https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=RomaineAchen489Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-16T16:20:57ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varkala_Assembly_constituency&diff=543660Varkala Assembly constituency2026-05-06T07:44:55Z<p>RomaineAchen489: new some post added tags</p>
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<div>{{short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Varkala<br />
| mla = [[V. Joy]]<br />
| party = [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|20px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
| state = [[Kerala]]<br />
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency|Attingal]]<br />
| map_image =<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| established = 1957<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 1,87,646 (2021)<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 127<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| incumbent_image = File:Wiki joy.jpg<br />
}} <br />
'''Varkala State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = https://trivandrum.nic.in/constituencies<br />
|website = trivandrum.nic.in<br />
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district<br />
|access-date = 16 March 2020<br />
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[V. Joy]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. <br />
<br />
==Local self-governed segments==<br />
Varkala Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram.html<br />
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in<br />
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Thiruvananthapuram District<br />
|access-date = 14 March 2021<br />
|archive-date = 29 November 2023<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231129052856/https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram.html<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
!width="30px" |Sl no.<br />
!width="100px" |Name<br />
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br />
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Varkala]]<br />
|Municipality<br />
|[[Varkala Taluk|Varkala]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Chemmaruthy]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Varkala Taluk|Varkala]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Edava]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Varkala Taluk|Varkala]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Elakamon<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Varkala Taluk|Varkala]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Madavoor-Pallickal|Madavoor]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Varkala Taluk|Varkala]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Navaikulam]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Varkala Taluk|Varkala]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Pallickal, Thiruvananthapuram|Pallickal]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Varkala Taluk|Varkala]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Vettoor]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Varkala Taluk|Varkala]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
| [[T. A. Majeed|T. Abdul Majeed]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Communist Party of India]]<br />
|-<br />
| K. Sivadasan<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]<br />
| Balakrishnan<br />
|-<br />
|Shamsuddin<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |T. Abdul Majeed<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Communist Party of India]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Varkala Radhakrishnan]]<br />
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|A. Ali Hassan<br />
|-<br />
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Varkala Kahar]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[V. Joy]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Varkala}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=INC|candidate=[[Varkala Kahar]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=[[Adv. V Joy]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate= [[Adv. Smitha Sundaresan]] |votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Raju S Kottarakonam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Anna Democratic Human Rights Movement Party of India|candidate=Vinod Elakamon|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kannan M K|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Vivekanandan K|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Saju|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Harikrishnan S G|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
There were 1,87,646 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ceo.kerala.gov.in|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416184312/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS11127.htm?ac=127 |title=Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507043302/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS11127.htm?ac=127 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Varkala}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[V. Joy]]|votes=68,816|percentage=50.89|change={{increase}}9.46|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Adv. B. R. M. Shafeer |votes=50,995|percentage=37.71|change={{decrease}}1.86|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Aji S|votes=11,214|percentage=8.29|change={{decrease}}7.21|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Anu M.C|votes=1,948|percentage=1.44|change={{decrease}}0.03|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=815|percentage=0.6|change={{increase}}0.11|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Prince|votes=658|percentage=0.49|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Human Rights Movement Party |candidate=Anilkumar P |votes=460|percentage=0.34|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shefeer |votes=323|percentage=0.24|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=17,821|percentage=13.18|change={{increase}}11.32}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,35,229|percentage=72.06|change={{increase}}0.52}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{gain}}9.46}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
There were 1,79,160 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Varkala}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[V. Joy]]|votes=53,102|percentage=41.43|change={{decrease}}1.25|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Varkala Kahar|votes=50,716|percentage=39.57|change={{decrease}}12.83|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Aji S. R. M.|votes=19,872|percentage=15.50|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Varkala P. Linees|votes=1,888|percentage=1.47|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=628|percentage=0.49|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Abdul Salam|votes=466|percentage=0.36|change={{decrease}}0.36}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sunil Kumar S.|votes=357|percentage=0.28|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sudevan|votes=351|percentage=0.27|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Nadayara Jabbar|votes=297|percentage=0.23|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Bhasidharan Nair|votes=138|percentage=0.11|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Salu R.|votes=135|percentage=0.11|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Varkala Sabesan|votes=126|percentage=0.10|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Vivekanandan|votes=101|percentage=0.08|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,386|percentage=1.86|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,28,177|percentage=71.54|change={{decrease}}1.01}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
There were 1,51,930 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Varkala}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party INC|candidate=Varkala Kahar|votes=57,775|percentage=52.40|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=A.A RAHEEM|votes=47,045|percentage=42.68|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Elakaman Satheesan|votes=3,430|percentage=3.11|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Cherunniyoor Ganesh|votes=927|percentage=0.84|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Kunnil Shahjahan|votes=795|percentage=0.72|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Aneesh Kumar|votes=275|percentage=0.25|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=10,710|percentage=9.72|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,10,227|percentage=72.55|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2006 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Varkala}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Varkala Kahar|votes= 44,883|percentage=48.78|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate= S Sundaresan|votes= 43,258|percentage=47.01|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=1,625|percentage=1.77|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=92,002|percentage=|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|winner= Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2001 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Varkala}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Varkala Kahar|votes= 45,315|percentage=48.90|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate= P K Gurudasan|votes= 43,327|percentage=46.75|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=1,988|percentage=2.15|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=92,678|percentage=66.94|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Varkala]]<br />
* [[Thiruvananthapuram district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Varkala]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shiv_Sena&diff=481354Shiv Sena2026-04-30T06:11:30Z<p>RomaineAchen489: further reworked references as per guidelines and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Political party in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{distinguish|Shiv Sena (2022-present)|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}<br />
{{other uses|Shiv Sena (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian political party<br />
| logo=<br />
|party_name = Shiv Sena<br />
|colorcode = {{party color|Shiv Sena}}<br />
|foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|1966|6|19}}<br />
|founder = [[Bal Thackeray]]<br />
|headquarters = Shivsena Bhavan, Dadar, Mumbai, Maharashtra<br />
|alliance = *[[National Democratic Alliance]] (1998–2019)<br />
*[[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] & [[United Progressive Alliance]] (2019–2022)<br />
|ideology = {{nowrap|[[Conservatism]] ([[Conservatism in India|Indian]])<ref name="SS1">—{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/like-mann-ki-baat-and-chai-pe-charcha-shiv-sena-starts-branding-its-public-interactions/280119/|title=Like Mann Ki Baat and Chai Pe Charcha, Shiv Sena starts branding its public interactions|date=22 August 2019|publisher=[[ThePrint]]|access-date=16 February 2020|quote=...the usually-conservative Shiv Sena has now moved to give itself a branding twist with events like 'Aaditya Samvad','Friends of Aaditya' and 'Mauli Samvad' — with a bit of advice from poll strategist Prashant Kishor.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216124516/https://theprint.in/politics/like-mann-ki-baat-and-chai-pe-charcha-shiv-sena-starts-branding-its-public-interactions/280119/|archive-date=16 February 2020|url-status=dead}}<br />—{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/no-chance-for-young-blood-shiv-sena-has-bet-on-ageing-war-horses-say-analysts/articleshow/68543562.cms|title=No chance for young blood? Shiv Sena has bet on ageing war horses, say analysts|date=24 March 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 February 2020|quote=Renominations for leaders like Chandrakant Khaire, Bhavna Gawli, Anandrao Adsul and Union minister Anant Gite for the Lok Sabha elections reflect the Shiv Sena's conservative mindset, they added}}<br />—{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/magazine/the-slumdog-millionaire-architect.html|title=The Slumdog Millionaire Architect|date=19 June 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 February 2020|quote=In 1995, when the conservative Shiv Sena Party took power in elections in Maharashtra state (Mumbai is its capital)...}}</ref><br>[[Social conservatism]]<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Financial Times]]|title=Mumbai on high alert after politician dies|date=17 November 2012|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ee4d2c58-30d5-11e2-a11a-00144feabdc0|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/ee4d2c58-30d5-11e2-a11a-00144feabdc0|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><br>[[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalism]]<br>[[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Nativism (politics)|nativism]]<ref name="BergerHeidemann2013" /><br>[[Hindutva]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bal Thackeray and the rise of Shiv Sena|first=Vaibhav|last=Purandare|year=2014|publisher=Roli Books}}</ref><br />[[Hindu nationalism]]<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Arab News]]|title=India's ultra-right Shiv Sena party forms coalition government with seculars|date=26 November 2019|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1591041/world|access-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129202915/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1591041/world|archive-date=29 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>[[Ultranationalism]]<ref name="SS2"><br />— {{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/257394.stm|title=South Asia &#124; Indian cricket offices attacked |work=BBC News|date=1999-01-18|access-date=2015-12-02}}<br />—{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/406405.stm|title=South Asia &#124; Poll ban for Hindu leader|work=BBC News|date=1999-07-28|access-date=2015-12-02}}<br />—{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/259676.stm|title=South Asia &#124; Hindu activists call off cricket protest|work=BBC News|date=1999-01-21|access-date=2015-12-02}}<br />—{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/mistry-defends-book-dropped-at-mumbai-university-1.891373|title=Mistry defends book dropped at Mumbai University – Arts & Entertainment – CBC News|publisher=Cbc.ca|date=2010-10-19|access-date=2015-12-02}}<br />—{{cite web|date=8 March 2012|author=Mark Magnier|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-mar-08-la-fg-india-temple-20120309-story.html|title=In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches – latimes|access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref><ref name="Joshi, R. 1970">Joshi, R. (1970). The Shiv Sena: A Movement in Search of Legitimacy. [[Asian Survey]], 10(11), 967–978. {{doi|10.2307/2642817}}</ref><ref>Morkhandikar, R. S. (1967). The Shiv Sena—An Eruption of Sub-Nationalism. [[Economic and Political Weekly]], 2(42), 1903–1906. {{JSTOR|24478083}}</ref><br />[[Economic nationalism]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Sunila|last=Kale|title=Electrifying India: Regional Political Economies of Development|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=2014|page=94}}</ref><br />[[Right-wing populism]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Comparative Political Thought|publisher=Routledge|first=Michael|last=Freesden|year=2013|page=82}}</ref>}}<br />
|successor =[[Shiv Sena (UBT)]]<br>[[Shiv Sena (2022-present)]]<br />
| dissolution=10 October 2022<br />
|position = {{nowrap|[[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]<ref name="SS5"><br />—{{cite news|title=Understanding Maharashtra's Political Game of Thrones|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=2019-12-09|author=Siddharthya Roy|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/understanding-maharashtras-political-game-of-thrones/|access-date=2020-01-04|quote=The ball now was in the court of the BJP's oldest ally in the state as well as at the central level: the Shiv Sena, a regionalist right-wing force, which won 56 seats}} <br />—{{cite news|title=Indian Citizenship Row Did Modi, Shah lose the plot?|newspaper=[[BBC]]|date=2020-01-04|author=Malladi Rama Rao|url=http://asiantribune.com/node/93310|access-date=2020-01-04|quote="Rather than uniting Hindus against Muslims, what the duo have succeeded in doing is to alienate their own hard-core allies, namely the right-wing Shiv Sena and those erring Hindutva fans that had elected the Bharatiya Janata Party government in Assam.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103232708/http://asiantribune.com/node/93310|archive-date=3 January 2020|url-status=dead}}<br />—{{cite news|title=Maharashtra: The unravelling of India's BJP and Shiv Sena alliance|newspaper=Asian Tribune|date=2019-07-18|author=Soutik Biswas|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50402748|access-date=2020-01-04|quote=Consider this. The 53-year-old Shiv Sena is a stridently right-wing Hindu party. It began as an ethnic, nativist outfit to support the interests of Mumbai's Marathi-speaking people.}}</ref><ref name="SS7"><br />—{{cite news|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-34569574|title=Shiv Sena attack derails India-Pakistan cricket talks|date=19 October 2015}}<br />—{{cite news|work=[[The Straits Times]]|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/hindu-nationalists-in-india-renew-demand-for-temple|date=7 December 2018|title=Hindu nationalists in India renew demand for temple}}<br />
<br />—{{cite news|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1825653/9-shiv-sena-workers-commit-suicide-women-enter-prominent-kerala-temple/|title=Shiv Sena workers to 'commit suicide' if women enter prominent Kerala temple|date=15 October 2018}}<br />—{{cite news|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=18 January 2017|title=Shiv Sena received 80% of all donations above Rs 20,000 to regional parties in 2015-'16: Report|url=https://scroll.in/latest/827095/shiv-sena-received-80-of-all-donations-above-rs-20000-to-regional-parties-in-2015-16-report|access-date=13 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109134123/https://scroll.in/latest/827095/shiv-sena-received-80-of-all-donations-above-rs-20000-to-regional-parties-in-2015-16-report|archive-date=9 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> to [[far-right]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/19/modi-party-india-state-election-wins|quote=the far-right Shiv Sena|work=The Guardian|title=Modi party tightens grip on power with Indian state election wins|date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=Firstpost|title=What's in a name? A look at Bombay 20 years after it was renamed Mumbai|date=13 November 2015|quote=The far-right Shiv Sena party|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/whats-in-a-name-a-look-at-bombay-20-years-after-it-was-renamed-mumbai-2505016.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Changing Face of Parties and Party Systems|quote=Shiv Sena: The Indian Far Right|page=170|year=2017|first=Sunil|last=Choudary}}</ref>}}<br />
