. Oswald and Paris with Marcel Granollers over J. Rojer/H. Tecau.<ref>https://www.atptour.com/en/players/rajeev-ram/r548/player-activity?matchType=Doubles&year=all&tournament=all</ref>

===2019: Australian Open mixed doubles title===
Ram, with his partner [[Barbora Krejčíková]] won the [[2019 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|Australian Open mixed doubles]] title.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/01/26/sports/tennis/ap-ten-australian-open-mixed-doubles.html |title=Ram-Krejcikova Combine to Win Australian Open Mixed Doubles |agency=Associated Press |date=January 26, 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 2, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030428/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/01/26/sports/tennis/ap-ten-australian-open-mixed-doubles.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2020: Australian Open doubles title, top 5 debut===
Ram, with his partner [[Joe Salisbury]] won the [[2020 Australian Open – Men's doubles|Australian Open men's doubles]] tournament, defeating [[Max Purcell]] and [[Luke Saville]] in the final. As a result, he reached a career high of world No. 5 in doubles, on February 3, 2020.

===2021: Second Australian Open mixed & US Open & Masters doubles titles, World No. 4===
Ram and partner [[Barbora Krejčíková]] won [[2021 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|Australian Open mixed doubles]] tournament, defeating [[Matthew Ebden]] and [[Samantha Stosur]].
He also competed in the [[2021 Australian Open – Men's doubles|men's doubles tournament]] with partner [[Joe Salisbury]] to defend their title, but lost to [[Ivan Dodig]] and [[Filip Polášek]] in the final.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/dodig-polasek-australian-open-2021-doubles-final |title=Dodig/Polasek Capture Australian Open Doubles Crown |work=ATP Tour |date=February 21, 2021 |access-date=June 20, 2021 |archive-date=February 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221113644/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/dodig-polasek-australian-open-2021-doubles-final |url-status=live}}</ref>

He reached the final and won his third Masters 1000 in Canada at the [[2021 National Bank Open|National Bank Open]] with Salisbury, defeating world No. 1 and No. 2 Croatians, Pavic and Mektic, his second final for the year at a Masters level after the [[2021 Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]], where they lost to the Croatian pair.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/doubles-final-2021-toronto-sunday |title=Rajeev Ram & Joe Salisbury Capture Maiden Masters 1000 Title in Toronto | ATP Tour | Tennis |work=ATP Tour |access-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815231927/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/doubles-final-2021-toronto-sunday |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, he returned to the top 5, on August 16, 2021.

At the [[2021 US Open – Men's doubles|2021 US Open]] Ram, partnering with Salisbury, reached the final, defeating [[Matthew Ebden]]/[[Max Purcell]] in a nearly-three-hour-long match, saving four match points in the quarterfinals<ref>{{Cite web |last=Finn |first=Richard |date=September 7, 2021 |title=Doubles wrap: Ram and Salisbury heroics highlight doubles bonanza |url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2021-09-07/doubles_wrap_ram_and_salisbury_heroics_highlight_doubles_bonanza.html |access-date=September 11, 2023 |website=www.usopen.org}}</ref> and [[Sam Querrey]]/[[Steve Johnson (tennis)|Steve Johnson]] in the semifinals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/us-open-2021-doubles-sf |title=Ram & Salisbury to Play Murray & Soares in US Open Final | ATP Tour | Tennis |work=ATP Tour |access-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909215615/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/us-open-2021-doubles-sf |url-status=live}}</ref> The pair won the men's doubles tournament, defeating [[Jamie Murray]] and [[Bruno Soares]] in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/doubles-us-open-final-2021-friday |title=Rajeev Ram & Joe Salisbury Capture First US Open Title | ATP Tour | Tennis |work=ATP Tour |access-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910221534/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/doubles-us-open-final-2021-friday |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, he reached a career high of world No. 4 in doubles, on September 20, 2021.

===2022: US Open champion, Two Masters 1000 titles, ATP Finals Crown, World No. 1===
He became World No. 2 on April 4, 2022, after reaching the quarterfinals at the [[2022 Miami Open]], losing to eventual champions [[Hubert Hurkacz]] and [[John Isner]], with his partner Joe Salisbury who became World No. 1. He won the [[2022 Monte-Carlo Masters]] with Salisbury defeating sixth-seeded pair of [[Robert Farah (tennis)|Robert Farah]] and [[Juan Sebastián Cabal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/ram-salisbury-cabal-farah-doubles-monte-carlo-2022-sunday |title=Rajeev Ram/Joe Salisbury Clinch Rolex Monte-Carlo Masters Crown | ATP Tour | Tennis |work=ATP Tour |access-date=April 22, 2022 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408093355/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/ram-salisbury-cabal-farah-doubles-monte-carlo-2022-sunday |url-status=live}}</ref>

He won his second Masters of the season at the [[2022 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|2022 Western & Southern Open]] with Salisbury.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajeev Ram/Joe Salisbury Hold Nerve For Cincinnati Crown {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/ram-salisbury-doubles-cincinnati-2022-sunday-final |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=ATP Tour |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929103541/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/ram-salisbury-doubles-cincinnati-2022-sunday-final |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[2022 US Open – Men's doubles|2022 US Open]], Ram and Salisbury defended their title, defeating [[Wesley Koolhof]] and [[Neal Skupski]] in the finals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/sep/09/joe-salisbury-and-rajeev-ram-make-history-with-us-open-double-triumph |title=Joe Salisbury and Rajeev Ram make history with US Open doubles triumph |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=October 1, 2022 |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001065409/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/sep/09/joe-salisbury-and-rajeev-ram-make-history-with-us-open-double-triumph |url-status=live}}</ref> This was the third Grand Slam title together for Ram and Salisbury.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajeev Ram and Joe Salisbury Retain US Open Crown {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/doubles-us-open-2022-final-friday |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=ATP Tour |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910091033/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/doubles-us-open-2022-final-friday |url-status=live }}</ref> They became just the second team to repeat as men's doubles champions at this Major in the Open era other than [[Todd Woodbridge]] and [[Mark Woodforde]] who went also back-to-back in New York.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/34557043 |title=Ram, Salisbury complete rare US Open repeat |date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004154143/https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/34557043 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ram became the oldest first-time World No. 1 in the doubles rankings on October 3, 2022. He is the 18th American to become No. 1 in the rankings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/ram-doubles-world-no-1-tribute |title=Team-Minded Rajeev Ram Climbs to Doubles World No. 1: 'It's Pretty Amazing' | ATP Tour | Tennis |access-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107222031/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/ram-doubles-world-no-1-tribute/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
The pair ended the year by winning the ATP Finals in Turin, Italy, beating Nikola Mektic and Mate Pavic 7–6, 6–4 in the final.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tennisnet.com/en/news/atp-finals-2022-rajeev-ram-and-joe-salisbury-win-doubles-titles |title=ATP Finals 2022: Rajeev Ram and Joe Salisbury win doubles titles |date=November 20, 2022 |publisher=tennisnet.com |access-date=August 31, 2024}}</ref>

===2023: Third US Open doubles title===

Ram began his 2023 season at the [[Maharashtra Open]] with [[Joe Salisbury]]. The pair reached the semifinals before losing to 4th seeds Vliegen/Gille. Next, at the [[Australian Open]], Ram and Salisbury lost in the third round.

In the U.S. Sunshine Swing, the pair entered the [[Indian Wells Masters]] seeded second and fell in the third round to [[Grigor Dimitrov]] and [[Hubert Hurkacz]]. At the [[Miami Masters]], they experienced another early exit in the fourth round.

In the spring clay court season, Ram and Salisbury reached their maiden masters Quarterfinals of the season at the [[Rome Masters]].

At the [[2023 US Open – Men's doubles|2023 US Open]], Ram and Salisbury defended their title, defeating [[Rohan Bopanna]] and [[Matthew Ebden]] in the finals. It was their third straight US Open title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajeev Ram & Joe Salisbury Seal Historic US Open Hat-Trick {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/doubles-final-us-open-2023 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref>

=== 2024: Olympics Silver medal and split from Salisbury===
In July 2024, Rajeev Ram and [[Austin Krajicek]] won the doubles match against Ukraine for an insurmountable 3–0 lead in the best-of-five-match qualifying series. Their victory secured a spot for the United States in the [[Davis Cup]] Finals group round.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2024 |title=Wimbledon 2024 results: Joe Salisbury and Rajeev Ram reach men's doubles second round |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/ceqdnvq25wwo |access-date=July 15, 2024 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref>

He won the silver medal with Austin Krajicek at the [[Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Paris Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Aussie veterans Ebden, Peers roar to Olympic doubles gold |url=https://www.espn.com.au/olympics/story/_/id/40714656/paris-olympics-australian-veterans-matt-ebden-john-peers-win-tennis-men-doubles-gold |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=August 3, 2024 |accessdate=August 3, 2024}}</ref> Aged 40, Ram became the oldest tennis player to win an Olympic medal in 116 years (since 44-year-old [[George Hillyard]] in 1908).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indicanews.com/indian-american-rajeev-ram-becomes-oldest-tennis-player-in-116-years-to-win-an-olympic-medal-as-us-settles-for-silver-in-paris/ |title=Indian American Rajeev Ram becomes oldest tennis player in 116 years to win an Olympic medal as US settles for silver in Paris |date=August 6, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/olympics/2024/08/03/rajeev-ram-austin-krajicek-win-silver-medal-in-mens-doubles-tennis-paris-olympics-2024/74657152007/ |title=Carmel's Rajeev Ram has to settle for silver in narrow loss in doubles gold medal match |date=August 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nripulse.com/indian-american-rajeev-ram-becomes-oldest-olympic-tennis-medalist-secures-silver-in-mens-doubles/ |title=Indian American Rajeev Ram becomes oldest Olympic tennis medalist, secures silver in Men's Doubles |date=August 7, 2024}}</ref>

At the [[2024 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], Ram and Salisbury went out in the third round to [[Nathaniel Lammons]] and [[Jackson Withrow]], suffering their first loss at the tournament in four years after a run of 20 successive wins.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/lammons-withrow-us-open-2024-monday-r3-doubles |title=Lammons/Withrow inflict Ram/Salisbury's first US Open defeat for four years |publisher=ATPTour |accessdate=September 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c0rw2j9rn18o |title=Salisbury & Ram suffer first US Open loss since 2020 |date=September 2, 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=September 25, 2024}}</ref> Three weeks later they announced they had ended their partnership.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/cq5ewx0vgxgo |title=Britain's Salisbury splits with long-time partner Ram |date=September 25, 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=September 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/tennis/joe-salisbury-rajeev-ram-doubles-split-b1184057.html |title=Joe Salisbury splits from doubles partner Rajeev Ram after four grand slam wins |date=September 25, 2024 |publisher=London Evening Standard |accessdate=September 25, 2024}}</ref>

===2025: Auckland doubles final===
Partnering with [[Christian Harrison]], Ram reached the doubles final at the [[2025 ASB Classic – Men's doubles|Auckland Classic]], but withdrew before the match against [[Nikola Mektić]] and [[Michael Venus]] due to Ram suffering an arm injury.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tennis.kiwi/news/walkover-in-asb-classic-final-for-venus-mektic/ |title=Walkover in ASB Classic final for Venus, Mektic |publisher=Tennis New Zealand |accessdate=January 11, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/360545257/michael-venus-nikola-mektic-win-asb-classic-doubles-final-walkover |title=Michael Venus, Nikola Mektic win ASB Classic doubles final in walkover |publisher=Stuff NZ |accessdate=January 11, 2025}}</ref>

==World TeamTennis==
Ram made his [[World TeamTennis]] debut in 2017 with the [[San Diego Aviators]]. He joined the [[Chicago Smash]] for its debut season, during the 2020 WTT season set to begin July 12.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://wtt.com/2020/06/16/world-teamtennis-adds-stars-tiafoe-puig-raonic-bouchard-sock-as-rosters-set-for-2020/ |title=World TeamTennis Adds Stars Tiafoe, Puig, Roanic, Bouchard, & Sock As Rosters Set For 2020 |website=WTT.com |date=June 16, 2020 |access-date=June 18, 2020 |archive-date=June 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618042824/https://wtt.com/2020/06/16/world-teamtennis-adds-stars-tiafoe-puig-raonic-bouchard-sock-as-rosters-set-for-2020/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Significant finals==
===Grand Slam finals===
====Doubles: 5 (4 titles, 1 runner-up)====
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! Result
! Year
! style="width:110px"|Championship
! Surface
! style="width:135px" | Partner
! style="width:135px" | Opponents
! style="width:90px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| [[2020 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2020]]
| style="background:#ffffcc;"|[[Australian Open]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joe Salisbury]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Max Purcell]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Luke Saville]]
| 6–4, 6–2
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| [[2021 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2021]]
| style="background:#ffffcc;"|Australian Open
| Hard
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Dodig]] {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Filip Polášek]]
| 3–6, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| [[2021 US Open – Men's doubles|2021]]
| style="background:#ccccff;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jamie Murray]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Soares]]
| 3–6, 6–2, 6–2
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| [[2022 US Open – Men's doubles|2022]]
| style="background:#ccccff;"|US Open (2)
| Hard
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Wesley Koolhof]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Neal Skupski]]
| 7–6(7–4), 7–5
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| [[2023 US Open – Men's doubles|2023]]
| style="background:#ccccff;"|US Open (3)
| Hard
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden]]
| 2–6, 6–3, 6–4
|}

====Mixed doubles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Result
! Year
! Championship
! Surface
! style="width:135px" | Partner
! style="width:135px" | Opponents
! style="width:90px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| [[2016 US Open – Mixed doubles|2016]]
| style="background:#ccccff;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[CoCo Vandeweghe]]
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Laura Siegemund]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mate Pavić]]
| 4–6, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| [[2019 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2019]]
| style="background:#ffc;"|[[Australian Open]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Krejčíková]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Astra Sharma]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John-Patrick Smith]]
| 7–6(7–3), 6–1
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| [[2021 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2021]]
| style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open (2)
| Hard
| {{flagicon|CZE}} Barbora Krejčíková
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Samantha Stosur]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden]]
| 6–1, 6–4
|}

===Year-end championships finals===
====Doubles: 4 (2 titles, 2 runner-ups)====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Result
! Year
! Championship
! Surface
! Partner
! Opponents
! class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[2016 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|2016]]
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|[[ATP Finals]], London
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raven Klaasen]]
|{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Henri Kontinen]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Peers]]
|6–2, 1–6, [8–10]
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[2021 ATP Finals – Doubles|2021]]
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|ATP Finals, Turin
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joe Salisbury]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre-Hugues Herbert]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nicolas Mahut]]
|4–6, 6–7(0–7)
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2022 ATP Finals – Doubles|2022]]
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|ATP Finals, Turin
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Nikola Mektić]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mate Pavić]]
|7–6(7–4), 6–4
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2023 ATP Finals – Doubles|2023]]
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|ATP Finals, Turin (2)
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcel Granollers]] {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Horacio Zeballos]]
|6–3, 6–4
|}

===Masters 1000 finals===
====Doubles: 10 (6 titles, 4 runner-ups)====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Result
! Year
! Tournament
! Surface
! style="width:135px" | Partner
! style="width:135px" | Opponents
! style="width:135px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[2016 Miami Open – Men's doubles|2016]]
|style="background:#e9e9e9;"|[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]]
|Hard
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raven Klaasen]]
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre-Hugues Herbert]]}} {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nicolas Mahut]]
|7–5, 1–6, [7–10]
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2017 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|2017]]
|style="background:#e9e9e9;"|[[Indian Wells Masters]]
|Hard
|{{flagicon|RSA}} Raven Klaasen
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Łukasz Kubot]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Melo]]
|6–7(1–7), 6–4, [10–8]
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2018 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|2018]]
|style="background:#e9e9e9;"|[[Paris Masters]]
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcel Granollers]]
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Jean-Julien Rojer]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Horia Tecău]]
|6–4, 6–4
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[2021 Italian Open – Men's doubles|2021]]
|style="background:#e9e9e9;"|[[Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]]
|Clay
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joe Salisbury]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Nikola Mektić]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mate Pavić]]
|4–6, 6–7(4–7)
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2021 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|2021]]
|style="background:#e9e9e9;"|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Canadian Open]]
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
|6–3, 4–6, [10–3]
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2022 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|2022]]
|style="background:#e9e9e9;"|[[Monte-Carlo Masters]]
|Clay
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Sebastián Cabal]] {{flagicon|COL}} [[Robert Farah (tennis)|Robert Farah]]
|6–4, 3–6, [10–7]
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2022 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|2022]]
|style="background:#e9e9e9;"|[[Cincinnati Masters]]
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Tim Pütz]] {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Michael Venus (tennis)|Michael Venus]]
|7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–5)
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[2023 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|2023]]
|style="background:#e9e9e9;"|Canadian Open
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|ESA}} [[Marcelo Arévalo]] {{flagicon|NED}} Jean-Julien Rojer
|3–6, 1–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[2024 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|2024]]
|style="background:#e9e9e9;"|Canadian Open
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Marcel Granollers {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Horacio Zeballos]]
|2–6, 6–7(4–7)
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|[[2025 Cincinnati Open – Men's doubles|2025]]
|style="background:#e9e9e9;"|Cincinnati Masters (2)
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Lorenzo Musetti]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Lorenzo Sonego]]
| 4–6, 6–3, [10–5]
|}

===Olympic medal matches===
====Doubles: 1 (1 silver medal)====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Result
! Year
! Championship
! Surface
! Partner
! Opponents
! class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| style="background:silver;"|Silver||[[Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2024]]
| style="background:#ffea5c;"|[[Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Summer Olympics]], France
| Clay
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Austin Krajicek]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Peers]]
| 7–6(8–6), 6–7(1–7), [8–10]
|}

====Mixed doubles: 1 (1 silver medal)====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Result
! Year
! Championship
! Surface
! Partner
! Opponents
! class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| style="background:silver;"|Silver||[[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|2016]]
| style="background:#ffea5c;"|[[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Summer Olympics]], Brazil
| Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Venus Williams]]
| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bethanie Mattek-Sands]]}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jack Sock]]
| 7–6(7–3), 1–6, [7–10]
|}

==ATP career finals==
===Singles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)===
{|
|- valign="top"
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Legend
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|Grand Slam tournaments (0–0)
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|ATP World Tour Finals (0–0)
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (0–0)
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|ATP World Tour 500 Series (0–0)
|-
|ATP World Tour 250 Series (2–1)
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (0–1)
|-
|Clay (0–0)
|-
|Grass (2–0)
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Finals by setting
|-
|Outdoor (2–1)
|-
|Indoor (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|1–0
|[[2009 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Singles|{{dts|Jul 2009}}]]
|[[Hall of Fame Tennis Championships]], United States
|250 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Sam Querrey]]
|6–7(3–7), 7–5, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|2–0
|[[2015 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Singles|{{dts|Jul 2015}}]]
|Hall of Fame Tennis Championships, United States (2)
|250 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivo Karlović]]
|7–6(7–5), 5–7, 7–6(7–2)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|2–1
|[[2016 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships – Singles|{{dts|Feb 2016}}]]
|[[Delray Beach Open]], United States
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} Sam Querrey
|4–6, 6–7(6–8)
|}

