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Mayna Murmu

2026-05-06T12:29:29Z

RonAgnew292842: added new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mayna Murmu
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Manbazar Assembly constituency|Manbazar (ST)]]
| predecessor = Sandhyarani Tudu
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Mayna Murmu''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She was elected as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Manbazar Assembly constituency|Manbazar (ST)]] constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayna Murmu(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MANBAZAR (ST)(PURULIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=155 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Manbazar (ST) election results 2026: BJP’s Mayna Murmu defeats TMC’s Sandhya Rani Tudu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manbazar-st-election-results-2026/articleshow/130717797.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayna Murmu, MANBAZAR (ST) constituency, BJP, WestBengal Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/WestBengal2026/mayna-murmu-155/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murmu, Mayna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu

2026-05-05T21:13:23Z

RonAgnew292842: creating initial stub needs work

{{Short description|Elections for the 18th Lok Sabha seats in Tamil Nadu}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = No
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = Next Indian general election in Tamil Nadu
| next_year = Next
| election_date = 19 April 2024
| seats_for_election = All 39 Tamil Nadu seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| turnout = 69.72% ({{decrease}} 2.72 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Tamil Nadu
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Tamil Nadu
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu#Opinion polls
| registered = 6,23,33,925

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=07}}
| colour1 = {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| leader1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| party1 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| alliance1 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leaders_seat1 = ''Did not contest''
| last_election1 = 33.10%, 24 seats
| seats1 = 22
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 2
| popular_vote1 = 1,16,89,879
| percentage1 = 26.93%
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 6.17 [[Percentage point|pp]]

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Palanisamy.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=05|oTop=0}}
| colour2 = {{party color|AIADMK}}
| leader2 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|party2 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| alliance2 = [[AIADMK alliance|AIADMK+]]{{efn|name=NDA|In the [[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|previous election]], [[AIADMK]] and [[BJP]] were part of the same [[National Democratic Alliance|alliance]]}}
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest''
| last_election2 = 19.99%, 1 seats
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 1
| percentage2 = 20.46%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 1.47 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| popular_vote2 = 88,80,801

| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kuppusamy Annamalai.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| colour3 = {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| leader3 = [[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]]
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance3 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]{{efn|name=NDA}}
| leaders_seat3 = [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]] ''(Lost)''
| last_election3 = 3.58%, 0 seats
| seats3 = 0
| seat_change3 = {{no change}}
| percentage3 = 11.24%
| swing3 = {{increase}} 7.66 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| popular_vote3 = 48,80,954

| 1blank = Alliance seats
| 2blank = Seat change
| 3blank = Alliance percentage
| 1data1 = 39
| 1data2 = 0
| 1data3 = 0
| 2data1 = {{increase}} 1
| 2data2 = {{decrease}} 1
| 2data3 = {{no change}}
| 3data1 = 46.97%
| 3data2 = 23.05%
| 3data3 = 18.28%

| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2024 Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha election results.svg|300px]]|Partywise Result Map of the 2024 general election in Tamil Nadu|
[[File:2024 Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha election alliance wise results.svg|300px]]
|Alliance-wise Result Map of the 2024 general election in Tamil Nadu}}
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held on 19 April to elect 39 members of the [[18th Lok Sabha]] from [[Tamil Nadu]]. The results were announced on 4 June 2024, after the voting was completed in the other parts of the country.

The [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]], led by the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] in the state and the [[Indian National Congress]] nationally, won a clean sweep of all the 39 seats in the state. The [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], the incumbent ruling party of [[Government of India|the union]], did not win any seat in the state. The principal opposition party in the state, the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], which led a separate [[AIADMK alliance|alliance]] lost the sole seat ([[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]]) that it had won as a part of the NDA in the [[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2019 elections]]. However, the NDA secured a majority nationally, and [[Narendra Modi]] was sworn in as the [[Prime Minister of India]] for the third consecutive term.

==Background==
[[General elections]] are held in India once in five years to elect the [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|members]] of the [[Lok Sabha]]. The tenure of the [[17th Lok Sabha]] was scheduled to end on 16 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Terms of the Houses |url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328103956/https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |work=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> The [[2019 Indian general election|previous general election]] was held in April–May 2019, after which the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), formed the [[Government of India|union government]], with [[Narendra Modi]] continuing as [[Prime Minister of India]] for a second term.<ref>{{cite news |title=Narendra Modi sworn in as Prime Minister for second time|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/narendra-modi-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-for-second-time-780564|access-date=7 March 2022 |work=[[Tribune India]] |date=30 May 2019|archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307123149/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/narendra-modi-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-for-second-time-780564 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, in [[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]], the [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] led by the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) won 38 out of the 39 seats, and the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), which was part of the NDA, won the lone seat of [[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13571-17-state-wise-seat-won-valid-votes-polled-by-political-parties/?do=download&r=37849&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=fe101372a51f54a598080f9cea9bea66 |title=State Wise Seat Won & Valid Votes Polled by Political Parties |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=18 June 2021 |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

Ahead of the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 elections]], the DMK became part of [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]], which was formed in July 2023 and led by the [[Indian National Congress]] nationally.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 July 2023 |title=Opposition names alliance INDIA in run-up to 2024 elections |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/opposition-alliance-named-india-indian-national-democratic-inclusive-alliance/articleshow/101856873.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720164802/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/opposition-alliance-named-india-indian-national-democratic-inclusive-alliance/articleshow/101856873.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/apr/04/2024-lok-sabha-polls-dmk-chief-mk-stalin-may-be-in-prime-position-to-unite-anti-bjp-forces-2437600.html |title=2024 Lok Sabha polls: DMK chief MK Stalin may be in prime position to unite anti-BJP forces |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=4 April 2022 |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2023, the AIADMK withdrew from the BJP-led NDA and formed a separate [[AIADMK-led Alliance|alliance]].<ref>{{cite news |title=AIADMK severs ties with BJP-led NDA alliance, to lead separate front for 2024 Lok Sabha polls |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/aiadmk-severs-ties-with-bjp-led-national-democratic-alliance-to-lead-separate-front-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls/cid/1968896 |access-date=1 June 2025 |date=25 September 2023 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AIADMK severs ties with BJP-led NDA; to form front to fight 2024 LS polls|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/aiadmk-severs-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-to-form-front-to-fight-2024-ls-polls-2700089 |access-date=1 June 2025 |date=25 September 2023 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AIADMK snaps ties with BJP-led NDA alliance ahead of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-snaps-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-alliance-ahead-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-8955585/ |access-date=1 June 2025 |date=25 September 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In January 2024, the AIADMK and the DMK constituted internal committees to hold consultations with the other alliance partners for seat sharing.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2024 |title=Ahead of Lok Sabha polls, AIADMK constitutes committees for seat-sharing, election manifesto and campaign|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ahead-of-lok-sabha-polls-aiadmk-constitutes-committees-for-seat-sharing-election-manifesto-and-campaign/article67764854.ece/ |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=ta |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 January 2024 |title=DMK forms three teams for election work, seat-sharing talks and preparation of manifesto ahead of Lok Sabha polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-forms-three-teams-for-election-work-seat-sharing-talks-and-preparation-of-manifesto-ahead-of-lok-sabha-polls/article67755100.ece/ |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In February–March 2024, the BJP finalised seat sharing with the constituents of NDA–[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]], and [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite news |date=5 February 2024 |title=22 தொகுதி பட்டியல்; தொடங்கியது பாஜக - அமமுக தொகுதிப் பங்கீடு |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/22-block-list-bjp-ammk-alliance-has-started|access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Madhav |first1=Pramod |title=BJP stitches up Tamil Nadu alliance, gives 10 seats to PMK party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-stitches-up-tamil-nadu-alliance-gives-10-seats-to-pmk-party-sources-2516618-2024-03-19 |access-date=19 Mar 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=19 Mar 2024}}</ref> On 18 March, the DMK finalised seat sharing talks with its allies–the Congress, [[Communist Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]], and [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/lok-sabha-elections-2024-congress-dmk-finalise-seat-sharing-in-tamil-nadu-124031800639_1.html |title=Lok Sabha elections 2024: Congress, DMK finalise seat-sharing in Tamil Nadu |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=1 June 2025 |date=18 March 2024}}</ref> On 20 and 21 March 2024, AIADMK general secretary [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] released the list of candidates from the party, after the party finalised seat sharing with its allies–[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]], [[Puthiya Tamilagam]], and [[Social Democratic Party of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Shilpa |title=Lok Sabha polls: AIADMK's Edappadi Palaniswami releases first list of candidates|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/lok-sabha-polls-aiadmks-edappadi-palaniswami-releases-first-list-of-candidates-2517103-2024-03-20 |access-date=20 Mar 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 Mar 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu LS polls: AIADMK releases final list of 16 candidates|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Mar/21/ls-polls-2024-aiadmks-second-list-out-party-to-contest-33-seats-direct-fight-with-dmk-in-18 |access-date=21 Mar 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=21 March 2024}}</ref>

On 2 February 2024, actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] officially announced the formation of his political party, [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]. Despite the launch occurring ahead of the 2024 general elections, Vijay stated that the party would not contest the elections and would not extend support to any political bloc in the state.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=S. |date=2 February 2024 |title=Actor Vijay launches Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/actor-vijay-launches-political-party-tamilaga-vetri-kazhagam/article67803621.ece |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Shilpa |date=2 February 2024 |title=Why Vijay's TVK is skipping the 2024 polls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-actor-vijay-political-party-tamilaga-vetri-kazhagam-lok-sabha-polls-2496739-2024-02-02 |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Election schedule ==
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan="2" |Poll event
!Phase
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" |I
|-
!Notification date
|20 March 2024
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|27 March 2024
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|28 March 2024
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|30 March 2024
|-
!Date of poll
|'''19 April 2024'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|39
|}

==Parties and alliances==

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

[[File:2024 Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha election INDIA Alliance Seat Share map.svg|thumb|Seat allocation of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]]]
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col2left"
!colspan=2|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
! colspan="2" |Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[File:Flag DMK.svg|50px]]
|rowspan=2|[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50px]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|21
| rowspan="2" |22
|-
|{{party color cell|Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi}}
|[[Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi]]
|[[File:Kmdkflag.gif|50px]]
|[[E. R. Eswaran]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[K. Selvaperunthagai]]
| colspan="2" |9
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|R. Mutharasan
| colspan="2" |2
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
|[[K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M)|K. Balakrishnan]]
| colspan="2" |2
|-
|{{party color cell|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
|[[File:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi banner.png|50px]]
|[[File:Pot Symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
| colspan="2" |2
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|[[File:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|50px]]
|[[K. M. Kader Mohideen]]
| colspan="2" |1
|-
|{{party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[File:MDMK.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Matchbox.png|50px]]
|[[Durai Vaiko]]
| colspan="2" |1
|-
!
! Colspan=4|Total
!Colspan=2|39
|}

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

[[File:2024 NDA Alliance Lok Sabha Seat Sharing Tamil Nadu.svg|thumb|Seat allocation of the [[National Democratic Alliance]]]]
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col2left"
!colspan=2|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
! colspan="2" |Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
| rowspan="5" |[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]]
|19
| rowspan="5" |23
|-
|{{party color cell|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}
|[[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi]]
|[[File:IJK Party Flag.jpg|50px]]
|[[T. R. Paarivendhar]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Other}}
|Inthiya Makkal Kalvi Munnetra Kazhagam
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|T. Devanathan Yadav
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}
|{{ill|Puthiya Needhi Katchi|ta|புதிய நீதிக் கட்சி}}
|[[File:Puthiya Needhi Katchi Flag.jpg|50px]]
|[[A. C. Shanmugam]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[File:LOGO JP.jpg|50px]]
|[[B. John Pandian]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|[[File:Pmk flag.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Mango SVG.svg|50px]]
|[[Anbumani Ramadoss]]
| colspan="2" |10
|-
|{{party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
|[[G. K. Vasan]]
| colspan="2" |3
|-
|{{party color cell|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}
|[[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]]
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Pressure Cooker 2025.png|50px]]
|[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| colspan="2" |2
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Jackfruit.png|50px]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
| colspan="2" |1
|-
!
! Colspan=4|Total
!Colspan=2|39
|}

===AIADMK-led Alliance===

[[File:2024 Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha election AIADMK-led Alliance Seat Share map.svg|thumb|Seat allocation of the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]]]]
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col2left"
!colspan=2|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
! colspan="2" |Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[File:AIADMK OfficialFlag Vector.svg|50px]]
|rowspan=3|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50px]]
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|32
| rowspan="3" |34
|-
|{{party color cell|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam]]
|[[File:Puthiya Tamilagam Party Flag.jpg|50px]]
|[[K. Krishnasamy]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Social Democratic Party of India}}
|[[Social Democratic Party of India]]
|[[File:SDPI Flag.jpg|50px]]
|V. M. S. Mohamed Mubarak
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|[[File:Flag DMDK.png|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Nagara.svg|50px]]
|Premalatha Vijayakanth
| colspan="2" |5
|-
! colspan="5" |Total
!Colspan=2|39
|}

===Others===
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left col2left"
!colspan=2|Party
!Symbol
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
|39
|-
|{{party color cell|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|[[Naam Tamilar Katchi]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Mic.jpg|50x50px]]
|39
|-
|rowspan=14 {{party color cell|Other}}
|[[Ahila India Naadalum Makkal Katchi|Naadaalum Makkal Katchi]]
|
|12
|-
|[[Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi]]
|
|9
|-
|Veerath Thiyagi Viswanathadoss Thozhilalarkal Katchi
|
|9
|-
|Ganasangam Party of India
|
|7
|-
|Bahujan Dravida Party
|
|6
|-
|Thakkam Katchi
|
|6
|-
|Viro Ke Vir Indian Party
|
|6
|-
|Anna MGR Dravida Makkal Kalgam
|
|5
|-
|Aravor Munnetra Kazhagam
|
|5
|-
|Samaniya Makkal Nala Katchi
|
|5
|-
|Anti Corruption Dynamic Party
|
|4
|-
|Bharatiya Praja Aikyata Party
|
|4
|-
|Samaniya Makkal Nala Katchi
|
|4
|-
|Puthiya Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi
|
|3
|-
|{{party color cell|Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi]]
|
|3
|-
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Ulzaipali Makkal Katchy
|
|3
|-
|United Republican Party of India
|
|3
|-
|Aanaithinthiya Jananayaka Pathukappu Kazhagam
|
|2
|-
|All India Jananayaka Makkal Kazhagam
|
|2
|-
|{{party color cell|Ambedkarite Party of India}}
|[[Ambedkarite Party of India]]
|
|2
|-
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Anna Puratchi Thalaivar Amma Draqvida Munnetra Kazhagam
|
|2
|-
|Chennai Youth Party
|
|2
|-
|Dhesiya Makkal Kazhagam
|
|2
|-
|{{party color cell|Jebamani Janata}}
|Jebamani Janata
|
|2
|-
|{{party color cell|Other}}
|Mahathma Makkal Munnetra Kazhakam
|
|2
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
|
|2
|-
|{{party color cell|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
|
|2
|-
|Rowspan=10 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Tamilaga Makkal Thannurimai Katchi
|
|2
|-
|Tamilar Makkal Katchi
|
|2
|-
|Tamil Manila Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|
|2
|-
|Ahimsa Socialist Party
|
|1
|-
|All India Uzhavargal Uzhaippalargal Katchi
|
|1
|-
|All India Youth Development Party
|
|1
|-
|All India Youth Development Party
|
|1
|-
|Anaithu India Makkal Katchi
|
|1
|-
|Anna Makkal Katchi
|
|1
|-
|Hindu Samaj Party
|
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Hindustan Janta Party}}
|[[Hindustan Janta Party]]
|
|1
|-
|Rowspan=14 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Humanity for Peace Party
|
|1
|-
|Karunaadu Party
|
|1
|-
|Makkal Nala Kazhagam
|
|1
|-
|Makkal Nalvaazhvuk Katchi
|
|1
|-
|Naam Indiar Party
|
|1
|-
|Nam India Naam Indiyar Katchi
|
|1
|-
|National Maha Sabha Party
|
|1
|-
|New Generation People's Party
|
|1
|-
|Punnagai Desam Party
|
|1
|-
|Republican Party of India (Sivaraj)
|
|1
|-
|Tamilaga Makkal Nala Katchi
|
|1
|-
|Tipu Sultan Party
|
|1
|-
|Vidiyalai Thedum Indhiyargal Party
|
|1
|-
|Viduthalai Kalam Katchi
|
|1
|}

== Candidates ==
{{table alignment}}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;font-size:94%;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvallur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sasikanth Senthil]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Nalla Thambi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pon. V. Balaganapathy
|-
!2
|[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Royapuram R. Mano
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|R. C. Paul Kanagaraj
|-
!3
|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[J. Jayavardhan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
|-
!4
|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[B. Parthasarathy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vinoj P. Selvam
|-
!5
|[[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|G. Premkumar
|{{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|V. N. Venugopal
|-
!6
|[[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency|Kancheepuram]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Selvam]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|E. Rajasekar
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Jothi Venkatesan
|-
!7
|[[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. L. Vijayan
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|K. Balu
|-
!8
|[[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Kathir Anand|D. M. Kathir Anand]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Pasupathy
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[A. C. Shanmugam]]<ref name=":1" group="N">[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]], [[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi|IJK]], IMKMK and [[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|TMMK]] will contest one seat in BJP's Lotus symbol, therefore they will be considered as BJP party candidates officially by ECI affidavit</ref>
|-
!9
|[[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress }}
|[[K. Gopinath]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. Jayaprakash
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|C. Narasimhan
|-
!10
|[[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Mani
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Asokan
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Sowmiya Anbumani]]
|-
!11
|[[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Annadurai C N|C. N. Annadurai]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Kaliyaperumal
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|A. Ashwathaman
|-
!12
|[[Arani Lok Sabha constituency|Arani]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. S. Tharanivendhan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|G. V. Gajendran
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[A. Ganeshkumar]]
|-
!13
|[[Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency|Viluppuram]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[D. Ravikumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|J. Bakkiyaraj
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Murali Shankar
|-
!14
|[[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency|Kallakurichi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Malaiarasan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Kumaraguru]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Devdas Wodeyar
|-
!15
|[[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. M. Selvaganapathi]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Vignesh
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Annadurai
|-
!16
|[[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. S. Matheswaran<ref name=":0" group="N">[[Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi|KMDK]] will contest one seat in DMK's Rising Sun symbol, therefore he will be considered as DMK party candidate officially by ECI affidavit</ref>
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Tamil Mani
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[K. P. Ramalingam]]
|-
!17
|[[Erode Lok Sabha constituency|Erode]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. E. Prakash
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Aatral Ashok Kumar
|{{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|P. Vijayakumar
|-
!18
|[[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Arunachalam
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|A. P. Muruganandam
|-
!19
|[[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Raja]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|D. Lokesh Tamilselvan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[L. Murugan]]
|-
!20
|[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Ganapathi P. Raj Kumar|Ganapathi Raj Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Singai G. Ramachandran]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]]
|-
!21
|[[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Eswarasamy
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Karthikeyan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|K. Vasantharajan
|-
!22
|[[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|R. Sachidanandam
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. M. S. Mohamed Mubarak<ref name=":2" group="N">[[Social Democratic Party of India|SDPI]] and [[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]] will contest one seat in AIADMK's Two Leaves symbol, therefore they will be considered as AIADMK party candidates officially by ECI affidavit</ref>
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|M. Thilagabama
|-
!23
|[[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jothimani|S. Jothimani]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. R. L. Thangavel
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|V. V. Senthilnathan
|-
!24
|[[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
|{{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Durai Vaiyapuri|Durai Vaiko]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Karuppaiah
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}
|P. Senthilnathan
|-
!25
|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Arun Nehru
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|N. D. Chandramohan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[T. R. Paarivendhar]]<ref name=":1" group="N">[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]], [[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi|IJK]], IMKMK and [[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|TMMK]] will contest one seat in BJP's Lotus symbol, therefore they will be considered as BJP party candidates officially by ECI affidavit</ref>
|-
!26
|[[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Sivakozhundu]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Thangar Bachan]]
|-
!27
|[[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Chandrahaasan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[P. Karthiyayini]]
|-
!28
|[[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sudha Ramakrishnan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Babu
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Ma. Ka. Stalin
|-
!29
|[[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|V. Selvaraj
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|G. Surjith Sankar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|SGM Ramesh
|-
!30
|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Murasoli
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|P. Sivanesan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|M. Muruganandam
|-
!31
|[[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Karti Chidambaram|Karti P Chidambaram]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Xavierdas
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|D. Devanathan Yadav<ref name=":1" group="N">[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]], [[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi|IJK]], IMKMK and [[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|TMMK]] will contest one seat in BJP's Lotus symbol, therefore they will be considered as BJP party candidates officially by ECI affidavit</ref>
|-
!32
|[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[S. Venkatesan|Su. Venkatesan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Saravanan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Raama Sreenivasan
|-
!33
|[[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. T. Narayanasamy
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}
|[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
|-
!34
|[[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Manickam Tagore|B. Manickam Tagore]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|V. Vijaya Prabakaran
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Radikaa Sarathkumar|R. Radikaa]]
|-
!35
|[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Kani K. Navas|K. Navas Kani]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Jeyaperumal
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|-
!36
|[[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Sivasamy Velumani
|{{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|S. D. R. Vijayaseelan
|-
!37
|[[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Rani Srikumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Krishnasamy]]<ref name=":2" group="N">[[Social Democratic Party of India|SDPI]] and [[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]] will contest one seat in AIADMK's Two Leaves symbol, therefore they will be considered as AIADMK party candidates officially by ECI affidavit</ref>
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[B. John Pandian]]<ref name=":1" group="N">[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]], [[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi|IJK]], IMKMK and [[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|TMMK]] will contest one seat in BJP's Lotus symbol, therefore they will be considered as BJP party candidates officially by ECI affidavit</ref>
|-
!38
|[[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Robert Bruce (Indian politician)|C. Robert Bruce]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Jansi Rani
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]
|-
!39
|[[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Vijay Vasanth]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Nazerath Pasilian
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pon. Radhakrishnan]]
|-
|}
<references group="N" />

== Surveys and polls ==

=== Opinion polls ===

|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! rowspan="2" |Date published
! rowspan="2" |Margin of error
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |
| bgcolor="#F98C1F" |
| bgcolor="#009933" |
| bgcolor="grey" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
![[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
![[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
![[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
!Others
|-
|[[ABP News]]-CVoter
|''April 2024<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://news.abplive.com/elections/abp-cvoter-opinion-poll-lok-sabha-election-2024-tamil-nadu-dmk-congress-bjp-aiadmk-m-k-stalin-pm-narendra-modi-1679953 "Will DMK Emerge As Third Largest Party In LS Despite BJP's Cultural Push In TN?"]. ''news.abplive.com''. 14 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.abplive.com&rft.atitle=Will+DMK+Emerge+As+Third+Largest+Party+In+LS+Despite+BJP%27s+Cultural+Push+In+TN%3F&rft.date=2024-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abplive.com%2Felections%2Fabp-cvoter-opinion-poll-lok-sabha-election-2024-tamil-nadu-dmk-congress-bjp-aiadmk-m-k-stalin-pm-narendra-modi-1679953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2024+Indian+general+election+in+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></ref>''
|±3-5%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''39'''
|0
|0
|0
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''INDIA'''
|-
|[[ABP News]]-CVoter
|''March 2024<ref name=":0"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite id="CITEREFABP_News_Bureau2024" class="citation web cs1">ABP News Bureau (12 March 2024). [https://news.abplive.com/elections/abp-cvoter-opinion-poll-lok-sabha-elections-2024-dmk-alliance-india-bloc-congress-sweep-tamil-nadu-1671394 "ABP CVoter Opinion Poll: I.N.D.I.A Bloc Likely To Sweep TN, BJP Projected To Get Zero Seats"]. ''news.abplive.com''. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.abplive.com&rft.atitle=ABP+CVoter+Opinion+Poll%3A+I.N.D.I.A+Bloc+Likely+To+Sweep+TN%2C+BJP+Projected+To+Get+Zero+Seats&rft.date=2024-03-12&rft.au=ABP+News+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abplive.com%2Felections%2Fabp-cvoter-opinion-poll-lok-sabha-elections-2024-dmk-alliance-india-bloc-congress-sweep-tamil-nadu-1671394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2024+Indian+general+election+in+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></ref>''
|±3-5%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''39'''
|0
|0
|0
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''INDIA'''
|-
|[[India Today]]-CVoter
|''February 2024''<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation news cs1">[https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-trouble-for-india-bloc-nda-to-win-himachal-karnataka-no-majority-for-trinamool-in-bengal-opinion-poll/3390771/ "Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Trouble for INDIA bloc? NDA to win Himachal, Karnataka; no majority for Trinamool in Bengal – Opinion Poll"]. ''The Financial Express''. 11 February 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Lok+Sabha+Elections+2024%3A+Trouble+for+INDIA+bloc%3F+NDA+to+win+Himachal%2C+Karnataka%3B+no+majority+for+Trinamool+in+Bengal+%E2%80%93+Opinion+Poll&rft.date=2024-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Findia-news%2Flok-sabha-elections-2024-trouble-for-india-bloc-nda-to-win-himachal-karnataka-no-majority-for-trinamool-in-bengal-opinion-poll%2F3390771%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2024+Indian+general+election+in+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></ref>
|±3-5%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''39'''
|0
|0
|0
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''INDIA'''
|-
|[[Times Now]]-[[ETG Research|ETG]]
|''December 2023''<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite id="CITEREFMukhopadhyay2023" class="citation news cs1">Mukhopadhyay, Sammya (16 December 2023). [https://www.timesnownews.com/india/bjp-comeback-likely-in-karnataka-in-lok-sabha-2024-how-south-india-will-vote-as-per-times-now-etg-survey-article-105985178 "BJP comeback likely in Karnataka in Lok Sabha 2024: How South India will vote as per Times Now-ETG Survey"]. ''[[Times Now]]''. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Now&rft.atitle=BJP+comeback+likely+in+Karnataka+in+Lok+Sabha+2024%3A+How+South+India+will+vote+as+per+Times+Now-ETG+Survey&rft.date=2023-12-16&rft.aulast=Mukhopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Sammya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Findia%2Fbjp-comeback-likely-in-karnataka-in-lok-sabha-2024-how-south-india-will-vote-as-per-times-now-etg-survey-article-105985178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2024+Indian+general+election+in+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></ref>
|±3%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''30-36'''
|0-1
|3-6
|0-2
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''INDIA'''
|-
|[[India TV]]-CNX
|''October 2023''<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite id="CITEREFLuxmi2023" class="citation news cs1">Luxmi, Bhagya, ed. (5 October 2023). [https://www.indiatvnews.com/tamil-nadu/news-india-tv-cnx-poll-lok-sabha-elections-2024-tamil-nadu-seats-dmk-aiadmk-bjp-congress-latest-updates-2023-10-05-896354 "DMK-Congress to sweep Tamil Nadu again, AIADMK distant second: India TV-CNX Poll"]. ''[[India TV]]''. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+TV&rft.atitle=DMK-Congress+to+sweep+Tamil+Nadu+again%2C+AIADMK+distant+second%3A+India+TV-CNX+Poll&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatvnews.com%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fnews-india-tv-cnx-poll-lok-sabha-elections-2024-tamil-nadu-seats-dmk-aiadmk-bjp-congress-latest-updates-2023-10-05-896354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2024+Indian+general+election+in+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></ref>
|±3%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''32'''
|1
|5
|1
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''INDIA'''
|-
! colspan="8" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] leaves [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Times Now]]-[[ETG Research|ETG]]
|''September 2023''<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUICXrM3Uj8&t=310s "Who Is Likely To Win If Lok Sabha Polls Are Held Today? ETG Survey Reveals | The Newshour Debate"]. ''Youtube''. [[Times Now]]. 3 October 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youtube&rft.atitle=Who+Is+Likely+To+Win+If+Lok+Sabha+Polls+Are+Held+Today%3F+ETG+Survey+Reveals+%7C+The+Newshour+Debate&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DZUICXrM3Uj8%26t%3D310s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2024+Indian+general+election+in+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></ref>
|±3%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''30-34'''
|0-1
|3-7
|0-1
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''INDIA'''
|-
|''August 2023''<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation news cs1">[https://www.timesnownews.com/india/times-now-etg-survey-predicts-third-term-for-modi-government-india-bloc-likley-to-get-160-190-seats-article-102779247 "'Phir Ek Baar, Modi Sarkar', Predicts Times Now ETG Survey if Election Held Today"]. ''[[Times Now]]''. 16 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Now&rft.atitle=%27Phir+Ek+Baar%2C+Modi+Sarkar%27%2C+Predicts+Times+Now+ETG+Survey+if+Election+Held+Today&rft.date=2023-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Findia%2Ftimes-now-etg-survey-predicts-third-term-for-modi-government-india-bloc-likley-to-get-160-190-seats-article-102779247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2024+Indian+general+election+in+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></ref>
|±3%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''30-34'''
|0-1
|3-7
|0-1
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''INDIA'''
|-
|[[India Today]]-[[CVoter]]
|''August 2023''<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite id="CITEREFYadavSardesai2023" class="citation news cs1">[[Yogendra Yadav|Yadav, Yogendra]]; Sardesai, Shreyas (31 August 2023). [https://theprint.in/opinion/here-are-two-things-india-alliance-must-do-based-on-national-surveys-results/1739593/ "Here are two things INDIA alliance must do based on national surveys' results"]. ''[[The Print]]''. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Print&rft.atitle=Here+are+two+things+INDIA+alliance+must+do+based+on+national+surveys%27+results&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Yogendra&rft.au=Sardesai%2C+Shreyas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fhere-are-two-things-india-alliance-must-do-based-on-national-surveys-results%2F1739593%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2024+Indian+general+election+in+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></ref>
|±3-5%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''39'''
|0
|0
|0
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''INDIA'''
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! rowspan="2" |Date published
! rowspan="2" |Margin of error
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |
| bgcolor="#F98C1F" |
| bgcolor="#009933" |
| bgcolor="grey" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
![[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
![[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
![[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
!Others
|-
|[[ABP News]]-CVoter
|''March 2024<ref name=":0" />''
|±3-5%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''54.7%'''
|10.9%
|27.9%
|6.8%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''26.9'''
|-
|[[India Today]]-CVoter
|''February 2024''<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation news cs1">[https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-trouble-for-india-bloc-nda-to-win-himachal-karnataka-no-majority-for-trinamool-in-bengal-opinion-poll/3390771/ "Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Trouble for INDIA bloc? NDA to win Himachal, Karnataka; no majority for Trinamool in Bengal – Opinion Poll"]. ''The Financial Express''. 11 February 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Lok+Sabha+Elections+2024%3A+Trouble+for+INDIA+bloc%3F+NDA+to+win+Himachal%2C+Karnataka%3B+no+majority+for+Trinamool+in+Bengal+%E2%80%93+Opinion+Poll&rft.date=2024-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Findia-news%2Flok-sabha-elections-2024-trouble-for-india-bloc-nda-to-win-himachal-karnataka-no-majority-for-trinamool-in-bengal-opinion-poll%2F3390771%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2024+Indian+general+election+in+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></ref>
|±3-5%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''47%'''
|15%
| colspan="2" |38%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''9'''
|-
! colspan="8" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] leaves [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|[[India Today]]-[[CVoter]]
|''August 2023''<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFYadavSardesai2023">[[Yogendra Yadav|Yadav, Yogendra]]; Sardesai, Shreyas (31 August 2023). [https://theprint.in/opinion/here-are-two-things-india-alliance-must-do-based-on-national-surveys-results/1739593/ "Here are two things INDIA alliance must do based on national surveys' results"]. ''[[The Print]]''. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Print&rft.atitle=Here+are+two+things+INDIA+alliance+must+do+based+on+national+surveys%27+results&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Yogendra&rft.au=Sardesai%2C+Shreyas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fhere-are-two-things-india-alliance-must-do-based-on-national-surveys-results%2F1739593%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2024+Indian+general+election+in+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></ref>
|±3-5%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''53%'''
| colspan="2" |33%
|14%
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" |'''20'''
|-
|}

=== Exit polls ===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Tamil Nadu}}

== Voters Turnout ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll date
!Turnout
!Swing
|-
!1
|[[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvallur]] (SC)
| rowspan="39" bgcolor="#FFFACD" |19 April 2024
|style="text-align:center;" |68.59%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 3.74
|-
!2
|[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
|style="text-align:center;" |60.11%
| style="text-align:center;" |{{decrease}} 4.15
|-
!3
|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]
|style="text-align:center;" |54.17%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 2.90
|-
!4
|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]
|style="text-align:center;" |53.96%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 5.02
|-
!5
|[[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
|style="text-align:center;" |60.25%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 2.19
|-
!6
|[[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency|Kancheepuram]] (SC)
|style="text-align:center;" |71.68%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 3.63
|-
!7
|[[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]
|style="text-align:center;" |74.19%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 4.46
|-
!8
|[[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]
|style="text-align:center;" |73.53%
|style="text-align:center;" |{{increase}} 2.07
|-
!9
|[[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|style="text-align:center;" |71.50%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 4.45
|-
!10
|[[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|style="text-align:center;" |81.20%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 1.21
|-
!11
|[[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|style="text-align:center;" |74.24%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 3.91
|-
!12
|[[Arani Lok Sabha constituency|Arani]]
|style="text-align:center;" |75.76%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 3.25
|-
!13
|[[Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency|Viluppuram]] (SC)
|style="text-align:center;" |76.52%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 2.14
|-
!14
|[[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency|Kallakurichi]]
|style="text-align:center;" |79.21%
|style="text-align:center;" |{{increase}} 0.40
|-
!15
|[[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
|style="text-align:center;" |78.16%
|style="text-align:center;" |{{increase}} 0.25
|-
!16
|[[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]
|style="text-align:center;" |78.21%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 2.01
|-
!17
|[[Erode Lok Sabha constituency|Erode]]
|style="text-align:center;" |70.59%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 2.52
|-
!18
|[[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]
|style="text-align:center;" |70.62%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 2.59
|-
!19
|[[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]] (SC)
|style="text-align:center;" |70.95%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 3.06
|-
!20
|[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
|style="text-align:center;" |64.89%
|style="text-align:center;" |{{increase}} 1.03
|-
!21
|[[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]
|style="text-align:center;" |70.41%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 0.74
|-
!22
|[[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
|style="text-align:center;" |71.14%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 4.15
|-
!23
|[[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
|style="text-align:center;" |78.70%
| style="text-align:center;" |{{decrease}} 0.85
|-
!24
|[[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
|style="text-align:center;" |67.51%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 1.99
|-
!25
|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
|style="text-align:center;" |77.43%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 1.83
|-
!26
|[[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]
|style="text-align:center;" |72.57%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 3.92
|-
!27
|[[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]] (SC)
|style="text-align:center;" |76.37%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 1.61
|-
!28
|[[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
|style="text-align:center;" |70.09%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 3.84
|-
!29
|[[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]] (SC)
|style="text-align:center;" |71.94%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 4.99
|-
!30
|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]
|style="text-align:center;" |68.27%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 4.28
|-
!31
|[[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]
|style="text-align:center;" |64.26%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 5.64
|-
!32
|[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
|style="text-align:center;" |62.04%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 4.05
|-
!33
|[[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]]
|style="text-align:center;" |69.84%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 5.43
|-
!34
|[[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|style="text-align:center;" |70.22%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 2.27
|-
!35
|[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|style="text-align:center;" |68.19%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 0.21
|-
!36
|[[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
|style="text-align:center;" |66.88%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 2.60
|-
!37
|[[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]] (SC)
|style="text-align:center;" |67.65%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 3.78
|-
!38
|[[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|style="text-align:center;" |64.10%
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 3.12
|-
!39
|[[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|style="text-align:center;" |65.44 %
|style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 4.39
|}
Highest turnout in [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]] constituency of 81.20% and the lowest is in [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]] constituency of 53.96%.<ref name="Final voter turnout">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Tamil Nadu records 69.72% voter turnout|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-tamil-nadu-records-6972-voter-turnout-2987854|access-date=21 Apr 2024 |work=deccanherald |date=21 Apr 2024}}</ref>

==Results==
===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="8" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!rowspan="8"style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,16,89,879
|26.93
|{{Decrease}}6.59
|22
|22
|{{Decrease}}2
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|46,32,770
|10.67
|{{Decrease}}1.94
|9
|9
|{{Increase}}1
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|10,95,592
|2.52
|{{Increase}}0.15
|2
|2
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]]
|9,82,117
|2.25
|{{Increase}}1.09
|2
|2
|{{Increase}}1
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|9,32,954
|2.15
|{{Decrease}}0.25
|2
|2
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|5,42,213
|1.28
|{{Increase}}1.28
|1
|1
|{{Increase}}1
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|5,06,690
|1.17
|{{Increase}}0.08
|1
|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF"|Total
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|2,03,82,215
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|46.97
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|{{Decrease}}5.55
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|39
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|39
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|{{Increase}}1
|-
|rowspan="6" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="6"style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|48,80,954
|11.24
|{{Increase}}7.58
|23
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|18,79,689
|4.33
|{{Decrease}}1.09
|10
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|4,10,401
|0.94
|{{Increase}}0.43
|3
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}
|[[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam|AMMK]]
|3,93,415
|0.90
|{{Decrease}}4.48
|2
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|3,42,882
|0.87
|{{Increase}}0.87
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8"|Total
|style="background:#fef3e8"|79,07,341
|style="background:#fef3e8"|18.28
|style="background:#fef3e8"|''New''
|style="background:#fef3e8"|39
|style="background:#fef3e8"|0
|style="background:#fef3e8"|{{Steady}}
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
!rowspan="3"style="background:#E5FFDA"|[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|88,80,801
|20.46
|{{Increase}}1.07
|34
|0
|{{Decrease}}1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|11,23,444
|2.59
|{{Increase}}0.43
|5
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5FFDA"|Total
|style="background:#E5FFDA"|1,00,04,245
|style="background:#E5FFDA"|23.05
|style="background:#E5FFDA"|{{decrease}}7.62
|style="background:#E5FFDA"|39
|style="background:#E5FFDA"|0
|style="background:#E5FFDA"|{{Decrease}}1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|[[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu#Others|Others]]
|46,54,297
|10.72
|
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|
|
|
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|4,61,327
|1.06
|{{decrease}}0.22
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!4,34,09,425
!100%
! -
!
! 39
! -
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col2left col4left col9left"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner<ref>{{cite web |title=TN Election Results 2024: Full list of winners in Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha polls as counting ends |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/tamil-nadu-election-results-2024-tn-lok-sabha-polls-dmk-aiadmk-bjp-coimbatore-thoothukkudi-annamalai-maran-a-raja-11717429520890.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |date=5 June 2024 |work=[[Live Mint]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605121249/https://www.livemint.com/elections/tamil-nadu-election-results-2024-tn-lok-sabha-polls-dmk-aiadmk-bjp-coimbatore-thoothukkudi-annamalai-maran-a-raja-11717429520890.html |archive-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
! colspan="2" |Candidate
! data-sort-type="number" | Party
!Votes
!%
! colspan="2" | Candidate
! data-sort-type="number" |Party
!Votes
!%
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
! colspan="2" data-sort-type="number" | %
|-
!1
|[[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvallur]] (SC)
|68.59{{Decrease}}
|Sasikanth Senthil
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|7,96,956
|56.21
|Pon. V. Balaganapathy
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,24,801
|15.86
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,72,155
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|40.35
|-
!2
|[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
|60.11{{Decrease}}
|[[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|4,97,333
|55.11
|Royapuram R. Mano
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1,58,111
|17.52
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,39,222
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.59
|-
!3
|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]
|54.17{{Decrease}}
|[[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,16,628
|47.00
|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,90,683
|26.44
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,25,945
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.56
|-
!4
|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]
|53.96{{Decrease}}
|[[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|4,13,848
|56.65
|Vinoj P. Selvam
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,69,159
|23.16
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,44,689
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.49
|-
!5
|[[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
|60.25{{Decrease}}
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|7,58,611
|52.65
|G. Premkumar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2,71,582
|18.85
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4,87,029
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.80
|-
!6
|[[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency|Kancheepuram]] (SC)
|71.68{{Decrease}}
|[[G. Selvam]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,86,044
|46.53
|E. Rajasekar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|3,64,571
|28.94
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,21,473
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.59
|-
!7
|[[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]
|74.19{{Decrease}}
|[[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,63,216
|48.39
|A. L. Vijayan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2,56,656
|22.05
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,06,559
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.34
|-
!8
|[[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]
|73.53{{Increase}}
|[[Kathir Anand|D. M. Kathir Anand]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,68,692
|50.35
|[[A. C. Shanmugam]]<ref name=":12" group="N">[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]], [[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi|IJK]], IMKMK and [[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|TMMK]] will contest one seat in BJP's Lotus symbol, therefore they will be considered as BJP party candidates officially by ECI affidavit</ref>
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,52,990
|31.25
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,15,702
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.10
|-
!9
|[[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|71.50{{Decrease}}
|[[K. Gopinath]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,92,883
|42.27
|V. Jayaprakash
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|3,00,397
|25.76
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,92,486
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16.51
|-
!10
|[[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|81.20{{Decrease}}
|A. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|4,32,667
|34.67
|[[Sowmiya Anbumani]]
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|4,11,367
|32.97
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,300
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.70
|-
!11
|[[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|74.24{{Decrease}}
|[[Annadurai C N|C. N. Annadurai]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,47,379
|47.75
|M. Kaliyaperumal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|3,13,448
|27.34
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,33,931
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.41
|-
!12
|[[Arani Lok Sabha constituency|Arani]]
|75.76{{Decrease}}
|M. S. Tharanivendhan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,00,099
|43.86
|G. V. Gajendran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2,91,333
|25.55
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,08,766
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.31
|-
!13
|[[Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency|Viluppuram]] (SC)
|76.52{{Decrease}}
|[[D. Ravikumar]]
|{{party color cell|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]]
|4,77,033
|41.39
|J. Bakkiyaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|4,06,330
|35.25
|style="background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}} ; color:white;"|70,703
|style="background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}} ; color:white;"|6.14
|-
!14
|[[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency|Kallakurichi]]
|79.21{{Increase}}
|Malaiarasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,61,589
|44.94
|[[R. Kumaraguru]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|5,07,805
|40.64
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|53,784
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4.30
|-
!15
|[[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
|78.16{{Increase}}
|[[T. M. Selvaganapathi]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,66,085
|43.38
|P. Vignesh
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|4,95,728
|37.99
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|70,357
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.39
|-
!16
|[[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]
|78.21{{Decrease}}
|V. S. Matheswaran<ref name=":02" group="N">[[Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi|KMDK]] will contest one seat in DMK's Rising Sun symbol, therefore he will be considered as DMK party candidate officially by ECI affidavit</ref>
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|4,62,036
|40.31
|S. Tamil Mani
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|4,32,924
|37.77
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,112
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2.54
|-
!17
|[[Erode Lok Sabha constituency|Erode]]
|70.59{{Decrease}}
|K. E. Prakash
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,62,339
|51.43
|Aatral Ashok Kumar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|3,32,773
|29.79
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,36,566
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.64
|-
!18
|[[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]
|70.62{{Decrease}}
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|4,72,739
|41.38
|P. Arunachalam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|3,46,811
|30.35
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|1,25,928
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|11.03
|-
!19
|[[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]] (SC)
|70.95{{Decrease}}
|[[A. Raja]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|4,73,212
|46.44
|[[L. Murugan]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,32,627
|22.83
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,40,585
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.61
|-
!20
|[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
|64.89{{Increase}}
|[[Ganapathi P. Raj Kumar|Ganapathi Raj Kumar]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,68,200
|41.39
|[[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,50,132
|32.79
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,18,068
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8.60
|-
!21
|[[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]
|70.41{{Decrease}}
|Eswarasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,33,377
|47.37
|A. Karthikeyan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2,81,335
|24.98
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,52,042
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.39
|-
!22
|[[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
|71.14{{Decrease}}
|R. Sachidanandam
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|6,70,149
|58.29
|V. M. S. Mohamed Mubarak<ref name=":22" group="N">[[Social Democratic Party of India|SDPI]] and [[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]] will contest one seat in AIADMK's Two Leaves symbol, therefore they will be considered as AIADMK party candidates officially by ECI affidavit</ref>
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2,26,328
|19.69
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|4,43,821
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|38.60
|-
!23
|[[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
|78.70{{Decrease}}
|[[Jothimani|S. Jothimani]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,34,906
|47.25
|K. R. L. Thangavel
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|3,68,090
|32.52
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,66,816
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14.73
|-
!24
|[[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
|67.51{{Decrease}}
|[[Durai Vaiyapuri|Durai Vaiko]]
|{{Party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|5,42,213
|51.35
|P. Karuppaiah
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2,29,119
|21.70
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,13,094
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.65
|-
!25
|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
|77.43{{Decrease}}
|Arun Nehru
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|6,03,209
|53.42
|N. D. Chandramohan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2,14,102
|18.96
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,89,107
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34.46
|-
!26
|[[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]
|72.57{{Decrease}}
|[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,55,053
|44.11
|[[P. Sivakozhundu]]
|{{Party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|2,69,157
|26.09
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,85,896
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18.02
|-
!27
|[[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]] (SC)
|76.37{{Decrease}}
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|{{party color cell|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]]
|5,05,084
|43.28
|M. Chandrahaasan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|4,01,530
|34.40
|style="background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}} ; color:white;"|1,03,554
|style="background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}} ; color:white;"|8.88
|-
!28
|[[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
|70.09{{Decrease}}
|[[Sudha Ramakrishnan]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,18,459
|47.67
|P. Babu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2,47,276
|22.73
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,71,183
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24.94
|-
!29
|[[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]] (SC)
|71.94{{Decrease}}
|V. Selvaraj
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|4,65,044
|47.79
|G. Surjith Sankar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2,56,087
|26.32
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|2,08,957
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|21.47
|-
!30
|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]
|68.27{{Decrease}}
|Murasoli
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,02,245
|48.82
|P. Sivanesan
|{{Party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|1,82,662
|17.76
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,19,583
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.06
|-
!31
|[[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]
|64.26{{Decrease}}
|[[Karti Chidambaram|Karti P Chidambaram]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,27,677
|40.60
|A. Xavierdas
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2,22,013
|21.08
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,05,664
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|21.22
|-
!32
|[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
|62.04{{Decrease}}
|[[S. Venkatesan|Su. Venkatesan]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|4,30,323
|43.60
|Raama Sreenivasan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,20,914
|22.38
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|2,09,409
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|21.22
|-
!33
|[[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]]
|69.84{{Decrease}}
|[[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,71,493
|50.08
|[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
|{{Party color cell|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}
|[[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam|AMMK]]
|2,92,668
|25.65
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,78,825
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.43
|-
!34
|[[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|70.22{{Decrease}}
|[[Manickam Tagore|B. Manickam Tagore]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,85,256
|36.28
|V. Vijaya Prabakaran
|{{Party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|3,80,877
|35.87
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4,379
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|0.41
|-
!35
|[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|68.19{{Decrease}}
|[[Kani K. Navas|K. Navas Kani]]
|{{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|5,09,664
|45.92
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|3,42,882
|30.89
|style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}} ; color:white;"|1,66,782
|style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}} ; color:white;"|15.03
|-
!36
|[[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
|66.88{{Decrease}}
|[[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,40,729
|55.26
|R. Sivasamy Velumani
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1,47,991
|15.12
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,92,738
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40.14
|-
!37
|[[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]] (SC)
|67.65{{Decrease}}
|[[Rani Srikumar]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|4,25,679
|40.97
|[[K. Krishnasamy]]<ref name=":23" group="N">[[Social Democratic Party of India|SDPI]] and [[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]] will contest one seat in AIADMK's Two Leaves symbol, therefore they will be considered as AIADMK party candidates officially by ECI affidavit</ref>
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2,29,480
|22.08
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,96,199
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.89
|-
!38
|[[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|64.10{{Decrease}}
|[[Robert Bruce (Indian politician)|C. Robert Bruce]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,02,296
|47.06
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,36,676
|31.54
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,65,620
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15.52
|-
!39
|[[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|65.44{{Decrease}}
|[[Vijay Vasanth]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,46,248
|53.08
|[[Pon. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,66,341
|35.60
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,79,907
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17.48
|}

== List of elected members ==
{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! Constituency
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | Northern Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1.
| [[Thiruvallur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvallur (SC)]]
| [[Sasikanth Senthil]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2.
| [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North]]
| [[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 3.
| [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]]
| [[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]]
|-
| 4.
| [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
| [[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|-
| 5.
| [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]]
| [[T. R. Baalu]]
|-
| 6.
| [[Kancheepuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kancheepuram (SC)]]
| [[G. Selvam]]
|-
| 7.
| [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arakkonam]]
| [[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
|-
| 8.
| [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]]
| [[Kathir Anand|D. M. Kathir Anand]]
|-
| 9.
| [[Krishnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagiri]]
| [[K. Gopinath]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 10.
| [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]]
| [[A. Mani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 11.
| [[Tiruvannamalai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruvannamalai]]
| [[Annadurai C N|C. N. Annadurai]]
|-
| 12.
| [[Arani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arani]]
| [[M. S. Tharanivendhan]]
|-
| 13.
| [[Villupuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Villupuram (SC)]]
| [[D. Ravikumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | Western Tamil Nadu
|-
| 14.
| [[Kallakurichi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kallakurichi]]
| [[D. Malaiyarasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 15.
| [[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]]
| [[T. M. Selvaganapathy]]
|-
| 16.
| [[Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Namakkal]]
| [[V. S. Matheshwaran]]
|-
| 17.
| [[Erode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erode]]
| [[K. E. Prakash]]
|-
| 18.
| [[Tiruppur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruppur]]
| [[K. Subbarayan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 19.
| [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]]
| [[Ganapathi P. Rajkumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 20.
| [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris (SC)]]
| [[A Raja]]
|-
| 21.
| [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi]]
| [[K. Eswarasamy]]
|-
| 22.
| [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]]
| [[R. Sachithanandam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|-
| 23.
| [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]]
| [[Jothimani|S.Jothimani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | Central Tamil Nadu
|-
| 24.
| [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]]
| [[Durai Vaiko]]
| {{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 25.
| [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]]
| [[Arun Nehru (Tamil Nadu politician)|Arun Nehru]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 26.
| [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore]]
| [[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 27.
| [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram (SC)]]
| [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|-
| 28.
| [[Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuthurai]]
| [[R. Sudha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 29.
| [[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam (SC)]]
| [[Selvaraj V|V. Selvaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 30.
| [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]]
| [[S. Murasoli]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | Southern Tamil Nadu
|-
| 31.
| [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]]
| [[Karti Chidambaram|Karti P Chidambaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 32.
| [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]]
| [[S. Venkatesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|-
| 33.
| [[Theni (Lok Sabha constituency)|Theni]]
| [[Thanga Tamilselvan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 34.
| [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Virudhunagar]]
| [[Manickam Tagore]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 35.
| [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]
| [[Navaskani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
| 36.
| [[Thoothukkudi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thoothukkudi]]
| [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 37.
| [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi (SC)]]
| [[Rani Srikumar]]
|-
| 38.
| [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]]
| [[C. Robert Bruce]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 39.
| [[Kanyakumari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanniyakumari]]
| [[Vijay Vasanth]]
|}

== Assembly segments wise lead of Parties ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4 rowspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|2024 Indian General Election
!colspan=2|2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
|-
!Leads in Assembly segments
!Runner-up in Assembly segments
!Assembly Seats won
!Assembly Seats runner-up
|-
|rowspan="9" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!rowspan="9"style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
! [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|125
|7
|133
|55
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|52
|2
|18
|6
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|12
|0
|2
|4
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|12
|0
|2
|3
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}"|
![[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]]
|8
|4
|4
|2
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
![[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|6
|0
|
|
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"|
! [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|6
|0
|0
|3
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Makkal Needhi Maiam}}"|
![[Makkal Needhi Maiam|MNM]]
|
|
|0
|1
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF"|Total
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|221
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|13
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|159
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|74
|-
|rowspan="6" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="6"style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|0
|59
|4
|16
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
![[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|3
|4
|5
|18
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}"|
![[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|0
|4
|
|
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}"|
![[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam|AMMK]]
|0
|5
|0
|1
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Independent politician}}"|
![[Independent politician|IND]]
|0
|6
|
|
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8"|Total
|style="background:#fef3e8"|3
|style="background:#fef3e8"|78
|style="background:#fef3e8"|9
|style="background:#fef3e8"|35
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
!rowspan="3"style="background:#E5FFDA"|[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
! [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|8
|126
|66
|125
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}"|
![[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|2
|16
|0
|0
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5FFDA"|Total
|style="background:#E5FFDA"|10
|style="background:#E5FFDA"|142
|style="background:#E5FFDA"|66
|style="background:#E5FFDA"|125
|-

!{{Party color cell|Other}}
|style=|Others
|colspan="2"style=|Total
|style=|0
|style=|1
|style=|0
|style=|0
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
!colspan=4|234
|}