|publication = ''[[Saamana]]''<br/>''[[Marmik]]''<br />
|youth = Yuva Sena<br />
|students = Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena (BVS)<br />
|women = Shiv Sena Mahila Aghadi<br />
|flag=<br />
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow2.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|150px]]<br />
|eci = State Party<br />
|colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]}}<br />
<br />
'''Shiv Sena''' (1966–2022) ({{translit|mr|ISO|Śiva Sēnā}}; {{Literal translation|Army of [[Shivaji]]}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''SS''') was a [[Conservatism|conservative]] [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalist]] [[Hindutva]]-based political party in [[India]] founded in 1966 by [[Bal Thackeray]], who was later succeeded by [[Uddhav Thackeray]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Understanding Maharashtra's Political Game of Thrones|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=2019-12-09|author=Siddharthya Roy|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/understanding-maharashtras-political-game-of-thrones/|access-date=2020-01-04|quote=The ball now was in the court of the BJP's oldest ally in the state as well as at the central level: the Shiv Sena, a regionalist right-wing force, which won 56 seats}}</ref><ref name="BergerHeidemann2013">{{cite book|author1=Berger, Peter|author2=Heidemann, Frank|title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&pg=PA179|date=3 June 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-06111-2|page=179}}</ref> The party has split into two parties: the Uddhav Thackeray-led [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] which has a new symbol of ''Mashaal'' (Torch) and Eknath Shinde-led [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]] which has the original party name and the "bow and arrow" symbol.<br />
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Initially apolitical, the organisation was patronised by the then Chief Minister [[Vasantrao Naik]] who used it for curbing trade unions and maintain stranglehold of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name="revolutionarydemocracy">{{cite web|title=Bal Thackeray|website=revolutionarydemocracy.org|date=2012-11-19|url=https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv19n1/thackeray.htm|access-date=2023-06-30}}</ref><ref name="Patel Thorner 1995">{{cite book|last1=Patel|first1=Sujata|last2=Thorner|first2=Alice|title=Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford India paperbacks|year=1995|isbn=978-0-19-563688-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-TZAAAAMAAJ|page=272|quote=The then chief minister of Maharashtra, Vasantrao Naik, deliberately encouraged this newly formed political grouping— despite its narrow concern with Maharashtra for Maharashtrians - to break the stranglehold of the Left unions}}</ref><ref name="Srivastava">{{cite book|last=Srivastava|first=A.|title=Sensex Of Regional Parties: Bestseller Book by Aaku Srivastava: Sensex Of Regional Parties|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=2022|isbn=978-93-5521-236-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ|page=80}}</ref> The organisation at the same time carried out pro-[[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] movement in [[Mumbai]] in which it agitated for preferential treatment for the Marathi people over migrants from other parts of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/why-does-shinde-rebellion-hit-so-hard-a-look-at-shiv-senas-history-1122180.html| title=Why does Shinde rebellion hit so hard? A look at Shiv Sena's history|date=28 June 2022}}</ref><br />
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Although Shiv Sena's primary base always remained in [[Maharashtra]], it tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. In the 1970s, it gradually moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to supporting a broader Hindu nationalist agenda,<ref name="Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/" /> and aligned itself with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Shiv Sena took part in Mumbai ([[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]]) municipal elections for its entire existence. In 1989, it entered into an alliance with the BJP for [[Lok Sabha]] as well as [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elections. The alliance in the latter was temporarily broken in the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014 elections]] due to seat sharing adjustment, although it was quickly reformed. Shiv Sena was one of the founding members of the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) in 1998, and it also participated in [[Vajpayee Government]] from 1998 to 2004 and the [[Narendra Modi Government]] from 2014 to 2019.<br />
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After [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], the party left the alliance after disagreements with BJP over the CM post. Under [[Uddhav Thackeray]], Shiv Sena formed an alliance with its historic rivals, the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-22|title=Shinde to Uddhav: Have you become secular now?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/shinde-to-uddhav-have-you-become-secular-now-8165241/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title= Shiv Sena has turned pseudo-secular, says Devendra Fadnavis|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/shiv-sena-has-turned-pseudo-secular-says-devendra-fadnavis/article65308835.ece|access-date=2023-02-20|website=The Hindu|date=10 April 2022| last1=Banerjee|first1=Shoumojit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=शिवसेना आधीपेक्षा मावळ झाली आहे का?|url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-53098248&ved=2ahUKEwjh55XU86P9AhV4-jgGHYjoD8kQu7wFegQIFxAE&usg=AOvVaw0zwcqvUpEjP9hDl0Bosx0D|access-date=2023-02-20|website=BBC Marathi}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Following the [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]], the party split.<br />
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The party once had a powerful hold over the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film industry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8073240/Author-Rohinton-Mistry-slams-Mumbai-University-after-book-ban.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8073240/Author-Rohinton-Mistry-slams-Mumbai-University-after-book-ban.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Author Rohinton Mistry slams Mumbai University after book ban |access-date=27 August 2012 |last=Dean |first= Nelson |date=19 October 2010 |publisher= telegraph.co.uk }}{{cbignore}}</ref> It has been accused of being an "[[Extremism|extremist]]",<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ahmed, Z.S. |author2=Balasubramanian, R. |year=2010 |title=Extremism in Pakistan and India: The Case of the Jamaat-e-Islami and Shiv Sena |publisher=Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS) |location=[[Colombo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Ved |title=Rajiv Gandhi and Rama's Kingdom |year=1994 |url=https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhiramas00meht|url-access=registration | publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], Connecticut |page=[https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhiramas00meht/page/157 157]|isbn=9780300060386 }}</ref> "[[Chauvinism|chauvinist]]"'',''<ref>{{cite book |last=Bagchi |first=Amiya |title=Capital and Labour Redefined:India and the Third World |year=2002 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=[[London]] |page=344}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kaminsky |first=Arnold |title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/indiatodayvolume00kami|url-access=limited |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=[[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], California |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiatodayvolume00kami/page/n688 628]}}</ref> or "[[Fascism|fascist]]" party.<ref name="Chandavarkar2">{{cite book |last=Chandavarkar |first=Rajnayaran |title=History, Culture and the Indian City |url=https://archive.org/details/historyculturein00chan |url-access=limited |date=3 September 2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University]] Press |isbn=978-0-521-76871-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyculturein00chan/page/n42 29] |edition=1st}}</ref><ref name="Jeff2011">{{cite book | author=Jeff Haynes | title=Religion, Politics and International Relations | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpO2s24WMowC&pg=PA150 | access-date=18 November 2012 | date=7 April 2011 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=978-1-136-73753-4 | page=150}}</ref> Shiv Sena has been allegedly involved in the [[1970 Bhiwandi riots|1970 communal violence]] in [[Bhiwandi]], the [[1984 Bhiwandi riot]], and violence in the [[Bombay riots|1992–1993 Bombay riots]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1999 |year=1998 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=978-1-56432-190-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/186 186] |url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/186 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Cynthia |title=Playing the "communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights |year=1995 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=978-1-56432-152-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow/page/27 27] |url=https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow/page/27 }}</ref><br />
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==History==<br />
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Shivsenakolkata.jpg|thumb|A poster from Shiv Sena campaign against Valentine's Day in [[Kolkata]].]] --><br />
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===Origins===<br />
After the [[Independence of India]] in 1947, regional administrative divisions from the colonial era were gradually changed and states following linguistic borders were created. Within the [[Bombay Presidency]], a massive popular struggle was launched for the creation of a state for the Marathi-speaking people. In 1960, the presidency was divided into two linguistic states: [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]]. Moreover, Marathi-speaking areas of the erstwhile [[Hyderabad state]] were joined with Maharashtra. Bombay, in many ways the economic capital of India, became the state capital of Maharashtra. On one hand, people belonging to the [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] community owned the majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city.<ref name="Public sector, Threats against other communities, businesses owned especially by Gujarati and Marwaris/"><br />
{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Sena-fate-From-roar-to-meow/articleshow/1311115.cms |title=Sena fate: From roar to meow |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2006-08-11 |date=29 November 2005}}<br />
</ref> There was a steady flow of [[South India]]n migrants to the city leading to fears that they would take many white-collar jobs{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}.<br />
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In 1960, [[Bal Thackeray]], a Mumbai-based cartoonist, began publishing the satirical cartoon weekly ''[[Marmik]]''. Through this publication, he started disseminating anti-migrant sentiments. On 19 June 1966, Thackeray founded the Shiv Sena as a political organisation.<br />
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The Shiv Sena attracted many unemployed Marathi youth, who were attracted by Thackeray's charged anti-migrant oratory. Shiv Sena cadres became involved in various attacks against the South Indian communities, vandalizing South Indian restaurants and pressuring employers to hire Marathis.<ref name="Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/">{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/election/2004/apr/23espec3.htm |title=Know Your Party: Shiv Sena |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2006-07-22}}</ref><br />
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Initially apolitical, the organisation was patronised by the then Chief Minister [[Vasantrao Naik]] who used it for curbing trade unions and maintain stranglehold of the Congress.<ref name="revolutionarydemocracy"/><ref name="Patel Thorner 1995"/> Because of its close association with Vasantrao, the organisation was also referred to as "Vasant Sena".<ref name="revolutionarydemocracy"/><ref name="Srivastava"/><br />
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The Shiv Sena declared support to [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] in 1975 and supported the Congress in the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general election]].<ref name=":1"/> In [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980 Maharashtra Assembly election]], the party did not contest from any seat however it campaigned for the Congress.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ananth |first=Venkat |date=2014-09-22 |title=The anatomy of an alliance: The BJP-Shiv Sena story |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/VbrxNc2FSZuGroknO7I97M/The-anatomy-of-an-alliance-The-BJPShiv-Sena-story.html |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-12 |title=BJP longest, but once earlier too Congress was a Shiv Sena friend |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-longest-but-once-earlier-too-congress-was-a-shiv-sena-friend-8204394/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Alok |date=2019-11-06 |title=History lessons: when Sena and Congress helped each other out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/history-lessons-when-sena-and-congress-helped-each-other-out/article29903106.ece |access-date=2024-04-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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===Alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party===<br />
The Sena started placing more weight on the [[Hindutva]] ideology in the 1970s as the 'sons of the soil' cause was weakening.<ref name="Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/" /><br />
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In the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 general election]], Shiv Sena formed its first alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and Shiv Sena candidates fought on BJP's lotus symbol.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-15 |title=Maharashtra: How Chhagan Bhujbal held Shiv Sena's 'mashaal' & won in 1985 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-how-bhujbal-held-shiv-senas-mashaal-won-in-1985/articleshow/94798077.cms |access-date=2024-04-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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The party began a coalition with the BJP for seats in the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Maharashtra Assembly]] from 1989. The two formed a government in Maharashtra between 1995 and 1999.<ref name="BJP Shivsena 25 year">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-elections-bjp-ends-25yearold-alliance-with-shiv-sena-as-seat-sharing-talks-fail/501837-3-237.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927093832/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-elections-bjp-ends-25yearold-alliance-with-shiv-sena-as-seat-sharing-talks-fail/501837-3-237.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-09-27 |title=Maharashtra elections: BJP ends 25-year-old alliance with Shiv Sena as seat-sharing talks fail |publisher=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=2014-10-26}}</ref> The Sena was the opposition party in the state along with the BJP from 1999 to 2014. However, the 25 year alliance with the BJP was threatened in [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014 Maharashtra Assembly elections]] over seat sharing and both contested the election independently.<ref name="BJP Shivsena 25 year" /> With the BJP becoming the largest party following the 2014 election, Sena declared opposition. However, after negotiations, Sena agreed to join the government in Maharashtra.<ref name="join">[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/shiv-sena-to-join-fadnavis-govt-accepts-offer-of-12-cabinet-berths/ Shiv Sena to join Fadnavis govt; gives up claim to home minister, deputy CM post], Indian Express, 4 December 2014</ref> The Shiv Sena-BJP combine governs the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]. Traditionally the main strongholds of Shiv Sena have been Mumbai and the [[Konkan]] coastal areas. However, in the [[2004 Indian general elections|2004 Lok Sabha elections]] the result was reversed. The Shiv Sena made inroads in the interior parts of the state, while suffering losses in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-political-crisis-what-made-eknath-shinde-turn-against-shiv-sena/articleshow/92372903.cms |title=Maharashtra MVA crisis: What made Eknath Shinde turn against ..|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 June 2022 }}</ref><br />
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===Formation of Maharashtra Navanirman Sena===<br />
In July 2005, Former [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Chief Minister]] and Sena leader [[Narayan Rane]] was expelled from the party, which sparked internal conflict in the party. In December the same year [[Raj Thackeray]], Bal Thackeray's nephew, left the party.<ref><br />
{{cite news |title=Senior Shiv Sena leader quits |publisher=BBC |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4539588.stm |date=18 December 2005 |access-date=2014-10-25}}<br />