===Doubles: 57 (32 titles, 25 runner-ups)===
{|
|- valign="top"
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Legend
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|Grand Slam tournaments (4–1)
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|ATP World Tour Finals (2–2)
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (6–4)
|- style="background:#FFEA5C;"
|Summer Olympics (0–1)
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|ATP World Tour 500 Series (5–3)
|-
|ATP World Tour 250 Series (15–14)
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (25–16)
|-
|Clay (3–4)
|-
|Grass (4–5)
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Finals by setting
|-
|Outdoor (23–20)
|-
|Indoor (9–5)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–1
|[[2005 Pilot Pen Tennis – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2005}}]]
|[[Connecticut Open (tennis)|New Haven Open]], United States
|Intl Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bobby Reynolds]]
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Gastón Etlis]] {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Martín Rodríguez (tennis)|Martín Rodríguez]]
|4–6, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|1–1
|[[2009 Chennai Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2009}}]]
|[[Maharashtra Open|Chennai Open]], India
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Eric Butorac]]
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Jean-Claude Scherrer]] {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Stan Wawrinka]]
|6–3, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|2–1
|[[2009 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 2009}}]]
|[[Hall of Fame Tennis Championships]], United States
|250 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jordan Kerr]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Michael Kohlmann]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Rogier Wassen]]
|6–7(6–8), 7–6(9–7), [10–6]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|3–1
|[[2009 PTT Thailand Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2009}}]]
|[[PTT Thailand Open (ATP)|Thailand Open]], Thailand
|250 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|USA}} Eric Butorac
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Guillermo García López]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Mischa Zverev]]
|7–6(7–4), 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|4–1
|[[2010 Atlanta Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 2010}}]]
|[[Atlanta Open (tennis)|Atlanta Open]], United States
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Lipsky]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]] {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Kristof Vliegen]]
|6–3, 6–7(4–7), [12–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–2
|[[2011 SA Tennis Open – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2011}}]]
|[[SA Tennis Open]], South Africa
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} Scott Lipsky
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[James Cerretani]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Adil Shamasdin]]
|3–6, 6–3, [7–10]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|5–2
|[[2011 SAP Open – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2011}}]]
|[[Pacific Coast Championships]], United States
|250 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|USA}} Scott Lipsky
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Alejandro Falla]] {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Xavier Malisse]]
|6–4, 4–6, [10–8]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|6–2
|[[2011 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2011}}]]
|[[Delray Beach Open]], United States
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} Scott Lipsky
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Christopher Kas]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Peya]]
|4–6, 6–4, [10–3]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|7–2
|[[2012 St. Petersburg Open – Doubles|{{dts|Sep 2012}}]]
|[[St. Petersburg Open]], Russia
|250 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
|{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Lukáš Lacko]] {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Igor Zelenay]]
|6–2, 4–6, [10–6]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|7–3
|[[2014 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 2014}}]]
|Hall of Fame Tennis Championships, United States
|250 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Jonathan Erlich]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Chris Guccione (tennis)|Chris Guccione]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Lleyton Hewitt]]
|5–7, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|8–3
|[[2015 Gerry Weber Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 2015}}]]
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[Halle Open]], Germany
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|500 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raven Klaasen]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rohan Bopanna {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Florin Mergea]]
|7–6(7–5), 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|8–4
|[[2015 Malaysian Open, Kuala Lumpur – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2015}}]]
|[[ATP Malaysian Open (tennis)|Malaysian Open]], Malaysia
|250 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|RSA}} Raven Klaasen
|{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Treat Huey]] {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Henri Kontinen]]
|6–7(4–7), 2–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|8–5
|[[2016 Miami Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Apr 2016}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]], United States
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Hard
|{{flagicon|RSA}} Raven Klaasen
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre-Hugues Herbert]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nicolas Mahut]]
|7–5, 1–6, [7–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|8–6
|[[2016 Geneva Open – Doubles|{{dts|May 2016}}]]
|[[Geneva Open]], Switzerland
|250 Series
|Clay
|{{flagicon|RSA}} Raven Klaasen
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Steve Johnson (tennis)|Steve Johnson]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sam Querrey]]
|4–6, 1–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|9–6
|[[2016 Gerry Weber Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 2016}}]]
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|Halle Open, Germany (2)
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|500 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|RSA}} Raven Klaasen
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Łukasz Kubot]] {{flagicon|AUT}} Alexander Peya
|7–6(7–5), 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|10–6
|[[2016 Chengdu Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2016}}]]
|[[Chengdu Open]], China
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|RSA}} Raven Klaasen
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pablo Carreño Busta]] {{flagicon|POL}} [[Mariusz Fyrstenberg]]
|7–6(7–2), 7–5
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|10–7
|[[2016 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2016}}]]
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[Japan Open (tennis)|Japan Open]], Japan
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|500 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|RSA}} Raven Klaasen
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcel Granollers]] {{flagicon|POL}} [[Marcin Matkowski]]
|2–6, 6–7(4–7)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|10–8
|[[2016 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2016}}]]
| style="background:#ffc;"|[[ATP World Tour Finals]], United Kingdom
| style="background:#ffc;"|Tour Finals
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|RSA}} Raven Klaasen
|{{flagicon|FIN}} Henri Kontinen {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Peers]]
|6–2, 1–6, [8–10]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|11–8
|[[2017 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2017}}]]
|Delray Beach Open, United States (2)
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|RSA}} Raven Klaasen
|{{flagicon|PHI}} Treat Huey {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Max Mirnyi]]
|7–5, 7–5
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|12–8
|[[2017 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Mar 2017}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Indian Wells Masters]], United States
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Hard
|{{flagicon|RSA}} Raven Klaasen
|{{flagicon|POL}} Łukasz Kubot {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Melo]]
|6–7(1–7), 6–4, [10–8]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|12–9
|[[2017 Ricoh Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jun 2017}}]]
|[[Rosmalen Grass Court Championships]], Netherlands
|250 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|RSA}} Raven Klaasen
|{{flagicon|POL}} Łukasz Kubot {{flagicon|BRA}} Marcelo Melo
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|13–9
|[[2017 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 2017}}]]
|Hall of Fame Tennis Championships, United States (2)
|250 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matt Reid (tennis)|Matt Reid]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John-Patrick Smith]]
|6–4, 4–6, [10–7]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|14–9
|[[2017 ATP Shenzhen Open – Doubles|{{dts|Sep 2017}}]]
|[[ATP Shenzhen Open|Shenzhen Open]], China
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUT}} Alexander Peya
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Nikola Mektić]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Nicholas Monroe]]
|6–3, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|15–9
|[[2018 BMW Open – Doubles|{{dts|May 2018}}]]
|[[Bavarian International Tennis Championships|Bavarian Championships]], Germany
|250 Series
|Clay
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Dodig]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|AUT}} Alexander Peya
|6–3, 7–5
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|15–10
|[[2018 Geneva Open – Doubles|{{dts|May 2018}}]]
|Geneva Open, Switzerland
|250 Series
|Clay
|{{flagicon|CRO}} Ivan Dodig
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Oliver Marach]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mate Pavić]]
|6–3, 6–7(3–7), [9–11]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|15–11
|[[2018 BB&T Atlanta Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 2018}}]]
|Atlanta Open, United States
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Ryan Harrison]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} Nicholas Monroe {{flagicon|AUS}} John-Patrick Smith
|6–3, 6–7(5–7), [8–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|15–12
|[[2018 ATP Shenzhen Open – Doubles|{{dts|Sep 2018}}]]
|Shenzhen Open, China
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Robert Lindstedt]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ben McLachlan]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joe Salisbury]]
|6–7(5–7), 6–7(4–7)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|16–12
|[[2018 Kremlin Cup – Men's doubles|{{dts|Oct 2018}}]]
|[[Kremlin Cup]], Russia
|250 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Austin Krajicek]]
|{{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Philipp Oswald]]
|7–6(7–4), 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|17–12
|[[2018 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2018}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Paris Masters]], France
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Marcel Granollers
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Jean-Julien Rojer]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Horia Tecău]]
|6–4, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|17–13
|[[2019 Brisbane International – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jan 2019}}]]
|[[Brisbane International]], Australia
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Marcus Daniell]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Wesley Koolhof]]
|4–6, 6–7(6–8)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|18–13
|[[2019 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|{{dts|Mar 2019}}]]
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[Dubai Tennis Championships]], United Arab Emirates
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|500 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|JPN}} Ben McLachlan {{flagicon|GER}} [[Jan-Lennard Struff]]
|7–6(7–4), 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|18–14
|[[2019 Queen's Club Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 2019}}]]
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[Queen's Club Championships]], United Kingdom
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|500 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Feliciano López]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Andy Murray]]
|6–7(6–8), 7–5, [5–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|18–15
|[[2019 European Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2019}}]]
|[[European Open (tennis)|European Open]], Belgium
|250 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kevin Krawietz]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Andreas Mies]]
|6–7(1–7), 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|19–15
|[[2019 Erste Bank Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2019}}]]
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[Vienna Open]], Austria
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|500 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|POL}} Łukasz Kubot {{flagicon|BRA}} Marcelo Melo
|6–4, 6–7(5–7), [10–5]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|20–15
|[[2020 Australian Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Feb 2020}}]]
|style="background:#F3E6D7;"|[[Australian Open]], Australia
|style="background:#F3E6D7;"|Grand Slam
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Max Purcell]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Luke Saville]]
|6–4, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|20–16
|[[2021 Australian Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Feb 2021}}]]
|style="background:#F3E6D7;"|Australian Open, Australia
|style="background:#F3E6D7;"|Grand Slam
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|CRO}} Ivan Dodig {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Filip Polášek]]
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|20–17
|[[2021 Italian Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|May 2021}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]], Italy
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Clay
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
|4–6, 6–7(4–7)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|20–18
|[[2021 Eastbourne International – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jun 2021}}]]
|[[Eastbourne International]], United Kingdom
|250 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
|4–6, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|21–18
|[[2021 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2021}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Canadian Open]], Canada
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
|6–3, 4–6, [10–3]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|22–18
|[[2021 US Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Sep 2021}}]]
|style="background:#F3E6D7;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], United States
|style="background:#F3E6D7;"|Grand Slam
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jamie Murray]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Soares]]
|3–6, 6–2, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|22–19
|[[2021 Erste Bank Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2021}}]]
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|Vienna Open, Austria
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|500 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Sebastián Cabal]] {{flagicon|COL}} [[Robert Farah (tennis)|Robert Farah]]
|4–6, 2–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|22–20
|[[2021 ATP Finals – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2021}}]]
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|ATP Finals, Italy
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|Tour Finals
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|FRA}} Pierre-Hugues Herbert {{flagicon|FRA}} Nicolas Mahut
|4–6, 6–7(0–7)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|23–20
|[[2022 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2022}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Monte-Carlo Masters]], Monaco
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Clay
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
||{{flagicon|COL}} Juan Sebastián Cabal {{flagicon|COL}} Robert Farah
|6–4, 3–6, [10–7]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|24–20
|[[2022 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2022}}]]
|bgcolor=e9e9e9|[[Cincinnati Masters]], United States
|bgcolor=e9e9e9|Masters 1000
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Tim Pütz]] {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Michael Venus (tennis)|Michael Venus]]
|7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–5)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|25–20
|[[2022 US Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Sep 2022}}]]
|style="background:#F3E6D7;"|US Open, United States (2)
|style="background:#F3E6D7;"|Grand Slam
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|NED}} Wesley Koolhof {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Neal Skupski]]
|7–6(7–4), 7–5
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|26–20
|[[2022 ATP Finals – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2022}}]]
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|ATP Finals, Italy
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|Tour Finals
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
|7–6(7–4), 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|27–20
|[[2023 ATP Lyon Open – Doubles|{{dts|May 2023}}]]
|[[ATP Lyon Open|Lyon Open]], France
|250 Series
|Clay
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|FRA}} Nicolas Mahut {{flagicon|NED}} [[Matwé Middelkoop]]
|6–0, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=#ffa07a|Loss
|27–21
|[[2023 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2023}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Canadian Open, Canada
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|ESA}} [[Marcelo Arévalo]] {{flagicon|NED}} Jean-Julien Rojer
|3–6, 1–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|28–21
|[[2023 US Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Sep 2023}}]]
|style="background:#F3E6D7;"|US Open, United States (3)
|style="background:#F3E6D7;"|Grand Slam
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rohan Bopanna {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden]]
|2–6, 6–3, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|29–21
|[[2023 Erste Bank Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2023}}]]
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|Vienna Open, Austria (2)
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|500 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Nathaniel Lammons]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jackson Withrow]]
|6–4, 5–7, [12–10]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|30–21
|[[2023 ATP Finals – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2023}}]]
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|ATP Finals, Italy (2)
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|Tour Finals
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Marcel Granollers {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Horacio Zeballos]]
|6–3, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|31–21
|[[2024 Adelaide International – Men's doubles|Jan 2024]]
|[[Adelaide International (tennis)|Adelaide International]], Australia
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rohan Bopanna {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
|7–5, 5–7, [11–9]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|31–22
|[[Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2024}}]]
|style="background:#FFEA5C;"|[[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]], France
|style="background:#FFEA5C;"|Olympics
|Clay
|{{flagicon|USA}} Austin Krajicek
|{{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden {{flagicon|AUS}} John Peers
|7–6(8–6), 6–7(1–7), [8–10]
|-
|bgcolor=#ffa07a|Loss
|31–23
|[[2024 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2024}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Canadian Open, Canada
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Marcel Granollers {{flagicon|ARG}} Horacio Zeballos
|2–6, 6–7(4–7)
|-
|bgcolor=#ffa07a|Loss
|31–24
|[[2025 ASB Classic – Men's doubles|Jan 2025]]
|[[ATP Auckland Open|Auckland Open]], New Zealand
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Christian Harrison]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|NZL}} Michael Venus
|Walkover
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|31–25
|[[2025 BOSS Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 2025}}]]
|[[Stuttgart Open]], Germany
|250 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex Michelsen]]
|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Santiago González (tennis)|Santiago González]] {{flagicon|USA}} Austin Krajicek
|4–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|32–25
|[[2025 Cincinnati Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2025}}]]
|bgcolor=e9e9e9|[[Cincinnati Masters]], United States
|bgcolor=e9e9e9|Masters 1000
|Hard
|{{flagicon|HRV}} [[Nikola Mektić]]
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Lorenzo Musetti]] {{flagicon|ITA}} Lorenzo Sonego
|4–6, 6–3, [10–5]
|}

===Records===
* These records were attained in the [[Open Era]] of tennis.
{|class=wikitable
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|width=200|Tournament||width=50|Year||width=200|Record accomplished||width=200|Player tied
|-
|[[Hall of Fame Open|Newport]]
|[[2009 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Singles|2009]]
|Winning an ATP tournament as [[lucky loser]]
|[[Heinz Gunthardt]] [[Bill Scanlon]] [[Francisco Clavet]] [[Christian Miniussi]] [[Sergiy Stakhovsky]] [[Leonardo Mayer]] [[Andrey Rublev]] [[Marco Cecchinato]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/On_the_ATP_results_with/54305/atp-budapest-lucky-loser-marco-cecchinato-wins-the-first-atp-title/ |title=ATP Budapest: Lucky loser Marco Cecchinato wins the first ATP title |date=April 29, 2018 |publisher=tennisworldusa.org |quote=Cecchinato is the ninth player in the Open era who won an ATP title as a lucky loser and the third in the last two seasons after [[Andrey Rublev (tennis)|Andrey Rublev]] and [[Leonardo Mayer]] in Umag and Hamburg last July. |access-date=May 3, 2018 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205132800/https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/On_the_ATP_results_with/54305/atp-budapest-lucky-loser-marco-cecchinato-wins-the-first-atp-title/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kwon Soon-woo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/atp/adelaide-international-2-kwon-lifts-the-trophy-653846.html |title=History in Adelaide: Lucky loser Kwon becomes first Korean to win multiple ATP singles titles |date=January 14, 2023 |access-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201033813/https://www.tennismajors.com/atp/adelaide-international-2-kwon-lifts-the-trophy-653846.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Performance timelines==
{{Performance key}}

=== Singles ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:97%
|-
!Tournament!![[2001 ATP Tour|2001]]!![[2002 ATP Tour|2002]]!![[2003 ATP Tour|2003]]!![[2004 ATP Tour|2004]]!![[2005 ATP Tour|2005]]!![[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]!![[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]!![[2008 ATP Tour|2008]]!![[2009 ATP World Tour|2009]]!![[2010 ATP World Tour|2010]]!![[2011 ATP World Tour|2011]]!![[2012 ATP World Tour|2012]]!![[2013 ATP World Tour|2013]]!![[2014 ATP World Tour|2014]]!![[2015 ATP World Tour|2015]]!![[2016 ATP World Tour|2016]]!![[2017 ATP World Tour|2017]]!!SR!!width=38|W–L
|-
| colspan="20" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2006 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2007 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2009 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2011 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2012 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Australian Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2014 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2015 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Australian Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2017 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q3]]
|0 / 4
|2–4
|-
|align=left| [[French Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2007 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2009 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 French Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 French Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2017 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|0 / 2
|0–2
|-
|align=left| [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q3]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q3]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|0 / 4
|1–4
|-
|align=left| [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2001 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2003 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2006 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2007 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2008 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2010 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2011 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q3]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2014 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q3]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|0 / 7
|2–7
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
|style=text-align:left|Win–loss
|0–0
|0–0
|0–0
|0–1
|0–1
|0–0
|0–0
|0–1
|0–2
|0–3
|0–0
|0–1
|3–3
|0–0
|1–1
|1–4
|0–0
|0 / 17
|5–17
|-
| colspan="20" align="left" |'''[[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]]'''
|-
|align=left|[[Indian Wells Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2009 BNP Paribas Open – Men's singles|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 BNP Paribas Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2011 BNP Paribas Open – Men's singles|Q1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2012 BNP Paribas Open – Men's singles|Q1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2013 BNP Paribas Open – Men's singles|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 BNP Paribas Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2015 BNP Paribas Open – Men's singles|Q2]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 BNP Paribas Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2017 BNP Paribas Open – Men's singles|Q2]]
|0 / 3
|1–3
|-
|align=left|[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2003 NASDAQ-100 Open – Men's singles|Q2]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Sony Open Tennis – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2015 Miami Open – Men's singles|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Miami Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|A
|0 / 4
|1–3
|-
|align=left|[[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Open]] 1
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2016 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's singles|Q1]]
|A
|0 / 0
|0–0
|-
|align=left|[[Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2016 Italian Open – Men's singles|Q2]]
|A
|0 / 0
|0–0
|-
|align=left|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Canadian Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Rogers Masters – Singles|1R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2009 Rogers Masters – Singles|Q1]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2013 Rogers Cup – Men's singles|Q1]]
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2015 Rogers Cup – Men's singles|Q2]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Rogers Cup – Men's singles|3R]]
|A
|0 / 2
|2–2
|-
|align=left|[[Cincinnati Open]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2003 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Singles|Q1]]
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2005 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Singles|Q2]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2006 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Singles|Q1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2007 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Singles|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2009 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Singles|Q2]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2010 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Singles|Q1]]
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2012 Western & Southern Open – Men's singles|Q2]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2013 Western & Southern Open – Men's singles|Q1]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Western & Southern Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|A
|0 / 2
|0–2
|-
|align=left|[[Shanghai Masters (tennis)|Shanghai Masters]] 2
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2011 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Singles|Q1]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Singles|Q1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2015 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Singles|Q1]]
|A
|A
|0 / 0
|0–0
|-
|align=left|[[Paris Masters]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2015 BNP Paribas Masters – Singles|Q2]]
|A
|A
|0 / 0
|0–0
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
|style=text-align:left|Win–loss
|0–0
|0–0
|0–0
|0–0
|0–0
|0–1
|0–0
|0–1
|0–0
|0–2
|0–0
|0–1
|0–2
|0–1
|0–1
|4–2
|0–0
|0 / 11
|4–10
|-
| colspan="20" style="text-align:left;" |'''Career statistics'''
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
|style=text-align:left|Titles
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|colspan=2|2
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
|style=text-align:left|Finals
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|1
|0
|colspan=2|3
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
|style=text-align:left|Overall win–loss
|0–0
|0–1
|1–1
|1–3
|2–2
|0–1
|0–1
|2–4
|8–6
|6–18
|2–3
|7–9
|4–11
|3–7
|7–6
|12–18
|2–2
|colspan="2"|57–93
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|align=left|'''Year-end ranking'''
|1,383
|536
|437
|297
|195
|197
|253
|190
|79
|184
|149
|132
|127
|139
|89
|129
|353
|colspan=2|'''38%'''
|}

1 Held as [[Hamburg Masters]] (outdoor clay) until 2008, [[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Masters]] (outdoor clay) 2009 – present. 
2 Held as [[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Masters]] (indoor hard) until 2008, and [[Shanghai Rolex Masters|Shanghai Masters]] (outdoor hard) 2009 – present.

=== Doubles ===
''Current through the [[2025 Davis Cup Qualifiers second round]].''
{|class="nowrap wikitable" style=text-align:center;font-size:87%
|-
!Tournament!![[2001 ATP Tour|2001]]!![[2002 ATP Tour|2002]]!![[2003 ATP Tour|2003]]!![[2004 ATP Tour|2004]]!![[2005 ATP Tour|2005]]!![[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]!![[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]!![[2008 ATP Tour|2008]]!![[2009 ATP Tour|2009]]!![[2010 ATP Tour|2010]]!![[2011 ATP Tour|2011]]!![[2012 ATP Tour|2012]]!![[2013 ATP Tour|2013]]!![[2014 ATP Tour|2014]]!![[2015 ATP Tour|2015]]!![[2016 ATP Tour|2016]]!![[2017 ATP Tour|2017]]!![[2018 ATP Tour|2018]]!![[2019 ATP Tour|2019]]!![[2020 ATP Tour|2020]]!![[2021 ATP Tour|2021]]!![[2022 ATP Tour|2022]]!![[2023 ATP Tour|2023]]!![[2024 ATP Tour|2024]]!![[2025 ATP Tour|2025]]!!SR!!width=40|W–L
|-
| colspan="28" style="text-align:left" |'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]]'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2010 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2012 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2016 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2020 Australian Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2021 Australian Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2022 Australian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|1 / 19
|41–18
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 French Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2011 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 French Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2019 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2020 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2022 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 French Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2024 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|0 / 18
|25–18
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2022 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|0 / 18
|26–18
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2014 US Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2020 US Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2021 US Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2022 US Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2023 US Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2025 US Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|3 / 25
|42–22
|-style=font-weight:bold;background:#efefef
|style=text-align:left|Win–loss
|0–1
|0–1
|0–1
|1–1
|0–1
|0–2
|3–2
|6–4
|3–4
|4–4
|4–4
|9–4
|3–4
|5–4
|3–4
|9–4
|4–4
|3–4
|9–4
|12–2
|16–3
|17–3
|10–3
|8–4
|5–4
|4 / 80
|134–76
|-
| colspan="28" style="text-align:left" |'''[[ATP Finals]]'''
|-
|align=left|[[ATP Finals]]
|colspan=15 |Did not qualify
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2016 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 ATP Finals – Doubles|RR]]
|DNQ
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 ATP Finals – Doubles|RR]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2020 ATP Finals – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2021 ATP Finals – Doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2022 ATP Finals – Doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2023 ATP Finals – Doubles|'''W''']]
|colspan=2|DNQ
|2 / 7
|20–8
|-
| colspan="28" align="left" |'''[[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]]'''
|-
|align=left|[[Indian Wells Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2017 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2018 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="color:#767676" |NH
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2022 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|1 / 11
|12–10
|-
|align=left|[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Sony Open Tennis – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2015 Miami Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2016 Miami Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Miami Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Miami Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Miami Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2021 Miami Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2022 Miami Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 Miami Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2024 Miami Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Miami Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|0 / 13
|17–13
|-
|align=left|[[Monte-Carlo Masters]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|A
|style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2022 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|1 / 8
|5–7
|-
|align=left|[[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Open]] 1
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|0 / 9
|2–9
|-
|align=left|[[Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Italian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2017 Italian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Italian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Italian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2020 Italian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2021 Italian Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 Italian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2023 Italian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2024 Italian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Italian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|0 / 10
|10–10
|-
|align=left|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Canadian Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2016 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2017 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2018 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2019 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|SF]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor=lime|[[2021 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 Rogers Cup|2R]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2023 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2024 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|1 / 11
|18–9
|-
|align=left|[[Cincinnati Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2016 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2020 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2021 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2022 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2024 Cincinnati Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2025 Cincinnati Open – Men's doubles|W]]'''
|2 / 15
|16–13
|-
|align=left|[[Shanghai Masters (tennis)|Shanghai Masters]] 2
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2017 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2019 Rolex Shanghai Masters – Doubles|QF]]
| colspan="3" style="color:#767676" |NH
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2023 Rolex Shanghai Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 Rolex Shanghai Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|A
|0 / 8
|5–7
|-
|align=left|[[Paris Masters]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2015 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2018 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2019 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2022 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2023 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2024 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|SF]]
|A
|1 / 10
|10–8
|-style=font-weight:bold;background:#efefef
|style=text-align:left|Win–loss
|0–0
|0–0
|0–0
|0–0
|0–0
|0–0
|0–0
|0–0
|0–1
|1–3
|0–2
|1–1
|1–3
|0–1
|5–4
|6–9
|8–8
|13–7
|8–8
|2–2
|14–7
|13–6
|8–9
|10–9
|7–6
|6 / 95
|95–86
|-
| colspan="28" style="text-align:left" |'''National representation'''
|-
|align=left|[[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|A
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|A
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|A
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|align=center style=background:#afeeee|[[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2R]]
|colspan=4 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|align=center style=background:#afeeee|[[Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2R]]
|colspan=2 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|style=background:silver|[[Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|S]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|0 / 3
|6–3
|-
|align=left|[[ATP Cup]]
|colspan=19 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|align=center style=background:#afeeee|[[2020 ATP Cup|RR]]
|DNQ
|
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|0 / 1
|1–2
|-
| colspan="28" style="text-align:left" |'''Career statistics'''
|-style=font-weight:bold;background:#efefef
|style=text-align:left|Titles
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|3
|1
|2
|1
|0
|0
|1
|2
|4
|3
|2
|1
|2
|4
|4
|1
|1
|colspan=2|32
|-style=font-weight:bold;background:#efefef
|style=text-align:left|Finals
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|3
|1
|3
|1
|0
|1
|2
|6
|5
|6
|5
|1
|7
|4
|6
|3
|3
|colspan=2|57
|-style=font-weight:bold;background:#efefef
|style=text-align:left|Overall win–loss
|0–2
|0–1
|0–3
|1–2
|3–4
|0–3
|3–3
|12–10
|21–13
|14–19
|21–19
|22–16
|10–15
|11–13
|24–23
|37–25
|35–22
|44–26
|39–24
|21–11
|46–18
|42–17
|41–20
|32–23
|26–22
| colspan="2" |502-354
|- style=background:#efefef
|align=left|'''Year-end ranking'''
|1,099
|541
|448
|133
|113
|122
|65
|68
|39
|67
|45
|44
|78
|53
|36
|14
|22
|21
|24
|14
|bgcolor=eee8aa|4
|bgcolor=99ccff|3
|bgcolor=eee8aa|6
|30
|28
!colspan=2|{{tennis win percentage|won=502|lost=354|integer=yes}}
|}

1 Held as [[Hamburg Masters]] (outdoor clay) until 2008, [[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Masters]] (outdoor clay) 2009 – present. 
2 Held as [[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Masters]] (indoor hard) until 2008, and [[Shanghai Rolex Masters|Shanghai Masters]] (outdoor hard) 2009 – present.