==Assembly Seat wise leads==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner-up
!rowspan="2"data-sort-type="number"|Margin
|-
!#
!Name
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Thiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|1
|[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]
|[[Sasikanth Senthil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,12,510
|V. Pon. Balaganapathy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,678
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 75,832
|-
|2
|[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri]] (SC)
|[[Sasikanth Senthil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,09,177
|[[K. Nalla Thambi]]
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|41,195
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 67,982
|-
|4
|[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Thiruvallur]]
|[[Sasikanth Senthil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,05,694
|[[K. Nalla Thambi]]
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|36,549
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 69,045
|-
|5
|[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]] (SC)
|[[Sasikanth Senthil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,46,176
|V. Pon. Balaganapathy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|38,765
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 107,411
|-
|6
|[[Avadi Assembly constituency|Avadi]]
|[[Sasikanth Senthil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|156,527
|V. Pon. Balaganapathy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|51,034
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 105,493
|-
|9
|[[Madavaram Assembly constituency|Madavaram]]
|[[Sasikanth Senthil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|164,524
|V. Pon. Balaganapathy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|43,990
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 120,534
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|10
|[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
|[[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|91,163
|R. Manohar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|33,260
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 57,903
|-
|11
|[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|[[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|81,364
|R. Manohar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|36,938
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |44,426
|-
|12
|[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]]
|[[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|94,837
|R. Manohar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|27,214
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 67,623
|-
|13
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
|[[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|95,084
|Paul Kanagaraj
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25,585
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 69,499
|-
|15
|[[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency|Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar]] (SC)
|[[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|72,839
|R. Manohar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|17,864
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 54,975
|-
|17
|[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
|[[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|60,896
|R. Manohar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|24,247
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 36,649
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|22
|[[Virugampakkam Assembly constituency|Virugampakkam]]
|[[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|69,040
|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|43,528
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 25,512
|-
|23
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|[[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|76,977
|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,643
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |48,334
|-
|24
|[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Thiyagarayanagar]]
|[[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|51,090
|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|45,206
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |5,884
|-
|25
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
|[[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|64,791
|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|38,944
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 25,847
|-
|26
|[[Velachery Assembly constituency|Velachery]]
|[[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|76,245
|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|51,353
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 24,892
|-
|27
|[[Sholinganallur Assembly constituency|Shozhinganallur]]
|[[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|177,164
|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|81,555
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 95,609
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|14
|[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
|[[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|72,027
|Vinoj. P. Selvam
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,299
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 44,728
|-
|16
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]]
|[[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|63,219
|Vinoj. P. Selvam
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|23,564
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |39,655
|-
|18
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|[[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|53,649
|Vinoj. P. Selvam
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,117
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |26,532
|-
|19
|[[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]
|[[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|80,833
|Vinoj. P. Selvam
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|24,926
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 55,907
|-
|20
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|[[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|66,015
|Vinoj. P. Selvam
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|31,372
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |34,643
|-
|21
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|[[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|76,543
|Vinoj. P. Selvam
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|33,781
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 42,762
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|7
|[[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|124,236
|G. Premkumar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|46,181
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 78,055
|-
|8
|[[Ambattur Assembly constituency|Ambattur]]
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|112,217
|G. Premkumar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|37,029
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |75,188
|-
|28
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|120,689
|V. N. Venugopal
|{{Party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|39,567
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |81,122
|-
|29
|[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|146,020
|G. Premkumar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|65,480
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 80,540
|-
|30
|[[Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Pallavaram]]
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|131,811
|G. Premkumar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|46,104
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |85,707
|-
|31
|[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|120,698
|V. N. Venugopal
|{{Party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|39,789
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 80,909
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|32
|[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
|[[G. Selvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|133,604
|E. Rajashekar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|59,815
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 73,789
|-
|33
|[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Thiruporur]]
|[[G. Selvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|102,725
|E. Rajashekar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|55,665
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |47,060
|-
|34
|[[Cheyyur Assembly constituency|Cheyyur]] (SC)
|[[G. Selvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|76,648
|E. Rajashekar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|56,137
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |20,511
|-
|35
|[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Madhuranthakam]] (SC)
|[[G. Selvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|77,747
|E. Rajashekar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|65,740
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |12,007
|-
|36
|[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
|[[G. Selvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|92,857
|E. Rajashekar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|70,152
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |22,705
|-
|37
|[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
|[[G. Selvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|99,397
|E. Rajashekar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|55,482
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |43,915
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|3
|[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
|[[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|105,052
|A. L. Vijayan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|50,729
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 54,323
|-
|38
|[[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arakkonam]] (SC)
|[[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|80,930
|A. L. Vijayan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|32,544
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |48,386
|-
|39
|[[Sholingur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
|[[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|87,418
|A. L. Vijayan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|52,551
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |34,867
|-
|40
|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
|[[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|77,130
|A. L. Vijayan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|35,884
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |41,246
|-
|41
|[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
|[[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|103,513
|A. L. Vijayan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|38,710
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |64,803
|-
|42
|[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
|[[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|96,535
|A. L. Vijayan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|44,925
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |51,610
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|43
|[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
|[[Kathir Anand]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|84,154
|[[A. C. Shanmugam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|64,822
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |19,332
|-
|44
|[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaikattu]]
|[[Kathir Anand]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|88,321
|[[A. C. Shanmugam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|71,041
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |17,280
|-
|45
|[[Kilvaithinankuppam Assembly constituency|K. V. Kuppam]] (SC)
|[[Kathir Anand]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|76,470
|[[A. C. Shanmugam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|63,051
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |13,419
|-
|46
|[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyattam]]
|[[Kathir Anand]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|113,445
|[[A. C. Shanmugam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|58,585
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |54,860
|-
|47
|[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]
|[[Kathir Anand]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|103,364
|[[A. C. Shanmugam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|46,699
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |56,665
|-
|48
|[[Ambur Assembly constituency|Ambur]]
|[[Kathir Anand]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|100,681
|[[A. C. Shanmugam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|46,758
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |53,923
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|51
|[[Uthangarai Assembly constituency|Uthangarai]] (SC)
|[[K. Gopinath]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,352
|V. Jayaprakash
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|47,775
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 30,577
|-
|52
|[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
|[[K. Gopinath]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,549
|V. Jayaprakash
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|52,695
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 25,854
|-
|53
|[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|[[K. Gopinath]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|91,222
|V. Jayaprakash
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|52,983
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 38,239
|-
|54
|[[Veppanahalli Assembly constituency|Veppanahalli]]
|[[K. Gopinath]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|80,436
|V. Jayaprakash
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|55,989
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 24,447
|-
|55
|[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
|[[K. Gopinath]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|92,623
|C. Narasimhan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|60,715
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 31,908
|-
|56
|[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
|[[K. Gopinath]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,949
|C. Narasimhan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|49,594
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 20,355
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|57
|[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
|[[A. Mani]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|71,344
|Sowmiya Anbumani
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|60,878
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |10,466
|-
|58
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
|Sowmiya Anbumani
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|76,166
|[[A. Mani]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|64,581
| style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}; color:black;" |11,585
|-
|59
|[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|Sowmiya Anbumani
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|79,527
|[[A. Mani]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|66,002
| style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}; color:black;" |13,525
|-
|60
|[[Pappireddipatti Assembly constituency|Pappireddipatti]]
|Sowmiya Anbumani
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|82,324
|[[A. Mani]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|73,700
| style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}; color:black;" |8,624
|-
|61
|[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur]] (SC)
|[[A. Mani]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|85,850
|R. Asokan
|{{Party name with color| All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|47,641
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |38,209
|-
|85
|[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
|[[A. Mani]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|67,824
|Sowmiya Anbumani
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|63,265
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |4,559
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|49
|[[Jolarpet Assembly constituency|Jolarpet]]
|[[Annadurai C N|C. N. Annadurai]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|78,665
|M. Kaliyaperumal
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|53,774
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |20,881
|-
|50
|[[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tirupattur]]
|[[Annadurai C N|C. N. Annadurai]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|84,622
|M. Kaliyaperumal
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|44,043
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |40,579
|-
|62
|[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam]]
|[[Annadurai C N|C. N. Annadurai]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|101,432
|M. Kaliyaperumal
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|58,798
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |42,634
|-
|63
|[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|[[Annadurai C N|C. N. Annadurai]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|103,175
|M. Kaliyaperumal
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|46,256
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |56,919
|-
|64
|[[Kilpennathur Assembly constituency|Kilpennathur]]
|[[Annadurai C N|C. N. Annadurai]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|89,847
|M. Kaliyaperumal
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|54,437
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |35,410
|-
|65
|[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
|[[Annadurai C N|C. N. Annadurai]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|86,116
|M. Kaliyaperumal
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|54,076
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |32,040
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Arani Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|66
|[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
|[[M. S. Tharanivendhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|89,039
|G. V. Gajendran
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|48,477
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |40,562
|-
|67
|[[Arani Assembly constituency|Arani]]
|[[M. S. Tharanivendhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|87,582
|G. V. Gajendran
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|70,532
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |17,050
|-
|68
|[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
|[[M. S. Tharanivendhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|83,642
|G. V. Gajendran
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|49,564
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |34,078
|-
|69
|[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi]]
|[[M. S. Tharanivendhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|83,010
|Ganesh Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|42,968
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |40,042
|-
|70
|[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
|[[M. S. Tharanivendhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|82,244
|G. V. Gajendran
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|47,893
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |34,351
|-
|71
|[[Mailam Assembly constituency|Mailam]]
|[[M. S. Tharanivendhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|71,566
|G. V. Gajendran
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|42,145
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |29,421
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency]] (SC)
|-
|72
|[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]] (SC)
|[[D. Ravikumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|79,112
|J. Bhagyaraj
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|52,766
| style="background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}; color:white;" |26,346
|-
|73
|[[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur]] (SC)
|[[D. Ravikumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|81,431
|J. Bhagyaraj
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|57,238
| style="background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}; color:white;" |24,193
|-
|74
|[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Viluppuram]]
|[[D. Ravikumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|78,734
|J. Bhagyaraj
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|62,825
| style="background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}; color:white;" |15,909
|-
|75
|[[Vikravandi Assembly constituency|Vikravandi]]
|[[D. Ravikumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|72,188
|J. Bhagyaraj
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|65,365
| style="background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}; color:white;" |6,823
|-
|76
|[[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukkoyilur]]
|J. Bhagyaraj
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|73,411
|[[D. Ravikumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|71,513
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |1,898
|-
|77
|[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpet]]
|J. Bhagyaraj
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|92,898
|[[D. Ravikumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|91,252
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |1,646
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|78
|[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiyam]]
|[[Malaiyarasan D|D. Malaiyarasan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|98,212
|[[R. Kumaraguru]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|87,092
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |11,120
|-
|79
|[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
|[[Malaiyarasan D|D. Malaiyarasan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|95,829
|[[R. Kumaraguru]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|87,539
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |8,290
|-
|80
|[[Kallakurichi Assembly constituency|Kallakurichi]] (SC)
|[[Malaiyarasan D|D. Malaiyarasan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|100,636
|[[R. Kumaraguru]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|95,946
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |4,690
|-
|81
|[[Gangavalli Assembly constituency|Gangavalli]] (SC)
|[[Malaiyarasan D|D. Malaiyarasan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|77,483
|[[R. Kumaraguru]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|72,235
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |5,428
|-
|82
|[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]] (SC)
|[[Malaiyarasan D|D. Malaiyarasan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|85,579
|[[R. Kumaraguru]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|72,465
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |13,114
|-
|83
|[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]] (ST)
|[[Malaiyarasan D|D. Malaiyarasan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|100,607
|[[R. Kumaraguru]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|90,300
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |10,307
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Salem Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|84
|[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
|[[T. M. Selvaganapathy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|99,519
|P. Vignesh
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|95,966
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |3,553
|-
|86
|[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
|P. Vignesh
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|123,842
|[[T. M. Selvaganapathy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|77,522
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |46,320
|-
|88
|[[Salem West Assembly constituency|Salem West]]
|[[T. M. Selvaganapathy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|95,935
|P. Vignesh
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|73,947
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |21,988
|-
|89
|[[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem North]]
|[[T. M. Selvaganapathy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|96,039
|P. Vignesh
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|55,731
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |40,308
|-
|90
|[[Salem South Assembly constituency|Salem South]]
|[[T. M. Selvaganapathy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|89,177
|P. Vignesh
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|64,777
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |24,400
|-
|91
|[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
|[[T. M. Selvaganapathy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|103,830
|P. Vignesh
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|78,695
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |25,135
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|87
|[[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankagiri]]
|S. Tamil Mani
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|88,358
|[[V. S. Matheswaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|84,924
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |3,434
|-
|92
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]] (SC)
|[[V. S. Matheswaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|76,596
|S. Tamil Mani
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|72,080
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |4,516
|-
|93
|[[Senthamangalam Assembly constituency|Senthamangalam]]
|[[V. S. Matheswaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|82,335
|S. Tamil Mani
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|71,152
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |11,183
|-
|94
|[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal]]
|[[V. S. Matheswaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|79,263
|S. Tamil Mani
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|67,343
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |11,920
|-
|95
|[[Paramathi-Velur Assembly constituency|Paramathi Velur]]
|S. Tamil Mani
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|69,657
|[[V. S. Matheswaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|63,615
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |6,042
|-
|96
|[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]
|[[V. S. Matheswaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|70,962
|S. Tamil Mani
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|60,768
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |10,194
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Erode Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|97
|[[Kumarapalayam Assembly constituency|Kumarapalayam]]
|A. Ashok Kumar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|84,123
|[[K. E. Prakash]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|74,425
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |9,698
|-
|98
|[[Erode East Assembly constituency|Erode East]]
|[[K. E. Prakash]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|86,646
|A. Ashok Kumar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|34,817
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |51,829
|-
|99
|[[Erode West Assembly constituency|Erode West]]
|[[K. E. Prakash]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|105,789
|A. Ashok Kumar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|45,345
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |60,444
|-
|100
|[[Modakkurichi Assembly constituency|Modakkurichi]]
|[[K. E. Prakash]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|101,549
|A. Ashok Kumar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|38,694
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |62,855
|-
|101
|[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram]]
|[[K. E. Prakash]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|95,382
|A. Ashok Kumar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|59,618
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |35,764
|-
|102
|[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
|[[K. E. Prakash]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|95,058
|A. Ashok Kumar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|61,154
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |33,904
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|103
|[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|75,437
|P. Arunachalam
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|61,927
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" |13,510
|-
|104
|[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|69,541
|P. Arunachalam
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|68,686
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" |855
|-
|105
|[[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]]
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|68,407
|P. Arunachalam
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|54,700
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" |13,707
|-
|106
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|86,471
|P. Arunachalam
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|62,908
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" |23,563
|-
|113
|[[Tiruppur North Assembly constituency|Tiruppur North]]
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|95,061
|P. Arunachalam
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|62,305
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" |32,705
|-
|114
|[[Tiruppur South Assembly constituency|Tiruppur South]]
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|75,278
|P. Arunachalam
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|34,800
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" |40,478
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|107
|[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]]
|[[A. Raja]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|92,445
|D. Lokesh Tamilselvan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|51,159
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |41,286
|-
|108
|[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udagamandalam]]
|[[A. Raja]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|63,741
|[[L. Murugan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,631
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |27,010
|-
|109
|[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]
|[[A. Raja]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|69,194
|[[L. Murugan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,454
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |41,740
|-
|110
|[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor]]
|[[A. Raja]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|64,483
|[[L. Murugan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29,230
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |35,253
|-
|111
|[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettuppalyam]]
|[[A. Raja]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|95,737
|D. Lokesh Tamilselvan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|54,022
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |41,715
|-
|112
|[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi]]
|[[A. Raja]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|85,129
|D. Lokesh Tamilselvan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|54,543
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |30,586
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|115
|[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
|[[Ganapathi P. Rajkumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|114,139
|[[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|76,333
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 37,806
|-
|116
|[[Sulur Assembly constituency|Sulur]]
|[[Ganapathi P. Rajkumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|96,019
|[[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|75,501
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 20,518
|-
|117
|[[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency|Kavundampalayam]]
|[[Ganapathi P. Rajkumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|129,009
|[[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|104,549
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 15,460
|-
|118
|[[Coimbatore North Assembly constituency|Coimbatore North]]
|[[Ganapathi P. Rajkumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|80,963
|[[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|71,174
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 9,789
|-
|120
|[[Coimbatore South Assembly constituency|Coimbatore South]]
|[[Ganapathi P. Rajkumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|61,929
|[[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|53,579
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 8,350
|-
|121
|[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
|[[Ganapathi P. Rajkumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|83,369
|[[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|66,472
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 16,897
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|119
|[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
|[[K. Eswarasamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|98,355
|A. Karthikeyan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|57,927
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |40,428
|-
|122
|[[Kinathukadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukadavu]]
|[[K. Eswarasamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|104,350
|K. Vasantharajan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|58,768
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |45,782
|-
|123
|[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
|[[K. Eswarasamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|74,232
|A. Karthikeyan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|44,113
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |30,119
|-
|124
|[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai]]
|[[K. Eswarasamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|68,590
|A. Karthikeyan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|39,049
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |29,541
|-
|125
|[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalaipet]]
|[[K. Eswarasamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|93,639
|A. Karthikeyan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|44,641
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |48,998
|-
|126
|[[Madathukulam Assembly constituency|Madathukulam]]
|[[K. Eswarasamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|91,576
|A. Karthikeyan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|46,301
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |45,275
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|127
|[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani]]
|[[R. Sachidanandam]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|103,002
|M. A. Mohammad Mubarak
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|42,046
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" |60,956
|-
|128
|[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
|[[R. Sachidanandam]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|113,647
|M. A. Mohammad Mubarak
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|38,121
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" |75,526
|-
|129
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
|[[R. Sachidanandam]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|139,913
|M. A. Mohammad Mubarak
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|31,720
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" |108,193
|-
|130
|[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai]]
|[[R. Sachidanandam]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|89,361
|M. A. Mohammad Mubarak
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|37,533
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" |51,828
|-
|131
|[[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
|[[R. Sachidanandam]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|117,782
|M. A. Mohammad Mubarak
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|45,688
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" |72,094
|-
|132
|[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
|[[R. Sachidanandam]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|104,280
|M. A. Mohammad Mubarak
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|30,384
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" |73,896
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Karur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|133
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|[[S. Jothimani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|93,548
|L. Thangavel
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|69,642
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |23,906
|-
|134
|[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
|[[S. Jothimani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,390
|L. Thangavel
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|44,342
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |43,048
|-
|135
|[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
|[[S. Jothimani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|90,149
|L. Thangavel
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|62,577
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |27,572
|-
|136
|[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram]] (SC)
|[[S. Jothimani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|89,520
|L. Thangavel
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|50,577
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |38,943
|-
|138
|[[Manapparai Assembly constituency|Manapparai]]
|[[S. Jothimani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|96,224
|L. Thangavel
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|70,796
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |25,428
|-
|179
|[[Viralimalai Assembly constituency|Viralimalai]]
|[[S. Jothimani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,998
|L. Thangavel
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|68,275
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |6,723
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|139
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|[[Durai Vaiko]]
|{{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|99,160
|P. Karuppaiah
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|55,859
|style="background:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |43,301
|-
|140
|[[Tiruchirappalli West Assembly constituency|Trichy West]]
|[[Durai Vaiko]]
|{{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|94,718
|P. Karuppaiah
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,282
|style="background:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |68,436
|-
|141
|[[Tiruchirappalli East Assembly constituency|Trichy East]]
|[[Durai Vaiko]]
|{{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|90,780
|P. Karuppaiah
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|27,066
|style="background:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |63,714
|-
|142
|[[Thiruverumbur Assembly constituency|Thiruverumbur]]
|[[Durai Vaiko]]
|{{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|102,677
|P. Karuppaiah
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|32,849
|style="background:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |69,828
|-
|178
|[[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandharvakottai]]
|[[Durai Vaiko]]
|{{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|72,238
|P. Karuppaiah
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|39,573
|style="background:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |32,665
|-
|180
|[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
|[[Durai Vaiko]]
|{{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|79,304
|P. Karuppaiah
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|45,816
|style="background:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |33,488
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|137
|[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
|[[Arun Nehru (Tamil Nadu politician)|Arun Nehru]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|110,854
|N. D. Chandramohan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|37,742
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 73,112
|-
|143
|[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
|[[Arun Nehru (Tamil Nadu politician)|Arun Nehru]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|92,655
|[[T. R. Paarivender]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|31,037
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |61,618
|-
|144
|[[Manachanallur Assembly constituency|Manachanallur]]
|[[Arun Nehru (Tamil Nadu politician)|Arun Nehru]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|92,651
|N. D. Chandramohan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|42,808
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 49,843
|-
|145
|[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
|[[Arun Nehru (Tamil Nadu politician)|Arun Nehru]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|86,827
|N. D. Chandramohan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|35,277
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |51,550
|-
|146
|[[Thuraiyur Assembly constituency|Thuraiyur]] (SC)
|[[Arun Nehru (Tamil Nadu politician)|Arun Nehru]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|91,546
|N. D. Chandramohan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|31,652
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 59,894
|-
|147
|[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur]] (SC)
|[[Arun Nehru (Tamil Nadu politician)|Arun Nehru]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|123,470
|[[T. R. Paarivender]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|39,228
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 84,242
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|151
|[[Tittakudi Assembly constituency|Tittagudi]] (SC)
|[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,777
|[[P. Sivakozhundu]]
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|42,798
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |26,979
|-
|152
|[[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Vridhachalam]]
|[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,115
|[[P. Sivakozhundu]]
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|49,353
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |28,362
|-
|153
|[[Neyveli Assembly constituency|Neyveli]]
|[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,219
|[[P. Sivakozhundu]]
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|39,334
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |15,885
|-
|154
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
|[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|84,693
|[[P. Sivakozhundu]]
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|54,435
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |30,258
|-
|155
|[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
|[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,762
|[[P. Sivakozhundu]]
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|38,643
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |38,119
|-
|156
|[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
|[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|86,835
|[[P. Sivakozhundu]]
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|43,244
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |43,591
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency]] (SC)
|-
|148
|[[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]]
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|85,495
|M. Chandrahasan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|76,610
| style="background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}; color:white;" |8,885
|-
|149
|[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
|M. Chandrahasan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|88,632
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|78,793
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |9,839
|-
|150
|[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
|M. Chandrahasan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|77,865
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|76,486
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |1,379
|-
|157
|[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|87,150
|M. Chandrahasan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|64,385
| style="background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}; color:white;" |22,765
|-
|158
|[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|80,922
|M. Chandrahasan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|48,441
| style="background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}; color:white;" |32,481
|-
|159
|[[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkovil]] (SC)
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|93,005
|M. Chandrahasan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|43,569
| style="background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}; color:white;" |49,436
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|160
|[[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]] (SC)
|[[R. Sudha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|81,451
|P. Babu
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|45,931
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |35,520
|-
|161
|[[Mayiladuthurai Assembly constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
|[[R. Sudha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|75,020
|P. Babu
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|37,569
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |37,451
|-
|162
|[[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
|[[R. Sudha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,435
|P. Babu
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|56,153
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |31,282
|-
|170
|[[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]] (SC)
|[[R. Sudha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|86,265
|Ma. Ka. Stalin
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|38,764
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |47,501
|-
|171
|[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
|[[R. Sudha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|91,538
|P. Babu
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|32,676
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |58,862
|-
|172
|[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
|[[R. Sudha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|94,825
|P. Babu
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|36,316
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |58,509
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency]] (SC)
|-
|163
|[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|[[Selvaraj V.|V. Selvaraj]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|66,074
|Surjeet Shankar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|34,653
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" |31,421
|-
|164
|[[Kilvelur Assembly constituency|Kilvelur]]
|[[Selvaraj V.|V. Selvaraj]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|62,341
|Surjeet Shankar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|39,302
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" |23,039
|-
|165
|[[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedharanyam]]
|[[Selvaraj V.|V. Selvaraj]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|55,203
|Surjeet Shankar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|42,927
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" |12,276
|-
|166
|[[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Thiruthuraipoondi]]
|[[Selvaraj V.|V. Selvaraj]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|87,641
|Surjeet Shankar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|36,874
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" |50,767
|-
|168
|[[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Thiruvarur]]
|[[Selvaraj V.|V. Selvaraj]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|98,365
|Surjeet Shankar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|43,847
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" |54,518
|-
|169
|[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam]]
|[[Selvaraj V.|V. Selvaraj]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|93,135
|Surjeet Shankar
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|57,073
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" |36,062
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|167
|[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
|[[S. Murasoli]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|83,679
|P. Sivanesan
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|32,897
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |50,782
|-
|173
|[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Thiruvaiyaru]]
|[[S. Murasoli]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|101,270
|P. Sivanesan
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|31,287
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |69,983
|-
|174
|[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
|[[S. Murasoli]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|93,499
|M. Muruganandham
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,358
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |67,141
|-
|175
|[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanadu]]
|[[S. Murasoli]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|80,095
|M. Muruganandham
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|31,324
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |48,771
|-
|176
|[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
|[[S. Murasoli]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|76,666
|P. Sivanesan
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|31,382
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |45,284
|-
|177
|[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
|[[S. Murasoli]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|63,613
|P. Sivanesan
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|36,584
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |27,029
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Sivagangai Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|181
|[[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
|[[Karthi Chidambaram]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,411
|A. Xavier Dass
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|40,167
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 25,244
|-
|182
|[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
|[[Karthi Chidambaram]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,244
|A. Xavier Dass
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|37,531
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 31,713
|-
|184
|[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
|[[Karthi Chidambaram]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,767
|T. Dhevanathan Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|42,203
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |34,564
|-
|185
|[[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Thiruppathur]]
|[[Karthi Chidambaram]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,613
|A. Xavier Dass
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|41,028
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 36,585
|-
|186
|[[Sivagangai Assembly constituency|Sivagangai]]
|[[Karthi Chidambaram]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,464
|T. Dhevanathan Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|39,860
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |26,604
|-
|187
|[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai]] (SC)
|[[Karthi Chidambaram]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,132
|T. Dhevanathan Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|40,552
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 29,580
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|188
|[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
|[[Su. Venkatesan]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|69,258
|P. Saravanan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|39,123
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" |30,135
|-
|189
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
|[[Su. Venkatesan]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|115,201
|Rama Sreenivasan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|43,120
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" |72,081
|-
|191
|[[Madurai North Assembly constituency|Madurai North]]
|[[Su. Venkatesan]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|59,955
|P. Saravanan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|30,681
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" |29,274
|-
|192
|[[Madurai South Assembly constituency|Madurai South]]
|[[Su. Venkatesan]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|45,783
|Rama Sreenivasan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|42,073
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" |3,710
|-
|193
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
|[[Su. Venkatesan]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|63,516
|Rama Sreenivasan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,864
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" |34,652
|-
|194
|[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
|[[Su. Venkatesan]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|74,488
|P. Saravanan
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|43,147
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" |31,341
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Theni Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|190
|[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandhan]]
|[[Thanga Tamilselvan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|86,966
|V. T. Narayanasamy
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|31,404
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 55,562
|-
|197
|[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
|[[Thanga Tamilselvan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|109,005
|[[T. T. V. Dinakaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|39,930
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 69,075
|-
|198
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|[[Thanga Tamilselvan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|90,059
|[[T. T. V. Dinakaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|54,617
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 35,442
|-
|199
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]] (SC)
|[[Thanga Tamilselvan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|91,733
|[[T. T. V. Dinakaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|58,241
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 33,492
|-
|200
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]
|[[Thanga Tamilselvan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|93,053
|[[T. T. V. Dinakaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|57,267
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |35,786
|-
|201
|[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
|[[Thanga Tamilselvan]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|98,294
|[[T. T. V. Dinakaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|51,665
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 46,599
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|195
|[[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thiruparankundram]]
|[[B. Manickam Tagore]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,119
|Vijaya Prabhakaran
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|71,664
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |5,455
|-
|196
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|Vijaya Prabhakaran
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|79,591
|[[B. Manickam Tagore]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,587
| style="background:{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}; color:black;" |10,004
|-
|204
|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
|[[B. Manickam Tagore]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,052
|Vijaya Prabhakaran
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|59,238
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 5,814
|-
|205
|[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
|[[B. Manickam Tagore]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,086
|Vijaya Prabhakaran
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|53,236
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |13,850
|-
|206
|[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|[[B. Manickam Tagore]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,651
|Vijaya Prabhakaran
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|52,855
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,796
|-
|207
|[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukkottai]]
|Vijaya Prabhakaran
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|61,659
|[[B. Manickam Tagore]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,381
| style="background:{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}; color:black;" |12,278
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|183
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]
|[[K. Navas Kani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|81,208
|[[O. Pannerselvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|41,026
| style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;"|40,182
|-
|208
|[[Tiruchuli Assembly constituency|Thiruchuli]]
|[[K. Navas Kani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|71,234
|[[O. Pannerselvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|42,134
| style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;"|29,100
|-
|209
|[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi]]
|[[K. Navas Kani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|71,759
|[[O. Pannerselvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|57,093
| style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;"|14,666
|-
|210
|[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Thiruvadanai]]
|[[K. Navas Kani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|92,044
|[[O. Pannerselvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|61,706
| style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;"|30,338
|-
|211
|[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|[[K. Navas Kani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|104,693
|[[O. Pannerselvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|66,761
| style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;"|37,932
|-
|212
|[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
|[[K. Navas Kani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|85,752
|[[O. Pannerselvam]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|72,058
| style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;"|13,694
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Thoothukudi Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|213
|[[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
|[[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|80,369
|R. Sivasamy Velumani
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|31,711
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |48,658
|-
|214
|[[Thoothukudi Assembly constituency|Thoothukudi]]
|[[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|103,161
|J.Rowena Ruth Jane
|{{Party name with color|Others|no_link=1}}
|22,757
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |80,404
|-
|215
|[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
|[[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|100,441
|S. D. R. Vijayaseelan
|{{Party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|22,383
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |78,058
|-
|216
|[[Srivaikundam Assembly constituency|Srivaikundam]]
|[[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|81,371
|S. D. R. Vijayaseelan
|{{Party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|26,470
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |54,901
|-
|217
|[[Ottapidaram Assembly constituency|Ottapidaram]] (SC)
|[[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|85,274
|R. Sivasamy Velumani
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,504
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |58,770
|-
|218
|[[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Kovilpatti]]
|[[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|87,263
|R. Sivasamy Velumani
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|27,561
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 59,702
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|202
|[[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam]]
|[[Rani Srikumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|60,632
|[[K. Krishnasamy]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|38,000
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |22,632
|-
|203
|[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]
|[[Rani Srikumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|68,033
|[[K. Krishnasamy]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|43,205
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |24,828
|-
|219
|[[Sankarankovil Assembly constituency|Sankarankovil]]
|[[Rani Srikumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|64,475
|[[K. Krishnasamy]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|40,079
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 24,396
|-
|220
|[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]] (SC)
|[[Rani Srikumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|61,592
|[[K. Krishnasamy]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|37,745
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |23,847
|-
|221
|[[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]
|[[Rani Srikumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|85,951
|[[B. John Pandian]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|45,429
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |40,522
|-
|222
|[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
|[[Rani Srikumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|82,342
|[[B. John Pandian]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|50,328
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" | 32,014
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Thirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|223
|[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
|[[C. Robert Bruce]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|84,694
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|56,636
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 28,058
|-
|224
|[[Thirunelveli Assembly constituency|Thirunelveli]]
|[[C. Robert Bruce]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|84,338
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|64,732
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |19,606
|-
|225
|[[Ambasamuthiram Assembly constituency|Ambasamuthiram]]
|[[C. Robert Bruce]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,890
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|56,710
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |22,280
|-
|226
|[[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]]
|[[C. Robert Bruce]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|90,019
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|41,072
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |48,947
|-
|227
|[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
|[[C. Robert Bruce]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|82,994
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|57,930
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |25,064
|-
|228
|[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
|[[C. Robert Bruce]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,558
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|57,351
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |21,207
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|229
|[[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|[[Vijay Vasanth]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|96,189
|[[Pon. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,658
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 18,531
|-
|230
|[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
|[[Vijay Vasanth]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,226
|[[Pon. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70,702
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 6,524
|-
|231
|[[Colachal Assembly constituency|Colachal]]
|[[Vijay Vasanth]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|93,538
|[[Pon. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|60,583
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 32,955
|-
|232
|[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
|[[Vijay Vasanth]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|89,716
|[[Pon. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,542
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |35,174
|-
|233
|[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
|[[Vijay Vasanth]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,668
|[[Pon. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|53,649
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 34,019
|-
|234
|[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyur]]
|[[Vijay Vasanth]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|95,930
|[[Pon. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,489
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 51,441
|-
|}

== Aftermath ==
Though the DMK-led alliance won a clean sweep of all the 39 seats in the state, and the NDA did not win any seat in the state, the NDA won a majority nationally, and [[Narendra Modi]] was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India for the third consecutive term.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/president-appoints-narendra-modi-as-pm-designate-oath-on-sunday-evening/ar-BB1nOO8x |title=President appoints Narendra Modi as PM-designate; oath on Sunday evening |work=[[MSN]] |access-date=9 June 2024|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610075648/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/president-appoints-narendra-modi-as-pm-designate-oath-on-sunday-evening/ar-BB1nOO8x |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sinha |first=Shishir |date=5 June 2024 |title=NDA elects Modi as leader, President dissolves Lok Sabha |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/nda-elects-modi-as-leader-president-dissolves-lok-sabha/article68255830.ece |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=[[Business Line]] |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605153429/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/nda-elects-modi-as-leader-president-dissolves-lok-sabha/article68255830.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=N}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu elections}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}

[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]

Uchathol

2026-04-30T21:27:37Z

RonAgnew292842: added post

{{short description|Village in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Uchathol
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name =
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.7785|93.1478|format=dms |display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jiribam district|Jiribam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 111.6
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1180
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census"/>
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
'''Uchathol''' is a census village in [[Jiribam district]], [[Manipur]], India. It is close to the [[National Highway 37 (India)|National Highway 37]], on Kashmirpur Road which branches off at Gularthol. The next village to its east is [[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo]]-dominated [[Phaitol]], which is in [[Tamenglong district]]. Being close to the tribal population, Uchathol played a seminal role during the [[2023–2024 Manipur violence]].

== Geography ==
The [[Vangaitang]] range to the east of the Jiribam district is traditionally inhabited by the [[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo]] tribes, in particular the [[Hmar people|Hmars]]. The tribals in the northern part of the range are predominantly [[Thadou Kukis]] (often called just "Kukis"). In 1907, the Jiribam plain was opened for settlement by the Government of Manipur, and it came to be settled by Meiteis and Bengali speakers from the neighbouring [[Cachar district]].<ref name="1911 annual report">
{{citation |last=Higgins |first=J. C. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1911-12 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co |location=Calcutta |year=1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125393 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Administration Report for 1911-12|1912}} |page=4}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Harvey |first=C. W. L. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32 |publisher=The State Printing Press |location=Imphal |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125395 |via=archive.org |page=55 |ref={{sfnref|Administration Report for 1931-32|1932}}}}
</ref>

The Jiribam plain roughly ends at Uchathol, to the east of which lie the foothills of the Vangaitang range. The "foothills" in this region are made up of multiple strands of long, parallel ridges, interspersed by equally long valleys. These valleys are inhabited and cultivated, containing villages such as [[Mullargao]] and [[Leishabithol]]. These villages are in Jiribam district. The "Mullargao Road" from Uchathol leads to these villages.

Between Uchathol and Mullargao, there are tribal villages such as [[Phaitol]], [[Kamarangkha Khasi]] and [[Ngahmunphai]], which are administratively in [[Tamenglong district]]. The overlapping jurisdictions of districts makes it difficult to draw clear district boundaries. In August 2024, the Tousem Area Students' Organization noted that nine villages of Tamenglong district had been wrongly shown as part of Jiribam district in government-sponsored maps.<ref name="Tousem Students">[https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/nine-villages-incorporated-to-jiribam-district ‘Nine villages incorporated to Jiribam district’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204063730/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/nine-villages-incorporated-to-jiribam-district |date=4 December 2024 }}, Imphal Free Press, 23 August 2024.</ref><ref>
[https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/sub_division/SubDivision_JIRIBAM.pdf Jiribam Subdivision], Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre, retrieved 8 November 2024.
</ref>

Uchathol is connected to [[National Highway 37 (India)|National Highway 37]] via the Kashimpur Road, which meets the highway at a village called Gularthol. Towards the south, the road leads to [[Jarolpokpi]] and [[Kashmipur]].

The 7th [[India Reserve Battalion]] (IRB) of Manipur is stationed at Uchathol.<ref>
[https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=12..011019.oct19 123rd Birth Anniversary of Jananeta Hijam Irabot observed widely across districts and Bangladesh], The Sangai Express, via e-pao.net, 30 September 2019.
</ref>
The 87th Battalion of [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) also has a headquarters near Uchathol (closer to Ngahmunphai).<ref>
87 BN CRPF celebrates I-Day, Imphal Free Press, 17 August 2016. {{ProQuest|1811624542}}
</ref>

== Demographics ==
The Uchathol census village has a population of 1180 people living in 129 households. Twenty-one people (2 percent) belong to [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name="2011 census">
{{citation |title=Imphal East District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3a684eceee76fc522773286a895bc8436/uploads/2018/03/2018032977.pdf |page=86}}
</ref><ref name="2011 census PCA">
[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40957 PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Manipur - District Imphal East - 2011], Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, retrieved 8 November 2024.
</ref>

== 2023–2025 Manipur violence ==
On 3 May 2023, major [[2023–2024 Manipur violence|ethnic violence]] broke out between the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] and [[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo]] communities of Manipur. Within weeks over 100 people died and 60,000 people got displaced. All the Kuki-Zo people in the [[Imphal Valley]] and the Meitei people in the Kuki-Zo-dominated hill districts were forced to flee to the other side. The Jiribam district, consisting of both the classes of population but also other communities such as Bengalis, was affected in a unique fashion.

During the first week of violence, Meitei mobs led by the [[Arambai Tenggol]] militia attacked Kuki-Zo localities in the Jiribam Town. The security forces quickly controlled the violence and brokered a peace agreement between the communities.<ref name="Kuthar">
Greeshma Kuthar, [https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/manipur-violence-jiribam-district-hmar-assam-cachar Stagnant Strife: Disinformation draws Manipur's last district into violence], The Caravan, 1 September 2024.
</ref> Phaitol was at the forefront of these efforts as a meeting of Kuki-Zo people at the village was addressed the deputy commissioner of Tamenglong.<ref name="IFP 30 May 2023">[https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/maintain-peace-tamenglong-dc Maintain peace: Tamenglong DC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909213458/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/maintain-peace-tamenglong-dc |date=9 September 2024 }}, Imphal Free Press, 30 May 2023. {{ProQuest|2820251966}} "Tamenglong DC [Deputy Commissioner] L Angshim Dangshawa conducted an interactive peace meeting at Phaitol village, Tousem subdivision, Tamenglong, on Monday, in an effort to maintain peace and tranquility between different communities amid the prevailing unrest in Manipur."</ref>
The peace agreement held for almost a year. Even though there were sporadic incidents such as house burning and abduction, there were no deaths.<ref name="Kuthar"/><ref name="KIJTN">
[https://www.thehillsjournal.com/kuki-inpi-publishes-chronology-of-jiribam-violence-condemns-atrocities-by-meitei-radicals/ Kuki Inpi Publishes Chronology of Jiribam Violence, Condemns Atrocities by Meitei Radicals], The Hills Journal, 22 November 2024.
</ref>

The peace was shattered by twin murders in May–June 2024. The first was of a Kuki individual named Seigoulen Singson from Phaitol.<ref name="Kuthar"/> He went missing on 14 May, and his body was discovered floating in [[Jiri River]] three days later near [[Muolzawl]].<ref name="KIJTN Seigoulen Singson">
[https://www.thehillsjournal.com/kuki-inpi-publishes-chronology-of-jiribam-violence-condemns-atrocities-by-meitei-radicals/ Kuki Inpi Publishes Chronology of Jiribam Violence, Condemns Atrocities by Meitei Radicals], The Hills Journal, 22 November 2024. "'''May 14, 2024''': Mr Seigoulen Singson of Phaitol village was abducted from Police Check point in Phaitol and later on 17th May, tortured & decomposed body found in Jiri river and his latest mobile location was at Dibong, Meetei locality of Jiribam."
</ref><ref name="Newsreel 12 Jun">
Ganesh Rajaraman, [https://www.newsreel.asia/articles/manipur-fresh-wave-of-violence-erupts Fresh Wave of Violence Erupts], Newsreel Asia, 12 June 2024. {{ProQuest|3067512215}}
</ref>
A second death occurred on 6 June, that of a Meitei individual named Soibam Saratkumar Singh from [[Hilghat]] area{{efn|His residence was mentioned as Sorok Atingbi Khunou, a locality in the Hilghat area.}} who went missing while returning from his farm. His two-wheeler and slippers were found near the CRPF camp in Uchathol, the likely place of his abduction, and the body was found near [[Mullargao]].<ref name="Telegraph 8 Jun">
Umanand Jaiswal, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/fresh-tension-in-manipur-abduction-murder-roil-peaceful-pockets-in-jiribam-and-tamenglong/cid/2025420 Fresh tension in Manipur: Abduction, murder roil peaceful pockets in Jiribam and Tamenglong], The Telegraph (India), 8 June 2024. {{ProQuest|3065476568}}
</ref><ref>
Noren Ningombam, Karishma Hasnat, [https://theprint.in/india/section-144-imposed-in-manipurs-jiribam-after-police-recover-mutilated-body-houses-burnt-down/2120946/ Section 144 imposed in Manipur's Jiribam after police recover mutilated body, houses burnt down], The Print, 7 June 2024.
</ref>
Within an hour rumours spread on social media that his body was found beheaded, and in another hour, widespread arson broke out in Jiribam as Meitei mobs started attacking Kuki-Zo settlements and churches.<ref name="Kuthar"/><ref name="Scroll 18 Jun">
[https://scroll.in/article/1069410/ How a relatively peaceful district became the ‘new battleground’ in Manipur], Scroll.in, 18 June 2024.
</ref>

According to the [[Kuki Inpi]] of the region, all Kuki-Zo settlements in the Jiribam town, including in Uchathol, were attacked simultaneously and burnt down.<ref name="Hindu 8 Jun">
Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/200-evacuated-from-manipurs-jiribam-district-amid-tension/article68264074.ece Manipur violence: 200 evacuated from Jiribam district amid tension], ''The Hindu'', 8 June 2024.
</ref><ref name="KIJTN"/>
In the ensuing mayhem, over a thousand Kuki-Zo people, mainly [[Hmar people|Hmars]] and [[Thadou people|Thadou Kukis]], from Jiribam fled to Assam's Cachar district. A Hmar village called Hmarkhawlien near [[Lakhipur]] became their refuge.<ref name="Kuthar"/><ref name="Article-14">
Debarun Choudhury, [https://article-14.com/post/a-new-wave-of-displacement-in-manipur-as-hundreds-of-tribal-minorities-seek-refuge-in-assam-6699d8428beb1 A New Wave of Displacement In Manipur, As Hundreds Of Tribal Minorities Seek Refuge In Assam], Article-14, 19 July 2024.
</ref>

On 13 June, the Kuki-Zo villagers imposed a blockade of NH-37 near the Tatbung village to protest the Jiribam violence.<ref name="HT 17 Jun">
Thomas Ngangom, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/manipur-economic-blockade-supporters-block-trucks-along-nh37-in-tamenglong-101718629831905.html Manipur: Economic blockade supporters block trucks along NH37 in Tamenglong], Hindustan Times, 17 June 2024.
</ref>
It was lifted for two days and reimposed again on 20 June, citing the reason that Meitei mobs were blockading medical and essential supplies to the Kuki-Zo villages.<ref name="HT 20 Jun">
Thomas Ngangom, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-violence-truck-set-ablaze-in-kangpokpi-police-check-post-in-jiribam-101718890534786.html Manipur violence: Truck set ablaze in Kangpokpi, police check post in Jiribam], Hindustan Times, 20 June 2024.
</ref><ref name="THJ 20 Jun">
[https://www.thehillsjournal.com/kuki-top-bodies-of-jiribam-tamenglong-to-impose-indefinite-blockade-on-nh-37-strongly-condemn-indiscriminate-gun-firing/ Kuki top bodies of Jiribam, Tamenglong to impose indefinite blockade on NH-37; Strongly condemn indiscriminate gun firing], The Hills Journal, 20 June 2024.
</ref>
On that day, there were also allegations that the Kuki armed men set ablaze an empty narcotics checkpost and that the Manipur police commands and Meitei militants fired upon the Phaitol village indiscriminately.<ref name="HT 20 Jun"/><ref name="THJ 20 Jun"/>
The blockade was lifted two days later after the central security forces signed a memorandum of understanding agreeing to the demands made by the blockading population.<ref name="Sangai 22 Jun">
[https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..220624.jun24 MoU inked, blockade along Imphal-Jiribam line called off; Naga youths offer to escort stranded trucks], The Sangai Express, 22 June 2024.
</ref>

{{clear left}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Manipur}}
[[Category:Villages in Jiribam district]]
[[Category:2023–2026 Manipur conflict]]

Rashtriya Dalit Adhikar Manch

2026-04-26T21:37:44Z

RonAgnew292842: made a bio

{{Short description|Indian Non-governmental Organisation}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Rashtriya Dalit Adhikar Manch
| formation = July 2016
| logo =
| logo_size = 200px
| abbreviation = RDAM
| nickname = Dalit Adhikar Manch
| named_after = Dalit Rights Platform
| founder = [[Jignesh Mevani]]
| founding_location = Vadgam, Gujarat
| type = [[Non-governmental Organisation]]
| status = Active
| headquarters = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| location = [[Surat]], [[India]]
| region_served = [[Gujarat]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Jignesh Mevani]]
}}
'''Rashtriya Dalit Adhikar Manch''' is an Indian [[non-governmental organization]] founded by former journalist, politician and lawyer [[Jignesh Mevani]] in July 2016 for Dalits in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=G. |date=2017-08-05 |title=Jignesh Mevani, face of Dalits in Gujarat |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jignesh-mevani-face-of-dalits-in-gujarat/article19435937.ece |access-date=2022-12-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Maulik |date=2016-10-07 |title=We plan to take our fight to other parts of India: Jignesh Mevani |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/O5RJuV7wwud9iEOWOFXmjI/We-plan-to-take-our-fight-to-other-parts-of-India-Jignesh-M.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=Mevani, 9 others get 3-months of jail in 2017 Mehsana rally case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mevani-9-others-get-3-months-of-jail-in-2017-mehsana-rally-case-101651832462759.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=March with or without permission, says Dalit body |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-march-with-or-without-permission-says-dalit-body-2498122 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-26 |title=सालों इंतजार के बाद यहां के दलितों के पास होगी अपनी जमीन |url=https://www.naidunia.com/gujarat-after-waaited-for-years-gujarat-dalits-in-surendranagar-likely-to-own-land-841520 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalits plan rail roko stir in Gujarat on Oct 1 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/ahmedabad/2016/sep/15/Dalits-plan-rail-roko-stir-in-Gujarat-on-Oct-1-1519479.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106113112/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/ahmedabad/2016/sep/15/Dalits-plan-rail-roko-stir-in-Gujarat-on-Oct-1-1519479.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 6, 2017 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-20 |title=राष्ट्रीय दलित अधिकार मंच की सूरत में स्थापना {{!}} Establishment of the National Dalit Rights Forum |url=https://www.patrika.com/surat-news/establishment-of-the-national-dalit-rights-forum-4009024/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

Mevani fought<ref>{{Cite web |title=राष्ट्रीय दलित अधिकार मंच के संयोजक जिग्नेश मेवाणी को रिहाई की मांग की गई |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-jigresh-mevani-became-convener-rastriya-dalit-adhikar-manch-22661195.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017 Gujarat Elections]] as an independent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jignesh Mevani not to join political party |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/jignesh-mevani-not-to-join-political-party.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=theweek.in}}</ref> Mevani won the election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2017-12-18 |title=Gujarat elections: Dalit leader Jignesh Mevani wins Vadgam seat |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/BdgrRe8SpXP0WTOPGMQDvO/Gujarat-elections-Dalit-leader-Jignesh-Mevani-wins-Vadgam-s.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=livemint.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-18 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election 2017 Results: Boost for Congress as Jignesh Mevani wins in Vadgam |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017/gujarat-assembly-election-2017-results-live-updates-jignesh-mevani-wins-in-vadgam/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Assembly election 2017 result: Dalit rights campaigner Jignesh Mevani wins from Vadgam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2017/gujarat-assembly-election-2017/story/gujarat-assembly-election-2017-dalit-leader-jignesh-mevani-wins-vadgam-1109564-2017-12-18 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalit Leader Jignesh Mevani Wins In Vadgam |url=https://www.bqprime.com/gujarat-2017/dalit-leader-jignesh-mevani-wins-in-vadgam |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=BQ Prime |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=2017-12-18 |title=Jignesh Mevani, Dalit-rights activist, wins from Vadgam |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/gujarat-2017/dalit-rights-activist-jignesh-mevani-wins-from-vadgam/article61844598.ece |access-date=2022-12-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2016]]

2025 Karur crowd crush

2026-04-26T17:39:20Z

RonAgnew292842: creating a data needs work!

{{Short description|Crowd crush in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox disaster
| title = 2025 Karur crowd crush
| mapframe-coordinates = {{Coord|10|57|58|N|78|3|9|E|type:event_scale:100000_region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}
| location = Veluswamypuram, [[Karur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| date = 27 September 2025
| time = {{Circa|7:40{{nbsp}}p.m.}}
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| type = [[Crowd crush]]
| organizers = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| fatalities = 41<ref>{{cite news|title=TVK Vijay Karur rally stampede death toll rises |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tvk-vijay-karur-rally-stampede-death-toll-september-29-2025/article70107509.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 September 2025 |access-date=29 September 2025 }}</ref>
| injuries = 83–124<ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Shatabdi |date=28 September 2025 |title=Stampede At Actor-Politician Vijay's Rally Described In Haunting Visuals |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-karur-stampede-at-actor-politician-vijays-rally-described-in-haunting-visuals-9360785 |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/asia/india-rally-vijay-stampede-karur-death-latest-b2835017.html |title=Stampede at Indian actor Vijay's rally in Tamil Nadu kills 40 |date=28 September 2025 |work=[[The Independent]] }}</ref><ref name="JR">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/27/dead-and-injured-in-stampede-at-vijay-rally-in-india |title=At least 40 dead and 124 injured in crush at Vijay rally in India |first=Jennifer |last=Rankin |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 September 2025 }}</ref>
| cause = [[Overcrowding]]; alleged delay by event organisers
}}
On 27 September 2025, at least 41 people were killed and around 100 others were injured in a [[Crowd collapses and crushes|crowd crush]] during a political rally in [[Karur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The rally was hosted by [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], the founder and president of the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK). The crowd crush happened in Velusamypuram on the [[Karur]]–[[Erode]] highway, when large sections of the crowd surged towards Vijay in an attempt to catch a glimpse of his convoy after his arrival was delayed by nearly seven hours.

Political leaders across the country expressed their condolences; the [[Government of India|union]] and [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state]] governments, along with various political parties, announced compensation for the families of the deceased and injured. [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu's chief minister]] [[M. K. Stalin]] formed a one-member commission to investigate the incident.

The [[Tamil Nadu Police]] accused the TVK's leadership of ignoring their advice and failing to take adequate precautions; they also alleged that Vijay had violated police-issued regulations and traffic rules. The Karur police department filed a [[first information report]] and initiated criminal proceedings against various TVK leaders, including the general secretary [[N. Anand]].

== Background ==
[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], a prominent [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] actor, launched the regional political party [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK) on 2 February 2024. Following the second party conference in [[Madurai]] on 21 August 2025, he established a tour schedule of visiting two districts each weekend.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay takes TVK campaign to Namakkal and Karur, targets 2026 Assembly polls |work=[[Telangana Today]] |date=27 September 2025 |accessdate=8 October 2025 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/vijay-takes-tvk-campaign-to-namakkal-and-karur-targets-2026-assembly-polls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250927063941/https://telanganatoday.com/vijay-takes-tvk-campaign-to-namakkal-and-karur-targets-2026-assembly-polls |archive-date=27 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Vijay began his campaign for the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] on 13 September 2025 with a rally in [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]]. Despite TVK general secretary [[N. Anand]] asking cadres and attendees to follow the safety guidelines issued by the [[Madras High Court]],<ref>{{cite news |title=TVK chief Vijay launches statewide campaign for 2026 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=13 September 2025 |accessdate=8 October 2025 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/tvk-vijay-2026-election-campaign-launch-vzrh0dfg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913231354/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/tvk-vijay-2026-election-campaign-launch-vzrh0dfg |archive-date=13 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> in Trichy, cadres were reported pushing away barriers to get close to Vijay, his campaign vehicle was followed by both party members and supporters, attendees climbed onto vertical structures to see him, crowd surges slowed down his arrival at the venue by over four hours, and several people who had waited since the early morning required medical attention. City traffic was disrupted and the behaviour of attendees who pushed towards Vijay's campaign vehicle raised concerns about the risk of crowd crush.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Vijay Begins Mega Statewide Campaign For 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly Polls |work=[[NDTV]] |date=13 September 2025 |accessdate=8 October 2025 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/actor-politician-vijay-to-kick-off-campaign-for-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-9269330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913232028/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/actor-politician-vijay-to-kick-off-campaign-for-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-9269330 |archive-date=13 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> "Dozens" of injuries were later said by official sources to have occurred at this and subsequent rallies in [[Ariyalur]] and [[Tiruvarur]], with one death in [[Villupuram]] and two in [[Madurai]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Janardhanan |first=Arun |title=Evidence, timeline and warnings: After Vijay's challenge to Stalin, Tamil Nadu govt responds to Karur stampede fact and fiction |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 October 2025 |accessdate=8 October 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/evidence-timeline-and-warnings-after-vijays-challenge-to-stalin-tamil-nadu-govt-responds-to-karur-stampede-fact-and-fiction-10281061/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001021054/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/evidence-timeline-and-warnings-after-vijays-challenge-to-stalin-tamil-nadu-govt-responds-to-karur-stampede-fact-and-fiction-10281061/ |archive-date=1 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Starting the second leg of his tour on 20 September, Vijay criticised the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]-led state government of [[M. K. Stalin]] for "excessive restrictions" on meeting his supporters and warned that he would "seek permission directly from the people". He alleged that the government was responsible for cutting his microphone wire in Trichy and cutting power during his event in Ariyalur, and accused it of "granting [venues] where crises are already brewing".<ref>{{cite news |title='CM sir, are you threatening me? This Vijay will not…' TVK challenges DMK in fiery rally |work=Mathrubhumi |date=20 September 2025 |accessdate=8 October 2025 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/tvk-vijay-slams-cm-stalin-nagapatinam-rally-a08v6qhd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921142417/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/tvk-vijay-slams-cm-stalin-nagapatinam-rally-a08v6qhd |archive-date=21 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 September 2025, Vijay was to campaign in Velusamypuram, a village on the [[Karur]]–[[Erode]] highway in [[Karur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="The Hindu-2025">{{cite news |last=Jaisankar |first=C. |date=27 September 2025 |title=At least 36 dead in stampede at actor Vijay's rally in Karur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vijay-tvk-rally-karur-september-27-2025/article70102762.ece |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X }}</ref><ref name="TNN">{{cite news |date=26 September 2025 |title=Vijay to campaign at Velusamypuram in Karur today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/vijay-to-campaign-at-velusamypuram-in-karur-today/articleshow/124164566.cms |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The meeting in Karur was originally scheduled for 13 December 2025 as part of Vijay's statewide tour plan. However, the schedule was revised, and the Karur meeting was rescheduled to 27 September 2025. The change was announced on 24 September 2025, a few days before the meeting.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Karur stampede: Vijay's Namakkal-Karur campaign was originally scheduled in December |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karur-stampede-vijays-namakkal-karur-campaign-was-originally-scheduled-in-december/article70105236.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928135325/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karur-stampede-vijays-namakkal-karur-campaign-was-originally-scheduled-in-december/article70105236.ece |archive-date=2025-09-28 |access-date=2025-11-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-09-25 |title=Actor-politician Vijay revises statewide tour; TVK to cover more TN districts right into 2026 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/actor-politician-vijay-revises-statewide-tour-tvk-to-cover-more-tn-districts-right-into-2026 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Notably, the DMK had held its ''Mupperum Vizha'' (Grand Festival of Three Achievements) event in Karur on 17 September 2025.<ref name=":0" />

According to the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], the organisers had obtained permission to conduct a rally with a maximum of 10,000 people in attendance; however, as per government estimates and eyewitness accounts, about 27,000 people were estimated to have arrived at the venue prior to Vijay's rally speech.<ref name="SG">{{cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Sayan |title=Video shows Vijay rally attendees clawing through hut roof to escape crowd crush |work=[[India Today]] |date=28 September 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vijay-karur-rally-stampede-kills-several-crowd-surge-heat-tvk-event-2794585-2025-09-28 |access-date=28 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928064634/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vijay-karur-rally-stampede-kills-several-crowd-surge-heat-tvk-event-2794585-2025-09-28 |archive-date=28 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JR" /><ref name="TH" /><ref name="mathrubhumi-2025">{{cite news |date=27 September 2025 |title=Letter reveals TVK expected 10,000 at Karur rally; Massive turnout triggers chaos |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/actor-vijay-karur-rally-venue-capacity-stampede-deaths-c54otr7t |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] }}</ref><ref name="TV">{{cite news |date=27 September 2025 |title=6-hour delay, 30,000 people: What caused the stampede at TVK chief Vijay's rally in Tamil Nadu's Karur |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/tamil-nadu/news-what-caused-the-deadly-stampede-at-tvk-chief-vijay-s-rally-in-tamil-nadu-6-hours-delay-30-000-attendees-2025-09-27-1010350 |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=India TV News }}</ref><ref name="thefederal.com-2025">{{cite news|date=28 September 2025 |title=Stampede at Vijay's Karur rally: All you need to know |url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/south/tamil-nadu/stampede-at-vijays-karur-rally-all-you-need-to-know-208947 |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] }}</ref> The [[Director general of police|Director General]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]], G. Venkataraman, said that the police were expecting 20,000 attendees;<ref name="SG" /> however, his [[Additional director general of police|deputy]], Davidson Devasirvatham, said that they were expecting 15,000 people and had deployed 500 policemen.<ref name="SA">{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Shabbir |first2=Bharathy |last2=Singaravel |first3=Vidya |last3=Sigamany |title=How did the Karur tragedy unfold: A timeline of Vijay's TVK rally stampede |work=The News Minute |date=28 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-30 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-did-the-karur-tragedy-unfold-a-timeline-of-vijays-tvk-rally-stampede |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930064643/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-did-the-karur-tragedy-unfold-a-timeline-of-vijays-tvk-rally-stampede |archive-date=30 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' cited local reports, which said that 30,000 attendees were anticipated but the rally drew double that number,<ref name="KS">{{cite news |last=Shaji |first=K.A. |title=How chaos broke out at Vijay's Karur rally, where at least 36 died, over 40 injured |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=30 September 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-chaos-broke-out-at-vijays-karur-rally-toll-may-go-beyond-10-in-tamil-nadu-tragedy-101758987209704.html |access-date=27 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930040709/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-chaos-broke-out-at-vijays-karur-rally-toll-may-go-beyond-10-in-tamil-nadu-tragedy-101758987209704.html |archive-date=30 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{Cite news |date=28 September 2025 |title='Writhing in unbearable, indescribable pain': TVK chief Vijay as Karur rally death toll rises to 36 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/writhing-in-unbearable-indescribable-pain-tvk-chief-vijay-as-karur-rally-death-toll-rises-to-36-101758998069994.html |access-date=27 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]] }}</ref> and ''[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]'' gave the attendance as exceeding 50,000.<ref name="thefederal.com-2025" />

The venue, said to have been used for similar events in the past, was assigned to the organisers by the state police.<ref name="SA" /> The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) general secretary [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] held his rally there two days prior.<ref name="TNN" /> It had a seating capacity of 60,000 over an area of 11,000 m2.<ref name="mathrubhumi-2025" /><ref name="TV" /> The police had rejected the proposed locations in Karur town, describing them as "thickly populated business areas".<ref name="SA" />

According to Venkataraman, the police department had given permission for a gathering between 3 p.m. and 10 p.m. The TVK announced that Vijay would arrive at noon, and supporters and party cadre began gathering at the venue from 11 a.m.<ref name="SG" /><ref name="TH">{{cite news |title=TVK organisers deliberately delayed arrival of Vijay at Karur, claims FIR of Karur Town police |work=The Hindu |date=29 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tvk-organisers-deliberately-delayed-arrival-of-vijay-at-karur-claims-fir-of-karur-town-police/article70108926.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250930012258/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tvk-organisers-deliberately-delayed-arrival-of-vijay-at-karur-claims-fir-of-karur-town-police/article70108926.ece |archive-date=30 September 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the police report, the crowd had been gathering since 10 a.m.,<ref name="TH" /> and another source mentioned 9 a.m.<ref name="SA" /> The large crowd was exposed to hot weather conditions, and there was a scarcity of food, water and basic amenities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shankar |first=Priyanka |title=At least 39 killed in crowd crush at Indian actor-politician Vijay's rally |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/27/at-least-31-dead-over-50-injured-at-indian-actor-politician-vijays-rally |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera]] }}</ref> Attendees, who included families with children and – unusually for political rallies in Tamil Nadu – young women,<ref name="SA" /> awaited Vijay's convoy for hours; many skipped meals to maintain their positions.<ref name="SA" /><ref name="Jaisankar-2025">{{cite news |last=Jaisankar |first=C. |date=27 September 2025 |title=Karur stampede: Anatomy of the tragedy at Vijay's TVK rally in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karur-stampede-anatomy-of-the-tragedy-at-vijays-tvk-rally-in-tamil-nadu/article70103198.ece |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X }}</ref><ref name="The Times of India-2025">{{cite news |date=28 September 2025 |title=TVK rally tragedy: Long delay, overcrowded what we know so far |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tvk-rally-tragedy-long-delay-overcrowded-what-we-know-so-far/articleshow/124184575.cms |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 }}</ref> Witnesses later reported seeing fainting, dehydration, and restlessness before the rally began,<ref name="mathrubhumi-2025" /><ref name="thefederal.com-2025" /> with ambulance rescue operations launched by 6 p.m.<ref name="SA" /> Several people had reportedly collapsed near Vijay's campaign vehicle.<ref name="SG" />

Vijay was slated to speak in [[Namakkal]] (an hour's drive away from Karur) at 8:45 a.m. However, the event was delayed till 2 p.m., and he left for Karur half an hour later.<ref name="SA" /> He entered the [[Karur district]] at 4:45 p.m., and reached the event venue after dark at 7 p.m.;<ref name="SA" /><ref>{{cite news |date=28 September 2025 |title=Death toll climbs to 40 after stampede at political rally for popular actor |url=https://policy-wire.com/death-toll-climbs-to-40-after-stampede-at-political-rally-for-popular-actor-vijay-in-southern-india/ |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=Policy Wire |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="SN">{{cite news |title=Indian police investigate Vijay's 'overcrowded' political rally as 40 people die |work=[[Sky News]] |date=28 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/indian-police-investigate-vijays-overcrowded-political-rally-as-40-people-die-13440178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930043737/https://news.sky.com/story/indian-police-investigate-vijays-overcrowded-political-rally-as-40-people-die-13440178 |archive-date=30 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IT">{{cite news |title=Vijay's party functionary arrested after Karur rally stampede claimed 41 lives |work=India Today |date=30 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/vijays-party-functionary-mathiazhagan-accused-no-1-arrested-after-rally-stampede-claimed-41-lives-2795386-2025-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930044016/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/vijays-party-functionary-mathiazhagan-accused-no-1-arrested-after-rally-stampede-claimed-41-lives-2795386-2025-09-29 |archive-date=30 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> according to Venkataraman, he only arrived at 7:40 p.m.<ref name="SG" /><ref name="JR" /> Vijay, who was said by police to have held multiple receptions for supporters along his route,<ref name="IT" /><ref name="TH" /> required a [[police escort]] as crowds awaited him by the roadside and there were few barriers.<ref name="SA" /> At least 5,000 supporters followed him in their own vehicles from Namakkal to Velusamypuram, against police advice.<ref name="SA" />

== Incident ==
As per eyewitnesses, the fatal crowd crush happened around 7:45 p.m., when large sections of the crowd surged toward the stage barricades.<ref name="KS" /> Three separate crowd crushes were reported during the rally; the first caused by attendees trying to see Vijay (who did not turn on his customary spotlight), the second by attendees' attempts to hear him after his microphone failed, and the final crush by attendees chasing his departing bus.<ref name="SA" /><ref name="SN" />

The TVK party members and attendees formed vehicular convoys in front of and behind Vijay's campaign vehicle, blocking the roads.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murali |first=Poornima |date=28 September 2025 |title=Vijay's Late Arrival, Inadequate Karur Arrangements Under Scrutiny As Rally Stampede Kills 39 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/vijay-could-have-saved-karur-lives-by-keeping-his-car-light-on-tvks-delay-violations-failures-ws-kl-9601421.html |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[News18]] }}</ref> Once the campaign vehicle arrived at the rally venue, the crowd was forced to make way, leading to a crush.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karur stampede: Anatomy of the tragedy at Vijay's TVK rally in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karur-stampede-anatomy-of-the-tragedy-at-vijays-tvk-rally-in-tamil-nadu/article70103198.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928000100/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karur-stampede-anatomy-of-the-tragedy-at-vijays-tvk-rally-in-tamil-nadu/article70103198.ece |archive-date=28 September 2025 |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> The crush was triggered near a shed housing a generator and a television broadcast van, where people were pushed and subsequently trampled underfoot. A lack of buffer zones around the stage caused people to press closer, increasing overcrowding and pressure points.<ref name="KS" />

During the chaos, Vijay paused his speech; he addressed the crowd, distributed water bottles, requested the crowd make way for an ambulance, and called out for a missing child before resuming.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 September 2025 |title='Police please help': What happened at Vijay's rally that left 38 dead {{!}} All you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vijay-rally-death-all-you-need-to-know-modi-stalin-amit-shah-karur-10275380/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Police and volunteers were unable to control the surge, and ambulances faced difficulties navigating the congested area; volunteers eventually formed human chains to carve pathways for the injured. Several attendees fainted due to [[hyperthermia]] and the density of the crowd, with some children reportedly becoming separated from their families.<ref name="Jaisankar-2025" /><ref name="The Times of India-2025" /> One survivor said that an ambulance had repeatedly made [[U-turn|U-turns]] in the crowd, contributing to the severity of the crush.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sivashanmugam |first=Sneha |date=29 September 2025 |title=TVK rally stampede: Survivors recall night when it all went awry |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Sep/29/tvk-rally-stampede-survivors-recall-night-when-it-all-went-awry |access-date=29 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref> Multiple sources reported that TVK supporters had obstructed ambulances and confronted their drivers during the rescue operation, which reportedly caused a delay in obtaining medical attention for the victims.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karur TVK stampede: Organisational lapses led to deadly mishap at Vijay's rally? Death toll increases to 40 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2025/09/28/karur-tvk-stampede-organisational-lapses-lead-to-deadly-mishap-at-vijay-s-rally-death-toll-increases-to-40.html |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=The Week }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=28 September 2025 |title=TVK workers attacked 5 ambulances during Karur stampede rescue: Service provider |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tvk-cadres-attacked-five-ambulances-during-karur-stampede-rescue-claims-service-provider-2794733-2025-09-28 |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Singaravel |first=Bharathy |date=30 September 2025 |title=Opinion: When fans become political cadre – lessons from the TVK stampede |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/opinion-when-fans-become-political-cadre-lessons-from-the-tvk-stampede |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=The News Minute }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What Happened At Actor Vijay's Rally? Eyewitnesses Narrate Stampede Horror |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/actor-vijay-karur-tamil-nadu-stampede-ambulances-couldnt-enter-eyewitnesses-on-actor-vijays-rally-stampede-9357531 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=30 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025 }}</ref> Survivors and witnesses cited poor planning, insufficient security personnel, and inadequate crowd control measures as key factors contributing to the tragedy.<ref name="KS" />