</ref> Raj Thackeray later founded a separate party, [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS). {{citation needed|date=October 2014}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Thackeray launches new party |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/raj-thackeray-launches-new-party/story-kN1F9MTirNyUSKrf7vgd3J.html |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=India Today |date=9 March 2006 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Although the MNS is a break-away group from the Shiv Sena, the party is still based in Bhumiputra ideology. When unveiling the party in an assembly at Shivaji Park he said, everyone is anxious to see what will happen to Hindutva and, "I shall elaborate on the party's stance on issues like Hindutva, its agenda for development of Maharashtra and the significance of the party flag colours at the 19 March public meeting."<ref><br />
{{cite news |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=64115 |title=Raj Thackeray launches new party |agency=Press Trust of India |date= 9 March 2006 |access-date=2014-10-25}}<br />
</ref><br />
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===Leadership change ===<br />
[[File:Bal Thackeray and Madhuri Dixit at 70th Master Dinanath Mangeshkar Awards (4).jpg|left|thumb|Bal Thackeray, at a gathering]]Bal Thackeray's son Uddhav Thackeray became the party's leader in 2004, although Bal Thackeray continued to be an important figurehead. After the death of Bal Thackeray on 17 November 2012, Uddhav became the leader of the party but refused to take the title "''Shiv Sena Pramukh''" (Eng : Shiv Sena Supremo).<ref><br />
{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uddhav-takes-fathers-powers-but-not-Shiv-Sena-pramukh-title/articleshow/17452126.cms |title=Uddhav takes father's powers, but not Shiv Sena 'pramukh' title |newspaper=Times of India |date=2 December 2012}}<br />
</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=Why Uddhav lost to Shinde in fight over 'bow and arrow': 5 points from EC order |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-uddhav-lost-to-shinde-in-fight-over-bow-and-arrow-5-points-from-ec-order-101676643469175.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Ideology shifts ===<br />
The Shiv Sena party's ideology has undergone changes since its formation. Initially, it started with the ideology of Marathi [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalism]] under the leadership of [[Bal Thackeray]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Purandare |first=Vaibhav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JS1hBAAAQBAJ |title=Bal Thackeray & The Rise of the Shiv Sena |date=2013-02-27 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7436-991-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Joshi, R. 1970"/> However, the party shifted towards [[ultranationalism]] and [[right-wing populism]] over time, which helped them form an alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Banerjee |first=Sikata |title=Mobilization of the Shiv Sena |date=2021-10-22 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429268564-5 |work=Warriors in Politics |pages=111–130 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780429268564-5 |isbn=9780429268564 |s2cid=239541679 |access-date=2023-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chhibber |first1=Pradeep K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+Shiv+Sena+alliance |title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India |last2=Verma |first2=Rahul |date=2018-08-24 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-062390-6 |language=en}}</ref> {{Verify source|date=February 2023}} When [[Uddhav Thackeray]] became the party leader, he gradually shifted towards composite nationalism and formed an alliance with the Congress and Nationalist Congress Party (NCP).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/news/opinion/how-shiv-sena-deviated-from-bal-thackerays-hardcore-hindutva-agenda-and-paid-a-heavy-price-5488813.html%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjwqvfNrqb9AhVE3jgGHYFPDbQQFnoECA8QAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0Oz3PuXCy1Ke2pc0WCVooM |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221104807/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/opinion/how-shiv-sena-deviated-from-bal-thackerays-hardcore-hindutva-agenda-and-paid-a-heavy-price-5488813.html%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjwqvfNrqb9AhVE3jgGHYFPDbQQFnoECA8QAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0Oz3PuXCy1Ke2pc0WCVooM |url-status=dead }}</ref> This shift in ideology was a significant departure from Shiv Sena's traditional stance, as the party had been historically opposed to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] for the majority of its existence.<br />
<br />
=== 2022 political crisis and split in the party===<br />
{{main|2022 Maharashtra political crisis}}[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi.jpg|thumb|[[Eknath Shinde]] with NDA partners]]In late June 2022, [[Eknath Shinde]], a senior Shiv Sena leader, and the majority of [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] from Shiv Sena joined hands with the BJP.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=Suchitra |date=2022-06-22 |title=Maharashtra Political Crisis: MVA slides into minority; here's how the numbers stand |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-political-crisis-mva-slides-into-minority-heres-how-the-numbers-stand/article65548913.ece |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=What's next in the Maharashtra political crisis? Decoding the future of the MVA alliance |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/whats-next-in-the-maharashtra-political-crisis-decoding-the-future-of-the-mva-alliance-10826921.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-22 |title=Maharashtra: The political crisis brewing in India's richest state |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61891133 |access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref> Governor [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] called for a trust vote, an action that would later on be described as a "sad spectacle" <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2023-03-15 |title=Governors cannot precipitate the fall of elected governments: Supreme Court |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/governors-cannot-precipitate-the-fall-of-elected-governments-supreme-court/article66623480.ece |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> by [[Supreme Court of India]], and draw criticism from Political Observers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-21 |title=Should India abolish its state governors? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65014164 |access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref> [[Uddhav Thackeray]] resigned from the post as chief minister well as a MLC member ahead of [[Motion of no confidence|no-confidence motion]] on 29 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-29 |title=Not keen on games, but not going away forever: Uddhav Thackeray's parting note as Maha CM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uddhav-thackeray-maharashtra-cm-floor-test-101656518180649.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Shinde subsequently formed a new coalition with the BJP, and was sworn in as the Chief Minister on 30 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-27 |title=Maharashtra political crisis Highlights {{!}} First Shinde cabinet decision: Metro-3 car shed to be built inside Aarey forest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-political-crisis-news-live-updates-shiv-sena-eknath-shinde-supreme-court-uddhav-thackeray-7993148/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Uddhav Thackeray filed a lawsuit with the [[Supreme Court of India]] claiming that Eknath Shinde and his group's actions meant that they were disqualified under the [[Anti-defection law (India)|anti-defection law]], with Eknath Shinde claiming that he has not defected, but rather represents the true Shiv Sena party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Shiv Sena Case : Supreme Court Constitution Bench Reserves Judgment |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/shiv-sena-case-supreme-court-constitution-bench-reserves-judgment-uddhav-thackeray-eknath-shinde-maharashtra-223929 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> The case is currently being heard by [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2023-03-16 |title=Supreme Court reserves judgment on Maharashtra political row |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/absolutely-no-freedom-in-regional-parties-many-run-by-single-family-sc-on-maharashtra-row/article66628047.ece |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The parties split into two factions: [[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena]] led by Shinde and [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] led by Thackeray.<br />
<br />
Shinde subsequently filed a petition with the [[Election Commission of India]] staking his claim to the 'Shiv Sena' name and the Bow and Arrow symbol. The ECI ruled in favour of Shinde's faction based on the strength of its legislative wing, rather than on the organizational wing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uddhav Thackeray Loses Name, Symbol Of Shiv Sena Founded By Father |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/eknath-shinde-faction-gets-shiv-senas-bow-and-arrow-poll-symbol-3791900 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Debayan |title=Supreme Court declines to stay EC order recognising Eknath Shinde faction as Shiv Sena; allows Thackeray to use 'flaming torch' for bye-polls |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/supreme-court-declines-stay-ec-order-recognsining-eknath-shinde-faction-shiv-sena-allows-thackeray-use-flaming-torch-bye-polls |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |date=22 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-17 |title=Eknath Shinde faction gets Shiv Sena name, symbol |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/eknath-shinde-faction-recognised-as-real-shiv-sena-allotted-bow-and-arrow-symbol/article66521586.ece |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Thackeray appealed against the decision, and the case is currently pending in the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sheenu |date=2023-02-21 |title=Supreme Court to hear Uddhav Thackeray faction's plea against Election Commission decision tomorrow |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/supreme-court-agrees-to-hear-uddhav-thackeray-faction-plea-against-election-commission-decision-february-22-latest-updates-eknath-shinde-symbol-rift-2023-02-21-849004 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Party structure and caste composition ==<br />
===Structure===<br />
The Shiv Sena (SS) was led by a president, traditionally referred to as the "''Shiv Sena Pramukh''", ({{Translation|Chief}}) which translates to "Shiv Sena Chief" in English.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-03-27 |title=The Official Structure of the Shiv Sena |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/25874/chapter/193560980 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195660449.005.0002|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 }}</ref> Bal Thackeray served as the first Shiv Sena ''Pramukh'' and took all major decisions while the activists and members of the Shiv Sena, known as Shiv ''Sainiks'', ({{Translation|Soldiers}}) carried out most of the party's grassroots work. During his last days, the day-to-day activities of the party were handled by his youngest son Uddhav Thackeray, who succeeded him as party leader after his death in 2012.<br />
<br />
Shiv Sena formed a network of grassroots organizations, known as "''Shiv Sena Shakhas''" ({{Translation|Branch}}). The ''Shakhas'' serve as the primary unit of the party, with each ''Shakha'' consisting of 25-50 members. The ''Shakhas'' were responsible for carrying out the party's activities at the grassroots level, such as mobilizing voters during elections, organizing protests and rallies, and engaging in community service activities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Purandare |first=Vaibhav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JS1hBAAAQBAJ&q=Shiv+sena+Shakha |title=Bal Thackeray & The Rise of the Shiv Sena |date=2013-02-27 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7436-991-8 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to the ''Shakhas'', the party has various other organizational structures, including the ''Yuva Sena'', ({{Translation|Youth Army}}) party's youth wing, and the ''Mahila Aghadi'', the party's women's wing. The Shiv Sena is also affiliated with the [[Sthaniya Lokadhikar Samiti]],<ref name="Business India">{{cite book |title=Business India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f69IAAAAYAAJ |access-date=24 February 2012 |year=1996 |publisher=A.H. Advani}}</ref> which advocates for the preservation of employment rights for [[Maharashtrians]] in Maharashtra.<br />
<br />
Prior to the rebellion by its prominent leader Eknath Shinde in 2022, the party was in hand of [[Thackeray family]], thus most of the important positions was hold by Bal Thackeray's son and grandson that is Uddhav and [[Aaditya Thackeray|Aditya Thackeray]] respectively. Opposition parties frequently alleged Shiva Sena as a dynastic political party. Bal Thackeray never remained on any elected political position but he never vacated the position of Shiva Sena supremo and ruled as a Godfather or king maker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wayback Machine has not archived that URL. |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sena-tussle-holds-key-lesson-for-dynasts-build-anew-or-implode/articleshow/92773414.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710015430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sena-tussle-holds-key-lesson-for-dynasts-build-anew-or-implode/articleshow/92773414.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=2023-06-24 }}</ref><br />
<br />
For the first time ever, Thackeray family directly participated in election when Aditya contested for a seat of MLA in 2019. Later, his father debuted in direct politics and became [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|chief minister]] of the state. Aditya was the tourism minister his [[Thackeray ministry|father's cabinet]].<br />
<br />
===Caste composition===<br />
People of various Maharashtrian castes worked together in the Sena. The party's leaders mostly came from the "high castes" that is [[Brahmins]], [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] and [[Pathare Prabhus]] - Thackerey, [[Manohar Joshi]], [[Sudhir Joshi (politician)|Sudhir Joshi]], Balwant Mantri, Hemchandra Gupte, Shyam Deshmukh, Madhav Deshpande, Datta Pradhan, Vijay Parvatkar, [[Madhukar Sarpotdar]] and [[Pramod Navalkar]].<ref name="purandare13"/><br />
One of the above-mentioned leaders, Hemchandra Gupte, who was [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]] of Bombay in the early 70s and was the former family physician and confidant of Thackeray, quit Shivsena citing flaws such as importance given to money, violence committed by the ''Shivsainiks'' ({{Translation|Soldiers}}) and Bal Thackeray's support to then prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] during the [[The Emergency (India)|1975 emergency]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Wages of Violence : Naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay|author= Thomas Blom Hansen|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2001|page=238|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA238|quote=18: According to Hemchandra Gupte, a former confidante of Thackeray, his major reason for leaving the party for his growing disgust with the prominence of money and the "goonda'ization" of the party(interview, 5th October 1992). 21.Interview, 3 October 1992, with Hemchandra Gupte, physician, formerly Bal Thackeray's family doctor, and Shiv Sena's mayor of Bombay from 1971 to 1972. Dr. Gupte left Shiv Sena in 1976 because of Thackerey's support for Mrs.Gandhi and the emergency.|isbn= 0691088403}}</ref><br />
<br />
There were also leaders from other castes such as [[Dattaji Salvi]], [[Dattaji Nalawade]] and [[Wamanrao Mahadik]], and those from the lower castes such as [[Chaggan Bhujbal]], [[Leeladhar Dake]], Bhai Shingre and Vijay Gaonkar.<ref name="purandare13"/>{{Year needed|date=February 2023}}<br />
<br />
Over the years, other than the Bal Thackeray, there have been twelve senior leaders in the party, out of these, eight have been from<br />
upper caste (four were [[Brahmin]]s, two [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] and two [[Pathare Prabhu]]s). Others have been either [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] ([[Dattaji Salvi]]), [[Meru Kshatriya Shimpi|Shimpi]] ([[Wamanrao Mahadik]]), [[Agri (caste)|Agri]] ([[Leeladhar Dake]]) or [[Mali caste|Mali]] ([[Chaggan Bhujbal]]). In fact, Bhujbal quit the party accusing the party is biased towards upper caste people.<ref name="purandare13"/><br />
<br />
The number of [[Dalit]]s were also not insignificant and even after the Sena opposed the reservations proposed by the [[Mandal Commission|Mandal commission]], there was no dent in the percentage of [[Other Backward Class]] in the party. In this way, the Sena was successful in uniting all Maharashtrians irrespective of caste under the common "Marathi umbrella". The agenda of preferential treatment for the "sons of the soil" that is Maharashtrians brought them all together.<ref name="purandare13">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JS1hBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT106|title=Bal Thackeray and the rise of Shiv Sena|author= Vaibhav Purandare|year=2012|publisher=Roli Books|page=106|quote=Its (Sena's) thrust on the economic upliftment of Maharashtrians and demand for preferential treatment of the sons of soil in employment drew the working class towards it. They wanted someone to focus on the issue that mattered to them most:Jobs. Besides, people of various castes worked together in the Sena. Though, from among the party's leaders, Thackerey, Manohar Joshi, Sudhir Joshi, Balwant Mantri, Dr Hemchandra Gupte, Shyam Deshmukh, Madhav Deshpande, Datta Pradhan, Vijay Parvatkar, Madhukar Sarpotdar and Pramod Navalkar came from the so called high castes (they were either Brahmins, Pathare Prabhus or Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus) and middle class localities like Dadar and Girgaum, rubbing shoulders with them were leaders from the working class areas of Lalbaug-Parel such as Dattaji Salvi, Dattaji Nalavade and Wamanrao Mahadik, and those from the so called lower castes such as Chaggan Bhujbal, Leeladhar Dake, Bhai Shingre and Vijay Gaonkar.... In fact, 70 per cent of Sainiks have belonged to the OBC category, and even after the party opposed the Mandal Commission recommendations, the percentage of OBCs in the Sena did not go down. |isbn=9788174369918}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Voter base===<br />