===Mixed doubles===
''Current through the [[2025 French Open – Mixed doubles|2025 French Open]].''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;
|-
!Tournament!![[2009 ATP Tour|2009]]!![[2010 ATP Tour|2010]]!![[2011 ATP Tour|2011]]!![[2012 ATP Tour|2012]]!![[2013 ATP Tour|2013]]!![[2014 ATP Tour|2014]]!![[2015 ATP Tour|2015]]!![[2016 ATP Tour|2016]]!![[2017 ATP Tour|2017]]!![[2018 ATP Tour|2018]]!![[2019 ATP Tour|2019]]!![[2020 ATP Tour|2020]]!![[2021 ATP Tour|2021]]!![[2022 ATP Tour|2022]]!![[2023 ATP Tour|2023]]!![[2024 ATP Tour|2024]]!![[2025 ATP Tour|2025]]!!{{Tooltip| SR | Strike rate}}!!{{Tooltip| W–L | Win–loss}}!!Win %
|-
| colspan="21" style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]]'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2019 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|W]]'''
|A
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2021 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2022 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|A
|A
|A
|2 / 6
|12–4
|{{tennis win percentage|won=12|lost=4|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2017 French Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|style="color:#767676;"|NH
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2021 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|0 / 5
|5–5
|{{tennis win percentage|won=5|lost=5|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|style="color:#767676;"|NH
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|0 / 8
|5–7
|{{tennis win percentage|won=5|lost=7|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2016 US Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2019 US Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|0 / 10
|12–9
|{{tennis win percentage|won=12|lost=9|integer=yes}}
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!0–1
!1–1
!3–2
!1–0
!1–2
!1–1
!1–2
!4–1
!3–4
!1–4
!8–2
!0–0
!7–2
!2–1
!0–0
!1–1
!0–1
!2 / 29
!34–25
!{{tennis win percentage|won=34|lost=25|integer=yes}}
|-
| colspan="21" style="text-align:left;" |'''National representation'''
|-
|align=left|[[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|A
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|bgcolor=silver|[[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|F–S]]
|colspan=4 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|colspan=2 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|A
|style=color:#767676|NH
!0 / 2
!3–2
!{{tennis win percentage|won=3|lost=2|integer=yes}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ATP}}
* {{ITF}}
* {{Davis Cup player|new_id=300ea5af-719a-4d57-b842-25d21151a2f5|old_id=800215564|archive=20250519104523}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118161519/http://fightingillini.cstv.com/sports/m-tennis/mtt/ram_rajeev00.html |title=Fighting Illini Men's Tennis Player Profile |date=mdy}}
* {{Team USA|xnew_id=rajeev-ram-1195621|old_id=RA/Rajeev-Ram|archive=20230429001632}}
* {{Olympedia}}

{{Australian Open men's doubles champions}}
{{US Open men's doubles champions}}
{{Australian Open mixed doubles champions}}
{{ATP Masters Series tournament doubles winners |state=collapsed}}
{{Year-end championships winners doubles}}
{{ATP World No.1 doubles players}}
{{NCAA Division I tennis men's doubles champions}}
{{2015 Washington Kastles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Rajeev}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male tennis players]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for the United States in tennis]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players]]
[[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles]]
[[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles]]
[[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]]
[[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]]
[[Category:Carmel High School (Indiana) alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Fighting Illini men's tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Arapahoe County, Colorado]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Carmel, Indiana]]
[[Category:Tennis players from Colorado]]
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Kishwer Merchant

2026-02-07T23:38:58Z

Ronny14Z58: adding basic details initial version

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kishwer Merchant
| image = Kishwer Merchant graces Pre Diwali bash at The Stadium Bar.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Merchant in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1981|02|3}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]| [[Model (person)|model]]}}
| years_active = 1997–2023
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Suyyash Rai]]|2016}}
| children=1
}}
'''Kishwer Merchant Rai''' ([[née]] '''Merchant'''; born 3 February 1981<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-9-contestants-suryansh-yuvika-keith-wish-kishwer-merchant-happy-birthday/ |title=Bigg Boss 9 contestants Suyyash, Yuvika, Keith wish Kishwer Merchant Happy Birthday |work=The Indian Express}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) is an Indian television [[actress]] and [[model (person)|model]]. Merchant is well known for acting in the shows ''[[Hip Hip Hurray (TV series)|Hip Hip Hurray]]'', ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'', ''[[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]]'', ''[[Har Mushkil Ka Hal Akbar Birbal]]'', ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]'' and ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan|Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan]]''. She was a contestant in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss 9]]'' in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/kishwar-merchant-in-bigg-boss-9-double-trouble/photostory/49934866.cms |title=Kishwar Merchant in Bigg Boss 9 Double Trouble |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 January 2016}}</ref>

==Life and career==
===Early life and debut show (1981–2009)===
Merchant was born into a Muslim family in Mumbai to Siraj Merchant and Rizwana Merchant. She started her career in 1997 with the TV show ''[[Shaktimaan]]'', in which she played Julia, an assistant. She then played Nonie in the popular show ''[[Hip Hip Hurray (TV series)|Hip Hip Hurray]]'' from 1998 to 2000. Kishwar then appeared in many successful popular shows like ''[[Babul Ki Duwayen Leti Jaa]]'', ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'', ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]'', ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'', ''[[Kayaamat – Jabb Bhi Waqt Aata Hai]]'', ''[[Hatim (TV series)|Hatim]]'' and ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]''.

Kishwar appeared in many Balaji shows like ''[[Kkavyanjali]]'' and ''[[Kasamh Se]]''. In 2007, she played the positive role of Tamanna in [[Sanaya Irani]] and [[Arjun Bijlani]]'s popular youth show ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]'' in 2008. She is very popular for playing Haseena in the popular [[Sukirti Kandpal]] and [[Vivian Dsena]] series ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]''.<ref name="toi KM">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kishwer-S-Merchantt-I-cant-do-mythological-shows-their-hindi-is-quite-tough/articleshow/46959293.cms |title=Kishwer S Merchantt: I can't do mythological shows, their hindi is quite tough |last=Staff |date=18 April 2015 |work=[[Times Internet]] |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> She also played a role of Sonia in the second season of the hit show – ''[[Chhoti Bahu]]''.

===Breakthrough and success (2012–2015)===
In 2012, Merchant was seen in three shows ''[[Amrit Manthan]]'', [[Teri Meri Love Stories]] and ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]]''. Then came many shows like ''[[Hongey Judaa Na Hum]]'' and ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]''. She appeared in the popular shows ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'' as Raima, ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'' as Ananya, ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan]]'' as Nyonika and ''[[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]]'' as Dimpy, sharing the screen with many popular actresses like [[Drashti Dhami]] and [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]].

=== Bigg Boss and further success (2015–2023)===
Merchant was a participant in the reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|Bigg Boss 9]]'' along with her boyfriend [[Suyyash Rai]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/kishwar-merchant-in-bigg-boss-9-double-trouble/photostory/49934866.cms |title=Kishwar Merchant in Bigg Boss 9 Double Trouble |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kishwar Merchant: My elimination 'unfair, forceful' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kishwar-Merchant-My-elimination-unfair-forceful/articleshow/50508216.cms |access-date=9 January 2016 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=9 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bigg-boss-9-contestant-kishwar-merchant-profile-24533.html |title=Bigg Boss 9 Contestant No 4: Kishwar Merchant, the vamp of television industry |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> She was paired with [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]]. Merchant, was forced to quit the Ticket to Finale task in its last leg and walked out of the house involuntarily with Rs 15 lakhs.<ref>{{cite news |title='Bigg Boss 9':Kishwar Merchant walks out of the show with Rs 15 lakh |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-9-kishwar-merchant-out-of-the-show-prince-makes-it-to-finale/story-usFganBKkGqbbALeJXGeEN.html |access-date=9 January 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 January 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kishwar-Merchant-My-elimination-unfair-forceful/articleshow/50508216.cms |title=Kishwar Merchant: My elimination 'unfair, forceful' |date=9 January 2016 |access-date=9 January 2016 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bigg-boss-9-contestant-kishwar-merchant-profile-24533.html |title=Bigg Boss 9 Contestant No 4: Kishwar Merchant, the vamp of television industry |work=indiatvnews.com |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, Kishwar made her comeback with Balaji's popular show ''[[Brahmarakshas (TV series)|Brahmarakshas]]'', playing the main antagonist, Aparajita.<ref>{{cite news |title=First look: Kishwer Merchant is set to return to Brahmarakshas |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/First-look-Kishwer-Merchant-is-set-to-return-to-Brahmarakshas/articleshow/53925939.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kishwer Merchantt grabs negative role in Ekta Kapoor's new show Brahmarakshas |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/kishwer-merchantt-new-show-zee-tv-brahmarakshas-lifetv-330021-2016-07-19 |work=India Today |date=19 July 2016}}</ref>

In April 2017, Kishwar was seen in yet another [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s show, ''[[Dhhai Kilo Prem]]'', which airs on [[Star Plus]]. She played a cameo appearance as Shilpa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://abplive.in/television/wow-kishwer-merchant-is-coming-back-with-star-plus-serial-496689 |title=WOW! Kishwer Merchant is COMING BACK with Star Plus serial |date=22 February 2017 |work=[[ABP Live]] |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302025124/http://www.abplive.in/television/wow-kishwer-merchant-is-coming-back-with-star-plus-serial-496689 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 2017, she was seen in Rashmi Sharma's ''[[Savitri Devi College & Hospital]]'' on Colors, but later she quit the show. Kishwar was also playing Asha in [[And TV]]'s show ''[[Gangaa]]'', which stars [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]]. The show went off air on 2 June 2017.

==Personal life==
[[File:Suyyash kishwar colors bash.jpg|thumb|right|With her husband [[Suyyash Rai|Suyyash]] at an event, 2016]]
In 2010, Kishwer Merchant started dating actor [[Suyyash Rai]]. They got married on 16 December 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/kishwer-merchant-suyyash-rai-tie-the-knot-all-the-photos-from-their-wedding-celebration-3158852.html |title=Kishwer Merchant, Suyyash Rai tie the knot: All the photos from their wedding celebration |date=16 December 2016 |access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/photos/368746/surbhi-vahbiz-vivian-krystle-and-other-telly-friends-have-gala-time-kishwer |title=Surbhi, Vahbiz, Mandana, Vivian, Krystle and other Telly friends have a gala time at Kishwer-Suyyash's wedding reception! |access-date=16 December 2016 |archive-date=18 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218080223/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/photos/368746/surbhi-vahbiz-vivian-krystle-and-other-telly-friends-have-gala-time-kishwer |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 2 March 2021 the couple announced that they were expecting their first child.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kishwer-merchant-suyyash-rai-announce-first-pregnancy-with-special-post-coming-in-august-101614695849179-amp.html |title=Kishwer Marchent, Sayyush Rai announce first pregnancy with a special post:'Coming in August' |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/kishwer-merchant-suyyash-rai-announces-first-pregnancy-with-adorable-post-coming-this-august-688381 |title=Kishwer Marchent-Sayyush Rai announce first pregnancy with adorable post, 'Coming this August' |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=2 March 2021}}</ref>

On 27 August 2021, the couple became parents to a boy and named him 'Nirvair'.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/its-a-boy-kishwer-merchantt-and-suyyash-rai-introduce-baby-son-with-adorable-pic-2521429?amp=1&akamai-rum=off |title=''It's a boy'' Kishwer Marchant and Sayyush Rai introduce baby son with adorable pic |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Ref
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Bheja Fry 2]]''
| Spanta Patel
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Marne Bhi Do Yaaron]]''
| Sunny
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Shaktimaan]]''
| Julia
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 1998–2001
| ''[[Hip Hip Hurray (TV series)|Hip Hip Hurray]]''
| Nonie
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 1999
| ''[[X Zone]]''
|
| Episodic role
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Hello Friends (TV series)|Hello Friends]]''
|
| Episodic role
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2000–2001
| ''[[Babul Ki Duwayen Leti Jaa]]''
| Malavika
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2001–2004
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]''
| Various characters
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2001–2003
| ''[[Sarhadein]]''
| Pranati
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2001–2003
| ''Shikwah''
| Mehwish
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]''
| Sonam
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]''
| Swati
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
| Mitali Sharma
|
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Dhadkan (TV series)|Dhadkan]]''
| Dr. Aditi
|
|
|-
| 2002–2003
| ''[[Kammal]]''
| Nisha Jajoo
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2002–2004
| ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]''
| Nikki Chauhan
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2002–2006
| ''[[Piya Ka Ghar (TV series)|Piya Ka Ghar]]''
| Malini
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2003–2005
| ''[[Kayaamat – Jabb Bhi Waqt Aata Hai]]''
| Pooja
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Hatim (TV series)|Hatim]]''
| Rubina
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]''
| Rambha
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]''
| Dr. Kiran
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Reth (TV series)|Reth]]''
| Dr. Dakshi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''[[Rihaee (TV series)|Rihaee]]''
| Tanvi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Instant Khichdi]]''
| Rambha
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Kkavyanjali]]''
| Vanshita Nanda
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Kasamh Se]]''
| Seema Shukla
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Kaajjal]]''
| Amisha Veer Pratapsingh
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2006–2009
| ''[[Kashmakash Zindagi Ki]]''
| Mandira
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni]]''
| Rama Chopra
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Arslaan]]''
| Mikawi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''
| Tamanna "Tam Mam"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2009
|rowspan=2|''[[CID (Indian TV series)|C.I.D]]''
|Pari
|Episode "Khooni Khel"
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| 2010
|Roshini
|Episode "Kissa Gumnaam Bacche Ka"
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''Namak Haraam''
| Priya Sehgal
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]''
| Haseena Raichand
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi]]''
| Guest
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2012
| ''[[Chotti Bahu|Chhoti Bahu 2 - Sawar Ke Rang Rachi]]''
| Sonia Bhardwaj
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Har Yug Mein Aayega Ek – Arjun]]''
| Senior Forensic expert
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Teri Meri Love Stories]]''
| Meera's friend
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kishwer-merchant-in-star-plus-telefilm/articleshow/14712544.cms?intenttarget=no |title=Kishwer Merchant in Star Plus' telefilm |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Amrit Manthan]]''
| Mrs. Adhiraj SIngh
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|Sharmila
|"Episode 528"
|
|-
|Roshni
|Episode "580"
|
|-
| ''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein ]]''
| Malini
| Episodic role
|
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Best Friends Forever?]]''
| Mandira Singh
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2013
| ''[[Hongey Judaa Na Hum]]''
| Rama
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]''
| Parminder
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains]]''
| Tarot Card Reader
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Crazy Stupid Ishq]]''
| Jasmin Atwal
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
| Herself
| Guest
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[The Adventures of Hatim]]''
| Zelna
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''
| Ananya Kapoor
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''
| Raima Maheshwari
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| Contestant
| Winner
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Akbar Birbal]]''
| Urvashi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2014–2018
| ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan]]''
| Nyonika Malhotra
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]]''
| Dimpy Karan Kapoor
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|Bigg Boss 9]]''
| Contestant
| Walked on Day 89 (7th place)
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2016
| ''Box Cricket League 2''
| rowspan=2| Contestant
| Winner
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''Box Cricket League Punjab''
| Player in Ambarsariye Hawks
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Desi Explorers]]''
| Herself
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="dejt">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Surbhi-Jyoti-Sara-Khan-Sukriti-Kandpal-don-stunning-bridal-outfits-for-web-based-show/articleshow/52867827.cms |title=Surbhi Jyoti, Sara Khan, Sukriti Kandpal don stunning bridal outfits for web based show |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 June 2016 |access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adaalat (season 2)|Adaalat 2]]''
| Devika
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Brahmarakshas (TV series)|Brahmarakshas – Jaag Utha Shaitaan]]''
| Aparajita
| Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2017
| ''[[BIG Memsaab]]''
| Contestant
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Dhhai Kilo Prem]]''
| Shilpa
| Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Savitri Devi College & Hospital]]''
| Neeta Malhotra
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Gangaa]]''
| Asha
| Cameo Role
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Chidiya Ghar]]''
| Sheela Kejwani
| Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Partners Trouble Ho Gayi Double]]''
| Aisha Nadkarni
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
| ''[[Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya]]''
| Arpita Singh Rathore
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''Box Cricket League 3''
| Contestant
| Player in Delhi Dragons
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Daisy
| Episodic role
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2019
| ''Box Cricket League 4''
| Contestant
| Player in Kolkata Babu
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum]]''
| Dr. Nishi Sippy
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2022
| ''[[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
| Meera Raichand
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Dear Ishq]]''
| Maya Costa
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/kishwer-merchantt-who-is-part-of-dear-ishq-on-disney-hotstar-talks-about-the-show-ott-more-473919 |title=Kishwer Merchantt, who is part of Dear Ishq on Disney+ Hotstar, talks about the show, OTT & more}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=3874231|name=Kishwer Merchant}}
*{{Instagram|Kishwersmerchantt}}
*{{YouTube|c=UCwUn9aHv0RtXuiz4xYZ8Gpg|Kishwer Merchant}}
{{Bigg Boss 9}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Merchant, Kishwer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Khoja Ismailis]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]

Super Boxing League

2026-02-03T08:50:22Z

Ronny14Z58: Added first pg initial version

{{Short description|Professional boxing league in India}}
{{See also|Super Fight League}}
{{Infobox sports league
| title = Super Boxing League
| logo = Super Boxing League logo.png
| pixels = 250
| current_season =
| last_season =
| caption =
| formerly =
| sport = [[Boxing]]
| founded = 2017
| replaced =
| owner = Bill Dosanjh
| ceo =
| director =
| president =
| commissioner =
| fame =
| motto = Hit Harder
| inaugural = 2017
| teams = 8
| singles =
| country = [[India]]
| venue =
| confed =
| folded =
| champion = Maratha Yoddhas
| most_champs = Maratha Yoddhas (1 title)
| classification =
| qualification =
| sponsor =
| related_comps =
| founder = Bill Dosanjh, [[Amir Khan (boxer)|Amir Khan]]
| levels =
| promotion =
| relegation =
| domestic_cup =
| tv = [[Sony ESPN]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.superboxingleague.com|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Super Boxing League''' was the first professional [[boxing]] league in [[India]].<ref name="The Hindu 2017">{{cite web | title=Amir Khan is associated with Super Boxing League | website=The Hindu | date=May 8, 2017 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/amir-khan-is-associated-with-super-boxing-league/article18409638.ece | access-date=November 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/super-boxing-league-to-go-ahead-even-without-bfi-approval/articleshow/58577442.cms |title=Super Boxing League to go ahead even without BFI approval|work=The Times of India |date=2017-05-08 |accessdate=2017-11-18}}</ref> British businessman Bill Dosanjh and former boxing champion [[Amir Khan (boxer)|Amir Khan]] founded Super Boxing League in 2017<ref>{{cite news|last=Janardhan|first=Arun|title=Super Boxing League banks on Amir Khan, star power|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/V6qDDma26WlKadfxPmqNDM/Super-Boxing-League-banks-on-Amir-Khan-star-power.html|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=10 May 2017}}</ref> after [[Super Fight League]]'s first season. The league is organised with the support of [[World Boxing Council]] and Professional Boxing Organisation India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/Sports/20170605/3118517.html|title=Super Boxing League to be organised in association with WBC, PBOI|website=news.webindia123.com}}</ref> The first season had 8 teams comprising both men and women pugilists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://superboxingleague.com/overview.html|title=Super Boxing League - Overview|website=superboxingleague.com}}</ref>

==Teams==
List of all participating teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/super-boxing-league-to-feature-8-teams-117050800975_1.html|title=Super Boxing League to feature 8 teams|last=IANS|date=8 May 2017|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Location
! Owners
|-
| Delhi Gladiators
| [[Delhi]]
| Shiva Vij, Varun Jain (N V Group), [[Sushant Singh Rajput]]
|-
| Haryana Warriors
| [[Haryana]]
| Arun Gupta
|-
| Maratha Yoddhas
| [[Pune]]
| Ajeenkya Patil, [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
|-
| Mumbai Assassins
| [[Mumbai]]
| Nitin Jadhav, [[Sohail Khan]]
|-
| North East Tigers
| [[Northeast India]]
| Amit Aggarwal, Prakash Johari, Arun Malhotra
|-
| OPM Punjab Sultans
| [[Punjab]]
| Deep Malhotra, [[Sunny Leone]], Gauravh Malhotra, Gautam Malhotra
|-
| Bahubali Boxers
| [[South India]]
| Mohammed Esa, Vishal Siwappa, [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Rana Daggubati]], Jonaid Bin Tajuddin Mohammed, Shobhu Yarlagadda, Avi Mittal
|-
| UP Terminators
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| Jaskaran Puniyani and Navraj Jaura, [[Kanika Kapoor]]
|}