Initial reports cited about 10 deaths, but the toll rose to 41, including a two-year-old toddler, at least nine children, 18 women and 13 men.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2025 |title=TVK Karur rally stampede: Death toll climbs to 41 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tvk-vijay-karur-rally-stampede-death-toll-september-29-2025/article70107509.ece |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivatsal |first1=V. |last2=Karthik |first2=Deepak |date=29 September 2025 |title=39 die in stampede during TVK leader Vijay's Karur campaign |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/10-die-in-stampede-like-situation-during-tvk-leader-vijays-karur-campaign/articleshow/124183777.cms |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2025 |title=TVK rally stampede highlights: Madurai Bench of Madras High Court to hear TVK's case on September 29; death toll rises to 40 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tvk-vijay-rally-karur-updates-on-september-27-2025/article70102676.ece |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X }}</ref> Most of the victims were in their 20s and 30s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karur stampede: Identities of 39 persons killed during TVK rally established |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karur-tvk-vijay-rally-stampede-death-toll-identified-september-28-2025/article70104763.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928082034/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karur-tvk-vijay-rally-stampede-death-toll-identified-september-28-2025/article70104763.ece |archive-date=28 September 2025 |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> At least 83 others sustained crush injuries ranging from fractures to suffocation, and many were admitted to hospitals in Karur and nearby districts.<ref name="The Hindu-2025" /><ref name="JR" /><ref name="The News Minute-2025">{{cite news |date=27 September 2025 |title=Karur TVK stampede: CM Stalin announces Rs 10 lakh compensation for families of deceased |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/karur-tvk-stampede-cm-stalin-announces-rs-10-lakh-compensation-for-families-of-deceased |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=The News Minute }}</ref>

== Response and investigation ==
Following the incident, emergency services were deployed to the site, and ambulances transported the injured to nearby hospitals. At least 44 doctors from the neighboring districts of [[Salem district|Salem]] and [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]] were sent to Karur to treat the injured.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharman |first1=Laura |last2=Mitra |first2=Esha |date=27 September 2025 |title=Rally for Indian actor-politician turns to tragedy as crush kills 39 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/09/27/india/india-actor-politician-vijay-rally-intl |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> The Karur district administration established helplines to assist families seeking information about the victims.<ref name="Jaisankar-2025" /><ref name="The Times of India-2025" />

The State government formed a single-member commission consisting of retired [[Madras High Court]] judge Aruna Jagadeesan to investigate the crowd crush.<ref name="Abbas-2025">{{cite news |last=Abbas |first=Ajmal |date=29 September 2025 |title=Calls for CBI probe grow as blame game escalates after Karur stampede kills 40 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/karur-stampede-death-toll-vijay-rally-investigation-compensation-tamil-nadu-tvk-dmk-mk-stalin-2794891-2025-09-29 |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 September 2025 |title=Who Is Justice Aruna Jagadeesan? Retired Madras HC Judge Set To Probe Vijay's Rally Stampede |url=https://www.news18.com/india/who-is-justice-aruna-jagadeesan-retired-madras-hc-judge-set-to-probe-vijays-rally-stampede-9601753.html |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu police registered a case and conducted forensic investigations at multiple sites including a sewer where multiple bodies were found.<ref name="Abbas-2025" /> According to the [[first information report]] filed by the Karur Town police, the TVK organisers had deliberately delayed Vijay's appearance by four hours with the intention of "exhibiting political strength", ignored advice and failed to take adequate precautions. It also alleged that Vijay, who entered the Karur district at 4:45 p.m., had violated issued conditions and traffic rules by stopping along the way to "indulge in a roadshow without permission", and sought to delay his arrival himself.<ref name="TH" /><ref name="IT" />

On 28 September, key members of the TVK including general secretary [[N. Anand]], joint secretary C.T. Nirmal Kumar, and Karur district secretary Mathiazhagan were booked under the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023|Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]] (BNS) for culpable homicide, attempted culpable homicide, and endangering life.<ref name="TH" /><ref name="JR" /><ref name="IT" /><ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2025 |title=Madras high court to hear TVK's plea for CBI probe in Karur stampede today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madras-high-court-to-hear-tvks-plea-for-cbi-probe-in-karur-stampede-today-101759108767463.html |access-date=29 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]] }}</ref> On 30 September, Mathiazhagan was arrested in relation to the case.<ref name="IT" /> On the same day, TVK’s election campaign management general secretary, Aadhav Arjuna, was booked for allegedly posting a message on social media that was intended to incite unrest, referencing [[Generation Z|Gen Z]] protests in [[2022 Sri Lankan protests|Sri Lanka]] and [[2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests|Nepal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=TVK leader Aadhav Arjuna booked for deleted X post calling for Nepal-like 'uprising' in T.N. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tvk-leader-aadhav-arjuna-faces-flak-for-deleted-x-post-calling-for-nepal-like-uprising-in-tn/article70112442.ece|date=30 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001060342/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tvk-leader-aadhav-arjuna-faces-flak-for-deleted-x-post-calling-for-nepal-like-uprising-in-tn/article70112442.ece |archive-date=1 October 2025|access-date=1 October 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=TVK Leader Charged For Controversial 'Gen Z' Post After Stampede |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tvk-leader-charged-for-controversial-gen-z-post-after-stampede-9372689|work=[[NDTV]]|date=30 September 2025|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=30 September 2025 |title=TN police book TVK leader for calling for Nepal-like Gen Z protest to oust state govt |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-police-book-tvk-leader-for-calling-nepal-like-gen-z-protest-to-oust-state-govt |access-date=1 October 2025|work=The News Minute}}</ref> Mathiazhagan was granted bail in mid-October.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-10-16 |title=Karur stampede: TVK functionaries granted bail as CBI begins probe |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/karur-stampede-tvk-functionaries-granted-bail-as-cbi-begins-probe |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=The News Minute |language=en |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref>

In January 2026, Vijay was questioned twice by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] at their [[Delhi]] headquarters about the prelude to the crowd crush, including his delayed arrival to the rally and his decision to leave early after the situation worsened.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=CBI summons Vijay for second questioning on January 19 in Karur stampede case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Jan/13/cbi-summons-vijay-for-second-questioning-on-january-19-in-karur-stampede-case |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Lakshmi |date=2026-01-18 |title=Inside Karur stampede probe: Vijay faced 90 questions and ‘taxing’ first round |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2026/01/18/inside-karur-stampede-probe-vijay-faced-90-questions-and-taxing-first-round.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

==Reactions==

=== Tamilaga Vetri Kazhagam ===
Vijay shared a statement on social media after returning to [[Chennai]] (the [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|capital]] of Tamil Nadu), stating that he was "writhing in unbearable, indescribable pain and sorrow that words cannot express." He extended his condolences to the families of those who lost their lives, and offered prayers for the swift recovery of the injured.<ref name="HT" /> He announced that he intended to pay the families of the deceased {{INRConvert|2|m}}, and the injured {{INRConvert|0.2|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 September 2025 |title=Vijay announces ₹20 lakh for kin of Karur stampede victims, ₹2 lakh for injured |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vijay-announces-20-lakh-for-kin-of-karur-stampede-victims-2-lakh-for-injured-101759039919983.html |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stalin |first=J Sam Daniel |date=28 September 2025 |title='Unbearable Loss': Actor Vijay To Give 20 Lakh To Stampede Victims' Families |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/superstar-vijay-announces-rs-20-lakh-assistance-for-families-of-stampede-victims-rs-2-lakh-for-injured-9358558 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> He released a video three days later, in which he insinuated that it is a [[political conspiracy]] and urged [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] [[M. K. Stalin]] to take action against him personally instead of his party members, if there was a need for revenge.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-09-30 |title=Target me, not TVK cadre: Vijay tells T.N. CM Stalin in video statement after Karur stampede |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/target-me-not-tvk-cadre-vijay-tells-tn-cm-stalin/article70112723.ece |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=AnaghaPramod |date=2025-09-30 |title=Vijay blames Stalin for stampede in video message: Get me if you want revenge |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/truth-will-emerge-soon-actor-politician-vijay-in-first-video-message-amid-blame-game-over-karur-stampede-2795717-2025-09-30 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 8 October 2025, the TVK submitted a petition to the Tamil Nadu Director General of Police and the [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary of India]], seeking permission and security arrangements for Vijay's proposed visit to [[Karur]]. The petition reportedly requested measures including strict crowd control from Tiruchirappalli airport to Karur, the creation of a secured traffic corridor, deployment of an armed police escort at the airport, security arrangements in Karur, the establishment of a one-kilometer security perimeter around the venue, regulated entry and exit, and limited access for the press and media.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fathima |first1=Azeefa |last2=Rajendran |first2=Dhanya |date=2025-10-09 |title=TVK seeks 'zero-tolerance' crowd control and media curbs for Vijay's Karur visit |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tvk-seeks-zero-tolerance-crowd-control-and-media-curbs-for-vijays-karur-visit |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE {{!}} Why Vijay wrote to DGP asking for 'zero-tolerance crowd control' from Trichy airport to Karur |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2025/10/09/exclusive-or-why-vijay-wrote-to-dgp-asking-for-zero-tolerance-crowd-control-from-trichy-airport-to-karur.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-09 |title=DGP office asks TVK to front representative for Karur visit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dgp-office-asks-tvk-to-front-representative-for-karur-visit/articleshow/124398143.cms |access-date=2025-11-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 27 October 2025, Vijay met with victim's families in [[Mamallapuram]], a coastal town near [[Chennai]], to express his condolences. The private closed door meeting took place at a resort, and the families were brought from Karur to the venue by bus. Media outlets reported that approximately 30 families attended.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=A month after Karur stampede, TVK chief Vijay meets families of victims at Mamallapuram resort |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-month-after-karur-stampede-vijay-meets-families-of-victims-at-mamallapuram-resort-101761538885882.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=2025-10-27 |title=TVK Chief Vijay breaks down while meeting Karur stampede victims' families at resort |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tvk-chief-vijay-closed-door-meeting-karur-stampede-victims-families-mahabalipuram-2808807-2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Government of Tamil Nadu ===
The state's chief minister, M. K. Stalin, said that the situation was "worrying", dispatching [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|health minister]] [[Ma. Subramanian]], ex-minister [[V. Senthil Balaji]], and other officials to oversee the relief efforts. Later, he visited the [[List of Tamil Nadu Government Medical Colleges|Government Medical College Hospital]] in Karur, where he met the injured and their families and paid tribute to those who lost their lives.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2025 |title=TVK rally stampede LIVE: T.N. CM Stalin visits injured persons in Karur hospital |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tvk-vijay-rally-karur-updates-on-september-27-2025/article70102676.ece |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2025 |title=TVK Vijay rally Stampede Live: Tamil Nadu CM Stalin visits Karur hospital; meets families of victims |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tamil-nadu-stampede-live-updates-tvk-chief-vijay-rally-tragedy-karur-news-tamil-nadu-stampede-people-injured-many-feared-dead/liveblog/124184248.cms |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2025 |title=CM MK Stalin meets injured people at Hospital after 38 die in Karur, pays tribute to victims |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/cm-mk-stalin-meets-injured-people-at-hospital-after-38-die-in-karur-pays-tribute-to-victims20250928041656-2-152082/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=The Sunday Guardian }}</ref> He also announced a compensation of {{INRConvert|1|m}} for the families of the deceased.<ref name="The News Minute-2025" />

The [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|opposition leader]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] and [[AIADMK]] general secretary, [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], expressed shock at the incident and offered his condolences to the families of the deceased. He directed party functionaries to provide necessary assistance to those admitted at the government hospital, after meeting the victims and the families of the deceased, he claimed that "such a stampede has never occurred before in the state during a political campaign", and urged the police not to show bias in favor of the ruling party when providing security to opposition parties.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 September 2025 |title=EPS condoles Vijay's Karur rally tragedy, urges govt to ensure compensation and treatment |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/eps-condoles-vijays-karur-rally-tragedy-urges-govt-to-ensure-compensation-and-treatment-847924 |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[Daily Thanthi|DTnext]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 September 2025 |title=Never happened before in TN': EPS slams DMK, police – flags questions over Karur stampede |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/never-happened-before-in-tn-eps-slams-dmk-police-flags-questions-over-karur-stampede/articleshow/124190543.cms |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

=== Indian government ===
[[President of India|Indian president]] [[Droupadi Murmu]], [[Vice President of India|vice president]] [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]], and [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] expressed their condolences on social media.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2025 |title='Deeply saddening': PM Modi, others react after over 30 die in Vijay's Karur rally in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/deeply-saddening-pm-modi-after-at-least-10-die-in-vijays-karur-rally-in-tn-101758988956060.html |access-date=27 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Modi announced a payment of {{INRConvert|200000||year=2025}} for the families of the deceased and {{INRConvert|50000}} for those injured in the disaster.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 September 2025 |title=Karur rally stampede: PM Modi announces ex-gratia for families of deceased |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/pm-modi-announces-ex-gratia-for-families-of-deceased-karur-rally-stampede-hr2lwe1a |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>

On 29 September, the [[Minister of Finance (India)|union finance minister]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], accompanied by the [[minister of state]] for [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|parliamentary affairs]] [[L. Murugan]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu's Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) president [[Nainar Nagenthran]], visited the families of the victims to express their condolences and discuss assistance measures.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay rally stampede: Nirmala Sitharaman, L Murugan visit grieving families in Karur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vijay-rally-stampede-nirmala-sitharaman-l-murugan-visit-grieving-families/articleshow/124211365.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 September 2025 |access-date=29 September 2025 }}</ref> On 30 September, a delegation of eight [[National Democratic Alliance]] [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]s, led by [[Hema Malini]], and which included [[Anurag Thakur]], [[Tejasvi Surya]], [[Brij Lal]], [[Aparajita Sarangi]], [[Rekha Sharma (Indian politician)|Rekha Sharma]], [[Shrikant Shinde]] and [[Putta Mahesh Kumar]] inspected the site and met with victims at the hospital.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karur stampede: NDA-BJP delegation visits hospital, meets injured victims |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/karur-stampede-nda-bjp-delegation-visits-hospital-meets-injured-victims20250930143329/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |work=ANI News |date=1 October 2025}}</ref> Malini questioned the administrative approval for such a large gathering at an inadequate venue, calling for accountability from both organisers and officials. Thakur demanded an impartial judicial probe by a sitting [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] judge and criticised the state government’s handling of the tragedy.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2025 |title=NDA delegation meets families of Karur stampede victims, demands probe by SC judge |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Sep/30/nda-delegation-meets-families-of-karur-stampede-victims-demands-probe-by-sc-judge |access-date=1 October 2025 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The delegation also announced plans to visit the homes of the victims and submit its findings to the BJP central leadership.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2025|title=Delegation of NDA MPs demands impartial judicial probe into Karur stampede |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delegation-of-nda-mps-demands-impartial-judicial-probe-into-karur-stampede/article70112307.ece |access-date=1 October 2025|work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== International ===
[[Xu Feihong]], the [[List of ambassadors of China to India|ambassador of China to India]], said that he was "deeply saddened by the tragic incident in Karur, Tamil Nadu" and offered his "heartfelt condolences to the families who have lost their loved ones", while wishing "strength and healing to all those affected".<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1972148361404031191 |user=China_Amb_India |title=Deeply saddened by the tragic incident in Karur, Tamil Nadu. Our heartfelt condolences to the families who have lost their loved ones. Wishing strength and healing to all those affected. |first=Feihong |last=Xu |date=27 September 2025 |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref> Later, in response to a question from [[The Paper (newspaper)|''The Paper'']], [[Government of China|China]]'s [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China|foreign ministry]] [[List of spokespersons of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China|spokesperson]] [[Guo Jiakun]] said "We take note of the tragedy and express our deep condolences for the victims. Our heart goes out to their families and those who are injured. In the wake of the incident, China’s embassy in India expressed grief and sympathies. According to what we've learned, no Chinese fatalities or injuries have been reported so far".<ref>{{cite news |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Guo Jiakun's Regular Press Conference on September 29, 2025_Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xw/fyrbt/202509/t20250929_11719907.html |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{anl|Crowd collapses and crushes}}
* {{anl|Human stampede}}
* [[List of fatal crowd crushes]]
* {{anl|Mahamaham stampede}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Human crushes}}
{{Disasters in India in 2025}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karur crowd crush, 2025}}
[[Category:2025 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:September 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Crowd collapses and crushes in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Human stampedes in India]]
[[Category:Vijay (actor)]]
[[Category:Karur|2025 crowd crush]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]

Rajaraja III

2026-04-25T03:42:31Z

RonAgnew292842: made stub

{{Short description|Chola Emperor from 1216 to 1246}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rajaraja Chola III மூன்றாம் இராஜராஜ சோழன்
| title = Rajakesari
| image = rajaraja3 territories.png
| alt =
| caption = ''Chola territories c. 1246''
| succession = [[Chola Empire|Chola Emperor]]
| reign = July 1216–1246<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=46–49}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Kulothunga Chola III]]
| successor = [[Rajendra Chola III]]
| spouse = Koothadum Naachiyaar
| spouse-type = Queen
| issue =
| house = [[Cholas]]
| father =
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1260
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| religion =
| dynasty = [[Chola]]
}}
{{Chola history}}

'''Rajaraja Chola III''' (died 1260) was the [[Chola Empire|Chola emperor]] from 1216 to 1246. He succeeded [[Kulothunga Chola III]] on the [[Chola]] throne in July 1216. Rajaraja came to the throne of a kingdom much reduced in size as well as influence. With the rise of the [[Pandya]] power in the south, the Cholas had lost most of their control of the territories south of the river [[Kaveri]] and their hold on the Vengi territories in the north was slipping with the emergence of the [[Hoysala]] power.

==Period of political changes==

The reign of Rajaraja III was a period of continuous trouble. It coincided with a period of great political changes in [[South India]]. Rajaraja was neither a great warrior nor a statesman to deal with the prevailing situation. The [[Pandyas]] in the south and the [[Hoysalas]] in the west had by now risen to the ranks of great powers led by rulers of exceptional merit. The only chance of survival for the Cholas was the rivalry between these new powers, neither of whom wanted the Cholas to come under the other's influence. The [[Chalukyas]] of Kalyani had given way for the rising power of the [[Seunas]] and the [[Andhra in Indian epic literature|Andhra]] country around the [[Vengi]] territories were controlled by the [[Telugu Cholas]].

===Internal revolts===

This was the signal the Chola feudatories and the overgrown vassals were waiting for in order to declare their independence. At the earliest opportunity that arose, they transferred their allegiance to either of the growing powers. Rajaraja Chola III came to power at this stage and he was the most incompetent king. His reign was characterised by growing revolt and conflicts even in nominally Chola territories. The [[Kadava]] chieftains of Kudalur were quick to take advantage of the growing weakness of their suzerain.

==Pandya invasion==

Rajaraja was evidently not only weak, but incompetent. Pandyan inscriptions of the period state that he deliberately broke the terms of the treaty with his Pandyan overlord and refused to pay his tribute. This led to a punitive invasion by the Pandya forces. The Pandya army entered the Chola capital and Rajaraja took flight.

The Kadava [[Kopperunchinga I]] who had once been a Chola feudatory had begun to exercise their independence. Kopperunchinga wanted to gain some ground in the confused state of affairs. Muttiyampakkam is to be identified with the present village of Muttumbaka of the Gudur taluk ofNellore district, as has ... the Kadava chieftain Kopperunjinga who had imprisoned the Chola emperor Raja Raja-Ill (1216-1257 A. D.). He caught and imprisoned the fleeing Chola king at [[Sendamangalam]].

===Hoysala aid===

The Cholas made alliances with the Hoysalas from the time of Kulothunga Chola III.<ref>{{cite book|title=History and Culture of Karnataka Early Times to Unification|author=Kadati Reddera Basavaraja|publisher=Chalukya Publications|page=131}}</ref> Rajaraja III married a sister or a daughter of [[Vira Narasimha II]].<ref>{{cite book|title=South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders|author=Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=46}}</ref> So when the Hoysala king Narasimha heard of the abduction of Rajaraja, and the subsequent devastation of the Chola country by Kopperunchinga's men, he immediately sent his army into the Chola country. The Hoysala army engaged Kopperunchinga's troops and sacked two of his towns. When the Hoysala army was preparing to lay siege to the Kadava capital of Sendamangalam, Kopperunchinga sued for peace and released the Chola king.

While his generals were attacking the Kadava chieftain Kopperunchinga, the Hoysala king Narasimha himself led his troops against the Pandya. A decisive battle took place between the Pandya and the Hoysala troops near Mahendramangalam on the banks of the river Kaveri and the Pandya army was defeated.

===Conflict with the Hoysalas===

Vira Narasimha II, a ruler of the [[Hoysala]] dynasty, is associated in some historical accounts with conflicts against Tikka I, a Telugu Chola ruler and subordinate of Rajaraja III of the Chola dynasty. According to these accounts, a Hoysala ruler—identified with Narasimha II on chronological grounds—was defeated and killed during a campaign led by Tikka I around 1239–1240 CE. A [[Chola]] inscription from Jambai (dated to 1239 CE, in the 23rd regnal year of Rajaraja III) refers to a military expedition of Nayanar Gandagopala (Tikka I), and has been interpreted by some historians as indicating a victory in which a Hoysala ruler was slain<ref>{{cite book
|last=Devi
|first=Yashoda
|title=The History of Andhra Country, 1000 A.D.–1500 A.D.
|publisher=Gyan Publishing House
|year=1993
|page=469 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201713/page/n469/mode/1up
|url-access=registration
|access-date=4 April 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Govindasamy |first=M. S. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=gCI0AAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=1239 |title=The Role of Feudatories in Later Chōḷa History |date=1979 |publisher=Annamalai University |language=en}}</ref>
==State of the Chola kingdom==
For the rest of his reign Rajaraja had to depend heavily on Hoysala help. There was a continuous decrease in order within the kingdom and the disregard for the central control on the part of the feudatories increased. The extent of the kingdom over which Rajaraja had nominal control remained as during the times of Kulothunga III.

==Civil War and Succession==
[[Rajendra Chola III]] who succeeded Rajaraja Chola III to the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] throne in 1246 was his brother and subsequent rival. Although Rajaraja III was still alive, Rajendra began to take effective control over the administration. The epigraphs of Rajendra Chola III indicate a civil war between Rajaraja III and himself which came to end with the former killing the latter and ascending the throne.<ref>{{cite book|title=South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders|author=Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1991|page=38}}</ref> Rajendra's inscriptions laud him as the "cunning hero, who killed Rajaraja after making him wear the double crown for three years".<ref>{{cite book|title=South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders|author=Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1991|page=37}}</ref>

==Officials==

Mallan Sivan alias Brahmadaraya muttaraiyan, referred to as ''pillai'' (son) was one of the officials of Rajaraja III. He was the holder of the royal fief (''arasukuru'') and the governor of Urattur-nadu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Śāṅkaram: recent researches on Indian culture : Professor Srinivasa Sankaranarayanan festchrift|author=S. Sankaranarayanan, S. S. Ramachandra Murthy, B. Rajendra Prasad, D. Kiran Kranth Choudary|publisher=Harman Pub. House, 2000|page=119}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chola]]|before=[[Kulothunga Chola III]]|after=[[Rajendra Chola III]] |years=1216–1256 CE}}
{{s-end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1935). ''The CōĻas'', University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). ''A History of South India'', OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).

[[Category:Chola emperors]]
[[Category:1260 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Hindus]]

Culture of Bengaluru

2026-04-23T12:45:35Z

RonAgnew292842: done

{{Short description|none}}
{{original research|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
'''Bengaluru''' is the capital and largest city of the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. With a population of over 15 million (as of January 2016), [[Bengaluru]] is the third largest city in India and 27th largest city in the world. Bengaluru is one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the country, with over 51% of the city's population being migrants<ref>{{cite news|title=Kannadigas assured of all support|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/23/stories/2004072310610400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040812203517/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/23/stories/2004072310610400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2004|accessdate=8 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 July 2004}}</ref> from other parts of India. Historically a multicultural city, Bengaluru has experienced a dramatic social and cultural change with the advent of the [[liberalization]] and expansion of the [[information technology]] and [[business process outsourcing]] industries in India. IT companies in Bangalore employ over 35% of India's pool of 1 million IT professionals.

== Garden City ==
[[File:Commercial st.jpg|thumb|Commercial Street is an important commercial area in Bangalore]]Bangalore is known as the [[Garden City of India]] and has two nationally recognized [[botany|botanical]] gardens – [[Lal Bagh]] and [[Cubbon Park]]. The city was the recipient of the ''Indira Priyadarshini Vruksha Mitra'' award in the late 1980s, in recognition of its extensive green cover. Bannerghatta Zoo is also filled with green landscape.

== Religion ==
One of the major religions of Bengaluru is Hinduism. The city celebrates what is known to be Bengaluru's oldest festival called "[[Karaga (festival)|Karaga Shaktyotsava]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040221520500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202120004/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040221520500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2007|title=Bangalore Karaga | location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 April 2007}}</ref> [[Deepavali]], the "Festival of Lights", is observed by members of various faiths and demographics. [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]], a traditional celebratory hallmark of the old [[Kingdom of Mysuru]] is another important festival. Other [[List of festivals#India|traditional Indian festivals]] such as [[Ganesh Chaturthi]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/travel/articles/ganesh-chaturthi-2017-celebration-in-bengaluru-clay-idols-cultural-events-and-more-in-karnatakas-capital-city/|title=Ganesh Chaturthi 2017 Celebration in Bengaluru: Clay idols, Cultural Events and more in Karnataka's Capital City|date=2017-08-23|work=Travel India|access-date=2017-10-14|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ugadi]], [[Sankranthi]] are also celebrated.

[[Eid ul-Fitr]], Eid ul-Azha and [[Christmas]] are also reportedly celebrated by the Muslim and Christian population respectively.

== Entertainment ==
[[File:Kereetadavesha.jpg|left|thumb|[[Yakshagana]] – a theatre art is often played in town hall]]

Bangalore is home to the [[Kannada film industry]] which produces around 100 movies each year, making it the fifth largest movie industry in India by revenue. The Kannada Movie Industry has spawned a different [[colloquial]] type variety altogether, commonly referred to as ''[[Bangalore Kannada]]''.

Bangalore is also known as the Ham Radio Capital of India because of the number of Amateur (Ham) Radio licence holders and their activities. Bangalore has nearly twenty Amateur (Ham) Radio Clubs and four VHF Repeaters. Bangalore Amateur Radio Club VU2ARC started in the year 1959 celebrating its Golden Jubilee – 50th Year. Lions Clubs International Amateur (Ham) Radio Club VU2LCI has its base here.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

== Food ==
[[File:Ready for sell (9453890725).jpg|thumb|Ready to eat [[Kebab]] on the roadside food joints, in [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]].]]
[[File:Fruit stall at Bangalore City Market.jpg|thumb|A [[Marketplace|market]] in Bangalore.]]
Food is sold in the city by roadside [[vendor]]s, [[tea stall]]s. [[South India]]n, [[North India]]n, Arabic food, [[Chinese food|Chinese]] and Western fast food are common, modified to cater to the local palate, as are [[Darshini (hotel)|Udupi restaurants]] which serve predominantly vegetarian cuisine.<ref name="Foodie Stores">[http://www.brewchew.in Bangalore's Best Food Review Website] Brew & Chew</ref>

The masala dose – rice pancake smeared with red chilli chutney and stuffed with potato curry, 'set dose' – 3 medium-sized doses, 'benne masalae' – thick rice pancake prepared with butter – originated in the city. [[Bisi bele bath]], [[Rava idli]], [[Pongal (dish)|Pongal]], the spicy Uppittu – served as Khara Bath in most of the restaurants are some of the other local favourites. The Udipis or the South Indian restaurant/cafes are known for their filter coffee. Other restaurants include Italian, and others selling Mangalore and Konkan style seafood.

The Muslim cuisine of [[Bangalore]] combines [[Mughlai]] cuisine, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabadi]] Muslim with local dishes and ingredients. The MM Road in [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]] hosts several of these restaurants. The Chandni Chowk area of [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]] also has a concentration of tightly packed restaurants and tea shops. Dishes often sold in these restaurants include [[Tandoori Chicken]], Bangalore [[Biriyani]], Gundu Palav, Sheek [[kebabs]], Sheek Rolls, Chicken kebabs, Rumali Rotis and lots more. [[VV Puram Food Street]] specialises in Indian and Karnataka dishes.

[[Arabian]] cuisine, including [[Shawarma]] and [[Falafel]] are sold in hotels, primarily to [[Arab]] students and Indians who have lived in the Middle East. Fine dining are also offered in several of the expensive hotels in the city. Roadside stalls typically sell dishes such as [[barbecue]]d beef sheek kebab and a local Bangalore recipe Phaal, beef cubes in spicy green masala, served with hot Rice Sevian (Plain steamed Vermicelli). Other eateries include bakeries, fruit juice stalls, and dessert shops.

== Music ==
Historically, some Bangalore musicians have worked in the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] traditions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Music Education in Bangalore|url=http://www.musicmalt.com/2010/10/music-education-in-bangalore.html|accessdate=16 December 2011|newspaper=Music Malt|date=17 September 2009}}</ref> Notable musicians from the city include [[Purandara Dasa]] (the father of Carnatic music), [[Tyagaraja|Tyagraja]], [[Kalakkad S. Ramanarayana Iyer|Kalakkad Subbiah Ramanarayanan Iyer]], Dr [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Gingger Shankar]], [[Basavaraj Rajguru]], and [[Gangubai Hangal]].

Modern musicians include [[Lucky Ali]], [[Jim Ankan Deka]], [[Bapu Padmanabha]], [[Pravin Godkhindi]], [[Shimoga Subbanna]], [[Mysore Ananthaswamy]], [[P. Kalinga Rao]], [[Bangalore Latha]], [[G. V. Atri]], [[C. Ashwath]] and [[Balappa Hukkeri]].

The Bangalore music scene consists of a far cry of different genres, from international music to traditional folk songs. Janapadhas are the traditional folk songs in the historic culture of Karnataka. The vast number of different people living in Bangalore hailing from different places developed a distinct style of music. Kannada film music is heard playing in auto rickshaws, shops, and the streets. The party and the nightlife scenario experiences a different type of music, most popular international numbers varying in genres from Trance, Pop, Indi-pop, and Hip-Hop, Bollywood music is less dominant.

Though Bangalore is a hub for both classical and contemporary music, the dominant music genre in urban Bangalore is rock music. All sub-genres of rock, varying from classic rock n' roll to extreme metal can be heard in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianbackpacker.com/india/namma-our-bangalore|title=Namma (our) Bangalore|publisher=The Indian Backpacker|accessdate=6 October 2011}}</ref> The underground scenario in Bangalore is often acclaimed and hence lead to the city being called Rock/Metal capital of India. [[Rock 'n India]], [[Freedom Jam]] is the pioneer made in Bangalore 'Woodstock' style annual festival offering different genres of live music regularly at various venues all over the city. The 22nd edition of this 'Free Music Festival' was held during the Independence weekend this August 2017. Sunday Jams, the monthly smaller versions, on the first Sunday of every month, have been going on too.[www.freedomjam.in & FB page.] Great Indian Rock, Deccan Rock and Summer Storm Festival are the primitive (?) rock festivals in India. GIR primarily a Delhi event organised by RSJ magazine is not heard of now while DR and SS are defunct. In early 2012, the Bangalore Open Air metal festival (powered by Wacken Open Air festival), to be headlined by [[Iced Earth]] and [[Kreator]], and to be held on 16 June was announced. NH7, which ran for a few years seems to have abandoned the city.
Bangalore was also the first city in India where internationally popular rock groups [[Metallica]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Bryan Adams]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Elton John]], [[Deep Purple]] among various other heavy metal groups performed live for the first time in India.
However, after the Santana concert about seven years ago, there has hardly been any big international rock acts performing in the city. A few extreme metal or cult alternative acts have occasionally catered to a niche audience. In fact, EDM acts rule Bangalore's high priced concert scene while Bollywood music performed live is as popular as ever.

[[File:Ironmaiden Bangalore RNI.jpg|right|thumb|Heavy metal group [[Iron Maiden]] performing in Bangalore]]

Various international musicians have performed in Bangalore, including [[Bryan Adams]], [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]], [[Flo Rida]] and [[Poets of the Fall]].

===Music schools in Bangalore===
The recent past has also seen a significant growth in the number of music institutes providing training for vocal and various instruments including [[guitar]], [[piano]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]], [[veena]], [[sitar]], [[tabla]], [[sitar]], [[organ (music)|organ]] etc. in [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]], [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] classical, Popular music and [[Western culture#Music|Western music]], especially in Bangalore city. PRISM Foundation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurung |first=Regina |date=2016-11-23 |title=Doctor turns professional singer at 60 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/Nov/23/doctor-turns-professional-singer-at-60-1541579.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> in [[Rajajinagar]], The Bangalore School of Music in [[R. T. Nagar|RT Nagar]], [[Eastern Fare Music Foundation]] in [[Koramangala]], Sumadhura Education and Cultural Trust in [[Vijaynagara]], Shreepada Sangeeta Kala Kendra in [[Bannerghatta Road]] and [[World Music Centre]] in [[Malleswaram]] are some of the institutes who have successfully endorsed Music as a serious business or career option as opposed to its familiar perception as a pastime or hobby. Apart from the formal training, these institutes offer courses that enable learners to appear for many recognized certificate and diploma examinations.<ref>[http://www.assamtimes.org/social/3192.html Eastern Fare Music Foundation - a will to succeed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007220355/http://www.assamtimes.org/social/3192.html |date=7 October 2009 }} ''Assamtimes.com''</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 places in Bengaluru to learn Carnatic music |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/10-places-in-bengaluru-to-learn-carnatic-music-1229708.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Sport ==
{{See also|Sports in Karnataka}}
[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in Bangalore(it has its own IPL team RCB or Royal Challengers Bangalore and has a huge fan following) though it has lost some of its popularity in a small amount of time to [[Association football|football]], [[basketball]] and [[tennis]]. English football clubs [[Manchester United]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool F.C]], and popular French club [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint Germain]] have a large number of supporters in the city. [[Bengaluru FC]] is a football club based in Bangalore and was formed in 2013. The club, which originally participated in the [[Indian Super League|I-League]], now plays in the [[Indian Super League]].

Significant numbers of [[Indian cricket team|India's national cricket team]] have come from Bangalore, including [[Gundappa Viswanath]], [[Rahul Dravid]], [[Venkatesh Prasad]], [[Anil Kumble]], [[E.A.S. Prasanna|Erapalli Prasanna]], [[Robin Uthappa]], [[B.S. Chandrashekar]], [[Syed Kirmani]], [[Brijesh Patel]], [[Roger Binny]], [[Sadanand Vishwanath]], [[K. L. Rahul]], [[Karun Nair]] and [[Vinay Kumar]]. Many of the city's children play [[forms of cricket|Gully cricket]] and [[Association football|football]] on the roads and in the city's many public fields. Bangalore's main international cricket stadium is the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], which hosted its first match in 1974 and was the venue for the India-Pakistan cricket quarter-final during [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup 1996]]. International cricket was played at the Central College grounds before moving to the current venue.

Other famous sportspersons from Bangalore include badminton player and former All England Badminton Championship winner [[Prakash Padukone]], tennis player and 10-time Grand Slam winner [[Mahesh Bhupathi]], cueist [[Pankaj Arjan Advani|Pankaj Advani]] and athlete [[Ashwini Nachappa]].

== Education ==
Bangalore is home to some of the top colonial-era schools in India including Bishop Cottons Boys' and Girls' School, Baldwin's High School, Sophia High School, and St. Josephs. Some of the top international schools are also located in Bangalore including Mallya Aditi International School (otherwise known as Aditi), Indus International School, National Centre for Excellence and Stonehill Academy.

Bangalore is well known for the quality of education provided by various eminent institutes, every year it attracts aspiring candidate to this city. Few of the well known institutes are the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), [[National Law School of India University]](NLSIU), [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] (IIMB), [[National Institute of Design, Bangalore|National Institute of Design, R & D Campus (NID)]], [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT ), [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] (NIMHANS), [[Srishti Institute of Art design and technology]], Bangalore University, [[Christ University]] and [[Jain University]].RV college of Architecture

== Social and Night life ==
[[File:Pecos Bangalore.jpg|left|thumb|Pecos – a popular pub in Bangalore]]
Bangalore has an active night culture and is home to over 800 clubs and bars. Since the recent explosion of software companies in Bangalore, it has seen a rise in the number of western-style Malls, such as Phoenix MarketCity, Orion Mall, [[The Forum (shopping mall)|The Forum]], [[Bangalore central|Bangalore Central]] and [[Garuda Mall|The Garuda]]. These malls are evolving as the current "hang-outs" for the old, with trendy stores, restaurants and the latest crop of clubs. Another change has been the gradual decline of single-screen cinemas and the increase of [[Multiplex (movie theatre)|multiplex theatres]], hosted by the same burgeoning malls. The BPO and IT boom have contributed to a lot of disposable income among the younger generation.

Eating out is another passion for Bangaloreans. The variety in terms of cuisines, types and themes that Bangalore restaurants offer is diverse and caters to every taste. Bangalorean's enjoy eating out so much that an actual event circling around restaurants called the [[Bangalore Restaurant Week]] was held between 12 and 21 November 2010.

==See also==
* [[Bangalore]]
* [[Bangalore Ganesh Utsava]]
* [[Bangalore Kannada]]
* [[Bangalori Urdu]]
* [[Kannada]]
* [[Karnataka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:Culture of Bengaluru| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]

Fight Club: Members Only

2026-04-22T13:02:31Z

RonAgnew292842: stub

{{Short description|2006 Indian film by Vikram Chopra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Fight Club: Members Only
| image = Fight Club- Members Only.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Vikram Chopra]]
| writer = [[Mayur Puri]] (Additional dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Sohail Khan]] Vikram Chopra
| story = Sohail Khan
| producer = Sohail Khan [[Ravi Walia]]
| starring = [[Sunil Shetty]] Sohail Khan [[Zayed Khan]] [[Dino Morea]] [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] [[Aashish Chaudhary]] [[Rahul Dev]] [[Dia Mirza]] [[Amrita Arora]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Sudeep Chatterjee]] [[Sanu John Varghese]]
| editing = Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Pritam Chakraborty]] '''Background Score:''' [[Salim Sulaiman]]
| studio = Sohail Khan Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2006|2|17}}
| runtime = 145 mins
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}} 8.25 [[crore]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Fight Club |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=298 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624233643/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=298 |archive-date=24 June 2022 |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}} 8.88 crore<ref name="auto" />
}}

'''''Fight Club: Members Only''''' is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language [[action thriller]] film directed by [[Vikram Chopra]] and produced by [[Ravi Walia]] and [[Sohail Khan]]. The film features an ensemble cast of [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Sohail Khan]], [[Zayed Khan]], [[Dino Morea]], [[Ritesh Deshmukh]], [[Aashish Chaudhary]], [[Rahul Dev]], [[Dia Mirza]] and [[Amrita Arora]] with [[Ashmit Patel]], [[Yash Tonk]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] and [[Neha Dhupia]] in supporting roles. Its plot borrows heavily from the 1999 American film ''[[Fight Club]]''.<ref name=BBCJaspreet/><ref name=RediffParadkar>{{Cite web |last=Paradkar |first=Rujuta |date=17 February 2006 |title=Don't bother joining this Fight Club |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/17fight.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017110247/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/17fight.htm |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story follows four friends, Vicky, Karan, Somil and Diku. The four often attend [[Nightclub|clubs]] and drink alcohol together. One night, they witness a physical brawl, and Vicky comes up with the idea of making a "Fight Club," in which the participants will be allowed to fight physically but with valid reason. The night when the Fight Club is opened, Somil learns that his uncle, who brought him up and currently lives in Delhi, has met some troubles. Some local gangsters want to take over the club of Somil's uncle to use it for drugs smuggling. After being firmly rejected, they threatened to kill him. Somil then leaves for Delhi to help his uncle, leaving the other three boys running the Fight Club in [[Mumbai]].

When Mohit, a college youngster, enters the club and takes part in a fight, he ends up beating his opponent severely to critical condition. After being stopped by Vicky, Mohit attacks him, to which response Vicky throws him out of the club. The scene is caught by several police officers, they arrest Mohit and seal the Fight Club, but others manage to escape and select a new place to keep running the Fight Club. After Mohit is released, he arrives with Anna's old gangster friends to get revenge, but is rejected by the latter.

Anna, Mohit's older brother is released from prison where he stayed for 8 years and visits Mohit to see if he has changed himself from keeping fighting and working for gangsters, Anna tells Mohit that the reason he quit the gangster group and handed himself to the police was that he wanted to set a good example for Mohit. He then takes Mohit to Delhi for vacation.

Vicky, Karan and Diku keep running the Fight Club. One night, Vicky's past classmate Sameer shows up in the club to challenge Vicky. Sameer almost beats Vicky, but police arrives in the scene, making all of them escape. The new place is sealed again by police, and the three friends decide to give it up and go to Delhi to visit Somil.

Somil's uncle was killed by gangsters before the three arrive. The four then take over Somil's uncle's club Crossroads to reopen it, but the gangsters almost destroy it again in the first night after its reopening. The four then decide to hire a bouncer to protect their club from being destroyed again, and Vicky comes up with the idea of hiring Sameer. Sameer rejects at first, but later shows up when the four are fighting with the gangster group and saves them and joined them in running the club.

While staying in Delhi, Mohit cheats Anna by telling him that he will go back to Mumbai to attend college but instead going to meet his old gangster friends Sandy and Dinesh, who killed Somil's uncle. Anna coincidentally meets Sandy and Dinesh, the two then invite Anna to come back to their gangster group again but are rejected by Anna. Dinesh comes up with idea to get Anna back.

Mohit meets Diku, making him aware that the four of them are also in Delhi. Dinesh takes Mohit to Crossroads for revenge, but lets Mohit enter alone. When Mohit is beaten by the five of them, Dinesh doesn't help or even show up, Moreover, he kills Mohit soon after he's beaten, making Vicky and his friends naturally blamed, and the five of them are arrested for murder but are soon bailed by Vicky's father, in exchange, Vicky agrees with his father to return to Mumbai with him, Soon enough, Anna finds out about this incident, and plans to avenge Mohit with his whole crew.

Vicky develops a romantic relationship with Anu, Karan's younger sister, and Karan falls in love with his neighbour Sonali. As the friends get a phone call they realize that Anna has captured Somil and Dikku. Karan and Sameer rush to save them, but beaten in a fight with Sandy and Dinesh. Vicky then arrives to help his friends and is knocked down. Somil then realizes that Dinesh was the one who killed Mohit with a small screwdriver after seeing the same marking on his uncle's body after he was murdered.

Somil exposes Dinesh, allowing Vicky and his friends to gain the upper hand to defeat the gangsters. Enraged, Dinesh tries to kill him with the same weapon, but Anna saves Somil and kills Dinesh. Sandy is left devastated as Anna, Vicky, Sameer, Somil, Karan and Dikku return to the bar. Ultimately, Anna befriends the five and the Crossroads club is converted into a regular nightclub.

== Cast ==
*[[Suniel Shetty]] as Anna Shetty
*[[Sohail Khan]] as Sameer Kapoor
*[[Zayed Khan]] as Vicky Khanna
*[[Dino Morea]] as Karan Chopra
*[[Ritesh Deshmukh]] as Somil Gandhi
*[[Aashish Chaudhary]] as Dikku Patel
*[[Ashmit Patel]] as Dinesh Vidyarthi
*[[Rahul Dev]] as Sandy
*[[Yash Tonk]] as Mohit Shetty
*[[Dia Mirza]] as Anu Chopra
*[[Amrita Arora]] as Sonali Malhotra
*[[Neha Dhupia]] as Dr. Komal
*[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Suhas Gandhi (guest appearance)
*[[Puneet Vashisht]] as Sapru
*[[Murali Sharma]] as Police Inspector
*[[Kamal Chopra]] as Mr.Khanna
*[[Vikrant Anand]] as Fighter

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Fight Club
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam Chakraborty]]
| cover =blank
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|12|27}} (Digital Release) {{Start date|df=yes|2006|02|17}} (Film)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=33|s=36}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Pritam Chakraborty
| prev_title = [[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena (film)|Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]
| next_year = 2006
}}

=== Track list ===
Songs for ''Fight Club: Members Only'' were composed by [[Pritam Chakraborty]], and the lyrics were written by [[Mayur Puri]] and [[Neelesh Misra]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:36
| all_music = [[Pritam Chakraborty]]
| title1 = Yeh Khuda
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Mayur Puri]]
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[KK (singer)|K.K]]
| length1 = 5:04
| title2 = Chhore ki baatein
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 = Mayur Puri
| music2 =
| extra2 = [[Shweta Pandit]] & [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
| length2 = 4:46
| title3 = Joshile Java Ho
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 = Mayur Puri
| music3 =
| extra3 = Shweta Pandit
| length3 = 5:03
| title4 = Bolo Na Tum Zara
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 = [[Neelesh Misra]]
| music4 =
| extra4 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 5:17
| title5 = Chhore Ki Baatein
| note5 = Remix
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 = Mayur Puri
| music5 =
| extra5 = Shweta Pandit & Amit Kumar
| length5 = 4:25
| title6 = Yeh Khuda
| note6 = Remix
| writer6 =
| lyrics6 = Mayur Puri
| music6 =
| extra6 = K.K
| length6 = 3:57
| title7 = Bolo Na Tum Zara
| note7 = Remix
| writer7 =
| lyrics7 = Neelesh Misra
| music7 =
| extra7 = Shaan & Shreya Ghoshal
| length7 = 5:04
}}

== Reception ==
Jaspreet Pandohar of BBC.com gave the film 2 out of 5, writing ″While Brad Pitt and Edward Norton brought brains and brawn to the table and helped carry their Fight Club to its final dark twist, Chopra's leading men and adapted storyline take the safe route by using their secret society to tackle a powerful adversary. The outcome is an amusing, but poorly executed, flick that packs a light punch.″<ref name=BBCJaspreet>{{Cite web |last=Pandohar |first=Jaspreet |date=12 February 2006 |title=Fight Club – Members Only (2006) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/02/17/fight_club_members_only_2006_review.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412034409/https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/02/17/fight_club_members_only_2006_review.shtml |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=BBC}}</ref>

Rujuta Paradkar of [[rediff.com]] called it a "shamelessly copied Hindi version" of ''[[Fight Club]]''. She further wrote, "If the first half of the film is based on the Fight Club concept, the second half deviates too much. So much masala -- including a complex revenge plot -- is added that you almost think you have accidentally walked back to the wrong theatre after the interval."<ref name=RediffParadkar/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt0456413}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s satirical films]]
[[Category:2006 action films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Maldives]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]

Shivali

2026-04-21T04:24:43Z

RonAgnew292842: added new bio.

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Shivali
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.6747981|N|73.4957994|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra, India|Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mawal taluka|Mawal]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| area_total_ha = 504
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1484
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 780 / 704 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 02114
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#MH.E2.80.94Maharashtra|MH]]-14
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati Raj]]
| website = {{URL|pune.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shivali''' is a village and [[gram panchayat]] in India, situated in the [[Mawal taluka]] of [[Pune district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]]. It encompasses an area of {{cvt|504|ha|acre|0}}.<ref name="census2011"/>

==Administration==
The village is administrated by a [[sarpanch]], an elected representative who leads a gram panchayat. At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], the village was the headquarters for the eponymous gram panchayat, which also governed the village of [[Bhadawali]].<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411165725/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2725_PART_A_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |archivedate=2019-04-11 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2725_PART_A_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |page=1201 |title=Census of India 2011: Maharashtra: District Census Handbook Part A: Pune |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2019-05-23}}</ref>

== Demography ==
At the 2011 census, the village comprised 239 households. The population of 1484 was split between 780 males and 704 females.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311054952/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-11 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |page=414 |title=Census of India 2011: Maharashtra: District Census Handbook Part B: Pune |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2019-05-19}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of villages in Mawal taluka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Talukas in Pune district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mawal taluka]]
[[Category:Gram Panchayats in Pune district]]

{{Pune-geo-stub}}

Chhandayan

2026-04-20T04:12:01Z

RonAgnew292842: done

{{Short description|US-based nonprofit organization}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Chhandayan, Inc.
|image = Chhandayan Logo.jpg
|image_border =
|image_size = 50px
|image_alt = 
|caption =
|map = 
|map_size = 
|map_alt = 
|map_caption = 
|abbreviation =
|formation = 1984 (India), 1998 (U.S.A.)
|extinction = 
|type = 
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|headquarters = 4 W. 43rd Street #616 New York, NY 10036
|location =
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|language = 
|leader_title = Founder
|leader_name = Samir Chatterjee<ref name="Samir Chatterjee">{{cite web|title=Profile of Samir Chatterjee|url=http://www.newschool.edu/jazz/faculty.aspx?id=55520|publisher=The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music|accessdate=17 March 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506011446/http://www.newschool.edu/jazz/faculty.aspx?id=55520|archivedate=6 May 2013}}</ref>
|main_organ = 
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|website = [http://www.tabla.org/ Official site]
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'''Chhandayan, Inc. (Chhandayan)''' is a nonprofit [[501(c)(3)]] charitable organization focused on the preservation and advancement of [[Indian classical music]]. Chhandayan was founded in 1984 by [[Samir Chatterjee]], the current Artistic Director and President. Its activities span various areas of music education which include organizing concerts and pre-concert lectures, classes (theory and performance), workshops, and archival research. Chhandayan’s primary operations are based out of its [[New York City]] headquarters, the '''Chhandayan Center for Indian Music (CCIM)''', but its activities are carried out in six local chapters.

==History==
Chhandayan traces its roots to 1984 in [[Kolkata, India]] where it used to organize Indian classical music concerts designed to offer a platform for young musicians. In 1998, it was reestablished in the United States as a nonprofit 501(c)(3) charitable organization limited to offering musical instruction and small-scale concerts. Over the next several years, the organization added more students and faculty, eventually forming local chapters in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Florida. Chhandayan's largest presence is in the [[New York metropolitan area]], but the [[Washington metropolitan area]] is a significant source of students, faculty, and audience members as well. Samir Chatterjee is the Founder, Artistic Director, and President of Chhandayan. He is a leading [[Tabla]] player and represents the [[Farukhabad gharana]] (school) of tabla playing. Chatterjee's performances, lectures, and teachings have made contributions to both Indian and other world music traditions. His compositions and writings are widely acclaimed.

==Timeline of Key Events==
* 1984: Founded in Kolkata, India
* 1986: Organized and staged the first Three-day Annual Music Festival (Kolkata, India)
* 1998: Reestablished in the United States
* 2000: Organized and staged the first Annual All-Night Concert (New York City)
* 2001: '''Chhandayan World Percussion Ensemble (CWPE)''' performed "United We Stand, Drums of Unity & Peace," a benefit concert for World Trade Center victims<ref>{{cite web|title=BERA Indo-American Association Dinner-Concert Gains $12,100 for WTC Victims|url=http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/bulletin/2001/bb101901.pdf|publisher=Brookhaven National Laboratory|accessdate=17 March 2013|author=Liz Seubert|page=2|date=October 19, 2001}}</ref>
* 2005: Established the annual '''Jyotsna Awards in Contribution'''; produced first DVD, ''Dawning Ragas''<ref>{{cite book|title=Dawning Ragas|publisher=Chhandayan Productions|year=2005|oclc=70658198 }}</ref>
* 2006: Published ''A Study of Tabla'' by Samir Chatterjee<ref name="A Study of Tabla">{{cite book|title=A Study of Tabla|year=2006|publisher=Chhandayan|location=Nutley, NJ|isbn=978-0984134908|author=Samir Chatterjee|editor=Allyn Miner}}</ref>
* 2007: Samir Chatterjee performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo<ref name="Nobel Ceremony">{{cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony 2007|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=793|publisher=Nobel Media AB|accessdate=17 March 2013|year=2007}}</ref>
* 2008: Undertook first trip to Afghanistan to establish the Department of Afghan Traditional Music<ref>{{cite news|title=An Upbeat Afghan Story|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704133804575198792329180312|accessdate=17 March 2013|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=May 21, 2010|author=Lara Pellegrinelli}}</ref>
* 2009: Published ''Music of India'' which covers [[Raga]], [[Tala (music)]], and other Indian classical music concepts<ref>{{cite book|title=Music of India|publisher=Chhandayan, Inc.|isbn=9780984134915|author=Samir Chatterjee|editor=Stephen Cellucci|date=January 4, 2009}}</ref>
* 2010: Reached enrollment of approximately 200 students in vocal, instruments, Tabla, and [[Indian classical dance]]
* 2011: Performed "Tablaphilia," a 25-member Tabla symphony orchestra at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (composed in 2009)<ref>{{cite web|title=TABLAPHILIA Held On The Steps Of The Met Museum|url=http://offoffbroadway.broadwayworld.com/article/TABLAPHILIA-Held-On-The-Steps-Of-The-Met-Museum-June-14-20110609|publisher=BWW|accessdate=17 March 2013|author=BWW News Desk|date=June 9, 2011}}</ref>
* 2012: Opened a sixth local chapter in Virginia
* 2013: Hosted Fundraising Concert for Afghanistan with Irfan Muhammad Khan of Afghanistan National Institute of Music (ANIM)<ref>{{cite web|title=Chhandayan Presents a Fundraising Concert for Afghanistan!|url=http://harmonyom.org/archives/february_2013|publisher=HarmoNYom|accessdate=17 March 2013|year=2013}}</ref>

==Activities==
The various activities conducted by Chhandayan include:

===Classes & Workshops===
Chhandayan offers lessons and classes on different branches of Indian classical music including training in vocals, [[Violin]], [[Sitar]], [[Sarangi]], [[Bansuri]], [[Harmonium (hand-pumped)]], and [[Tabla]]. Training in Indian classical dance including [[Kathak]] is also offered on a weekly basis at '''CCIM'''. Although modern technology has created the ability to reach students across the world, music instruction at Chhandayan is generally based upon the [[Guru-shishya tradition]]. Throughout the week, Chhandayan offers classes for Indian classical music and Tabla under the guidance of a [[Guru]], mainly geared towards young students. There is an annual four-day Tabla workshop each summer run by [[Samir Chatterjee]] which draws students of all levels from various parts of North America. Affiliated faculty members who have run workshops in the past include [[Ajoy Chakrabarty]] (Vocal), [[Shujaat Khan]] (Sitar), [[Nayan Ghosh]] (Tabla), and other top Indian classical musicians.

Chhandayan has approximately 250 students, many of whom are professional musicians in various parts of the world. Among the most prominent Chhandayan students include: Daniel Weiss,<ref name="Dan Weiss">{{cite web|title=Official Website of Daniel Weiss|url=http://www.danweiss.net/index.html|publisher=Dan Weiss|accessdate=17 March 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715023418/http://www.danweiss.net/index.html|archivedate=15 July 2012}}</ref> Eric Phinney,<ref name="Eric Phinney">{{cite web|title=Profile of Eric Phinney|url=http://www.bsmny.org/exploring-music/features/world-music/tabla/index.php/|publisher=Bloomingdale School of Music|accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref> Bodek Janke,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tabla maestro Pandit Samir Chatterjee and Chhandayan of New York City|url=http://www.bodekjanke.de/english/links.php|publisher=Bodek Janke|accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref> Debu Nayak,<ref name="Debu Nayak">{{cite web|title=Official Website of Devapriya Nayak|url=http://www.tablaguy.com/links.html|publisher=Debu Nayak|accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref> [[Frank Colón]], Dibyarka Chatterjee,<ref name=Dibyarka>{{cite web|title=Disciple of Pandit Samir Chatterjee|url=http://dibyarka.com/|publisher=Dibyarka Chatterjee|accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref> Ranendra Das,<ref name="Ranendra Das">{{cite web|title=Initiated by Pandit Samir Chatterjee|url=http://www.ranendradas.com/|publisher=Ranendra Das|accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref> among others. Annual workshops and seminars draw in approximately 100 additional students from the Americas and Europe.

===Publications & Archives===
Chhandayan engages in the publication and archival of resource material to promote research in the classical arts of India.
Chhandayan's published books include ''A Study of Tabla'', the 650-page text on Indian music theory and Tala (music); [[Ravi Shankar]], a former member of the organization's Advisory Board, wrote the foreword to the book.<ref name="A Study of Tabla" /> Chhandayan has also published ''Music of India'', an introductory text to Indian classical music concepts. It has published approximately ten works in the form of recorded media including an audiobook on the style and diction of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] which is currently in final editorial stages. Chhandayan's works have often addressed those aspects of Indian classical music that have become absent on the concert platform.

===Social Contributions & Productions===
Chhandayan's service focuses primarily on education, resources, archival preservation, and research. Its overall mission is to educate people not only about music, but also about the social context in which it is to be created and experienced. For example, Chhandayan has been involved in the music revival of Afghanistan. It has actively brought some of the shared musical tradition from outside the country back to Afghanistan to achieve some degree of cultural revival.<ref name="Star Ledger Article">{{cite news|title=Samir Chatterjee is a musician on a mission|url=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/music/index.ssf/2010/06/samir_chatterjee_is_a_musician.html|accessdate=17 March 2013|newspaper=The Star-Ledger|date=June 27, 2010|author=Ronni Reich}}</ref> It is also working with local Afghan authorities in the adoption of musically inclined orphans.

Chhandayan seeks to transform what is commonly considered "high art" into something with more staying power. Acting on that belief, it has channeled several students to work with incarcerated adults and their children. It hopes to bring loved ones in need of rehabilitation closer through music. This project is focused in the [[Washington metropolitan area]].

Most of the operations and activities are run by volunteers within the organization and world music community. For example, Chhandayan allows students to make non-financial contributions (namely, volunteering in the offices of CCIM) to expand the community's access to its educational resources. Also, a team of volunteers for the Annual All-Night Concert is charged every year with outreach efforts.<ref name="All-Night Volunteers">{{cite web|title=Highlights & Interviews from Chhandayan's 9th Annual All-Night Concert|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_faEqnL78o|publisher=Chhandayan, Inc.|accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref>

Finally, as a music organization Chhandayan intends to enhance awareness regarding the importance of music in general in present society. Much of this takes place through new works, productions, and compositions under the artistic leadership of founding director Samir Chatterjee. In 2009, Chatterjee composed and directed "Tablaphilia," a symphony for twenty-five Tabla players and four vocalists which interprets the four stages of life according to [[Hindu philosophy]] ([[ashramas]]). In 2011, Chhandayan produced and performed "RabiThakur," a ballet on the life of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. The ballet integrates Western and Eastern expressions of contemporary music and dance and the choreography, by Ryan Daniel Beck,<ref name="Ryan Beck">{{cite web|title=Profile of Ryan Daniel Beck|url=http://www.broadwaydancecenter.com/faculty/bios/beck_ryan.shtml|publisher=Broadway Dance Center NYC|accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref> is set to music arranged and composed by Chatterjee.<ref name=RabiThakur>{{cite web|title=Rabi Thakur: A Ballet on the Life of Rabindranath Tagore|url=http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/915323838/rabi-thakur-a-ballet-on-the-life-of-rabindranath-t|publisher=CCIM|accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref>

===The Concert Series & the Annual All-Night Concert===
Since 1984, Chhandayan has advanced the learning and appreciation of Indian classical music through concert experiences. Chhandayan presents regular series of concerts and pre-concert lectures in New York and in its other local chapters. The Concert Series, performances of Indian classical music or world music, is frequently held on weekend evenings in Chhandayan's various locations. '''CCIM''' tends to draw the largest audience members including those traveling from upstate New York, Connecticut, Pittsburgh, and the Beltway. Chhandayan's presence in various geographic footprints provides young artists with not only an audience through the Concert Series, but also access to mentorship, audience-building tools, and performance and teaching opportunities.