Shiv Sena's strength in the late 1980s and early '90s mainly came from the support of the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] caste - which it drew away from the Congress.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|title=Caste, Class, and Capital: The Social and Political Origins of Economic Policy in India |author=Kanta Murali|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|pages=236–237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFLTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA236|quote=Shiv Sena's strength primarily came from Maratha support, which it drew away from the Congress|isbn=978-1-107-15450-6}}</ref> Citing the large percentage of MLAs elected from Shiv Sena belonging to the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] caste, Vora from the [[University of Pune]] concludes that the Shiv Sena has been emerging as a "Maratha Party".<ref>{{cite book|quote=The Shiv Sena is emerging as another Maratha party if we go by the number of Marathas elected on its ticket in the last four elections to the Vidhan Sabha. |pages=240, 241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|editor1=Christophe Jaffrelot|editor2=Sanjay Kumar|author=Rajendra Vora|title=Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies|isbn=9781136516627|date=4 May 2012|publisher=Routledge }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Headquarters==<br />
Shivsena ''Bhavan'' ({{Translation|House}}), was the central office of the Shiv Sena, located in ''Ram Ganesh Gadkari Chowk'' and [[Shivaji Park]] in [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-03|title=Explained: A history of Shiv Sena Bhavan, and the recent Sena-BJP clash over the building|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/shiv-sena-bhavan-history-thackeray-7435045/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> It was first inaugurated on 19 June 1977, and refurbished and re-inaugurated on 27 July 2006. It has a [[Copper|Copper Statue]] of [[Shivaji|Shivaji Maharaj]] and a large [[Poster]] of [[Bal Thackeray]]. In the [[1993 Bombay bombings]], terrorists planted a powerful bomb in Shivsena ''Bhavan;'' it exploded and the building received damage.<ref name="1993 blasts">{{cite news |title=The 1993 blasts: A recap of the day that shook India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/1993-blasts-timeline-and-locations-156749-2013-03-22 |access-date=24 January 2022 |work=India Today |agency=IANS |date=22 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Matoshri'', the house of Bal Thackeray and Uddhav Thackeray was an important building in this party. Many high-profile meetings usually held in it. It worked as a command and control centre of the party in Bal–Uddhava's regime.<br />
<br />
==List of chief ministers==<br />
{{See also|List of chief ministers of Maharashtra}}<br />
Following is the list of the chief ministers of [[Maharashtra]] from Shiv Sena.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#FF6634; color:black" | No.<br />
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#FF6634; color:black" | Portrait<br />
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#FF6634; color:black" | Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}<br />
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#FF6634; color:black" | Tenure<br />
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#FF6634; color:black" |Constituency <br />
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#FF6634; color:black" | [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|{{black|Assembly}}]]<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:#FF6634; color:black" | Assumed office<br />
! style="background-color:#FF6634; color:black" | Left office<br />
! style="background-color:#FF6634; color:black" | Time in office<br />
|-style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"<br />
| 1<br />
| [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|80px]]<br />
| '''[[Manohar Joshi]]'''<br/>{{small|(1937–2024)}}<br />
| {{dts|14 March 1995}}<br />
| {{dts|1 February 1999}}<br />
| {{age in years and days|1995|3|14|1999|2|1}}<br />
| [[Dadar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dadar]]<br />
| rowspan=2|9th<br/>{{small|([[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]])}}<br />
|-style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"<br />
| 2<br />
| [[File:Narayan Rane.jpg|80px]]<br />
| '''[[Narayan Rane]]'''<br/>{{small|(born 1952)}}<br />
| {{dts|1 February 1999}}<br />
| {{dts|18 October 1999}}<br />
| {{age in years and days|1999|2|1|1999|10|18}}<br />
| [[Kudal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malvan]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"<br />
| 3<br />
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]'''<br/>{{small|(born 1960)}}<br />
| {{dts|28 November 2019}}<br />
| {{dts|30 June 2022}}<br />
| {{Age in years and days|2019|11|28|2022|6|30}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]<br />
| rowspan=2|14th<br/>{{small|([[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]])}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== List of Ministers in Union Government ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}};color:white" |No.<br />
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}};color:white" | Name<br />
! colspan="2" Style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}};color:white" | Term in office<br />
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}};color:white" | Portfolio<br />
! colspan="2" Style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}};color:white" | Prime Minister<br />
|- align=center<br />
|1<br />
|[[Manohar Joshi]]<br />
|19 October 1999<br />
|9 May 2002<br />
| [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (India)|Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]], [[13th Lok Sabha|13th]] [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
|rowspan=4|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
|rowspan=7 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul]]<br />
|August 2002<br />
|May 2004<br />
|Ministry of State, Finance and Company Affairs<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Suresh Prabhu]]<br />
|13 October 1999<br />
|25 August 2002<br />
|[[Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]], [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]], [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|4<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Anant Geete]]<br />
|26 August 2002<br />
|22 May 2004<br />
|[[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]<br />
|-<br />
|16 May 2014<br />
|30 May 2019<br />
|[[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (India)|Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Narendra Modi]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Arvind Sawant]] <br />
|30 May 2019<br />
|11 November 2019<br />
|[[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Electoral performance==<br />
=== Lok Sabha elections ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! style="background:#FF6634; color:black;"| Year<br />
! style="background:#FF6634; color:black;"| Seats won<br />
! style="background:#FF6634; color:black;"| Change in seats<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|4|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 3<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|15|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 11<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|6|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 9<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|15|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 9<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|12|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 3<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|11|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 1<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|18|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 7<br />
|-style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|18|48|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha elections ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! style="background:#FF6634; color:black;"| Year<br />
! style="background:#FF6634; color:black;"| Party leader<br />
! style="background:#FF6634; color:black;"| Seats won<br />
! style="background:#FF6634; color:black;"| +/-<br />
! style="background:#FF6634; color:black;"| Voteshare (%)<br />
! style="background:#FF6634; color:black;"| +/- (%)<br />
! style="background:#FF6634; color:black;"| Popular vote<br />
! style="background:#FF6634; color:black;"| Outcome<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|rowspan=5 |[[Bal Thackeray]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|52|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 52<br />
|15.94%<br />
|{{increase}} 15.94%<br />
|4,733,834<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|73|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 21<br />
|16.39%<br />
|{{increase}} 0.45%<br />
|6,315,493<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|69|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 4<br />
|17.33%<br />
|{{increase}} 0.94%<br />
|5,692,812<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|62|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 7<br />
|19.97%<br />
|{{Increase}} 2.64% <br />
|8,351,654<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|44|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 18<br />
|16.26%<br />
|{{decrease}} 3.71%<br />
|7,369,030<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|rowspan=2 |[[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|63|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 19<br />
|19.35%<br />
|{{increase}} 3.09%<br />
|10,235,970<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|56|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 7<br />
|16.41%<br />
|{{decrease}} 3.04%<br />
|9,049,789<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Candidates<br />
! Elected<br />
! Votes<br />
! Source<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[1971 Indian general election|1971 Lok Sabha]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |5<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |227,468<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf accessed 29 June 2008 ]{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[1980 Indian general election|1980 Lok Sabha]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |2<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |129,351<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf TitlePage-VolI_LS99.PDF<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911065054/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[1989 Indian general election|1989 Lok Sabha]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |3<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |1<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |339,426<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":2">[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf TitlePage-VolI_LS99.PDF<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911065014/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |1989 [[Goa]] Assembly<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |6<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |&nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |4,960<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":9">[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1989/Statistical_Report_Goa_1989.pdf List Of Political Parties<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911065331/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1989/Statistical_Report_Goa_1989.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |1991 [[Uttar Pradesh]] Assembly<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |14<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |1<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |45,426<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006055723/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[1991 Indian general election|1991 Lok Sabha]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |22<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |4<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |2,208,712<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":3">[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/Vol_I_LS_91.pdf accessed 29 June 2008 ]{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |1993 [[Madhya Pradesh]] Assembly<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |88<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |75,783<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":14">[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1993/Stat_rep_93_MP.pdf rptDetailedResults<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911071414/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1993/Stat_rep_93_MP.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[1996 Indian general election|1996 Lok Sabha]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |132<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |15<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |4,989,994<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304140933/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|date=4 March 2009}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |1996 [[Haryana]] Assembly<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |17<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |6,700<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":15">[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1996/StatisticalReport_HR96.pdf TitlePage_HR-96.PDF<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911065008/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1996/StatisticalReport_HR96.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |1997 [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] Assembly<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |3<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |719<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":16">[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1997/StatiscialReport_PU97.pdf TitlePage_PU-96.PDF<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911071401/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1997/StatiscialReport_PU97.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[1998 Indian general election|1998 Lok Sabha]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |79<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |6<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |6,528,566<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":5">[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304115353/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|date=4 March 2009}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |1998 [[Delhi]] Assembly<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |32<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |9,395<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":17">[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1998/StatisticalReport_DEL98.pdf rptProgrammeOFElections<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911071352/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1998/StatisticalReport_DEL98.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |1998 [[Himachal Pradesh]] Assembly<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |6<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |2,827<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":18">[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1998/StatisticalReport_HP98.pdf rptProgrammeOFElections<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911071441/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1998/StatisticalReport_HP98.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[1999 Indian general election|1999 Lok Sabha]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |63<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |15<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |5,672,412<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":6">[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304123521/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|date=4 March 2009}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |1999 [[Goa]] Assembly<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |14<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |&nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |5,987<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":10">[http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof_Goa_99.pdf TitlePageGA99.PDF<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911065334/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof_Goa_99.