==Scoring system==
The Super Boxing League follows a special points scoring system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://superboxingleague.com/scoringsystem.html|title=Super Boxing League - Scoring System|website=superboxingleague.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bout outcome
! Points awarded
|-
| [[Knockout]]
| 6
|-
| [[Technical knockout]]
| 4
|-
| Decision
| 3
|-
| [[Draw (tie)|Draw]]
| 1
|}

==2017 SBL season==
The first edition of SBL was held from July 7 to August 12, 2017, at Siri Fort, [[New Delhi]].
Maratha Yoddhas beat Haryana Warriors to become the inaugural champions. While [[Sukhdeep Singh Chakria (Boxer)|Sukhdeep Singh]] of Warriors was the best boxer of the league and Sandeep Chikara of Yoddhas was given the title of best knockout of the league.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==See also==
* [https://www.proboxingleague.com/ Pro Boxing League]
*[[Super Fight League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Boxing in India]]
[[Category:Boxing organizations]]
[[Category:Amir Khan (boxer)]]
[[Category:Sports organisations of India]]

Ved Bhasin

2026-02-02T22:07:58Z

Ronny14Z58: further enhance layout based on references and added references

{{Short description|Founder and editor of the Kashmir Times}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
'''Ved Bhasin''' (1 May 1929 – 5 November 2015) was a student leader, political activist and prominent journalist from [[Jammu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue-35-vol-07-89728/|title=Jammu 1947|website=www.kashmirlife.net|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-03-31}}</ref> He served more than six decades in his profession of active journalism. He was the founder and editor of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] daily ''[[Kashmir Times]]''. He was popularly called as the 'Grand Old Man' of English journalism in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/tributes-paid-to-veteran-jandampk-journalist-ved-bhasin-513216-2015-11-15|title=Tributes paid to veteran J&K journalist Ved Bhasin|work=India Today|access-date=2017-03-31}}</ref>

Ved Bhasin was known for his "uncompromising" secular views and support for the underprivileged.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/veteran-journalist-ved-bhasin-dead/article7852875.ece|title=Veteran journalist Ved Bhasin dead|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-03-31|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ved-Bhasin-veteran-journalist-dies-in-Jammu-and-Kashmir/articleshow/49683076.cms|title=Ved Bhasin, veteran journalist, dies in Jammu and Kashmir - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-03-31}}</ref> Over his career, Bhasin was said to have remained an advocate of justice, peace, and human rights. Credited with institutionalising journalism in Jammu and Kashmir, he was highly respected in journalistic circles for his integrity and intellectual acumen.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jammu-veteran-journalist-ved-bhasin-dies/|title=Jammu: Veteran journalist Ved Bhasin dies|date=2015-11-07|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-03-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://kashmirdispatch.com/2015/11/07/ved-bhasins-ideas-on-kashmir-issue-resolution/149/|title=Ved Bhasin's ideas on Kashmir self determination {{!}} KashmirDispatch|website=kashmirdispatch.com|access-date=2017-03-31}}</ref>

== Early life and activism ==
Bhasin was born on 1 May 1929 and had done his schooling in Jammu. He was a student of Prince of Wales College, Jammu. In his college days, he was more interested in politics than journalism. In 1945, his association with journalism started when he became the editor of his college magazine 'Tawi'. He did his post graduation in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=46539|title=End of an era: Ved Bhasin is no more - Kashmir Times|website=www.kashmirtimes.in|access-date=2017-03-31}}</ref>

Ved Bhasin was quite interested in the political sphere of Jammu and Kashmir. He was the President of the Jammu & Kashmir Students Union from 1945 to 1949, the President of the Jammu and Kashmir Youth National Conference from 1950 to 1953, member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] General Council from 1949 to 1953. Afterwards he left active involvement in politics and turned his attention to social and cultural matters of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/veteran-journalist-ved-bhasin-is-no-more-88974/|title=Veteran Journalist Ved Bhasin Is No More|website=www.kashmirlife.net|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-03-31}}</ref>

== Journalist career ==
Ved Bhasin had started his journalism career with ''Naya Samaj'', an [[Urdu]] weekly from 1952-54. It was banned in 1954 under the Defence of India rules 1950, because of its opposition towards the then Jammu and Kashmir Prime Minister [[Sheikh Abdullah]]'s "undemocratic" deposition and arrest. Later, Ved Bhasin founded the ''Kashmir Times'' in 1955, which started as a weekly and in 1971, it was converted into a full-fledged daily. Bhasin had also worked with news gathering agency [[United News of India|UNI]] as its Jammu and Kashmir bureau chief from 1963-1969. He was the editor of the ''Kashmir Times'' from 1964 to 2000.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/riots-changed-jak-politics-768/|title=Riots changed J&K politics|website=www.kashmirlife.net|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-03-31}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Bhasin was President of J&K Association of Journalists, Jammu Editors Conference, and Press Club of Jammu twice and served on various Press bodies including Press Advisory Committees (as Convener) for a number of years.<ref name=":1" />

=== 1947 Jammu massacres ===
{|class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 83%; background:#white; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"| "To recall those days of communal orgy my only objective is to point out that a communalist and killer has no religion. It was the humanity that was the victim of communal fanatics. Instead of blaming any one (community) for those dark days of partition, we should better learn appropriate lessons from history and not allow the communal fanatics of one or the other community to vitiate the atmosphere and disturb communal peace and harmony."
— Ved Bhasin, talking of the violence in 1947.<ref name=":0" />
|}
Ved Bhasin was a live witness to the [[1947 Jammu massacres]]. At his age of 17, in his home town Jammu, he witnessed the massacres in November 1947. In some way, he tried his bit in preventing what was happening.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

For most of his journalistic career, Ved Bhasin did not talk about it fearing it may hurt the people whose perceptions were based on "national interest" or "propaganda." But one day in September 2003, he told his story of those days in the [[University of Jammu|Jammu University]] at an event. Later on, his testimonies became an authoritative reportage of that pogrom.<ref name=":0" />

=== Views on Kashmir crisis ===
In 2006, during the sixth international peace conference in Washington, Bhasin said that no solution for the Kashmir problem can be found without a dialogue that involves the people of Jammu and Kashmir, along with India and Pakistan. He stated that the people of the state cannot be ignored, whom he has identified as the 'primary and basic party to the Kashmir dispute'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/kashmir-moot-calls-for-participation-of-resistance-forces-in-peace-process/9816.html|title=Kashmir moot calls for participation of resistance forces in peace process|date=23 July 2006|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> According to Bhasin, the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47|UN's resolution]] for the crisis is no longer relevant, and the only way to achieve peace is to allow all sections of people in the state to participate in the dialogue and find a solution for the majority, through a process of elimination. He says that the solution may be independence, or semi-independence, or joint control, depending upon whatever is acceptable to the consensus, though it may not be possible to satisfy everyone.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=46900|title=VED BHASIN in conversation with KATHY ARLYN SOKOL - II - Kashmir Times|website=www.kashmirtimes.in|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref>

Ved Bhasin had been an opponent of the presence of security forces in the Kashmir region. He has said, "Our experience in the past is that wherever BSF was posted, the situation deteriorated." According to him, "though the region has been handed over to the security forces on the ground that there is a serious law and order problem created by the militants, the lawlessness of the security forces is adding fuel to the fire rather than quelling it".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%2083/6.%20Voices%20From%20Kashmir.pdf|title=Voices From Kashmir; A report.|last=Madhu Kishwar|work=MANUSHI|pages=15, 16}}</ref>

Quoting his views from his selected works published by his daughter:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/15327-book-on-ved-bhasin|title=Book on Ved Bhasin|last=Humra Qurieshi|date=Dec 28, 2016|website=Milli Gazette|language=en|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref><blockquote>“Clearly the policy of suppression pursued in Jammu and Kashmir since 1990 has not succeeded to eliminate militancy, much less to crush popular unrest or bring back the people to the national mainstream. The bullet for bullet policy with untold human rights violations has proved counter-productive…Unless the root cause of militancy and the people’s disenchantment with India is tackled no worthwhile and lasting solution is possible. Primarily, it is a political problem which cannot be tackled with armed strength by dealing with it as simply a law and order problem. A political solution that could satisfy the urges and aspirations of the people of Jammu and Kashmir living in all regions and areas and belonging to all faiths and communities that could also be eventually acceptable to India and Pakistan is called for …J&K is not just a piece of land that it should be divided between India and Pakistan. It is the people who constitute Jammu and Kashmir…Any solution based on status-quo, geographically and politically and constitutionally, cannot be considered rational and realistic and will not be acceptable to the people who have risen in revolt.”</blockquote>Bhasin opined that an independent, democratic, secular, federal and demilitarized state with internal autonomy is the ideal solution to the Kashmir problem, if both India and Pakistan agree to it and jointly guarantee the state's security.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yusuf|first=Moeed|last2=Najam|first2=Adil|date=2009-12-01|title=Kashmir: ripe for resolution?|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=30|issue=8|pages=1503–1528 (1509)|doi=10.1080/01436590903321869|issn=0143-6597}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" />

He was criticized by many in Jammu for being pro-Kashmir valley, and was attacked several times.<ref name=":5" />

== Life ==
He was married to Vimal Bhasin, who died out of cancer in 1990. The couple had two daughters, [[Anuradha Bhasin]] and Anju Bhasin. Anuradha Bhasin also pursued a career as journalist.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/veteran-jk-journalist-ved-bhasin-dies-at-86/919559|title=Veteran J&K Journalist Ved Bhasin Dies at 86|work=Outlook}}</ref>

On 5 November 2015, Ved Bhasin died in Jammu at an age of 86. He was suffering from a degenerative brain disease for the past several months and was on life support system before his death. His death was widely condoled in the state by many people including the then Chief Minister [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed|Mufti Muhammad Sayeed]], Governor [[Narinder Nath Vohra]] and all the other prominent political figures of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/veteran-editor-ved-bhasin-passes-away/200942.html|title=Veteran editor Ved Bhasin passes away|work=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhasin, Ved}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jammu]]
[[Category:Journalists from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Writers about the Kashmir conflict]]

Amyra Dastur

2026-01-21T16:58:37Z

Ronny14Z58: small enhance information to improve readability and added references

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amyra Dastur
| image = Amyra Dastur snapped in Bandra (cropped).jpg
| caption = Dastur in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|5|07}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| years active = 2013–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| alma_mater = [[HR College]], Mumbai
}}

'''Amyra Dastur''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|m|aɪ|r|ə|_|d|ə|s|ˈ|t|ʊər}}; born 7 May 1993)<ref name="bd1">{{Cite web |title=Amyra Dastur celebrates her 22nd birthday in Thailand |work=Mid-Day |date=12 May 2015 |access-date=28 July 2016 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/amyra-dastur-celebrates-her-22nd-birthday-in-thailand/16202150 |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429070554/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/amyra-dastur-celebrates-her-22nd-birthday-in-thailand/16202150 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bd2">{{Cite web |title=Amyra's flaunts her bikini in Thailand |author=TNN |work=The Times of India |date=9 May 2015 |access-date=28 July 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Amyras-flaunts-her-bikini-in-Thailand/articleshow/47211243.cms |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423074129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Amyras-flaunts-her-bikini-in-Thailand/articleshow/47211243.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. Dastur is known for her work in ''[[Anegan]]'' (2015), ''[[Mr. X (2015 film)|Mr. X]]'' (2015), ''[[Kaalakaandi]]'' (2018), ''[[Prassthanam]]'' (2019), ''[[Jogi (2022 film)|Jogi]]'' (2022), and ''[[Bagheera (2023 film)|Bagheera]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jun/100613-a-royal-gift-for-manish-tiwary.htm |title=A royal gift for Manish Tiwary |work=mid-day.com |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106043213/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jun/100613-a-royal-gift-for-manish-tiwary.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> She has also been part of streaming series ''[[Tandav (TV series)|Tandav]]'' (2021) and ''[[Bambai Meri Jaan]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Amyras-headstrong-nature-helped-her-bag-debut-film/etarticleshow/21019891.cms |title=Amyra's headstrong nature helped her bag debut film |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105105053/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-12/news-interviews/40535872_1_issaq-romeo-and-juliet-dhaval-gada |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dastur was born on 7 May 1993 in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, to a [[Zoroastrian]] [[Parsi]] family. Her mother tongue is [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and she also speaks [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-never-really-wanted-to-act-for-fame-Amyra-Dastur/articleshow/21861008.cms |title=I never really wanted to act for fame: Amyra Dastur |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722032527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-never-really-wanted-to-act-for-fame-Amyra-Dastur/articleshow/21861008.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She described herself as shy and introverted.<ref name="indiatimes"/> She holds a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[commerce]] from Mumbai's [[HR College]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/I-am-not-a-romantic-person-Amyra-Dastur/Article1-1101793.aspx |title=I am not a romantic person: Amyra Dastur |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=15 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815070635/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/I-am-not-a-romantic-person-Amyra-Dastur/Article1-1101793.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Dastur started her career as a model in commercials. She made her acting debut in [[Manish Tiwary]]'s romantic drama<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/juliet-comes-to-benaras/article4927906.ece |title=Juliet comes to Benaras |author=Priya Sharma |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 July 2013 |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105105053/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/juliet-comes-to-benaras/article4927906.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Issaq]]'', alongside [[Prateik Babbar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1854808/report-director-manish-tiwary-talks-about-his-film-issaq-prateik-babbar-and-amyra-dastur |title=Director Manish Tiwary talks about his film Issaq, Prateik Babbar and Amyra Dastur |work=dna |date=29 June 2013 |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706025534/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1854808/report-director-manish-tiwary-talks-about-his-film-issaq-prateik-babbar-and-amyra-dastur |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jul/030713-prateik-goes-down-on-his-knees-for-amyra-dastur.htm |title=Prateik goes down on his knees for Amyra Dastur |work=mid-day.com |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-date=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706225225/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jul/030713-prateik-goes-down-on-his-knees-for-amyra-dastur.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Dastur made her Tamil cinema debut through [[Anegan]] directed by K. V. Anand, and co-starring herself with actor [[Dhanush]].

In her first international project, ''[[Kung Fu Yoga]]'', Dastur acted alongside [[Jackie Chan]] and it released in India on 3 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/Amyra-Dastur-braves-the-cold-for-Jackie-Chans-Kung-Fu-Yoga/articleshow/55383787.cms |title=Amyra Dastur braves the cold for Jackie Chan's 'Kung Fu Yoga' |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117115613/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/Amyra-Dastur-braves-the-cold-for-Jackie-Chans-Kung-Fu-Yoga/articleshow/55383787.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Dastur was seen in director Akshat Verma's next, titled ''[[Kaalakaandi]]'', starring [[Saif Ali Khan]]. Amyra shot for a song in the film which is an upbeat dance number and has some fun lyrics. The track has been choreographed by Adil Malik of Kar Gayi Chul fame.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/amyra-dastur-peppy-number-saif-ali-khan-starrer-kaalagandi/ |title=Amyra Dastur to do a peppy number in Saif Ali Khan starrer Kaalagandi |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=14 November 2017 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202348/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/amyra-dastur-peppy-number-saif-ali-khan-starrer-kaalagandi/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

She debuted in [[Telugu cinema]] with [[Mahesh Babu]]'s sister's first directorial venture, ''[[Manasuku Nachindi]]''. Also in 2018, Dastur had her second Telugu release with ''[[Raju Gadu|Rajugadu]]'' opposite [[Raj Tarun]].<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/121217/rajugadu-is-almost-complete.html |title=Rajugadu is almost complete |date=12 December 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215134335/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/121217/rajugadu-is-almost-complete.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Incident==
In February 2016, while filming the Hindi movie ''Ticket to Bollywood'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-11 |title=Diganth bags another Bollywood film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/diganth-bags-another-bollywood-film/articleshow/47623866.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Dastur was involved in an on-set accident that resulted in serious injury to co-actor [[Diganth Manchale|Diganth]]. The scene required Dastur to throw items during a scripted argument, originally involving clothes. However, she reportedly threw a stiletto instead, which hit Diganth in the eye. The impact caused significant damage, requiring him to undergo eye surgery in London and a subsequent operation in Scotland to repair his retina and lens.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-24 |title=Amyra Dastur flings a stiletto at Diganth! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/amyra-dastur-flings-a-stiletto-at-diganth/articleshow/50862966.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was advised several months of rest following the procedures. Following the incident, the film was shelved and did not see a commercial release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diganth: If I could go back in time and change something it would be the injury to my eye |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/diganth-if-i-could-go-back-in-time-and-change-something-it-would-be-the-injury-to-my-eye/819a909f8f745 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Issaq]]''
| Bachchi Kashyap
| [[Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Issaq Box Office Verdict |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1377|work=Box Office India |access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015
| ''[[Anegan]]''
| Madhumitha, Samudhra, Shenbagavalli and Kalyani{{efn|Dastur played quadruple roles in the film.}}
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Quadruple roles
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Amyra-inspired-by-80s-heroines-for-Anegan/articleshow/22369613.cms|author=M. Suganth|title=Amyra inspired by 80s heroines for 'Anegan'|work=The Times of India|date=7 September 2013|access-date=31 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mr. X (2015 film)|Mr. X]]''
| Siya Verma
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Kung Fu Yoga]]''
| rowspan="3" | Kyra
| [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
| rowspan="3" | Trilingual film
|rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite news|last=Shackleton|first=Liz|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/afm-first-look-and-deals-for-jackie-chans-kung-fu-yoga/5111040.article|title=AFM: First look and deals for Jackie Chan's 'Kung Fu Yoga'|work=[[Screen International|Screen Daily]]|publisher=Media Business Insight Limited|date=4 November 2016|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Hindi
|-
| [[English language|English]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
| ''[[Manasuku Nachindi]]''
| Nithya "Nitu"
| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-30|title=Tollywood — The year that was|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/301218/tollywood-the-year-that-was.html|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921042044/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/301218/tollywood-the-year-that-was.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaalakaandi]]''
| Neha
| Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/asia/cinestaan-saif-ali-khan-vehicle-kaalakaandi-1202476900/|author=Naman Ramachandran|title=Cinestaan Boards Saif Ali Khan Vehicle 'Kaalakaandi'|website=Variety|accessdate=4 May 2018|date=2017-06-23}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raju Gadu]]''
| Tanvi
| Telugu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rajma Chawal]]''
| Tara "Seher" Chaudhary
| rowspan="7"| Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| ''[[Judgementall Hai Kya]]''
| Reema Agnihotri Kumar
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/amyra-dastur-joins-rajkummar-rao-kangana-ranaut-in-mental-hai-kya/story-wTgJscKrXiNCfpGzpN0BzI.html|title=Amyra Dastur joins Rajkummar Rao, Kangana Ranaut in Mental Hai Kya|date=23 May 2018|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=12 December 2018|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prassthanam]]''
| Shivi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made in China]]''
| Rupali "Rupa" Bansal
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Koi Jaane Na]]''
| Suhana
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/koi-jaane-na-director-amin-hajee-kicks-off-the-psychological-thriller-starring-kunal-kapoor-and-amyra-dastur/articleshow/67538424.cms |title='Koi Jaane Na': Director Amin Hajee kicks off the psychological thriller starring Kunal Kapoor and Amyra Dastur |website=The Times of India |accessdate=15 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Jogi (2022 film)|Jogi]]''
| Kammo
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
| ''[[Influencer Life]]''
| Kareena
| Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/amyra-dastur-plays-complex-character-in-influencer-life--news-265888|title=Amyra Dastur Plays Complex Character In 'Influencer Life'|work=Outlook India |date=27 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bagheera (2023 film)|Bagheera]]''
| Ramya "Rabbit"
| Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=Amyra Dastur flies to Chennai for Prabhu Deva's 'Bagheera' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amyra-dastur-flies-chennai-prabhu-devas-bagheera-133311 |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920132221/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amyra-dastur-flies-chennai-prabhu-devas-bagheera-133311 |archive-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''Any How Mitti Pao''
| Nimmi
| rowspan="3"| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
|
|-
| ''Chidiyan Da Chamba''
| Candy Dhillon
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Furteela''
| Noor
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/in-chandigarh-the-lead-actors-of-upcoming-punjabi-film-furteela-jassie-gill-and-amyra-dastur-say-the-movie-took-them-back-to-college-days-610637/|title=In Chandigarh, the lead actors of Punjabi film Furteela, Jassie Gill and Amyra Dastur, say the movie took them back to college days|work=Tribune India}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
*''All series are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''The Trip''
| Ira
| Season 2
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-check-out-mallika-dua-shweta-tripathi-sapna-pabbi-and-amyra-dastur-s-latest-pictures-from-the-trip-2-2637588 |title=Check out Mallika Dua, Shweta Tripathi, Sapna Pabbi and Amyra Dastur's latest pictures from 'The Trip 2' |date=15 July 2018 |website=DNA India |language=en |access-date=8 July 2019 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708132250/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-check-out-mallika-dua-shweta-tripathi-sapna-pabbi-and-amyra-dastur-s-latest-pictures-from-the-trip-2-2637588 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amyra-dastur-mallika-dua-contribute-to-screenplay-of-their-upcoming-web-series-the-trip-2-5062431.html |title=Amyra Dastur, Mallika Dua contribute to screenplay of their upcoming web series The Trip 2 |date=28 August 2018 |website=Firstpost |language=en |access-date=8 July 2019 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708132250/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amyra-dastur-mallika-dua-contribute-to-screenplay-of-their-upcoming-web-series-the-trip-2-5062431.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Tandav (TV series)|Tandav]]''
| Ada Mir
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2021 |title=Every character of Tandav is real and relatable: Amyra Dastur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/every-character-of-tandav-is-real-and-relatable-amyra-dastur-7146313/ |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703131444/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/every-character-of-tandav-is-real-and-relatable-amyra-dastur-7146313/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Bambai Meri Jaan]]''
| Pari Patel
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2022 |title=Mirzapur 3, Paatal Lok 2 to Made in Heaven 2, Amazon Prime Video announces 40 new titles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/mirzapur-3-paatal-lok-2-to-made-in-heaven-3-amazon-prime-video-announces-40-new-titles-1943102-2022-04-28 |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526044308/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/mirzapur-3-paatal-lok-2-to-made-in-heaven-3-amazon-prime-video-announces-40-new-titles-1943102-2022-04-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|2015
|"Aa Bhi Ja Tu Kahin Se"
|Sonu Nigam
|
|-
| 2022
| "Kaali Car"
| [[Asees Kaur]], [[Raftaar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=अमायरा ने बिखेरा हुस्न का जलवा, हिट हुआ काली कार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/videos/haryanvi/raftaar-asees-k-ft-amyra-d-kaali-car-1-6543480 |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| "Kya Loge Tum"
| [[B Praak]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshay Kumar, B Praak team up for heartbreak song 'Kya Loge Tum' |date=12 May 2023 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/akshay-kumar-b-praak-team-up-for-heartbreak-song-kya-loge-tum-507169 |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513113922/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/akshay-kumar-b-praak-team-up-for-heartbreak-song-kya-loge-tum-507169 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2014
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| ''[[Issaq]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee Cine 2014 Winners |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-winner-s-list_151176.html |publisher=ZeeNews |access-date=4 September 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302061408/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-winner-s-list_151176.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Tamil|Best Female Debut – Tamil]]
| ''[[Anegan]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-awards-2016-tamil-winners-list/articleshow/53017745.cms | title=SIIMA Awards 2016 Tamil films and awards complete winners list|access-date=29 September 2016|work=Times of India}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Amyra Dastur}}
* {{IMDb name|id=5711339}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dastur, Amyra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

MG Road metro station (Gurgaon)

2026-01-18T22:14:46Z

Ronny14Z58: New

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{About|the Delhi Metro station in Gurgaon|other metro stations with the same name|Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (disambiguation){{!}}Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] MG Road
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Yellow}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Syska MG Road metro station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Sector 25, Maruti Housing Colony, Sector 28, Gurugram, Haryana 122022
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Parking_Details.aspx|title=Parking_Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2010|6|21|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 33,792/day 1,047,556/ Month average <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/otherdocuments/867/RidershipDetails.pdf|title=Ridership_Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>
| pass_year = Jan 2015
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Yellow|left=Sikanderpur|right=IFFCO Chowk}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Yellow Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''MG Road''' is a [[Delhi Metro]] station located in [[Gurgaon]], Haryana. The station lies on the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] of the Delhi Metro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |title=Station Information |access-date=2010-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609165230/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=9 June 2010}}</ref>

The station has two malls – DLF City Centre and MGF Metropolitan – on either side of it. It is also in the vicinity of residential complexes such as Beverley Park, Essel Towers and Heritage City.