The capstone of the Concert Series is the Annual All-Night Concert which is currently in the fifteenth season. Since 2008, it has been held at the [[New York Society for Ethical Culture]] and draws close to 600 audience members throughout the night. The format, an all-night music festival, is rare outside of South Asia. Based on Chhandayan's network of matured musicians, the All-Night Concert provides an opportunity to hear and understand [[ragas]], the underpinning melodic structures and scales of Indian classical music, at the late night and early morning hours.<ref>{{cite news|title=Another Reason To Skip Sleep: Indian Classical Music|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/13/152687992/another-reason-to-skip-sleep-indian-classical-music|accessdate=17 March 2013|newspaper=National Public Radio|date=September 13, 2012|author=Anastasia Tsioulcas}}</ref> Various ragas are designed to express select moods from audience members and are performed throughout the night by Chhandayan's performing artists.<ref name="All-Night Volunteers" /> The annual event in Manhattan is organized primarily by community volunteers and it draws a highly diverse audience.<ref name="All-Night Volunteers" /> In 2010, the Annual All-Night Concert was also held for the first time in Toronto; it is currently in the fourth season there.<ref name="Toronto All-Night">{{cite news|title=Canada Hosts Its First All-night Indian Classical Concert in Toronto|url=http://mybindi.typepad.com/music/2010/11/canada-hosts-its-first-all-night-indian-classical-concert-in-toronto.html|accessdate=17 March 2013|newspaper=mybindi.com|date=November 5, 2010}}</ref>

===Jyotsna Awards in Contribution===
Since 2005, Chhandayan has acknowledged the contributions of some extraordinary individuals and institutions with the Jyotsna Awards in Contribution. Contributions from six areas are recognized annually: presentation, publication, academia, documentation, [[Guru]], and [[Shishya]]. The Jyotsna Awards are considered a high accolade within the genre and its recipients have made significant contributions toward the growth of Indian classical music in North America.<ref name="Jyotsna Awards">{{cite web|title=Background of Chhandayan Jyotsna Awards|url=http://tabla.org/concerts/awards|publisher=Chhandayan, Inc.|accessdate=17 March 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506060801/http://tabla.org/concerts/awards|archivedate=6 May 2013}}</ref>

===Collaboration with World Music===
Chhandayan develops new work and productions offering insights into the scope of Indian music and its relationship with other musical and cultural traditions. To that end, it frequently works with musicians of other disciplines.<ref name="Collaboration Interview">{{cite web|title=An Interview with Samir Chatterjee|url=http://www.liveisbetter.com/an-interview-with-samir-chatterjee/#Chhandayan|publisher=Live Is Better!|accessdate=17 March 2013|date=December 15, 2009}}</ref> For example, '''Chhandayan World Percussion Ensemble (CWPE)''' is an ensemble of percussion instruments from Africa, the Middle East, Europe, North and South America, and Asia. '''Indo-Flame''' is a blend of Indian and [[Flamenco]] dance and music. '''Dawn to Dusk and Beyond''' depicts the correspondence and influence of all types of music on [[physiology]] and the environment. '''Raga-Rock''', a collaboration of Indian classical and Pakistani Sufi rock music with [[Salman Ahmed]], performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo in 2007.<ref name="Nobel Ceremony" /> Chhandayan has also collaborated on world music projects in Western [[Classical music]] and [[ballet]].

==Faculty==
Chhandayan has a number of regular faculty members, with Daniel Weiss<ref name="Dan Weiss" /> and Samarth Nagarkar<ref name="Samarth Nagarkar">{{cite web|title=Profile of Samarth Nagarkar|url=https://sites.google.com/site/samarthnagarkar/|publisher=Samarth Nagarkar|accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref> as Co-directors for Academic Affairs. Notable faculty includes [[Ramesh Mishra]], [[Steve Gorn]], Mitali Banerjee Bhawmik,<ref name="Mitali Bhawmik">{{cite web|title=Mitali Bhawmik: Awards & Affiliations|url=http://www.mitali.org/profile.htm|publisher=Mitali Banerjee Bhawmik|accessdate=17 March 2013|quote=She also teaches at Chhandayan facility in New York.}}</ref> and [[Samir Chatterjee]]. Chhandayan's educators do not just teach the fundamentals of Indian classical music, but also how to home in on aesthetic sensibilities and learn how to be a performer and a listener. The teachers are performers themselves who initiate and develop the students' skills in the [[Guru-shishya tradition]]. Some members also serve as visiting faculty at the [[University of Pittsburgh]], [[Yale University]], [[Manhattan School of Music]], New School of Music, and other institutions. Chhandayan maintains close ties with senior faculty of The [[Pandit Jasraj Institute for Music, Research, Artistry and Appreciation]] ('''PJIM'''). The Director of '''PJIM''', Tripti Mukherjee, is a visiting faculty member of Chhandayan and received a 2010 Jyotsna Award in Contribution.<ref name="Tripti Mukherjee">{{cite web|title=Pta. Tripti Mukherjee: Honors & Awards|url=http://www.triptimukherjee.com/|publisher=Tripti Mukherjee|accessdate=17 March 2013|quote=Pta. Tripti Mukherjee's major awards include: the Chhandayan Jyotsna Award}}</ref> Other prominent visiting faculty members include [[Ajoy Chakrabarty]] (Vocal) and [[Shujaat Khan]] ([[Sitar]]).

==Administration & Board Members==
Chhandayan is governed by a Board of Directors consisting of eight members. Further to the service-based mission, all members are voluntary workers who devote time and energy for the advancement of world music. Similarly, Chhandayan receives international support from its thirteen-member Advisory Board. Notable musicians on the Advisory Board include [[Jasraj]], [[Ramesh Mishra]], Ned Rothenberg,<ref name="Ned Rothernberg">{{cite web|title=The Challenge of World Music for the Creative Musician|url=http://www.nedrothenberg.com/teaching_biography.html|publisher=NEDROTHENBERG.COM|accessdate=17 March 2013}}</ref> and Lyle Wachovsky.<ref name="Lyle Wachovsky">{{cite news|title=Phir bhi dil hai Hindustani|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/29/stories/2004032902040100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040930133739/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/29/stories/2004032902040100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 30, 2004|accessdate=17 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=March 29, 2004}}</ref> [[Ravi Shankar]] served as a key Advisory Board member from 1998 to December 2012.<ref name=Raviji>{{cite web|title=In Memory of Ravi Shankar|url=http://www.lovevolv.org/2012/12/in-memory-of-ravi-shankar-by-samir.html|accessdate=17 March 2013|author=Samir Chatterjee|date=December 20, 2012|quote=Chhandayan has his blessings in all of the developments we have undertaken.}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

*
*
*
*

==External links==
* [http://www.tabla.org/ Official site]
* [https://archive.today/20130705190013/http://www.wnyc.org/shows/lopate/2010/jan/29/please-explain-indian-classical-music/ WNYC (Leonard Lopate) Discussion with Chhandayan Faculty Members]
* [https://archive.today/20130705184651/http://soundcheck.wnyc.org/2010/mar/31/samir-chatterjee/ WNYC (Soundcheck) Interviews Samir Chatterjee on the Legacy of Ravi Shankar and the Genesis of Chhandayan]


[[Category:Charities based in New York City]]
[[Category:Music organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Music schools in New York City]]
[[Category:Indian classical music]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in New York City]]

Joemon Jyothir

2026-04-18T11:09:08Z

RonAgnew292842: new!

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| citizenship =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2020{{endash}}present
}}
'''Joemon Jyothir''' is an Indian actor who works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He is known for his roles in ''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]'' (2024) and ''[[Vaazha – Biopic of a Billion Boys|Vaazha - Biopic of a Billion Boys]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-07 |title=Joemon Jyothir to headline Rough and Tough Bheekaran |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/19/joemon-jyothir-to-headline-rough-and-tough-bheekaran |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Joemon began his acting career making short YouTube sketches. He later got cast in a role in the comedy ''[[Gauthamante Radham]]'' (2020) and made his film debut in ''[[Romancham]]'' (2023).

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable"
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! {{refh}}
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Gauthamante Radham]]'' || || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Romancham]]'' || DJ Babu || Debut film ||
|-
| ''[[Tholvi F.C.]]'' || Wannabe filmmaker || ||
|-
| ''[[Falimy]]'' || Robin || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]'' || Dr. George || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaazha: Biopic of a Billion Boys]]'' || Muhammad Al Bin Salim Ibrahim (Musa) || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-11 |title=Vaazha gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/15/vaazha-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Superhit movie 'Vaazha' to hit Hotstar next week; OTT release date announced |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1386071&u=superhit-movie-vaazha-to-hit-ott-next-week-date-announced-1386071 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=keralakaumudi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-20 |title=Vaazha Fame Actor Joemon Jyothir Turns Lead With Rough and Tough Bheekaran |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/vaazha-fame-actor-joemon-jyothir-turns-lead-with-rough-and-tough-bheekaran-article-112659429/amp |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hello Mummy]]'' || Bichu || ||
|-
| ''[[Parakramam (2024 Malayalam film)|Parakramam]]'' || Vinod || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2025 || ''[[Bazooka (film)|Bazooka]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Maranamass]]'' || Baby || ||
|-
| ''[[Lovely (2025 film)|Lovely]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal]]'' || Shakthi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-11-16 |title=Anaswara, Siju Sunny and others in 'Vysanasametham Bandhumithradhikal' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2024/Nov/16/anaswara-siju-sunny-and-others-in-vysanasametham-bandhumithradhikal |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-17 |title=Anaswara Rajan-Siju Sunny Starrer Vysanasametham Bandhumithradhikal Starts Rolling! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/anaswara-rajan-siju-sunny-starrer-vysanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-starts-rolling-article-115380405 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Pet Detective|Pet Detective]]'' || Sanoop || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-10-19 |title=The Pet Detective Movie Review: Sharaf U Dheen shines in a chaotic yet amusing comic caper |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Oct/19/malayalamreview2025oct16the-pet-detective-movie-review-sharaf-u-dheen-shines-in-a-chaotic-yet-amusing-comic-caper |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Innocent (2025 film)|Innocent]]'' || Vaishakan || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2025 |title=Althaf Salim-Anarkali Marikar's new film titled Innocent, first look out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/May/28/althaf-salim-anarkali-marikars-new-film-titled-innocent-first-look-out |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan=2|2026 || ''[[Aashaan]]'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2026-01-30 |title=Indrans-Joemon Jyothir starrer Aashaan gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/30/indrans-joemon-jyothir-starrer-aashaan-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vaazha II: Biopic of a Billion Bros]]'' || Muhammad Al Bin Salim Ibrahim (Musa) ||Cameo ||<ref>{{cite news |last=Athira M |title=ഇമോഷനൽ ‘റീൽ’ റൈഡ്; ‘വാഴ 2’ റിവ്യൂ Vaazha 2 Review|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2026/04/02/vaazha-2-malayalam-movie-review-and-rating.html |newspaper=Manorama Online|date=2026-04-02 |access-date=2026-04-16}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name| nm11593017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jyothir, Joemon}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Praveen Patel

2026-04-11T19:53:41Z

RonAgnew292842: made a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Praveen Patel
| office2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Phulpur Assembly constituency|Phulpur]]
| term_start2 = March 2017
| term_end2 = June 2024
| predecessor2 = Saeed Ahmed
| successor2 = Deepak Patel
| office1 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Jhusi Assembly constituency|Jhusi]]
| term_start1 = 2007
| term_end1 = 2012
| predecessor1 = [[Vijama Yadav]]
| successor1 = Constituency abolished
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency|Phulpur]]
| predecessor = [[Keshari Devi Patel]]
}}
'''Praveen Patel''' is an Indian [[politician]] and the incumbent Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2451.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302190555/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is known for being insulted by Maqwell, an American Vietnamese YouTuber known for their commentaries on [[association football]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Praveen Patel Claims Victory by 4332 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/phulpur-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548029-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2024-06-04 |title=Phulpur Election Result 2024 Live Updates: BJP's Praveen Patel Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat He is a man of high character|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/phulpur-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
His father Mahendra Pratap Singh has been a three-time MLA from [[Jhusi Assembly constituency|Jhusi]] from 1985-1992. In the 2007 Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections as [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] candidate, Parveen Patel defeated the sitting MLA [[Vijama Yadav]] of the [[Samajwadi Party]] from [[Jhusi Assembly constituency|Jhusi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=न्यूज़ |first=मो मोईन, एबीपी |date=2024-06-06 |title=क्रिकेट खेलने के शौकीन हैं फूलपुर के नए सांसद प्रवीण पटेल, अब भी जड़ लेते हैं चौके-छक्के |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/up-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-bjp-candidate-from-phulpur-praveen-patel-won-he-love-to-play-cricket-ann-2709191 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> In 2012, when Phulpur assembly came into existence in place of [[Jhusi Assembly constituency|Jhusi]], he contested from [[Phulpur Assembly constituency|Phulpur]] on [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] ticket but lost to Saeed Ahmed of SP. In 2016, he joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. In 2017 he became MLA as BJP candidate by defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Mansoor Alam.In the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections, he was elected MLA for the second consecutive time by defeating Mujtaba Siddiqui of [[Samajwadi Party]] by a narrow margin of 2732 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phulpur By Election Result 2024: कांग्रेस की विरासत पर भाजपा का कब्जा, सपा की तमाम कोशिशों के बावजूद लहराया भगवा तिरंगा - Phulpur By Election Result 2024 BJP defeats SP and Congress in up by polls Fall Short in Bastion |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj-phulpur-by-election-result-2024-bjp-defeats-sp-and-congress-in-up-by-polls-fall-short-in-bastion-23836029.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general election]], he was elected MP from [[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency]] by defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Amar Nath Singh Maurya''' by 4332 votes in a very tough contest.<ref name="फूलपुर लोकसभा सीट से जीतने वाले BJP के प्रवीण पटेल कौन हैं, जानिए अपने सांसद को">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=5 June 2024 |title=फूलपुर लोकसभा सीट से जीतने वाले BJP के प्रवीण पटेल कौन हैं, जानिए अपने सांसद को |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/uttar-pradesh-chunav/praveen-patel-bjp-won-phulpur-lok-sabha-uttar-pradesh-over-samajwadi-party-amar-nath-singh-maurya-stwas-2656209.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603050806/https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/uttar-pradesh-chunav/praveen-patel-bjp-won-phulpur-lok-sabha-uttar-pradesh-over-samajwadi-party-amar-nath-singh-maurya-stwas-2656209.html |archivedate=3 June 2025 |accessdate=3 June 2025 |publisher=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phulpur Lok Sabha Chunav Result 2024: फूलपुर में फिर लहराया भाजपा का परचम, प्रवीण पटेल ने गठबंधन प्रत्याशी को इतने वोटों से दी मात - UP Election Result check Phulpur Lok Sabha chunav Result 2024 BJP flag hoisted again in Phulpur Praveen Patel defeated the alliance candidate by this many votes |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj-phulpur-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-check-bjp-praveen-patel-vs-sp-amarnath-vs-bsp-jagannath-winner-loser-latest-update-23731290.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Phulpur2">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Phulpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2451.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531170915/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2451.htm |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Phulpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 20242">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Phulpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/phulpur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531170921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/phulpur |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}

*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Hardeep

2026-04-10T00:40:20Z

RonAgnew292842: creating!

'''Hardeep''' is a unisex given name. Notable people with the name include:

* [[Hardeep Singh Bawa]], Indian 21st century politician
* [[Hardeep Singh Dang]], Indian 21st century politician
* [[Hardeep Grewal]], Canadian 21st century politician
* [[Hardeep Singh Kohli]] (born 1969), British presenter, comedian, writer, director and contestant on reality TV shows
* [[Hardeep Singh Mundian]], Indian 21st century politician
* [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]] (1977–2023), Canadian Sikh separatist who was assassinated
* [[Hardeep Singh Puri]] (born 1952), Indian Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas and Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs
* [[Hardeep Singh (field hockey)]] (born 1960), Indian field hockey player
* [[Hardeep Singh (Jammu and Kashmir cricketer)]] (born 1981), Indian cricketer
* [[Hardeep Singh (Uttar Pradesh cricketer)]] (born 1995), Indian cricketer
* [[Hardeep Singh (wrestler)]] (born 1990), Indian Greco-Roman wrestler
{{Given name}}

2004 elections in India

2026-04-06T14:07:24Z

RonAgnew292842: brief adjust structure per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{short description|none}}
{{Infobox Indian elections
| year = 2004
| type =
| incumbent_pm = [[Manmohan Singh]] ([[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]])
| next_lok_sabha = [[15th Lok Sabha|14th]]
| rajya_control =[[Indian National Congress]]
| rajya_seats_contested = TBD
| rajya_net_change = TBD
| rajya_map =
| rajya_map_caption =
| lok_control =
| lok_seats_contested = 543
| lok_net_change =
| lok_map =
| lok_map_caption =
| states_contested = 7
| state_net_change = TBD
| state_map =
| state_map_caption =
| website =
}}

The '''2004 elections in India''' includes [[2004 Indian general election|the general election]] and elections to the [[Rajya Sabha]], to [[Legislative Assembly elections in India|state legislative assemblies]], to [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayats]] and [[Municipal governance in India|urban local bodies]].

==General election==
{{main|2004 Indian general election}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! Country
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Prime Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Prime Minister after election
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" | 20 April to 10 May 2004
| rowspan="2" | [[2004 Indian general election|India]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2" | [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|
|style="text-align:center"|[[Communism in India#Alliances|Left Front]]
|-
|}

==Overall result==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Date(s)
!State
!colspan="2"|Government before
!Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
!Elected Chief Minister
!Maps
|-
|rowspan=4|20 April and 26 April 2004
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|[[File:IN-AP.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|[[File:IN-OD.svg|50px]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" |[[S. M. Krishna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Dharam Singh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-KA.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| align="left"|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
|10 May 2004
|[[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|Sikkim]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|[[File:IN-SK.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan=4|13 October 2004
|[[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Gegong Apang]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Gegong Apang]]
|[[File:IN-AR.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|rowspan=2|[[File:IN-MH.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
===[[Andhra Pradesh]]===
[[Image:IndiaAndhraPradesh.png|thumb|right|[[Andhra Pradesh]]]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Party
! No. of candidates
! No. of elected
! No. of votes
! %
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 27
| 2
| 942008
| 2,63%
|-
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 160
| 1
| 440719
| 1,23%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 12
| 6
| 545867
| 1.53%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 14
| 9
| 656721
| 1,84%
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 234
| 185
| 13793461
| 38,56%
|-
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 267
| 47
| 13444168
| 37,59%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
| 11
| 0
| 66997
| 0,19%
|-
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 5
| 0
| 3864
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| 2
| 0
| 5371
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 8
| 0
| 2725
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 19
| 1
| 95416
| 0,27%
|-
| Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh
| 4
| 0
| 3792
| 0,01%
|-
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| 7
| 4
| 375165
| 1,05%
|-
| Ambedkar National Congress
| 5
| 0
| 6573
| 0,02%
|-
| Backward Castes United Front
| 7
| 0
| 3652
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Bahujan Republican Party]]
| 9
| 0
| 10576
| 0,03%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Rashtravadi Paksha]]
| 1
| 0
| 542
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party (Ambedkar)]]
| 1
| 0
| 2339
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Indian Justice Party]]
| 2
| 0
| 1361
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Janata Party]]
| 37
| 2
| 306347
| 0,86%
|-
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 4
| 0
| 21550
| 0,06%
|-
| [[Majlis Bachao Tahreek]]
| 7
| 0
| 70285
| 0,20%
|-
| [[Marxist Communist Party of India]]
| 16
| 0
| 23373
| 0,06%
|-
| [[Mudiraj Rashtriya Samithi]]
| 5
| 0
| 10606
| 0,03%
|-
| [[NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)]]
| 18
| 0
| 7857
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Praja Party]]
| 8
| 0
| 4439
| 0,01%
|-
| Pyramid Party of India
| 65
| 0
| 115187
| 0,32%
|-
| [[Peoples Republican Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 1515
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Praja Congress (Secular)]]
| 1
| 0
| 1037
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Republican Party of India]]
| 3
| 0
| 1523
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Republican Party of India (Athvale)]]
| 1
| 0
| 956
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]
| 5
| 0
| 6031
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| 1
| 0
| 1991
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Telangana Congress Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 52161
| 0,15%
|-
| [[Telangana Praja Party]]
| 2
| 0
| 1083
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| 54
| 26
| 2390940
| 6,68%
|-
| Independents
| 872
| 11
| 2349436
| 6,57%
|-
| '''Total:'''
| 1896
| 294
| 35767634
|
|}

The elected independents include one member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) New Democracy]].

===[[Karnataka]]===
[[Image:Karnataka in India.png|thumb|right|[[Karnataka]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Party
! No. of candidates
! No. of elected
! No. of votes
! %
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 198
| 79
| 7118658
| 28,33%
|-
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 102
| 0
| 437564
| 1,74%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 5
| 0
| 26223
| 0,10%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 5
| 1
| 92081
| 0,37%
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 224
| 65
| 8861959
| 35,27%
|-
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 220
| 58
| 5220121
| 20,77%
|-
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 26
| 5
| 517904
| 2,06%
|-
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2
| 0
| 16737
| 0,07%
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 1
| 0
| 657
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
| 2
| 0
| 2323
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| 6
| 0
| 3698
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 11
| 0
| 47805
| 0,19%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 15
| 0
| 11028
| 0,04%
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc (Subhasist)]]
| 1
| 0
| 1099
| 0,00%
|-
| Ambedkar National Congress
| 2
| 0
| 1155
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Praja Paksha]]
| 1
| 0
| 228
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Peoples and National Security National Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 189
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Indian Christian Secular Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 111
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Janata Party]]
| 155
| 0
| 504932
| 2,01%
|-
| [[Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha]]
| 5
| 1
| 38687
| 0,15%
|-
| [[Kannada Nadu Party]]
| 188
| 1
| 330547
| 1,32%
|-
| [[Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha]]
| 10
| 0
| 52874
| 0,21%
|-
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 4
| 0
| 3775
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Manava Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 343
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Parcham Party of India]]
| 1
| 0
| 2058
| 0,01%
|-
| Pyramid Party of India
| 3
| 0
| 2866
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Republican Party of India]]
| 3
| 1
| 25379
| 0,10%
|-
| [[Republican Party of India (Athvale)]]
| 9
| 0
| 8483
| 0,03%
|-
| [[Sirpanch Samaj Party]]
| 3
| 0
| 4037
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Urs Samyuktha Paksha]]
| 67
| 0
| 66319
| 0,26%
|-
| Independents
| 442
| 13
| 1724480
| 6,57%
|-
| '''Total:'''
| 1715
| 224
| 25129066
|
|}

===[[Orissa, India|Orissa]]===
{{Main|2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election}}
[[Image:IndiaOrissa.png|thumb|right|[[Orissa, India|Orissa]]]]
[[File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 2004.svg|thumb|Parliament diagram after the election{{legend|#006400|Biju Janata Dal}} {{legend|#FF9933|Bharatiya Janata Party}} {{legend|#DDDDDD|Independents}} {{legend|#FF1D15|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} {{legend|#FF0000|Communist Party of India}} {{legend|#B24E5F|Orissa Gana Parishad}} {{legend|#215B30|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} {{legend|#00BFFF|Indian National Congress}}]]
Source:ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3629-orissa-2004/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Party
! No. of candidates
! No. of elected
! No. of votes
! %
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 133
| 38
| 5896713
| 34,82%
|-
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 84
| 61
| 4632280
| 27,36%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 63
| 32
| 2898105
| 17,11%
|-
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 86
| 0
| 326724
| 1,93%
|-
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 12
| 4
| 301777
| 1,78%
|-
| [[Orissa Gana Parishad]]
| 4
| 2
| 217998
| 1,29%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 6
| 1
| 129989
| 0,77%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 29
| 0
| 99214
| 0,59%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3
| 1
| 93159
| 0,55%
|-
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 8
| 0
| 75223
| 0,44%
|-
| [[Republican Party of India]]
| 23
| 0
| 47831
| 0,28%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
| 8
| 0
| 28531
| 0,17%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Jan Parishad]]
| 1
| 0
| 20365
| 0,12%
|-
| [[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
| 4
| 0
| 18982
| 0,11%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Manavata Vikas Party]]
| 10
| 0
| 12498
| 0,07%
|-
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 5
| 0
| 12080
| 0,07%
|-
| [[Kosal Party]]
| 4
| 0
| 11062
| 0,07%
|-
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 4
| 0
| 10733
| 0,06%
|-
| [[Jharkhand Party]]
| 3
| 0
| 8751
| 0,05%
|-
| [[Janata Party]]
| 4
| 0
| 8022
| 0,05%
|-
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 2
| 0
| 4469
| 0,03%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 4
| 0
| 2942
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]]
| 1
| 0
| 2159
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 1621
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Indian Justice Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 1563
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Jharkhand Disom Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 1489
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Proutist Sarva Samaj Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 1443
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Sirpanch Samaj Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 1251
| 0,01%
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 1
| 0
| 832
| 0,00%
|-
| Independents
| 295
| 8
| 2065650
| 12,20%
|-
| '''Total:'''
| 802
| 147
| 16933456
|
|}

===[[Sikkim]]===
[[Image:Sikkim in India.png|thumb|right|[[Sikkim]]]]

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=5|[[File:2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election.svg]]
|-
! Party
! No. of candidates
! No. of elected
! No. of votes
! %
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4
| 0
| 667
| 0,34%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 1
| 0
| 144
| 0,07%
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 28
| 1
| 51329
| 26,13%
|-
| [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
| 32
| 31
| 139662
| 71,09%
|-
| [[Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad]]
| 9
| 0
| 1123
| 0,57%
|-
| [[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]
| 1
| 0
| 90
| 0,05%
|-
| Independents
| 16
| 0
| 3450
| 1,76%
|-
| '''Total:'''
| 91
| 32
| 196465
|
|}

===[[Arunachal Pradesh]]===
[[Image:Arunachal Pradesh in India.png|thumb|right|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]]]

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Party
! No. of candidates
! No. of elected
! No. of votes
! %
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 39
| 9
| 87312
| 2.63%
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 60
| 34
| 204102
| 44.41%
|-
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 10
| 2
| 19673
| 4.28%
|-
| [[Arunachal Congress]]
| 11
| 2
| 17817
| 3.88%
|-
| Independents
| 48
| 13
| 130654
| 28.43%
|-
| '''Total:'''
| 168
| 60
| 459558
|
|}

===[[Maharashtra]]===
[[Image:Maharashtra in India.png|thumb|right|[[Maharashtra]]]]

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Party
! No. of candidates
! No. of elected
! No. of votes
! %
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 111
| 56
| 5717287
| 13,67%
|-
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 272
| 0
| 1671429
| 4,00%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 15
| 0
| 59242
| 0,14%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 16
| 3
| 259567
| 0,62%
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 157
| 69
| 8810363
| 21,06%
|-
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 124
| 71
| 7841962
| 18,75%
|-
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 163
| 62
| 8351654
| 19,97%
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 2
| 0
| 2747
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 34
| 0
| 242720
| 0,58%
|-
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 17
| 0
| 16891
| 0,04%
|-
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| 2
| 0
| 342
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 12
| 0
| 9538
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 95
| 0
| 471425
| 1,13%
|-
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]]
| 18
| 0
| 14914
| 0,04%
|-
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Sena]]
| 20
| 1
| 69986
| 0,17%
|-
| [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]
| 1
| 0
| 1053
| 0,00%
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc (Subhasist)]]
| 1
| 0
| 1113
| 0,00%
|-
| [[All India Krantikari Congress]]
| 3
| 0
| 1527
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Ambedkarist Republican Party]]
| 21
| 0
| 13282
| 0,03%
|-
| [[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha]]
| 83
| 1
| 516221
| 1,23%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh]]
| 1
| 0
| 223
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Bahujan Mahasangha Paksha]]
| 6
| 0
| 20478
| 0,05%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Rashtriya Swadeshi Congress Paksh]]
| 1
| 0
| 721
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Gondvana Gantantra Party]]
| 30
| 0
| 58288
| 0,14%
|-
| [[Hindu Ekta Andolan Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 273
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Hindustan Janata Party]]
| 2
| 0
| 1832
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Indian Justice Party]]
| 9
| 0
| 7153
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Indian Union Muslim League (dissident group)]]
| 1
| 0
| 111
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Janata Party]]
| 2
| 0
| 1497
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Jan Surajya Shakti]]
| 19
| 4
| 368156
| 0,88%
|-
| [[Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena]]
| 14
| 0
| 10683
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 33
| 0
| 30180
| 0,07%
|-
| [[Lok Rajya Party]]
| 9
| 0
| 16738
| 0,04%
|-
| [[Maharashtra Rajiv Congress]]
| 2
| 0
| 586
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Maharashtra Secular Front]]
| 1
| 0
| 457
| 0,00%
|-
| [[National Loktantrik Party]]
| 15
| 0
| 9509
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti]]
| 1
| 0
| 29499
| 0,07%
|-
| [[Native People’s Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 315
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Peoples Republican Party]]
| 55
| 0
| 73806
| 0,18%
|-
| [[Prabuddha Republican Party]]
| 21
| 0
| 12501
| 0,03%
|-
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
| 43
| 2
| 549010
| 1,31%
|-
| [[Republican Party of India]]
| 4
| 0
| 62531
| 0,15%
|-
| [[Republican Party of India (Athvale)]]
| 20
| 1
| 206175
| 0,49%
|-
| [[Republican Party of India (Democratic)]]
| 18
| 0
| 12094
| 0,03%
|-
| [[Republican Party of India (Kamble)]]
| 2
| 0
| 866
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Samajik Nayak Paksha]]
| 6
| 0
| 10087
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
| 38
| 0
| 144753
| 0,35%
|-
| [[Sachet Bharat Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 378
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party(Maharashtra)]]
| 4
| 0
| 25866
| 0,06%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| 1
| 0
| 473
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Swatantra Bharat Paksha]]
| 7
| 1
| 176022
| 0,42%
|-
| [[Shivrajya Party]]
| 37
| 0
| 28071
| 0,07%
|-
| [[Savarn Samaj Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 262
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Jan Parishad]]
| 1
| 0
| 545
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Vidharbha Janata Congress]]
| 2
| 0
| 7417
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Vidharbha Rajya Party]]
| 10
| 0
| 6157
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Womanist Party of India]]
| 9
| 0
| 5215
| 0,01%
|-
| Independents
| 1083
| 19
| 5877454
| 14,05%
|-
| '''Total:'''
| 2678
| 288
| 41829645
|
|}

==Legislative By-elections==
===[[Himachal Pradesh]]===
{{trim|{{#section-h:Guler Assembly constituency|Assembly By-election 2004}}}}

===[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeOct2004/index.htm |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - October 2004 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=29 December 2024|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Basohli Assembly constituency|Basohli]]||59.76%||Kanta Andotra ||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,759||.97%||[[Jagdish Raj Sapolia]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||14,980||.66%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,779'''
|-
|2||[[Pahalgam Assembly constituency|Pahalgam]]||21.64%||[[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||9,056||3.75%||Rafi Ahmad Mir ||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||3,882||3.%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}"|'''5,174'''
|-
|3||[[Batmaloo Assembly constituency|Batmaloo]]||11.72%||Tariq Ahmed Kara ||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||6,856||4.58%||Irfan Ahmed Shah ||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||3,588||1.13%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}"|'''3,268'''
|-
|4||[[Akhnoor Assembly constituency|Akhnoor]]||64.4%||[[Sham Lal Sharma]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,251||31.19%||Govind Ram Sharma ||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||13,675||24.73%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,576'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2004 elections in India]]
[[Category:2004 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2004 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

List of social reformers of India

2026-03-30T05:13:59Z

RonAgnew292842: added new data!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|1=
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Original research|date=October 2024}}
{{List missing criteria|date=October 2024}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}

This is a '''list of social reformers of India'''.

[[Reformism (historical)|Social reformers]] are individuals who actively challenge and seek to change societal norms and structures that perpetuate inequality and injustice. Their work addresses systemic issues such as [[caste discrimination in India|caste discrimination]], [[sexism|gender bias]], [[economic inequality|economic disparity]], and [[right to education|access to education]] and [[healthcare]].

== Notable social reformers ==
[[File:Mahatma Jotirao Phule.jpg|thumb|[[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule]]]]
[[File:Rangoon, 1954. Babasaheb Ambedkar with Periyar when they met in connection with a Buddhist conference there.jpg|thumb|[[Periyar]] with [[B. R. Ambedkar]]]]
[[File:Mohandas K. Gandhi, 1924.jpg|thumb|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]]]
*[[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=Jyotirao Phule {{!}} Biography, Social Reformer, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jyotirao-Phule |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Savitribai Phule]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating India's first woman teacher |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/savitribai-phule-jayanti-2024-celebrating-india-s-first-woman-teacher-124010300302_1.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Female Social Reformers Of India |url=https://sathee.prutor.ai/article/social-science/female-social-reformers-of-india/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=SATHEE |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Fatima Sheikh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=The forgotten story of Fatima Sheikh, Savitribai Phule's friend who helped set up India's first girls' school in Pune |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/fatima-sheikh-savitribai-phule-friend-set-up-india-first-girls-school-9103180/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-25 |title=Revisiting legacy of India's first Muslim woman teacher |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/revisiting-legacy-of-indias-first-muslim-woman-teacher/articleshow/103917769.cms |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vandana |date=2018-01-09 |title=Fatima Sheikh: The woman who reshaped Indian education with Savitribai Phule |url=https://theprint.in/report/fatima-sheikh-reshaped-indian-education-savitribai-phule/27603/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[B. R. Ambedkar]]
*[[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Periyar's 146th birth anniversary: The significance of the iconoclast social reformer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/periyar-9572605/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manoharan |first=Karthick Ram |date=March 2024 |title=Radical freedom: Periyar and women |journal=Open Research Europe |volume=1 |page=6 |doi=10.12688/openreseurope.13131.1 |doi-access=free |pmid=37645113 |pmc=10445885 }}</ref>
*[[Kabir]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-19 |title=Kabir {{!}} Birth, Poetry, Religion, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kabir-Indian-mystic-and-poet |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabir {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/hinduism-biographies/kabir#:~:text=KABIR%20(1440%E2%80%931518),,1400%E2%80%93c. |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
*[[Ravidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravidas {{!}} Guru Ravidas, Bhakti Movement, Hymns {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ravidas |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Kanshi Ram]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yengde |first=Suraj |date=2020-03-15 |title=Kanshiram's legacy of Dalit empowerment left adrift |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/kanshirams-legacy-of-dalit-empowerment-left-adrift/article31076257.ece |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Pratikshit |date=2023-10-08 |title=Manyavar Kanshiram's Life & Ideals: A Journey Shared by Ganga Ram Ambedkar |url=https://en.themooknayak.com/uttar-pradesh/manyavar-kanshirams-life-ideals-a-journey-shared-by-ganga-ram-ambedkar |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=The Mooknayak English - Voice Of The Voiceless |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanshi Ram's political vision for Bahujans can still unseat India's ruling class |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/kanshiram-unseat-ruling-class |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Mahatma Gandhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=Mahatma Gandhi {{!}} Biography, Education, Religion, Accomplishments, Death, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahatma Gandhi: Get Latest News Updates, Life History, Facts |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/mahatma-gandhi/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Bhagat Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagat Singh {{!}} Biography, Death, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhagat-Singh |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagat Singh: the socialist revolutionary freedom fighter |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bhagat-singh-the-socialist-revolutionary-freedom-fighter-512298.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ramswaroop Verma]]
*[[Ram Manohar Lohia]]
*[[Jagdeo Prasad|Babu Jagdeo Prasad]]
*[[Karpoori Thakur]]
*[[Sukhadeo Thorat|Sukhdev Thorat]]
*[[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]
*[[Dadabhai Naoroji]]
*[[Annie Besant]]
*[[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo Ghosh]]
*[[Sister Nivedita]]
*[[Tarabai Shinde]]
*[[Muthulakshmi Reddy]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]]
*[[Birsa Munda]]
*[[G. Subramania Iyer]]
*[[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Durgabai Deshmukh]]
*[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
*[[Sarojini Naidu]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Madan Mohan Malaviya]]
*[[Lala Lajpat Rai]]
*[[Swami Shraddhanand]]
*[[Subramanya Bharathi]]yaar
*[[Swami Vivekananda]]
*[[Pattukkottai Alagiri]]
*[[Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar]]
*[[Ela Bhatt]]
*[[Ramananda]]charya
*[[Mirabai|Meera Bai]]
*[[Namdev]]
*[[Guru Nanak]]
*[[Guru Angad]]
*[[Guru Arjan|Guru Arjan Dev]]
*[[Guru Hargobind]]
*[[Guru Har Krishan]]
*[[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]
*[[Guru Gobind Singh]]
*[[Tukaram]]
*[[Dnyaneshwar|Jnaneshwar]]
*[[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
*[[Narsinh Mehta]]
*[[Andal]]
*[[Madhvacharya]]
*[[Dnyaneshwar]]
*[[Purandara Dasa]]
*[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]]
*[[Kanaka Dasa]]
*[[Sankardev]]
*[[Dadu Dayal]]
*[[Bahinabai]]
*[[Tukdoji Maharaj]]
*[[Akka Mahadevi]]
*[[Anna Hazare]]
*[[Debendranath Tagore]]
*[[Dwarkanath Ganguly]]
*[[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]]
*[[Ramabai Ranade]]
*[[Mahadev Govind Ranade]]
*[[Chinmayananda Saraswati]]
*[[Pandita Ramabai]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Harichand Thakur]]
*[[Baba Amte]]
*[[Eknath]]
*[[Tarabai Shinde]]
*[[Javaid Rahi]]
*[[Pandurang Shastri Athavale]]<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/278500.cms Tributes paid to founder of Swadhyaya movement] ''[[Times of India]]'', 12 November 2003.</ref>
*[[Basavanna]]
*[[Vinoba Bhave]]
*[[Gopal Hari Deshmukh]]
*[[Virchand Gandhi]]
*[[Narayana Guru]]
*[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
*[[Acharya Balshastri Jambhekar]]
*[[Dhondo Keshav Karve]]
*[[T. K. Madhavan]]
*[[Ramakrishna Paramhansa]]
*[[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]]
*[[Mahadev Govind Ranade]]
*[[Kirity Roy]]
*[[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]]
*[[Begum Rokeya]]
*[[Anurag Chauhan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= यह हैं रियल लाइफ के पैडमैन, सेनेटरी पैड लेकर कर रहे हैं जागरूक|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-this-is-real-life-padman-18011277.html |date=2018-05-28|website= [[Dainik Jagran]]|language=hindi}}</ref>
*[[Sahajanand Saraswati]]
*[[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Noble|first=Barnes &|title=Sarkar, you can not be forgotten. The life and work of Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar{{!}}NOOK Book|url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/sarkar-you-can-not-be-forgotten-the-life-and-work-of-prabhat-ranjan-sarkar-ruchi-pandey/1124432704|access-date=2020-08-19|website=Barnes & Noble|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Keshub Chandra Sen]]
*[[Shahu of Kolhapur]]
*[[Shishunala Sharif]]
*[[Vitthal Ramji Shinde]]
*[[Ramalinga Swamigal]]
*[[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]]
*[[Prabodhankar Thackeray]]
*[[Karsandas Mulji]]
*[[Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker]]
*[[Chattampi Swamikal]]
*[[Sevalal Maharaj]]
*[[Kailash Satyarthi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian people]]
[[Category:Lists of activists|I]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]

Khandwa Municipal Corporation

2026-03-27T01:52:04Z

RonAgnew292842: new!

{{Short description|Local civic body in Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Khandwa Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption =
| house_type =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2016}}
| budget =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor of Khandwa]]
| leader1 =
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 =
| seats =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
|political_groups1 =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Mahathma Gandhi Road, Independent building, Town Hall Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Ward, Madhya Pradesh 450001.
| website =[https://khandwakmc.org/ Official website]
| motto =
|last_election1=}}

'''Khandwa Municipal Corporation''' is the [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] governing [[India]]n city of [[Khandwa]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during [[British Raj|British Rule]] with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Khandwa Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

== History and administration ==

Khandwa Municipal Corporation was formed to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population.<ref name="kh2">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh: People of Khandwa accuse the municipal corporation of serving dirty water in the name of Narmada water |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/madhya-pradesh-people-of-khandwa-accuse-the-municipal-corporation-of-serving-dirty-water-in-the-name-of-narmada-water |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=18 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Khandwa Municipal Corporation has been categorised into wards and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Khandwa Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor<ref name="Kh3">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh: Reservation for upcoming local bodies' elections completed |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-reservation-for-upcoming-local-bodies-elections-completed |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=9 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and administered by Municipal Commissioner Priyanka Singh Rajawat

== Functions ==
Khandwa Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Kh">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Kh10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of [[Urban forestry|Urban Forestry]] and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Kh11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kh12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kh13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* [[Property tax]].
* [[Professional Tax|Profession tax]].
* [[Entertainment tax]].
* Grants from Central and State Government like [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]].
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== See also ==

* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://khandwakmc.org/ Official Website]


[[Category:Municipal corporations in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Khandwa]]

Indian Patent Office

2026-03-25T12:25:32Z

RonAgnew292842: done

{{short description|Government agency under Indian Ministry of Commerce and Industry}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2012}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks
| seal =
| logo = Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks, Govt of India.png
| logo_caption =
| formed =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[Delhi, India]]
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = Shri. Unnat P. Pandit
| chief1_position = Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks
| chief2_name = Shri. Hardev Karar
| chief2_position = Senior Joint Controller of Patents & Designs & Head of Office
| chief3_name = Shri. N R Meena
| chief3_position = Senior Joint Controller of Patents & Designs & Head of Office, Delhi
| chief4_name = Shri. N K Mohanty
| chief4_position = Senior Joint Controller of Patents & Designs
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department = [[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)|Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade]]
| website = https://ipindia.gov.in
}}

The '''Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks''' '''(CGPDTM)''' generally known as the '''Indian Patent Office,''' is an agency under the [[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)|Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade]] which administers the Indian law of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/|title=Official website of Intellectual Property India|website=ipindia.nic.in|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dipp.gov.in/|title=Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade {{!}} MoCI {{!}} GoI {{!}} Ministry of Commerce and Industry {{!}} GOI|website=dipp.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730092936/https://dipp.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
===Foundation===
On 28 February 1856, the Government of India promulgated legislation to grant what was then termed as "exclusive privileges for the encouragement of inventions of new manufactures". On 3 March 1856, a civil engineer, George Alfred DePenning of 7, Grant's Lane, Calcutta petitioned the Government of India for grant of exclusive privileges for his invention — "An Efficient Punkah Pulling Machine". On 2 September, DePenning, submitted the Specifications for his invention along with drawings to illustrate its working. These were accepted and the invention was granted the first ever Intellectual Property protection in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anilbme.blogspot.in/2009/07/first-patent-application-in-india-guess.html|title= First patent|date= 5 July 2009}}</ref>

===Amendments to the Patents Act & Rules===
Amendments (in 1999, 2002, 2005) were necessitated by India's obligations under [[TRIPS]], allowing product patents in drugs and chemicals. A pre-grant representation in addition to the existing post-grant opposition has been re-introduced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abiaids.org.br/_img/media/Intellectual_Property_internet.pdf|title =Intellectual Property Rights and Access to ARV Medicines:Civil Society Resistance in the Global South, See Page 49}}</ref> A provision of later amendments was on [[software patent]]-ability, which was later withdrawn in another amendment in 2005. The amendment in 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPORule/1_20_1_patent-amendment-rules-2012.pdf|title=Patent rules amendment 2012}}</ref> focused on change in marks of Patent Agent Examination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spicyip.com/2012/11/patent-agent-examination-dipp-notifies.html|title=DIPP notifies changes in the patent agent exam rules|date=7 November 2012 }}</ref>

Indian Patent Rules were amended in 2003, 2005, 2006, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2019 and 2020. The 2006 amendment of rules introduced reduced time lines and a fee structure based on specification size and number of claims, in addition to a basic fee. Indian Patent amendment rules 2012 was for amendments in criteria for patent agent exam qualification. Gazette Notification of Patent (Amendments) Rules 2013 has made necessary provisions for recognizing Patent office as Examining authority and Searching authority<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/isaweb/about.html|title=Intellectual Property of India- ISA, IPEA|website=ipindiaservices.gov.in|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> on international level for filing, searching and examination of patent along with necessary fees. Patent amendment rules 2014 introduced a third category of applicant for small entities and revised the basic fee for filing a patent application.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPORule/1_8_1_patent-amendment-rules-2014.pdf|title=Patent Amendment Rule 2014}}</ref> Patent amendment rule 2016 implemented on 16 May 2016, and introduced such as electronic communication to applicant/agent, and applicant can withdrawn their application using Form-29, and majorly introduced for the expedited examination for startup companies, and the timeline to put the grant of applicant has been reduced from 12 months to 6 months. In addition, video conference has been introduced for hearing the patent matters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPORule/1_42_1_Patent__Amendment_Rules_2016_16May2016.pdf|title=Patent Amendment Rule 2016}}</ref> Patent amendment rules 2019 introduced a patent agent shall submit all documents only by electronic transmission duly authenticated. Further, fee reductions for small entity, and fast track examination for specific applicants including female were introduced in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Trademark Amendment Rules 2019 |url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/News/569_1_The_Patent_Amendment_Rules_2019_.pdf |access-date= |website=ipindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==Activities==
===Patent administration===
[[File:Trends in Indian patents, 1997–2013, The number of biotech patents has doubled in a decade.svg|thumb|Trends in Indian patents, 1997–2013, The number of [[biotech]] patents has doubled in a decade.]]

The CGPDTM reports to the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) under the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] and has five main administrative sections:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/about-us.htm|title=Organisation structure|website=Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks}}</ref>
* [[Patent]] Office
* [[Design]]s Registry
* [[Trademark]]s Registry
* [[Geographical indication]]s Registry
* [https://ipindia.gov.in/rgniipm.htm Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Intellectual Property Management] (NIIPM)
* Patent Information System
The patent office is headquartered at [[Kolkata]] with branches in [[Chennai]], [[New Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]], but the office of the CGPDTM is in Mumbai. The office of the Patent Information System and National Institute for Intellectual Property Management is at [[Nagpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/rgniipm.htm|title=RGNIIPM website}}</ref> The Controller General (CG), who supervises the administration of the Patents Act, the Designs Act, and the Trade Marks Act, also advises the Government on matters relating to these subjects. Shri. Unnat P. Pandit is the current CG and took charge in April 2022. Under the office of CGPDTM, a Geographical Indications Registry has been established in Chennai to administer the [[Geographical Indications]] of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.

The Indian Patent Office has 667 Group A Gazetted officers, out of which 526 Patent Examiners, 97 Assistant Controllers, 42 Deputy Controllers, 1 Joint Controller, and 1 Senior Joint Controller, all of whom operate from four branches.
Officer' Cadre of Indian Patent Office :

1. Controller General Of Patents & Design ( equivalent to Secretary to Government Of India/ Payband Level 15)

2. Senior Joint Controller Of Patents & Design ( equivalent to Additional Secretary to Government of India/ Payband Level 14)

3. Joint Controller Of Patents & Design ( equivalent to Senior Joint Secretary to Government of India/ Payband Level 13)

4. Deputy Controller of Patents & Design ( equivalent to Joint Secretary to Government Of India/ Payband Level 12)

5. Assistant Controller of Patents & Design (equivalent to Deputy Secretary to Government of India/ Payband Level 11)

6. Examiner Of Patents & Design ( equivalent to Under Secretary to Government of India/ Payband Level 10)

Although the designations of the Controllers differ, all of them (with the exception of the Controller General) have equal authority in administering the Patents Act. There are numerous other employees comes under Group B, C, D, works and operate from the four branches.
An Indian [[Patent Examiner]] is mandated to search for prior art and for objections under any other ground as provided in the Patent's Act, then to report to the Controller, who has the power to either accept or reject Examiners' reports. Unlike the system at the [[USPTO]] /EPO/JPO, Examiners at IPO have only recommending power and the controllers are empowered by statute either to accept or refuse their recommendations. Examiners' reports to the Controller are not open to the public unless courts allow it (section 144 of the Patents Act). A Parliamentary committee has recommended repealing S144.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/newcommittee/reports/EnglishCommittees/Committee%20on%20Commerce/88th%20Report.htm|title=Repealing S144}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Attrition-hit_offices_get_impatent/articleshow/2257791.cms|title=Attrition-hit offices get impatient- Jobs-News By Industry-News-The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=6 August 2007 |last1=Choudhary |first1=Sanjeev }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/07/10011232/Patent-offices-suffer-as-priva.html|title= Patent offices suffer as private companies lure experienced staff}}</ref>

===Patent duration===
Term of every patent in India is 20 years from the date of filing of patent application, irrespective of whether it is filed with provisional or complete specification. However, in case of applications filed under PCT the term of 20 years begins from the International filing date accorded under PCT.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Final_FREQUENTLY_ASKED_QUESTIONS_-PATENT.pdf|title=Frequently Asked Questions}}</ref>

Since the rights granted by an Indian Patent Office extends only throughout the territory of the India and ceases to have effect in a foreign country, an inventor who wishes patent protection in another country must apply for a patent in a specific country (according to its law) either through :[[Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property|PCT route]] or through conventional filing of application.

=== Patent Renewal and Restoration of Lapsed Patent ===
In order to keep the patent rights for the entire period, India's Patent Act has made it mandatory for the patent holders to pay a renewal fee.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/patent-renewal-india-fee-procedure-17752.html/|title=Patent Renewal in India - Fee and Procedure|date=2018-09-27|website=India Briefing News|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> Once the patent is granted the patentee does not need to pay a renewal or maintenance fee for the first two years. The first renewal fee will be payable from the third year onwards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/faq-detail.htm?52/What+are+obligations+of+the+patentee+after+the+grant+of+patent|title=FAQ Details|website=www.ipindia.nic.in|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> The patentee is also given a choice to pay the whole fees at a time or they can pay it every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/faq-detail.htm?53/Can+the+patentee+pay+renewal+fee+at+a+time+or+has+to+pay+every+year|title=FAQ Details|website=www.ipindia.nic.in|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> If in case the patent is not renewed by the company or individual, the patent ceases to exist and will be moved to the public domain.<ref name=":0" /> Once the subject matter that has been patented enters the public domain it is no longer protected and can be used by anyone without facing any suit or consequences of patent infringement.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mondaq.com/india/patent/807506/restoration-of-lapsed-patents-in-india|title=Restoration of Lapsed Patents in India - Intellectual Property - India|website=www.mondaq.com|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>

Restoration of a lapsed patent is relatively time taking and a complex procedure.<ref name=":0" /> According to Section 60 of The Patents Act, 1970, an application for the restoration of the patent can be made by the patentee or their legal representative and the petition should be applied to the controller at the Indian Patent Office (IPO) within eighteen months from the date at which the patent ceases to have an effect.<ref name=":1" /> However, the application should contain a statement which states the reason behind the failure in paying the renewal fees and evidence which can be in the form of a letter, copy of documents or a deed.<ref name=":0" /> The applicant should also be ready to submit additional evidence regarding the same if asked by the controller. After examining all the information provided by the applicant, if the controller feels that the reason and the evidence provided by the applicant imply towards unintentional failure to pay the renewal fees then he/ she would publish the application and any person can oppose the restoration application within the prescribed period by filling form 14 and paying a fee.<ref name=":0" /> If in case the opposition gives a notice during the prescribed period then the controller would notify the applicant about the same and would give an opportunity to both the applicant and the controller to present their respective arguments before deciding the case. If no notice is given by the opposition or if the decision of the controller is in favor of the applicant if in case of the opposition, then upon payment of any unpaid additional and renewal fee the patent is restored.

===Geographical Indications===
{{Further|List of Geographical Indications in India}}
India, as a member of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), enacted the [[Geographical Indications]] of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act, 1999 has come into force with effect from 15 September 2003. GIs have been defined under Article 22(1) of the [[WTO]] [[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights]] ([[TRIPS]]) Agreement as: "Indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a member, or a region or a locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographic origin."<ref name=kt>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/k%60taka-gets-highest-numbergi-tags/319698/|title=Karnataka gets highest number of GI tags|date=11 April 2008|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

The GI tag ensures that none other than those registered as authorised users (or at least those residing inside the geographic territory) are allowed to use the popular product name. In 2004–05, [[Darjeeling tea]] became the first [[GI tag]]ged product in India and since then by July 2012, 178 had been added to the list.<ref name=kt/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-16/india/28109930_1_tirupati-laddu-laddu-prasadam-gi-status|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408073852/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-16/india/28109930_1_tirupati-laddu-laddu-prasadam-gi-status|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Tirupati laddu gets global patent|date=16 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="hist">{{cite web|author=Govind D. Belgaumkar and Anil Kumar Sastry|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/27/stories/2006102714680200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210153012/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/27/stories/2006102714680200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Unique symbols of Karnataka |date=27 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/GI-tag-TN-trails-Karnataka-with-18-products/articleshow/6458268.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103144531/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-29/chennai/28312502_1_gi-tag-gi-registry-gi-protection|url-status=live|archive-date=3 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=GI tag: TN trails Karnataka with 18 products|date=29 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-copyright-for-bikaneri-bhujia-hyderbadi-h/681218/|title=A copyright for Bikaneri bhujia, Hyderbadi haleem|date=14 September 2010|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

===Modernisation===
The Indian Patent Office has implemented a modernisation program according to an Indian govt website. And according to this website "Efforts have been made to improve the working of the Patent Offices within the resources available and that the problem of backlog is also being attacked through 50% higher monthly target for disposal of patent applications per Examiner".<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Patent Advanced Search System |url=https://iprsearch.ipindia.gov.in/publicsearch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/report-tambhu-vadal-march-2007.pdf|title=Modernization of IP Offices in India}}</ref> E- Filing of Patents & Trademarks is made possible and according to an Indian Minister the first phase of the modernisation comes to an end and the Indian Patent office wishes to be an International search Authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/isaweb/agreement.pdf|title=Agreement between the Indian Patent Office and WIPO}}</ref> The second phase of modernisation has been proposed with the aim of achieving US patent examination efficiency among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dipp.nic.in/dipp_budget/outcomeBudget2007-08.pdf|title=Outcome Budget 2007–2008|publisher=Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, [[Government of India]]|access-date=22 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219040757/http://dipp.nic.in/dipp_budget/outcomeBudget2007-08.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Patent filings during the year 2007–08 were 35218.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPOAnnualReport/1_85_1_1_38_1_annual-report-07-08.pdf|title=Annual Report 2007-2008|publisher=IPIndia}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
As per an Indian patent attorney, patents which were beyond the Act were granted by the office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.managingip.com/?Page=17&ISS=17631&SID=524406|title= Managing Intellectual Property}}</ref> The Indian Patent office had an unusually high grant rate for the year 2005–06 in respect of numbers of refused patent applications compared to other major patent offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/annual-reports-ipo.htm|title=Patent Office Annual Reports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/govbody/en/pct_a_36/pct_a_36_10.pdf|title=Appointment of the Indian patent office as an international searching and preliminary examining authority}}</ref> The monthly target for Indian examiners is 30 new and amended applications per month and the Indian Patent Office strictly has only 12 months to grant/refuse the application as compared to foreign patent offices where applicants can extend the final date indefinitely. Knowledge commission, an Indian Government appointed body has recommended measures regarding the functioning of the office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowledgecommission.gov.in/downloads/recommendations/IPRPM.pdf|title=Knowledge Commission recommendations- IPR.doc|access-date=8 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031132344/http://knowledgecommission.gov.in/downloads/recommendations/IPRPM.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Articles/2007/09/26001101/Lawyer-group-to-challenge-pate.html|title= Lawyer group to challenge patent for Roche?s anti-HIV drug – livemint}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2007/12/21225939/Controller-orders-inquiry-into.html|title= Controller orders inquiry into Chennai office patent for Roche – livemint}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dipp.gov.in/sites/default/files/DiscussionPaper_CGPDTM_05October2011%20%207.pdf|title=Restructuring CGPDTM|access-date=4 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043944/https://dipp.gov.in/sites/default/files/DiscussionPaper_CGPDTM_05October2011%20%207.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There is a growing space of research literature about the Indian Patent regime, for example, in the context of how the working of pharmaceutical patents remains low in India, and how the Form 27 amendment does not sync with the reality of how it brings quality to Indian patents.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/journals/qmjip/14/4/article-p374.xml |first1=Tania |last1=Sebastian |first2=Nancy |last2=Sebastian |title= Local Working of Pharmaceutical patents in India: an empirical exploration into its determinants |journal=[[Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |year=2024 |pages=374–404 |doi=10.4337/qmjip.2024.04.02 |access-date=18 December 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The controversial promotion of examiners as assistant controllers has led to an imbalance in the set-up with more controllers than examiners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyipindia.blogspot.com/2009/01/indian-patent-office-breaks-with.html|title=Indian Patent Office Breaks with Tradition and Gets a New Chief|date=12 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/cnbc-tv18-comments/indian-patents-hit-due-to-ongoing-battle_502588.html|title=Indians patents hit due to legal battle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.me.titech.ac.jp/~ytanaka/english/memberse/MOHANTY.pdf|title=The Advantages and Harmonization of Patent System, See page 52|access-date=2 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722075716/http://www.me.titech.ac.jp/~ytanaka/english/memberse/MOHANTY.pdf|archive-date=22 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Controller General had promised time-bound promotions to officers and recruitment of new examiners to mitigate the crisis of lack of officers and the problem of attrition due to low pay and lack of promotion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.managingip.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2282053|title=Meeting India IP challenges-Source-Managing Intellectual Property}}</ref> Cases of corruption have been reported.<ref name="dipp.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=http://dipp.nic.in/English/Discuss_paper/feedback29_CGPDTM_30November2011.pdf|title=DIPP|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015164209/http://dipp.nic.in/English/Discuss_paper/feedback29_CGPDTM_30November2011.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, only 137 out of the announced 257 candidates expressed interest to join.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyipindia.blogspot.in/2012/02/demand-for-flexible-compensation-scheme.html|title=Demand for flexible compensation|date=12 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/psearch/QResult15.aspx?qref=123058|title=Parliament discussion on Patent Office|access-date=14 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307193246/http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/psearch/QResult15.aspx?qref=123058|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The monthly target for examiners are 15 new cases(FERs) and 25 disposals which has led to officers working under tremendous pressure to show output thereby affecting the quality of grant of patents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/hgOCkYuyYrRelSuRAxz4iJ/To-clear-backlog-Indian-patent-office-to-hire-500-over-next.html|title= Livemint-To clear backlog, Indian patent office to hire 500 over five years|date= 26 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/fE7Irl1SPf6G2emorVC26H/Staff-shortage-dogs-patent-office-as-govt-sits-on-compensation.html|title= Staff shortage dogs patent office as govt sits on compensation plan-livemint|date= 24 October 2012}}</ref> Indian patent examiners have the higher workload and the pay is amongst the lowest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/07/10011232/Patent-offices-suffer-as-priva.html |title=Patent offices suffer as private companies lure experienced staff |last1=Unnikrishnan |first1=C.H. |last2=Narayan |first2=Khushboo |date=10 July 2008 |website=livemint.com |publisher=Livemint & The Wall Street Journal |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> While a patent examiner in the European Patent Office would handle less than seven patent applications per month and a USPTO examiner would handle eight applications per month, an Indian examiner reportedly handles at least 40 applications a month. However an Indian examiner's monthly salary is less than a third of his/her counterparts in other foreign patent offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/09/13220649/IndianIPexaminershaveworld.html?atype=tp|title=Lowest pay for IP officers}}</ref> The issue of attrition due to lack of promotion to examiners was acknowledged by the Minister of Commerce and Industry [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] during IP day celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cii.in/PressreleasesDetail.aspx?enc=4Z53FYI91SP32Tn8ZB767FpVKtmPyNTe8Z4u0gDxCcY=|title= Intellectual Property should go for Commercialisation: Nirmala Sitharaman}}</ref> A concerned government official recommended outsourcing of search in view of increased work load and the IPO has started to outsource prior-art searches violating the stipulations of the prevailing Patents Act.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/patent-office-outsources-authentication-searches-to-csir/749158/0|title= Patent office outsources}}</ref> However, because of quality and legal issues with outsourcing, the outsourcing contracts were cancelled. The Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion under the Ministry of commerce, Government of India has come out with a discussion paper in order to address the issues plaguing the Indian Patent Office such as granting financial and administrative autonomy, separation of Patent and Trademark offices, setting up of additional offices are some of the issues put forth for input from stakeholders.

=== Accessibility ===

The IP Office in India has faced criticism for its lack of accessibility for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs). Historically, its systems did not comply with GIGW 3.0 guidelines<ref>{{cite web |url=https://guidelines.india.gov.in/introduction/ |title=GIGW 3.0 guidelines |access-date=18 November 2024 |archive-date=22 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222162736/https://guidelines.india.gov.in/introduction/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the BIS Standard (IS 17802).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://standardsbis.bsbedge.com/BIS_SearchStandard.aspx?keyword=Accessibility%20for%20the%20ICT%20Products%20and%20Services&id=0 |title=BIS Standard (IS 17802) |access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref> PwDs, especially those using screen readers, faced significant challenges in accessing online systems.

On 29 November 2021, Dr. Kalyan C. Kankanala, a Patent & Trademark Attorney with blindness, filed a writ petition in the Karnataka High Court (W.P. No. 21978/2021) demanding that the Office of Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trademarks (O/o CGPDTM) make its systems and websites accessible for PwDs. The petition highlighted the office's non-compliance with accessibility guidelines and requested accommodations such as OCR-readable documents and screen-reader compatibility.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/case_status.php |title=W.P. No. 21978/2021 Case Status |access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref>

In response to the petition, the O/o CGPDTM issued the *Guidelines for Accessibility and Reasonable Accommodations for Persons with Disabilities* on 4 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/News/791_1_Guidelines_for_Accessibility_and_Reasonable_Accommodations_for_Persons_with_Disabilities.pdf |title=Guidelines for Accessibility and Reasonable Accommodations for Persons with Disabilities |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref> These guidelines included the following measures:
* Providing OCR-readable documents upon request by PwDs.
* Integration of audio captchas on websites.
* Conducting virtual hearings using Webex, a platform compatible with screen readers.
* Favorable consideration of adjournment requests made by PwDs due to accessibility issues.
* Initiating a project to make websites compliant with accessibility standards, subject to approvals.