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |2000 [[Odisha]] Assembly<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |16<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |&nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |18,794<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":19">{{cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_OR_LA_2000.pdf|title=Key Highlights of General Election, 2000 to The Legislative Assembly of Orissa|website=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911071419/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_OR_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |2001 [[Kerala]] Assembly<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |1<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |&nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |279<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":20">{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/SE2001/pollupd/ac/candlwc/s11/s11shsacnst.htm |title=List of Contestants of Shivsena(SHS) in KERALA|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=2008-06-29 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210131949/http://archive.eci.gov.in/SE2001/pollupd/ac/candlwc/s11/s11shsacnst.htm |archive-date=10 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |2002 [[Goa]] Assembly<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |15<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |&nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[2004 Indian general election|2004 Lok Sabha]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |56<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |12<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |7,056,255<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name="eci.gov.in">[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304134828/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|date=4 March 2009}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[2009 Indian general election|2009 Lok Sabha]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |22<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |11<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |6,828,382<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":7">[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_2009/Vol_I_LS_2009.pdf]{{Dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |20<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |18<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |10,262,981<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name="eci.gov.in" /><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |183<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |52<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |47,33,834(16.39%)<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |169<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |73<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |6315493(16.39%)<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |169<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |69<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |(17.33%)<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |163<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |62<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |8351654 (19,97%)<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |160<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |45<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |286<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |63<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |10,235,972<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015 Bihar Assembly]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |80<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |2,11,131<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":21">{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/|title=Partywise Result|website=eciresults.nic.in|access-date=9 November 2015|archive-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218160549/http://eciresults.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/after-bihar-win-shiv-sena-eyes-uttar-pradesh/16668187 |title=After Bihar 'win', Shiv Sena eyes Uttar Pradesh - News |date=10 November 2015 |publisher=Mid-Day |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017 Goa Assembly]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |3<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |792<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<ref name=":11">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/goa-assembly-election-2017-mgp-shiv-sena-gsm-form-grand-alliance-to-contest-polls-3197056.html|title=Goa Assembly Election 2017: MGP-Shiv Sena-GSM form grand alliance to contest polls - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=10 January 2017 }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Goa|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/05.Performance%20of%20Political%20Parties.pdf|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[2019 Indian general election|2019 Lok Sabha]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |23<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |18<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |12,589,064<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019 Maharashtra Assembly]]<br />
|124<br />
|56<br />
|9,049,789 (16.41)<br />
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite magazine|author=Kamlesh Damodar Sutar |date=5 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra polls: Final BJP-Shiv Sena seat sharing numbers out|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election/story/bjp-shiv-sena-seat-sharing-numbers-maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-1606336-2019-10-04|access-date=2020-09-16|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Activities==<br />
The Sena says it has played a central role in the emancipation of 500,000 slum dwellers in the [[Dharavi]] area of Mumbai, the largest slum in Asia. However, the policy of giving free houses to slum dwellers has been controversial since it was introduced by the then Shiv Sena-BJP government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/aug/12sena.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: An interview with Shiv Sena leader Bal Thackeray|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Highrises-dont-suit-Dharavi-slum-dwellers/articleshow/1386244.cms?referral=PM|title='Highrises don't suit Dharavi slum dwellers'|work=The Times of India|date=25 January 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040423/election.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, - Elections 2004|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>{{Explain|reason=Why is this controversial?|date=August 2018}}<br />
<br />
In the 1970s, Shiv Sena was opposed to the [[Namantar Andolan]], a [[Dalit]]-led movement to change the name of Marathwada University in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] to "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar University", and supported views of conservative Marathas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-nativists-dilemma/ |title=The nativist's dilemma |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2014-10-14 |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1996, Shiv Sena organised the first and only live concert of American pop icon [[Michael Jackson]] in India to raise the funds for its business wing and to help create over two-hundred seventy thousand jobs for people of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/06/25/michael-jackson-india_n_7659626.html |title=The Way We Were: Footage of Michael Jackson's 1996 Trip To Mumbai |publisher=Huffingtonpost.in |date=2015-06-25 |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/leader-who-brought-ethnic-politics-to-mumbai-melting-pot/article4105715.ece |title=Leader who brought ethnic politics to Mumbai melting pot |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shiv Sena got an entry in [[Guinness Book of World Records]] in 2010 for "collecting maximum blood in a day". Shiv Sena organized a blood donation camp which collected over 24,000 bottles of blood in a single day.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kiran Tare |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-24200-donors-help-sena-set-record-1375590 |title=24,200 donors help Sena set record &#124; Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2010-04-26 |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/shiv-sena-makes-record-collection-at-blood-donation-camp_622001.html |title=Shiv Sena makes record collection at blood donation camp &#124; Zee News |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |date=2010-04-25 |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref> Later this world record was broken by a blood donation camp of [[HDFC Bank]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/hdfc-bank-sets-guinness-record-in-blood-collection/article5911574.ece |title=HDFC Bank sets Guinness record in blood collection |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2014-04-14 |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015 Shiv Sena announced 10,000 rupees help to each drought-affected farmer of [[Marathwada]] region,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Shiv-Sena-will-give-Rs-10000-to-each-drought-affected-farmer-says-Uddhav-Thackeray/articleshow/49973619.cms |title=Shiv Sena will give Rs 10,000 to each drought-affected farmer, says Uddhav Thackeray |date=30 November 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref> while they also announced 2 lakh rupees "reward" to Hindus family who had 5 children between 2010 and 2015 in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As per Shiv Sena, the reason behind the "reward" was "decline in growth rate of Hindu population compared to Muslim population as per recent census".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/every-hindu-family-with-five-children-will-get-rs-2-lakh-shiv-sena/ |title=Every Hindu family with five children will get Rs 2 lakh: Shiv Sena |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2015-08-29 |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shiv-Sena-to-give-Rs-2-lakh-to-every-Hindu-family-with-5-kids/articleshow/48728260.cms |title=Shiv Sena to give Rs 2 lakh to every Hindu family with 5 kids |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2015-08-30 |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref><br />
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In January 2016, the Shiv Sena demanded that the words "secular" and "socialist" be "permanently removed" from the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India|Constitution's Preamble]] which were added in the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|42nd amendment]] during [[The Emergency (India)|the emergency]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-29|title=Shiv Sena demands removal of 'secular' from Constitution|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/shiv-sena-demands-removal-of-secular-from-constitution/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In April 2019, party member [[Sanjay Raut]] called for the [[burqa]] to be banned.<ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2019-05-01|title=Hardline Indian group allied with Modi calls for ban on the veil|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-burqa-india-idUSKCN1S739A|access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 May 2019|title=Shiv Sena calls for ban on burqa in public places |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shiv-sena-calls-for-ban-on-burqa-in-public-places/articleshow/69123648.cms|access-date=2020-10-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Controversies and criticism==<br />
The Shiv Sena has been involved in several controversies, ranging from hooliganism, criminal activities, spreading religious bigotry, and moral policing.<br />
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In December 2003, Shiv Sena activists damaged the cricket pitch of the Agra Sport Stadium which was supposed to host the cricket match between Pakistan and India.{{cn|date=November 2025}} In April 2005, Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena, the student wing of Shiv Sena, attempted to prevent the India-Pakistan [[One-day international]] match being held in New Delhi. The protester's spokesman demanded:<br />
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{{Blockquote|India should not play cricket with Pakistan till it hands over to India 20 terrorists, including [[Dawood Ibrahim]], and closes down militant training camps running there.<ref name="Hindu-2005-04">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/15/stories/2005041518520300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020030/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/15/stories/2005041518520300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2015|title=Sena squad for Kotla|access-date=18 February 2012|location=[[Chennai]]|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 April 2005}}</ref>}}<br />
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The Sena acted as a "[[moral police]]" and opposed Valentine's Day celebrations.<ref name=":2" /> On 14 February 2006, Bal Thackeray condemned and apologised for the violent attacks by its Shiv Sainiks on a private celebration in Mumbai. "It is said that women were beaten up in the Nallasopara incident. If that really happened, then it is a symbol of cowardice. I have always instructed Shiv Sainiks that in any situation women should not be humiliated and harassed."<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Thackeray-condemns-V-Day-attacks-by-Sainiks/articleshow/1419743.cms |title=Thackeray condemns V-Day attacks by Sainiks |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 February 2006 |location=Mumbai |access-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811045804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-18/india/27813894_1_sena-mouthpiece-saamna-sena-chief-bal-thackeray-shiv-sainiks |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Thackeray and the Shiv Sena remained opposed to it, although they indicated support for an "Indian alternative".<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Thackeray-suggests-Indian-version-of-V-Day/articleshow/1413273.cms |title=Thackeray suggests Indian version of V-Day |date=13 February 2006 |access-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811045812/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-13/india/27806760_1_sena-chief-bal-thackeray-valentine-s-day-saamna |archive-date=11 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/right-wing-to-go-easy-on-couples-this-valentine-s-day-175815 |title=Right-wing to go easy on couples this Valentine's Day |work=NDTV.com |access-date=17 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217061835/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/right-wing-to-go-easy-on-couples-this-valentine-s-day-175815 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On 20 November 2009, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the offices of [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language]] TV news channels [[IBN7]] and [[IBN-Lokmat]], located in Mumbai and [[Pune]] respectively. The Shivsainik slapped IBN7's senior editor Ravindra Ambekar and then attacked IBN-Lokmat's editor Nikhil Wagle. Shiv Sena attributed the attacks to the criticisms of [[Bal Thackeray]] by the news channel over his remarks on [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. Shiv Sena's [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] Sanjay Raut described the attacks as "spontaneous". Shiv Sena spokespersons tried to justify the attacks and refused to apologize for their acts of violence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/time-for-cnn-ibn-to-introspect/544428/|title=In the name of their Boss, Sena goons attack IBN TV channels - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/if-you-target-us-we-will-attack-shiv-sena-leader/105645-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123095135/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/if-you-target-us-we-will-attack-shiv-sena-leader/105645-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-11-23|title=Sena leader admits attack on media|work=IBNLive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shiv-sena-attacks-ibn-offices-in-mumbai-pune/105636-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123171327/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shiv-sena-attacks-ibn-offices-in-mumbai-pune/105636-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-11-23|title='Shiv Sena workers' attack ibn offices in Mum|work=IBNLive}}</ref><br />
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During the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]], Shiv Sena leaders threatened to disrupt the final in Mumbai if the Pakistani team qualified.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shiv Sena threat over ICC CWC final |url=http://www.espnstar.com/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup/news/detail/item582796/Shiv-Sena-threat-over-ICC-CWC-final/ |work=ESPN STAR |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719141855/http://www.espnstar.com/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup/news/detail/item582796/Shiv-Sena-threat-over-ICC-CWC-final/ |archive-date=19 July 2012}}. Espnstar.Com (17 February 2011). Retrieved 3 August 2011.</ref> The Sena has opposed any sporting events between India and Pakistan following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|November 2008 terror attacks]] in Mumbai, which was perpetrated by Pakistan based terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], besides opposing inclusion of Pakistani players in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/shiv-sena-vows-to-oppose-pak-cricket-tour-5103.html|title= Shiv Sena vows to oppose Pak cricket tour}}</ref> <br />
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On 18 November 2012, following the death of founder [[Bal Thackeray]], [[Mumbai Police]], under the pressure of Shiv Sena workers and activists, arrested a 21-year-old woman who posted a Facebook comment against him, as well as her friend who "liked" the comment. Shiv Sena members, who took it as an insult, vandalised the clinic owned by the woman's relative.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Anup |last=Kaphle |title=Who was Bal Thackeray and why did Mumbai come to a standstill this weekend? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/19/who-is-bal-thackeray-and-why-did-mumbai-come-to-a-standstill-this-weekend/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=19 November 2012 |issn=0190-8286 |language=en-US |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223062700/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/19/who-is-bal-thackeray-and-why-did-mumbai-come-to-a-standstill-this-weekend/ |archive-date=23 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/facebook-post-on-shiv-sena-chief-bal-thackeray-girl-says-she-will-not-visit-fb-9-held-for-vandalism/articleshow/17295862.cms?from=mdr|title= Facebook post on Shiv Sena Chief Bal Thackeray: Girl says she will not visit FB, 9 held for vandalism|newspaper= The Economic Times|date= 20 November 2012}}</ref> The charges were subsequently dropped in January 2013, and in July 2014, the Government of Maharashtra was ordered to pay compensation of Rs 50,000 to each victim after the National Human Rights Commission noted that the detention was illegal and violated rights to freedom of speech and expression.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.news18.com/news/politics/maharashtra-government-to-pay-rs-50000-to-girls-arrested-over-fb-row-on-bal-thackerays-death-702011.html|title= Maharashtra government to pay Rs.50,000 to girls arrested over FB row on Bal Thackeray's death|date= 15 July 2014}}</ref><br />