==History==

=== Station layout ===
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|IFFCO Chowk}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Sikanderpur}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{RouteBox|Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Rapid Metro Gurgaon|#{{rcr|Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Line 1}}|white}}''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

===Facilities===
List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at MG Road metro station are HDFC Bank, Yes Bank, State Bank of India, IndusInd Bank
<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx| title=ATM Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="50%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="3" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Yellow}};"| MG Road metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
|-
| ||
|-
| ||
|}

==Connections==
===Bus===
[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes Badarpur Border - Gurugram Bus Stand, Ballabgarh Bus Stand - Rohtak ISBT, Gurugram Bus Stand - Badarpur Road, MG Road metro station - Green Field Colony Gate No 4/2, OLA152, OLA153, State Bank - Huda Office / Kendriya Vihar serves the station from outside metro station stop.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect,/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home| title=Department of Delhi Transport Corporation| website=Govt.of NCT of Delhi}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Haryana]]
*[[Gurgaon]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[South East Delhi]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609165230/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=9 June 2010 |df=dmy-all}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/MG+Road+Metro/@28.4796336,77.0792491,171m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sMG+Road+metro+station!3m4!1s0x390d19226abfc163:0xcc3e5ea410bb14a2!8m2!3d28.4797497!4d77.0794062|title= MG Road metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|yellow line=yes}}
{{Gurgaon district topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2010]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Gurgaon district]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Delhi]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Haryana-railstation-stub}}

Menstrual Man

2026-01-18T04:34:50Z

Ronny14Z58: Data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Menstrual Man
| image = Menstrual Man (2013 film).jpg

| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Amit Virmani
| producer = Kui Luan Seah Amit Virmani
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Arunachalam Muruganantham]]
| music = G.Q. Fu
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2013|04|}}
| runtime = 63 minutes
| country = India, Singapore
| language =
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Menstrual Man''''' is a 2013 [[documentary film]] by Amit Virmani. The film tells the story of [[Arunachalam Muruganantham]], an Indian social entrepreneur and inventor whose machines enable rural women to manufacture low-cost [[Sanitary napkin|sanitary pads]] for their communities. It premiered at the 2013 [[Full Frame Documentary Film Festival]], and was voted a Top Ten Audience Favourite at both [[Hot Docs]] and [[International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam|IDFA]] the same year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hot Docs 2013 Netflix Audience Award Top 10|url=http://www.hotdocs.ca/docignite/project/2013_audience_award/blog|work=Hot Docs {{!}} Doc Ignite|accessdate=29 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706074649/http://www.hotdocs.ca/docignite/project/2013_audience_award/blog|archivedate=6 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IDFA Audience Award|url=http://www.idfa.nl/industry/festival/Public-Broadcaster-IDFA-Audience-Award.aspx|publisher=IDFA|accessdate=15 December 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217065437/http://www.idfa.nl/industry/festival/Public-Broadcaster-IDFA-Audience-Award.aspx|archivedate=17 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film was nominated for [[Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Documentary Feature Film|Best Feature Documentary]] at the [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Asia Pacific Screen Awards|url=http://www.asiapacificscreenacademy.com/2013/11/2013-asia-pacific-screen-awards-nominees/|publisher=APSA|accessdate=15 December 2013}}</ref>

== Production ==
Virmani first read about Muruganantham in December 2011 and was instantly drawn to his story because "it played like a [[Bollywood]] movie".<ref>{{cite web|last=Dean|first=Brandy|title=Hot Docs 2013: Interview with Amit Virmani, Director of Menstrual Man|url=http://prettycleverfilms.com/interviews/hot-docs-2013-interview-with-amit-virmani-director-of-menstrual-man/#.Uh-S7pXRu2w|work=Pretty Clever Films|accessdate=29 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827061756/http://prettycleverfilms.com/interviews/hot-docs-2013-interview-with-amit-virmani-director-of-menstrual-man/#.Uh-S7pXRu2w|archive-date=27 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He contacted Muruganantham and began filming in January 2012 as he accompanied the inventor around India for the next five months. In June 2012, Virmani and his co-producer, Seah Kui Luan, secured funding from the [[Media Development Authority of Singapore]] to shoot reenactments and complete post-production on the film. Virmani also licensed footage from Bollywood films for use in the film.

== Reception ==
''Menstrual Man'' received positive reviews. Writing in ''[[Now (newspaper)|NOW]]'', Canadian feminist author and activist [[Susan G. Cole]] noted the smart filmmaking behind the film, adding it "makes perfect sense by the end, when you've come to realize Muruganantham and the male educators he worked with are honorary feminists".<ref>{{cite news|last=Cole|first=Susan|title=Hot Docs Film Festival Reviews|url=http://www.nowtoronto.com/hotdocs/2013/film-detail.cfm?film=598|accessdate=29 August 2013|newspaper=NOW|date=25 April 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019140123/http://www.nowtoronto.com/hotdocs/2013/film-detail.cfm?film=598|archivedate=19 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[John Lui (correspondent)|John Lui]] from ''[[The Straits Times]]'' gave the film four-and-a-half stars, noting that the film avoids being "all po-faced liberal-guilt seriousness" with its use of vintage Bollywood clips and thanks to its charismatic protagonist.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lui|first=John|title=Menstrual Man documentary goes from pulp to pad in rural India|url=http://stcommunities.straitstimes.com/movies/2013/08/16/menstrual-man-documentary-goes-pulp-pad-rural-india|accessdate=29 August 2013|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=14 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019102051/http://stcommunities.straitstimes.com/movies/2013/08/16/menstrual-man-documentary-goes-pulp-pad-rural-india|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> PBS ''POV'' columnist Tom Roston called the film his greatest discovery at the 2013 Hot Docs festival, describing the film as "an engaging, funny, heart-breaking story of the power of what one ordinary man can achieve".<ref>{{cite web|last=Roston|first=Tom|title=Seven Reasons to Love Hot Docs|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/blog/docsoup/2013/05/seven-reasons-to-love-hot-docs/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629045149/http://www.pbs.org/pov/blog/docsoup/2013/05/seven-reasons-to-love-hot-docs/|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2013|work=PBS POV|accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> However, he felt that the title would discourage audiences from watching the film and that Virmani's refusal to change its title could inhibit the film's success.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roston|first=Tom|title=Two Documentaries You Might Never See (Because the Directors Won't Change Their Titles)|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/blog/docsoup/2013/06/two-documentaries-you-might-never-see-because-the-directors-wont-change-their-titles/#.Uh-5nJXRu2w|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608132000/http://www.pbs.org/pov/blog/docsoup/2013/06/two-documentaries-you-might-never-see-because-the-directors-wont-change-their-titles/#.Uh-5nJXRu2w|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2013|work=PBS POV|accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> Virmani defended his decision, stating that people being ashamed to talk about menstruation was a big part of the problem of women's hygiene in rural India. "If I changed the title because educated people might not watch the film, then I'm a hypocrite. I become part of the problem."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lui|first=John|title=Meet the Menstrual Man|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/case-you-missed-it/story/meet-the-menstrual-man-20130817|accessdate=29 August 2013|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=14 August 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2846472}}
* [http://www.menstrualman.com Official website]

[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Menstruation in India]]
[[Category:2013 documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about scientists]]
[[Category:Singaporean documentary films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Singaporean films]]

Langah Sultanate

2026-01-08T06:34:51Z

Ronny14Z58: Content refined for better accuracy

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{short description|Medieval kingdom in Punjab}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Langah Sultanate
| common_name =
| image_map = File:Indie 1525.png
| image_map_caption = Multan in 1525
| government_type = [[Hereditary monarchy]]
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| era = Late medieval period
| status = [[Sultanate]]
| official_languages =
| languages_type = Other languages
| languages =
| year_start = 1445
| year_end = 1530
| date_start =
| date_end =
| event1 = Langah Sultanate begins
| event2 = Langah Sultanate ends
| p1 = Delhi Sultanate
| flag_p1 =
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| s1 = Multan Subah
| flag_s1 =
| s2 =
| flag_s2 =
| image_flag =
| national_anthem =
| capital = [[Multan]]
| common_languages =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| leader1 = [[Rai Sahra Langah|Qutbu'd-Din Mahmud I Langah]]
| year_leader1 = 1445–1469
| leader2 = Lashkar Khan Langah
| year_leader2 = 1527–1530
| footnotes =
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today = {{tree list}}
* [[Pakistan]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}

The '''Langah Sultanate''' was a [[Medieval India|late medieval]] [[Sultan|sultanate]] based in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]] in the western [[Indian subcontinent]] between the 15th and 16th centuries. It was the dominant power of the lower [[Doab|Doab tract]] with [[Multan]] at its centre. The Langah Sultanate was annexed in 1527 but had autonomous authority until its merger with the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1530.

==Origins==
There is much uncertainty about the ethnic origins and even the chronology of Langah rulers as primary accounts differ among them widely.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Din |first=Dr. Hameed-ud |title=The Delhi Sultanate |date=1967 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |others= |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=R. C. |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |edition=2nd |series=[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]] |volume=VI |pages=246–247 |chapter=Appendix to Chapter X: The Origin of the Lankahs |oclc=664485 |orig-date=1960 |chapter-url=}}</ref>

According to the 16th-century writer and author of the ''Tārīkh-i ḥaqqī'', Abd al-Haqq, the founder of the dynasty was one "Buddhan Khan Sindhi", chief of the Langah tribe of the [[Baloch people|Baloch]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baloch |first=Nabi Bakhsh Khan |author-link=Nabi Bakhsh Baloch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKPjAAAAMAAJ&q=Langah+Baloch+tribe |title=Lands of Pakistan: Perspectives, Historical and Cultural |date=1995 |publisher=el-Mashriqi Foundation |location=Islamabad |pages=110 |language=en |chapter=Independent Sultanates of Uch, Multan and Sindh |oclc=34962301 |quote=According to the scholar historian Abdul Haqq, the author of Tarikh-i-Haqqi (composed in 1005/1592-93), with the decline of the power of Sultans of Delhi, Budhan Khan of Sindh, the chief of the Baloch tribe of the Langah, assembled his force at Uch and invaded Multan.}}</ref> Another origins is given by Nurul Haq, the son of Abd al-Haqq, who (writing during the reign of [[Jahangir]]) in his ''Zabdat al-Tawarikh'' gives the name of the founder as Badan Khan and calls him [[Sindhis|Sindi]] [[Jats|Jat]] chief of [[Lehri, Balochistan|Lahri]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baluch |first=Muhammad Sardar Khan |url= |title=History of Baluch Race and Baluchistan |date=1977 |publisher=Gosha-e-Adab |pages=41 |language=en |chapter=The wandering of the Baluch Race |oclc=1129477518}}</ref> [[André Wink]] describes the Langahs as being one of a number of Baloch tribes which moved eastwards into the region of Multan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=Andre |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World Volume IV: The Age of the Great Mughals, 16th-17th Centuries. Part Two: The Rise of Islam from the Indus to the Malay-Indonesian Archipelago|date=2025 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004729216 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=otBJEQAAQBAJ&dq=langahs+siwi&pg=PA78|quote=Towards the close of the fifteenth century, the Baluchis were once again on the move in Sind and one of their tribes, the Langahs, became the rulers of Multan}}</ref> According to the historians [[Mafizullah Kabir]] and [[Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi]] Sihrah Langah was a Rajput chief who had converted to Islam on the hands of [[Bahauddin Zakariya]] or one of his successors.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Kabir |first=Mafizullah |author-link=Mafizullah Kabir |url= |title=Muslim Rule Under the Sultans |date=1967 |publisher=[[University of Karachi|University of Karachi Press]] |isbn=969-404-008-6 |editor-last=Qureshi |editor-first=Ishtiaq Husain |editor-link=Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi |series=[[A Short History of Pakistan]] |volume=II |location=Karachi |page=125 |language=en |chapter=X. Rise of Independent Sultanates}}</ref> Other sources have assigned the dynasty as Rajputs<ref>{{cite journal |date=24 April 2012 |title=Balōčistān |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_COM_0035 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |edition=First |publisher=Leiden: [[E. J. Brill]] |doi=10.1163/2214-871x_ei1_com_0035 |url-access=subscription |quote=}}</ref><ref name="Qanungo">{{Cite book |last1=Qanungo |first1=Kalika Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue9tAAAAMAAJ&q=langah+sultanate |title=Sher Shah and His Times |last2= |first2= |date=1965 |publisher=Orient Longmans |page=286 |language=en |chapter=Sher's Problems and Frontier Policy in the Punjab |oclc=1154209378 |quote=Under the shadow of Rajput Langah dynasty of Multan, the Rind tribe of Baloch settled in the valleys of the Chenab, Ravi and Satlej either as mercenaries or as squatting freebooters.}}</ref> or Jats.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lambrick |first=H. T. |author-link= |title=Sind: A General Introduction |date=1975 |publisher=[[Sindhi Adabi Board]]; sole distributors, [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-577220-3 |edition=2nd |series=History of Sind |volume=I |location=Hyderabad; Karachi |pages=212}}</ref> The historian, [[Suhail Zaheer Lari]], who specialises in the history of Sindh and southern Pakistan, also calls the tribe as Baloch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lari |first=Suhail Zaheer |author-link=Suhail Zaheer Lari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfFtAAAAMAAJ&q=Langah+Baloch |title=A History of Sindh |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577501-3 |pages=108 |language=en |chapter=Shah Hasan |quote=Langahs, a Baloch tribe that had manoeuvred to become the overlords of Multan.}}</ref> The 17th century [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]-based historian [[Firishta]] on the other hand gives the name of the founder as "Rai Sahra" and further calls the Langahs as [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghans]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&dq=langahs+afghan&pg=PA323 |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-52154329-3 |pages=323 |quote=...subsequently supplanted by the Afghan dynasty of the Langāhs.}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Dr. Mahmudal Hasan Siddiqi, however, discredits this account for Langahs since their mention is absent in the Afghan genealogies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Dr. Mahmudul Hasan |title=History of the Arghuns and Tarkhans of Sindh (1507 –1593) |date=2014 |publisher=Endowment Fund Trust For Preservation Of The Heritage Of Sindh |isbn=978-969-9860-06-5 |edition=2nd |location=Karachi |pages=220–225 |chapter=Appendix H: The Langāhs of Multan |orig-date=1972}} Originally a doctoral dissertation presented at the [[University of Manchester]] in 1958, first published by the [[University of Sindh]] in 1972 (see Preface, pp. ix–xiii)</ref> He also notes that the local traditions of Multan ascribe a [[Rajput]] origins to Langahs, although contemporary Langahs are classed as [[Jats]] now.<ref name=":1" /> In addition to Firishta, [[Nizamuddin Ahmad|Nizamuddin]], [[Masum Shah|Mir Ma'sum]], [[Abbas Sarwani]] and [[Sujan Rai Bhandari|Sujan Rai]] also call the dynasty's founder as Rai Sahra (or Sehra), however, provide no further information regarding his ethnic origins.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite thesis |author=Islam |first=Arshad |title=History of Sind During Pre-Mughal Period |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |oclc=957003202 |pages=122–129 |chapter=Sind Under the Delhi Sultanate |year=1990}}</ref> According to the historian Dr. Hameed-ud-Din the title [[Rai (title)|Rai]] prefixed to Sahra's name suggests a Rajput origin.<ref name=":0" />

The place of origins for Langah sultans is similarly disputed, with Siwi (modern [[Sibi]]) and Rapar in [[Mailsi Tehsil|Mailsi]] near Multan being usually suggested.<ref name=":0"/> According to Siddiqi, it seems more than probable that Langahs were initially settled near Rapar, and their association with Siwi is probably a transcription error as they have never been noticed near it.<ref name=":1" />

== History ==
{{See also|Battle of Multan (1475)}}
After the invasion of Emir [[Timur]] in 1398, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] greatly weakened and the city of [[Multan]] became independent of the Sultanate of Delhi. The inhabitants chose Shaikh Yousaf Qureshi, a descendant of the famous Sufi [[Baha-ud-din Zakariya]], as ruler in 1438. He was a mild and inexperienced ruler. In 1445, [[Rai Sahra Langah|Rai Sahra]], chief of the Langah, attacked the city at night with the help of his tribesmen, arrested Sheikh Yousaf and proclaimed himself sultan. In this way Multan passed to the Langah clan,<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite book |last1=Baloch |first1=N. A. |author-link1=Nabi Bakhsh Baloch|date=1998 |title=The Regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting |page=305 |chapter=The Rulers of Sind, Baluchistan and Multan (750–1500)|series= History of Civilizations of Central Asia |volume=IV |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20regions%20of%20sind,%20baluchistan,%20multan%20and%20kashmir.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028131445/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20regions%20of%20sind,%20baluchistan,%20multan%20and%20kashmir.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2016}}</ref> thus establishing the Langah Sultanate.<ref name="UNESCO" /> The reign of [[Husseyn Langah I|Sultan Husayn I]], who ruled from 1469 to 1498, is considered to be the most illustrious of the Langah sultans.<ref name="UNESCO" /> Multan experienced prosperity during this time, and a large number of Baloch settlers arrived in the city at the invitation of Shah Husayn.<ref name="UNESCO" /> Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Delhi sultans led by Tatar Khan and [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah|Barbak Shah]].<ref name="UNESCO" /> He fought off attempts to reinstall Shiekh Yousaf, who had taken refuge under Delhi sultans. Eventually, he signed a peace treaty with [[Sikandar Khan Lodi|Sikandar Lodi]] and abdicated in the favour of his son. His successor, Budhan Khan, who assumed the title Sultan Mahmud Shah I, inherited the sultanate stretched encompassing the neighbouring regions, including the cities of [[Chiniot]] and [[Shorkot]].<ref name="UNESCO" /> During the rule of the Langah, a large number of [[Baloch people|Baloch tribes]] were allowed to settle in the Derajaat Border in turn for military service.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=J |title=A History of the Peoples of Pakistan: Towards Independence |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195778199 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKDjAAAAMAAJ&q=langah+sultanate+baloch}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO"/>
===Decline===
{{See also|Sindh–Multan War}}
{{South Asia in 1525 CE||Location of the Langah Sultanate and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 1525 CE, on the eve of the establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=39, 147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076 |archive-date=2022-02-06 |access-date=2022-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065341/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{Annotation|61|56|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|41px]]}}}}
[[Husseyn Langah I|Sultan Husayn I]] being unable to hold his trans-Indus possessions, assigned the region around [[Dera Ismail Khan]] to Sardar [[Malik Sohrab Dodai]] in 1469 or 1471 and appointed him as "Jagirdar".<ref name="UNESCO"/> During the reign of Mahmud Langah, his Vizier rebelled and declared himself independent ruler of Sorkot. The city was invaded during the reign of Sultan Husseyn II by ruler Shah Husayn of the [[Arghun dynasty]], probably at [[Babur]]'s insistence.<ref name="UNESCO" /> [[Multan]] fell in 1528 after an extended siege and Shah Husayn appointed his son Mirza Askari as governor of the city, assisted by Langar Khan, one of the powerful Amirs of Sultan Mahmud Langah I. Shortly after Shah Husayn departed Multan for [[Thatta]], however, the governor was thrown out of the city. The rebels under Sultan Mahmud II administered Multan for a time independently<ref>Davies, pp. 627-8</ref> but in 1541, [[Sher Shah Suri]] captured Multan, and the sultanate ended.<ref name="Chandra">{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=9788124110669}}</ref>

===Culture===
The position of [[Multan]] as trans-regional mercantile centre for trade with the Islamic world remained dominant during the sultanate era. During their reign, Multan became the principle caravan route between [[Qandahar]] and [[Delhi]]. The extent of Multan's influence is also reflected in the construction of the [[Multani Caravanserai]] in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] — which was built in the 15th century to house Multani merchants visiting the city.<ref name="Amity">{{cite book|title=Amity, Volumes 1-3|date=1963|publisher=Indo-Soviet Cultural Society|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40EtAQAAMAAJ&q=multani+caravanserai|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> Legal records from the Uzbek city of [[Bukhara]] note that Multani merchants settled and owned land in the city in the late 1550s.<ref name="Levi">{{cite news|last1=Levi|first1=Scott|title=Caravans: Punjabi Khatri Merchants on the Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uviBQAAQBAJ&q=multan&pg=PT7|access-date=12 April 2017|agency=Penguin UK|date=2016|publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9789351189169}}</ref>

[[File:Ghazi khan tomb DG khan.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of [[Ghazi Khan]], the Baloch Governor of [[Derajat]], appointed by Langah rulers.]]
Another important feature of this era was migration of [[Baloch people|Baloch]] tribes and their settling in South Punjab.<ref name="UNESCO" /> They soon became core of the military<ref name="UNESCO"/> and held political positions in regions like [[Derajat]].