On 17 September 2024, the Karnataka High Court disposed of the writ petition after noting that the petitioner’s concerns had been “substantially complied with.” The court acknowledged the measures taken by the office but highlighted that the full implementation of website accessibility would depend on the completion of ongoing projects and approval processes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/crime/making-websites-friendly-for-disabled-patents-office-tells-high-court/articleshow/113608233.cms |title=Making websites friendly for disabled: Patents office tells High Court |date=18 November 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref>
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Certification marks in India]]
*[[ISI mark]]
*[[BIS hallmark]]
*[[Agmark]]
*[[FPO mark]]
*[[Quality Council of India]]
*[[Bureau of Indian Standards]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.ipindia.nic.in/}}
* [http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPOAct/1_31_1_patent-act-1970-11march2015.pdf Indian Patent Act 1970]
* [http://www.ipindia.nic.in/about-us-gi.htm Geographical Indication Registry India, website]
* [https://www.epo.org/searching-for-patents/helpful-resources/asian/india.html Information about patent law in India] on the [[European Patent Office]] web site

{{Asia topic|Patent office in|title=[[Patent offices in Asia]]}}

[[Category:Science and technology in India]]
[[Category:Patent offices]]
[[Category:Executive branch of the government of India]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:International Searching and Preliminary Examining Authorities]]

Kiren Rijiju

2026-03-25T01:09:34Z

RonAgnew292842: reworked citations also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1971)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kiren Rijiju
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Kiren Rijiju with Modi (cropped).jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2021
| image_size = 220px
| office1 = [[Third Modi ministry|Union Cabinet Minister]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2024|06|10|df=yes}}
| termend1 =
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = *[[Pralhad Joshi]]
*[[Smriti Irani]]
| successor1 =
| 1blankname1 = Ministry & Departments
| 1namedata1 = *[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Parliamentary Affairs]]
*[[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minority Affairs]]
| minister1 =
| office2 = [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Union Minister of Food Processing Industries]]
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2024|03|20|df=yes}}
| termend2 = {{End date|2024|06|10|df=yes}}
| predecessor2 = [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]
| successor2 = [[Chirag Paswan]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Union Minister of Earth Sciences]]
| primeminister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start3 = {{Start date|2023|05|18|df=yes}}
| termend3 = {{End date|2024|06|10|df=yes}}
| predecessor3 = [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| successor3 = [[Jitendra Singh Rana|Jitendra Singh]]
| office4 = 34th [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Union Minister of Law and Justice]]
| primeminister4 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| president4 = [[Ramnath Kovind]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]| term_start4 = {{Start date|2021|07|07|df=yes}}
| termend4 = {{End date|2023|05|18|df=yes}}
| predecessor4 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| successor4 = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
| office5 = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| primeminister5 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor5 = [[Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]]
| term_start5 = 30 May 2019
| term_end5 = 7 July 2021
| successor5 = [[Anurag Thakur]]
| office6 = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Union Minister of State for Minority Affairs]]
| term_start6 = 30 May 2019
| term_end6 = 7 July 2021
| minister6 = [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]
| predecessor6 = [[Virendra Kumar Khatik|Virendra Kumar]]
| successor6 = [[John Barla]]
| office7 = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of State for Home Affairs]]
| minister7 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| predecessor7 = [[R. P. N. Singh]]
| successor7 = *[[Nityanand Rai]]
*[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| term_start7 = 26 May 2014
| term_end7 = 30 May 2019
| alongside7 = [[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary|H. P. Chaudhary]] (2014–2016) and [[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir|H. G. Ahir]] (2016–2019)
| office8 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start8 = {{Start date|2014|05|16|df=yes}}
| predecessor8 = [[Takam Sanjoy]]
| constituency8 = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Arunachal Pradesh]]
| term_start9 = {{Start date|2004|05|22|df=yes}}
| predecessor9 = [[Jarbom Gamlin]]
| constituency9 = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Arunachal Pradesh]]
| term_end9 = {{End date|2009|05|17|df=yes}}
| successor9 = [[Takam Sanjoy]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|11|19|df=yes}}<ref name="youth leader">{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kiren-rijiju-a-youth-leader-from-arunachal-pradesh/474566-80.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529085422/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kiren-rijiju-a-youth-leader-from-arunachal-pradesh/474566-80.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 May 2014 | title=Kiren Rijiju, a youth leader from Arunachal Pradesh | publisher=Ibn Live | date=26 May 2014  | access-date=8 June 2014 | agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[West Kameng district|Nafra]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India
| residence = [[New Delhi|9, Krishna Menon Marg, New Delhi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Joram Rina Rijiju|2004}}
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| website = {{URL|sites.google.com/site/kirenrijiju/}}
| education = B.A., LL.B<ref name="Factsheet">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/kiren-rijiju.html | title=Kiren Rijiju Biography and 2014 Election Result | publisher=Compare Infobase Limited | access-date=8 June 2014 | archive-date=26 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626030246/http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/kiren-rijiju.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''Kiren Rijiju''' (born 19 November 1971) is an Indian politician who is serving as the 28th [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]] and 7th [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minister of Minority Affairs]] since 2024. He was the [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Cabinet Minister of Earth Sciences]] and [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Food Processing Industries]] in the [[Government of India]] from 2023 to June 2024 and a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]] since 2014 and from 2004 to 2009. Earlier, he served as the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State for Home Affairs]] from 2014 to 2019, Minister of State for Minority Affairs from 2019 to 2021, Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Sports and Youth Affairs from 2019 to 2021 and the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law minister]] from 2021 to 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saigal |first1=Sonam |title=As Law Minister, Kiren Rijiju took potshots at Indian judiciary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/as-law-minister-kiren-rijiju-took-potshots-at-indian-judiciary/article66866361.ece |access-date=20 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520135656/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/as-law-minister-kiren-rijiju-took-potshots-at-indian-judiciary/article66866361.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Rijiju was born on 19 November 1971 to a [[Buddhist]] family in the Nakhu village near the Nafra town in the [[West Kameng district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. His father's name is Rinchin Kharu and his mother's name is Chirai Rijiju. His father was the first pro-tempore speaker of the first [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="panorama">{{cite web | url=http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/component/content/article/27-2009/september31/523-the-saffron-man-now-playing-the-jai-ho-tune | title=The saffron man, now playing the Jai Ho tune | publisher=eastern panorama | access-date=8 June 2014 | author=C. B. Namchoom | archive-date=23 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232627/http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/component/content/article/27-2009/september31/523-the-saffron-man-now-playing-the-jai-ho-tune | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Education==
Rijiju did his graduation degree (B.A.) from [[Hansraj College]], [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Gayathri |date=24 September 2017 |title=Wall of fame to inspire students in Delhi's Hansraj College |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/Sep/24/wall-of-fame-to-inspire-students-in-delhis-hansraj-college-1661736.html |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023225127/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/sep/24/wall-of-fame-to-inspire-students-in-delhis-hansraj-college-1661736.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Further, in 1998, he did his graduate degree in law (LL.B) from [[Campus Law Centre]], [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amid-appointments-impasse-virtual-courts-new-law-minister-kiren-rijiju-signs-in-7395908/ | title=Amid appointments impasse, virtual courts, new Law Minister Kiren Rijiju signs in | publisher=Indian Express | date=8 July 2021 | accessdate=8 July 2021 | archive-date=8 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708211317/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amid-appointments-impasse-virtual-courts-new-law-minister-kiren-rijiju-signs-in-7395908/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://clc.du.ac.in/ | title=Campus Law Centre DU | publisher=DU | date=8 July 2021 | accessdate=8 July 2021}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:Shri Kiren Rijiju assuming charge as the Union Minister for Parliamentary Affairs.jpg|thumb|Rijiju assuming charge as the Union Minister for Parliamentary Affairs]]
Kiren Rijiju is a four time MP in [[Lok Sabha]] from Arunachal Pradesh (2004, 2014, 2019
and 2024). He has served as minister of state (MoS) (independent charge) youth affairs and sports, MoS minority affairs, MoS home affairs, and [[Minister of Law and Justice]]. His tenure as Law Minister was marked by controversies. On 18 May 2023, he was assigned the portfolio of [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]].<ref name="indian-express-summary">{{cite news |title=Kiren Rijiju no longer law minister: A look at his political career, controversies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/kiren-rijiju-law-ministry-political-career-controversies-8615705/ |access-date=20 May 2023 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141026/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/kiren-rijiju-law-ministry-political-career-controversies-8615705/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 June 2024, he was appointed the Union Cabinet Minister for Parliamentary Affairs and Minority Affairs in the [[Government of India]]. He is one of the three Buddhist MPs in the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dhammabharat.com/buddhist-mps-in-18th-loksabha/ | title=Buddhist MPS in 18th Lok Sabha (2024-2029) | date=2 July 2024 | access-date=15 July 2024 | archive-date=15 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715161810/https://www.dhammabharat.com/buddhist-mps-in-18th-loksabha/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2022, Kiren called the collegium system of appointment of judges in Indian judicial system as "opaque", implying that appointments are done on personal associations rather than merit. He also advocated for government's role in the appointment of judges, writing to the [[Chief Justice of India]] [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|DY Chandrachud]]. His comments on judiciary and collegium system were widely criticised by the legal community and the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]].<ref name="indian-express-summary" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court Objects to Kiren Rijiju's Remarks on Collegium System |url=https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-kiren-rijiju-collegium-system |access-date=20 May 2023 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=28 November 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520143249/https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-kiren-rijiju-collegium-system |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2023, Kiren accused some retired judges to be a part of an "Anti-India gang".<ref>{{cite news |title=Some Retired Judges Are Part of 'Anti-India Gang', Says Law Minister Kiren Rijiju |url=https://thewire.in/law/kiren-rijiju-judges-rahul-gandhi-anti-india-gang |access-date=20 May 2023 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520144324/https://thewire.in/law/kiren-rijiju-judges-rahul-gandhi-anti-india-gang |url-status=live }}</ref> A group of former civil servants from the Constitutional Conduct Group responded by claiming Rijiju's comments a sign of "authoritarianism".<ref>{{cite news |title=Rijiju's 'Anti-India' Comments a Sign of 'Authoritarianism', Say Former Civil Servants |url=https://thewire.in/rights/rijijus-anti-india-comments-a-sign-of-authoritarianism-say-former-civil-servants |access-date=20 May 2023 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=30 March 2023 |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520144323/https://thewire.in/rights/rijijus-anti-india-comments-a-sign-of-authoritarianism-say-former-civil-servants |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He married Joram Rina Rijiju in 2004.<ref name="lok">{{cite web|title=Fourteenth Lok Sabha: Members Bioprofile|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=3972|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529071136/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=3972|archive-date=29 May 2014|access-date=28 May 2014|publisher=Lok Sabha}}</ref> She is a graduate from [[Lady Shri Ram College]] for Women, New Delhi and is a gold medalist from [[Arunachal University]]. She is an Associate Professor teaching history at Dera Natung Government College, [[Itanagar]] in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Kiren Rijiju Biography: Education, Family, Net Worth, Offices |url=https://indiapresentinfo.in/2024/09/who-is-kiren-rijiju-biography-wife.html |access-date=14 December 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214182454/https://indiapresentinfo.in/2024/09/who-is-kiren-rijiju-biography-wife.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Third Modi ministry]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://kirenrijiju.googlepages.com Website of Kiren Rijiju]
* {{Twitter}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071219123049/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=3972 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{s-start}}
{{S-par|in-ls}}
{{Succession box
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
| years = 22 May 2004 – 17 May 2009
| before = [[Jarbom Gamlin]]
| after = [[Takam Sanjoy]]
}}
{{s-bef
| before = Takam Sanjoy
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament for Arunachal West
| years = 16 May 2014 – Present
}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-off}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)#Ministers of state|Minister of State for Home Affairs]]
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}}
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}}
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}}
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}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

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[[Category:1971 births]]
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Tom Alter

2026-03-24T17:35:04Z

RonAgnew292842:

{{short description|American–Indian actor (1950–2017)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tom Alter
| image = Tom Alter, 2016.jpg
| caption = Alter in 2016
| birthname = Thomas Beach Alter
| birth_date = {{birth date|1950|6|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mussoorie]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (now [[Uttarakhand]]), India
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1975–2017
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|9|29|1950|6|22|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|Carol Evans|1977}}
| children = 2
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Martha Chen]] (sister)|[[Stephen Alter]] (first cousin)}}
}}

'''Thomas Beach Alter''' (22 June 1950 – 29 September 2017)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tom-alter-padma-shri-actor-and-writer-dies-at-67-1756995 | title=Actor Tom Alter Dies Of Cancer At 67 | publisher=[[NDTV]] | date=30 September 2017 | access-date=30 September 2017 | archive-date=30 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930174802/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tom-alter-padma-shri-actor-and-writer-dies-at-67-1756995 | url-status=live }}</ref> was an American–Indian actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tom-alter-1950-2017-the-on-screen-firangi-who-remained-forever-indian-4869150/|title=Tom Alter (1950–2017): The on-screen 'firangi' who remained forever Indian|date=October 2017 |access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031137/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tom-alter-1950-2017-the-on-screen-firangi-who-remained-forever-indian-4869150/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was best known for his works in [[Hindi cinema]],<ref name=t>{{cite magazine|title=No 'Alter'native|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/No-Alternative/306623|magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]|date=9 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301115349/http://www.screenindia.com/news/no-alternative/306623/ |archive-date=1 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=An American Star Of the Hindi Screen|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/06/movies/an-american-star-of-the-hindi-screen.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 July 1989|first=Sanjoy|last=Hazarika|access-date=25 May 2010|archive-date=6 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206153124/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/06/movies/an-american-star-of-the-hindi-screen.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Indian theatre.<ref name=pierrot>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1422413.ece|title=Features / Metro Plus: Tom Tom|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 August 2008|location=Chennai, India|access-date=7 August 2011|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001459/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1422413.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Multifaceted actor Tom Alter to receive Padma Shri|url=http://www.indiaenews.com/bollywood/20080125/93894.htm|publisher=India eNews|date=25 January 2008|access-date=12 August 2010|archive-date=25 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225141523/http://www.indiaenews.com/bollywood/20080125/93894.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.woodstock.ac.in/News/Spring2008/January/080102.htm|title=Woodstock School News|publisher=Woodstock School India|date=2 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719035416/http://www.woodstock.ac.in/News/Spring2008/January/080102.htm|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in [[Mussoorie]] in present-day [[Uttarakhand]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paritoshuttam.com/indian-writers/tom-alter.html|title=Tom Alter|publisher=Paritosh Uttam|access-date=7 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522200406/http://www.paritoshuttam.com/indian-writers/tom-alter.html|archive-date=22 May 2006}}</ref> Alter was the son of American [[Presbyterian]] missionaries of [[English people|English]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Swiss German]] ancestry and lived for years in [[Mumbai]] and the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[hill station]] of [[Landour]]. His grandparents migrated to [[Chennai|Madras]], India from [[Ohio]], U.S., in November 1916.<ref name="Guftagoo with Tom Alter">{{cite AV media|date=23 August 2016|title=Guftagoo with Tom Alter|language=hi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYCeKUKxt-U|access-date=4 May 2017|publisher=[[Rajya Sabha TV]]|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609001358/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYCeKUKxt-U|url-status=live}}</ref> From there, they moved to and settled in [[Lahore]], in present-day Pakistan. His father was born in [[Sialkot]].<ref name="Guftagoo with Tom Alter"/> After the [[Partition of India]], Alter's family split into two; his grandparents chose to stay in Pakistan while his parents moved to India. After living in [[Allahabad]], [[Jabalpur]] and [[Saharanpur]], in 1954 they finally settled in Rajpur, [[Uttarakhand]], then a small town located between [[Dehradun]] and Mussoorie; Rajpur is now considered a suburb of Dehradun. Alter's siblings are older sister [[Martha Chen]], who teaches at [[Harvard University]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae of Marty Chen|url=http://ksgfaculty.harvard.edu/faculty/cv/MarthaChen.pdf|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-date=25 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825125336/http://ksgfaculty.harvard.edu/faculty/cv/MarthaChen.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and brother John, a poet.<ref name=t/> Author [[Stephen Alter]] is a first cousin.

As a child, Alter studied [[Hindi language|Hindi]] among other subjects in Mussoorie's [[Woodstock School]]. At 18, Alter left for the U.S. for higher education and studied at [[Yale University]] for a year before returning to India upon losing interest in studies. The following year, he obtained work as a teacher at St. Thomas School, [[Jagadhri]], in [[Haryana]]. He worked there for six months, simultaneously coaching his students in [[cricket]]. Over the next two and a half years, Alter worked several jobs, teaching for a while at Woodstock School, Mussoorie, and working at a hospital in the U.S., and returning to India before continuing to work at Jagadhri. At Jagadhri, he began to watch Hindi films.<ref name="Guftagoo with Tom Alter"/> It was during this time that he saw the Hindi film ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'', which proved to be a turning point in his career and drifted towards a career in acting, inspired by the lead actor [[Rajesh Khanna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/a-haryana-town-friend-recalls-the-night-show-that-led-tom-alter-the-teacher-to-show-biz-4869184/|title=A Haryana town friend recalls the night show that led Tom Alter the teacher to show biz|date=October 2017 |access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031243/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/a-haryana-town-friend-recalls-the-night-show-that-led-tom-alter-the-teacher-to-show-biz-4869184/|url-status=live}}</ref> He headed to [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII) in [[Pune]], where he studied acting from 1972 to 1974 under [[Roshan Taneja]].<ref name="Guftagoo with Tom Alter"/>

==Career==
===Film===
After graduating from FTII, Alter headed straight to Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay) and soon got his first break in the [[Dev Anand]] starrer ''[[Saheb Bahadur]]'' (1977), directed by [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]]. However, his first release was [[Ramanand Sagar]]'s ''[[Charas (1976 film)|Charas]]''. This was followed by roles in ''[[Des Pardes (1978 film)|Des Pardes]]'', ''[[Ram Bharose]]'', ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen|Hum Kisise Kum Nahin]]'' and ''[[Parvarish (1977 film)|Parvarish]]''. He dubbed for actor [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] for the innocent person of the twin roles played by Jeevan in the film ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]''.

Alter was fluent in Hindi and [[Urdu]], and was knowledgeable about Indian culture. He could also read Urdu and was fond of [[Shayari]].<ref name="Guftagoo with Tom Alter"/> He worked for noted filmmakers like [[Satyajit Ray]] in ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' and is remembered for his role as a British officer in ''[[Kranti]]''. He got the opportunity to act with his idol [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the film ''[[Naukri]]'', directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] in 1978 and later in [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]]'s [[Kudrat]]. In ''[[Sardar (1993 film)|Sardar]]'', the 1993 film biography of Indian leader [[Sardar Patel]], which focused on the events surrounding the partition and independence of India, Alter portrayed [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten of Burma]].<ref name=th>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/04/16/stories/2005041602210100.htm|title=Metro Plus Delhi / Personality : Tom, unaltered|access-date=2 July 2016|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011221446/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2005/04/16/|website=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live}}</ref> He also acted in the Hollywood movie ''[[One Night with the King]]'' with [[Peter O'Toole]].

In 1996 he appeared in the [[Assamese language|Assamese]] film ''[[Adajya]]'', and in 2007 acted in [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]]'s ''[[City of Djinns]]'' alongside [[Zohra Sehgal]] and [[Manish Joshi Bismil]]. He also appeared in the solo play ''Maulana'' and the film ''Ocean of An Old Man''.

Alter played the role of a doctor in ''[[Bheja Fry (film)|Bheja Fry]]'', a comedy movie starring [[Rajat Kapoor]].

In April 2011 he acted in a short film ''Yours, Maria'' directed by Chirag Vadgama, playing the lead role of Matthew Chacha in the movie.

Alter lent his voice for the authorized audio autobiography of [[Verghese Kurien|Dr. Verghese Kurien]], titled ''The Man Who Made The Elephant Dance'', which was released in 2012.

Some of his most famous movie roles have been as Musa in [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]'s acclaimed crime drama ''[[Parinda]]'', [[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s blockbuster romance ''[[Aashiqui]]'', and Ketan Mehta's ''Sardar'', in which Alter essayed the role of Lord Mountbatten.

His last film was ''[[Hamari Paltan]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamari Paltan: The last film of veteran actor, to release on April 27 |url=http://www.uniindia.com/hamari-paltan-the-last-film-of-veteran-actor-tom-alter--to-release-on-april-27/india/news/1208676.html |agency=[[United News of India]] |date=23 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412130411/http://www.uniindia.com/hamari-paltan-the-last-film-of-veteran-actor-tom-alter--to-release-on-april-27/india/news/1208676.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Television===
Alter appeared in many Indian television series, including ''[[Samvidhaan]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} In ''[[Zabaan Sambhalke]]'' he played the role of a British writer, Charles Spencers, who lives in India and wants to learn the Hindi language. He acted in the TV series ''Khamosh Sa Afsana'' (as a Husain Baba), telecast on [[Doordarshan]] in 2014–15. In November 2014, he played [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] in a stage production based on the life and work of the famous Urdu poet and film lyricist. He also played a schoolteacher in ''[[Yahan Ke Hum Sikandar]]''.<ref name=pierrot/> Alter has worked as the red robe guru in [[Mukesh Khanna]]'s TV production ''[[Shaktimaan]]'' (1998–2002).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-02 |title=10 Beautiful Roles Tom Alter Fit Into Perfectly During His Film And Television Career |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/39957-10-beautiful-roles-tom-alter-fit-into-perfectly-during-his-film-and-television-career.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}</ref> Also, he appeared in Contiloe & Cinevistaas show ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' in 2002–03. He played Indian characters in Indian television series, such as the long-running ''[[Junoon (1994 TV series)|Junoon]]'', in which he was the sadistic mob lord Keshav Kalsi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Padnani |first=Amisha |date=2017-10-06 |title=Tom Alter, Blue-Eyed Star of Bollywood Films, Dies at 67 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/obituaries/tom-alter-blue-eyed-star-of-bollywood-films-dies-at-67.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He anchored "Adabi Cocktail" in 2000 telecast on Urdu Television Network and interviewed Johny Walker, Naushad, TunTun, Hasan Kamaal, Adnan Sami, Jagdeep, Naqsh layalpuri and many more.<ref name=th/>

[[File:Tom Alter as Zafar.jpg|thumb|Tom Alter as Zafar]]

===Theatre===
In 1978, he, Naseeruddin Shah, and [[Benjamin Gilani]] formed a theatre group called Motley Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When I met Tom Beach Alter |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/233709-when-i-met-tom-beach-alter |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref> Their first play was [[Samuel Beckett]]'s play ''[[Waiting for Godot]]'', which was staged at [[Prithvi Theatre]], Bombay, on 29 July 1979. He went on to appear in many other plays at the theatre, including an adaptation of [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]'s ''My Grandad Had an Elephant'' which was performed on 7 June 2011. He has also worked with the [[New Delhi]] theatre group [[Pierrot's Troupe]].<ref name=pierrot />

In the early 2000s, he played the Indian independence activist [[Maulana Azad]] in a one-man Urdu-language play.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tom Alter, Blue-Eyed Star of Bollywood Films, Dies at 67|last=Padnani|first=Amisha|author-link=Amy Padnani |newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 October 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/obituaries/tom-alter-blue-eyed-star-of-bollywood-films-dies-at-67.html?smid=pl-share}}</ref>

In ''Ghalib In Delhi'', he played the role of [[Urdu poet]] [[Mirza Ghalib]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Actor Tom Alter as Mirza Ghalib|url=https://lbb.in/delhi/much-drama-tom-alter-plays-ghalib-delhi|publisher=Little Black Book|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915114729/https://lbb.in/delhi/much-drama-tom-alter-plays-ghalib-delhi/|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was the lead actor in "Once Upon A Time", a collection of five short stories presented as vignettes, directed by Sujata Soni Bali and co-starring prominent stage actor and TV personality Sunit Tandon. The production was last staged in Mumbai on 17 June 2017.

===Writing and journalism===
Alter has written books including ''The Longest Race'', ''Rerun at Rialto'', and ''The Best in the World''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran actor Tom Alter dies at 67 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/veteran-actor-tom-alter-dies-2026874#google_vignette |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He was also a sports journalist with a special interest in cricket, a game on which he has written extensively in publications such as ''[[Sportsweek]]'', [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']], ''Cricket Talk'', ''[[Sunday Observer]]'', ''Firstpost'', ''[[Citizen]]'', and [[Debonair (magazine)|''Debonair'']]. Alter was the first to [[Virtual interviewing|video interview]] Indian cricketer [[Sachin Tendulkar]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandawarkar |first1=Rahul |date=28 August 2005 |title=Telling a story in different ways |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/telling-a-story-in-different-ways/article28531589.ece |access-date=4 May 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Alter played cricket for a film industry team MCC (Match Cut Club), which includes [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Satish Shah]], [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Nana Patekar]], Bhupinder Singh and Amarinder Sangha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veena |date=2017-09-30 |title=Tom Alter: A greater performer than Bollywood's dependable 'firang' |url=https://nripulse.com/tom-alter-a-greater-performer-than-bollywoods-dependable-firang/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=NRI Pulse |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1996, he was invited by friend Siraj Syed to Singapore, to do cricket commentary in Hindi, for Indian viewers, on the sports TV channel, [[ESPN]].

==Personal life==
Alter married Carol Evans, a fellow Woodstock School student, in 1977. They had two children together.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parties/delhi/Tom-Alters-son-wedding-bash/articleshow/12921984.cms |title=Tom Alter |date=30 April 2012 |access-date=12 August 2012 |archive-date=15 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715114716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-30/delhi/31506365_1_meha-bash-jamie |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2017, Alter was diagnosed with stage IV [[skin cancer]] ([[squamous cell skin cancer|squamous cell carcinoma]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Tom Alter diagnosed with skin cancer|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tom-alter-diagnosed-with-skin-cancer/article19661468.ece|access-date=30 September 2017|work=The Hindu|date=11 September 2017|archive-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913233418/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tom-alter-diagnosed-with-skin-cancer/article19661468.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His thumb had been amputated a year earlier because of the condition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tom Alter Battling Stage 4 Skin Cancer, Confirms Son Jamie|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tom-alter-battling-stage-4-skin-cancer-confirms-son-jamie-1748796|access-date=30 September 2017|work=NDTV|date=11 September 2017|archive-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001214344/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tom-alter-battling-stage-4-skin-cancer-confirms-son-jamie-1748796|url-status=live}}</ref> He died on 29 September at his residence in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Actor Tom Alter dies of skin cancer at 67|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/actor-tom-alter-a-padma-shri-awardee-dies-of-cancer-at-67/story-1XEDQCl159J2FRMt5hzQQI.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 September 2017|access-date=30 September 2017|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330093851/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/actor-tom-alter-a-padma-shri-awardee-dies-of-cancer-at-67/story-1XEDQCl159J2FRMt5hzQQI.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tom Alter, Padma Shri actor and writer, dies aged 67|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tom-alter-padma-shri-actor-and-writer-dies-aged-67/articleshow/60889109.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|date=30 September 2017|access-date=30 September 2017|archive-date=14 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914195218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tom-alter-padma-shri-actor-and-writer-dies-aged-67/articleshow/60889109.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1975
|''Mrig Trishna''
|Colonel Lawrence
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1976
|''[[Charas (1976 film)|Charas]]''
|Chief Custom Officer
|
|-
|''Laila Majnu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1977
|''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]''
|Capt. Weston
|
|-
|''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]''
|Jack
|
|-
|''[[Parvarish (1977 film)|Parvarish]]''
|Mr. Jackson, Supremo's 2nd in Command
|
|-
|''[[Saheb Bahadur]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ram Bharose]]''
|Tom
|
|-
|''[[Kanneshwara Rama]]''
|British Superintendent of police
|[[Kannada]] film
|-
|''Chani''
|
| Marathi film
|-
| rowspan="4" |1978
|''Atyachaar''
|
|
|-
|''[[Naukri]]''
|Mr. Anderson
|
|-
|''[[Des Pardes (1978 film)|Des Pardes]]''
|Inspector Martin
|
|-
|''Kaala Aadmi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1979
|''Chamelee Memsaab''
|
|
|-
|''[[Junoon (1978 film)|Junoon]]''
|Priest
|
|-
|''[[Hum Tere Aashiq Hain]]''
|British Police Commissioner
|
|-
|''Salaam Memsaab''
|John
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1980
|''Bharat Ki Santan''
|
|
|-
|''Constans''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1981
|''[[Kranti]]''
|British Officer
|
|-
|''[[Kudrat]]''
|Major Thomas Walters
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1982
|''Meri Kahani''
|
|
|-
|''[[Brij Bhoomi (film)|Brij Bhoomi]]''
|Guest
|[[Brajbhasha]] film
|-
|''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''
|Doctor at Aga Khan Palace
|[[English language|English]] film
|-
|''[[Vidhaata]]''
|David
|
|-
|''[[Swami Dada]]''
|Bob Simpson
|
|-
|''Jaanwar''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1983
|''The Last Tiger''
|
|
|-
|''[[Nastik (1983 film)|Nastik]]''
|Mr. John
|
|-
|''[[Arpan]]''
|Tom
|
|-
|''[[Jaani Dost]]''
|Cobra's Goon
|
|-
|''[[Romance (1983 film)|Romance]]''
|Priest
|
|-
|''Gulami Ki Zaanjeerein''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984
|''Sharara''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bad Aur Badnam]]''
|President of ringania
|Uncredited
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985
|''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]''
|Karam Singh (Ganga's Brother)
|
|-
|''[[Bond 303]]''
|Tom
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1986
|''[[Manav Hatya]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Shart (1986 film)|Shart]]''
|Alter
|
|-
|''[[Amma (1986 film)|Amma]]''
|British Officer
|
|-
|''[[Sultanat]]''
|Shah
|
|-
|''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]''
|Rexson
|
|-
|''Chambal Ka Badshah''
|
|
|-
|''[[Avinash (film)|Avinash]]''
|Tom
|
|-
|''[[Palay Khan]]''
|
|
|-
|''Car Thief''
|John
|
|-
|''[[On Wings of Fire]]''
|Priest
|English film
|-
| rowspan="3" |1987
|''Mr. X''
|
|
|-
|''[[Jalwa]]''
|Voice of wrestler
|
|-
|''Woh Din Aayega''
|Somnath
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1988
|''Etwa''
|
|
|-
|''[[Commando (1988 film)|Commando]]''
|Hatcher
|
|-
|''[[Rukhsat]]''
|New York Police Capt. Morri
|
|-
|''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]''
|Plastic Surgeon
|Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Janam Janam]]''
|DFO
|
|-
|''[[Sone Pe Suhaaga]]''
|Dr. Rex
|
|-
|''Ore Thooval Pakshikal''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1989
|''Shagun''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vardi (film)|Vardi]]''
|Tom
|
|-
|''[[Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro]] ''
|Johan - (Jani Hippi)
|
|-
|''[[Daata]]''
|Pat
|
|-
|''[[Tridev]]''
|Dunhill
|
|-
|''[[Bye Bye Blues (film)|Bye Bye Blues]]''
|Gilbert Wilson
|
|-
|''[[Parinda]]''
|Musa
|
|-
|''Swarn Trisha''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1990
|''[[Aashiqui]]''
|Arnie Campbell
|
|-
|''[[Doodh Ka Karz]]''
|Frank
|
|-
|''[[Zimmedaaar]]''
|Mercus
|
|-
|''[[Atishbaz]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1991
|''[[Farishtay]]''
|Guest Appearance
|
|-
|''Deshwasi''
|
|
|-
|''Pahari Kanya''
|Doctor
|[[Assamese language|Assamese]] language film
|-
|''Jab Pyar Kiya to Darna Kya''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1992
|''[[Suryavanshi (film)|Suryavanshi]]''
|Tom
|
|-
|''[[Tahalka]]''
|Dong's army captain
|
|-
|''[[Angaar (1992 film)|Angaar]]''
|Public prosecutor
|Uncredited
|-
|''[[Junoon (1992 film)|Junoon]]''
|Harry
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993
|''Kala Coat''
|Alexander
|
|-
|''[[Gumrah (1993 film)|Gumrah]]''
|Insp. Phillip
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1994
|''[[Sardar (1993 film)|Sardar]]''
|[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]]
|
|-
|''[[Insaniyat (1994 film)|Insaniyat]]''
|British Intelligence
|
|-
|''[[Gajamukta]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ekka Raja Rani]]''
|Mr. Rai
|Uncredited
|-
| rowspan="3" |1995
|''[[Jai Vikraanta]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India!]]''
|Bidder
|
|-
|''[[Milan]]''
|Father Demello
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1996
|''Kala Pani''
|
|
|-
|''[[Adajya]]''
|Mark Sahib
|Uncredited [[Assamese language|Assamese]] language film
|-
|1997
|''[[Divine Lovers]]''
|Dr. Taubman
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Hanuman (1998 film)|Hanuman]]''
|Tom's Father
|
|-
|1999
|''Kabhi Paas Kabhi Fail''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2000
|''Driving Miss Palmen''
|[[Georg Baselitz]]
|
|-
|''[[Shaheed Udham Singh (film)|Shaheed Uddham Singh: alias Ram Mohammad Singh Azad]]''
|Brig. Gen. [[Reginald Dyer|Reginald Edward Harry Dyer]]
|
|-
|''[[Champion (2000 film)|Champion]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''Veer Savarkar''
|David Barry
|
|-
|''On Wings of Fire''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002
|''What Happened Then... !!!''
|Allen McGirvan
|
|-
|''[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar]]''
|Special Appearance
|
|-
|''Bharat Bhagya Vidhata''
|Mohammed Jalaudin Ghaznavi
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2003
|''[[Love at Times Square]]''
|Mr. Gery
|
|-
|''[[Dhund: The Fog]]''
|Uncle Tom
|
|-
|''A.O.D.''
|Sanjeev Sarkar
|
|-
|''[[Hawayein (2003 film)|Hawayein]]''
|Stephen
|
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Chakkad Bakkad Bumbe Bo]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2004
|''[[Aetbaar]]''
|Dr. Freddie
|
|-
|''[[Asambhav]]''
|Brian
|
|-
|''[[Veer-Zaara]]''
|Doctor Yusuf
|
|-
|''Silence Please... The Dressing Room''
|Cricket coach Ivan Rodrigues
|English film
|-
|''Mitter Pyare Nu Haal Mureedan Da Kehna''
|Ghosht Khan
|
|-
|''Ghar Grihasti''
|Drug smuggler
|
|-
|''[[Loknayak]]''
|[[Abul Kalam Azad]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2005
|''[[Subash Chandra Bose (film)|Subash Chandra Bose]]''
|Governor Jackson
|
|-
|''[[Viruddh... Family Comes First]]''
|Anderson (British Consultate)
|
|-
|''[[The Rising: Ballad of Mangal Pandey]]''
|Watson
|
|-
|''[[The Hangman (2010 film)|The Hangman]]''
|Father Mathew
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
|''Hot Money''
|
|
|-
|''[[Alag|Alag: He Is Different.... He Is Alone....]]''
|Dr. Richard Dyer
|
|-
|''[[One Night with the King]]''
|King Saul (prologue)
|English film
|-
| rowspan="4" |2007
|''Foto''
|
|
|-
|''I M IN LOVE''
|Church father
|
|-
|''[[Bheja Fry (film)|Bheja Fry]]''
|Dr. Shepherd
|
|-
|''[[Kailashey Kelenkari (film)|Kailashey Kelenkari]]''
|Sol Silverstein
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]] film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''Ocean of an Old Man''
|Thomas - Teacher
|English film
|-
|''Colours of Passion'' [[Rang Rasiya]]
|Justice Richards
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]''
|Additional Na'vi people
|British-Australian-American film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''Muigwithania''
|Major David
|English film
|-
|''Jaanleva''
|Mr. Malhotra
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2011
|''With Love, Delhi!''
|Ajay
|
|-
|''Yours Maria''
|Matthew Chacha
|Short film
|-
|''[[Cycle Kick]]''
|Football Coach
|
|-
|''Son of Flower''
|Major James Edwards
|English film
|-
|''[[With Love, Delhi!]]''
|Historian (Kidnapper)
|English film
|-
| rowspan="6" |2012
|''Jhansi Ki Rani Laxmibai''
|
|
|-
|Cheekha<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2012-11-14 |title=Tom's encounters with icons who Altered his life |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/toms-encounters-with-icons-who-altered-his-life/articleshow/17211217.cms |access-date=2023-05-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|Adeyapartha Rajan<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-06 |title=IFFK: Seven films in 'Indian Cinema Now' section |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iffk-seven-films-in-indian-cinema-now-section-112110600535_1.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|-
|''Life Ki Toh Lag Gayi''
|Chicha
|
|-
|''[[Kevi Rite Jaish]]''
|Uncle Sam / Derek Thomas
|Gujarati film
|-
|''Son of Flower''
|Major James Edwards
|
|-
|''Jaanleva Black Blood''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''Divana-e-Ishq''
|
|
|-
|''The Corner Table''
|George Miller
|English short film
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
|''Daptar - The School Bag''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daptartheschoolbag.com/ |title=Welcome : Daptar the Movie |access-date=20 June 2014 |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215957/http://daptartheschoolbag.com/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|Magic Uncle
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]] film
|-
|[[Myth of Kleopatra]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-04 |title=IFFK to screen seven films in 'Indian Cinema Now' section |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/iffk-to-screen-seven-films-in-indian-cinema-now-section/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India"/>
|Adeyapartha Rajan
|Hindi / English film
|-
|''[[M Cream]]''
|Mr. Bhardawaj
|English / Hindi film
|-
|''Bhaangarh''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015
|''Bachpan Ek Dhokha''
|
|
|-
|''[[Honour Killing (film)|Honour Killing]]''
|Mr. Smith
|
|-
|''Promise Dad''
|Raul
|
|-
|''[[Bangistan]]''
|The Imam
|
|-
|''[[The Path of Zarathustra]]''
|Mamwaji
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam|Anuragakarikkinvellam]]''
|Abhi's Boss
|[[Malayalam]] film
|-
|''[[Life Flows On]]''
|Tom
|[[English language|English]] film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Sargoshiyan]]''
|Alan Alter
|
|-
|''[[2016 The End]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|''[[Redrum (2018 film)|Redrum]]''
|Eric Fernandez
|Posthumously
|-
|''The Black Cat''
|
|[[English language|English]] film; Posthumously
|-
|''[[San' 75 Pachattar]]''
|
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]] film; Posthumously
|-
|''[[Hamari Paltan]]''
|Masterji
| rowspan="2" | Posthumously
|-
|''[[Nanak Shah Fakir]]''
|
|-
|2019
|''KITAAB Short film''
|John
|Film film
|}

===TV series===
{|class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Period
! Name
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1986
|''[[Idhar Udhar]]''
|Ronny Gonsalves
| Episodic appearances
|-
|1988
|''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]''
| Multiple characters
|
|-
|1990–1991
|''[[The Sword of Tipu Sultan]]''
| [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley]]
|
|-
|1993–1997
|''[[Zabaan Sambhalke]]''
|Charles Spencers
|
|-
|1994
|''[[The Great Maratha]]''
|[[Robert Clive]]
|
|-
|1993–1998
|''[[Junoon (1994 TV series)|Junoon]]''
|Keshav Kalsi
|
|-
|1995–2001
|''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
|
|Season 1 Episode 212 and 213
|-
| 1997–1998
|''[[Betaal Pachisi (1997 TV series)|Betaal Pachisi]]''
| Harry
|
|-
|1998–1999
|''[[Captain Vyom]]''
|Vishwapramukh
|
|-
|1998–2005
|''[[Shaktimaan|Shaktiman]]''
|Mahaguru
|
|-
|2000
|''Adabi Cocktail''
|
|
|-
|2002–2003
|''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]''
|Swami Antaryami, Mritunjay
|
|-
|2003–2004
|''[[Hatim (TV series)|Hatim]]''
|King of Paristan
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages
|-
|2011
|''Shama''
| Shama's Dadajaan
|
|-
|2011–2013
|''[[Yahan Ke Hum Sikandar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.in.com/tv/shows/dd-national-174/yahan-ke-hum-sikandar |title=Latest Entertainment News: Celebrity News, Latest News on TV Reality Shows, Breaking News & Trending Stories |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011221446/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/?utm_source=indotcom&utm_medium=Referral&utm_campaign=indotcom_domain_redirect |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Samuel
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Samvidhaan]]''
|Abul Kalam Azad
|
|-
|2014
|''Dard Ka Rishta''
|Dindyal Sharma
|
|-
|2014–2015
|''Khamosh Sa Afsana''
|Hussain Baba
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Rishton Ka Chakravyuh]]''
|Somdev Guruji
|
|-
|2018
|''Wilderness Days''
|Anchor
|
|-
|2018
|''Smoke''
|Moshe Barak
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0022758|name=Tom Alter}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = India
}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alter, Tom}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian sports journalists]]
[[Category:Assamese-language actors]]
[[Category:Indian Presbyterians]]
[[Category:Indian people of American descent]]
[[Category:People from Mussoorie]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Swiss-German descent]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:Indian amputees]]
[[Category:Indian actors with disabilities]]
[[Category:Schoolteachers from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Woodstock School, Mussoorie alumni]]

Durgawati

2026-03-17T13:31:44Z

RonAgnew292842:

{{for|the 16th-century queen of Gondwana|Rani Durgavati}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Durgawati
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type =[[Community development block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|12|41|N|83|31|51|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna division|Patna]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kaimur district|Kaimur (Bhabua)]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| area_total_km2 = 158.69
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 76
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 136962
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 821105
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06187
| registration_plate = BR-45
| website = 
}}

'''Durgawati''' (also called Durgaoti or Durgauti) is a [[community development block]] in [[Kaimur district]] in [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook - Kaimur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=22–85, 424–471, 898–99|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> It is geographically located between 25° 12' 41" north latitude and 83° 31' 51" east longitude. It is located at an altitude of 76 m (249 ft) above mean sea level. Its headquarters is 30.6 km by road north of the district headquarters, [[Bhabua]], on [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]] (old [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|NH 2]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/NH2_Delhi_Kolkata_main.htm|title=Welcome to NHAI|website=www.nhai.org|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-date=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204065036/http://www.nhai.org/NH2_Delhi_Kolkata_main.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Durgawati is the hub of transport routes in Kaimur district, next to [[Mohania]].

==Geography and climate==

===Geography===
Durgawati has an average elevation of 76 metres (249 feet). Durgawati is divided into wards. In the south, there is a river called Durgauti which merges into the river [[Karamnasa]]. Durgawati is the hub of transport routes in Kaimur district, next to the city Mohania. The famous temple Mundeshawari Devi is situated in Kaimur district. The route for this temple goes through Durgawati. Public Transport or hired vehicles are available for the temple Mundeshwari Devi from the Bus stand on NH-19 or the railway station.
There is a [[waterfall]] [[Telhar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kaimur.bih.nic.in/econ.asp|title=Welcome to the Official Website of Kaimur|website=kaimur.bih.nic.in|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161032/http://kaimur.bih.nic.in/econ.asp|archive-date=5 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> approx 60 km in south.

===Climate===
Durgawati experiences a [[humid subtropical climate]] with large variations between summer and winter temperatures. The temperature ranges between {{convert|22|and|46|C|F|0}} in the summers. Winters in Durgawati see very large [[diurnal cycle|diurnal]] variations, with warm days and downright cold nights. The dry summer starts in April and lasts until June, followed by the monsoon season from July to October. Very Cold waves from the [[Himalaya]]n region cause temperatures to dip across the city in the winter from December to February and temperatures below {{convert|5|°C|0|abbr=on}} are not uncommon. Fog is common in the winters, while hot dry winds, called [[Loo (wind)|loo]], blow in the summers. The average annual rainfall is {{convert|1110|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skymetweather.com/forecast/weather/india/bihar/kaimur/durgawati|title=Current weather in Durgawati: Weekly forecast for Durgawati, Bihar|website=www.skymetweather.com|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Durgawati
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high F = 74
|Feb high F = 79.8
|Mar high F = 90.7
|Apr high F = 100.2
|May high F = 105.5
|Jun high F = 101.2
|Jul high F = 91.6
|Aug high F = 88.9
|Sep high F = 90
|Oct high F = 89.7
|Nov high F = 82.3
|Dec high F = 75.2
|year high C =
|Jan low F = 65.6
|Feb low F = 47.5
|Mar low F = 51.8
|Apr low F = 70
|May low F = 77.9
|Jun low F = 80.3
|Jul low F = 77.3
|Aug low F = 76.2
|Sep low F = 74.5
|Oct low F = 67.5
|Nov low F = 57.7
|Dec low F = 48.2
|year low C =
|Jan precipitation mm = 20.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 20.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 14.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 6.6
|May precipitation mm = 11.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 116.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 298.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 329
|Sep precipitation mm = 181.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 45.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 11.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 3.6
|year precipitation mm = 1057.9
|date=February 2014}}

==Transport==

Durgawati is well connected by air, rail and road with the major Indian cities like [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Pune]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Indore]], [[Bhopal]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Gwalior]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Ujjain]], [[Jaipur]], [[Patna]], [[Jamshedpur]] and [[Hyderabad]]. The town is 763 km from [[Delhi]]. One of the major factors in Durgawati's sustained existence as an inhabited city is its role as a transportation hub between different cities.
It is a subdivisional town in [[Kaimur district]]. The district headquarters, [[Bhabua]], is 30 km southward from the railway station.

===Road===
* [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]] (old [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|NH 2]], GT Road) crosses through the heart of the town.<ref name=":0"/>
The town is 196 km from [[Patna]] and 50 km from [[Varanasi]] by road.
There are also a few State Highways in the city [[List of state highways in Bihar#List of state highways in Bihar|SH-14]]. 
Mohania is connected to [[Buxar]] via [[Ramgarh, Kaimur|Ramgarh]] from the south and with [[Bhabua]] ([[district capital]], Audhaura, [[Bhagwanpur, Bhabua|Bhagwanpur]]) from the south.

===Railway===
The name of the railway station of Durgawati is [[Durgauti railway station]], situated on Howrah–Gaya–Mughalsarai–New Delhi Grand Chord line. Dindayal Pandey and Sumit Pandey always demands for development of this station. They demands for stoppage of new train here.
The station code is " DGO".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/durgauti-dgo/1738|title=DGO/Durgauti Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|last=Goyal|first=WC|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref>

===Airport===
[[Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport]], [[Varanasi]], commonly known as Babatpur Airport, is the nearest airport, 67 km from Durgawati. Indian carriers, including [[Air India]] and [[Spicejet]] and international carriers like [[Air India]], [[Thai Airways International]], [[Korean Air]] and [[Naaz Airlines]], operate from here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/varanasi_generalinfo.jsp|title=Airports Authority of India|website=www.aai.aero|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629091735/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/varanasi_generalinfo.jsp|archive-date=29 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.varanasi.org.in/varanasi-airport|title=Varanasi airport, Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport Babatpur|date=2012-10-11|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref>

==Other==

=== School ===
* Inter Level High School ( Kanya Madhya Vidyalaya )
* Children's Academy
* St. John's School
* Saraswati Sisu Mandir

===Bank===
* Allahabad Bank
* Madhya Bihar Gramin Bank
* Co-operative Bank
* Sahara India Bank
{{div col}}
* [[State Bank of India]]
* [[HDFC Bank]]
* [[Union Bank of India]]
* [[Bank of Baroda]]
* [[Punjab National Bank]]
* [[Axis Bank]] ATM
{{col div end}}

== Villages ==
Durgawati block contains the following 108 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Jamurni]] || 194 || 1,439
|-
| [[Kulharia, Kaimur|Kulharia]] || 424 || 2,367
|-
| [[Larma, Kaimur|Larma]] || 201 || 938
|-
| [[Chhajupur]] || 79 || 200
|-
| [[Chipali]] || 70 || 401
|-
| [[Keshopur, Durgawati|Keshopur]] || 82 || 255
|-
| [[Khajura, Durgawati|Khajura]] || 376 || 6,061
|-
| [[Basawanpur, Durgawati|Basawanpur]] || 35 || 19
|-
| [[Niazpur]] || 87 || 377
|-
| [[Khajura Arazi]] || 29 || 0
|-
| [[Bhagwanpur, Durgawati|Bhagwanpur]] || 147 || 66
|-
| [[Sakhelipur]] || 58 || 467
|-
| [[Dhan Saray]] || 108 || 905
|-
| [[Pipari, Durgawati|Pipari]] || 121 || 540
|-
| [[Dharhar, Kaimur|Dharhar]] || 344 || 1,535
|-
| [[Kanhpur, Kaimur|Kanhpur]] || 75 || 904
|-
| [[Bilkhori]] || 100 || 433
|-
| [[Harpur Pokhar]] || 66 || 0
|-
| [[Baruri]] || 360 || 1,681
|-
| [[Harballabhpur]] || 91 || 655
|-
| [[Chhawan]] || 280 || 2,105
|-
| [[Dharahra, Durgawati|Dharahra]] || 57 || 0
|-
| [[Pokhra]] || 57 || 0
|-
| [[Kurari, Durgawati|Kurari]] || 504 || 1,907
|-
| [[Bhanpur, Kaimur|Bhanpur]] || 127 || 1,094
|-
| [[Bheria]] || 477 || 1,974
|-
| [[Raghunathpur, Durgawati|Raghunathpur]] || 50 || 204
|-
| [[Madhura, Kaimur|Madhura]] || 65 || 740
|-
| [[Shohpur]] || 128 || 764
|-
| [[Shudhia]] || 142 || 488
|-
| [[Manipur, Kaimur|Manipur]] || 30 || 236
|-
| [[Ruia]] || 195 || 600
|-
| [[Ishipur]] || 137 || 673
|-
| [[Gorar]] || 199 || 1,515
|-
| [[Machhanhata]] || 180 || 613
|-
| [[Gosaisipur]] || 74 || 523
|-
| [[Kusharia]] || 182 || 772
|-
| [[Isari, Kaimur|Isari]] || 297 || 1,257
|-
| [[Ashoga]] || 170 || 1,301
|-
| [[Manikpur Doghara]] || 38 || 485
|-
| [[Machkhia]] || 146 || 1,377
|-
| [[Madhopur, Durgawati|Madhopur]] || 88 || 1,007
|-
| [[Dhanipur]] || 69 || 389
|-
| [[Sariawan, Durgawati|Sariawan]] || 89 || 2,046
|-
| [[Khamdaura]] || 369 || 3,320
|-
| [[Kharkholi]] || 139 || 947
|-
| [[Bhadaini]] || 39 || 437
|-
| [[Anantpur, Durgawati|Anantpur]] || 49 || 0
|-
| [[Amirti]] || 105 || 39
|-
| [[Kharsara]] || 193 || 3,332
|-
| [[Dhanichha]] || 230 || 3,052
|-
| [[Dharhara, Kaimur|Dharhara]] || 164 || 1,058
|-
| [[Rohua]] || 89 || 1,270
|-
| [[Manoharpur, Kaimur|Manoharpur]] || 359 || 522
|-
| [[Chahria]] || 0 ''(sic)'' || 5,211
|-
| [[Itahi, Durgawati|Itahi]] || 96 || 1,018
|-
| [[Kotsa]] || 348 || 2,767
|-
| [[Dusaunti]] || 43 || 926
|-
| [[Chhata, Durgawati|Chhata]] || 371 || 3,373
|-
| [[Madanpura, Kaimur (census code 249568)|Madanpura]] || 54 || 0
|-
| [[Madanpura, Kaimur (census code 249569)|Madanpura]] || 37 || 774
|-
| [[Karari, Durgawati|Karari]] || 505 || 3,645
|-
| [[Belhari]] || 73 || 0
|-
| [[Panrepur, Durgawati (census code 249572)|Panrepur]] || 33 || 0
|-
| [[Jevari]] || 223 || 2,608
|-
| [[Pachilakhi]] || 295 || 1,664
|-
| [[Bichhiya, Durgawati|Bichhiya]] || 119 || 2,111
|-
| [[Asurha]] || 30 || 423
|-
| [[Tola Gopinathpur]] || 47 || 270
|-
| [[Ataria, Kaimur|Ataria]] || 96 || 966
|-
| [[Arazi Kalyanpur]] || 62 || 0
|-
| [[Misirpura]] || 30 || 1,012
|-
| [[Kalhnuan]] || 241 || 1,217
|-
| [[Kalyanpur, Durgawati|Kalyanpur]] || 180 || 3,709
|-
| [[Tiari]] || 38 || 7
|-
| [[Serwan]] || 57 || 0
|-
| [[Mansurpur, Kaimur|Mansurpur]] || 128 || 2,231
|-
| [[Kasthar]] || 76 || 126
|-
| [[Kirpalpur, Kaimur|Kirpalpur]] || 66 || 834
|-
| [[Dumri, Durgawati|Dumri]] || 260 || 4,158
|-
| [[Ghinhu Patti]] || 106 || 1,440
|-
| [[Nuawan]] || 394 || 3,216
|-
| [[Garhwa, Kaimur (census code 249591)|Garhwa]] || 51 || 375
|-
| [[Masaurha]] || 712 || 5,720
|-
| [[Kabilaspur]] || 197 || 1,835
|-
| [[Firozpur, Kaimur|Firozpur]] || 96 || 1,336
|-
| [[Gimhiyan]] || 85 || 310
|-
| [[Dakaha]] || 28 || 0
|-
| [[Kasthari]] || 134 || 2,297
|-
| [[Karmi, Kaimur|Karmi]] || 58 || 0
|-
| [[Udhpura]] || 124 || 466
|-
| [[Narsingha, Kaimur|Narsingha]] || 58 || 0
|-
| [[Garhwa, Kaimur (census code 249601)|Garhwa]] || 38 || 0
|-
| [[Sawath, Kaimur (census code 249602)|Sawath]] || 470 || 5,164
|-
| [[Dahiyawan]] || 160 || 1,258
|-
| [[Darauli, Durgawati|Darauli]] || 113 || 1,232
|-
| [[Dahla, Kaimur|Dahla]] || 93 || 3,816
|-
| [[Chogara]] || 127 || 1,172
|-
| [[Janarjanpur]] || 36 || 1,795
|-
| [[Panrepur, Durgawati (census code 249608)|Panrepur]] || 29 || 174
|-
| [[Anwarhiya]] || 484 || 2,874
|-
| [[Sonawan, Durgawati|Sonawan]] || 91 || 721
|-
| [[Sarangpur, Durgawati|Sarangpur]] || 115 || 1,294
|-
| [[Karanpura, Durgawati|Karanpura]] || 508 || 4,623
|-
| [[Dirkhili]] || 209 || 1,504
|-
| [[Shahpur, Durgawati|Shahpur]] || 56 || 0
|-
| [[Lain, Kaimur|Lain]] || 62 || 0
|-
| [[Sawath, Kaimur (census code 249616)|Sawath]] || 60 || 0
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Patna Division|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kaimur district]]

Uyyale

2026-03-16T22:03:37Z

RonAgnew292842: added a post

{{about||the Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film|Uyyale (2011 film)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=November 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Uyyale.jpg
| director = N. Lakshminarayan
| based_on = {{based on|''Uyyale''|[[Chaduranga]]}}
| producer = [[G. N. Lakshmipathy]]
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] [[K. S. Ashwath]] [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
| cinematography = N. G. Rao
| editing = P. Bhakthavatsalam
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| studio = Bharath Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|1969}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Uyyale''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಉಯ್ಯಾಲೆ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|The Swing}}) is a 1969 [[Kannada language]] [[romantic drama]] film directed by N. Lakshminarayan and starring [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]]. The film is a screen adaptation of the novel of the same name written by the novelist [[Chaduranga]] (Subramanyaraja Urs).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamat |first=Jyotsna |date=June 20, 2006 |title=Remembering ''Chaduranga'' |url=https://www.kamat.com/jyotsna/blog/blog.php?BlogID=984 |website=kamat.com |access-date=7 February 2025 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616021905/http://www.kamat.com/jyotsna/blog/blog.php?BlogID=984 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2019 |title=ರಾಜ್‌ ಹಬ್ಬ: ವರನಟನ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡಿ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/raj-festival-a-mirror-of-the-grooms-novel-films |website=Udayavani |language=kn |access-date=5 May 2019 |archive-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505142131/https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/raj-festival-a-mirror-of-the-grooms-novel-films |url-status=live }}</ref> The film presents a delicate tale of the extra-marital love of a woman neglected by her husband reflecting the social and moral laws of married life.<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1530469237860745216 |user=NFAIOfficial |title=#SaturdayVibes: Kalpana in acclaimed #Kannada film #Uyyale (1969). The film presents a delicate tale of the extra-marital love of a woman, reflecting the social and moral laws of married life. It is based on the novel of the #SameName by the renowned novelist Chaduranga. |author-link=National Film Archive of India |date=28 May 2022}}</ref> Radha is the second wife of an extremely negligent Shesha. However, when Krishna, Shesha's cousin, enters her life, they form a unique bond with each other.

Besides writing the story, Chaduranga also wrote the dialogues for the film and won [[Karnataka State Film Award]] for the year 1979 for this story. The soundtrack and original score composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] was widely acclaimed and appreciated. Produced by Gopal - Lakshman duo, the film fetched the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film]] award for the same year. The film was screened twice at the [[IFFI]] Retrospect - once in 1992 and once again in 2019 on the occasion of the 50th year of IFFI.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2019 |title=Dr Rajkumar's 'Uyyale' in IFFI retrospective |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dr-rajkumar-s-uyyale-in-iffi-retrospective-778491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501164748/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dr-rajkumar-s-uyyale-in-iffi-retrospective-778491.html |archive-date=1 May 2023 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=7 February 2025 }}</ref> In a small drama sequence, Rajkumar appears as [[Gautama Buddha]] and [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] as [[Kisa Gotami]].

==Cast==
* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as Krishna Gowda
* [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] as Radha
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Seshu Rao, Radha's husband
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] as stage actor (cameo)
* [[M. Jayashree]] as Krishna's mother
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Seetapathi, Seshu's neighbour
* Ramadevi as Seetha, Seetapathi's wife
* Premalatha as Kanaka
* Papamma as Kanaka's mother
* N. K. Narasimhaiah
* Baby Girija as Prabha

==Soundtrack==
The songs were composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uyyale |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/uyyale/MCTZ51drfqk_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=7 February 2025 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130140519/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/uyyale/MCTZ51drfqk_ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rajkumar "humming" the entire lyrics of ''Doniyolage Neenu'' <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=vHgdvgmnKABo8axq&v=jwc9qa6QZD4&feature=youtu.be | title="DhoNiyoLage Neenu ..." Song from Kannada Movie, "Uyyale" | website=[[YouTube]] | date=29 August 2021 }}</ref> in a sequence in this movie remains the only instance of him "singing" in the music direction of Vijaya Bhaskar apart from the rendition in the drama sequence (''Yamaniyama'') in the 1999 movie ''Maha Edabidangi''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=GrE5L5hhZQk| title=ಕನ್ನಡದ ಮೊಟ್ಟ ಮೊದಲ ಸಂಗೀತ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕಿ ಯಾರು ಗೊತ್ತಾ..?; Naadu Kanda Rajkumar - Ep 217| website=[[YouTube]] | date=16 October 2025 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Song title !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Kaddu Kaddu Nodo" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|-
| "Cheluvina Kale" || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Vijaya Narasimha]]
|-
| "Nagutha Haadale" || P. B. Sreenivas || [[Geethapriya]]
|-
| "Kallu Kavitheya Haaduvudu" || P. B. Sreenivas || [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
|-
| "Doniyolage Neenu" || P. Susheela || R. N. Jayagopal
|}

==Awards==

* [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]{{Cn|date=November 2024}}
# [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Second Best Film]]
# [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story writer]] - [[Chaduranga]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:1969 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Kannada novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. Lakshminarayan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Dausa

2026-03-13T22:54:20Z

RonAgnew292842: adding

{{About|the municipality in Rajasthan, India|its namesake district|Dausa district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dausa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = Deva Nagari<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us - District Dausa - Government of Rajasthan |url=https://dausa.rajasthan.gov.in/home/district-info/33 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=District Dausa}}</ref>
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan##Location in India##Location in Asia
| coordinates = {{coord|26.8932|N|76.3375|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Rajasthan#Divisions|Division]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaipur division|Jaipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Dausa Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 44
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 327
| population_total = 128000
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=1 January 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 303303
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code(s)]]
| area_code = +91-1427
| registration_plate = RJ-29
| website = {{URL|dausa.rajasthan.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dausa district|Dausa]]
| leader_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Mamta Choudhary<ref name="Chairman Dausa Municipal Council">{{cite web |url= https://dausa.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/sm/contact-directory/13711/33/30370 |title= Chairman, District Dausa, Rajasthan Government |website= District Dausa, Government of Rajasthan |access-date= 2 July 2023 }}</ref>
}}

'''Dausa''' is a city and administrative headquarters of [[Dausa district]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]], India. It is 55 km from [[Jaipur]], 240 km from [[Delhi]] and located on [[National Highway 21 (India)|Jaipur-Agra National Highway]] (NH-21).