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On 2 November 2014, during the [[2014 Kiss of Love protest|Kiss of Love protest]] against moral policing, members of Shiv Sena, [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] and many other right wing groups opposed and attacked protestors and threatened to strip protestors for kissing on the streets. These opposing groups claimed that [[public display of affection]] is against both Indian culture and the law of the land (under section 294 of the Indian Penal Code), though according to the Supreme Court and the Delhi High Court, kissing in public is not a criminal offence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kissing-in-public-by-married-couple-not-obscene-HC/articleshow/4066941.cms|title=Kissing in public by married couple not obscene: HC|work=The Times of India|date=2 February 2009 |access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-31|title=Kerala High Court refuses to interfere with Kochi Kiss fest|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-high-court-refuses-to-interfere-with-kochi-kiss-fest/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Police took many of the Kiss of Love protestors into custody to save their lives, but were blamed for giving a free hand to counter protestors of the right wing groups.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 November 2014|first=Asha|last=Prakash|title=We took kiss of love activists into custody to save their lives {|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/we-took-kiss-of-love-activists-into-custody-to-save-their-lives/articleshow/45043053.cms|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
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In October 2015, Shiv Sena issued threats which enforced a ban on a scheduled concert by Pakistani classic singer [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]]. The move was adopted to appease anti-Pakistan constituents to vote for Sena in coming elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bjp-shiv-sena-ghulam-ali-stand-off-why-differences-between-them-may-increase/ |title=BJP-Shiv Sena Ghulam Ali stand-off: Why differences between them may increase |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=9 October 2015 |access-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> However, in 2015 Pakistan urged the international community to take note of the activities of Shiv Sena,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1216390 |title=Pakistan urges world to take notice of Shiv Sena activities - Pakistan |date=30 October 2015 |publisher=Dawn.Com |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref> while Shiv Sena claimed that criticism of Shiv Sena by Pakistan vindicates "our patriotism".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/pakistan-s-stand-on-party-activities-vindicates-our-patriotism-shiv-sena-115110200409_1.html |title=Pakistan's stand on party activities vindicates our patriotism: Shiv Sena &#124; Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=2 November 2015 |publisher=Business-standard.com |access-date=2015-12-02|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><br />
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On 19 October 2015, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the office of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] to stop a meeting between [[Pakistan Cricket Board|PCB]] and [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] officials. The activists shouted anti-Pakistan slogans and held posters that read 'Shahryar Khan go back', determined to stop Manohar from meeting his Pakistani counterpart. Shiv Sena has also threatened to stop Pakistan's Aleem Dar from officiating in the fifth and final ODI between India and South Africa.<ref name="bcci_attack">{{cite news | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1214126 | title=Shiv Sena activists storm BCCI HQ over Shaharyar-Manohar meeting | work=Dawn News | date=19 October 2015 | access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref><br />
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On 23 March 2017, while travelling to [[Delhi]] from [[Pune]], Shiv Sena leader [[Ravindra Gaikwad]] was accused of thrashing [[Air India]] staff with his shoe, when they tried to make him disembark the plane, after being denied a business class seat because the flight was all-economy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Phukan|first=Sandeep|date=3 March 2017|title='Hit Him 25 Times': Sena MP's Assault Has Air India Debating No-Fly List|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shiv-sena-mp-ravindra-gaikwad-beat-air-india-employee-with-slippers-over-seat-says-airline-1672656|access-date=23 February 2021|website=NDTV}}</ref> The [[Delhi Police]] had charged him with hitting government staff on duty, as well as taking the plane ransom without departing from the plane. The incident led to the creation of [[No Fly List (India)|No-Fly List]] in India, and Gaikwad was the first person to be put on the list.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bawa|first=Parmeshwar|date=24 March 2017|title=Not On Our Flights: Airlines Ban Shiv Sena MP Ravindra Gaikwad, 2 Cancel His Ticket|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-on-our-flights-airline-association-bans-sena-mp-who-turned-violent-1672941|access-date=23 February 2021|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Haidar|first=Faizan|date=29 March 2017|title=Sena MP Gaikwad books yet another ticket to Delhi, Air India cancels it too|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/sena-mp-ravindra-gaikwad-books-mumbai-delhi-ticket-air-india-cancels-it/story-yRi5lrFTdKBBuirDASsxYO.html|access-date=23 February 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
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On 19 July 2017, [[RJ Malishka|Malishka Mendonsa]], a popular radio jockey of [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]], released a parody video on YouTube targeting the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] for incompetence in dealing potholed roads. In response to the video, the BMC and Shiv Sena slammed her and sent a notice imposing a penalty of Rs 10,000 for defamation.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/rj-malishka-bmc-controversy-civic-body-slaps-fine-of-rs-10-000-on-the-radio-jockey-326363.html|title= RJ Malishka-BMC Controversy: Civic Body Slaps Fine Of Rs 10,000 On The Radio Jockey|date= 22 July 2017}}</ref> As a result of the notice, several political parties criticized the BMC and Shiv Sena for intolerance towards criticism, as 2 Shiv Sena corporators sent a legal notice with a suit of Rs. 500 cr (Rs. 5 billion) against the RJ and Red FM.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sena-slams-rj-parody-bmc-2015574|title= Sena slams RJ for parody on BMC}}</ref> Malishka made another parody video against the BMC and released it on 17 July 2018, describing the incapability and pathetic conditions of Mumbai's infrastructure in the monsoons.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/rj-malishka-new-rain-song-mumbai-geli-khadayat#read-more|title= RJ Malishka Takes a Dig at BMC Again in New Mumbai Rain Parody|date= 17 July 2018}}</ref><br />
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During the 2018 Maharashtra Council election and the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, many candidates fielded by Shiv Sena had criminal records or had criminal charges pending against them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jun/22/shiv-sena-tops-list-of-candidates-with-criminal-background-in-maharashtra-legislative-council-polls-1831921.html|title=Shiv Sena tops list of candidates with criminal background in Maharashtra legislative council polls|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 June 2018 |access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/shiv-sena-tops-list-of-candidates-with-criminal-cases-adr-114030700668_1.html|title=Shiv Sena tops list of candidates with criminal cases: ADR|date=2014-03-07|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref><br />
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Following actress [[Kangana Ranaut]]'s criticism of [[Uddhav Thackeray]] and his Government for mishandling the [[death of Sushant Singh Rajput]] in September 2020, Shiv Sena leaders, including [[Sanjay Raut]] issued threats to her.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-shares-video-message-for-sanjay-raut-your-men-tell-me-they-will-break-my-jaw-kill-me-i-ll-see-you-on-9th/story-jPzdN3suT0zjK2EVsNShmI.html|title= Kangana Ranaut shares video message for Sanjay Raut: 'Your men tell me they will break my jaw, kill me. I'll see you on 9th'|newspaper= Hindustan Times|date= 6 September 2020}}</ref> On the orders of Shiv Sena leaders, the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] demolished a portion of her house. Following the demolition, the [[Bombay High Court]] criticized the BMC and ruled in her favour, noting that BMC acted with malice and ordered BMC to pay compensation to Ranaut.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bmc-malice-to-demolish-kangana-ranaut-bungalow-bombay-high-court-1744555-2020-11-27|title= BMC acted with malice to demolish Kangana Ranaut bungalow, must pay for damages, rules Bombay HC|date= 27 November 2020}}</ref> Due to the nature of threats, Ranaut was given security from the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] from the Central Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-cost-of-protecting-kangana-1720619-2020-09-10|title= The cost of protecting Kangana {{!}} India Today Insight|date= 10 September 2020}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[List of political parties in India]]<br />
* [[List of Hindu nationalist political parties]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* ''Ethnicity and Equality: The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay'', MF Katzenstein&nbsp;– 1979&nbsp;– Cornell University Press<br />
* ''Warriors in Politics: Hindu Nationalism, Violence, and the Shiv Sena in India'', S Banerjee&nbsp;– 2000&nbsp;– Westview Press<br />
* ''The Charisma of Direct Action: Power, Politics, and the Shiv Sena'', JM Eckert&nbsp;– 2003&nbsp;– Oxford University Press<br />
* ''Shiv Sena: An Assessment'', Palshikar, Suhas, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, Pune (1999)<br />
* ''Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found, 'Power', chapter 3, Mumbai'', Mehta, Suketu, Penguin Books (2005)<br />
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==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://shivsena.in/}} <br />
<br />
{{Shiv Sena}}<br />
{{Indian political parties}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Conservatism|India|Politics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shiv Sena| ]]<br />
[[Category:1966 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in India]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-Pakistan sentiment]]<br />
[[Category:Conservative parties in India]]<br />
[[Category:Far-right political parties in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindutva political parties]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nationalist political parties]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 1966]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]<br />
[[Category:Right-wing populism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Right-wing populist parties]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramashish_Koeri_gang&diff=529165Ramashish Koeri gang2026-04-30T01:26:55Z<p>RomaineAchen489: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Caste-based bandit group}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox war faction<br />
| name = Ramashish Koeri gang<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| war = "Caste wars of Bihar"<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| active = 1980s<br />
| position = <br />
| leaders = <br />
| clans = [[Koeri]], [[Bind (caste)|Binds]]<br />
| headquarters = [[Rohtas Plateau|Kaimur pleatue]]<br />
| partof = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| split = <br />
| battles = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Ramashish Koeri gang''' was a first [[caste]] based [[Dacoity|dacoit]] band of [[India]], that was led by Ramashish Koeri (also known as '''Dada'''). The gang was active in the [[Rohtas Plateau|Kaimur plateau]] region of [[Bihar]], located in present [[Rohtas district]]. Earlier, the gang was led by Mohan Bind, after whose death in a [[Encounter killing|police encounter]], Ramashish Koeri became the new leader. The gang, along with four other caste-based gangs led by Ghamari Karwar, Rambachan Yadav, Triveni Kahar, and Gaurik was responsible for over hundred murders in the Kaimur region.<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860315-183-people-brutally-murdered-in-kaimur-plateau-in-bihar-in-last-12-months-800674-1986-03-14| title=183 people brutally murdered in Kaimur plateau in Bihar in last 12 months| editor=Farzand Ahmed| website=[[India Today]]| accessdate=30 January 2023| archive-date=30 January 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151318/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860315-183-people-brutally-murdered-in-kaimur-plateau-in-bihar-in-last-12-months-800674-1986-03-14 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhabua/story-notorious-abuser-arrested-for-over-twenty-years-3547935.html| title=notorious-abuser-arrested-for-over-twenty-years| website=livehindustan| accessdate=3 February 2023| archive-date=3 February 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203162046/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhabua/story-notorious-abuser-arrested-for-over-twenty-years-3547935.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/caught-in-naamdar-vs-kaamdar-web-meira-kumar-banking-on-fathers-legacy-to-make-the-cut-sasaram-2143259.html| title=Caught in 'Naamdar vs Kaamdar' Web, Meira Kumar Banks on Father's Legacy to Make the Cut in Sasaram| website=News18| date=16 May 2019| accessdate=3 February 2023| archive-date=3 February 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203163434/https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/caught-in-naamdar-vs-kaamdar-web-meira-kumar-banking-on-fathers-legacy-to-make-the-cut-sasaram-2143259.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/patna/dacoit-darog-lohar-arrested-by-kaimur-police-583807.html|title=कैमूर: कुख्यात डकैत दारोगा लोहार हुआ गिरफ्तार, 20 साल से चल रहा था फरार|website=one India|accessdate=3 February 2023|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030231929/https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/patna/dacoit-darog-lohar-arrested-by-kaimur-police-583807.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Formation==<br />
{{Tree list}}<br />
* Ramashish Bind <br />
** Mohan Bind <br />
*** Sudama Bind <br />
**** Ramashish Koeri <br />
*****Kameswar Koeri<br />
*****Radhakishan Koeri <br />
{{Tree list/end}}<br />
<br />
According to author [[Bindeshwar Pathak]], the Kaimur pleatue region in 1980s was known for [[extreme poverty]] and the feudal set up of the region was dominated by the [[Rajput]]s. There were hardly any employment opportunity present and the large population of this region, which was composed of the [[Scheduled Castes]] and the poor section of the intermediate castes were suppressed by the elite section of society. The continued repression forced some of the youths into [[banditry]]. These bandits organised dacoities and murders of the landlords to come out of their clutches. One of the earliest leader of such a group of bandits was '''Mohan Bind''', who was forced to become a dacoit to avenge the rape of his sister and severe repression by the [[Rajput]]s. The police in this region also sided with the Rajputs and latter used to participate in the police operation against the dacoit groups to set their personal scores with the [[Other Backward Castes|Backwards]] and the [[Scheduled Castes]]. In response to the activities of Mohan Bind, the Rajput landlords started beating their alleged supporters, the ordinary villagers. The rapes were also committed against the women of the Scheduled Castes and Police often acted in the interest of the perpetrators.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vu8eZrzGwuoC&pg=PA71| title=Action Sociology and Development| author=Bindeshwar Pathak| publisher=Concept Publishing Company| year=1992| isbn=8170223199|pages=71–72| access-date=5 February 2023| archive-date=30 January 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154046/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vu8eZrzGwuoC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref> Mohan Bind also enjoyed support among the Backward Castes of the region and commanded control over thousands of voters, which was essential for any candidate contesting elections from the region's Assembly Constituencies.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chaturvedi R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCnRzJwcqSQC&q=Mohan+Bind |year=2007|title=Bihar Through the Ages|place=India|publisher=Sarup & Sons| isbn=9788176257985 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The earliest leader of the gang was Ramashish Bind, after whose murder Mohan Bind, who came to be called as "King of Kaimur pleatue" assumed the leadership. After encounter of Mohan Bind, Sudama Bind was being considered as the leader until Ramashish Koeri became the permanent leader. Koeri reorganised the gang afresh but his death once again brought leadership crisis, which was ultimately removed after the rise of '''Kameswar Koeri''', also known as ''Chhotka Dada''.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=30 January 2023|title=अभी भी जिंदा हैं 'राजा व 'दादा गिरोह के 'आतंक|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhabua/story-39-king-and-dada-gang-39-terror-still-alive-3550551.html|website=Hindustan|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130161237/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhabua/story-39-king-and-dada-gang-39-terror-still-alive-3550551.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvIuAQAAIAAJ| title=South Asia Politics| year=2002| place=India| publisher= Rashtriya Jagriti Sansthan| access-date=5 February 2023| archive-date=30 January 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130163358/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UvIuAQAAIAAJ&q=| url-status=live}}</ref> The emergence of this gang led to decline in the influence of local strongman Bajrang Singh, who was forced to shift away from the hills and confine his activities elsewhere.<ref>{{cite book | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a4wXAQAAMAAJ| title=Economic and Political Weekly| year=1989| place=India| publisher=Sameeksha Trust| quote=The emergence of Mohan Bind as a kind of Robin Hood in the Kaimur Hills led to a decline in Bajrang Singh's influence He had to abandon the hills and confine his direct activities to the plains around Semra.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Activities==<br />