Langahs are not known to have issued any coins, and no building built by the Langahs has survived.<ref name=Umar>{{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ān |first=ʻUmar Kamāl |title=Multān, Langah daur men̲: Tārīk̲h̲-i Multān ke sāl 1437 se 1543 tak ke tārīk̲h̲ī vāqiʻāt |publisher=Bazm-i S̲aqāfat |year=1995 |location=Multān |pages=140–141 |language=Ur |oclc=604063289}}</ref> However, several mausolea belonging to the Langah period are still extant, including those of [[tomb of Bibi Jawindi|Bibi Jawindi]] (built {{circa|1494}}, Uch), [[tomb of Tahir Khan Nahar|Tahir Khan Nahar]] (built late 15th century, [[Sitpur]]) and [[Ghazi Khan|Ghazi Khan Mirani]] (built {{circa|1495}}, Dera Ghazi Khan), among others.<ref name=Umar/>

===Ministers===
Following is the list of known ministers of Langah Sultanate:
* Imadul Mulk (1469–1499), he was Vizier of [[Husseyn Langah I]]. He rebelled against him and was imprisoned.
* Jam Bayzid (1499–1503), he was Vizier of Mahmud Langah I. Due to his strained relations with the Sultan, he rebelled and declared himself independent ruler of Sorkot.<ref name=":2"/>
* Shuja Bukhari (1503–1518), He was Vizier of Mahmud Langah.
* Langar Khan (1518–1526), He was last Vizier of Sultanate. He assisted [[Arghun Dynasty|Shah Hussain Arghun]] to conquer Multan.

== Rulers ==
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Titular Name(s)
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Personal Name
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;"| Reign
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Qutbu'd-Din Mahmud I'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان قطب الدین محمود اول}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Rai Sahra Langah]] {{Nastaliq|رای سهره لنگاہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1445 – 1469
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Husseyn I'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان حسین اول}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Husseyn Langah I|Husseyn Shah Langah]] {{Nastaliq|حسین لنگاه}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1469 – 1498
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Feroz'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان فیروز}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Feroz Khan Langah {{Nastaliq|فیروز خان لنگاه}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1498 – 1499
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Husseyn I'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان حسین اول}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Husseyn Langah I|Husseyn Shah Langah]] {{Nastaliq|حسین لنگاه}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1499 – 29 August 1502
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Mahmud II'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان محمود دوم}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Budha Khan Langah {{Nastaliq|بدھا خان لنگاہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|30 August 1502 – 1525
|-
| style="text-align:center;|''Sultan Husseyn II'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان حسین دوم}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Husseyn Langah {{Nastaliq|حسین لنگاه}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1525 – 1527
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Lashkar'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان لشکر}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Lashkar Khan Langah {{Nastaliq|لشکر خان لنگاه}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1527 – 1530
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[History of Multan]]
*[[History of Punjab]]
*[[Emirate of Multan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Langah Sultanate}}
[[Category:History of Punjab]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian monarchies]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1445]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1530]]
[[Category:History of Multan]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan]]

Purushottam Upadhyay

2026-01-07T23:53:16Z

Ronny14Z58: made a page!

{{Short description|Indian musician, singer and composer (1934–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Purushottam Upadhyay
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|08|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Uttarsanda, [[Kaira district]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|12|11|1934|08|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Music composer, singer
| yearsactive =
| known for = Gujarati semi-classical music
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = Two daughters
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2017) Gaurav Puraskar
}}

'''Purushottam Upadhyay''' (15 August 1934 – 11 December 2024) was an Indian musician, singer and composer who primarily worked in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Hindi]] languages. He was well known in Gujarati semi-classical music and composed music for over 20 films and 30 plays. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2017.

==Life and career==
Upadhyay was born on 15 August 1934 in [[Uttarsanda]] (now in [[Kheda district]], [[Gujarat]], India), had an interest in music from his childhood. His singing passion developed alongside his interest in listening music. He won numerous awards for performances during his school days. Without informing his family, he left his hometown to pursue a career in music in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) but returned due to lack of opportunities. He started working in [[Gujarati theatre]] companies and acted in supporting roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mule |first=Balkrishna Madhavrao |title=ઉપાધ્યાય, પુરુષોત્તમ |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF-%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-12-11 |title=Legendary Gujarati singer Purushottam Upadhyay passes away at 90, PM Narendra Modi expresses condolences |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/legendary-gujarati-singer-purushottam-upadhyay-passes-away-at-90-pm-narendra-modi-expresses-condolences/articleshow/116223361.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He came to attention of theatre actor Ashraf Khan when he sang a song originally performed by [[Noor Jehan]]. He returned to Bombay. With the recommendation of Ashraf Khan, he secured a singing contract with [[All India Radio]], Bombay. He also started gaining minor opportunities in the music industry. He developed personal connections with several artists, including [[Amirbai Karnataki]], [[Alla Rakha]], [[Dilip Dholakia]], and [[Avinash Vyas]]. Under guidance of Vyas, he organized music programs at [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] and also taught at music classes there in Vyas's absence. He also studied classical music from [[Navrang Nagpurkar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Upadhyay conducted solo music performances in India and abroad. Apart from singing in Gujarati Sugam Sangeet (semi-classical music), he sang ghazals. He worked with [[Kalyanji–Anandji]] where he gained experience as a music composer. He composed music for playback singers such as [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], and [[Mohammed Rafi]]. In the domain of Gujarati Sugam Sangeet, [[Hansa Dave]] was among the singers who performed under his direction.<ref name=":0" />

He composed music for more than 20 films and 30 plays. His well known Gujarati songs include "He Ranglo Jamyo", "Divaso Judaina Jay Che", "Ae Jaashe Jarur Milan Sudhi", "Have Mandir Na Barana", "Mari Koi Dalkhi Ma" and "Kahu Chu Jawanine".<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-13 |title=We have lost a gem: Gujarat mourns Purushottam Upadhyay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/we-have-lost-a-gem-gujarat-mourns-purushottam-upadhyay/articleshow/116280839.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Upadhyay had two daughters.<ref name=":2" /> He died in Mumbai on 11 December 2024, at the age of 90.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-12-12 |title=Purushottam Upadhyay, doyen of Gujarati sugam sangeet no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/tribute-to-purushottam-upadhyay-icon-of-gujarati-sugam-sangeet-passes-away-at-90/articleshow/116225679.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Recognition==
The [[Government of Gujarat]] honoured him with the Gaurav Puraskar for his contributions to Gujarati music.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In 2017, he received the [[Padma Shri]] from the Government of India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==Filmography==
Upadhyay composed, co-composed, or sang songs for following films:

* [[Liludi Dharati (film)|''Liludi Dharati'']] (1968, Gujarati)
* [[Taqdeer (1983 film)|''Taqdeer'']] (1983, Hindi)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{discogs artist|Purushottam Upadhyay}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadhyay, Purushottam}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Musicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:People from Kheda district]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian districts

2026-01-05T02:36:41Z

Ronny14Z58: Added new place initial version...

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
{{WikiProject status|inactive}}
{{Shortcut|WP:INDIST}}
The goal of '''Wikiproject Indian districts''' is to create comprehensive articles on [[List of districts in India|India's districts]] and divisions. A division is a group of districts created for administrative purposes in large states. The project also aims to standardise section contents and provide ideas as to what can be added to each section. The final goal is to have as many articles on India's districts as a [[Wikipedia:Featured article| Featured article]], one of Wikipedia's best.

If you have any knowledge of any district/division, please help the project by adding content to the article. You can also contribute photos to the article, if you have been there or reside there.
 
;: '''Featured articles:'''
Featured articles are some of wikipedia's best articles voted by wikipedians themselves. All intended projects must try and emulate the following articles:

*''none currently
 
 
;WikiProject Indian districts notice
Place this WikiProject notice [[Template:WP India]] at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the Wikiproject Indian districts for guidelines.

To use it, place

<nowiki>{{WP India|districts=yes}}</nowiki>

at the top of an article's Talk page
 

==Participants==

* [[User:AnadiDoD|AnM2002]] ([[User talk:AnadiDoD|talk]]) 08:03, 15 May 2020 (UTC)
* [[User:Faizhaider|Sayed Mohd Faiz Haider Rizvi]] ([[User talk:Faizhaider|talk]]) 05:20, 14 March 2008 (UTC)
* N.Ansari/S.K.
* [[User:Maquahuitl|Maquahuitl]] 13:59, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
* [[User:Nichalp|Nichalp]] ([[User Talk:Nichalp|Talk]])
* [[User:Bhadani|Bhadani]]
* [[User:Utcursch|utcursch]] | [[User talk:Utcursch|talk]] 09:40, August 3, 2005 (UTC)
* {{user|Anirudhsbh}}
* {{user|Ganeshk}}
* [[User:Lostintherush|lost]] 19:15, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Saravask|Saravask]] 06:36, 15 May 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Dwaipayanc|Dwaipayan]] ([[User_talk:Dwaipayanc|talk]]) 05:34, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
* {{User|Deepujoseph}}
* {{user|Nmadhubala}}
* {{User|Rajasekhar1961}}
* {{User|DaGizza}}
* '''Nasruddin ansari'''
* {{User|GDibyendu}}
* {{User|Koolkrazy}}
* [[User:PhnomPencil|PhnomPencil]] ([[User talk:PhnomPencil|talk]]) 09:56, 19 September 2011 (UTC)
* {{User|Shivap}}
* {{User|Logical1004}}
* {{User|Imahesh3847}} --[[User:Imahesh3847|Imahesh3847]] ([[User talk:Imahesh3847|talk]]) 17:02, 13 March 2016 (UTC)
* {{User|SrihariThalla}} 09:49:46, 26 March 2021 (UTC) 
* [[User:Ankit2299|Ankit]] [[User talk:Ankit2299|(Talk with me)]] 19:29, 4 May 2021 (UTC)
* {{user|Het666}}

==Article Assessment==

===Current state===

{| width=100% style="background:none;"
|-
|align="center"|{{Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Indian districts articles by quality statistics}}
|}

===Guidelines for importance assessment===
* [[:Category:Top-importance Indian districts articles | Top]]: Lists of districts by state, and districts with 40+ lakh (4+ million) population
* [[:Category:High-importance Indian districts articles | High]]: Districts with 20–40 lakh (2–4 million) population
* [[:Category:Mid-importance Indian districts articles | Mid]]: Districts with 10–20 lakh (1–2 million) population
* [[:Category:Low-importance Indian districts articles | Low]]: Districts with less than 10 lakh (1 million) population

==Basic India conventions==
* Use only [[Indian English]] spellings as per the guidelines for India related pages.
* All units should be metric ([[SI]]) units. Imperial equivalents should be given alongside in brackets.
* Use the [[Indian numbering system]] of [[lakh]]s and [[crores]]. Give their equivalence (millions/ billions) alongside.
* For monetary figures, use the Indian numbering system but also give its [[US dollar]] equivalence in brackets.

==Disambiguation==
In many cases a district and its headquarters share the same name. For example, Mysore is the name of a city, district and division. For such cases, contents of the district should be added to [[Mysore district]] and the division should be added to [[Mysore division]]. Thus Mysore will be having only matter relating to the city. However all three should be linked in the respective articles.

Please note: the word ''district'' should be with a small '''d'''.

The small 'd' convention by the Indian district project is disputed. See: [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian districts/Naming]].

==Sections==
These are the sections that should be included.

===''Lead in''===
The lead-in consists of text that comes before the ''Table of Contents''. The lead-in should summarise key aspects of the district, what it is known for and its significance. The first paragraph should also mention its location and the bordering districts/divisions. The origins of the name can also be included here. The lead in should contain a minimum of two medium sized paragraphs. Three would be ideal.
* '''Rating''': Compulsory
* '''Length''': 2-3 paragraphs

===Etymology===
If there are many theories of the name of the district and the [[etymology]] which would unnecessary lengthen the lead in, consider adding this section. The origin of the district is important and should be included in the article.
* '''Rating''': Section optional; inclusion important
* '''Length''': minimum one large paragraph, or two small paragraphs.

===History===
The history section is one of the most important sections of the article. It should describe the key events of the district starting from its origins to the current. Important is whether it is homonymous with a [[princely state]] (the most extensive listing in on the specialized site [[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/main.html]], but does not taken into account alternative names, such as variations in spelling) and/or overlaps with one or more (e)states. As far as possible avoid political history except for key instances crucial for the district's change.

The history section should be around four to five mid-sized paragraphs. If it exceeds six paragraphs move the detail to a separate article titled [[History of xxx]], and provide a summary of 4-5 paragraphs here highlighting key points in the district's development. Do not use subheadings.
* '''Rating''': Compulsory
* '''Length''': 4-6 paragraphs; summarise/précis if longer, add detail to another page.

===Geography===
This section is also compulsory. Describe the district's location in the state, regions (Konkan, Deccan etc.), if coastal state etc. Also mention rivers, lakes, creeks and islands within. Hills and highest point should also be mentioned.

'''Climate''' is compulsory. Mention the seasons, weather, when the district gets its rains and annual rainfall. Give the average temperature and if possible temperature records. The climate section can also be a standalone section. See [[Mumbai]].

Add a paragraph on the '''geology''' of the district. This information is optional. If the region falls in an earthquake prone zone; mention that too.

If adequate information on both the climate and geology is available, then the two may also be included as subsections under Geography. See [[Sikkim]].

* '''Rating''': Compulsory
* '''Length''': Varies. Try not to exceed 10 paragraphs if geology and climate are both included in the main geography section.

====Flora and fauna====
Write something on the flora and fauna of the district. Also mention the Parks and nature reserves in the districts.
* '''Rating''': Important
* '''Length''': Not more than four paragraphs.

===Economy===
Describe the primary economy of the district, the major industries, businesses etc. Also mention the primary occupations of its residents. A list of major companies can also be included. What is the main agricultural produce? How much money the district makes? Its budget? Its commercial centres etc.

* '''Rating''': Compulsory
* '''Length''': Not more than four paragraphs.

===Divisions===
If the district has sub-divisions such as [[Tehsil]]/mandal/taluka and [[Revenue division]]s, show it alongside a map. For divisions, show the districts alongside a map and for some states like [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] divisions are the administrative units which has mandals. How many seats does the district contribute to the Lok Sabha, state legislature? A little info on the headquarters etc. The administration info like collector can be mentioned.

* '''Rating''': Compulsory
* '''Length''': Not more than four paragraphs

===Transport===
Mention the most popular modes of transport (don’t use transportation, its American English) eg. Buses trains, buses, jeeps, air, sea etc. It should be in prose form rather than in bulleted points

* '''Rating''': Not very important
* '''Length''': Variable, avoid more than five.

===Demographics===
The population, density, literacy, sex ratio, life expectancy all should be mentioned here. Mention the break up of religious groups in %. Include inline references.

In paragraph 2, mention the languages spoken and ethnic groups.

* '''Rating''': Very Important
* '''Length''': maximum three

===Culture===
What is a resident of the district called? Mention popular cuisines. Film, architecture, art can be added be added. Include art galleries, museums and public libraries present in the district. Clothing too can be included. Notable musicians, authors, actors etc can be included.

Mention festivals, the important ones and how popular ones are celebrated.

* '''Rating''': Very Important
* '''Length''': not more than five.

===Education===
Write about schools in the district and the education pattern. Important schools and colleges can be mentioned. Mention universities and prominent institutions and other educational centres.

* '''Rating''': Important
* '''Length''': maximum three.

===Media===
Write about the newspapers; TV channels and radio stations. Also include print publications in the district.

* '''Rating''': Optional
* '''Length''': not more than three.

===Sports===
Mention the most popular sport in the districts. Mention notable stadiums present in cities for each sport. Also include the sports that are popular in schools, colleges and the most viewed sports. Prominent sportsmen may also be included. This section may also be merged with 'culture'

* '''Rating''': Important
* '''Length''': not more than three.

===References===
*See [[wikipedia:Cite your sources]] for the exact formatting for websites, books, journals etc.

===Further reading===
* An optional section on books written about the districts.

===External links===
*No commercial links. Only quality links of informational value

==Infoboxes==
All districts/divisions should have an infobox placed before the start of the text. A sample one is shown here:
===Districts===
<pre>
{{India district infobox
|image_map=LocationEastSiang.png
|district_name= East Siang
|hq=Pasighat
|latd=95.383
|longd=28.1
|state=assam
|abbreviation=IN-AR-ES
|collector=?
|area=4,005
|population=87,430
|population_year=2001
|population_density=21.83
|footnotes=
}}
</pre>

===Divisions===
<pre>
{{India district infobox|
image_map=Mysoredivision.png|
division_name= Mysore |
hq=Mysore |
latd=12.18 | longd=76.42 |
state=Karnataka |
area=? |
population=? |
population_year=2001 |
population_density=? |
footnotes= |
}}
</pre>
===Notes===
*The capital coordinates should be in decimal notation only.
*Location map should be >150px.

==Footer Templates==
Simple templates and state linkboxes:
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian districts/templates]]

==Images==
===Licence===
Wikipedia needs free images. By *free* we mean that images should be allowed for any use, be it derivative or commercial (with conditions). The image should *NOT* come from a copyrighted source or be stolen from a website. You can only upload an image of you have an account here. When you upload an image, in the summary, mention the source of the image and tag it with a licence. Popular free tags include:
* {{tl|PD}} – public domain
* {{tl|cc-by-sa}} – Creative commons.

If you have a free image to upload, please upload it in wikimedia [[commons:]] instead of the english wikipedia so that it can be embedded into all wikimedia projects.

There are a lot more licences: you can read more here: [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]] and [[Commons:Licensing]] .

===File types===
*use .jpg for '''photographs only'''
*use: .gif for '''animations only'''
*use: .png for all other types (maps, charts, diagrams etc.)

Please upload at the *highest* possible resolution you can afford to.

===Use in text===
An image should be related to the text alongside. Do not place a picture of a bus in the geography section, it would be better under the transport section. The images should be preferably right-aligned as it is easier to read the text. Size for use on the page can vary from 220px to 270px, but try and stick to one size for all images. Avoid overuse of images, and overlapping of images into the next section. Always test at 800x600, the standard web resolution.

==Page size==
Around 25 kb should be the bare minimum. A page size of under 30kb is easy to read. Upto 32 kb should be sufficient, but a page size of over 35 kb is considered too large to read.

==Some wikipedia conventions==
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style}}
* For ''main articles'' use this template: <nowiki>{{main|History of xxx}}</nowiki>
* Add a non breaking space ('''<nowiki>& n b s p ;</nowiki>''') between a unit and the value eg. <nowiki>15 [[metres|m]] (50 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]])</nowiki> renders as: 15 [[metres|m]] (50 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]])
* For geographical coordinates use the following templates:
** '''<nowiki>{{coor d|22.15|N|82|E|}}</nowiki>''' – Use for geographical cordinates in metric or in degrees.
** '''<nowiki>{{coor dm|22|15|N|82|5|E|}}</nowiki>''' – Use for geographical cordinates, if both the degree and minute has to be displayed.
** '''<nowiki>{{coor dms|22|15|42|N|82|5|33|E|}}</nowiki>''' – Use for geographical cordinates if the degree, minute and second has to be displayed.
* Use '''<nowiki> & m i n u s ; </nowiki>''' for negative numbers.
* For 'related topics' the convention is: '''<nowiki>''{{See also|ARTICLE NAME}}'''</nowiki>
----
Best of luck!
----
==Related WikiProjects==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian states]]
{{User:WolterBot/Cleanup listing subscription|wgcat=WikiProject Indian districts articles}}

==Tools==
<TBD>

The following Toolserver tools are dead as of 2023
:''Main tool page: [[tools:~dispenser/view/Tools|toolserver.org]]''
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Reflinks|Reflinks]] - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Checklinks|Checklinks]] - Edit and repair external links
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Dab_solver|Dab solver]] - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Peer_reviewer|Peer reviewer]] - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines|state=collapsed}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian districts}}
[[Category:WikiProject Indian districts| ]]
[[Category:WikiProject India]]
[[Category:India-related WikiProjects|Districts]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Popular

2025-12-18T08:20:17Z

Ronny14Z58: adding the stub added tags

{{Short description|Indian Television Academy award}}
{{See also|ITA Award for Best Actor Drama Popular|ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Jury}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Award for Best Actress Popular]]
| current_awards =
| image = Rupali Ganguly at the NBT Utsav Award 2024 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| image_caption = The 2025 recipient: [[Rupali Ganguly]]
| type = Best Actress Popular
| awarded_for = Most Popular Actress in Drama Category
| country = {{IND}}
| presenter = [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| former_name = ''Desh Ki Dhadkan''
| firstawarded = 2001
| lastawarded = 2025
| most_wins = [[Smriti Irani]] (5)
| most_nominations = [[Sakshi Tanwar]] (8)
| award1_type = First winner
| award1_winner = [[Smriti Irani]] for ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' (2001)
| award2_type = Latest winner
| award2_winner = [[Rupali Ganguly]] for ''[[Anupamaa]]'' (2025)
| website = {{url|http://indiantelevisionacademy.com/|Website}}
}}

'''ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Popular''' is an award given by the Indian Television Academy as a part of its [[Indian Television Academy Awards|annual event]] to the female actor who receives the highest votes. First awarded in 2001, the award was originally named ''Desh Ki Dhadkan'' but was later renamed to Best Actress Popular.

==Superlatives==
As of 2019, [[Smriti Irani]] has won the award 5 times out of the 6 nominations she received from 2001 to 2006. [[Hina Khan]], [[Surbhi Chandna]], [[Pranali Rathod]] and [[Rupali Ganguly]] have won 2 awards out of the 3 nominations they received. [[Sakshi Tanwar]] and [[Shweta Tiwari]] have 8 and 7 nominations, but have not won a single award. In 2004, [[Smriti Irani]] and [[Mona Singh]], while in 2008 [[Parul Chauhan]] and Sara Khan shared the award.