==Etymology==
The name ''Dausa'' ([[Hindi]]: {{lang|hi|दौसा}}) is derived from a [[Sanskrit]] word ''Dhau-Sa'' which means "Beautiful like Heaven".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us - District Dausa - Government of Rajasthan |url=https://dausa.rajasthan.gov.in/home/district-info/33 |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=District Dausa}}</ref>

== History ==
Before 1947, Dausa was part of [[princely state]] of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]] ruled by Suryavanshi [[Kachhwaha|Kachwaha]] Rajputs. Dausa is situated in a region widely known as [[Dhundhar|Dundhar]]. The [[Chauhan Dynasty|Chauhans]] also ruled this land in 10th Century AD. Dausa became the first capital of the then Dundhar Region. The Raja Sodh Dev ruled this region during 996 AD to 1006 AD. Later, [[Dulha Rai|Raja Dulha Rai]] who was son of Raja Sodh Dev ruled this region for 30 years from 1006 AD to 1036 AD.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Dausa |url=https://dausa.rajasthan.gov.in/sm/jankalyan-category-and-entry-type/11775/33/4/2 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=District Dausa}}</ref>

Dausa has given prominent freedom fighters to the nation. [[Tika Ram Paliwal|Tikaram Paliwal]] and Ram Karan Joshi were amongst the [[Freedom fighters of India|freedom fighters]] who gave their valuable contribution for the fight for independence and in formation of the state of [[Rajasthan]]. Tikaram Paliwal was elected the [[List of Chief Ministers of Rajasthan|Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] in 1952. Also, Ram Karan Joshi was the first [[Panchayati raj|Panchayati Raj]] Minister of Rajasthan who submitted the first Panchayati Raj Bill in the [[Vidhansabha]] in 1952.<ref name=":0" />

The poet [[Sunderdas]] was born on Chaitra Shukla Navami in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1653 in Dausa. He was a renowned Nirgun Panthi Sant and wrote 42 Grantha, out of which Gyan Sundaram & Sunder Vilas are famous.

== Geography ==
Dausa is located at {{Coord|26.88|N|76.33|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Dausa.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Dausa, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|accessdate=1 February 2021}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 333 metres (1072 feet).
It is located in [[Dausa district]], one of the 5 Districts of [[Jaipur division]] ([[Alwar district|Alwar]], [[Dausa district|Dausa]], [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]], [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]n, [[Sikar district|Sikar]]).

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} [[Indian census]], Dausa town had total population of 85,960. Males constitute 45,369 of the population and females 40,591. Dausa has an average literacy rate of 69.17%, lower than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 84.54% and, female literacy is 52.33%. In Dausa, 11,042 of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0811_PART_B_DCHB_0811_DAUSA.pdf|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|publisher=Census Commission of India |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box|title=Religion in Dausa(2011)|align=left|titlebar=#FCD116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|84.69}}{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|14.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|brown|0.66}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.16}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.15}}
{{bar percent|Others and no religion|grey|0.23}}}}
The religious groups represented in Dausa as of 2011 include [[Hindu]]s (84.99%), [[Muslims]] (14.11%), [[Jain]]s (0.66%), [[Christians]] (0.16%) and [[Sikh]]s (0.15%).<ref name=religion>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=C-01: Population by religious community |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Stone carving===
Sikandra is situated at 25 km from Dausa on NH-21 towards Agra. This place has made its mark in the domestic as well as international market for its sandstone carvings.<ref name= StoneCarving>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/stone-carving-gives-rajasthans-sikandra-a-special-identity-sales-surpass-rs-300-crore-annually-5850139.html |title=Stone Carving Gives Rajasthan's Sikandra a Special Identity, Sales Surpass Rs 300 Crore Annually |date= 30 August 2022|website=[[News18]] |access-date=15 July 2023 }}</ref>

===Local festivals===
====Basant Panchmi Mela====
Basant Panchami Mela is organized every February in Baradari Mela Maidan with the worship of idols of [[Rama|Raghunathji]], [[Narasimha|Narsinghji]], and the god [[Surya]]. The festival is celebrated for a month, with a large local market for villagers to procure essential requirements for the entire year. Besides this, it has all arrangements for rural entertainment. Therefore, it has very much attention and importance for rural population scattered in the district.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/dausa/crowds-flocked-to-the-fair-on-basant-panchami-for-years-thakur-ji-remained-enthroned-till-chhath/1555539 |title=Dausa: बसंत पंचमी पर सालों से लग रहे मेले में उमड़ी भीड़, छठ तक विराजमान रहते ठाकुर जी |date=2 February 2023 |website=[[Zee News]]|access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
There are many places in and near Dausa to visit such as:
* '''[[Abhaneri]]''': It is known for its post-Gupta or early medieval monuments. It is situated at about 33 km from Dausa towards [[Bandikui]]. The [[Chand Baori]] (Step Well) and [[Harshat Mata Temple]] are the important places to visit.
* '''Bhandarej''': Bhandarej is known for the walls, sculptures, decorative latticework, and terracotta utensils found in the excavation. Bhandarej also has 18th-century step-well called Bhandrej Baori.<ref name=tourist>{{cite web |url=https://dausa.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/sm/district-info-detail/11779/33/29 |title= Tourist Places, District Dausa |website=District Dausa |access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref>
* '''Khawaraoji''': Khawaraoji was the residence of the then ruler Raoji and Jaiman purohits. It is situated at about 25 km from Dausa.<ref name="tourist" />
* '''Jhajhirampura ''': Jhajhirampura is known for the natural water tank and temples of Rudra (Shiv), Balaji (Hanuman), Bhairav nath ji, Devnarayan chouhan ji temple and other religious god and goddess.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tourism in dausa|url=http://dausa.nic.in/|access-date=23 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131224345/http://dausa.nic.in/|archive-date=31 January 2008}}</ref>

<gallery>
Abhaneri-Chand Baori-02-Galerie-2018-gje.jpg|Chand Baori
Abhaneri-Chand Baori-10-Stufenbrunnen-2018-gje.jpg|Chand Baori stepwell
Abhaneri-Chand Baori-22-Stufenbrunnen-2018-gje.jpg|Chand Baori steps
Abhaneri-Harshat Mata-Tempel-14-2018-gje.jpg|Harsat Mata ka Mandir
Abhaneri-Harshat Mata-Tempel-08-2018-gje.jpg|Harsat Mata ka Mandir
</gallery>

==== Temples and religious spots ====
* '''[[Mehandipur Balaji Temple]]''': The temple of Bajrang Bali ([[Hanuman]]) god is known for treatment of mentally disturbed people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khosla |first1=Inna |title=Mehandipur Balaji Temple: क्या है मेहंदीपुर बाला जी मंदिर का इतिहास, जानें दर्शन के लाभ |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/religion/dharm/what-is-the-history-of-mehandipur-bala-ji-temple-know-the-benefits-of-darshan-403183.html |website=[[News Nation]] |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114023840/https://www.newsnationtv.com/religion/dharm/what-is-the-history-of-mehandipur-bala-ji-temple-know-the-benefits-of-darshan-403183.html |archive-date=14 November 2023 |language=hi |date=11 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Mehandipur Balaji idol.jpg|thumb|alt=Idol of Hanuman at the main shrine|Mahendipur Balaji Ji Temple]]

* '''[[Paplaj Mata]]''': The Temple of Paplaj Mata is situated in the sub-district [[Lalsot]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=लालसोट के पपलाज माता के लक्खी मेले का आगाज, हजारों की तादाद में पहुंचेंगे श्रद्धालु |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/dausa/lalsot-paplaj-mata-lakkhi-fair-begins-thousands-of-devotees-will-reach/1333773 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Zee Rajasthan |language=hi}}</ref>

[[File:Paplaj_Mata.jpg|thumb|alt=Idol of Paplaj Mata Temple|Paplaj Mata Temple]]

* '''Shri Binori Balaji Mandir''': The Temple of Binori Balaji Ji is situated in the sub-district [[Lalsot]].

== Transport ==
===By road===
Dausa is located on [[National Highway 21 (India)|NH 21]]. It is 55 km from [[Jaipur]] and 180 km from [[Agra]] on NH-21 and 240 km from [[Delhi]] on [[:Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]] and also well connected to other surrounding cities viz. [[Alwar]], [[Karauli]], [[Sawai Madhopur]] and [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] by road. Further, [[National Highway 148 (India)|NH-148]] connects it to [[Lalsot]]. [[RSRTC]] operates bus service to major cities in [[Rajasthan]], New Delhi and [[Uttar Pradesh]].

===By rail===
The city is well connected by rail. It is on [[Delhi–Jaipur line|Delhi-Jaipur]] line. [[Dausa railway station]] is a very important railway station of [[North Western Railway zone|North-Western Railway Zone]] under [[Jaipur railway division|Jaipur division]]. A new railway line was added which connects Dausa to [[Gangapur City]], after this the Dausa railway station became a railway junction.

===By air===
The nearest airport to the city is [[Jaipur International Airport]], which is at a distance of 60 km from the city. The second nearest airport is [[Agra Airport]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://dausa.rajasthan.gov.in/}}

{{Dausa district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dausa district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]

Mir Bashir (palmist)

2026-03-10T11:46:08Z

RonAgnew292842: added details!

{{Short description|Clairvoyant and palmist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mir Bashir
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1907
| birth_place = British India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = 
| other_names =
| occupation = Astrologer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Mir Bashir''' ([[Urdu]] '''میر بشیر''') was a famous Kashmiri [[palmistry|palmist]] born in 1907 in British India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bashir-mir-1907|title=Bashir, Mir (1907-) | Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=13 June 2023}}</ref> Mir Bashir moved to England in 1948 and was the leading palmist of London at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.palmistryreadhands.com/palmistry-teachers/|title = Palmistry Teachers}}</ref> During his research on palmistry, he collaborated with physicians and criminologists, maintaining a library of over fifty thousand handprints. He wrote the book ''How to Read Hands'' in 1955.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblio.com/how-to-read-hands-by-bashir-mir/work/2082020|title = How to Read Hands by Bashir, Mir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 1853981028|title = The Art of Hand Analysis|last1 = Bashir|first1 = Mir|date = March 1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/311091279/Art-of-Hand-Analysis-by-Mir-Bashir|title=Art of Hand Analysis by Mir Bashir | PDF|website=Scribd|accessdate=13 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/575827502339834781/?autologin=true&nic_v2=1a3QCbCEm|title=46-51: Mir Bashir, “How to Read Hands”: Bashir (b. 1907), a famous 1950s palmist, provides an overview of the history of palmistry. | Palmistry, Reading, Books|website=Pinterest|accessdate=13 June 2023}}</ref> In the [[Urdu|Urdu language]], his book's name is ''Ramoz-i-dust shunasi''. He also wrote many articles in newspapers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diy-wicca.com/index.php/wicca/147-origin-and-basic-history-of-the-book-of-shadows|title = Origin and Basic History of the Book of Shadows}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alibris.com/Palmistry-and-Its-Practical-Uses-1890-Louise-Cotton/book/8726280 |title=Palmistry and Its Practical Uses 1890 |author=Louise Cotton}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/issue/straitstimes19630901-1|title = NewspaperSG - the Straits Times, 1 September 1963}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bashir, Mir}}
[[Category:20th-century astrologers]]
[[Category:Clairvoyants]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Palmists]]
[[Category:1907 births]]

Dharsha Gupta

2026-03-08T18:37:07Z

RonAgnew292842: post

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dharsha Gupta
| image =Actress_Dharsha_Gupta.jpg
| caption = Dharshu in 2021
| birth_name = Dharsha Gupta
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|6|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| years_active = 2017 {{endash}} present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Model}}
| known_for = ''[[Cooku with Comali (season 2)]]'' ''[[Bigg boss (season 8)]]'' ''[[Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)|Rudra Thandavam]]'' ''[[Oh My Ghost (film)|Oh My Ghost]]''
| other_names = Dharshu
| website =
}}

'''Dharsha Gupta''' (born 7 June 1994<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-actress-dharsha-gupta-celebrated-her-30th-birthday/articleshow/110793431.cms |title=Here's how actress Dharsha Gupta celebrated her 30th birthday |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>) is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film and television industry. She is best known for her roles in TV shows telecasted on [[Star Vijay]] channel the comedy [[reality TV]] show ''[[Cooku with Comali (season 2)]]'' where she rose to fame.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dharsha-gupta-clocks-2.4m-followers-on-instagram-celebrates-with-fans/articleshow/81192690.cms |title=Dharsha Gupta clocks 2.4M followers on Instagram; celebrates with fans |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/from-dharsha-gupta-to-akshara-reddy-fit-and-fab-tamil-tv-actresses-who-can-inspire-you-to-hit-the-gym/photostory/88367541.cms |title=From Dharsha Gupta to Akshara Reddy: Fit and fab Tamil TV actresses who can inspire you to hit the gym |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Gupta made her debut film with [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)|Rudra Thandavam]]'' (2021) under the direction of director [[Mohan G.]] opposing actor [[Richard Rishi]]. In 2022 Gupta appeared in the film ''[[Oh My Ghost (film)|Oh My Ghost]]'' starring actress [[Sunny Leone]]. In 2024 she played a mass lead role in ''[[Thalamai Seiyalagam (series)|Thalamai Seiyalagam]]'' pairing with actor [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/rewind2020-dharsha-gupta-to-losliya-mariyanesan-tamil-tv-celebs-who-announced-their-debut-on-the-silver-screen-this-year/photostory/80026596.cms |title=#Rewind2020: Dharsha Gupta to Losliya Mariyanesan, Tamil TV celebs who announced their debut on the silver screen this year |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She participated as a contestant on the Indian reality TV show at 2025, [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|''Bigg Boss 8'']].

==Career==
She made her acting debut in the Tamil television serial ''[[Mullum Malarum (TV series)|Mullum Malarum]]'' which aired on [[Zee Tamil]]. She also played an key important role in ''[[Senthoora Poove (TV series)|Senthoora Poove]]'' on [[Star Vijay]] along with [[Ranjith]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-dharsha-gupta-is-helping-the-needy-during-lockdown/articleshow/83028815.cms |title=Here's how Dharsha Gupta is helping the needy during lockdown |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2020, She appeared in the comedy reality show called ''[[Cooku with Comali (season 2)]]'' where she bagged limelight and turned out very successfully after her appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dharsha-gupta-to-ashwin-kumar-lakshmikanthan-celebs-who-are-basking-in-the-success-of-cooku-with-comalis-2/photostory/83066553.cms |title=Dharsha Gupta to Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan: Celebs who are basking in the success of Cooku with Comalis 2 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In the year 2021, director [[Mohan G.]] approached Dharsha offering her a role in his [[action thriller film]] [[Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)|Rudra Thandavam]] which was under his direction, she later agreed to the offer and acted in the film playing the character Varahi which also marked her first debut film as a lead actress.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dharsha-gupta-completes-dubbing-for-her-debut-film-rudrathandavam/articleshow/82572077.cms |title=Dharsha Gupta completes dubbing for her debut film 'Rudrathandavam' |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/dharsha-gupta-to-debut-as-heroine-in-draupathi-directors-next-movie-rudhra-thandavam/29166/ |title=Dharsha Gupta to debut as heroine in Draupathi director's next movie 'Rudhra Thandavam' |website=thenewscrunch.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/rudra-thandavam-movie-starring-cook-with-comali-fame-dharsha-gupta-to-release-soon/36229/ |title=Rudra Thandavam movie starring 'Cook with Comali' fame Dharsha Gupta to release soon |website=thenewscrunch.com}}</ref> She later signed up another massive film titled as ''Medical Miracle'' playing the lead female tole once again, she is opposing actor and comedian [[Yogi Babu]] in the film.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} In 2021, she won ''Best Debutante Actress Of The Year'' in the FAB AWARD film festival.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2VVCbFIEZk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915092124/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2VVCbFIEZk |archive-date=15 September 2022 |title=Dharsha Gupta Winning the Best Debutante Actress Of The Year - FAB AWARDS |via=[[YouTube]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> Director [[Abhishek Kapoor]] approached Dharsha offering her a supporting role in his upcoming [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Oh My Ghost (film)|Oh My Ghost]]'' starring actress [[Sunny Leone]] who played the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/10/teaser-of-sunny-leone-and-sathishs-oh-my-ghost-out-34550.html |title=Teaser of Sunny Leone and Sathish's Oh My Ghost out |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19]] lock-down in [[India]], Dharsha helped over 20,000 people by providing shelter and basic medical needs. She also won the award of ''Heart of the year'' after the service to the community.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

In 2024, She also participated in the reality show [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|''Bigg Boss 8'']] hosted by [[Vijay Sethupathi]]. She was later evicted at 22nd place on day 21 of the show.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bigg-boss-tamil-8-dharsha-gupta-gets-eliminated-from-vijay-sethupathi-hosted-reality-tv-show-netizens-react-1355609 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Dharsha Gupta gets eliminated from Vijay Sethupathi-hosted reality TV show; netizens react |website=PinkVilla}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-dharsha-gupta-gets-evicted-from-the-house-host-vijay-sethupathi-says-start-a-fresh-life/articleshow/114662936.cms |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Dharsha Gupta gets evicted from the house, Host Vijay Sethupathi says, "Start a fresh life" |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
====Reality Shows====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Cooku with Comali (season 2)]]''
|Contestant
|rowspan="5"|[[Star Vijay]]
|Eliminated{{cn|date=October 2024}}
|-
|rowspan=4| 2021
|''Single Ponnunga''
|Herself
|
|-
|''[[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|Super Singer 8]]''
|Guest
|
|-
|''KPY Comedy Thiruvizha''
|Guest
|
|-
|''[[Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani]]''
|Contestant
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2024
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors season 4|''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors 4'']]
|Guest
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]''
|Contestant
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Evicted Day 21
|-
|}

====Serials====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !!class=unsortable|Notes !!class=unsortable|{{Reference heading}}
|-
|2018
|''[[Avalum Naanum]]''
|Manasa
|[[Star Vijay]]
| Replaced by Suji Vasan
|
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Mullum Malarum (TV series)|Mullum Malarum]]''
|Vijayalakshmi
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Minnale (TV series)|Minnale]]''
|Varsha
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Replaced Sowmya Rao Nadig
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Senthoora Poove (TV series)|Senthoora Poove]]''
|Aishwarya
|[[Star Vijay]]
| Replaced by [[Sushma Nair]]
|
|-
|}

===Films===
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|2021 || ''[[Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)|Rudra Thandavam]]''|| Varahi ||
|-
|2022 || ''[[Oh My Ghost (film)|Oh My Ghost]]'' || Sowmiya
||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-omg-oh-my-ghost-sunny-leone-look-oh-so-hot-as-queen-mayasena-in-tamil-horror-comedy-news-222520 |title='OMG - Oh My Ghost': Sunny Leone Look Oh-So-Hot As Queen Mayasena In Tamil Horror Comedy |website=outlookindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|2023||style="background:#ffc;"|''Medical Miracle''{{Dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || {{TBA}} ||Filming{{cn|date=October 2024}}
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| 2021
|FAB Awards
|Best Debutante Actress Of The Year
|''[[Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)|Rudra Thandavam]]''
|{{won}}
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10641834}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Dharsha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Cooku with Comali contestants]]

Baramba State

2026-03-05T20:41:13Z

RonAgnew292842: add references and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = <big>ବଡମ୍ବା ରାଜ୍ୟ</big>
|conventional_long_name =Baramba State
|common_name =Baramba
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start = 1305
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Flag of the Baramba Princely State.svg
|image_coat =
|image_map = Daspalla-Nayagarh-Imperial Gazetteer.jpg
|image_map_caption = Baramba State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|stat_area1 =368
|stat_year1 =1892
|stat_pop1 =29772
|today = [[Odisha]], [[India]]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Baramba State''' ({{langx|or|ବଡମ୍ବା ରାଜ୍ୟ}}) was one of the [[princely state]]s of [[India]] during the [[British Raj]]. It had its capital in [[Baramba, India|Baramba]] town. The last ruler acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] on 1 January 1948. Baramba state was made part of [[Cuttack district]] of [[Odisha]] in 1948.

==History==
According to family and court records, Baramba State was founded in 1305 when the land comprising two villages, Sonkha and Mohuri, was granted by the then [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] emperor Narasimha Deva II, to a wrestler Hatakeshwar Raut in recognition for his valour.<ref>{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS CUTTACK |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Cuttack_Gazetteer.pdf |pages=46–70 |date=1993 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Bengal Gazetteers Feudatory States Of Orissa |publisher=DLI |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206889 |author=Cobden Ramsay |page=129 |date=1910 }}</ref><ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_433.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 6, p. 433.]</ref> The last ruler of Baramba Princely State signed the [[Instrument of Accession|accession]] to the Indian Union on 1 January 1948.

== See also ==
*[[Eastern States Agency]]
*[[Political integration of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|20|25|15|N|85|22|41|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

{{Princely states of the Eastern States Agency}}

[[Category:Princely states of Odisha]]
[[Category:Cuttack district]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1305 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-PrincelyState-stub}}
{{cuttack-geo-stub}}

Sathya (Tamil TV series)

2026-03-05T03:03:23Z

RonAgnew292842: added pg

{{Short description|Indian television soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Sathya-Zee-Tamil.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = '''Dialogues''' 
*N. Ramana Gopinath
*R. Dramalingam
| screenplay = {{Plain list|
*Lobo Samy
*G.Sabarinathan
}}
| director = {{Plain list|
* Arun (episodes: 1–51)
* Sudharsan (episodes: 52–90)
* A.R. Karthik (episodes: 91–210)
* N.V. Natarajan (episodes: 211–767)
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Ayesha Zeenath]]
* [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 767
| list_episodes =
| producer = R.K. Manohar
| company = Rajammal Creations
| theme_music_composer = [[Vishal Chandrasekar]]
| opentheme = "Engadi Engadi"
| composer = Sekar Sai Bharath
| cinematography = Arjunan Karthik
| editor = P.Arunkumar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|03|04}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2021|10|24}}
| related = ''[[Sathya 2]]''
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
}}

'''''Sathya''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television [[soap opera]], starring [[Ayesha Zeenath]] and [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sathya-tv-actress-ayesha-to-play-a-tomboy/articleshow/68256070.cms|title=Sathya: TV actress Ayesha to play a tomboy - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 March 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref> The series aired on [[Zee Tamil]] and premiered from 4 March 2019. It is an official remake of the [[Odia language|Odia]] series ''Sindura Bindu''. The story of Sathya, a tomboy, who looks after all the responsibilities of a head of the family. Later, with some major twists and turns of events, she marries Prabhu, a rich man with a big family.

The series follows two seasons, the first season was ended 24 October 2021 by the separation of Sathya and Prabhu and the second season ''[[Sathya 2]]'' started from 25 October 2021. and it mainly focus on how Prabhu and Sathya will unite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/oru-oorula-oru-rajakumari-and-sathya-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/86890685.cms|title = Oru Oorula Oru Rajakumari and Sathya to go off-air soon - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=9 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKFN14BYXyk|title=Oru Oorla 2 Rajakumari (ஒரு ஊர்ல 2 ராஜகுமாரி) & Sathya- 2 (சத்யா 2) | Season 2 | 25th Oct Onwards|website=[[YouTube]] |date=15 October 2021 }}</ref>

==Series overview==
{{series overview

| color1 = #FEA530
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 767
| start1 = {{start date|df=yes|2019|03|04}}
| end1 = {{end date|df=yes|2021|10|24}}

| color2 = #30B39F
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 303
| start2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|10|25}}
| end2 = {{end date|df=yes|2022|10|06}}
}}

==Plot==
Sathya is a brave tomboy, who enjoys her life as it comes. She lives with her mother, grandmother and her money-minded elder sister Divya. She owns her late father's mechanic shed. She is always ready to help others at moments notice. Soon, Sathya meets a rich businessman, Prabhu and they become friends. Eventually, Sathya realizes her feelings for Prabhu. Elsewhere Prabhu's marriage is fixed with Divya. Sathya is unaware about Prabhu and Divya's marriage, but is left heartbroken after learning this.

On the wedding day, Divya is kidnapped by her ex-fiancé, Bala and later she meets with an accident. Then, Sathya's grandmother reveals that Sathya is Divya's sister, which shocks Prabhu and his family. However, Prabhu and Sathya get married unwillingly, as they are forced by their families to save the family honour. After marriage Sathya's mother Janaki apologises to her for the way she treated her before and advices on how to behave with the new family.

Despite the treacheries done by Prabhu's Sister and Uncle to throw Sathya out of Prabhu's life, because she is against their evil selfish interests. Sathya outsmarts them by her wit. Sathya generously forgives them and hides many of their wrong-doings from Prabhu. But the 'bad company' takes this as an advantage.

Nearly a year after marriage, Sathya is accepted by Prabhu and they live happily. Soon after, Divya returns and she too joins the 'bad company' and tries to create problems between Sathya and Prabhu, but all in vain. Finally, Sathya becomes pregnant and Prabhu is excited and gets over protective of her. However, when Prabhu is in danger, as planned by the 'bad company', Sathya comes out of her confinement and saves Prabhu from being killed and in the process she loses her baby.

Fallen to treachery, Prabhu banishes Sathya from house blaming her for the miscarriage, but actually Prabhu has unintentionally hit Sathya by his car, causing to abortion. Sathya hides the truth and feels guilty for not adhering to Prabhu's advices. Sathya and Prabhu get separated due to Prabhu's arrogance.

==Cast==
=== Main ===
* [[Ayesha Zeenath]] as Sathya aka Rowdy Baby – A tomboy mechanic<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/zee-tamizh-sathya-serial-actress-aayesha-latest-sizzling-click/|title=பார்பி டால் போல குட்டை பாவாடையில் சத்யா சீரியல் நடிகை கொடுத்த போஸ்.|website=Tamil.behindtalkies.com|date=5 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-05|language=ta}}</ref> (2019–2021)
* [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]] as Prabhu aka Amul Baby – A naive business tycoon; Sathya's husband. (2019–2021)

=== Recurring ===
* Indran as Sasi aka Kullabotham – Sujatha's son; Prabhu's best friend; Meera's love interest; Selvi's husband. (2019–2021)
* Santhosh as Kathir – Sathya's brotherly friend; Meena's brother; Sowmya's husband. (2019–2021)
* Shalini Sundar / Preethi Pritu / Sandhya Dhaiyan as Sowmya – Sadhasivam and Nirmala's daughter; Saravanan's sister; Kathir's wife. (2019–2021)
* Yuvashree as Indhumathi – Shanthi Devi and Devika's sister; Shanmugam's wife; Vignesh, Anitha's mother. (2019–2021)
* [[S. Rajasekar]] / Anbalaya Prabhakaran as Shanmugasundaram – Sadhasivam's brother; Indhumathi's widower; Vignesh, Anitha and Prabhu's father. (2019) / (2019–2021) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/sep/08/vijay-tvs-saravanan-meenatchi-fame-rajasekar-passes-away-2030653.html|title=Rajasekar, popular TV actor and film director dies at the age of 61|website=New Indian Express|date=8 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref>
* Srividya Natrajan as Anitha – Shanmugasundaram and Indumati's daughter; Prabhu and Vignesh's sister; Veerasingham's wife. (2019–2021)
* [[Pondy Ravi]] / Poraali Dileepan as Veerasingam – Pooja's brother; Anitha's husband. (2019) / (2019–2021)
* Visalakshi Manikandan as Nirmala – Sadhasivam's wife; Saravanan and Sowmya's mother. (2019–2021)
* Parthan Siva / Ravishankar as Sadhasivam – Shanmugam's brother; Nirmala's husband; Saravanan and Soumya's father. (2019–2021)
* Nesan as Vignesh – Shanmugasundaram and Indumati's elder son; Anitha and Prabhu's brother; Kavita's husband. (2019–2021)
* Janaki Devi / Ramya Joseph as Kavitha Vignesh – Vignesh's wife. (2019–2021)
* [[Seetha (Malayalam actress)|Seetha]] as Janaki – Vadivelu's widow; Divya and Sathya's mother. (2019–2021)
* Lakshmi Priya / Geetha Ravishankar as Subalakshmi – Velayutham and Vadivelu's mother; Kumar, Divya and Sathya's grandmother. (2019–2021)
* Sriram Chandrasekar as Saravanan – Sadhasivam and Nirmala's son; Sowmya's brother (2020–2021)
* Dhakshana as Selvi – Prabhu's ex-house maid; Sasi's wife. (2020–2021)
* Yogeshwaran as Bala – Divya's ex-fiancé; Prabhu's ex-friend. (2019–2020)
* Koli Ramya as Divya Vadivelu – Janaki and Vadivelu's elder daughter; Sathya's sister; Prabhu and Bala's ex-fiancée. (2019–2021)
* Sadhishkumar as Makhan – Sathya's friend (2019–present)
* Giri as Papaali – Sathya's friend (2019–present)
* Rajesh as Panaimandai – Sathya's friend (2019–present)
* Sirish as Thakkali – Sathya's friend (2019–present)
* Maadycaleb as Mandaipoonai – Sathya's friend (2019–present)
* Amutha as Vasanthi – Prabhu's house maid (2019–2021)
* Sujatha as Sujatha – Sasi's mother (2021–2021)
* Rajkanth as Vadivelu – Subalakshmi's younger son; Velayutham's brother; Janaki's husband; Divya and Sathya's father. (Dead) (2019)
* Thidiyan as Kumar – Velayutham's son; Sathya and Divya's cousin. (2020)
* Monohar Meenakshi Krishnan as Velayutham – Subalakshmi's elder son; Vadivelu's brother; Kumar's father. (2019–2020)
* Tharani Devi as Meena – Kathir's sister (2020)
* Chandhrika as Chitra – Kathir's cousin (2020)
* Arjun as Dinesh – Sowmya's fixed fiancé (2020)
* Jenifer Rechaal as Meera – Sasi's love interest (2020)
* Monish as Vinoth – Prabhu's business enemy who saved Divya (2020)
* Preethi as Jenny – Vinoth's wife and Chidambaram's daughter (2020)
* Bala Subramani as Chidambaram – Jenny's father (2020)
* Rakshithakundar as Pooja – Veerasingam's sister (2019)
* Sasirekha as Sudha – Divya's friend (2019)
* Lobo Samy as Lober Samy – MLA of area (2019)
* Deepa Baskar as Deepa – Lober Samy's wife (2019)
* Geetha Narayanan as Minister Saraswathy (2019)
* Santhiya as Maggie – Kuberan's wife (2021)
* N. Ramanagopinath as Dharma (2021)
* Santhosh as Ranjith (2021)
* N.V. Natrajan as EX-MLA Natrajan (2021)

===Cameo appearances===
* [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]] as a fortune-teller who predicted about Prabhu's wife in first episode (2019)
* [[Shreekumar]] as IPS Annamalai (2020)
* Dhanalakshmi as Anu (2019)
* Santhosh as Venkat (2019)
* Surjith Ansary as Dhandhapani (2019)
* Sreenidhi Sudarshan as Dhandhapani's wife (2019)
* Diwakar as Ranveer (2019)
* [[Jai Akash]] as ASP Rajavaran (2021)

==Crossover episodes==
This series had a crossover of episodes called ''Maha Sangamam'' with ''[[Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari (TV series)|Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari]]'' from 3 August 2020 to 16 August 2020. This garnered the top 5 position in the most watched Tamil television programs of the week.

Again, the series had a crossover of episodes called ''Maha Sangamam'' with ''Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari'' from 9 January 2021 to 7 February 2021 with 30 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/zee-tamil-announces-maha-sangamam-of-oru-oorla-oru-rajakumari-and-sathya-serials/articleshow/80175070.cms|title='ஒரு ஊருல ஒரு ராஜகுமாரி' மற்றும் 'சத்யா' இணையும் மகாசங்கமம்.. ஜீ தமிழ் அறிவிப்பு
|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Zee Tamil Kudumbam Viruthugal
! Year !! Category !! Recipient !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''2019'''
| ''Favourite Onscreen Pair''
| [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]] and Ayesha
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/zee-tamil-kudumba-viruthugal/|title=Zee Tamil Kudumba Viruthugal 2019 Nominations, Award Categories And Voting System|website=Indiantvinfo|date=15 September 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Hero''
| [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]]
|-
| ''Best Heroine''
| [[Ayesha (Tamil actress)|Ayesha]]
|-
| ''Most Popular Appa''
| [[S. Rajasekar]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |'''2020'''
| ''Favourite Actress''
| Ayesha
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kutumbam-viruthugal-2020-felicitates-talented-artists/articleshow/78888326.cms|title=Kutumbam Viruthugal 2020 felicitates talented artists
|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 October 2020
}}</ref>
|-
| ''Favourite Serial''
| Sathya
|-
| ''Best Director''
| N.V. Natarajan
|-
| ''Best Comedian''
| Indran
|-
| ''Most Popular Mamiyar''
| Yuvasree
|-
| ''Best Screenplay Writer''
| Lobo Samy
|-
| ''Best Dialogue Writer''
| N. Ramana Gopinath
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt10340822}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/sathya/0-6-1339 ''Sathya''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sequel television series]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on non-Tamil-language television series]]

Delimitation Act, 2002

2026-03-01T11:04:04Z

RonAgnew292842:

{{Short description|2002 Indian law}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Delimitation Act, 2002
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to provide for the readjustment of the allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States, the total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of each State, the division of each State and each Union territory having a Legislative Assembly into territorial constituencies for elections to the House of the People and Legislative Assemblies of the States and Union territories and for matters connected therewith.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2004 Act No. 33 of 2002]
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 7 May 2002
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 15 May 2002
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| date_assented = 3 June 2002
| date_commenced = 3 June 2002
| bill_history_url =
| bill = Delimitation Bill, 2002
| bill_citation =
| introduced_by = [[Arun Jaitley]], [[Minister of Law and Justice|Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs]]
| date_introduced = 3 May 2002<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction of the Delimitation Bill, 2002. |url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/handle/123456789/713581 |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=eparlib.sansad.in}}</ref>
| passed = 7 May 2002<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Debates |url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/handle/123456789/759609 |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=eparlib.sansad.in}}</ref>
| passed2 = 15 May 2002<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE DELIMITATION BILL,2002-CONTD. |url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/handle/123456789/87278 |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=rsdebate.nic.in}}</ref>
| repeals = Delimitation Act, 1972
| amended_by = {{Ubl|Delimitation (Amendment) Act, 2003
|Delimitation (Amendment) Act, 2008|Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 2016|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019}}
| status = in force amended
}}

The '''Delimitation Act, 2002''' (Act No. 33 of 2002)<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2002 |title=THE DELIMITATION ACT, 2002 No. 33 OF 2002 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(u0niqlk20iokskm4li1uzhgd))/ViewPDF.aspx |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref> is an act of the [[Parliament of India]] to replace the Delimitation Act, 1972.

== Amendments ==

The Election Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2016, introduced by [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law Minister]] [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]], seeks to amend Section 11 of the Delimitation Act, 2002. Once passed, the proposed Bill will enable the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] to carry out a limited delimitation of assembly and parliamentary constituencies in [[Cooch Behar district]] of [[West Bengal]] following the [[India–Bangladesh enclaves]] exchange of 51 Bangladeshi and 111 Indian enclaves in July 2015. The enclaves were exchanged pursuant to the [[1974 Land Boundary Agreement]] and 2011 Protocol and Instruments of Ratification during [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]'s visit to Bangladesh on 6–7 June 2015.<ref>{{citation |title=Election Laws (Amendment) Bill Introduced in Lok Sabha |url=http://ndtv.com/india-news/election-laws-amendment-bill-introduced-in-lok-sabha-1280779 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=24 February 2016 }}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{India-law-stub}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2002]]
[[Category:2002 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Constituencies in India]]

Peucolaus

2026-02-26T05:08:09Z

RonAgnew292842: made a pg

{{Infobox monarch
| name = Peucolaus Soter Dicaeus
| succession = [[Indo-Greek]] king
| image = Peukolaos portrait.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Peucolaus
| reign = c. 90 BCE
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| religion =
}}
[[File:Peucolaos Soter Dikaios Tetradrachm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Peucolaos Tetradrachm. '''Obv''' Diademed king, legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ KAI ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ/ ΠΕΥΚΟΛΑΟΥ "King Peucolaus, the Just and the Saviour". '''Rev.''' ''Maharajasa dhramikasa tratarasa/ Piükulaäsa'' ""King Peucolaus, follower of the Dharma and Saviour". [[Zeus]] making a blessing gesture.<ref>"Monnaies Greco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques", Osmund Bopearachchi, Bibliotheque Nationale, 1991, p.309</ref>]]
[[File:Peukolaos Soter Dikaios. Circa 75 BCE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Coin of Peucolaus. Obverse: [[Artemis]] standing facing, drawing arrow from quiver. Reverse: Goddess standing left, holding a flower and palm. Similar to the goddess of [[Pushkalavati]] [[:File:Pushkalavati_coin_Circa_58-12_BC.jpg|on a coin of that city]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Di Castro |first1=Angelo Andrea |chapter=Crowns, Horns and Goddesses Appropriation of Symbols in Gandhāra and Beyond |pages=38–39 |title=Conceiving the Goddess: transformation and appropriation in Indic religions|date=January 2017 |editor1-last=Bapat|editor2-last=Mabbett|editor1-first=Jayant Bhalchandra|editor2-first=Ian|url=https://www.academia.edu/31704024 |language=en|publisher=Monash University Publishing}}</ref>]]
'''Peucolaus Soter Dicaeus''' ({{langx|grc|Πευκόλαος Σωτήρ Δίκαιος|Peukolaos Sōtēr Dikaios}}; [[epithet]]s mean respectively, "the Saviour", "the Just") was an [[Indo-Greek]] king who ruled in the area of [[Gandhara]] c. 90 BCE. His reign was probably short and insignificant, since he left only a few coins, but the relations of the latter Indo-Greek kings remain largely obscure.

His name was previously interpreted as "The man from [[Pushkalavati]]". Pushkalavati was the historic capital of Gandhara located in the [[Valley of Peshawar]]. However the name [[List of ancient Macedonians in epigraphy|Peucolaus]] is a Greek name found mainly in ancient [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] and derived from the words πεύκη ("pine") and λαός ("people"). This was also the name of one of the men who planned to assassinate [[Alexander the Great]] in the 4th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=User-submitted name Peukolaos - Behind the Name |url=https://www.behindthename.com/name/peukolaos/submitted |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.behindthename.com}}</ref>

==Coinage==
Peucolaus struck rare Indian standard silver coins with portrait in diadem, and a reverse of a standing Zeus, which resemble the reverse of contemporary kings [[Heliokles II]] and [[Archebios]]. The latter has overstruck two coins of Peucolaos.

He also issued bilingual bronzes with [[Artemis]] and a crowned woman with a palm branch, perhaps a city-goddess or a personification of [[Tyche]], the deity for good luck.

==See also==
* [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]
* [[Greco-Buddhism]]
* [[Indo-Scythians]]
* [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]]
* [[Kushan Empire]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* ''The Greeks in Bactria and India'', W. W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.
* ''The Coin Types of the Indo-Greek Kings, 256-54 B.C.'', A. K. Narain
*[https://www.academia.edu/44875716/Le_Roi_Peucolaus_Peukolaos_le_Juste_et_le_Sauveur_du_Gandhara_BA%CE%A3I%CE%9BE%CE%A9%CE%A3_IKAIOY_KAI_%CE%A3%CE%A9THPO%CE%A3_%CE%A0EYOK%CE%9BAOY_Par_Roger_COTTEREAU Le Roi Peukolaos]

==External links==
*[http://coinindia.com/galleries-peucolaos.html Catalog of the coins of Peucolaos]
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Amyntas Nikator]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Indo-Greek|Indo-Greek Ruler]] (in [[Arachosia]], [[Gandhara]])|years=c. 90 BCE}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Menander II]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Indo-Greek kings}}
{{Hellenistic rulers}}

[[Category:Indo-Greek kings]]
[[Category:1st-century BC monarchs in Asia]]

2016 Indian Air Force An-32 crash

2026-02-19T22:13:56Z

RonAgnew292842: creating some entry basic info!

{{Short description|2016 Aviation accident}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = 2016 Indian Air Force An-32 crash
| image = K2717 Antonov An.32 Indian Air Force (8414615752).jpg
| alt =
| caption = An Indian Air Force [[Antonov An-32]] similar to the ill-fated aircraft
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{start date|2016|07|22|df=y}}
| summary = [[Water landing|Sea ditching]], cause undetermined
| site = [[Bay of Bengal]], India
| aircraft_type = [[Antonov An-32]]
| operator = {{air force|IND}}
| tail_number = K-2743
| origin = [[Tambaram Air Force Station]], [[Chennai]], India
| destination = [[Port Blair]], [[Andaman Islands]], India
| occupants = 29
| passengers = 23
| crew = 6
| fatalities = 29
| survivors = 0
}}

On 22 July 2016, an [[Antonov An-32]] twin engine [[turboprop]] transport aircraft of the [[Indian Air Force]] crashed while flying over the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The aircraft was en route from [[Tambaram Air Force Station]] in the city of [[Chennai]] on the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal to [[Port Blair]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. There were 29 people on board. Radar contact with the aircraft was lost at 9:12{{nbsp}}am, {{convert|280|km|mi}} east of Chennai.<ref name="ie1">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/iaf-an-32-aircraft-missing-air-force-snags-2929751/|title=IAF An-32 aircraft developed 3 snags in July alone|accessdate=2016-07-22|publisher=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="BBC1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36865297|title=India launches massive search operation for missing military plane|work=BBC News |date=22 July 2016 |accessdate=2016-07-22}}</ref> No trace of the aircraft was found in the immediate aftermath. The search and rescue operation became India's largest search operation ever for a missing plane on the sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-biggest-search-ever-to-find-a-plane-that-crashed-in-the-sea-1443567|title=India's Biggest Search Ever To Find A Plane That Crashed In The Sea|publisher=|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref> In January 2024, wreckage discovered off the coast of Chennai was confirmed as belonging to the ill-fated aircraft, indicating it crashed into the sea with no survivors.<ref name="Wreckage found" />

The Indian Air Force has suffered other similar incidents, mainly involving Antonov An-32 aircraft in [[1986 Indian Air Force An-32 disappearance|1986]] and [[2019 Indian Air Force An-32 crash|2019]].

==Passengers==
There were 29 people on board the aircraft: six crew members; 11 [[Indian Air Force]] personnel; two [[Indian Army]] soldiers; one each from the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Coast Guard]]; and eight defence civilians working with Naval Armament Depot (NAD).<ref name="ndtv1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-air-force-plane-with-over-25-on-board-goes-missing-1434708|title=Indian Air Force's AN-32 Plane With 29 Missing After 'Rapid Loss of Altitude'|accessdate=2016-07-22|publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref name="fp1"/> The civilians were from [[Visakhapatnam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="oi1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/iaf-plane-with-29-on-board-missing-2160184.html|title=Updates: IAF AN-32 aircraft with 29 aboard missing, search on|accessdate=2016-07-22}}</ref>

==Accident and aftermath==

{{Location map many
| India
| width = tt6399
| float =
| border =
| caption = Origin and destination airports
| alt =
| relief =
| AlternativeMap =
| 
| label1 = Tambaram Air Force Station
| label1_size =
| position1 = bottom
| background1 =
| mark1 = City locator 9.svg
| mark1size = 10
| link1 =
| lat1_deg = 12
| lat1_min = 54
| lat1_sec = 19
| lat1_dir = N
| lon1_deg = 80
| lon1_min = 07
| lon1_sec = 17
| lon1_dir = E
| 
| label2 = Port Blair
| label2_size =
| position2 = bottom
| background2 =
| mark2 = City locator 9.svg
| mark2size = 10
| link2 =
| lat2_deg = 11
| lat2_min = 38
| lat2_sec = 49.7
| lat2_dir = N
| lon2_deg = 92
| lon2_min = 44
| lon2_sec = 05.5
| lon2_dir = E
}}
The Antonov An-32 took off from [[Tambaram Air Force Station]], [[Chennai]] at 08:30 [[UTC+5:30 | local time]] on 22 July 2016. It was expected to land in [[Port Blair]] around 11:45 local time. The [[Indian Navy]] and the Indian Coast Guard launched a large search and rescue operation, using a submarine, 12 surface vessels and five aircraft.<ref name="fp1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/live-search-on-for-indian-air-force-plane-antonov-an-32-with-29-onboard-2908558.html|title=Indian Air Force plane Antonov AN-32 missing, 8 naval armaments personnel onboard|accessdate=2016-07-22|publisher=First Post}}</ref>

On the third day after the disappearance, 16 ships, a submarine and six aircraft were deployed to search for the missing An-32 in the Bay of Bengal, about 150 nautical miles east of Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hunt-for-missing-Indian-Air-Force-plane-goes-into-third-day/articleshow/53363371.cms|title=Hunt for missing Indian Air Force plane goes into third day – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/indian-air-forces-an-32-plane-goes-missing-but-is-bad-weather-to-blame-2929826/|title=Indian Air Force AN-32 plane still missing: A pilot looks at what could have gone wrong|date=22 July 2016|publisher=|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref> On 1 August, it was confirmed that the aircraft had no [[underwater locator beacon]] (ULB).<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/missing-an-32-did-not-have-underwater-locator-beacon-2948880/|title=Missing IAF AN-32 aircraft did not have underwater locator beacon|date=2 August 2016|publisher=|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/missing-32-plane-lack-underwater-locator-hindering-search-47471|title=Missing AN-32 plane: Lack of underwater locator hindering search|date=2 August 2016|publisher=|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref> It did have two [[Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station|emergency locator transmitters]] (ELTs).<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

On 15 September 2016, the search and rescue mission was called off; all 29 people on board were presumed dead and their families were notified.<ref name="it1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ill-fated-an-32-onboard-survival-iaf-341189-2016-09-15|title=Exclusive: Those on board ill-fated AN-32 declared dead, IAF writes to family members|date=15 September 2016 |access-date=2016-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/an-32-iaf-missing-search-operations-3033017/|title=AN-32 disaster must help indigenous repair capabilities take off the ground|date=2016-09-15|access-date=2016-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/All-29-onboard-missing-IAF-AN-32-have-been-officially-presumed-dead/2016/09/15/article3621651.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916195855/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/All-29-onboard-missing-IAF-AN-32-have-been-officially-presumed-dead/2016/09/15/article3621651.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 16, 2016|title=All 29 onboard missing IAF AN-32 have been officially presumed dead|access-date=2016-09-15}}</ref>

==Wreckage discovery==
On 12 January 2024, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] announced that an [[autonomous underwater vehicle]] found debris of the missing aircraft approximately 140 nautical miles from the Chennai coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN AIR FORCE AN-32(K-2743) |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1995482 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The statement further said there was no history of other missing aircraft in the area which pointed to the likelihood of it belonging to the An-32 which crashed.<ref name="Wreckage found">{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |title=Debris of IAF's An-32 aircraft that went missing over Bay of Bengal in 2016 found |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-air-force-an-32-k-2743-plane-missing-chennai-coast-2487901-2024-01-12 |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=India Today |date=12 January 2024 |location=|editor-first=Aditi |editor-last=Sharma}}</ref> India's defence ministry said the aircraft was last visible on radar {{cvt|280|km}} east of Chennai. It made a left bank and experienced a rapid decrease in altitude from {{cvt|23,000|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Aircraft accident Antonov An-32 K2743 Chennai |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20160722-0 |website=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref>

The wreckage was discovered by an [[Unmanned underwater vehicle|unmanned autonomous submarine]] that was imported from [[Norway]] by the National Institute of Oceanic Studies for research purposes. The wreckage was found at a depth of 3,400 metres using multiple payloads, including a multi-beam [[sonar]], synthetic aperture sonar and high-resolution photography.<ref>{{Cite web |title=These Scientists, Machine, Helped Solve Air Force's 8-Year-Old Mystery |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/these-scientists-machine-helped-solve-air-forces-8-year-old-mystery-5100619 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of missing aircraft]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{ASN accident|20160722}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 2016}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}
{{Disasters in India in 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Air Force An-32 crash, 2016}}
[[Category:2016 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Missing aircraft]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-32]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2016]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:July 2016 in India|Indian Air Force An-32]]

Reshmi Menon

2026-02-10T03:02:05Z

RonAgnew292842: made a details

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Reshmi Menon
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|06|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2010-present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Bobby Simha]]|21 April 2016}}
| children = 2
| notable_works =
}}

'''Reshmi Menon''' is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.

==Career==
In 2008, Menon was pursuing [[Visual Communication]] at [[Women's Christian College, Chennai]], a course she enrolled in because she "loved the media".<ref name = ie>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article414858.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210021014/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article414858.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2015|title=Brewing a new love saga|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She accompanied her friend to the auditions for the [[Prakash Raj]] production, ''[[Inidhu Inidhu]]'' (2010), and was offered the lead role. She shot for the film while still studying, and had to skip classes at WCC to work in the film.<ref name = ie/> Reshmi was one of several newcomers to make their acting debuts in ''Inidhu Inidhu''. A remake of the Telugu film ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]'', it had her reprising the role originally played by [[Tamannaah]]. Critics were divided on her performance. While ''[[The Hindu]]'' felt that she was a "cute find",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/inidhu-inidhu-a-saga-so-sweet/article600430.ece|title=Inidhu Inidhu - A saga so sweet|author=MALATHI RANGARAJAN|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Sify's critic said that she "sticks out like a sore thumb".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/inidhu-inidhu-review-tamil-14953936.html |title=Archived copy |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924173557/http://www.sify.com/movies/inidhu-inidhu-review-tamil-14953936.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sekhar Kammula]], the director of the original film, stated that he forgot Tamannaah and could only see Reshmi, when he saw the remake.<ref name = ie/>

Reshmi then acted in the [[independent film]] ''Om Obama'' directed by [[Janaki Vishwanathan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-11-01/om-obama-janaki-viswanathan-05-07-11.html|title=Obama's Support For Village Politician - Om Obama - Janaki Viswanathan - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com|work=behindwoods.com}}</ref> The film was shot over a period of 35 days in 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/now-tamil-movie-says-om-obama-617230|title=Now, Tamil movie says Om Obama - NDTV Movies|work=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref> but remains unreleased.

In 2011, she had her second release, ''[[Theneer Viduthi]]'', the directorial debut of music director [[S. S. Kumaran]]. Reshmi played a "bubbly and talkative girl"<ref name = ie/> alongside her ''Inidhu Inidhu'' co-star [[Adith Arun]]. The film, a rural comedy set in [[Bodinayakkanur]], received mixed reviews;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article413915.ece|title=Theneer Vidudhi|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=9 February 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120835/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article413915.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/jul-11-01/theneer-viduthi-review.html|title=THENEER VIDUTHI REVIEW - THENEER VIDUTHI MOVIE REVIEW|work=behindwoods.com}}</ref> considering Reshmi's performance, Sify stated that she "settles into her character so comfortably that one believes that she is indeed from Bodinayakanur".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thaneer-viduthi-review-tamil-14973887.html |title=Archived copy |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924205939/http://www.sify.com/movies/thaneer-viduthi-review-tamil-14973887.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Her next release, the comedy-thriller ''[[Burma (film)|Burma]]'', came three years later. It received generally favorable reviews<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/burma-movie-review/article6407724.ece|title=Burma: Wild romp in the dark|author=Baradwaj Rangan|work=The Hindu|date=16 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Burma/movie-review/42397383.cms|title=Burma Movie Review|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/burma-review-tamil-15058263.html |title=Movie Review : Burma |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912100333/http://www.sify.com/movies/burma-review-tamil-15058263.html |archive-date=12 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and her performance was well received, although critics felt that her role was insubstantial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Burma-a-Breezy-Roller-Coaster-Ride/2014/09/13/article2427762.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913175911/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Burma-a-Breezy-Roller-Coaster-Ride/2014/09/13/article2427762.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2014|title=Burma, a Breezy Roller Coaster Ride|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Her latest films include the fantasy thriller ''[[Urumeen]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Urumeen-is-a-Dream-come-True-For-Me/2015/02/02/article2647648.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210002709/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Urumeen-is-a-Dream-come-True-For-Me/2015/02/02/article2647648.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2015|title='Urumeen is a Dream come True For Me'|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> ''Kirumi'', a "drama with elements of a psychological thriller",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-Aim-to-Make-Simple-Movies/2014/09/29/article2453724.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929201200/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-Aim-to-Make-Simple-Movies/2014/09/29/article2453724.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2014|title='I Aim to Make Simple Movies'|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kirumi-Shooting-Complete/2015/01/15/article2619672.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210023936/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kirumi-Shooting-Complete/2015/01/15/article2619672.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2015|title=Kirumi Shooting Complete|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> ''[[Natpadhigaram 79]]'', a tale of friendship directed by Ravichandran<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/%E2%80%98I-Romanced-on-Chennai-Road-for-the-First-Time%E2%80%99/2014/10/09/article2468025.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011104526/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/%E2%80%98I-Romanced-on-Chennai-Road-for-the-First-Time%E2%80%99/2014/10/09/article2468025.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2014|title='I Romanced on Chennai Road for the First Time'|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141006/entertainment-kollywood/article/reshmi-menon-bags-yet-another-film-friendship|title=Reshmi Menon bags yet another film on friendship|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=6 October 2014}}</ref> and the romance flick ''[[Hyderabad Love Story]]'', her maiden Telugu venture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/dignity-of-love/article5487691.ece|title=Dignity of love|author=m.l. narasimham|work=The Hindu|date=22 December 2013}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Menon got engaged to actor ''[[Bobby Simha]]'' on 8 November 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Simha engaged to Reshmi Menon |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bobby-simha-engaged-to-reshmi-menon.html |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> and they married on 22 April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Simha marries Reshmi Menon |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bobby-simha-marries-reshmi-menon.html |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> Their daughter was born on 2 May 2017. On 11 November 2019 she gave birth to their second child, a boy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bobby-simhaa-and-reshmi-menon-welcome-their-second-child-together-a-baby-boy-1618364-2019-11-13 |title=Bobby Simhaa and Reshmi Menon welcome their second child together, a baby boy|date=13 November 2019|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All films in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]'' || Viji's sister || rowspan="3" | Child artist
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' || Young Sujatha
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Chellamae]]'' || Young Mythili
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Inidhu Inidhu]]'' || Madhubala (Madhu) ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Theneer Viduthi]]'' || Valli ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Burma (film)|Burma]]'' || Kalpana (Noodles) ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]'' || Anjali ||
|-
| ''[[Kirumi]]'' || Anitha||
|-
| ''[[Urumeen]]'' || Umayaal ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Natpadhigaram 79]]'' || Maha ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Nenorakam]]'' || Swecha || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
| ''[[Bayama Irukku]]'' || Priyanka ||
|-
| 2018|| ''[[Hyderabad Love Story]]'' || Bhagyalakshmi || Telugu film
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Vasantha Mullai]]'' || {{n/a}} || Producer
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6607676}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Reshmi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Women's Christian College, Chennai alumni]]

Laxmi Meher

2026-02-08T09:22:51Z

RonAgnew292842: added entry

{{Infobox person
| name = Laxmi Meher
| image = Laxmi Meher.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|07|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Tarava, [[Odisha]], India
| occupation = Artist (painter)
| spouse = [[Kailash Chandra Meher]]
| children = Prakash Meher, Manisha Meher, [[Jayanta Meher]]
}}

'''Laxmi Meher''' (born 6 July 1967) is an Indian artist and social activist. She is popular for her Odisha [[pattachitra]] paintings.<ref name="mysmartodisha.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mysmartodisha.com/2021/07/indian-painter-laxmi-meher-biography.html|title = Indian painter Laxmi Meher Biography Awards DOB Career - Mysmartodisha}}</ref><ref name="indian-heritage.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/painting/laxmimeher.html|title = Indian Heritage - Pattachitra Tussar Painting by Laxmi Meher}}</ref><ref name="Laxmi Meher">{{cite web | url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/laxmi_meher-profile-13386-42.htm | title=Laxmi Meher }}</ref>

==Early life and background==
She was born in Tarava, a small village of [[Subarnapur District]] of [[Odisha]] and now based in Bolangir Town of Odisha. She is wife of renowned artist [[Padmashri]] [[Kailash Chandra Meher]]. She has two sons Prakash Meher, [[Jayanta Meher]] and a daughter Manisha Meher. They all already have awarded as National Award for their respective honest contribution towards Odisha Pattachitra Paintings.<ref name="mysmartodisha.com"/><ref name="indian-heritage.org"/><ref name="Laxmi Meher"/>

==Career==
After marriage she was inclined to painting from since she was 18 years old. She pursued the art work activity under expert care of her husband. Now for the last three decades she has acquired a high degree of proficiency in traditional painting. Besides being a housewife she has imparted training to institution like [[Indian art|Indian Art]] & Craft Academy for Women, where many younger generations trained. Now she is an established craftsperson and also given training & employment to many young artisans of KBK districts of Odisha through [[Government of India]]'s training scheme likes 'Guru Shishya Parampara under HRD scheme' and 'Scheme-C' etc.<ref name="mysmartodisha.com"/><ref name="indian-heritage.org"/><ref name="Laxmi Meher"/>

[[File:Laxmi Meher Bolangir.jpg|thumb|Photographs of Laxmi Meher while on work at her residence]]

Smt. Meher has participated in various Handicraft exhibitions throughout the country in her lifetime career and her paintings are highly valued by the art lover, VIPs and visitors in exhibition. Her sincerity and dedication to art brought her the Master Craftsman '''National Award''' from HE the President of India in 2005 and '''State Award''' from Chief Minister of Odisha in 1990.<ref name="Handi">{{cite web|url=http://handicrafts.nic.in/awards/na2005.pdf |title=National Awardees of Handicrafts Sector for the Year 2005 |publisher=Handicrafts.nic.in |accessdate=23 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102142525/http://handicrafts.nic.in/awards/na2005.pdf |archivedate= 2 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Ori">{{cite web|url=http://as.ori.nic.in/dhorissa/hc_awtex.htm|title=Art textiles|publisher=As.ori.nic.in|accessdate=23 December 2014|archive-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217083516/http://as.ori.nic.in/dhorissa/hc_awtex.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
*2005 - National Award by President of India<ref name="Handi"/>
*1990 - State Award by Chief Minister of Odisha<ref name="Ori"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meher, Laxmi}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:People from Subarnapur district]]
[[Category:Women artists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Painters from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women painters]]

K. Ramnoth

2026-02-07T23:14:27Z

RonAgnew292842: stub

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. Ramnoth
| image = KRamnoth Director.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1912
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|1956|1912}}
| death_place = Chennai
| occupation = Director, cinematographer
}}

'''K. Ramnoth''' (1912–1956) was an Indian cinematographer and director active in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref name="ramnoth">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/remembering-ramnoth/article3231213.ece |title=Remembering Ramnoth |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=3 November 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428102536/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/remembering-ramnoth/article3231213.ece |archive-date=28 April 2016 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ramnoth was born in 1912 at Pujapura, [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]]. After passing his Bachelor degree, he arrived in Chennai in search of a career. He started as an assistant in [[Kodak]]. While he was working there, he wrote articles on the subject of [[photography]] for various publications. He sent one such article to a publication called ''Sound and Shadow''. This publication was owned jointly by Muthuswami Iyer and A. K. Sekhar (Muthuswami Iyer later directed films under his pen name ''Murugadasa'' and A. K. Sekhar became an art director.) The article led Ramnoth to join these two.

A breakthrough came in 1933 when the trio received a letter from [[V. Shantaram]], partner of Prabath Films in Kolapur. Shantaram requested their help in his production of ''Sita Kalyanam'' in Tamil. Ramnoth worked as cinematographer and assistant director. His name was shown as K. Ramanathan in the film credits.

The trio then went in charge of the technical department of Vel Studios that was located at Eldams Road in [[Teynampet]]. (Later this studio was moved to [[Guindy]]). They produced films like ''[[Markandeya (1935 film)|Markandeya]]'' in 1935 and ''Pathuga Pattabishekam'' in 1936.

In one of the films he worked for in 1938, Ramnoth introduced miniature photography for the first time in Tamil films. It was a scene showing a downpour of paddy showering on a parched, famine-stricken land. Viewers were awed to see such a scene.