This gang, along the with several other bandit groups were responsible for managing polling booths during elections, in favour of their preferred candidate, and hence they enjoyed political support to carry out their activities.<ref>{{cite book|title=1991 Electoral Politics, Sectarian Or Dynastic: Manifestoes & statewise reports|year=1991|publisher=Election Archives|quote=The gangs of Pathal Nonia, Ramashish Koeri and Bhagar Ahir were reported to have accepted contracts for " managing " the booths.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bOKAAAAMAAJ|author=Shiv Lal|isbn=978-81-7051-078-9 }}</ref><br />
The gang was involved in criminal activities which included dacoity, kidnapping and murder. The gang also included members like Daroga Lohar and [[Narayan Kushwaha]]; latter used to collect the ransom in cases of kidnapping from the family of the victims. The possible hideouts of these gangsters were the hilly terrain of the Rohtas pleatue, where they used to hide the kidnapped children. In a search operation conducted in these hills, several skeletons of adolescent children were found by the Police.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/kaimoor-prize-of-five-thousand-from-20-years-the-notorious-dacoit-arrested-20856282.html| title=पांच हजार का इनामी 20 वर्ष से फरार कुख्यात डकैत गिरफ्तार| website=Jagran.co| accessdate=30 January 2023| archive-date=30 January 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130170409/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/kaimoor-prize-of-five-thousand-from-20-years-the-notorious-dacoit-arrested-20856282.html| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Kaimur hills of Rohtas district was considered as the crime hotspot by the [[Bihar Police|Bihar police]] in the 1980s and 1990s. As per reports, few caste groups had made the criminal activities as their livelihood and there used to be implicit support of the politicians from these particular castes groups to the gangsters and [[dacoit]]s of their respective castes. Mohan Bind, who was the leader of Ramashish Koeri gang earlier, was known as "Raja" or the "King of Kaimur pleatue". After death of both Ramashish Koeri and Mohan Bind, Kameswar Koeri, who was named in a number of criminal cases became the new leader.<ref name="Sonmatee">{{cite web|url=https://sonemattee.com/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%ac-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-40-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b2/|title=प्रतिबिंब : सोनमाटी के 40 साल) बहुचर्चित कामेश्वर कोइरी प्रकरण, राजनीति-अपराध गठजोड़ की पहली कड़ी|website=Sonmatee|accessdate=30 January 2023|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130162008/https://sonemattee.com/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-40-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
"Kameswar Koeri case" reveals the division in local media, as there emerged a conflict between various regional newspapers over defaming him or portraying him as victim. This case, which attracted attention of the local newspapers in late 1980s, revealed the struggle in between the various caste groups in the society of Bihar. A section of local media published a report branding him as the criminal before any trial in the court of law, to which, Kameswar responded by filing a suit against the respective newspaper houses and the death threats were also sent to the publishers. It was stated that news reports, which wanted to portray him as a criminal and confirmed his membership of the gang of Ramashish Koeri ran as counter to his ambition of joining the active politics. Since, Kameswar was supported by the [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA'S]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] belonging to his caste and also by the local [[Mukhi]]yas, who also hailed from his caste, the defaming news reports were making his entry into the politics of state difficult.<ref name="Sonmatee"/><br />
<br />
On 14 November 1987, Kameswar Koeri was arrested, while he was collecting [[ransom]] at [[Bhabua]], but later he was released on bail. He was also the main accused in "Gopal Sharma murder case" and attack on [[Indian National Congress]] leader Surendra Tiwari in 1983. He was named in half dozen other cases too, which included the Chenari massacre 1of 986 and the "1988 Konar massacre" in which he was assisted by [[Radhakishan Koeri]] (alias "Langda Dada"). He used to operate from the [[Sasaram]] prison, when arrested. In 1992, he was again arrested on charge of possessing lethal weapons but again out on bail.<ref name="Sonmatee"/> The gang was also responsible for [[massacre]] of five members of the [[Yadav]] caste on September 22, 1986, which included a woman. This incident broke the lull in the gang wars between the Yadav and Koeri led gangs in Rohtas district.<ref>{{cite book|title=In the Mirror of Mandal Social Justice, Caste, Class, and the Individual |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnjaAAAAMAAJ| isbn=9788120203525<br />
|year=1992|<br />
publisher=Ajanta Publications|<br />
author=Hiranmay Karlekar|quote=Five Yadavs, including a woman, were killed by a gang reportedly led by Ramashish Koeri alias Dada . The incident broke a lull in the gang warfare between the Yadavs and Koeris in the Khaimur hills }}</ref> Many sources suggest that gang was responsible for killing persons over than 1000 in number.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-30 |title=‘रामदेव महतो मेरे राजनीतिक गुरु’ |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH--ramdev-mahato-my-political-guru-2803423.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230820170411/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH--ramdev-mahato-my-political-guru-2803423.html |archive-date=2023-08-20 |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Decline==<br />
In 1986, [[Bindeshwari Dubey]]'s government launched Operation Black Panther 2 and later Operation Kaimur was also launched to take on the dacoits and improve law and order situation in the Bhojpur and Kaimur region. In three more operations, about 20 dacoits were killed. Mohan Bind was killed around the same time.<ref name="Ahmed"/><br />
Daroga Lohar, one of the core member of the gang who was untraceable by the Bihar police was arrested in 2020, when the Bihar Legislative Assembly elections were going to be held.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/crime/news/story/daroga-lohar-arrested-by-kaimur-police-bihar-news-kaimur-news-dilnawaz-ahmad-dakait-daroga-lohar-bihar-police-tstb-1143727-2020-10-11|title=Kaimur: 20 साल से फरार कुख्यात डकैत दारोगा लोहार गिरफ्तार|website=AajTak|date=11 October 2020 |accessdate=5 February 2023|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414011829/https://www.aajtak.in/crime/news/story/daroga-lohar-arrested-by-kaimur-police-bihar-news-kaimur-news-dilnawaz-ahmad-dakait-daroga-lohar-bihar-police-tstb-1143727-2020-10-11|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Organised crime groups in India]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals from Bihar]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like,_Share_%26_Subscribe&diff=512168Like, Share & Subscribe2026-04-28T01:43:59Z<p>RomaineAchen489: New New Entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Telugu-language adventure comedy film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Like, Share & Subscribe<br />
| image = Like, Share & Subscribe poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Release poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = [[Merlapaka Gandhi]]<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Venkat Boyanapalli<br />
| starring = [[Santosh Sobhan]]<br />[[Faria Abdullah]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = [[A. Vasanth]]<br />
| editing = Ramu Tumu<br />
| music = Praveen Lakkaraju<br />[[Ram Miriyala]]<br />
| studio = Aamuktha Creations <br /> Niharika Entertainment<br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|11|4}}<br />
| runtime = 134 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Like, Share & Subscribe''''' is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language adventure comedy film directed by [[Merlapaka Gandhi]].<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Santosh Sobhan]] as Viplav<br />
*[[Faria Abdullah]] as Vasudha<br />
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Home Minister <br />
*[[Brahmaji]] as Brahmanna<br />
*[[Sudharshan]] as Jack Daniels <br />
*[[Aadukalam Naren|Naren]] as DGP Narendra Varma<br />
*[[Mime Gopi]] as PPF Commander Gopanna<br />
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Prasad Rao <br />
*[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Film critic<br />
*Babloo as Brahmanna's follower<br />
*Mirchi Kiran as Brahmanna's follower<br />
*[[Govind Padmasoorya]] as Police Officer<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by Praveen Lakkaraju with one song composed by [[Ram Miriyala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/like-share-and-subscribe-original-motion-picture/1660979779|title=Like Share and Subscribe (original Motion Picture Soundtrack - EP)|work=Apple Music|date=2022|access-date=2023-07-04|archive-date=2023-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704145352/https://music.apple.com/in/album/like-share-and-subscribe-original-motion-picture/1660979779|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| title1 = Like Share Subscribe<br />
| extra1 = [[Sweekar Agasthi]]<br />
| music1 = Praveen Lakkaraju<br />
| length1 = 2:58<br />
| title2 = Emanti Nabayaa<br />
| extra2 = [[Mangli]], [[Penchal Das]]<br />
| music2 = Praveen Lakkaraju<br />
| length2 = 3:37<br />
| title3 = Lachamammo<br />
| extra3 = Ram Miriyala, Gorati Venkanna<br />
| music3 = [[Ram Miriyala]]<br />
| length3 = 3:48<br />
| title4 = Idhi Manakey Sadhyam<br />
| music4 = Praveen Lakkaraju<br />
| extra4 = Hymath Mohammed, Arun Kaundinya, Srimani<br />
| length4 = 3:10<br />
| total_length = 13:33<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Merlapaka Gandhi’s ''Like, Share & Subscribe'' is unfortunately the kind of film that had the potential to be mindless fun, if only it had better writing".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/like-share-subscribe/movie-review/95297249.cms|title=Like, Share & Subscribe Movie Review : Will not make you 'like, share or subscribe'|date=4 November 2022|work=The Times of India|last=Nyayapati|first=Neeshita|access-date=24 June 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307012426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/like-share-subscribe/movie-review/95297249.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote that "Director Merlapaka Gandhi falters heavily regarding the screenplay. His thought to provide more entertainment kills the movie’s soul, and hence the film squanders around inconsistently".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/like-share-subscribe-review-dislikes-and-unsubscribes-78968|title=Like, Share & Subscribe Review: Dislikes and unsubscribes|date=6 November 2022|work=The Hans India|access-date=24 June 2023|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624063242/https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/like-share-subscribe-review-dislikes-and-unsubscribes-78968|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote that "The film suffers from a lack of seriousness in its approach to the story and narrative. What appeared to be a light-hearted film devolves into a clumsy attempt".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/like-share-subscribe-review-dislike-and-unsubscribe|title=‘Like, Share & Subscribe’ Review: Dislike and Unsubscribe!|date=4 November 2022|work=Telugucinema.com|access-date=24 June 2023|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624063703/https://telugucinema.com/reviews/like-share-subscribe-review-dislike-and-unsubscribe|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Films about social media]]<br />
[[Category:Indian adventure comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahid_Iqbal_Choudhary&diff=534289Shahid Iqbal Choudhary2026-04-25T16:49:22Z<p>RomaineAchen489: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service officer from Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Shahid Iqbal Choudhary<br />
| image = Shahid Iqbal with PM.jpg<br />
| caption = Shahid Iqbal receiving Prime Minister’s Award for Excellence in Public Administration from Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
| signature = <br />
| office1 = Commissioner/ Secretary to the Government, [https://mobile.twitter.com/listenshahid?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor]<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = 5 March 1981, [[Rajouri]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] India<ref name=":0" /><br />
| alma_mater = [[Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu]]<br />
| occupation = [[Bureaucrat]]<br />
| term_start1 = March 2021<br />
| term_end1 = Present<br />
| education = B.V.Sc & A.H <br/> MSc Natural Resource Management<br />
| known_for = Work in the Administrative Service.<br />
| module = {{Infobox person |child=yes<br />
| employer = [[Government of India]]<br />
| organization = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
}}<br />
| relations = Dr Mehak Shahid (Wife), Shamim Akhter (Mother), [[Zafar Choudhary]] (Brother) [[Javaid Iqbal (politician)]] (Brother), Dr Shagufta Choudhary (Sister)<br />
| office2 = [[Deputy Commissioner]] of [[Srinagar]] [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theins.in/2018/07/12/shahid-iqbal-new-dc-bpr|title = Shahid Iqbal Choudhary assumes charge as DDC Bandipora}}</ref><br />
| term_start2 = February 2019<br />
| term_end2 = March 2021<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shahid Iqbal Choudhary''' is a 2009 batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] cadre and the current Secretary/Commissioner, Youth Services and Sports Department, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]. He secured an All India Rank 51 in the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC's]] [[Civil Services Examination]] for the year 2008. Shahid was the first Muslim from Jammu region and first [[Gurjar]] from J&K to get into Indian Administrative Service as a direct recruit from [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/first-gujjar-from-j-k-to-get-into-ias/story-aKYsMyChJIRDuiSnf3YHAP.html | title= First Gujjar from J&K to get into IAS | date=7 May 2009 | newspaper=Hindustan Times | first=Aurangzeb | last=Naqshbandi | accessdate=7 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= https://tribalaffairs.jk.gov.in/| title= Department of Tribal Affairs . Jammu and Kashmir Government| access-date= 9 May 2021| archive-date= 13 May 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210513002235/https://tribalaffairs.jk.gov.in/| url-status= dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Shahid Iqbal Choudhary was born into a [[Muslim Gujjars|Muslim Gujjar]] family in Rehan village, Rajouri, and completed his early schooling in his native village.<ref name=":0" /> He earned his B.V.Sc & AH degree from Jammu, followed by a Master's in Natural Resource Management from FRI Deemed University, Dehradun. In 2023, Dr. Choudhary studied Public Policy and Leadership at the University of Oxford, UK, and also completed an executive course in Environment and Sustainability at the London School of Economics. He is a distinguished World Bank Scholar and Fulbright Fellow.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Shahid did his graduation in B.V.Sc & A.H from [[Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu]] and post graduation in MSc Natural Resource Management from FRI University, Dehradhun. Soon after completing post graduation, he qualified for [[Indian Forest Service]] in 2005 and served as forest officer in [[Kashmir Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/the-officer-who-made-a-difference-in-kathua/|title=The officer who made a difference in Kathua|date=30 March 2015}}</ref> In the year of 2008 he appeared for [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] and qualified with a rank of 51.Presently serving as Secretary to the Government, Youth Services and Sports Department, J&K Government. He also served as Secretary to the Government, Department of Science And Technology, J&K Government, Secretary, Department of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (Local Self- Government)|Secretary, Tribal Affairs, J&K Government| CEO Mission Youth J&K| MD Skill Development | Livelihood initiatives, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He served as District Development Commissioner/District Magistrate (DM), Srinagar, Additional Secretary in Chief Minister Office J&K/ Director Information &PR and Managing Director J&K Tourism Development Corporation, DM Rajouri, DM Bandipora, DM Leh, DM Udhampur, DM Kathua, DM Reasi, Additional Secretary Planning & Development, Special Officer Relief & Reconstruction Leh and SDM Nowshera.<br />
<br />
Dr Shahid is an international resource person on mobile indigenous people/ transhumance and migration. He is also a part of the Working Group for the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists, organized by the United Nations. He represented the government at Albania^^ (2021), Italy^^^ (2022) and Ethiopia ^^^^(2021) for collaboration of Migratory Indigenous People/ Pastoralists.<br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
Shahid Choudhary received the Prime Minister's Award for Excellence in Public Administration 2023 for his outstanding contribution as CEO Mission Youth in Kashmir and the Prime Minister's Award for his contribution "Project Rahat" in 2018 besides the following coveted recognitions:- <br />