==Winners and nominees==
=== 2000s ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Year
!Photo
!Actor
!Role
!Show
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2001'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Smt. Smriti Irani in April 2023.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Smriti Irani]]'''
|'''Tulsi Virani'''
|'''''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'''''
|-
|[[Sakshi Tanwar]]
| Parvati Aggrawal
|[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]
|-
|[[Neena Gupta]]
| Priya Kapoor
|[[Saans]]
|-
|[[Pallavi Joshi]]
| Leela Sharma
|[[Justujoo]]
|-
|[[Sandhya Mridul]]
| Kaajal
|[[Koshish (TV series)|Koshish - Ek Aasha]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2002'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Smt. Smriti Irani in April 2023.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Smriti Irani]]'''
|'''Tulsi Virani'''
|'''''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'''''
|-
|[[Sakshi Tanwar]]
| Parvati Aggrawal
|[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]
|-
|[[Shweta Tiwari]]
| Prerna Sharma
|[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
|-
|[[Gurdeep Kohli]]
| Dr. Juhi Singh
|[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani - a medical boon]]
|-
|[[Nausheen Ali Sardar]]
| Kkusum
|[[Kkusum]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2003'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Smt. Smriti Irani in April 2023.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Smriti Irani]]'''
|'''Tulsi Virani'''
|'''''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'''''
|-
|[[Sakshi Tanwar]]
| Parvati Aggrawal
|[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]
|-
|[[Farida Jalal]]
| Sushma Mehra
|[[Shararat (TV series)|Shararat]]
|-
|[[Shweta Tiwari]]
| Prerna Sharma
|[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
|-
|[[Aamna Shariff]]
| Kashish
|[[Kahiin To Hoga]]
|-
| rowspan=6|'''2004'''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Smt. Smriti Irani in April 2023.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Smriti Irani]]'''
|'''Tulsi Virani'''
|'''''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'''''
|-
|'''[[Mona Singh]]'''
|'''Jasmeet Walia'''
|'''''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'''''
|-
|[[Sakshi Tanwar]]
| Parvati Aggrawal
|[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]
|-
| Geeta Nair
| Geeta
|[[Haqeeqat (Indian TV series)|Haqeeqat]]
|-
|[[Shweta Tiwari]]
| Prerna Sharma
|[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
|-
|[[Niki Aneja Walia]]
| Dr. Simran Mathur
|[[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2005'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Smt. Smriti Irani in April 2023.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Smriti Irani]]'''
|'''Tulsi Virani'''
|'''''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'''''
|-
|[[Sakshi Tanwar]]
| Parvati Aggrawal
|[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]
|-
|[[Niki Aneja Walia]]
| Dr. Simran Mathur
|[[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani]]
|-
|[[Shweta Tiwari]]
| Prerna Sharma
|[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
|-
|[[Mona Singh]]
| Jassi
|[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2006'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Rajshri Thakur in 2012.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Rajshree Thakur]]'''
|'''Saloni Singh'''
|'''''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar]]'''''
|-
|[[Shweta Tiwari]]
| Prerna Sharma
|[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
|-
|[[Ratna Pathak]]
| Maya Sarabhai
|[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]
|-
|[[Supriya Pathak]]
| Hansa Parekh
|[[Instant Khichdi]]
|-
|[[Divya Dutta]]
| Shanno
|[[Star Plus Programmes|Shanno Ki Shaadi]]
|-
| rowspan=6|'''2007'''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Divyanka-Tripathi-at-Most-Admired-Leadership-awards-2017 (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Divyanka Tripathi]]'''
|'''Vidya Singh'''
|'''''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'''''
|-
|[[Shweta Tiwari]]
| Prerna Sharma
|[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
|-
|[[Prachi Desai]]
| Bani Walia
|[[Kasamh Se]]
|-
|[[Sarita Joshi]]
| Godavari Thakkar
|[[Baa Bahu Aur Baby]]
|-
|[[Smriti Irani]]
| Vasudha
|[[Virrudh]]
|-
|[[Mugdha Chaphekar]]
|Sanyogita
|[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]
|-
| rowspan=6|'''2008'''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Parul Chauhan in 2016 (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} {{border|[[File:Sara Khan at Ashmit Patel’s birthday bash (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Parul Chauhan]]'''
|'''Ragini Rajvansh'''
| rowspan=2|'''''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'''''
|-
|'''[[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]]'''
|'''Sadhna Rajvansh'''
|-
|[[Divyanka Tripathi]]
| Vidya Singh
|[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]
|-
|[[Sarita Joshi]]
| Godavari Thakkar
|[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]
|-
|[[Additi Gupta]]
| Heer Juneja
|[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]
|-
|[[Avika Gor]]
| Anandi
|[[Balika Vadhu]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2009'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Hina Khan snapped at Livaeco Global Spa Fit & Fab Awards 2021 (1).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Hina Khan]]'''
|'''Akshara Singhania'''
|'''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'''''
|-
|[[Ankita Lokhande]]
| Archana Karanjkar
|[[Pavitra Rishta]]
|-
|[[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]]
| Sadhna Rajvanshi
|[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]
|-
|[[Ratan Rajput]]
| Laali
|[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]
|-
|[[Aasiya Kazi]]
| Santo Mahyavanshi
|[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]
|-
|}

=== 2010s ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year || Photo || Actress || Character || Show
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2010'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Rashami Desai at Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2022 (1) (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Rashami Desai]]'''
|'''Tapasya Thakur'''
|'''''[[Uttaran]]'''''
|-
|[[Ankita Lokhande]]
| Archana Karanjkar
|[[Pavitra Rishta]]
|-
|[[Hina Khan]]
| Akshara Singhania
|[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]
|-
|[[Pooja Gor]]
| Pratigya
|[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]
|-
|[[Ragini Khanna]]
| Suhana Kashyap
|[[Sasural Genda Phool]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2011'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Giaa Manek at the launch of Telly Calendar 2014.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Giaa Manek]]'''
|'''Gopi Modi'''
|'''''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'''''
|-
|[[Ankita Lokhande]]
| Archana Karanjkar
|[[Pavitra Rishta]]
|-
|[[Sakshi Tanwar]]
| Priya Kapoor
|[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]
|-
|[[Pratyusha Banerjee]]
| Anandi
|[[Balika Vadhu]]
|-
|[[Pooja Gor]]
| Pratigya
|[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2012'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Nia at ITA Awards.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Nia Sharma]]'''
|'''Maanvi Chaudhary'''
|'''''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]'''''
|-
|[[Shweta Tiwari]]
| Sweety Kaur Ahluwalia
|[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]
|-
|[[Sakshi Tanwar]]
| Priya Kapoor
|[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]
|-
|[[Rati Pandey]]
| Indira
|[[Hitler Didi]]
|-
|[[Drashti Dhami]]
| Madhubala
|[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]
|-
|rowspan=5| '''2013'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Devoleena Bhattacharjee in 2018.jpg |95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]]'''
|'''Gopi Modi'''
|'''''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'''''
|-
| [[Paridhi Sharma]]
| [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodhabai]]
| ''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]]''
|-
|[[Deepika Singh]]
| Sandhya Rathi
| [[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]
|-
| [[Ankita Lokhande]]
| Archana Deshmukh
| [[Pavitra Rishta]]
|-
| [[Sakshi Tanwar]]
| Priya Kapoor
| [[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]
|-
|rowspan=7 | '''2014'''
|rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Deepika Singh 2014 (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Deepika Singh]]'''
|'''Sandhya Rathi'''
|'''''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'''''
|-
|[[Sriti Jha]]
| Pragya Arora
|[[Kumkum Bhagya]]
|-
|[[Divyanka Tripathi]]
| Ishita Iyer
|[[Ye Hai Mohabbatein]]
|-
|[[Sanaya Irani]]
|Parvati
|[[Rangrasiya]]
|-
|[[Preetika Rao]]
|Aaliya
|[[Beintehaa]]
|-
|[[Drashti Dhami]]
| Madhubala
|[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]
|-
| [[Pooja Sharma (Indian actress)|Pooja Sharma]]
| [[Draupadi]]
|[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]
|-
|rowspan=5 |'''2015'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Hina Khan snapped at Livaeco Global Spa Fit & Fab Awards 2021 (1).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Hina Khan]]'''
|'''Akshara Singhania'''
|'''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'''''
|-
|[[Sriti Jha]]
| Pragya Mehra
|[[Kumkum Bhagya]]
|-
|[[Divyanka Tripathi]]
| Ishita Iyer
|[[Ye Hai Mohabbatein]]
|-
|[[Kratika Sengar]]
|Tanu Bedi
|[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]
|-
|[[Pallavi Kulkarni]]
| Ragini Khanna
|[[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2016'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Mouni_Roy_in_September_2022.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Mouni Roy]]'''
|'''Shivanya Singh'''
|'''''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 1]]'''''
|-
|[[Sriti Jha]]
| Pragya Mehra
|[[Kumkum Bhagya]]
|-
|[[Divyanka Tripathi]]
| Ishita Iyer
|[[Ye Hai Mohabbatein]]
|-
|[[Kratika Sengar]]
| Tanu Bedi
|[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]
|-
|[[Rubina Dilaik]]
| Soumya
|[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2017'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Helly Shah (43902370151) (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Helly Shah]]'''
|'''Devanshi Chaudhary'''
|'''''[[Devanshi (TV series)|Devanshi]]'''''
|-
|[[Sriti Jha]]
| Pragya Mehra
|[[Kumkum Bhagya]]
|-
|[[Mouni Roy]]
| Shivangi Singh
|[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 2]]
|-
|[[Surbhi Chandna]]
| Anika Trivedi
|[[Ishqbaaaz]]
|-
|[[Aditi Rathore]]
| Avni Ayesha
|[[Naamkarann]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2018'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Surbhi Chandna at the 25th SOL Lions Gold Awards 2018.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| '''[[Surbhi Chandna]]'''
| '''Anika Trivedi'''
|'''[[Ishqbaaz]]'''

|-
| [[Jennifer Winget]]
|Zoya Siddiqui
|[[Bepannah]]

|-
|[[Drashti Dhami]]
| Nandini Thakur
|[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]
|-
|[[Rubina Dilaik]]
| Soumya Singh
|[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]
|-
|[[Aditi Rathore]]
| Avni Ayesha
|[[Naamkarann]]
|-
| rowspan=4|'''2019'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Shivangi Joshi Spotted At Andheri.png|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Shivangi Joshi]]'''
|'''Naira Goenka'''
|'''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'''''
|-
|[[Shraddha Arya]]
|Preeta Arora
|[[Kundali Bhagya]]
|-
|[[Ashi Singh]]
|Naina Agarwal
|[[Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai]]
|-
|[[Erica Fernandes]]
|Prerna Sharma
|[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
|}

=== 2020s ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year || Photo || Actress || Character || Show
|-
|rowspan=4|'''2020'''
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Surbhi Chandna at the 25th SOL Lions Gold Awards 2018.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Surbhi Chandna]]'''
|'''Bani Sharma'''
|'''''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]'''''
|-
|[[Shraddha Arya]]
|Preeta Arora
|[[Kundali Bhagya]]
|-
|[[Rupali Ganguly]]
|Anupamaa
|[[Anupamaa]]
|-
|[[Helly Shah]]
|Riddhima Raisinghania
|[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2021'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Rupali Ganguly in 2023 (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Rupali Ganguly]]'''
|'''Anupamaa Joshi'''
|'''''[[Anupamaa]]'''''
|-
|[[Shivangi Khedkar]]
| Pallavi Rao
| [[Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali]]
|-
| [[Ashi Singh]]
| Meet Hooda
| [[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]
|-
|[[Helly Shah]]
|Riddhima Raisinghania
|[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]
|-
|[[Mallika Singh]]
|Radha
|[[RadhaKrishn]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2022'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Pranali Rathod-attend-Rupali-Gangulys-birthday-party-11 (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Pranali Rathod]]'''
|'''Akshara Goenka'''
|'''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'''''
|-
|[[Tejasswi Prakash]]
|Pratha Gujral
|[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 6]]
|-
| [[Gulki Joshi]]
| Haseena Malik
| [[Maddam Sir]]
|-
|[[Niyati Fatnani]]
|Ginni Grewal
|[[Channa Mereya (TV series)|Channa Mereya]]
|-
|[[Mallika Singh]]
|Radha
|[[RadhaKrishn]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2023'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Tejasswi Prakash at Grazia Millennial Awards, 2022.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Tejasswi Prakash]]'''
|'''Pratha Gujral'''
|'''''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 6]]'''''
|-
|[[Shivangi Joshi]]
|Aradhana Sahni
|[[Barsatein – Mausam Pyaar Ka]]
|-
|[[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]]
|Katha Singh
|[[Katha Ankahee]]
|-
|[[Pranali Rathod]]
|Akshara Goenka
|[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]
|-
|[[Ashi Singh]]
|Meet Hooda
|[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]
|-
| rowspan=6|'''2024'''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Pranali Rathod-attend-Rupali-Gangulys-birthday-party-11 (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Pranali Rathod]]'''
|'''Akshara Goenka'''
|'''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'''''
|-
|[[Rupali Ganguly]]
|Anupamaa
|[[Anupamaa]]
|-
|[[Sumbul Touqeer]]
|Kavya Bansal
|[[Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon]]
|-
|[[Aditi Rathore]]
|Tanvi Sharma
|[[Aangan – Aapno Kaa]]
|-
|[[Samridhii Shukla]]
|Abhira Sharma
|[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]
|-
|[[Ashi Singh]]
|Meet Hooda
|[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2025'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Rupali Ganguly in 2023 (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Rupali Ganguly]]'''
|'''Anupamaa Joshi'''
|'''''[[Anupamaa]]'''''
|-
|[[Shivangi Joshi]]
|Bhagyashree Iyer
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4]]''
|-
|[[Ashi Singh]]
|Kairi Sharma
|''[[Ufff..Yeh Love Hai Mushkil]]''
|-
|[[Pranali Rathod]]
|Prarthana Malhotra
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|-
|[[Smriti Irani]]
|Tulsi Virani
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]''
|}

==See also==
* [[ITA Award for Best Actor Drama Popular]]
* [[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Jury]]
* [[ITA Award for Best Actor Drama Jury]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indiantelevisionacademy.com/ Indian Television Academy Awards]

{{Indian Television Academy Awards}}

[[Category:Television awards for Best Actress]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2001]]
[[Category:Indian Television Academy Awards|Actress]]

Sreerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)

2025-12-09T21:26:39Z

Ronny14Z58: new the article first draft - done

#REDIRECT [[Sreerampur Lok Sabha constituency]]
{{R from move}}

Agri-Horticultural Society of India

2025-12-05T03:58:57Z

Ronny14Z58: creating pg

{{Short description|Horticultural society and flower garden in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
[[File:Entrance gate to The Agri-Horticultural Society of India.jpg|thumb|Entrance gate to The Agri-Horticultural Society of India, Alipore, Kolkata.]]
[[File:Garden - Agri-Horticultural Society of India - Alipore - Kolkata 2013-02-10 4806.JPG|thumb|Garden of The Agri-Horticultural Society of India, Kolkata.]]

The '''Agri-Horticultural Society of India''' was founded in 1820 by [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] on [[Alipore]] Road, [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patherya |first=Mudar |date=2024-01-04 |title=The Agri-Horticultural Society of India in Alipore: intended to take a subcontinent ahead |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/a-history-and-walk-through-of-the-agri-horticultural-society-of-india-in-alipore-or-horticultural-gardens-in-kolkata/cid/2010503 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Niyogi |first=Subhro |date=2018-06-03 |title=198-year-old society in eye of storm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/198-year-old-society-in-eye-of-storm/articleshow/64434190.cms |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It has a [[flower garden]], [[greenhouse]]s, a research laboratory, and a [[library]]. Originally known as the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, it houses a massive collection of [[flora|plants and flowers]], and features a significant collection of botanical varieties, including [[Canna (plant)|Cannas]], for which it has a long and distinguished tradition, with facilities for gardeners and plant/flower lovers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Indrajit |date=2023-11-29 |title=Agri Horticultural Garden: So beautiful, so elegant, just looking like a Wow! |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/agri-horticultural-garden-an-oasis-of-peaceful-greens-in-heart-of-kolkata/cid/1983359 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=[[Telegraph India|My Kolkata]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Jaismita |date=2023-01-25 |title=Kolkata to miss Alipore Horticulture flower show for third year |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/kolkata-to-miss-agri-horticultural-society-of-india-flower-show-for-third-straight-year/cid/1912173 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Anasuya |date=2022-04-03 |title=Rubberised track laid for walkers at Agri Horticultural Society in Alipore |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/rubberised-track-laid-for-walkers-at-agri-horticultural-society-in-alipore/cid/1854439 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=[[The Telegraph India]]}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Flowers 106.jpg|Flowers at Agri Horticultural Society of India
File:Flowers 104.jpg|Flowers at the Winter Flower Show 2017.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20200312130132/https://www.ahsi.in/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|22.5282|88.3333|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Botanical gardens in India]]
[[Category:1820 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Horticultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Horticulture in India]]

{{India-org-stub}}
{{garden-stub}}

Roha railway station

2025-12-05T00:49:48Z

Ronny14Z58:

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{citation style|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Roha
| type = Regular [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] Indian Railways Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Konkan_Railway_516.JPG
| image_caption = Roha station platform
| address = [[Roha]], [[Raigad district]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18.4469|73.1239|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|6.613|m|ft}}
| line = Central railway
[[Vasai Road–Roha line]] [[Konkan Railway|Roha–Thokur line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 3 (end platform)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/roha-roha/1855|title=Roha Railway Station Map/Atlas CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 7
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened = 1986
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes (2018) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jan/20/indian-railways-to-strive-for-cent-percent-electrification-piyush-goyal-1927411.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203185718/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jan/20/indian-railways-to-strive-for-cent-percent-electrification-piyush-goyal-1927411.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2019|title=Indian railways to strive for cent percent electrification: Piyush Goyal|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
| accessible =
| code = ROHA
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| former =
| status = Active
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations
|system1=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line1=Vasai Road-Roha|left1=Nidi
|system2=Indian Railways|line2=Konkan Railway|left2=|right2=Kolad|type2=Konkan Railway
}}
| map_type = India#Maharashtra
| map_dot_label = Roha
| route_map = {{MSR Central line}}{{Konkan Railway Map}}
| mapframe = Yes
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Roha railway station''' (station code: '''ROHA''') is the terminus railway station on the [[Vasai Road–Roha line]] of [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] in India. It is 143.61 km from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] via {{stnlnk|Diva Junction}}. It belongs to the Mumbai division of Central Railway.<ref name="CentralRailway-20100401">{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,1191,1192,1394,1397|title=Central Railway Mumbai Division System Map|date=2010-04-01|publisher=[[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]|access-date=4 May 2013}}</ref>

The station is situated in [[Raigad district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Its preceding railway station is {{stnlnk|Nidi}}. The jurisdiction of Central Railway ends 1170 m down from Roha railway station.<ref name="CentralRailway-20100401" /> From that point, the jurisdiction of [[Konkan Railways]] starts and ends at [[Thokur railway station]] in Karnataka.<ref name="KonkanRailway-20140331">{{cite web|url=http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/System-map-12-08-2014.jpg|title=Konkan railway system map|date=31 March 2014|publisher=Konkan Railway|access-date=29 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045017/http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/System-map-12-08-2014.jpg|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Roha Diva Memu originated & terminated from Roha Railway station Under the operated By Central Railway.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Central}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1986]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Raigad district]]
[[Category:Panvel-Roha rail line]]
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

2014–15 Senior Women's T20 League

2025-11-16T07:41:21Z

Ronny14Z58: creating data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2014–15 Senior Women's T20 League
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 10
| todate = 22 January 2015
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host =
| champions = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| count = 6
| runner up = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| participants = 26
| matches = 66
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (262)
| most wickets = [[Devika Vaidya]] (14)
| previous_year = 2013–14
| previous_tournament = 2013–14 Senior Women's T20 League
| next_year = 2015–16
| next_tournament = 2015–16 Senior Women's T20 League
}}

{{2014–15 Indian domestic cricket season}}

The '''2014–15 Senior Women's T20 League''' was the 7th edition of the women's [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]] [[cricket]] [[Senior Women's T20 League|competition]] in [[India]]. It took place in January 2015 with 26 teams divided into an Elite Group and a Plate Group. [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] won the tournament, their sixth in a row, by topping the Elite Group Super League.<ref name="CA">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/24/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2014-15.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2014/15 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

==Competition format==
The 26 teams competing in the tournament were divided into the Elite Group and the Plate Group, with the 10 teams in the Elite Group further divided into Groups A and B and the 16 teams in the Plate Group into Groups A, B and C. The tournament operated on a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format, with each team playing every other team in their group once. The top two sides from each Elite Group progressed to the Elite Group Super League, which was a further round-robin group, with the winner of the group being crowned Champions. The bottom side from each Elite Group was relegated to the Plate Group for the following season. Meanwhile, the top two from each Plate Group progressed to a knockout stage, with the two teams that reached the final being promoted for the following season, as well as playing off for the Plate Group title. Matches were played using a [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]] format.

The groups worked on a points system with positions with the groups based on the '''total points'''. Points were awarded as follows:<ref name="CAtable">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/24/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2014-15.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2014/15 Points Tables |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

'''Win''': 4 points. 
'''[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tie]]''': 2 points. 
'''Loss''': 0 points. 
'''No Result/Abandoned''': 2 points.

If points in the final table were equal, teams were separated by most wins, then head-to-head record, then [[Net Run Rate]].