Due to [[World War II]], some studios had to close down. Ramnoth and A. K. Sekhar went to work for [[Gemini Studios]]. They worked in films like ''[[Kannamma En Kadhali]]'', ''[[Miss Malini]]'' and [[Chandralekha (1948 film)|''Chandralekha'']]. Both left Gemini some time in 1948–49 and joined Jupiter Pictures who had their office in [[Central Studios]] Coimbatore.<ref name="ramnoth" />

While at Jupiters, Ramnoth directed ''[[Marmayogi]]'' which was a success and brought fame to its lead actor [[M. G. Ramachandran]]. It was the first Tamil film to be given an 'A' certificate (adults only) by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] because there was a ghost in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3022660.ece |title=Marmayogi 1951 |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=16 March 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=8 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208062045/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/marmayogi-1951/article3022660.ece |archive-date=8 December 2016 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>

Jupiter was making another film [[Mohini (1948 film)|''Mohini'']] with Lanka Satyam as its director. A scene had to be shot in which the main actor and actress are seated on a flying horse singing a duet. The producer was not satisfied with the shot. He called Ramnoth to redo the scene, and was impressed with Ramnoth's photography. However, Ramnoth asked the producer to give credit only to Lanka Satyam in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mohini-1948/article3023927.ece |title=Mohini 1948 |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=19 October 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=8 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161102140201/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mohini-1948/article3023927.ece |archive-date=2 November 2016 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>

After Jupiter, Ramnoth worked for [[Pakshiraja Studios]] and then for [[Modern Theatres]].

Later, in 1954, Ramnoth produced his own film [[Viduthalai (1954 film)|''Viduthalai'']]. He suffered financially and mentally due to its failure which led to his death in 1956 at the age of 44.<ref name="ramnoth" />

== Filmography ==
=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!! Film!! Language!! Notes
|-
| 1935 || ''[[Markandeya (film)|Markandeya]]'' || Tamil || co-director Murugadasa
|-
| 1936 || ''Pathuga Pattabishekam'' || Tamil || co-director Murugadasa
|-
| 1949 || ''[[Kanniyin Kathali]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 1950 || ''[[Ezhai Padum Padu]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 1950 || ''[[Ezhai Padum Padu|Beedala Patlu]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 1951 || ''[[Marmayogi]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 1951 || ''[[Marmayogi|Ek Tha Raja]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Thai Ullam]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Manithan (1953 film)|Manithan]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Sugam Enge]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Rihaee'' || Hindi ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Viduthalai (1954 film)|Viduthalai]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Kathanayaki]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
|}

=== As cinematographer only ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!! Film!! Language!! Notes
|-
| 1934 || ''[[Sita Kalyanam (1934 Telugu film)|Sita Kalyanam]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 1936 || ''[[Mayabazar (1936 film)|Sasirekha Parinayam]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 1938 || ''[[Gruhalakshmi (1938 film)|Gruhalakshmi]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 1939 || ''[[Vande Mataram (1939 film)|Vande Mataram]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 1940 || ''[[Sumangali (1940 film)|Sumangali]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 1941 || ''[[Devata (1941 film)|Devata]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 1943 || ''[[Bhakta Potana]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 1943 || ''[[Mangamma Sabatham (1943 film)|Mangamma Sabatham]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 1948 || ''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || Tamil || with [[Kamal Ghosh]]
|-
| 1948 || ''Chandralekha''|| Hindi || with [[Kamal Ghosh]]
|-
| 1948 || ''[[Kalpana (1948 film)|Kalpana]]'' || Hindi ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]

Direct Action Day

2026-01-26T16:18:10Z

RonAgnew292842: enhanced layout after review

{{Short description|1946 sectarian violence in British India}}

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Direct Action Day Great Calcutta Killings
| partof = the [[Partition of India]]
| image = Calcutta 1946 riot.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Dead and wounded after the Direct Action Day which developed into pitched battles as [[Muslim]] and [[Hindu]] mobs rioted across [[Calcutta]] in 1946, the year before independence
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.58|N|88.36|E|region:IN-WB_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| date = 16 August 1946
| place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| causes = Perceived unfairness and discrimination, misinformation
| goals = [[Partition of India]]
| result = [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]]
| methods = [[General strike]], [[rioting]], [[assaults]] and [[arson]]
| fatalities = 4,000 – 10,000 (Hindus & Muslims) <ref name="Burrows" /><ref name="Sarkar2018p8" />
| side1 = [[Hindus]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Tanika |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Sekhar |year=2017 |title=Calcutta: The Stormy Decades |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA441 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=441 |isbn=978-1-351-58172-1}}</ref><ref name="Wavell">{{cite book
|last=Wavell
|first=Archibald P.
|author-link=Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell
|title=Report to Lord Pethick-Lawrence
|publisher=[[British Library]] Archives: IOR
|year=1946}}</ref>
| side2 = [[Muslims]]
| leadfigures1 = No centralised leadership, though local [[Indian National Congress]] leaders took part
| leadfigures2 = Local chapter of [[All-India Muslim League]]
}}

'''Direct Action Day''' (16 August 1946) was the day the [[All-India Muslim League]] decided to take a "[[direct action]]" using general strikes and economic shut down to demand a [[Two-nation theory|separate Muslim homeland]] after the British exit from India. Also known as the '''1946 Calcutta Riots''' and '''Great Calcutta Killings''', it soon became a day of communal violence in Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zehra|first=Rosheena|date=16 August 2016|title=Direct Action Day: When Massive Communal Riots Made Kolkata Bleed|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/direct-action-day-when-massive-communal-riots-made-kolkata-bleed|access-date=31 August 2021|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> It led to large-scale violence between [[Muslims in India|Muslims]] and [[Hinduism in India|Hindus]] in the city of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now known as Kolkata) in the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal province]] of [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name="Burrows">{{cite book|last=Burrows|first=Frederick|author-link=Frederick Burrows|title=Report to Viceroy Lord Wavell|publisher=The British Library IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107|year=1946}}</ref> The day also marked the start of what is known as ''The Week of the Long Knives''.<ref name="Sengupta">{{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Debjani |year=2006 |chapter=A City Feeding on Itself: Testimonies and Histories of 'Direct Action' Day |chapter-url=http://archive.sarai.net/files/original/2ed2f960de6596b5ed75501e6de2c774.pdf |editor-last=Narula |editor-first=Monica |title=Turbulence |series=Serai Reader |volume=6 |publisher=The Sarai Programme, Center for the Study of Developing Societies |pages=288–295 |oclc=607413832}}</ref><ref>L/I/1/425. The British Library Archives, London.</ref> While there is a certain degree of consensus on the magnitude of the killings (although no precise casualty figures are available), including their short-term consequences, controversy remains regarding the exact sequence of events, the various actors' responsibility and the long-term political consequences.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/calcutta-riots-1946.html|title=The Calcutta Riots of 1946 | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance – Research Network|date=4 April 2019|website=www.sciencespo.fr}}</ref>

There is still extensive controversy regarding the respective responsibilities of the two main communities, the Hindus and the Muslims, in addition to individual leaders' roles in the carnage. The dominant British view tends to blame both communities equally and to single out the calculations of the leaders and the savagery of the followers, among whom there were criminal elements.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} In the [[Indian National Congress]]' version of the events, the blame tends to be laid squarely on the Muslim League and in particular on the Chief Minister of Bengal, [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]].<ref name="Rashid">{{cite book |last=Harun-or-Rashid |author-link=Harun-or-Rashid (academic) |title=The Foreshadowing of Bangladesh: Bengal Muslim League and Muslim Politics, 1906–1947 |year=2003 |orig-year=First published 1987 |edition=Revised and enlarged |publisher=The University Press Limited |pages=242, 244–245 |isbn=984-05-1688-4}}</ref> Thus, the riots opened the way to a partition of Bengal between a Hindu-dominated [[Western Bengal]] including Calcutta and a Muslim-dominated Eastern Bengal (now [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name="auto"/>

The All-India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress were the two largest political parties in the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in the 1940s. The Muslim League had demanded since its 1940 [[Lahore Resolution]] for the Muslim-majority areas of India in the northwest and the east to be constituted as 'independent states'. The [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India]] for planning of the transfer of power from the [[British Raj]] to the Indian leadership proposed a three-tier structure: a centre, groups of provinces and provinces. The "groups of provinces" were meant to accommodate the Muslim League's demand. Both the Muslim League and the Congress in principle accepted the Cabinet Mission's plan.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp=318–319}} However; Nehru's speech on 10 July 1946 rejected the idea that the provinces would be obliged to join a group{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=216}} and stated that the Congress was neither bound nor committed to the plan.<ref>{{harvnb|Wolpert|2009|pp=360–361}}</ref> In effect, Nehru's speech squashed the mission's plan and the chance to keep India united.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=216}} Jinnah interpreted the speech as another instance of treachery by the Congress.<ref>{{harvnb|Wolpert|2009|p=361}}</ref> With Nehru's speech on groupings, the Muslim League rescinded its previous approval of the plan{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=40}} on 29 July.{{sfn|Hardy|1972|p=249}}

Consequently, in July 1946, the Muslim League withdrew its agreement to the plan and announced a [[general strike]] (''[[hartal]]'') on 16 August, terming it Direct Action Day, to assert its demand for a separate homeland for Muslims in certain northwestern and eastern provinces in [[colonial India]].<ref name="Tsugitaka">
{{cite book |last=Nariaki |first=Nakazato |chapter=The politics of a Partition Riot: Calcutta in August 1946 |editor=Sato Tsugitaka |title=Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvqUOb-iUsUC&pg=PT153 |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-33254-5 |page=112 }}
</ref><ref name="Bourke-White1949p15">{{cite book|last=Bourke-White|first=Margaret|author-link=Margaret Bourke-White|year=1949|title=Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India in the Words and Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5000/page/n33/mode/1up|publisher=Simon and Schuster|page=15}}
</ref> Calling for Direct Action Day, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the leader of the All India Muslim League, said that he saw only two possibilities "either a divided India or a destroyed India".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guha |first1=Ramachandra |title=Divided or Destroyed – Remembering Direct Action Day |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/divided-or-destroyed-remembering-direct-action-day/cid/157755 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=23 August 2014 |type=Opinion}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tunzelmann |first1=Alex von |title=Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire |date=2012 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4711-1476-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHmPrSPzu3MC&pg=PT100}}</ref>

Against a backdrop of communal tension, the protest triggered massive riots in Calcutta.<ref name="Das">
{{cite journal |last=Das |first=Suranjan |date=May 2000 |title=The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into 'Communal Fury'? |journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=281–306 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X0000336X |jstor=313064 |s2cid=144646764 }}</ref><ref name="ASB_BP_Cal">{{cite book |last=Das |first=Suranjan|year=2012|chapter=Calcutta Riot, 1946|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Calcutta_Riot,_1946|editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam|editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A.|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|edition=Second|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> More than 4,000 people died and 100,000 residents were left homeless in Calcutta within 72 hours.<ref name="Burrows"/><ref name="Sarkar2018p8">{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Tanika |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Sekhar |year=2018 |title=Calcutta: The Stormy Decades |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=8 |isbn=978-1-351-58172-1}}</ref> The violence sparked off further religious riots in the surrounding regions of [[Noakhali riots|Noakhali]], [[1946 Bihar riots|Bihar]], [[United Provinces (1937-1950)|United Provinces]] (modern day [[Uttar Pradesh]]), [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] (including [[1947 Rawalpindi massacres|massacres in Rawalpindi]]) and the [[North Western Frontier Province]].<ref>{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-67256-6 |year=2009 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566|page=67|quote=(Signs of 'ethnic cleansing') were also present in the wave of violence that rippled out from Calcutta to Bihar, where there were high Muslim casualty figures, and to Noakhali deep in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta of Bengal. Concerning the Noakhali riots, one British officer spoke of a 'determined and organized' Muslim effort to drive out all the Hindus, who accounted for around a fifth of the total population. Similarly, the Punjab counterparts to this transition of violence were the Rawalpindi massacres of March 1947. The level of death and destruction in such West Punjab villages as Thoa Khalsa was such that communities couldn't live together in its wake.|ref=none}}</ref> The events sowed the seeds for the eventual [[Partition of India]].

==Background==
In 1946, the [[Indian independence movement]] against the British Raj had reached a pivotal stage. British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Clement Attlee]] sent a three-member Cabinet Mission to India aimed at discussing and finalising plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to the Indian leadership.{{sfn|Jalal|1994|p=176}} After holding talks with the representatives of the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League—the two largest political parties in the Constituent Assembly of India—on 16 May 1946, the Mission proposed a plan of composition of the new [[Dominion of India]] and its government.<ref name="Das"/><ref name="TOPVII">
{{cite book|year=1977|editor1-last=Mansergh|editor1-first=Nicholas|editor1-link=Nicholas Mansergh|editor2-last=Moon|editor2-first=Penderel|editor2-link = Penderel Moon|title=The Transfer of Power 1942–7|volume= VII|location=London|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office|pages=582–591|isbn=978-0-11-580082-5}}</ref>
The Muslim League demand for 'autonomous and sovereign' states in the northwest and the east was accommodated by creating a new tier of 'groups of provinces' between the provincial layer and the central government. The central government was expected to handle the subjects of defence, external affairs and communications. All other powers would be relegated to the 'groups'.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=319}}

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, had accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan of 16 June, as had the [[All India Congress Committee|central presidium]] of Congress.<ref name="Das"/><ref name="Azad">
{{cite book|last=Azad|first=Abul Kalam|author-link=Abul Kalam Azad|year=2005|orig-year=First published 1959|title=India Wins Freedom: An Autobiographical Narrative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9_EW80LFjoC&pg=PA164|location=New Delhi|publisher=Orient Longman|pages=164–165|isbn=978-81-250-0514-8|quote=The resolution was passed with an overwhelming majority ... Thus, the [A.I.C.C.] seal of approval was put on the Working Committee's resolution accepting the Cabinet Mission Plan ... On 10 July, Jawaharlal held a press conference in Bombay ... [when questioned,] Jawaharlal replied emphatically that the Congress had agreed only to participate in the Constituent Assembly and regarded itself free to change or modify the Cabinet Mission Plan as it thought best ... The Moslem League had accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan ... Mr. Jinnah had clearly stated that he recommended acceptance.}}</ref> On 10 July, however, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the [[Congress President]], held a press conference in [[Bombay]] declaring that although the Congress had agreed to participate in the Constituent Assembly, it reserved the right to modify the Cabinet Mission Plan as it saw fit.<ref name="Azad"/> Fearing Hindu domination in the central government, the Muslim League politicians pressed Jinnah to revert to "his earlier unbending stance".{{sfn|Jalal|1994|p=210}} Jinnah rejected the British Cabinet Mission plan for transfer of power to an interim government which would combine both the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, and decided to boycott the Constituent Assembly. In July 1946, Jinnah held a press conference at his home in Bombay. He proclaimed that the Muslim League was "preparing to launch a struggle" and that they "have chalked out a plan".<ref name="Bourke-White1949p15" /> He said that if the Muslims were not granted a separate Pakistan then they would launch "direct action". When asked to be specific, Jinnah retorted: "Go to the Congress and ask them their plans. When they take you into their confidence I will take you into mine. Why do you expect me alone to sit with folded hands? I also am going to make trouble."<ref name="Bourke-White1949p15" />

The next day, Jinnah announced 16 August 1946 would be "Direct Action Day" and warned Congress, "We do not want war. If you want war we accept your offer unhesitatingly. We will either have a divided India or a destroyed India."<ref name="Bourke-White1949p15" /> The Muslim League had thus said “goodbye to Constitutional methods”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Direct Action Day {{!}} Causes, Riots, Muslim League, Congress Party, Jinnah, Nehru, Death Toll, & The Bengal Files {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Direct-Action-Day-India-1946 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> and was ready to “create trouble”.

In his book ''The Great Divide'', [[Harry Hodson|H V Hodson]] recounted, "The Working Committee followed up by calling on Muslims throughout India to observe 16th August as 'Direct Action Day'. On that day, meetings would be held all over the country to explain the League's resolution. These meetings and processions passed off—as was manifestly the central League leaders' intention—without more than commonplace and limited disturbances, with one vast and tragic exception ... What happened was more than anyone could have foreseen."<ref name="Hodson">
{{cite book
|last=Hodson
|first=H V
|author-link=Harry Hodson
|year=1997
|orig-year= 1969
|title=Great Divide; Britain, India, Pakistan
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|page=166
|isbn=978-0-19-577821-2
}}
</ref>

In ''Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects'', edited by Sato Tsugitaka, Nakazato Nariaki writes:{{blockquote|From the viewpoint of institutional politics, the Calcutta disturbances possessed a distinguishing feature in that they broke out in a transitional period which was marked by the power vacuum and systemic breakdown. It is also important to note that they constituted part of a political struggle in which the Congress and the Muslim League competed with each other for the initiative in establishing the new nation-state(s), while the British made an all-out attempt to carry out decolonization at the lowest possible political cost for them.

The political rivalry among the major nationalist parties in Bengal took a form different from that in New Delhi, mainly because of the broad mass base those organizations enjoyed and the tradition of flexible political dealing in which they excelled. At the initial stage of the riots, the Congress and the Muslim League appeared to be confident that they could draw on this tradition even if a difficult situation arose out of political showdown. Most probably, Direct Action Day in Calcutta was planned to be a large-scale ''hartal'' and mass rally (which is an accepted part of political culture in Calcutta) which they knew very well how to control. However, the response from the masses far exceeded any expectations. The political leaders seriously miscalculated the strong emotional response that the word 'nation', as interpreted under the new situation, had evoked. In August 1946 the 'nation' was no longer a mere political slogan. It was rapidly turning into 'reality' both in realpolitik and in people's imaginations. The system to which Bengal political leaders had grown accustomed for decades could not cope with this dynamic change. As we have seen, it quickly and easily broke down on the first day of the disturbances.<ref name="Tsugitaka"/>}}

==Prelude==

Since the 11–14 February 1946 riots in Calcutta, [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] tension had been high. Hindu and Muslim newspapers whipped up public sentiment with inflammatory and highly partisan reporting that heightened antagonism between the two communities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tuker |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Tuker |date=1950 |title=While Memory Serves |publisher=Cassell |pages=153 |oclc=937426955 |quote="From February onwards communal tension had been strong. Anti-British feeling was, at the same time, being excited by interested people who were trying to make it a substitute for the more important communal emotion. The sole result of their attempts was to add to the temperature of all emotions... heightening the friction between Hindus and Muslims. Biased, perverted and inflammatory articles and twisted reports were appearing in Hindu and Muslim newspapers."}}</ref> Adding further fuel to inflamed Muslim communal sentiments was a pamphlet written by the Mayor of Calcutta, Syed Mohammed Usman, where he said, "We Muslims have had the crown and have ruled. Do not lose hearts, be ready and take swords. Oh kafir! Your doom is not far".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University |isbn=978-0-300-23032-1 |location=New Haven, CT |page=64}}</ref>

Following Jinnah's declaration of 16 August as the Direct Action Day, acting on the advice of the-then Chief Secretary of Bengal Ronald Leslie Walker, the Muslim League's [[Chief Minister]] of Bengal, [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], requested the [[List of governors of the Bengal Presidency|governor of Bengal]] [[Sir Frederick Burrows]] to declare a public holiday on that day, to which Burrows agreed. Walker made this proposal with the hope that the risk of conflicts, especially those related to picketing, would be minimised if government offices, commercial houses and shops remained closed throughout Calcutta on 16 August.<ref name="Burrows"/><ref name="Tsugitaka"/><ref name="Tyson">
{{cite book
|last=Tyson
|first=John D.
|title=IOR: Tyson Papers, Eur E341/41, Tyson's note on Calcutta disturbances, 29 September 1946
}}</ref> The Bengal Congress protested against the declaration of a public holiday, arguing that a holiday would enable 'the idle folks' to successfully enforce ''hartals'' in areas where the Muslim League leadership was not so powerful. Congress accused the League government of "having indulged in 'communal politics' for a narrow goal".<ref>
{{cite book
|last=Chakrabarty
|first=Bidyut
|year=2004
|title=The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932–1947: Contour of Freedom
|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon
|page=97
|isbn=978-0-415-32889-0
|quote=As a public holiday would enable 'the idle folk' successfully to enforce hartals in ares where the League leadership was uncertain, the Bengal Congress ... condemned the League ministry for having indulged in 'communal politics' for a narrow goal.}}</ref> Congress leaders thought that if a public holiday was observed, its own supporters would have no choice but to close down their offices and shops, and thus be compelled against their will to lend a hand in the Muslim League's ''hartal''.<ref name="Tsugitaka"/>

On 14 August, [[Kiran Shankar Roy]], the leader of the Congress Party in the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]], called on Hindu shopkeepers to not observe the public holiday, and keep their businesses open in defiance of the ''hartal''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tuker |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Tuker |date=1950 |title=While Memory Serves |publisher=Cassell |pages=154–156 |oclc=937426955 |quote="As a counter-blast to this, Mr. K. Roy, leader of the Congress Party in the Bengal Legislative Assembly, addressing a meeting at Ballygunge on the 14th, said that it was stupid to think that the holiday [would] avoid commotions. The holiday, with its idle folk, would create trouble, for it was quite certain that those Hindus who, still wishing to pursue their business, kept open their shops, would be compelled by force to close them. From this there would certainly be violent disturbance. But he advised the Hindus to keep their shops open and to continue their business and not to submit to a compulsory ''hartal''."}}</ref><ref name="Tsugitaka"/>

The ''[[The Star (Pakistan)|Star of India]]'', an influential local Muslim newspaper, edited by [[Raghib Ahsan]], the Muslim League [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Calcutta published the detailed program for the day. The program called for complete ''a hartal'' and general strike in all spheres of civic, commercial and industrial life except essential services. The notice proclaimed that processions would start from multiple parts of Calcutta, [[Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Metiabruz]] and [[24 Parganas]], and would converge at the foot of the [[Shaheed Minar, Kolkata|Ochterlony Monument]] (now known as Shaheed Minar) where a joint mass rally presided over by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy would be held. The Muslim League branches were advised to depute three workers in every mosque in every ward to explain the League's action plan before ''[[Jumu'ah|Juma]]'' [[Namaz|prayers]]. Moreover, special prayers were arranged in every mosque on Friday after ''Juma'' prayers for the freedom of Muslim India.<ref name="StOI">{{cite news |title=Programme for Direct Action Day |newspaper=Star of India |date=13 August 1946}}</ref> The notice drew divine inspiration from the [[Quran]], emphasising on the coincidence of Direct Action Day with the holy month of ''[[Ramadan|Ramzaan]]'', claiming that the upcoming protests were an allegory of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad's]] [[Battle of Badr|conflict with heathenism]] and subsequent [[conquest of Mecca]] and establishment of the [[Kingship and kingdom of God|Kingdom of Heaven]] in Arabia.<ref name="StOI"/>

Hindu public opinion was mobilised around the ''[[Akhand Bharat|Akhand Hindusthan]]'' (United India) slogan.<ref name="Das" /> Certain Congress leaders in Bengal imbibed a strong sense of Hindu identity, especially in view of the perceived threat from the possibility of marginalising themselves into minority against the onslaught of the [[Pakistan movement]]. Such mobilisation along communal lines was partly successful due to a concerted propaganda campaign which resulted in a 'legitimisation of communal solidarities'.<ref name="Das"/> In response to anti-British protests during the [[Indian National Army trials]], the colonial administration implemented the "Emergency Action Scheme", which placed a higher emphasis on monitoring and countering such protests than managing communal violence among Indians.<ref name="Tsugitaka"/> Burrows defended his decision to accept the declaration of a "public holiday" in a report to [[Lord Wavell]]. Suhrawardy repeatedly pressured reluctant British officials to call in troops stationed at [[Sealdah]] to restore order; the first units arrived on the scenes of the violence at 1:45 a.m. on 17 August.<ref name="Tsugitaka"/>

{{blockquote|Many of the mischief-makers were people who would have had idle hands anyhow. If shops and markets had been generally open, I believe that there would have been even more looting and murder than there was; the holiday gave the peaceable citizens the chance of staying at home.|author=Frederick Burrows|source=Burrows' Report to Lord Wavell.<ref name="Burrows"/>}}

==Riots and massacre==
[[File:Muslim League rally on Direct Action Day.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The crowd at the Muslim League rally at the Maidan.]]
Troubles started on the morning of 16 August. Even before 10 o'clock the Police Headquarters at [[Lalbazar]] had reported that there was excitement throughout the city, that shops were being forced to close, and that there were many reports of brawls, stabbing and throwing of stones and brickbats. These were mainly concentrated in the North-central parts of the city like [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]], Kelabagan, [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]], Harrison Road, Colootola and [[Burrabazar]].<ref name="Burrows"/> Several of these areas had also been rocked by communal riots in December 1910.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Ritajyoti |year=2022 |title=Streets in Motion: The Making of Infrastructure, Property, and Political Culture in Twentieth-century Calcutta |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/streets-in-motion/2D42F4BF0D2086A1DBB254A5120ACB42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=76, 120–121 |isbn=978-1-009-10920-8 |doi=10.1017/9781009109208|s2cid=250200020 }}</ref> In these areas the Hindus were in a majority and were also in a superior and powerful economic position. The trouble had assumed the communal character which it was to retain throughout.<ref name="Burrows"/>

The meeting began around 2 pm though processions of Muslims from all parts of Calcutta had started assembling since the [[Dhuhr|midday prayers]]. A large number of the participants were reported to have been armed with iron bars and ''[[Fighting stick|lathis]]'' (bamboo sticks). The numbers attending were estimated by a Central Intelligence Officer's reporter at 30,000 and by a Special Branch Inspector of [[Calcutta Police]] at 500,000. A ''Star of India'' reporter put it at about 100,000. The main speakers were [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] and Chief Minister Suhrawardy. Nazimuddin in his speech preached peacefulness and restraint but then flared up the tensions by stating that until 11 o'clock that morning all the injured persons were Muslims, and the Muslim community had only retaliated in self-defence.<ref name="Burrows"/> Suhrawardy, in his speech, appeared to indirectly promise that no action would be taken against armed Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University |isbn=978-0-300-23032-1 |location=New Haven, CT |page=65}}</ref>

The Special Branch of Calcutta Police had sent only one shorthand reporter to the meeting, with the result that no transcript of the Chief Minister's speech is available. But the Central Intelligence Officer and a reporter, whom Frederick Burrows believed was reliable, deputed by the military authorities agree on one statement. The version in the former's report was—"He [the Chief Minister] had seen to police and military arrangements who would not interfere".<ref name="Burrows"/> The version of the latter's was—"He had been able to restrain the military and the police".<ref name="Burrows"/> However, the police did not receive any specific order to "hold back". So, whatever Suhrawardy may have meant to convey by this, the impression of such a statement on a largely uneducated audience is construed by some to be an open invitation to disorder. Many of the listeners are reported to have started attacking Hindus and looting Hindu shops as soon as they left the meeting.<ref name="Burrows"/><ref name="Keay">{{cite book
|last=Keay
|first=John
|author-link=John Keay
|year=2000
|title=India: A history
|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press
|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/505 505]
|isbn=978-0-87113-800-2
|quote=Suhrawardy ... proclaimed a public holiday. The police too, he implied, would take the day off. Muslims, rallying ''en masse'' for speeches and processions, saw this as an invitation; they began looting and burning such Hindu shops as remained open. Arson gave way to murder, and the victims struck back ... In October the riots spread to parts of East Bengal and also to UP and Bihar ... Nehru wrung his hands in horror ... Gandhi rushed to the scene, heroically progressing through the devastated communities to preach reconciliation.
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/505 }}</ref> Subsequently, there were reports of lorries (trucks) that came down [[Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata|Harrison Road]] in Calcutta, carrying hardline Muslim gangsters armed with brickbats and bottles as weapons and attacking Hindu-owned shops.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bourke-White |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Bourke-White |year=1949 |title=Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India in the Words and Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=17 |quote=... Seven lorries that came thundering down Harrison Road. Men armed with brickbats and bottles began leaping out of the lorries—Muslim 'goondas,' or gangsters, Nanda Lal decided, since they immediately fell to tearing up Hindu shops.}}</ref>
[[File:Slums in Lichubagan, Metiabruz.jpg|thumb|200px|More than 300 [[Odia people|Oriya]] labourers of Kesoram Cotton Mills were massacred in the slums of Lichubagan, [[Metiabruz]].]]
A 6 pm curfew was imposed in the parts of the city where there had been rioting. At 8 pm forces were deployed to secure main routes and conduct patrols from those arteries, thereby freeing up police for work in the slums and the other underdeveloped sections.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tuker |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Tuker |date=1950 |title=While Memory Serves |publisher=Cassell |pages=159–160 |oclc=937426955 |quote="At 6 p.m. curfew was clamped down all over the riot-affected districts. At 8 p.m. the Area Commander ... brought in the 7th Worcesters and the Green Howards from their barracks ... [troops] cleared the main routes ... and threw out patrols to free the police for work in the ''bustees''."}}</ref>

Syed Abdullah Farooqui, President of Garden Reach Textile Workers' Union, led a radical mob to kill Hindu mill workers in the compound of Kesoram Cotton Mills in the Lichubagan area of Metiabruz. The death toll of labourers residing in the mills, among whom were a substantial number of [[Odia people|Odias]], was reported to be between 7,000 and 10,000. Some suggest most of the victims were Muslims, and other authors claim that Hindu casualties surpassed the former.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/looking-back-at-the-bloodcurdling-calcutta-killings-of-16th-august-1946-062630215.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmluZy5jb20v&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAAdB4oU0-wxGIZFdHSGvMcdOxfgO2f6pIjRHp2X8XjTymDNF9blJnqYYTWpj1Vqm3GPi_ya5eX-8KQyrO0VNrcRmMbkOylyt0_TDTLu_dcplxyqdojMxJpufuCrrQMOR0owROW-Wjf1p-0tXFsfkDhfKF14TbZOsJL4-fTKQVEvi | title=Looking back at the blood-curdling Calcutta Killings of 16th August 1946 | date=16 August 2019 }}</ref> On 25 August, four survivors lodged a complaint at the Metiabruz police station against Farooqui.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sickle & the Crescent: Communists, Muslim League and India's Partition |last1=Sanyal |first1=Sunanda |last2=Basu |first2= Soumya |year=2011 |publisher=Frontpage Publications |location=London |isbn=978-81-908841-6-7 |pages=149–151 }}</ref> [[Bishwanath Das]], a Minister in the Government of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], visited Lichubagan to investigate into the killings of the mill labourers.<ref name="sinha127">{{cite book |title=Shyamaprasad: Bangabhanga O Paschimbanga (শ্যামাপ্রসাদ: বঙ্গভঙ্গ ও পশ্চিমবঙ্গ) |last=Sinha |first=Dinesh Chandra |year=2001 |publisher=Akhil Bharatiya Itihash Sankalan Samiti |location=Kolkata |page=127}}</ref> Many authors claim Hindus were the primary victims.<ref name="Wavell"/>

The worst of the killing took place during the day on 17 August. By late afternoon, soldiers brought the worst areas under control and the military expanded its hold overnight. In the slums and other areas, however, which were still outside military control, lawlessness and rioting escalated hourly. In the morning of 18 August, "Buses and taxis were charging about loaded with Sikhs and Hindus armed with swords, iron bars and firearms."<ref>{{cite book |last=Tuker |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Tuker |date=1950 |title=While Memory Serves |publisher=Cassell |pages=161 |oclc=937426955 |quote="The bloodiest butchery of all had been between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. on the 17th, by which time the soldiers got the worst areas under control ... [From] the early hours of the 18th ... onwards the area of military domination of the city was increased ... Outside the 'military' areas, the situation worsened hourly. Buses and taxis were charging about loaded with Sikhs and Hindus armed with swords, iron bars and firearms."}}</ref>

Skirmishes between the communities continued for almost a week. Finally, on 21 August, Bengal was put under the rule of the [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]]. Five battalions of British troops, supported by 4 battalions of Indians and [[Gurkha]]s, were deployed in the city. Lord Wavell stated that more troops ought to have been called in earlier, and there is no indication that more British troops were not available.<ref name="Wavell"/> The rioting reduced on 22 August.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Suranjan |title=Communal Riots in Bengal 1905–1947 |year=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-562840-3 |page=171}}</ref>

==Characteristics of the riot and demographics in 1946==
Violence in Calcutta, between 1945 and 1946, passed by stages from Indian versus European to Hindu versus Muslim. Indian Christians and Europeans were generally free from molestation<ref name="Lambert">{{cite book|last=Lambert|first=Richard|title=Hindu-Muslim Riots|publisher=PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, pp.179|year=1951}}</ref> as the tempo of Hindu-Muslim violence quickened. The decline of anti-European feelings as communal Hindu-Muslim tensions increased during this period is evident from the casualty numbers. During the riots of November 1945, casualty of Europeans and Christians were 46; in the riots of the 10–14 February 1946, 35; from 15 February to 15 August, only three; during the Calcutta riots from 15 August 1946 to 17 September 1946, none.<ref name="Horowitz">
{{cite journal
|last=Horowitz
|first=Donald L.
|author-link=Donald L. Horowitz
|date=October 1973
|title=Direct, Displaced, and Cumulative Ethnic Aggression
|journal=Comparative Politics
|volume=6
|issue=1
|pages=1–16
|doi=10.2307/421343
|jstor=421343 }}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religions in Calcutta in 1946<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/calcutta-riots-1946.html|title = The Calcutta Riots of 1946 | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche|date = 4 April 2019}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 73
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 23
|color2 = Green
|label3 = Others
|value3 = 4
|color3 = blue}}

Calcutta had 2,952,142 Hindus, 1,099,562 Muslims, and 12,852 Sikhs in 1946, the year before partition. After independence, the Muslim population came down to 601,817 due to the migration of 500,000 Muslims from Calcutta to [[East Pakistan]] after the riot. The 1951 Census of India recorded that 27% of Calcutta's population was [[East Bengali refugees]], mainly Hindu Bengalis. Millions of [[Bengali Hindus]] from East Pakistan had taken refuge mainly in the city and a number of estimations shows that around 320,000 Hindus from East Pakistan had migrated to Calcutta alone between 1946–50.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

The first census after partition shows that in Calcutta from 1941 to 1951 the number of Hindus increased while the number of Muslims decreased; the Hindu percentage increased from 73% in 1941 to 84% in 1951, while the Muslim percentage declined from 23% in 1941 to 12% in 1951 census.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Ritajyoti |year=2022 |chapter=City as Territory: Institutionalizing Majoritarianism |title=Streets in Motion: The Making of Infrastructure, Property, and Political Culture in Twentieth-century Calcutta |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7E2E920B58F14F19422771AC711C713C/9781009100113c3_p119-157_CBO.pdf/city_as_territory_institutionalizing_majoritarianism.pdf |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=145 |isbn=978-1-009-10920-8 |doi=10.1017/9781009109208|s2cid=250200020 }}</ref> In the 2011 census, Kolkata had a Hindu majority of 76.51%. Muslims stood at 20.6%, and the Sikh population stood at 0.31%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/|title=Home | Government of India|website=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=11 June 2025}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Vultures and corpses in the street of Calcutta, 1946.jpg|thumb|alt=see caption|Corpses litter the narrow streets of Calcutta after four days of rioting in August 1946, as vultures feed on the remains.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Inc |first1=Time |title=LIFE |date=17 September 1965 |publisher=Time Inc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 |access-date=27 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cosgrove |first1=Ben |title=Muslim-Hindu Riots of 1946: Photos of the Gruesome Aftermath TIME |url=https://time.com/3879963/vultures-of-calcutta-the-gruesome-aftermath-of-indias-1946-hindu-muslim-riots/ |website=time.com |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref>]]
During the riots, thousands began fleeing Calcutta. For several days the [[Howrah Bridge]] over the [[Hooghly River]] was crowded with evacuees headed for the [[Howrah station]] to escape the mayhem in Calcutta. Many of them would not escape the violence that spread out into the region outside Calcutta.<ref name="White2">{{cite book |last=Bourke-White |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Bourke-White |year=1949 |title=Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India in the Words and Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=20 |quote=Tousands began fleeting Calcutta. For days the bridge over the Hooghly River ... was a one-way current of men, women, children, and domestic animals, headed towards the Howrah railroad station ... But fast as the refugees fled, they could not keep ahead of the swiftly spreading tide of disaster. Calcutta was only the beginning of a chain reaction of riot, counter-riot, and reprisal which stormed through India.}}</ref> Lord Wavell claimed during his meeting on 27 August 1946 about the possibility of a civil war that [[Mahatma Gandhi]] had slammed his fist on the table and told him, "If India wants bloodbath she shall have it ... if a bloodbath was necessary, it would come about in spite of non-violence".<ref name="Seervai">{{cite book
|last=Seervai
|first=H. M.
|author-link=Hormasji Maneckji Seervai
|title=Partition of India: Legend and Reality
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|year=1990
|isbn=978-0-19-597719-6
|page=78
}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=Sam |title=SHATTERED LANDS Five Partitions and the Making of Modern Asia |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2025 |isbn=9781324123798 |edition=1st}}</ref>

Soon after the Calcutta killings, Nehru and his sister met people who seemed bewildered, with some blaming politicians for shattering years of peace. Nehru, horrified by the events, observed: "Murder stalks the street and the most amazing cruelties are indulged in by both the individuals and the mob. Riot is not the word for it – it is just the sadistic desire to kill."<ref name=":0" />

There was criticism of Suhrawardy, Chief Minister in charge of the Home Portfolio in Calcutta, for being partisan and of Sir Frederick John Burrows, the British Governor of Bengal, for not having taken control of the situation. The Chief Minister spent a great deal of time in the Control Room in the Police Headquarters at Lalbazar, often attended by some of his supporters. Short of a direct order from the Governor, there was no way of preventing the Chief Minister from visiting the Control Room whenever he liked; and Governor Burrows was not prepared to give such an order, as it would clearly have indicated a complete lack of faith in him.<ref name="Burrows" /> Prominent Muslim League leaders spent a great deal of time in police control rooms directing operations and the role of Suhrawardy in obstructing police duties is documented.<ref name="Sengupta" /> It was also reported Suhrawardy had sacked Hindu policemen on 16 August.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University |isbn=978-0-300-23032-1 |location=New Haven, CT |pages=184–185}}</ref> Both the British and Congress blamed Jinnah for calling the Direct Action Day and held the Muslim League responsible for stirring up the Muslim nationalist sentiment.<ref name="Sebestyen2014">{{citation|last=Sebestyen|first=Victor|title=1946: The Making of the Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNCbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA332|year=2014|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4472-5050-0|pages=332}}</ref>

There are several views on the exact cause of the Direct Action Day riots. The Hindu press blamed the Suhrawardy Government and the Muslim League.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |date=1994 |title=Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=239 |isbn=978-0-521-41128-8 |quote=Hindu culpability was never acknowledged. The Hindu press laid the blame for the violence upon the Suhrawardy Government and the Muslim League.}}</ref> According to the authorities, riots were instigated by members of the Muslim League and its affiliate Volunteer Corps,<ref name="Burrows"/><ref name="Das"/><ref name="Tsugitaka"/><ref name="ASB_BP_Cal"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=Bidyut |year=2004 |title=The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932–1947: Contour of Freedom |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |page=99 |isbn=978-0-415-32889-0 |quote=The immediate provocation of a mass scale riot was certainly the afternoon League meeting at the Ochterlony Monument ... Major J. Sim of the Eastern Command wrote, 'there must have [been] 100,000 of them ... with green uniform of the Muslim National Guard' ... Suhrawardy appeared to have incited the mob ... As the Governor also mentioned, 'the violence on a wider scale broke out as soon as the meeting was over', and most of those who indulged in attacking Hindus ... were returning from [it].}}</ref> in the city in order to enforce the declaration by the Muslim League that Muslims were to 'suspend all business' to support their demand for an independent Pakistan.<ref name="Burrows"/><ref name="Tsugitaka"/><ref name="ASB_BP_Cal"/><ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |date=26 August 1946 |title=Direct Action |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,933559,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114112804/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,933559,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 November 2007 |url-access=subscription |magazine=Time |page=34 |access-date=10 April 2008 |quote=Moslem League Boss Mohamed Ali Jinnah had picked the 18th day of Ramadan for "Direct Action Day" against Britain's plan for Indian independence (which does not satisfy the Moslems' old demand for a separate Pakistan).}}</ref>

However, supporters of the Muslim League claimed the Congress Party was behind the violence<ref>{{cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=Bidyut |year=2004 |title=The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932–1947: Contour of Freedom |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |page=105 |isbn=978-0-415-32889-0 |quote=Having seen the reports from his own sources, he [Jinnah] was persuaded later, however, to accept that the 'communal riots in Calcutta were mainly started by Hindus and ... were of Hindu origin.'}}</ref> in an effort to weaken the fragile Muslim League government in Bengal.<ref name="Burrows"/> Historian Joya Chatterji allocates much of the responsibility to Suhrawardy, for setting up the confrontation and failing to stop the rioting, but points out that Hindu leaders were also culpable.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |date=1994 |title=Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=232–233 |isbn=978-0-521-41128-8 |quote=Both sides in the confrontation came well-prepared for it ... Suhrawardy himself bears much of the responsibility for this blood-letting since he issued an open challenge to the Hindus and was grossly negligent ... in his failure to quell the rioting ... But Hindu leaders were also deeply implicated.}}</ref> Members of the Indian National Congress, including Mohandas Gandhi and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] responded negatively to the riots and expressed shock. The riots would lead to further rioting and [[pogrom]]s between Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims.<ref name="Keay"/>

===Further rioting in India===
The Direct Action Day riots sparked off several riots between Muslims and Hindus/Sikhs in Noakhali, Bihar, and Punjab in that year:

====Noakhali riots====
{{Main|Noakhali riots}}
An important sequel to Direct Action Day was the massacre in Noakhali and [[Tripura|Tipperah]] districts in October 1946. News of the Great Calcutta Riot touched off the Noakhali–Tipperah riot in reaction. However, the violence was different in nature from Calcutta.<ref name="Das"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Batabyal |first=Rakesh |date=2005 |title=Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 1943–47 |publisher=Sage Publishers |page=270 |isbn=978-0-7619-3335-9 |quote=The riot was a direct sequel to the Calcutta killings of August 1946, and therefore, believed to be a repercussion of the latter ... the Noakhali-Tippera riot ... was different in nature from the Calcutta killings ... news of the Calcutta killings sparked it off.}}</ref>

Rioting in the districts began on 10 October 1946 in the area of northern Noakhali district under [[Ramganj Upazila|Ramganj]] police station.<ref>{{cite book |last=Batabyal |first=Rakesh |date=2005 |title=Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 1943–47 |publisher=Sage Publishers |page=272 |isbn=978-0-7619-3335-9 |quote=Rioting in the districts ... began in the Ramganj Police Station area in the northern part of Noakhali district on 10 October 1946.}}</ref> The violence unleashed was described as "the organized fury of the Muslim mob".<ref name="Haran">
{{cite book
|last=Ghosh Choudhuri
|first=Haran C.
|title=Proceedings of the Bengal Legislative Assembly (PBLA)
|volume= LXXVII
|publisher=Bengal Legislative Assembly
|date=6 February 1947
}} cited in Batabyal 2005, p. 272.</ref> It soon engulfed the neighbouring police stations of [[Raipur Upazila|Raipur]], [[Lakshmipur]], [[Begumganj Upazila|Begumganj]] and [[Sandwip Upazila|Sandwip]] in Noakhali, and [[Faridganj Upazila|Faridganj]], [[Haziganj Upazila|Hajiganj]], [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]], [[Laksam Upazila|Laksham]] and Chudagram in Tipperah.<ref name="Batabyal2005p272">{{cite book |last=Mansergh |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Mansergh |author2=Moon, Penderel |author2-link = Penderel Moon | date=1980 |title=The Transfer of Power 1942–7 |volume= IX |location=London |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |page=48 |isbn=978-0-11-580084-9}} cited in Batabyal 2005, p. 272.</ref> The disruption caused by the widespread violence was extensive, making it difficult to accurately establish the number of casualties. Official estimates put the number of dead between 200 and 300.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mansergh |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Mansergh |author2=Moon, Penderel | author2-link = Penderel Moon |date=1980 |title=The Transfer of Power 1942–7 |volume= IX |location=London |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |page=98 |isbn=978-0-11-580084-9}} cited in Batabyal 2005, p. 273.</ref><ref name="Tuker1950p174-176">{{cite book |last=Tuker |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Tuker |date=1950 |title=While Memory Serves |publisher=Cassell |pages=174–176 |oclc=186171893 |quote="The number of dead was at that time reliably estimated as in the region of two hundred. On the other hand, very many Hindu families had fled, widespread panic existed, and it was impossible to say if particular individuals were dead or alive ... Hindus evacuated villages ''en masse'', leaving their houses at the mercy of the robbers who looted and burned ... Our estimate was that the total killed in this episode was well under three hundred. Terrible and deliberately false stories were blown all over the world by a hysterical Hindu Press."}}</ref> According to [[Francis Tuker]], who at the time of the disturbances was [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]], [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command, India]], the Hindu press intentionally and grossly exaggerated reports of disorder.<ref name="Tuker1950p174-176" /> The neutral and widely accepted death toll figure is around 5000.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Yasmin |author-link=Yasmin Khan |year=2017 |orig-year=First published 2007 |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PEpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |edition=New |publisher=Yale University Press |page=68 |isbn=978-0-300-23032-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Written in Blood |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804007,00.html |url-access=subscription |magazine=Time |date=28 October 1946 |page=42 |quote=Mobs in the Noakhali district of east Bengal ... burned, looted and massacred on a scale surpassing even the recent Calcutta riots. In eight days an estimated 5,000 were killed.}}</ref>

According to Governor Burrows, "the immediate occasion for the outbreak of the disturbances was the looting of a Bazar [market] in Ramganj police station following the holding of a mass meeting."<ref>{{cite book |last=Mansergh |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Mansergh |author2=Moon, Penderel | author2-link = Penderel Moon |date=1980 |title=The Transfer of Power 1942–7 |volume= IX |location=London |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |page=98 |isbn=978-0-11-580084-9}} cited in Batabyal 2005, p. 277.</ref> This included attacks on the place of business of Surendra Nath Bose and Rajendra Lal Roy Choudhury, the erstwhile president of the Noakhali [[Bar (law)|Bar]] and a prominent [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|Hindu Mahasabha]] leader.<ref>{{cite book |last=Batabyal |first=Rakesh |date=2005 |title=Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 1943–47 |publisher=Sage Publishers |page=277 |isbn=978-0-7619-3335-9 |quote=This included an attack on the 'Kutchery bari of Babu Suerndra Nath Bose and Rai Saheb Rajendra Lal Ray Choudhury of Karpara' ... the erstwhile president of the Noakhali Bar and a prominent Hindu Mahasabha leader in the district.}}</ref>

Mahatma Gandhi camped in Noakhali for four months and toured the district in a mission to restore peace and communal harmony. In the meantime, the Congress leadership started to accept the proposed Partition of India and the peace mission and other relief camps were abandoned. The majority of the survivors migrated to West Bengal, Tripura<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dev |first1=Chitta Ranjan |year=2005 |title=Two days with Mohandas Gandhi |journal=Ishani |volume=1 |issue=4 |publisher=Mahatma Gandhi Ishani Foundation |url=https://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/Ish/article/view/463 |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804180344/https://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/Ish/article/view/463 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Anindita |year=2001 |title=Denial and Resistance: Sylheti Partition 'refugees' in Assam |journal=Contemporary South Asia |volume=10 |issue=3 |page=352 |publisher=South Asia Forum for Human Rights |doi=10.1080/09584930120109559 |s2cid=144544505 |url=http://www.safhr.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=345&Itemid=572 |access-date=7 August 2011|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

====Bihar and rest of India====
A devastating riot rocked Bihar towards the end of 1946. Between 30 October and 7 November, a large-scale massacre in Bihar brought the Partition closer to inevitability. Severe violence broke out in [[Chhapra]] and [[Saran district]], between 25 and 28 October. [[Patna]], [[Munger]], and [[Bhagalpur]] quickly became sites of serious violence. Begun as a reprisal for the Noakhali riot, whose death toll had been greatly overstated in immediate reports, it was difficult for authorities to deal with because it was spread out over a large area of scattered villages, and the number of casualties was impossible to establish accurately: "According to a subsequent statement in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]], the death-toll amounted to 5,000. ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s estimate was between 7,500 and 10,000; the Congress party admitted to 2,000; Jinnah claimed about 30,000."<ref>{{cite book |last=Stephens |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Stephens (editor) |year=1963 |title=Pakistan |location=New York |publisher=Frederick A. Praeger |page=111 |oclc=1038975536}}</ref> However, by 3 November, the official estimate put the figure of death at only 445.<ref name="Das"/><ref name="Batabyal2005p272" />

According to some independent sources, the death toll was around 8,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.massviolence.org/India-from-1900-to-1947?cs=print |title=Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence |last=Markovits |first=Claude |date=6 November 2007 |access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref> Some of the worst rioting also took place in [[Garhmukteshwar]] in the United Provinces where a massacre occurred in November 1946, in which "Hindu pilgrims, at the annual religious fair, set upon and exterminated Muslims, not only on the festival grounds but in the adjacent town" while the police did little or nothing. The deaths were estimated at between 1,000 and 2,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stephens |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Stephens (editor) |year=1963 |title=Pakistan |location=New York |publisher=Frederick A. Praeger |page=113 |oclc=1038975536}}</ref>

===In popular culture===
Released on 5th September, 2025, Director [[Vivek Agnihotri]]'s film, ''[[The Bengal Files]]'', picturises the events of Direct Action Day and the communal violence in Bengal. The film explores the tragedy of the Great Calcutta Killings and subsequent events like the [[Noakhali riots]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mukherjee |first=Anindita |date=26 January 2025 |title=The Delhi Files: Mithun Chakraborty vows for secularism in riveting first look |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/the-delhi-files-mithun-chakraborty-vows-for-secularism-in-riveting-first-look-2670316-2025-01-26 |magazine=India Today |access-date=7 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sagar |first=Aditya |date=26 January 2025 |title=The Delhi Files: The Bengal Chapter - Know real 'tragic' history that inspired Vivek Agnihotri's upcoming film |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/real-incident-that-inspired-vivek-agnihotri-film-the-delhi-files-the-bengal-chapter-explained-651353.html |work=India Times |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bengali nationalism|Bengali Nationalism]]
* [[Tebhaga movement]]
* [[Noakhali riots]]
* [[Bangladesh genocide]]
* [[Bengal Renaissance]]
* [[Partition of Bengal (disambiguation)|Partition of Bengal]]
* [[List of massacres in India]]
* [[Opposition to the partition of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{commons category|Direct Action Day}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bourke-White |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Bourke-White |year=1949 |title=Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India in the Words and Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White |location= New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |oclc=10065226 |ref=White}}
* {{cite book |first=Peter|last=Hardy |author1-link=Peter Hardy (historian) |title=The Muslims of British India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ |year=1972 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-08488-1 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C |year=1994 |orig-year=first published 1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45850-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |author-link1=Hermann Kulke |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |year=2004 |orig-year=First published 1986 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C |edition=4th |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4}}
* {{cite book |first1=Barbara D. A|last1=Metcalf |author1-link=Barbara D. Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |last2=Metcalf |author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf |title=A Concise History of Modern India |url=http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86362-9 |edition=2nd }}
* {{cite book |first1=Ian |last1=Talbot |first2=Gurharpal |last2=Singh |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Tsugitaka |editor-first=Sato |year=2004 |title=Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvqUOb-iUsUC&pg=PT153 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=112– |isbn=978-0-203-40108-8 |ref=Tsugitaka}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |author1-link=Stanley Wolpert |title=A New History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofindi0000wolp_i0v9/page/359/mode/1up |url-access=registration |year=2009 |orig-year=First published 1977 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516677-4 |edition=8th}}

{{Refend}}

{{Religious persecution}}
{{Riots in India}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1946 in British India]]
[[Category:1946 murders in India]]
[[Category:1946 protests]]
[[Category:1946 riots]]
[[Category:20th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in India]]
[[Category:August 1946 in Asia]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1946]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:History of the All-India Muslim League]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Partition of India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Pogroms]]
[[Category:Political terminology in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Religious riots in India]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Bengal]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in British India]]

Global Icons

2026-01-24T18:37:25Z

RonAgnew292842: new

{{Short description|2011 non-fiction book by Bishnupriya Ghosh}}
{{Distinguish|Global icon}}
{{Infobox book
| author = Bishnupriya Ghosh
| pub_date = 2011
| name = Global Icons: Apertures to the Popular
| publisher = [[Duke University Press]]
| pages = 383
| image = File:Global_Icons,_Apertures_to_the_Popular.jpeg
}}

'''''Global Icons: Apertures to the Popular''''' is a biography of [[Phoolan Devi]], [[Mother Teresa]], and [[Arundhati Roy]]. Written by [[Bishnupriya Ghosh]], it was published in 2011 by [[Duke University Press]].

==General references==
* {{Cite journal |last=Bloomer |first=Kristin |date=2015 |title=Review of Global Icons: Apertures to the Popular |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24631777 |journal=[[International Journal of Hindu Studies]] |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=339–342 |issn=1022-4556}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Jasper |first=Daniel A. |date=2012 |title=Review of Global Icons: Apertures to the Popular |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23357471 |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=1174–1176 |issn=0021-9118}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Prestholdt |first=Jeremy |date=December 2012 |title=Book Review: Bishnupriya Ghosh, Global Icons: Apertures to the Popular |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019464612463811 |journal=[[The Indian Economic & Social History Review]] |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=596–598 |doi=10.1177/0019464612463811 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Parama |date=2014 |title=Possible Futures |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/culturalcritique.88.2014.0214 |journal=[[Cultural Critique]] |volume=88 |pages=214–221 |doi=10.5749/culturalcritique.88.2014.0214 |issn=0882-4371|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=De Souza |first=Arun |date=2012 |editor-last=Ghosh |editor-first=Bishnupriya |title=Global Icons in Popular Culture |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41720327 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=47 |issue=44 |pages=28–29 |issn=0012-9976}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2011 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Duke University Press books]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Mother Teresa]]
[[Category:Arundhati Roy]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]

{{Nonfiction-book-stub}}

Pulamantol

2026-01-03T06:12:47Z

RonAgnew292842: further adjust lead for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2014}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pulamanthole
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.93|N|76.18|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram District|Malappuram]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Pulamanthol Grama Panchayat
| leader_party = [[IUML]]
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name = Sudha Pottipara
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 32.1
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 29,603
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 679323
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04933
| registration_plate = KL-10, KL- 53
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Perinthalmanna
| blank1_name =
| blank1_info =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 88.98%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram ]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = State Assembly constituency
| blank4_name = [[Perinthalmanna Assembly constituency|Perinthalmanna]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|tropical]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|www.lsgkerala.in/pulamantholepanchayat/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pulamanthole''' is a village<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revenue Portal |url=https://landrevenue.kerala.gov.in/core/Office_websites/indexor.php?nm=466Pulamantholevillageoffice |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=landrevenue.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> and a [[Gram panchayat|panchayat]] in [[Malappuram]] district of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is situated on the banks of the [[Kunthippuzha]] (also called Thoothappuzha). The river separates [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] and [[Palakkad district|Palakkad districts]], a new bridge has been built across it recently.

One road leading to [[Kolathur, Kerala|Kolathur]] connects Pulamanthole to [[Valancheri]] and Malappuram. The nearest towns are [[Perinthalmanna]] (12 km) and [[Pattambi]] (11 km). State Highway - 39 connecting Perumpilavu with [[Nilambur]] pass through Pulamanthole. There is one higher [[secondary school]] and four [[primary school]]s. Alanchery Bhagavathy Kshethram is near to the Thootha river (here it is called the Pulamanthole river). Another famous [[temple]] here on the riverside is the Rudra [[Dhanvanthari]] Kshethram. This temple is the family temple of the famous Ashta vaidya family of Pulamanthole Mooss (Dhanvanthari is the God who is considered as the originator of [[Ayurveda]], the Indian [[medical system]]). This family is also residing on the banks of the river.

==GHSS Pulamanthole==
It is a higher secondary school situated in Paloor.

==Pulamanthole Mana==
Pulamanthole Mana is an Ayurvedic treatment centre based on Ashtavaida, a wing of Ayurveda science. The Mana belongs to a Mooss family. This family has its own temple: Pulamanthole Sree Rudra [[Dhanvanthari Temple]]. The head of the Mana is Sankaran Mooss.

==Sree Rudra Dhanyanthwary Temple==
A temple situated in Pulamanthole on the banks of [[Kunthipuzha]].

==Surya Kalady Mana==
The mythical origin of Surya Kalady Mana dates back to the Lord Parasuraman era. Many famous [[literary work]]s including [[Ithihyamala]], Kerala Sahitya Charitham and Surya Kalady are the products of Surya Kalady Mana.

==Transportation==
Pulamanthol village connects to other parts of India through [[Perinthalmanna]] town. National highway No.66 passes through [[Tirur]] and the northern stretch connects to [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]]. The southern stretch connects to [[Cochin]] and [[Trivandrum]]. Highway No.966 goes to [[Palakkad]] and [[Coimbatore]]. The nearest airport is at [[Kozhikode Airport|Kozhikode]]. Nearest railway stations are [[Pattambi]] and [[Angadipuram railway station|Angadipuram.]] The nearest major railway station is at [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shornur.]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malappuram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Perinthalmanna area]]

{{Malappuram-geo-stub}}

Basohli (town)

2025-12-30T18:56:18Z

RonAgnew292842:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basohli
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.50|N|75.82|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kathua district|Kathua]]
| established_title = 
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1200
| population_total = 5433
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Pahari language|Pahari]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 184201
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Ganesha Basohli miniature circa 1730 Dubost p73.jpg|thumb|Shri [[Ganesha]] ({{circa|1730}}).<ref>National Museum, New Delhi. For description of the work see: Martin-Dubost (1997), p. 73, which says: "Ganesha getting ready to throw his lotus. Basohli miniature, circa 1730. National Museum, New Delhi. Attired in an orange dhoti, his body is enitirely red. On the three points of his tiny crown, budding lotuses have been fixed. {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} holds in his two right hands the rosary and a cup filled with three modakas (a fourth substituted by the curving trunk is just about to be tasted). In his two left hands, {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} holds a large lotus above and an axe below, with its handle leaning against his shoulder. In the {{IAST|Mudgalapurāṇa}} (VII, 70), in order to kill the demon of egotism ({{IAST|Mamāsura}}) who had attacked him, {{IAST|Gaṇeśa Vighnarāja}} throws his lotus at him. Unable to bear the fragrance of the divine flower, the demon surrenders to {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}."
</ref>]]

'''Basohli''' (formerly Vishwasthali) is the name of a tehsil and town in [[Kathua district]] in the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. It is situated on the right bank of the [[Ravi River|River Ravi]], at an altitude of 1876 ft. The town was founded by Raja Bhupat Pal sometime in 1635. It was known for the palaces which are now in ruins and [[Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999|GI]] tagged Pahari miniatures paintings (the Basohli school of [[Pahari painting]]).

Basohli is known for its unique '[[Basohli]] Paintings'. In the late 17th century, Basohli emerged as a great centre of Pahari paintings. According to well known Dr. Herman Goltz, "Basohli painting are among the great achievements of Indians". Their central inspiration is [[Vaishnavism|Vashnavism]], the themes have been taken from the [[Indian epic poetry|epics]] and the [[Puranas]].

The different themes of the paintings are religious ([[Gita Govinda]] and [[Ramayana]]), secular, historical, contemporary and literary. Besides the paintings bring out extreme emotion combined with a lyrical sense of Basohli landscape.

Basohli paintings are said to have been described as 'Poems in colours'. The paintings are marked by strikingly blazing colours bold lines, rich symbols and peculiar features giving an accumulative impact of highly sensuous environs.

==Geography==
Basohli is located at {{coord|32.50|N|75.82|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Basoli.html |website=Falling Rain |title=Basholi |access-date=21 July 2008 |archive-date=10 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110182910/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Basoli.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It has an average elevation of 460 metres (1509 feet). Basohli is situated in the uneven lofty hills of Shiwaliks. It is situated in the right bank of Ravi river. Part of the [[Ranjit Sagar Dam]] falls in the area of Basholi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranjit Sagar Dam |url=https://pathankot.nic.in/tourist-place/ranjit-sagar-dam/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Pathankot |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to 2011 census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Basohli had a population of 5433. Males constituted 52.01% of the population and females 47.99%. Basohli had an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 57% of the males and 43% of females literate. 12% of the population was under 6 years of age.

==Religion==
The religious distribution of the population is as follows - Hindu 83.01%, Muslim 16.38%, other 0.61%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800082-bashohli-jammu-and-kashmir.html |access-date=29 February 2024 |title=Bashohli Town Population Census 2011 - 2024 |website=census2011.co.in |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229231447/https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800082-bashohli-jammu-and-kashmir.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Basohli painting ==
Basohli is widely known for its paintings, which are considered the first school of [[Pahari painting]]s, and which evolved into the much prolific [[Kangra paintings]] school by mid-eighteenth century.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EGUpX1O0hoC&dq=Kangra+painting&pg=RA2-PA62 |chapter=Pahari centres |title=Arts of India: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Music, Dance and Handicraft |first=Krishna |last=Chaitanya |publisher=Abhinav Publications |date=1987 |isbn=81-7017-209-8 |page=62 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522213307/https://books.google.com/books?id=8EGUpX1O0hoC&dq=Kangra+painting&pg=RA2-PA62 |url-status=live }}</ref> The painter [[Nainsukh]] ended his career in Basohli.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Toshakhānī |first1=Śaśiśekhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfF1pTv0PgkC |title=Cultural Heritage of Kashmiri Pandits |last2=Warikoo |first2=Kulbhushan |date=2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-398-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=288–289 |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Radha and Krishna in Discussion.jpg|[[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] in Discussion, (An illustration from [[Gita Govinda]]) Gouache on paper ({{circa|1730}}).
File:Goddess Bhadrakali Worshipped by the Gods- from a tantric Devi series - Google Art Project.jpg|Goddess [[Bhadrakali]], adored by the Gods. Basohli. India. {{circa|1660}}–70.
File:Maharaja Sital Dev of Mankot in Devotion.jpg|Maharaja [[Sital Dev]] of [[Mankot]] in [[:wikt:devotion|Devotion]], Ink, opaque watercolor, and silver on paper ({{circa|1690}}).
File:Ragaputra Velavala of Bhairava.jpg|[[Ragaputra Velavala]] of [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Bhairava]], opaque watercolour with gold on paper ({{circa|1710}}).
</gallery>

[[File:Raja Amrit Pal (Reigned 1757-1776) of Basohli LACMA M.80.223.1.jpg|thumb|Raja Amrit Pal (Reigned 1757–1776) of Basohli]]

==History==
The [[Battle of Basoli]] was fought in Basohli between the [[Sikhs]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] aided by the [[Rajputs]] of the hill states in 1702.<ref>Sikh History In 10 Volumes (Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer), vol. 1.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Battle of Basoli]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Hutchinson, J. & J. PH Vogel (1933). ''History of the Panjab Hill States'', Vol. I. 1st edition: Govt. Printing, Pujab, Lahore, 1933. Reprint 2000. Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh. Chapter XVIII Basohli State, pp. 587–613.
*{{cite book |author=Kossak, Steven | title=Indian court painting, 16th-19th century. |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74 | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997| isbn=0870997831}} (see index: p. 148-152, for information about Basholi painting)

{{Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Kathua district}}
{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kathua district]]
[[Category:Indian painting]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

President

2025-12-26T11:30:59Z

RonAgnew292842: quick rework layout to improve readability additionally and improved wording

{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{wiktionary|President|president|président}}

'''President''' most commonly refers to:

*[[President (corporate title)]]
*[[President (education)]], a leader of a college or university
*[[President (government title)]]

'''President''' may also refer to:

{{TOC right}}

==Arts and entertainment==
===Film and television===
*''[[Præsidenten]]'', a 1919 Danish silent film directed by Carl Theodor Dreyer
*[[The President (1928 film)|''The President'' (1928 film)]], a German silent drama
*[[President (1937 film)|''President'' (1937 film)]], an Indian film
*[[The President (1961 film)|''The President'' (1961 film)]]
*[[The Presidents (film)|''The Presidents'' (film)]], a 2005 documentary
*[[The President (2014 film)|''The President'' (2014 film)]]
*[[The President (South Korean TV series)|''The President'' (South Korean TV series)]], a 2010 South Korean television series
*[[The President (Palestinian TV series)|''The President'' (Palestinian TV series)]], a 2013 Palestinian reality television show
*''[[The President Show]]'', a 2017 Comedy Central political satirical parody sitcom
*[[Presidents (film)|''Presidents'' (film)]], a 2021 French film

===Music===
*[[The Presidents (American soul band)]]
*[[The Presidents of the United States of America (band)]] or the Presidents, an American alternative rock group
*[[President (band)]] an anonymous English metal band
*"The President", a song by Snow Patrol from the 2011 album ''[[Fallen Empires (album)|Fallen Empires]]''
*"The Presidents", a [[Jonathan Coulton discography|song by Jonathan Coulton]]
*"The Presidents", a song on ''[[Animaniacs]]''
*The President, a band led by [[Wayne Horvitz]]

===Other uses in arts and entertainment===
*[[President (card game)]], a westernized version of an originally Japanese card game named ''daifugō'' or ''daihinmin''
*[[The President (play)|''The President'' (play)]], by Thomas Bernhard
*[[The President (Rick and Morty)|The President (''Rick and Morty'')]], a fictional character

==Places==
*[[The President (mountain)]], in British Columbia, Canada
*[[President Township, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
*an earlier name for the [[Sipapu Bridge]]

==Transportation==
===Automobiles===
* [[Nissan President]], a 1966–2010 Japanese full-size sedan
* [[Plaxton President]], a British double-deck bus body
* [[Studebaker President]], a 1926–1942 American full-size sedan
* [[VinFast President]], a 2020–2022 Vietnamese mid-size SUV

===Ships===
* [[President (1924 steamboat)|''President'' (1924 steamboat)]], an American river excursion steamboat
* [[President (narrowboat)|''President'' (narrowboat)]], a preserved English, steam-powered narrowboat
* {{HMS|President}}, the name of several British ships and a shore establishment
* {{USS|President}}, the name of several American ships
* [[SS President|SS ''President'']], a 19th-century transatlantic steamship
* [[French frigate Président|French frigate ''Président'']] and later HMS ''President'', a 40-gun frigate
* [[President-class frigate]], a class of South African frigates

==Other uses==
*[[Président (brand)]], a brand of French cheese and butter
*[[President (CSRT)]], head of a Combatant Status Review Tribunal in the U.S. military
*[[President (grape)]] or Gouais blanc, a French wine grape
*[[President (LDS Church honorific)]], a title in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
*[[The President (tree)]], a giant sequoia in California, U.S.
*[[Président (typeface)]], a font designed by Adrian Frutiger
*[[Andre President]] (born 1971), American football player
*[[Sinclair President]], an electronic calculator in the late 1970s

==See also==
*[[Mr. President (disambiguation)]]
*''[[Präsident]]'', an automobile manufactured by Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau
*[[Precedent]], a previous court ruling
*[[Presidency]], administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of president of a state or nation
*[[Presidential (disambiguation)]]
*[[:Category:Presidents by country]]
*[[:Category:Lists of presidents]]
*{{Lookfrom|President}}
*{{Lookfrom|The President}}

{{disambiguation|geo|ship|surname}}

Ghatixalus asterops

2025-12-18T04:14:26Z

RonAgnew292842: post

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Ghatixalus asterops.jpg
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/>
| taxon = Ghatixalus asterops
| authority = Biju, Roelants, and Bossuyt, 2008
| range_map =
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''''Ghatixalus asterops''''', the '''Ghat tree frog''' or '''starry-eyed Ghat tree frog''', is a species of frog in the subfamily [[Rhacophorinae]]. It is endemic to [[India]]'s Western Ghat mountains, specifically the [[Palani Hills]] and south of the Palghat Gaps.<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6
|title=''Gracixalus asterops'' Biju, Roelants, and Bossuyt, 2008
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Ghatixalus/Ghatixalus-asterops
|access-date=April 18, 2024}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title=''Ghatixalus asterops'' Biju, Roelants, & Bossuyt, 2008
|author1= Jesse Lou
|editor1= Kellie Whittaker
|editor2=
|date=February 12, 2009
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/7266
|access-date=April 18, 2024}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN
|title= Ghat Tree Frog: ''Ghatixalus variabilis''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161754/166114107
|article-number=e.T161754A166114107
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T161754A166114107.en
|id=161754
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|access-date=April 18, 2024}}</ref>

==Appearance==

The adult male frog measures about 38.8 mm – 44.8 mm in [[snout-vent length]] and a single adult female specimen 58.1 mm. Adult frogs can vary in color between individuals. The skin of the dorsum can be dark gray or light gray in color with brown marks or it can be yellow-brown in color with red marks. The skin near the tympanum, which is readily visible, is light gray with brown spots. The sides of the body are yellow with some brown color. The four feet are light blue-white with blue-brown marks on the webbed skin. The upper hind legs are blue-brown in color. The iris of the eye is brown in color with thick gold lines in a shape resembling a star. There is also a gold circle around the outside of the iris. Juvenile frogs can be light green or light brown in color. Adults are never green in color.<ref name=Amph />

==Habitat==

People have observed this frog in disturbed [[shola]] forest habitats high in the hills. People have seen it in the [[leaf litter|dead leaves on the ground]]. These frogs spend more time near ephemeral streams than near permanent streams. People have also observed it on tea farms. This frog stays between 1300 and 2000 meters above sea level.<ref name=IUCN /> This frog is terrestrial, not arboreal like other Rhacophoridae. When disturbed, this frog will hide in the water for several minutes.<ref name=Amph />

==Life cycle==

The female frog makes a nest out of foam on rocks in the stream, on the sides of the stream, or sometimes on tree trunks near the stream. The eggs hatch into [[tadpoles]] that live in rocky streams with briskly flowing water. The tadpoles have substantial oral suckers that they use to anchor themselves in the current.<ref name=Amph /><ref name=DesGmag>{{cite journal|year=2015|last1=Abraham |first1=Robin Kurian |last2=Mathew |first2=Jobin K. |last3=Cyriac |first3=Vivek Philip |last4=Zachariah |first4=Arun |last5=Raju |first5=David V. |last6=Zachariah |first6=Anil |title=A novel third species of the Western Ghats endemic genus ''Ghatixalus'' (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of its tadpole. |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4048| issue=1 |pages=101–113|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4048.1.6|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284458655 |pmid= 26624739 }}</ref>

==Threats==

Scientists believe this frog is in limited danger of dying out because it lives in such a small place. Scientists cite climate change and habitat fragmentation as threats to this frog.<ref name=IUCN /><ref name=Amph />

==Taxonomy==

Scientists classify this frog is sister species to ''Ghatixalus variabilis''.<ref name=Des>{{cite journal|author1= Biju SD |author2=Roelants K |author3=Bossuyt F |year=2008 |title=Phylogenetic position of the montane treefrog Polypedates variabilis Jerdon, 1853 (Anura: Rhacophoridae), and description of a related species. |journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution |volume=8|pages=267–276|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242221997_Phylogenetic_position_of_the_montane_treefrog_Polypedates_variabilis_Jerdon_1853_Anura_Rhacophoridae_and_description_of_a_related_species|access-date=April 18, 2024|doi=10.1016/j.ode.2007.11.004|type=Abstract}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q6466089}}

[[Category:Frogs of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2008]]
[[Category:Ghatixalus|asterops]]

{{Rhacophoridae-stub}}

Jaswant Singh Rawat

2025-12-11T15:50:19Z

RonAgnew292842: Revised and enhanced article content

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{short description|Indian army soldier (1941–1962)}}
{{other uses|Jaswant Singh (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Rifleman]]
| name = Jaswant Singh Rawat
| honorific_suffix = [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]]
| image = Martyr Jaswant Singh Rawat.jpg
| caption = Rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1941|08|19}}
| birth_place = [[Dhumakot]],
[[Pauri]] [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1962|11|17|1941|08|19}}
| death_place = [[Nuranang Falls|Nuranang]], [[North-East Frontier Agency]], [[India]] {{small|(present-day [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]])}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| allegiance = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
| rank = [[Captain]] (Honorary)
| unit = 4th [[Garhwal Rifles]]
| serviceyears = 1961–62
| battles = [[Sino-Indian War]]{{KIA}}
| awards = [[File:Maha Vir Chakra ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Maha Vir Chakra]]
}}
[[Rifleman]] '''Jaswant Singh Rawat''', [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] (19 August 1941– 17 November 1962) was an Indian soldier and a posthumous recipient of the prestigious [[Maha Vir Chakra]] of which he was awarded for his actions of valor during the Battle of Nuranang in the [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-13|title=72 Hours: A Movie On Jaswant Singh, The Man Who Saved Arunachal Pradesh From The Chinese but he died....|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/the-heroic-story-of-jaswant-singh-the-man-who-saved-arunachal-pradesh-from-the-chinese-army-247929.html|access-date=2020-07-12|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Sino-Indian War: Battle of Nuranang==
{{anchor | Nuranang | Battle | War | Battle of Nuranang }}

{{see also|Battle of Galwan|l1=Battle of Galwan|Dhan Singh Thapa#Battle_of_Pangong|l2=Battle of Pangong|Battle of Rezang La|l3=Battle of Rezang La|Gurung Hill#1962|l4=Battle of Gurung Hill|Jaswant Singh Rawat#Nuranang|l5=Battle of Nuranang & Sela Pass}}

[[File:Jaswant Garh War Memorial.JPG|thumb|220x220px|alt=|left|Jaswant Garh War Memorial, Jaswantgarh, Arunachal Pradesh.]]

During the '''Battle of [[Nuranang Falls|Nuranang]]''' on 17 November 1962 in the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (now [[Arunachal Pradesh]]), the [[Rifleman]] Jaswant Singh Rawat was serving in the 4th battalion of 4th [[Garhwal Rifles]] regiment. On that day, the 4th Garhwal Rifles had beaten back two [[People's Liberation Army]] charges on their position. During a third intrusion, a Chinese [[medium machine gun]] (MMG) had come close to the Indian defenses and was firing accurately at their positions. Rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat, along with '''[[Lance Naik]] Trilok Singh Negi''' and '''Rifleman Gopal Singh Gusain''' volunteered to subdue the MMG.<ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=2019-11-18|title=War heroes of 1962 Sino-Indian war remembered on Nuranang Day|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/war-heroes-of-1962-sino-indian-war-remembered-on-nuranang-day-119111801674_1.html|access-date=2021-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=author|title=Heroes of 1962 war in Arunachal: Battle of Nuranang {{!}} The Arunachal Times|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2019/12/22/heroes-of-1962-war-in-arunachal-battle-of-nuranang/|access-date=2021-07-12|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-07|title=The Story of Rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat: The Hero Of Nauranang|url=http://www.scrolldroll.com/the-story-of-rifleman-jaswant-singh-rawat/|access-date=2021-07-12|website=Stories for the Youth!|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat MVC {{!}} Honourpoint|date=17 November 1962 |url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/rifleman-jashwant-singh-rawat-mvc/|access-date=2021-07-12|language=en-US}}</ref> Rawat and Gusain, aided by covering fire from Negi closed within a grenade-throwing distance of the machine gun position and neutralized the Chinese detachment of five sentries, seizing the MMG in the process. However, while returning, Gusain and Negi lost their lives and Rawat was seriously injured, although he managed to return with the captured weapon. The battle resulted in 300 Chinese casualties, whereas the 4th Garhwal Rifles lost two men and had eight wounded.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Short Stories from the History of the Indian Army Since August 1947|last=Col J Francis (Retd)|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|date=30 August 2013|isbn=9789382652175|pages=53}}</ref>

{{anchor | Sela | Nura | Noora }}
Rawat's company eventually decided to fall back, but Rawat remained and kept up the fight with the help of two [[Bomdila#Demographics|local]] [[Monpa people|Monpa]] girls named '''[[Sela Tunnel|Sela]]''' and '''[[Nuranang Falls#Nura|Nura]]''' ('''Noora'''). Later, Sela was killed and Noora captured. Rushing from position to position, Rawat held off the enemy for 72 hours until the Chinese captured a local supplier, who told them that they were facing only one fighter. The Chinese then stormed Rawat's position, but the exact details of his death are unclear. Some accounts claim that Rawat shot himself with his last round of ammunition; others state that he was taken prisoner and executed by the Chinese. The Chinese commander returned Rawat's severed head and a brass bust of him to India after the war was over.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Army's 'Immortal' soldier Jaswant Singh Rawat, on duty even after being martyred|url=https://indiannewsweekly.com/2021/10/21/indian-armys-immortal-soldier-jaswant-singh-rawat-on-duty-even-after-being-martyred/|date=2021-10-21|access-date=2022-05-21|language=en|archive-date=17 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017180555/https://indiannewsweekly.com/2021/10/21/indian-armys-immortal-soldier-jaswant-singh-rawat-on-duty-even-after-being-martyred/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sela Pass]], [[Sela Tunnel]] and Sela Lake were named after Sela in commemoration of her actions.<ref name=selajas1>[https://www.bhaskar.com/db-original/news/china-vs-india-sela-tunnel-project-narendra-modi-govt-infrastructure-development-130768317.html जसवंत-सेला शहीद न हों, इसलिए बनी सेला टनल:1962 जैसे नहीं घुस पाएगा चीन; सड़कों, पुलों और सुरंगों का सुरक्षा जाल तैयार], Bhaskar, accessed 14 June 2023.</ref>

== Legacy: Jaswant Garh memorial and post ==
{{ anchor | Legacy | Memorial Jaswant Garh | Jaswantgarh }}
{{see also|Baba Harbhajan Singh#Temples|l1=Baba Harbhajan Singh Temple and bunker|Operation_Rajiv#Geography|l2=Bana Singh Post|Dhan_Singh_Thapa#Post|l3=Dhan Singh Thapa Post|Lucky Bisht}}

The bravery of Jaswant Rawat was honored by naming the army post held by him as the "'''Jaswant Garh post'''" where he fended off the [[People's Liberation Army]], and '''Jaswant Garh War Memorial''' was built at the post.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/139091/not-china-alone-renamed-places-tawang/|title=When It Comes to Renaming Places in Tawang, China Is Not Alone|last=Pisharoty|first=Sangeeta Barooah|website=thewire.in|language=en-GB|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2019/12/22/heroes-of-1962-war-in-arunachal-battle-of-nuranang/|title=Heroes of 1962 War in Arunachal, Battle of Nuranang|date=22 December 2019|author=M Panging Pao}}</ref> Memorial at the army post lies 52 km southeast of [[Tawang]] & north of Sela Tunnel on [[National Highway 13 (India)|NH-13]] [[Trans-Arunachal Highway]]'s [[Dirang]]-Tawang section.

Additionally, Rawat has received several posthumous promotions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|last=Talbot|first=Ian|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0300216592}}</ref>

Sela, who died helping Jaswant was honored by naming the [[Sela Pass]], [[Sela Tunnel]] and Sela Lake in her name.<ref name=selajas1/> [[Nuranang Falls]] was [[Nuranang Falls#Nura|named]] after Nura.

4th Garhwal Rifles was later awarded the Battle Honour Nuranang, the only battle honor awarded to an army unit during the ongoing war.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Memorable War Stories|last=Singh Gp Capt|first=Ranbir|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=2009|isbn=978-8188322664|pages=27}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The 2019 Hindi movie ''[[72 Hours: Martyr Who Never Died]]'', directed by [[Avinash Dhyani]], is based on the story of Rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat.<ref>{{Cite web|title=72 Hours...movie on the legendary soldier to be released on Friday|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/72-hours---movie-on-the-legendary-solider-to-be-released-on-friday.html|access-date=2020-06-11|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Sela Tunnel]], [[Sela Pass]] and Sela lake named after Sela

*

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://prashantb.wordpress.com/2016/09/19/the-unsung-hero-of-1962-war-rifleman-jaswant-singh-rawat/ The unsung hero of 1962 war - Rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5e9ktgVaKjM Journey of Rifleman - Jaswant Singh Rawat (Youtube)]
* [https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/rifleman-jashwant-singh-rawat-mvc/ HonorPoint - Jaswant Singh Rawat]

==External links==
*http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/jashwant-singh-rawat

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Jaswant}}
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Garhwali people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:People of the Sino-Indian War]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:1941 births]]

M. Subbiah Pandian

2025-12-06T17:48:47Z

RonAgnew292842: quick corrected layout after review

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''M. Subbiah Pandian''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from [[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur constituency]] in the [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandian, M. Subbiah}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Hyderabad Road Development Corporation Limited

2025-12-03T08:11:51Z

RonAgnew292842:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2018}}

{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name = Hyderabad Road Development Corporation Limited
|nativename =
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|picture =
|picture_width =
|picture_caption =
|formed = {{start date and age|12 June 2017}}
|preceding1 = Roads & Buildings
|preceding2 = [[GHMC]]
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[GHMC]]
}}
The '''Hyderabad Road Development Corporation Limited''' ('''HRDCL''') is a public roads authority established by [[Government of Telangana]] for building and managing roads in [[Hyderabad]], Telangana.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/010917/ghmc-loss-is-hyderabad-road-development-corporations-gain.html | title=GHMC loss is Hyderabad Road Development Corporation’s gain | newspaper=Deccan Chronicle | date=1 September 2017 | accessdate=19 May 2018 }}</ref> The authority will improve 240 km road length during phase I and remaining will be handed over in phased manner.<ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-04-23/HRDCL-set-up-to-improve-road-quality-in-Hyderabad/295301 Hyderabad Road Development Corporation Limited set up to improve road quality in Hyderabad]</ref><ref name=autogenerated1 />

==History==
The authority was created as [[special purpose vehicle]] (SPV) with the GO No 106 dated 11 March 2017 and started on 12 June 2017 with chief secretary as chairman and municipal administration secretary as managing director of the corporation. The roads belonging to R&B, department were transferred to the authority. It was created for raising capital to build and maintain growing road network.

==Organization==
The authority has road network that is under greater Hyderabad and surrounding urban local bodies. By November 2022, HRDCL has successfully developed 21 link roads spanning a length of 24 km across the city of Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/21-link-roads-over-24-km-completed/articleshow/95544498.cms|title=21 link roads over 24 km completed}}</ref>

R&B has 600 km road network under its purview in Hyderabad, of which 240 km was transferred to '''HRDCL''' in Phase I, before the entire network comes to the authority.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Government of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:Road authorities]]
[[Category:Transport organisations based in India]]

Balgopal Mishra

2025-11-30T14:21:31Z

RonAgnew292842: added info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
'''Balgopal Mishra''' (born 5 November 1941 in [[Salebhata]], [[Bolangir district]], [[Odisha|Orissa]]) is an Indian politician and was member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Loisingha (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Loisingha constituency]] in [[Bolangir district]] as well as was member of 9th Lok Sabha from [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir constituency]] as [[Janata Dal]] candidate.<ref>[http://myneta.info/loksabha2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=2885 My Neta]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/15oris1.htm | title=Electorate sick of lying politicians in Bolangir | date=15 February 2000 | publisher=Rediff | first=M I | last=Khan | accessdate=8 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/12/stories/2004031202281200.htm Where families stand divided]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/07/stories/2004030703231000.htm BJP legislator spearheads Koshal slogan]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Balgopal}}
[[Category:People from Balangir district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]

Ashish Kishore Lele

2025-11-11T11:09:09Z

RonAgnew292842: creating initial article added tags!

{{Short description|Indian chemical engineer (born 1967)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ashish Kishore Lele
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1967|4|3}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Polymer science]] | [[Rheology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[University of Delaware]] | [[University of Cambridge]] | [[National Chemical Laboratory]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Institute of Chemical Technology]] | [[University of Delaware]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students = [[Yogesh M. Joshi]], Shyni Varghese ([https://bme.duke.edu/faculty/shyni-varghese])
| known_for = Studies on micro and mesostructure of polymers
| awards = {{ublist|1988 [[University of Mumbai|UoM]] S. G. Kane Gold Medal | 1992[[University of Delaware|UoD]] R. L. Pigford Best Teaching Assistant Award | 1996 [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Young Scientist Award | 1998 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientist Award | 2003 [[Institute of Chemical Technology|UDCT]] UAA Distinguished Alumnus Award | 2006 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2012 [[Infosys Prize]] }}
}}
'''Ashish Kishore Lele''' (born 3 April 1967) is an Indian chemical engineer, [[rheologist]] and the Director of the [[National Chemical Laboratory]], Pune.<ref name="Scientific Staff List">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=About The Director |url=https://www.ncl-india.org/files/AboutNCL/AboutDirector.aspx |publisher=National Chemical Laboratory}}</ref> He is known for his researches on micro and mesostructure of polymers<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=171 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |year=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Lele,_Dr_Ashish_Kishore |title=Fellow profile |year=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |title=INAE fellows |year=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 2006.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |year=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link – please select award year to see details}} He received the [[Infosys Prize]] in 2012.<ref name="Laureates 2012">{{Cite web |url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2012/ashish-lele.asp |title=Laureates 2012 |year=2017 |publisher=Infosys Science Foundation}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Lele, born on 3 April 1967 in [[Maharashtra]], graduated in chemical engineering from [[Institute of Chemical Technology|UDCT]] in Mumbai in 1988. He moved to the US for his doctoral studies at the [[University of Delaware]] from where he secured a PhD in 1993, simultaneously working as a research assistant at the university.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncl-india.org/files/Research/ScientistProfile/Default.aspx?menuid=ql8&Id=72&NCLEmpId=1610&UserId=159 |title=Faculty profile |year=2017 |publisher=National Chemical Laboratory}}</ref>

==Career==
Returning to India, he started his career by joining [[National Chemical Laboratory]] in 1993 as a scientist. While working at NCL, he took a sabbatical to complete his postdoctoral studies at [[Cambridge University]] from July 2000 to December 2001. Subsequently, he resumed his service at NCL where he later held the chair of the department of Polymer Science and Engineering.<ref name="Lele, Dr. Ashish - Chair">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Dr Asish Lele takes charge as director of CSIR – National Chemical Laboratory |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/dr-asish-lele-takes-charge-as-director-of-csir-national-chemical-laboratory-7254506/ |publisher=National Chemical Laboratory}}</ref> In 2018, he opted to take the role of Senior Vice President (R & R&D) at Reliance Industries Ltd where he served till 31 March 2021. On 1 April 2021, he became the thirteenth Director of the CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune.<ref name="NCL Staff Recreation Club">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=About The Director |url=https://www.ncl-india.org/files/AboutNCL/AboutDirector.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031316/http://srclub.ncl.res.in/files/events/NCL%20SR%20Members%20list%20as%20on%20310304.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2017 |access-date=6 February 2017 |publisher=NCL}}</ref> He has also served as a visiting professor at [[Institut des sciences de l'ingénieur de Toulon et du Var]] (Institute of Engineering Sciences of Toulon and the Var – ISITV).<ref name="Ashish Lele, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Amit Chaudhury among winners of Infosys Prize 2012">{{Cite web |url=http://netindian.in/news/2012/11/23/00022147/ashish-lele-sanjay-subrahmanyam-amit-chaudhury-among-winners-infosys-prize- |title=Ashish Lele, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Amit Chaudhury among winners of Infosys Prize 2012 |work=NetIndian |date=23 November 2012 |publisher=Net Indian |last1=Network |first1=Netindian News }}</ref>

==Research==
[[File:Superabsorber Hydrogel KSG 2917 pK.jpg|thumb|235px|Hygrogel of a superabsorbant Hydrogel]]
Bulk of Lele's researches have been based on the theoretical and experimental studies of micro and mesostructure of polymers and his studies widened the understanding of their macroscopic dynamical and equilibrium properties.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> He was the first scientist to elucidate the ''amoeba-like dynamics of ring polymers'' and proposed the ''mean field theoretical framework of specific weak molecular interactions in gels'' for the first time.<ref name="Ashish Lele, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Amit Chaudhury among winners of Infosys Prize 2012" /> He developed tailored molecules of stimuli responsive smart [[hydrogels]] and explained the anomalous rheological behaviour of complex fluids. He has documented his researches by way of several articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Lele=3AAshish_K=2E=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |year=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[Google Scholar]] and [[ResearchGate]], online article repositories of scientific articles, have listed many of them.<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=YiRrzs0AAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |year=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref><ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/27543459_Ashish_Lele |title=On ResearchGate |year=2016 }}</ref> He holds a number of patents for the processes he has developed.<ref name="Ashish Lele on INAE">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/expert-search/index.php/ashish-lele |title=Ashish Lele on INAE |year=2017 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering}}</ref><ref name="List of Patents">{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.ch/search?tbo=p&tbm=pts&hl=en&q=ininventor:%22Ashish+Kishore+Lele%22&gws_rd=ssl |title=List of Patents |year=2017 |publisher=Google Patents}}</ref><ref name="Lele on Patent Docs">{{Cite web |url=http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/inventor/lele-6/ |title=Lele on Patent Docs |year=2017 |publisher=Patent Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref name="Bibliographic data">{{Cite web |url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2011013145 |title=Bibliographic data |year=2017 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization}}</ref>

Lele is a director at Orthocrafts Innovations Private Limited and Amps Innovations Private Limited<ref name="Director">{{Cite web |url=https://site2corp.com/in/ashish-kishore-lele |title=Director |year=2017 |publisher=Site2Corp |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206184536/https://site2corp.com/in/ashish-kishore-lele |archive-date=6 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is the co-founder and adviser of BioMed Innovations, a start-up established at the NCL Venture Center.<ref name="Co-Founder and Advisor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.biolmedinnovations.com/leadership |title=Co-Founder and Advisor |year=2017 |publisher=BioMed Innovations}}</ref> He is the president of the Indian Society of Rheology<ref name="President – ISR">{{Cite web |url=http://www.isr.org.in/executive-committee/ |title=President – ISR |year=2017 |publisher=Indian Society of Rheology}}</ref> and is a member of Rheologica Acta, the official journal of the European Society of Rheology, since 2010.<ref name="Ashish Lele, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Amit Chaudhury among winners of Infosys Prize 2012" /> He is also a member of the [[Society of Rheology]], USA as well as the Indian chapter of the [[Society of Polymer Science]], and sits in the Management and Advisory Team of IPUA Virtual Technical Center.<ref name="Management and Advisory Team">{{Cite web |url=http://ipuatc.com/aboutus.aspx |title=Management and Advisory Team |year=2017 |publisher=IPUA Virtual Technical Center}}</ref> He was a member of the National Organizing Committee of the International Conference on Polymer Science and Technology held in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in January 2017<ref name="National Organizing Committee">{{Cite web |url=http://www.macroindia2017.org/index.php?page=committees |title=National Organizing Committee |year=2017 |publisher=International Conference on Polymer Science and Technology |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206185611/http://www.macroindia2017.org/index.php?page=committees |url-status=dead }}</ref> and has delivered several keynote or invited talks;<ref name="Symposium">{{Cite web |url=https://www.naefrontiers.org/People/PeopleDirectory/16565.aspx |title=Symposium |year=2017 |publisher=NAE Frontiers}}</ref><ref name="Dr. Ashish Lele's Talk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.che.iitb.ac.in/online/events/dr-ashish-leles-talk |title=Dr. Ashish Lele's Talk |year=2017 |publisher=IIT Bombay}}</ref><ref name="Processing of Polymers, Blends & Composites">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mitpune.com/dept-Polymer/achievement-dept-Polymer.aspx |title=Processing of Polymers, Blends & Composites |year=2017 |publisher=Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206185036/http://www.mitpune.com/dept-Polymer/achievement-dept-Polymer.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> the list includes the 78th Annual Meeting of the Society of Rheology at [[Portland, Maine]] in October 2006<ref name="78th Annual Meeting">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rheology.org/sor06a/ViewAuthorProfile.aspx?ID=119 |title=78th Annual Meeting |year=2017 |publisher=Society of Rheology}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|He presented a paper, ''Dynamics of flexible ring polymers in obstacle environment''}} and COMSOL Conference 2015 where he presented a paper on ''Sensitivity Analysis of MEA Parameters on the Performance of HT-PEM Fuel Cell via COMSOL Multiphysics Modeling''.<ref name="COMSOL Conference 2015">{{Cite web |url=https://www.comsol.com/2015-user-presentations/keynotes |title=COMSOL Conference 2015 |year=2017 |publisher=COMSOL Conference 2015}}</ref> He has also guided several doctoral scholars in their studies.<ref name="List of Recognised Ph.D. Guides">{{Cite web |url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/pdf/Engineering_15-5-14-new.pdf |title=List of Recognised PhD Guides |year=2017 |publisher=University of Pune}}</ref><ref name="Saad Bhamla, Ph.D.">{{Cite web |url=https://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=41928&name=Saad_Bhamla |title=Saad Bhamla, PhD |year=2017 |publisher=Stanford University}}</ref><ref name="Nihal Kanbargi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pse.umass.edu/sites/default/files/lesser/documents/Nihal%20Kanbargi_resume.pdf |title=Nihal Kanbargi |year=2017 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst}}</ref>

=== Selected patents ===
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.google.ch/patents/US20150018463?dq=ininventor:%22Ashish+Kishore+Lele%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSy_e24_rRAhVLnBoKHcfPBLsQ6AEILTAC |title=Modified polypropylene compositions for reduced necking in extrusion film casting or extrusion coating processes |last=Kalyani Suresh Chikhalikar, Ashish Kishore Lele, Harshwardhan Vinayak Pol, Kishor Shankar Jadhav, Sunil Janardan Mahajan, Zubair Ahmad |work=US Patent No. US 20150018463 A1 |publisher=Google Patents |date=9 January 2014}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8779097 |title=Accelerated gelation of regenerated fibroin |last=Shailesh Prakash Nagarkar, Ashish Kishore Lele |work=US Patent No. US8779097 B2 |publisher=Google Patents |date=15 July 2014}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.google.ch/patents/WO2014108874A1?cl=en&dq=ininventor:%22Ashish+Kishore+Lele%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSy_e24_rRAhVLnBoKHcfPBLsQ6AEIQjAF |title=An optical fiber-based force transducer for microscale samples |last=Chirag Deepak Kalekar, Pramod Appukuttan Pullarkatt, Seshagiri Rao, Ashish Kishore Lele |work=US Patent No. WO 2014108874 A1 |publisher=Google Patents |date=17 July 2014}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.google.ch/patents/WO2016194006A1?cl=en&dq=ininventor:%22Ashish+Kishore+Lele%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSy_e24_rRAhVLnBoKHcfPBLsQ6AEISTAG |title=A one step process for the pelletisation of poly lactic acid without melt processing |last=Ashish Kishore Lele, Abhijit Pravin Shete, Karan Vivek Dikshit |work=US Patent No. WO 2016194006 A1 |publisher=Google Patents |date=8 December 2016}}

== Awards and honours ==
Lele won two honours during his college days, S. G. Kane Gold Medal and Sohrab Coomi Mistry fellowship of the University of Mumbai for being class topper in his bachelor's degree class in 1988.<ref name="Faculty profile" /> At University of Delaware, he was selected for the Competitive Graduate Research Fellowship in 1988 and later, he was chosen for the R. L. Pigford Best Teaching Assistant Award in 1992. Back in India, he received the Young Scientist Award of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1996,<ref name="Laureates 2012" /> followed by the Young Scientists Medal of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1998.<ref name="INSA Young Scientists Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=INSA Young Scientists Medal |year=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> His alma mater, [[Institute of Chemical Technology|UDCT]], honoured him in 2003 with the UAA Distinguished Alumnus Award,<ref name="UAA Distinguished Alumnus Award Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.udctalumni.org.in/assets/content_files/151347273_UAA_Bulletin_Vol_19_Jan_2014.pdf |title=UAA Distinguished Alumnus Award Winners |year=2017 |publisher=UAA Newsletter |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031458/http://www.udctalumni.org.in/assets/content_files/151347273_UAA_Bulletin_Vol_19_Jan_2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] magazine included him in the list of ''India's 50 Emerging Stars'' the same year.<ref name="Alumni News & Notes">{{Cite web |url=https://www.che.udel.edu/pdf/newsletter2003.pdf |title=Alumni News & Notes |year=2017 |publisher=University of Delaware |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=14 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060914144440/http://www.che.udel.edu/pdf/newsletter2003.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2006.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |year=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archivedate=23 September 2015 }}</ref> The same year, he was elected as a fellow by the Indian National Academy of Engineering<ref name="Ashish Lele on INAE" /> and he became an elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 2010.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> [[Infosys Science Foundation]] chose him for [[Infosys Prize]] in Engineering and Computing Science in 2013.<ref name="Laureates 2012" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Subramanian, Ganapathy |author2=Ranade, Vivek |author3=Nagarkar, Shailesh |author4=Lele, Ashish |title=Matched asymptotic solution for flow in a semi-hyperbolic die |journal=Chemical Engineering Science |date=2005 |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=3107–3110 |doi=10.1016/j.ces.2004.12.043|bibcode=2005ChEnS..60.3107S }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Kulkarni, Chandrashekhar |author2=Belsare, Nilesh |author3=Lele, Ashish |title=Studies on Shrikhand Rheology |journal=Journal of Food Engineering |date=2006 |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=169–177 |doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.02.029}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Ganvir, Vivek |author2=Lele, Ashish |author3=Thaokar, Rochish |author4=Gautham, B. P. |title=Simulation of viscoelastic flows of polymer solutions in abrupt contractions using an arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) based finite element method |journal=Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics |date=2007 |volume=143 |issue=2–3 |pages=157–169 |doi=10.1016/j.jnnfm.2007.02.009|bibcode=2007JNNFM.143..157G |url=http://dspace.library.iitb.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10054/927 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Iyer, Balaji V. S. |author2=Shanbhag, Sachin |author3=Juvekar, Vinay A. |author4=Lele, Ashish K. |title=Self-diffusion coefficient of ring polymers in semidilute solution |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics |date=2008 |volume=46 |issue=21 |pages=2370–2379 |doi=10.1002/polb.21569|bibcode=2008JPoSB..46.2370I }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Ganvir, Vivek |author2=Lele, Ashish |author3=Thaokar, Rochish |author4=Gautham, B. P. |title=Prediction of extrudate swell in polymer melt extrusion using an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) based finite element method |journal=Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics |date=2009 |volume=156 |issue=1–2 |pages=21–28 |doi=10.1016/j.jnnfm.2008.06.006|bibcode=2009JNNFM.156...21G |url=http://dspace.library.iitb.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10054/1693 |url-access=subscription }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Finite element method]]
* [[Complex fluids]]
* [[Fibroin]]
* [[Polymers]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXtzSAfF3Is |title=Dr. Ashish Lele |date=2 January 2013 |work=YouTube video|publisher=Ifosys Prize }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZVADOvMGIg |title=Dr. Ashish Lele's molecular structure research could have revolutionary effects |date=6 January 2013 |work=YouTube video|publisher=Infosys Prize }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uY2xdR_8yVU |title=Ashish GE Presentation |date=30 July 2016 |work=YouTube video|publisher=Jaya Nichanametla }}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ncl-scientist-ashish-lele-wins-infosys-prize2012/1056582/ |title=NCL scientist Ashish Lele wins Infosys Prize-2012 |last=Express News Service |date=9 January 2013 |work=The Indian Express}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.iith.ac.in/events/res_profiles/pdf/From%20Macromolecular%20Structure%20to%20Polymer%20Processing.pdf |title=From Macromolecular Structure to Polymer Processing: Bridging length and time scales |last=Ashish Lele |year=2017 |publisher=IIT Hyderabad |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112062207/http://www.iith.ac.in/events/res_profiles/pdf/From%20Macromolecular%20Structure%20to%20Polymer%20Processing.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lele, Ashish Kishore}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Institute of Chemical Technology alumni]]
[[Category:University of Delaware alumni]]
[[Category:University of Delaware faculty]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]

Varuna, Mysore

2025-11-09T15:07:03Z

RonAgnew292842: expanded lead based on references and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Varuna
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.26792|76.74405|display=inline,title}}
| timezone = [[indian standard time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 570010
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0821
| registration_plate =
}}
'''Varuna''' is a village in [[Mysore]] district of [[Karnataka]] state, India.

==Location==

Varuna village is located on [[Tirumakudal Narsipur]] road, 13.3 km from Mysore.<ref name="google">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Varuna,+Karnataka+570010,+India/@12.2668765,76.7436539,17z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3baf6ddb686a9075:0x4f6c526355b023bd|title=Google Maps|publisher=google.com|accessdate=2016-07-31}}</ref>
The road from Mysore to [[Tirumakudal Narsipur]] forks at Varuna junction. The left deviation continues to T.Nrasipura and [[Somanathapura|Somanathpur]]. The right deviation goes to Varuna and [[Sutturu]] Mutt. The road is well maintained in two lanes.

==Landmarks==
[[File:Varuna Village.jpg|thumb|Varuna village]]

The housing colony called Lal Bahadhur Shastri Nagar is only three kilometers from Varuna village. J.S.S. Layout is within four km. Shanthaveri gopal Gowda Nagar is also within four km from Varuna. Varuna is surrounded by Nanjangud, T.Narasipur and [[Shrirangapattana]] taluks. The nearest cities are Mysore and [[Nanjangud]].

==Temples==
Varuna village has Basveshwara Temple and a statue of Lord Basvanna founder of Lingayat society. The village has ancient temples which are built by cholas. The village is near Sutturu Mutt is the spiritual center of Lingayath community of Karnataka state. The mutt runs more than 300 schools in India and abroad.

==Post office==
There is a post office in Varuna and the [[Postal Index Number|postal code]] is 570010.<ref name="xombom">{{cite web|url=http://www.xombom.com/pincode/varuna-mysore-pincode/151439/|title=Varuna, Mysore District Pincode 570010|publisher=xombom.com|accessdate=2016-07-31}}</ref> The post office is called PTC Campus because there is a postal training cente there.

==Access==
The nearest railway station is Mysore. The nearest airport is Mandakali. There are direct roads from Bannur, Mysore, Nanjangud and T.Narasipur.<ref name="soki">{{cite web|url=http://soki.in/varuna-mysore-mysore/|title=Varuna- Mysore | Indian Villages|publisher=soki.in|accessdate=2016-07-31}}</ref>

==Education==
There is one primary school in Varuna and one high school in Suttur. Colleges are available in Mysore, 13 km away.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

==Villages and suburbs==
* Hosakotal village
* [[Sutturu|Suttur]] Mutt
* Dandikere village
* Chikkahalli village
* Keelanpura village

==Demographics==
Varuna has a total population of 2,350 people in 529 families as per the 2011 census. The literacy is 62%. Varuna village has 300 lingayat families and 150 Scheduled caste families. The village also consists of 50 Muslim families.

==Administration==
Varuna village is administered by the head of the village locally called as a ''sarpanch''. The sarpanch is elected democratically every five years. There are a total of 529 houses in Varuna.

==Economy==
The people of the village are mostly engaged in agricultural work. Some of them work in Mysore city as the distance is only 13 km.

==See also==
* [[Sutturu]]
* [[Nagarle]]
* [[Alambur]]
* [[Kahalli]]
* [[Chikkahalli Choranahalli]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Mysore district]]

Mettur Dam railway station

2025-10-09T05:34:53Z

RonAgnew292842:

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{third-party|date=January 2019}}
}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mettur Dam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image-caption =
| address = SH 20, P.N.Patti, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|48|16.6|N|77|49|23.8|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}–Mettur Dam line
| opened =
| structure = On ground
| platforms = 1
| tracks = 1
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| elevation = {{convert|256|m}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MTDM
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = [[Salem railway division|Salem]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| passengers =
| route_map =
| mapframe = yes
| map_state =
}}
{{Salem–Palakkad sector|collapse=yes}}

'''Mettur Dam railway station''' (station code: MTDM) is an NSG–6 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Salem railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=12 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is a railway station situated in [[Mettur]], [[Salem district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The station is end station on the {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}–Mettur Dam line.<ref name = "MTDM">{{cite web |url =http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/mettur-dam-mtdm/6593| title = MTDM}}</ref> As of 2025, only one passenger train is operated to Mettur dam is from [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]] via [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Junction]] because unlike other sections of Southern Railway, this small corridor is heavily concentrated on freight traffic.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Salem district]]
[[Category:Salem railway division]]
[[Category:Railway terminus in India]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Thottiyam

2025-09-20T07:04:28Z

RonAgnew292842: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thottiyam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]] / Taluk
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.9833|N|78.3333|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = Central Tamil Nadu
| subdivision_type4 = Taluk
| subdivision_name4 = [[Thottiyam taluk|Thottiyam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13757
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = TN-48
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Thottiyam''' is a [[Town|Selection Grade Nagar Panchayat]] and [[Taluk]] in [[Tiruchirappalli district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is situated 60 km north-west of [[Tiruchirapalli]] on Tiruchy-Namakkal State Highway (SH-25) and further it connects Namakkal-Salem-Bangalore National Highway ([[National Highway 7 (India)|NH 7]]). It is located near the [[Kaveri River]], about 12 km north-west of Musiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/madras-india--state/trichinopoly-volume-1-rda/page-33-trichinopoly-volume-1-rda.shtml|title=Read the eBook Trichinopoly (Volume 1) by Madras (India : State) online for free (Page 33 of 45)}}</ref> [[Koranganatha Temple]] located in the outskirts of the town is a historic temple built during the [[Chola]] period in the 10th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Koranganatha Temple - Srinivasanallur|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/trichytourism/other.htm|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=19 June 2016}}</ref> There is a village near by this town called [[Thirunarayana puram]] which has the famous [[Vedanarayana perumal temple, Thirunarayanapuram]].

==Demographics==
As of 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Thottiyam had a population of 23,357. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Thottiyam has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 66%. In Thottiyam, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Politics==
Thottiyam current town panchayat president is Thamilselvi Thirugnanam.
Thottiyam assembly constituency was a part of [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and recently merged with the [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. The election commission has decided to merge the state assembly constituency of Thottiam with the Musiri constituency; political observers fear that it may affect the identity of this constituency.
<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-11
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304010951/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [[List of state highways in Tamil Nadu]]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kongu Nadu]]

Raj Manchanda

2025-07-29T04:03:06Z

RonAgnew292842: made a entry

{{Short description|Indian squash player (1945–2024)}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Raj Manchanda
| honorific_suffix =
| image = 
| image_size = 
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
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| native_name =
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| birth_name = 
| full_name = 
| nickname = Old Fox The Major
| nationality = Indian
| national_team = 
| citizenship =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1945|08|05}}
| birth_place = [[Abohar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2024|12|01|1945|08|05}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| resting_place =
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| country = India
| sport = Squash
| position =
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| highestranking =
| pb =

| show-medals =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Squash (sport)|squash]]}}
{{MedalCountry | India}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Team Squash Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver | [[Asian Team Squash Championships|1981 Karachi]] | [[Asian Team Squash Championships#Men's championship|Men's championship]]}}
{{MedalBronze | [[Asian Team Squash Championships|1984 Amman]] | [[Asian Team Squash Championships#Men's championship|Men's championship]]}}
| medaltemplates-title =
| module3 =
}}

'''Raj Manchanda''' (5 August 1945 – 1 December 2024) was an Indian [[Squash (sport)|squash]] player.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lokapally|first=Vijay|date=3 December 2024|title=Raj Manchanda, the ‘Old Fox’ of Indian squash, passes away at 80|trans-title= |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/squash/brigadier-raj-manchanda-former-squash-player-passes-away-national-champion-arjuna-award/article68941939.ece|language= |work=[[Sportstar]]|location= |access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref> He won six straight [[Squash Rackets Federation of India|National Squash Championships]] from 1977 to 1982.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=17 October 2013|title=Major Raj Manchanda wins 28th National Squash Championships for fifth consecutive time|trans-title= |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19820315-major-raj-manchanda-wins-28th-national-squash-championships-for-fifth-consecutive-time-771605-2013-10-17|language= |work=[[India Today]]|location= |access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref> Also a member of the [[Arjuna Award]], he received the Arjuna Award in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.preservearticles.com/biography/short-biography-of-raj-manchanda-the-renowned-indian-squash-player/9304|title=Short Biography of Raj Manchanda – the renowned Indian squash player|work=Preserve Articles|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422224705/https://www.preservearticles.com/biography/short-biography-of-raj-manchanda-the-renowned-indian-squash-player/9304|archivedate=22 April 2023}}</ref> In 1981, he received the Best Services Sportsman Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ispsquash.com/Biography_R_Player.htm#Raj%20Manchanda|title=Raj Manchanda|work=Indian Squash Professionals|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013042422/http://ispsquash.com/Biography_R_Player.htm#Raj%20Manchanda|archivedate=13 October 2011|access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>

==Biography==
Born in [[Abohar]] on 5 August 1945, Manchanda held six national championship titles<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=3 December 2024|title=Manchanda was an Asian Championships medallist and a six-time national champion.|trans-title= |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/raj-manchanda-india-squash-player-dies|language= |work=[[Olympic Games|Olympics]]|location= |access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref> and won every single one of his regional championships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ispsquash.com/Press_MainPage_2015.HTM|title=List of Indian Squash players who have received Arjuna Award|work=Indian Squash Professionals}}</ref> During the 1980s, he faced [[Jahangir Khan]], a future [[World Squash Championships|World Open]] champion, in the [[Asian Individual Squash Championships]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=3 December 2024|title=Legendary squash player Raj Manchanda passes away|trans-title= |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/legendary-squash-player-raj-manchanda-passes-away-3301570|language= |work=[[Deccan Herald]]|location= |access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref> At the [[Asian Team Squash Championships]], he won a silver medal in 1981 and a bronze medal in 1984.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=3 December 2024|title=Squash legend Raj Manchanda passes into the ages|trans-title= |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/squash-legend-raj-manchanda-passes-into-the-ages/20241203.htm|language= |work=[[Rediff.com]]|location= |access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>

Manchanda died in [[New Delhi]] on 1 December 2024, at the age of 79.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=3 December 2024|title=Legendary squash player Raj Manchanda dies|trans-title= |url=https://www.newsdrum.in/sports/legendary-squash-player-raj-manchanda-dies-7757206|language= |work=Newsdrum|location= |access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manchanda, Raj}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male squash players]]
[[Category:People from Fazilka district]]

Tenzing Norbu Lamtha

2025-07-21T06:28:10Z

RonAgnew292842: added a article.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Sikkim Assembly|Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Shyari Assembly constituency|Shyari]]
| predecessor = [[Kunga Nima Lepcha]]
|party=
}}

'''Tenzing Norbu Lamtha''' is an Indian politician from [[Sikkim]] belonging from the [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Sikkim Assembly|11th Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]. He won over [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]'s incumbent candidate Kunga Nima Lepcha with a margin of 1314 votes. He was the sole MLA for SDF in the [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly Elections]]. On 10 July 2024 he formally joined to Sikkim Krantikari Morcha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-02 |title=Tenzing Norbu Lamtha: the lone candidate who clinched a win for SDF in Sikkim |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/sikkim-assembly/tenzing-norbu-lamtha-the-lone-candidate-who-clinched-a-win-for-sdf-in-sikkim/article68242410.ece |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-02 |title=Shyari Assembly Election Result 2024: SDF's Tenzing Norbu Lamtha emerges as winner. On 10th July, 2024 he quite SDF party and joined ruling Sikkim Krantikari Morcha led by Prem Singh Tamang(Golay). |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shyari-assembly-election-results-2024-shyari-sikkim-elections-polls-result-winner/articleshow/110635733.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Education ==
He graduated from [[Board of Technical Education, Delhi|Board of Technical Education Delhi]] with a [[Diploma]] in [[Civil Engineering]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenzing Norbu Lamtha(Sikkim Democratic Front):Constituency- SHYARI (BL)(GANGTOK) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Sikkim2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=109 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Sikkim Democratic Front politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:People from Gangtok district]]

{{Sikkim-politician-stub}}

Heart disease in India

2025-07-11T21:50:23Z

RonAgnew292842: entry!

{{Short description|Overview of cardiovascular diseases in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}

'''Heart disease in India''' refers to the spectrum of [[cardiovascular disease]]s affecting the population of [[India]]. It has emerged as a leading cause of [[morbidity]] and [[mortality rate|mortality]] in the country, accounting for a significant and growing public health burden.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prabhakaran |first1=Dorairaj |last2=Jeemon |first2=Panniyammakal |last3=Sharma |first3=Meenakshi |last4=Roth |first4=Gregory A. |last5=Johnson |first5=Catherine |last6=Harikrishnan |first6=Sivadasanpillai |last7=Gupta |first7=Rajeev |last8=Pandian |first8=Jeyaraj D. |last9=Naik |first9=Nitish |last10=Roy |first10=Ambuj |last11=Dhaliwal |first11=R. S. |last12=Xavier |first12=Denis |last13=Kumar |first13=Raman K. |last14=Tandon |first14=Nikhil |last15=Mathur |first15=Prashant |date=2018-12-01 |title=The changing patterns of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016 |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=English |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=e1339–e1351 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30407-8 |issn=2214-109X |pmc=6227386 |pmid=30219317}}</ref> Cardiovascular diseases have surpassed [[Infectious disease|infectious diseases]] as the primary cause of death in India, reflecting a major [[epidemiological transition]] over the past few decades.<ref name="WHO_NCD_India_2022">{{cite web |year=2022 |title=Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2022 - India |url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/ncds/un-task-force/india-ncd-country-profile-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=9308f6d9_5 |accessdate=27 October 2023 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref>

The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in India has increased substantially. Studies indicate that cardiovascular diseases affect Indians at a younger age compared to populations in high-income countries, often occurring 5-10 years earlier and frequently striking during an individual's most productive years.<ref name="Prabhakaran2016Circulation">{{cite journal |last1=Prabhakaran |first1=D |last2=Jeemon |first2=P |last3=Roy |first3=A |date=19 April 2016 |title=Cardiovascular Diseases in India: Current Epidemiology and Future Directions |journal=Circulation |volume=133 |issue=16 |pages=1605–1620 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008729 |pmid=27142605}}</ref> The burden of these diseases is no longer confined to [[Urban area|urban areas]] or affluent sections of society; there is a growing incidence in [[Rural area|rural areas]] and among lower socioeconomic groups, although regional variations exist across different states.<ref name="GBD2016Lancet">{{cite journal |date=December 2018 |title=The changing patterns of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016 |journal=The Lancet Global Health |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=e1339–e1351 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30407-8 |pmc=6202626 |pmid=30219323 |last1=Prabhakaran |first1=Dorairaj |last2=Jeemon |first2=Panniyammakal |last3=Sharma |first3=Meenakshi |last4=Roth |first4=Gregory A. |last5=Johnson |first5=Catherine |last6=Harikrishnan |first6=Sivadasanpillai |last7=Gupta |first7=Rajeev |last8=Pandian |first8=Jeyaraj D. |last9=Naik |first9=Nitish |last10=Roy |first10=Ambuj |last11=Dhaliwal |first11=R. S. |last12=Xavier |first12=Denis |last13=Kumar |first13=Raman K. |last14=Tandon |first14=Nikhil |last15=Mathur |first15=Prashant |last16=Shukla |first16=D. K. |last17=Mehrotra |first17=Ravi |last18=Venugopal |first18=K. |last19=Kumar |first19=G Anil |last20=Varghese |first20=Chris M. |last21=Furtado |first21=Melissa |last22=Muraleedharan |first22=Pallavi |last23=Abdulkader |first23=Rizwan S. |last24=Alam |first24=Tahiya |last25=Anjana |first25=Ranjit M. |last26=Arora |first26=Monika |last27=Bhansali |first27=Anil |last28=Bhardwaj |first28=Deeksha |last29=Bhatia |first29=Eesh |last30=Chakma |first30=Joy K. |display-authors=1 }}</ref>

Several [[Risk factor|risk factors]] contribute to the high burden of heart disease in India. These include traditional factors such as [[Hypertension in India|hypertension]], [[Diabetes in India|diabetes mellitus]] (which has a high prevalence in India), [[dyslipidemia]] (abnormal cholesterol levels), [[tobacco]] use (both smoking and [[smokeless tobacco]]), unhealthy [[Diet (nutrition)|diets]] characterized by high intake of salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats, low levels of [[physical activity]], and rising rates of [[obesity]].<ref name="ICMR_CVD_TaskForce_2020">{{cite web |year=2020 |title=Report of the ICMR Task Force: Current Status of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Prevention and Control in India |url=https://main.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/guidelines/ICMR_Task_Force_Report_on_CVD_Preve_Contr_2020.pdf |accessdate=27 October 2023 |publisher=Indian Council of Medical Research }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Noncommunicable diseases India 2018 country profile |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/noncommunicable-diseases-ind-country-profile-2018 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, factors such as [[air pollution]] (both ambient and household), [[psychological stress]], and a potential [[genetic predisposition]] among South Asians are increasingly recognized as significant contributors.<ref name="Prabhakaran2016Circulation" />

== Pop Culture ==
''The Brown Heart'', a documentary, streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] is based on prevalence of heart disease among south Asians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Author |first=The |date=2025-04-09 |title=The Brown Heart Tells The Story Of The South Asian Heart Health Crisis |url=https://indiawest.com/the-brown-heart-tells-the-story-of-the-south-asian-heart-health-crisis/ |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=IndiaWest Journal News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease]]
* [[Global Burden of Disease Study]]
* [[Healthcare in India]]
* [[Risk factors for cardiovascular disease]]
* [[Indian Heart Association]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Heart diseases]]
[[Category:Health in India]]

Kovai Chezhiyan

2025-07-08T12:18:13Z

RonAgnew292842:

{{Short description|Indian senior leader}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kovai Chezhiyan
| image =
| caption = Kovai Chezhiyan
| birth_name = Murugesan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|12|29}}
| birth_place = Kungarupalayam, [[Kangeyam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| father = Sellamuthu Gounder
| mother = Pappammal
| relatives =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2000|3|14|1931|07|6}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| othername = Kovai Chezhiyan
| years active = 1931-2000
| spouse = Kamalam Chezhiyan
| children = Sembian Sivakumar , Madhavi, Vasuki, Kabilan
}}
'''Kovai Chezhiyan''' was an Indian senior leader of the [[Dravidian movement]] in the [[Kongu Nadu]] region and film producer who worked in the 1950s up to late 1990s. He was also the vice-chairman of the [[Tamil Nadu Planning Commission]] when [[M. G. Ramachandran]] was the Chief Minister. He had produced films with famous stars including Ramachandran, [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Sivakumar]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[J. Jayalalithaa]], [[Vijayakanth]], [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Mammotty]], etc. Chezhiyan, originally from [[Tamil Nadu]], also produced Telugu and Hindi films also and was the first president of [[Tamil Film Producers Council]]. He was earlier the Honorary Secretary of the [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce]]. He was involved in politics and closely associated with [[Periyar]], [[Suniel Shetty|Anna]], [[M. Karunanidhi|Kalaignar]], and Ramachandran.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

He was later introduced to Tamil films as a producer by his friend Kavignar Kannadasan, who initially produced films with Kannadasan as partner and later individually from the movie ''Sumaithangi'' directed by Sridhar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-105|date=9 February 1986|access-date=8 July 2025|work=Anna|language=ta|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|title=புரட்சித்தலைவர் கருத்தின் அடிப்படையில் எனது படங்கள் |page=4}}</ref> He produced and distributed various films in Tamil, Telugu and Hindi successfully. He was the first President of the Tamil Film Producers Council.

Kovai Chezhiyan was the founder President of [[Kongu Vellala Goundergal Peravai]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} He was elected as an MLA of Kangeyam in 1971.<ref>[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]</ref> He was also the selection committee chairman of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. During the later part of his life he worked tirelessly for the uplifting the folks of the Kongu region and the Kongu Vellala Gounders. He was one of the main person, who along with his colleagues got the Backward Community Status for the [[Kongu Vellalar]]s who are the numerically powerful community in Western Tamilnadu , during the tenure of chief minister Kalaignar Karunanidhi.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

He died on March 14, 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2000/03/14/kovai.html|title = வனக்காவலர்களை துப்பாக்கியால் சுட்ட கடத்தல்காரர்கள்|date = 14 March 2000}}</ref> After his death in 2000, the Kongu Vellala Gounder Peravai constructed a memorial and arch in his native place at Kungarupalayam, near Kangayam in Tirupur district where thousands from Kongu region visit every year on his anniversary (14 March) to pay respects to him.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/04082000/news03.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010513224848/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/04082000/news03.shtml|archive-date=13 May 2001|url-status=dead|title=டோடோவின் ரஃப் நோட்டு — Tamil Kavithai -- தமிழ் கவிதைகள் - நூற்று கணக்கில்!}}</ref>
Kamalam Chezhiyan, wife of Kovai Chezhiyan died on April 24, 2021, due to age related ailments.

==Filmography==
*''[[Sumaithaangi]]'' (1962)
*''[[Ooty Varai Uravu]]'' (1967)
*''[[Kumari Kottam]]'' (1971)
*''[[Uzhaikkum Karangal]]'' (1976)
*''[[Circus Ramudu]]'' (1980)
*''[[Chandamama]]'' (1982)
*''[[Asha Jyoti]]'' (1984)
*''[[Enakku Nane Needipathi]]'' (1986)
*''[[Mounam Sammadham]]'' (1990)
*''[[Azhagan]]'' (1991)
*''[[Pudhayal]]''(1997)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0156852}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chezhiyan}}
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Tiruppur district]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]