==Elite Group==
===Elite Group A===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''14'''|| +1.538
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||2 ||1 ||1 ||0 ||'''10'''|| +0.905
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| +0.159
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| –0.535
|-style="background:#FFCCCC
|style="text-align:left" |[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]] '''(R)'''
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –2.141
|}

===Elite Group B===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +0.844
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.363
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.198
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.433
|-style="background:#FFCCCC
|style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] '''(R)'''
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.541
|}

===Elite Group Super League===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:gold;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] '''(C)'''
|3 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +1.356
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|3 ||2 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| +0.628
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|3 ||1 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.696
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|3 ||0 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –1.134
|}

:Source: CricketArchive<ref name="CAtable"/>

==Plate Group==
===Plate Group A===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''20'''|| +1.508
|-style="background:#dfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.542
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| –0.164
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| –0.236
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|5 ||1 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.597
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|5 ||0 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –0.991
|}

===Plate Group B===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +1.187
|-style="background:#dfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.180
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| +0.560
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| +0.039
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –1.973
|}

===Plate Group C===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#dfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +2.450
|-style="background:#dfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.327
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| –0.104
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –1.061
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –1.717
|}

{{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Advanced to Plate Group Semi-finals 
{{Color box|#dfc|border=darkgray}} Advanced to Plate Group Quarter-finals

:Source: CricketArchive<ref name="CAtable"/>

===Knockout stage===
{{#invoke:Team bracket|main|rounds=3
| compact = y | byes=1 | seeds = y | RD1-omit = {{{RD1-omit|3/4}}}
| RD1 = Quarter-finals
| RD2 = Semi-finals
| RD3 = Final
| team-width = 130

| RD1-seed1 = B2
| RD1-team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| RD1-score1 = 72/6
| RD1-seed2 = C1
| RD1-team2 = '''[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| RD1-score2 = '''73/3'''

| RD1-seed3 = C2
| RD1-team3 = [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
| RD1-score3 = 79/5
| RD1-seed4 = A2
| RD1-team4 = '''[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''80/2'''

| RD2-seed1 = C1
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''101'''
| RD2-seed2 = A1
| RD2-team2 = [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
| RD2-score2 = 88/9

| RD2-seed3 = B1
| RD2-team3 = [[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
| RD2-score3 = 62
| RD2-seed4 = A2
| RD2-team4 = '''[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]'''
| RD2-score4 = '''63/6'''

| RD3-seed1 = C1
| RD3-team1 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| RD3-score1 = 79/9
| RD3-seed2 = A2
| RD3-team2 = '''[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]'''
| RD3-score2 = '''80/7'''
}}

====Quarter-finals====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 January 2015
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| score1 = 72/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Tanuja Kanwar 17[[not out|*]] (13)
| wickets1 = Trisha Bera 2/11 (4 overs)
| score2 = 73/3 (15.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Paramita Roy]] 35[[not out|*]] (44)
| wickets2 = Sapna Randhawa 2/17 (3 overs)
| result = Bengal won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/769/769310.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = Ganesh Charhate and Kusha Kassibatta
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 January 2015
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
| team2 = [[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
| score1 = 79/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ravi Kalpana]] 28[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets1 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 2/12 (4 overs)
| score2 = 80/2 (17 overs)
| runs2 = Sunanda Yetrekar 36[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 = Rama Devi 1/15 (4 overs)
| result = Goa won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/769/769311.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jadavpur University Campus Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = Rajesh Timaney and Akshay Totre
| motm =
| toss = Andhra won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

====Semi-finals====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 January 2015
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score1 = 101 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Dipali Shaw 29 (33)
| wickets1 = Krishnappa Rakshitha 3/14 (4 overs)
| score2 = 88/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karu Jain]] 36 (47)
| wickets2 = Gayatri Mal 3/13 (4 overs)
| result = Bengal won by 13 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/769/769314.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = Ganesh Charhate and Akshay Totre
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 January 2015
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
| team2 = [[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
| score1 = 62 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ritu Dhrub]] 16 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 3/14 (4 overs)
| score2 = 63/6 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 26[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = Monika Das 2/11 (4 overs)
| result = Goa won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/769/769315.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jadavpur University Campus Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = Kusha Kassibatta and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

====Final====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 January 2015
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
| score1 = 79/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Paramita Roy 25 (39)
| wickets1 = Santoshi Rane 3/9 (4 overs)
| score2 = 80/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = Salma Divkar 31[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets2 = [[Jhulan Goswami]] 3/6 (4 overs)
| result = Goa won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/769/769318.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = Ganesh Charhate and Kusha Kassibata
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Goa and Bengal are promoted to the Elite Group.
}}
----

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=150| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Matches
!width=60 | Innings
!width=60 | Runs
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | {{Tooltip|HS|Highest score}}
!width=60 | 100s
!width=60 | 50s
|-
|[[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|7
|6
|'''262'''
|131.00
|81[[not out|*]]
|0
|3
|-
|[[Smriti Mandhana]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|7
|7
|'''229'''
|76.33
|59[[not out|*]]
|0
|1
|-
|[[Varsha Choudhary]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|7
|7
|'''222'''
|37.00
|50[[not out|*]]
|0
|1
|-
|[[Vellaswamy Vanitha]]
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|6
|6
|'''195'''
|32.50
|60
|0
|2
|-
|[[Jhulan Goswami]]
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|7
|7
|'''192'''
|32.00
|63
|0
|1
|-
|}
Source: CricketArchive<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/24/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2014-15/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2014/15 (Ordered by Runs) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=150| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Overs
!width=60 | Wickets
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | BBI
!width=60 | 5w
|-
|[[Devika Vaidya]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|28.0
|'''14'''
|10.35
|4/19
|0
|-
|Rupali Chavan
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|28.0
|'''13'''
|7.76
|5/7
|1
|-
|Trisha Bera
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|28.0
|'''12'''
|7.33
|3/6
|0
|-
|[[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]]
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|24.0
|'''12'''
|7.58
|3/11
|0
|-
|[[Shubhlakshmi Sharma]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|25.3
|'''10'''
|7.80
|3/13
|0
|}
Source: CricketArchive<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/24/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2014-15/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2014/15 (Ordered by Wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2014-15 Senior Women's T20 League}}
[[Category:Senior Women's T20 Trophy]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2014–15|Senior Women's T20 League]]
[[Category:2015 in Indian cricket|Senior Women's T20 League]]

Amit Goswamy

2025-11-15T18:16:49Z

Ronny14Z58: creating new info.

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amit Goswamy
| image = Amit Goswamy.png
| caption =
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = The Last Tribe, Wild Vietnam
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| education = Masters in Wildlife Science
| alma_mater = [[Wildlife Institute of India]]
| occupation = [[Film director]] [[Film writer]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Amit Goswamy''' is an Indian [[film director]], [[Screenwriter|writer]] and conservationist. Goswamy is known for his [[Nature documentary|wildlife documentary]] films based on India's lesser- known [[wildlife]] [[ecosystem]]s outside [[protected area]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-06 |title=Border Security Force officer bags green prize for film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/bsf-officer-bags-green-prize-for-film/articleshow/56362984.cms |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life and education ==

Goswamy did Masters in Wildlife Science from the [[Wildlife Institute of India]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=M.Sc. Students | url=https://wii.gov.in/msc-students-course-wise | access-date=2025-11-15 | website=wii.gov.in}}</ref> His first documentary film was based on his research work in [[Ranthambore National Park|Ranthambore]] which became his debut film, Chronicles of a Wildlifer, which was later telecasted on [[Doordarshan]] (DD National).<ref name=":0" /> also he won accolades at several Indian environmental film festivals, including the [[Tigerland India Film Festival]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=AWARDEES AND AWARDED ENTRIES 2016-17 |url=https://tigerlandindia.in/winners-2016-17/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=TIGERLAND INDIA FILM FESTIVAL |language=en-GB}}</ref> and Kirloskar Vasundhara International Film Festival.

He served as an [[Assistant commandant|Assistant Commandant]] in the Border Security Force from 2011 to 2018, working in counter-insurgency and border security operations. During his service, he developed an interest in documenting India's lesser-known ecosystems, especially those outside protected areas. After leaving the BSF, Goswamy transitioned into wildlife filmmaking. His work highlights the lives of species and communities living at the margins of [[Protected area|protected landscapes]], particularly along political borders and in human-dominated regions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Siddhanta |date=2016-10-23 |title=Guardians of the borders' wildlife Galaxy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/Oct/22/guardians-of-the-borders-wildlife-galaxy-1530769.html |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

His last documentary, Living with [[Border Security Force]] (2025), explores thriving biodiversity along the [[India–Pakistan border|Indo–Pakistan border]] and has been covered by [[The Times of India]] for its unique portrayal of human–wildlife coexistence in militarized landscapes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-06-04 |title=Barbed wires, blackbucks and Bishnois: Ex-BSF's documentary showcases flourishing wildlife at Indo-Pak border in Rajasthan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/barbed-wires-blackbucks-and-bishnois-ex-bsfs-documentary-showcases-flourishing-wildlife-at-indo-pak-border-in-rajasthan/articleshow/121606194.cms |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

His work, focuses on overlooked stories of conservation beyond protected areas—highlighting community-led efforts, cultural stewardship, and wildlife resilience in India's most unexpected places.<ref name=":2" /> His storytelling is known for its unique combination of scientific training and frontline experience. Coexistence of humans and wildlife outside protected areas and Conservation in conflict or militarized landscapes.<ref name=":2" />

'''Living with Border Security (2025)'''

Released on World Environment Day 2025, this documentary showcases flourishing biodiversity along the Indo–Pakistan border in Rajasthan. It features animals such as the [[blackbuck]], chinkara and desert monitor lizard, as well as community conservation efforts by the [[Bishnoi|Bishnoi people]] and wildlife-friendly practices adopted by BSF personnel.<ref name=":2" />

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"

|+

!Year

!Film

!Director

!Writer
!Film Festivals
!Type
!Network

|-

|2017

|Chronicles of a Wildlifer

|{{yes}}

|{{yes}}
|[[Wildlife Conservation Film Festival]] ([[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States|USA]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-17 |title=BSF officer's docu film reaches New York fest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/bsf-officers-docu-film-reaches-new-york-fest/articleshow/57677863.cms |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|Documentary
|[[Doordarshan]] ([[DD National]])

|-

|2018

|BSF Academy Film

|{{yes}}

|
|
|Documentary
|[[Border Security Force]], India

|-

|2020

|The Corruption Cycle

|{{yes}}

|{{yes}}
|[[Tigerland India Film Festival]], ([[Bhopal]], [[India]])<ref>{{Cite web | title=AWARDEES AND AWARDED ENTRIES 2019-20 {{!}} TIGERLAND INDIA FILM FESTIVAL | url=https://tigerlandindia.in/awarded-entries-2019-20/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114225920/https://tigerlandindia.in/awarded-entries-2019-20/ | access-date=2025-11-15 | archive-date=2025-01-14}}</ref>
|[[Public service announcement|PSA]]
|Wildlife Moments India

|-

|2020

|The Last Tribe

|{{yes}}

|{{yes}}
|[[India International Centre]], ([[New Delhi]])<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://aws-static.iicdelhi.in/s3fs-public/2022-11/Quotes%20from%20the%20Earth%202022%20-%20Schedule%20%20PDF.pdf | title=Screening of films | website=aws-static.iicdelhi.in}}</ref> (Quotes from the Earth Film Festival)
|Feature
|
|-

|2022

|[[Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar|Blackbuck National Park]]

|{{yes}}

|{{yes}}
|
|Documentary
|[[Air India]] (In-Flight Entertainment)

|-

|2022

|Magical Melghat

|{{yes}}

|{{yes}}
|
|Feature
|
|-

|2024

|Wild Vietnam

|{{yes}}

|{{yes}}
|[[CamboFest, Cambodia Film Festival|Combodia International Film Festival]], ([[Cambodia|Combodia]])<ref>{{Cite web| title=CIFF Catalogue | date=March 2025 | url=https://cambodiaiff.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/CIFF14-Website%20Catalogue%E2%80%8B%20Version%203.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321010929/http://cambodiaiff.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/CIFF14-Website%20Catalogue%E2%80%8B%20Version%203.pdf | archive-date=2025-03-21}}</ref>
|Feature
|Wildlife Moments India

|-

|2025

|[[Asiatic lion|Gir Lions]]: The Pride of Gujarat

|{{yes}}

|{{yes}}
|
|Feature
|Wildlife Moments India

|-

|2025

|Living with Border Security Force

|{{yes}}

|{{yes}}
|
|Feature
|<ref name=":2" />

|}

== Awards ==
* 2017-Kirloskar Vasundhara International Film Festival for Chronicles of a Wildlifer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-24 |title=17th Kirloskar Vasundhara International film fest in January |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/17th-kirloskar-vasundhara-international-film-fest-in-january-9079619/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 2017- [[Tigerland India Film Festival|Tigerland India Film Festiva award]] for Chronicles of a Wildlifer.<ref name=":1" />
* 2020 -[[Tigerland India Film Festival]] for The Corruption Cycle.
* 2020- Global Taj International Film Festival for The Last Tribe, in [[Agra]].
* 2021- Chambal International Film Festival for The Last Tribe.
* 2024- Chambal International Film Fest, Best Director for Wild Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Amit Goswamy – Hyderabad Literary Festival | url=https://www.hydlitfest.org/blog/speaker/amit-goswamy/ | access-date=2025-11-15 | website=www.hydlitfest.org}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kak, Antara}}
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Parduman Singh Brar

2025-10-18T15:05:31Z

Ronny14Z58: made biography!

{{Short description|Indian athlete (1927–2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Parduman Singh Brar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[Shot put]], [[Discus throw]]
| club = Services
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1927|10|15}}
| birth_place = Bhagta Bhai, [[Bhatinda district|Bhatinda]] [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
| residence =
| country = [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2007|03|22|1927|10|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = Bhagta Bhai, Bhatinda, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| height =
| weight =
| coach =
| pb =
| medaltemplates= {{MedalSport|Men's [[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[1954 Asian Games|1954 Manila]] | Shot put}}
{{MedalGold| [[1954 Asian Games|1954 Manila]] | Discus}}
{{MedalGold| [[1958 Asian Games|1958 Tokyo]] | Shot put}}
{{MedalBronze| [[1958 Asian Games|1958 Tokyo]] | Discus}}
{{MedalSilver| [[1962 Asian Games|1962 Jakarta]] | Discus}}
}}

'''Parduman Singh Brar''' (15 October 1927 – 22 March 2007) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] athlete who specialized in [[shot put]] and [[discus throw]] events. He was one of the few Indians to have won multiple medals at the [[Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Parduman battles for life with little financial help coming |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/parduman-battles-for-life-with-little-financial-help-coming/24344/0 |newspaper= The Indian Express |date= 27 February 2007 |accessdate= 15 August 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Brar was India's national champion in the shot put and discus throw events in the 1950s. He won his first national shot put event in [[Madras]] in 1958 and won the national discus throw events in 1954, 1958 and 1959. In the [[1954 Asian Games]] in [[Manila]], he won gold medals in the shot put and discus throw events, thus becoming the first athlete in Asia to achieve the feat. He continued his performance in the [[1958 Asian Games]] in [[Tokyo]], winning a gold in the shot put event and bronze in the discus throw event. In his last games appearance in [[1962 Asian Games|1962]] in [[Jakarta]], he won a silver medal in discus throw, thus completing his medal tally of five medals in three Asian games events. He was given the [[Arjuna Award]] by the Government of India in 1999 recognizing his contribution to Indian sports.<ref name="Brar" />

==Death==
Brar, [[Paralysis|paralysed]] after an accident in the early 1980s, died on 22 March 2007 in his native village in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] after prolonged illness.<ref name="Brar">{{cite news |title= Parduman Singh dead |url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/23/stories/2007032310571900.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070331044622/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/23/stories/2007032310571900.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 31 March 2007 |date= 23 March 2007 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |accessdate= 15 August 2013}}</ref> Poverty stricken, he died penniless.<ref>{{cite news |title= Parduman's case raises many questions |url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99may22/spr-trib.htm#1 |publisher= tribuneindia |date= 22 May 1999 |accessdate= 15 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= From the Editor |url= http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/chaitanya-kalbag-on-london-olympics-cyber-attacks-rate-cut/1/24330.html |publisher= Business Today |date= 13 May 2012 |accessdate= 15 August 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Asian Games Champions Athletics Shot Put Men}}
{{Asian Games Champions Athletics Discus Throw Men}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brar, Parduman Singh}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Athletes from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian men shot putters]]
[[Category:Indian men discus throwers]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1954 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1958 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1954 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1958 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)]]

Masuma Begum

2025-10-18T08:53:45Z

Ronny14Z58: Done!

{{Short description|Indian politician, social worker and feminist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
'''Masuma Begum''' (8 October 1902 – 2 March 1990) was an Indian politician, social worker, and feminist. She was a member of the Indian National Congress party, serving as their deputy leader, and was active in politics in Andhra Pradesh, becoming a member of the cabinet in 1960. She was the President of the All India Women's Conference in 1962, and worked towards building networks with international feminist organizations, advocating family planning, and working with social welfare organizations in Hyderabad. She was an early public advocate for the end of the social seclusion of Indian women, a practice known as [[purdah]]. She was a recipient of the Padma Shri, one of India's highest civilian honors, in 1974.

{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = 8 October 1902
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| death_date = 2 March 1990
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| awards = [[Padma Shri]], 1974
| cabinet = Andhra Pradesh State Government, 1960
| portfolio = Social Welfare and Religious Endowments
| office = President, [[All India Women's Conference]] 1962
| office2 = Deputy Leader, [[Indian National Congress]], 1957
}}

== Early life ==
Begum was born in Hyderabad in 1902. She and her sisters attended Mahbubiya Girls' School.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Srivastava|first=Gouri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERavqiLTu7cC&dq=%22masuma+begum%22++all+india+women's+conference&pg=PA91|title=The Legend Makers: Some Eminent Muslim Women of India|date=2003|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-001-3|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Begum began her career with charitable work in Hyderabad, and later joined the Indian National Congress party.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Basu|first1=Aparna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foK0AAAAIAAJ&q=aparna+basu+all+india+women's+conference|title=Women's Struggle: A History of the All India Women's Conference, 1927-2002|last2=Ray|first2=Bharati|date=2003|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-476-2|pages=183|language=en}}</ref> She won her first election in 1952, joining the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the Hyderabad constituency. In 1957, she was appointed Deputy Leader of the Congress Party,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Maya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5aYvBs7iGIC&dq=%22masuma+begum%22++all+india+women's+conference&pg=PA238|title=Encyclopaedia of Gender Equality Through Women Empowerment|date=2005|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-548-6|language=en}}</ref> and in 1960, she became a Minister for Social Welfare and Religious Endowments in the Andhra Pradesh government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wright|first=Theodore P.|date=1964|title=Muslim Legislators in India: Profile of a Minority Élite|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/muslim-legislators-in-india-profile-of-a-minority-elite/173F0B30BF0BF351B78BB1E4D91D071C|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=253–267|doi=10.2307/2050136|jstor=2050136|s2cid=162298264 |issn=1752-0401|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Geraldine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&dq=Masuma+Begum&pg=PA229 |title=Women in Modern India |last2=Forbes |first2=Geraldine Hancock |date=1999-04-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65377-0 |pages=229 |language=en}}</ref>

Begum was involved with the [[All India Women's Conference]] (AIWC) a feminist organisation dedicated to women's rights and interests, since 1927, and served as its vice-president twice. In 1957, she took charge of the AIWC's international relations and outreach, and in 1962, she was appointed as AIWC's president.<ref name=":1" /> During her time in the AIWC, she led a delegation to the Golden Jubilee of the International Alliance of Women in Colombo in 1955; in 1959, she was elected as a member of the interim committee of the United Nation's Second Conference of Non-Governmental Organisations in Geneva, and also led AIWC delegations to international feminist conferences in Yugoslavia and Indonesia.<ref name=":0" />

Begum was active in efforts to implement family planning in India. In the 1970s, the Government of India had appointed a committee to examine the question of legalizing abortions in India, and along with [[Avabai Bomanji Wadia|Avabai Wadia]], Begum served on the committee, and legislation towards this was introduced in 1972.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chandrababu|first1=B. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZmyUpHdPWYC&dq=%22masuma+begum%22++all+india+women's+conference&pg=PA500|title=Woman, Her History and Her Struggle for Emancipation|last2=Thilagavathi|first2=L.|date=2009|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|isbn=978-81-89909-97-0|language=en}}</ref> She was one of several Muslim leaders who defended and advocated for the [[Sarda Act]], which criminalised the practice of child marriage in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Mrinalini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xI2LClkTrFIC&dq=%22masuma+begum%22++all+india+women's+conference&pg=PA310|title=Specters of Mother India: The Global Restructuring of an Empire|date=2006-07-12|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-3795-9|language=en}}</ref>

In Hyderabad, Begum was closely involved with a number of social welfare organisations. She was appointed the chair of the Central Social Welfare Board in Hyderabad, a government organisation, and also served on the boards of several non-government organisations, including the Red Cross, Lady Hydari Club, and Anjuman-e-Khawateen, an organisation that she launched to promote education for Muslim women.<ref name=":0" />

In 1974, she was a recipient of the [[Padma Shri]], a civilian honor awarded by the Indian government.<ref name="award70-79">{{cite web|date=21 May 2014|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220252/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf|archivedate=14 September 2017|accessdate=22 March 2016|pages=37–72}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Begum married her cousin, Husain Ali Khan, who studied at Oxford and later headed [[Osmania University]]. Although she had been raised in a household where women were in [[purdah]] (seclusion), her husband encouraged her to abandon the practice of seclusion, and she gradually did so, becoming an advocate against it. After India attained independence, she entirely stopped wearing a [[burqa]] or maintaining [[purdah]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2018-05-29|title=Beyond purdah: 20th century Muslim women who broke societal barriers|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/beyond-purdah-20th-century-muslim-women-who-broke-societal-barriers-118052901110_1.html|access-date=2022-02-02}}</ref> Begum spoke and read Persian, Urdu, and English with fluency.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:1902 births]]

Padmavati

2025-09-15T14:35:07Z

Ronny14Z58: brief added article for consistency further and fixed typos for consistency

{{wikt|Padmavati}}
'''Padmāvatī''' may refer to:

{{tocright}}
==Deities==
* [[Padmavati (Jainism)]], a Jain attendant goddess (Yakshini)
* [[Lakshmi]], the Hindu goddess of fortune
* [[Padmavati (Hinduism)]], or Alamelu Manga, a Hindu goddess and consort of [[Venkateshvara]], a form of Vishnu
* [[Manasa]], a Hindu serpent goddess
* Padmavati, consort of [[Ugrasena]] and mother of [[Kamsa]]
* Padmavati, a regional wife of [[Karna]]

==Arts and media==
* ''[[Padmavat]]'', a 1540 epic ballad written in the Awadhi dialect of Hindi
* [[Padmavati (poem)|''Padmavati'' (poem)]], a 1648 epic ballad written in the Bengali language
* ''[[Padmaavat]]'', formerly titled ''Padmavati'', a 2018 Indian film
** [[Padmaavat (soundtrack)|''Padmaavat'' (soundtrack)]]
* [[Padmâvatî (opera)|''Padmâvatî'' (opera)]], by French composer Albert Roussel
* Padmāvatī, in Bhasa's ''[[Svapnavasavadattam]]''

==People==
* [[Padmavati (wife of Ashoka)]], (North Indian tradition), Ashoka's third wife and Kunala's mother
* [[Rani Padmini]], also known as Padmavati, a legendary queen of Chittor and wife of the ruler Ratan Singh, celebrated in the ''Padmavat''
* [[S. I. Padmavati]] (born 1917), Indian cardiologist and recipient of the Padma Vibhushan

==Other uses==
* [[Padmavati Pawaya]], an ancient city mentioned in Sanskrit classics and inscriptions
* [[Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam]], a university in Tirupati named after the Hindu goddess

==See also==
* [[Nagas of Padmavati]], a dynasty which ruled in ancient Padmavati

{{Disambiguation}}
[[Category:Indian feminine given names]]
[[Category:Feminine given names]]