# National Award for Best Electoral conduct from Election Commission of India<br />
# National Awards for e-Governance presented by Ministry of Personnel, Government of India<br />
# Prime Minister's Awards for Excellence in Public Administration 2015 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/shahid-iqbal-gets-pms-award/|title = Shahid Iqbal gets PM's Award|date = 25 March 2015}}</ref><br />
# National Award on women empowerment from Prime Minister Narendra Modi in the category "Enabling Girl Child Education" on International Women Day 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=76216|title = Shahid, Ravinder receive National Award from Prime Minister - Scoop News Jammu Kashmir}}</ref><br />
# National Award for exceptional contribution in Education sector - 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/35922/dr-shahid-choudhary-gm-dar-get-national-award.html | title=Dr Shahid Choudhary, GM Dar get National Award }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Shahid Iqbal}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim Gujjars]]<br />
[[Category:People from Rajouri district]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_high_schools_in_Howrah&diff=512997List of high schools in Howrah2026-04-10T13:21:26Z<p>RomaineAchen489: New New Article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Compact TOC|short1}}<br />
<br />
==A==<br />
*Anandanagar High school <br />
*Adarsha Vidyamandir High School<br />
*Adarsha Balika Vidhyalaya<br />
*Adhunik Hindi Harijan Vidyalaya<br />
*Agrasain Balika Siksha Sadan<br />
*Agrasain Boys' School<br />
*[[Al-Ameen Mission]]<br />
*Ambika Hindi Balika Vidyalaya<br />
*Andul Road Adarsha Vidyayatan<br />
*Arya Balika Vidyalaya <br />
*Arya Banimandir Girls High School<br />
*Asian International School<br />
<br />
==B==<br />
*Baluhati Boys School <br />
*Baluhati Girls School <br />
*[[B. E. College Model School|B.E. College Model School]]<br />
*B. Garden Chittaranjan Adarsha Vidhyalaya<br />
*B.K. Paul Institution<br />
*Bali Chaitalpara M. F. Prah School<br />
*Bally Little Buds Educational Garden<br />
*[[Bally Nischinda Chittaranjan Vidyalaya]]<br />
*Baltikuri Muktaram Dey High School<br />
*Bamangachi Sree Arabinda High School<br />
*Bamangachi Vidyapith<br />
*Bantra B.B.P.C. Girls High School<br />
*Bantra M.S.P.C. High School<br />
*Bantra Rajlaksmi Balika Vidyalaya<br />
*Bator Sikshayatan For Girls<br />
*Belur Girls High School<br />
*Belur Hindi Vidyamandir<br />
*Belur Municipality School<br />
*Bharati Vidyalaya Senior Secondary School<br />
*Binodini Balika Vidyabhaban<br />
*Buxarah High School<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
*Cambridge English School<br />
*Chamrail High School (H.S)<br />
*Chamrail Balika Vidyalaya<br />
*Chengail Shree Vidyaniketan High School (H.S)<br />
*Chirantani Vidyapith<br />
*Christina English Day School<br />
*Cowley Memorial S.t. Monicas School<br />
<br />
==D==<br />
*[[Don Bosco School Liluah]]<br />
*[[Don Bosco School Bagnan]]<br />
*Dasnagar Chapaladevi Balika Vidhalaya<br />
*Dharsa Mihirlal Khan Institution<br />
*Dharsa Prahlad Das Balika Vidhyalaya<br />
<br />
==G==<br />
*Ghusuri Balika Vidyalaya <br />
*Goaberia High School<br />
*Gopal Krishna Shiksha Mandir<br />
*Guru Nanak Public School<br />
*Gyan Mandir Higher Secondary School<br />
*Garbalia Rakhal Chandra Manna Institution<br />
* Ghusuri uchcha madhyamik vidyalaya high<br />
<br />
==H==<br />
*Howrah Modern School<br />
*Howrah Vivekananda Institution<br />
*Howrah Deshbandhu Vidhyalaya<br />
*Howrah Deshbandhu Balika Vidhyalaya<br />
*Howrah Jogesh Chandra Girls High School<br />
*Howrah Janata Adarsh Vidyalaya<br />
*Howrah Rabindra Vidhyamandir<br />
*[[Howrah Ramkrishnapur High School]]<br />
*Howrah Akshay Sikshayatan<br />
*Howrah Bodhoday Academy<br />
*Howrah High School<br />
*Howrah Muslim High School<br />
*Howrah Rabindra Vidyamandir (HS)<br />
*Howrah Sikshasadan High School<br />
*Howrah St. Mark's School<br />
*[[Howrah Zilla School]]<br />
<br />
==I==<br />
*Ichapur Girls High School<br />
*Ichapur High School<br />
*Imperial City School<br />
<br />
==J==<br />
*Jagacha Girls High School<br />
*[[Jagacha High School]]<br />
Jagriti Hindi vidhya Mandir<br />
*Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Howrah<br />
* Jhikira High School<br />
*[https://juliendayschool.org/jds-howrah Julien Day School, Howrah]<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
*[[Kanaipur Sriguru High School]]<br />
*[[Kanduah Mahakali High School]]<br />
*Kendriya Vidyalaya Santragachi<br />
*[[Keshabpur High School]]<br />
*Khasmorah High School<br />
*[[Kolorah High School]]<br />
*Kona High School<br />
*Kendriya Vidyalaya Bamangachi<br />
<br />
==L==<br />
*Little Star High School<br />
*Lyceum English Medium School<br />
<br />
==M==<br />
*Maria's Day School<br />
*[[Mohiary Kundu Chaudhury Institution]]<br />
*Mohiary High School<br />
*Modern Day School<br />
*Motilal Jaiswal Vidyamandir<br />
*Motilal Nehru Smriti Vidyalaya<br />
*Mount Litera Zee School<br />
*MC Kejriwal Vidyapeeth<br />
<br />
==N==<br />
*Napaty High School<br />
*Naskarpara Jutemill Vidyalaya<br />
*Netaji Shubhas Vidyalaya<br />
*Netaji Vidyayatan<br />
*New Korola High School <br />
*Nischinda Balika Vidyapith<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
*Padmapukur Ramkrishna Vidyalaya<br />
* Painting School of Fine Arts, [[Podrah]], Podrah Board Primary School, Andul Road, Near [[Westbank hospital]], Dist. – [[Howrah]], Pin – 711109, [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br />
* Panitras High School, Panitras, Bagnan, Howrah, Pin - 711303, West Bengal, Howrah<br />
*Pally Unnayan School<br />
*Panchanantala High School<br />
*Prasannakumary Balika Sikhasadan, Shibpur<br />
*Phanindranath High School<br />
<br />
==R==<br />
*Rabindra Shiksha Sadan<br />
*Radha Gobinda Vidyamandir<br />
*Radharani Vidyamandir<br />
*Raghunathpur Nafar Academy<br />
*Ratnakar High School<br />
*Rose Bud School<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
*Saint Aloysius Orphanage and Day School<br />
*Saint Dominic Savio School<br />
*Saini International School<br />
*Salkia A.S. High School<br />
*Salkia Adarsh Vidyalaya<br />
*Salkia Kedarnath Babulal Rajgariah Girls High School<br />
*Salkia Hindu School<br />
*Salkia Mrigendra Dutta Smriti Balika Vidyapith<br />
*Salkia Savitri Balika Vidyalaya<br />
*Salkia Vidyapith (high)<br />
*Salkia Vikram Vidyalaya<br />
*Santragachi Bhanumati Balika Vidhyalaya<br />
*[[Santragachi Kedarnath Institution, Howrah]]<br />
*Santragachi Kedarnath Institution (Girls)<br />
*Santragachi Mixed High School<br />
*Santragachi Rail Colony High School<br />
*Satashi High School<br />
*Shalimar Hindi High School<br />
*Shibpur Bengal Jute Mill High School<br />
*Shibpur Bhabani Balika Vidyalaya<br />
*Shibpur Chatterjeehat Girls High School<br />
*Shibpur Chittaranjan Adarsha Vidhyalaya<br />
*Shibpur Dinobandhu Institution<br />
*Shibpur Hindu Girls High School<br />
*Shibpur Jasodamoyee Balika Vidyalaya<br />
*[[Sibpur S.S.P.S Vidyalaya|Shibpur S.S.P.S Vidyalaya]]<br />
*Shibpur Sikshalaya<br />
*Shibpur Sri Ramkrishna Vidyalaya<br />
*Shibpur Ambika Hindi High School<br />
*Shri Baleshwar Adarsh Vidyalaya<br />
*Sonamui Fateh Singh Nahar High School<br />
*[[South End Centre (E.M.) High School]]<br />
*Sri Durga Balika Vidyalaya<br />
*[[Sri Ramkrishna Sikshalaya]]<br />
*St. Agnes’ Convent School<br />
*St. Ann's Day School<br />
*St. Denis School<br />
*St. Helen's School<br />
*St. Johns High School<br />
*[[St. Thomas' High School (Dasnagar)]]<br />
*St. Joseph Day School<br />
*St. Marks School<br />
*St. Paul's Institution<br />
*[[St. Thomas' Church School, Howrah|St. Thomas' Church School]]<br />
*St. Xavier's Public School, Bagnan, Howrah<br />
*Sudhir Memorial Institute, Liluah (Howrah) <br />
*Surendranath Girls High School<br />
*Sunrise English Medium High School<br />
*Swami Vivekananda Convent School<br />
*Srikrishnapur chittaranjan high school<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
*Don Bosco School Liluah<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.schooldekho.org/details/don-bosco-school-50|title=Don Bosco School Liluah|website=SchoolDekho|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref><br />
*[[Tarasundari Balika Vidyabhaban]]<br />
*Tentulkuli High School (H.S.)<br />
*Town School Howrah<br />
<br />
==U==<br />
*Unsani High School<br />
*Usha Martin School<br />
*Ushangini Balika Vidyalaya<br />
<br />
==V==<br />
*[[Vivekananda Institution]]<br />
* Vels Vidyashram, Howrah<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
*http://www.indiacom.com/yellow-pages/schools/howrah/<br />
*http://www.westbengalschools.co.in/howrah/schools-list-1.html<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of schools in India|Howrah]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Howrah district]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonia_Deol&diff=536676Sonia Deol2026-04-09T16:49:06Z<p>RomaineAchen489: new some stub basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British broadcaster}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=December 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sonia Deol<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_place = [[Birmingham]], [[England]],<br />[[United Kingdom]]<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| death_date =<br />
| employer = [[Sunrise Radio]] (1994–2000)<br />[[BBC]] (2000–2012)<br />[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (2012–2015)<br />[[Shaw Media]] (2015–2016)<br />[[Corus Entertainment]]<br />(2016–present)<br />
| death_place =<br />
| occupation = [[Radio personality|Radio presenter]], [[Television presenter]] for [[CHAN-DT]]<br />
| website =<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sonia Deol''' is an [[England|English]] [[radio presenter|radio]] and [[television presenter]] of [[British Indian|Indian]] descent.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Deol's [[Broadcast media|media]] career began before she left school, when at the age of 14 she presented a one{{nbhyph}}off programme to raise money for [[Comic Relief]] on the [[BBC Local Radio]] station, [[BBC Radio WM]].<ref name="BBC-BIO" /> She graduated from the [[University of Hertfordshire]] in 1994 with a BA (Honours) in [[Humanities]].<ref name="BBC-BIO"><br />
{{cite web<br />
| title = Biographies: Sonia Deol - Presenter, Asian Network<br />
| publisher = [[BBC]]<br />
| date = April 2006<br />
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/biographies/biogs/asiannetwork/soniadeol.shtml<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-08 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080415043908/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/biographies/biogs/asiannetwork/soniadeol.shtml <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-04-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
===Early career===<br />
In 1994, after university Deol joined [[Sunrise Radio]].<ref name="BBC-BIO" /><ref name="SE-DEOL"><br />
{{cite web<br />
| title = Profiles: Sonia Deol<br />
| publisher = Somethin' Else<br />
| year = 2008<br />
| url = http://www.somethinelse.com/talent/profiles/soniadeol.html<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-08 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071231044012/http://www.somethinelse.com/talent/profiles/soniadeol.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-12-31}}</ref><ref name="IND549703" /><br />
<br />
In 2000, she was a presenter and newsreader for BBC London. Afterwards she went on Asian network Radio XL presenting their mid-morning show, the first ever phone{{nbhyph}}in show dedicated to the [[British Asian|Asian Community]] in the [[English Midlands|Midlands]].<ref name="BBC-BIO" /><ref name="SE-DEOL" /><ref name="IND549703" /><br />
<br />
===BBC Asian Network: Sonia Deol Show (October 2002{{snd}}April 2006)===<br />
In 2002, Deol returned to the BBC Asian Network, when it was relaunched from a regional Midlands based radio station, to a national, [[Digital Audio Broadcasting]] (DAB) station, presenting the ''Sonia Deol Show''.<ref name="BBC-BIO" /><ref name="BBC2354201"><br />
{{cite news<br />
| title = Keeping out of the ghetto<br />
| publisher = [[BBC News]]<br />
| date = 2002-10-28<br />
| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2354201.stm<br />
| access-date = 2008-02-08<br />
| first=Darryl<br />
| last=Chamberlain<br />
}}</ref><br />
The show was broadcast live on weekdays from 9.00am to 12.00 noon featuring a phone-in and discussion on news, current affairs and matters generally interspersed with music notably [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]. On 26 September 2003 she interviewed Indian film director [[Kaizad Gustad]] about his 2003 [[Bollywood]] film, [[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]].<ref name="BBC030926"><br />
{{cite press release<br />
| title = Gustaad defends controversial sex scenes<br />
| publisher = [[BBC]]<br />
| date = 2003-09-26<br />
| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/09_september/26/soniadeol_boom.shtml<br />
| access-date = 2008-02-08<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 6 October 2003, she was the co-host, with then [[Director-General of the BBC|Director-General]] of the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]], [[Greg Dyke]], of the BBC local radio's [[Frank Gillard Awards]] ceremony held at the [[National Media Museum|National Museum of Photography, Film and Television]] (now renamed the National Media Museum) in [[Bradford]].<ref name="BBC030429"><br />
{{cite press release<br />
| title = Sonia Deol to front Frank Gillard Awards ceremony<br />
| publisher = [[BBC]]<br />
| date = 2003-04-29<br />
| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/04_april/29/sonia_deol.shtml<br />
| access-date = 2008-02-08<br />
}}</ref><br />
In an interview with ''[[The Independent]]'' newspaper in May 2006, Deol would state that co-hosting the awards with Dyke was one of the proudest achievements in her working life.<ref name="IND549703"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|title = Sonia Deol: My Life In Media<br />
|work = [[The Independent]]<br />
|date = 2006-05-22<br />
|url = http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article549703.ece<br />
|access-date = 2008-02-08<br />
|location = London<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001051903/http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article549703.ece<br />
|archive-date = 1 October 2007<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref><br />
Her show won a bronze award in the Interactive Category of the 2003 [[Sony Radio Academy Awards]].<ref name="BBC-BIO" /><br />
<br />
In May 2005 she presented her show live from a temporary "mini radio station" at the [[List of schools in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets#Secondary schools|St Paul's Way Community School]] in [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]], London as part of a series of broadcasts from the school to celebrate the first visit to [[UK|Britain]] of the [[Bangladesh national cricket team]].<ref name="BIZ050510"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|title = Radio Five Live Bangladesh cricket specials<br />
|publisher = bizasia.co.uk<br />
|date = 2005-05-10<br />
|url = http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2005/05/radio_five_live.php <!-- Unreliable source ? See talk page --><br />
|accessdate = 2008-02-08<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504012305/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2005/05/radio_five_live.php<br />
|archivedate = 4 May 2006<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref><br />
On 2 September she presented her show live from [[Paris]], [[France]], one year on from the [[Islamic veil controversy in France#Law and its application|ban]] on wearing headscarves and [[Religious symbolism|religious symbols]] in [[Education in France|French public schools]], often known as the [[French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|French headscarf ban]], looking at the impact the ban had on the Asian community in France and whether the wearing of religious symbols should be banned in [[Education in the United Kingdom|British schools]].<ref name="BIZ050824"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|title = Daily News Snippets: Wed 24th August: BBC Asian Network in Paris<br />
|publisher = bizasia.co.uk<br />
|date = 2005-08-24<br />
|url = http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2005/08/daily_news_snip.php<br />
|access-date = 2008-02-08<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051121020435/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2005/08/daily_news_snip.php<br />
|archive-date = 21 November 2005<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== BBC Asian Network: Sonia Deol on the BBC Asian Network Show (April 2006{{snd}}February 2008) ===<br />
In January 2006, the BBC announced major programme changes for the revamp of the Asian Network which took place the following April. Deol was moved from the mid-morning slot to the breakfast slot,<ref name="BIZ060121"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|title = Sonia Deol moves to Breakfast in Asian Network revamp<br />
|publisher = bizasia.co.uk<br />
|date = 2006-01-21<br />
|url = http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2006/01/sonia_deol_move.php<br />
|access-date = 2008-02-08<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070809214451/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2006/01/sonia_deol_move.php<br />
|archive-date = 9 August 2007<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref><br />
and from 24 April she was the presenter of ''Sonia Deol on the BBC Asian Network'' which was moved back to the 6{{nbsp}}am to 9{{nbsp}}am weekday slot replacing the ''Breakfast Show'',<ref name="BIZ060121"/><ref name="BIZ060324"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|title = Three phases for revamped Asian Network rollout<br />
|publisher = bizasia.co.uk<br />
|date = 2006-03-24<br />
|url = http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2006/03/three_phases_fo.php<br />
|access-date = 2008-02-08<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070809143214/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2006/03/three_phases_fo.php<br />
|archive-date = 9 August 2007<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref> with [[Anita Rani]] taking over the mid-morning slot, having previously filled in on the programme.<ref name="BIZ060121" /> Deol's new show focused on news, music and entertainment and did not have a regular phone-in.<br />
<br />
On the BBC Asian Network her mission has been to broaden the appeal of the network and encourage listeners from backgrounds other than South Asian while maintaining a service to the core audience.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} On her programme she has talked to all the main British political party leaders and many other leading figures from politics, media, films, music and other areas from around the world.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}<br />
<br />
On 18 November, she was nominated in the ''Best UK Asian Radio Show'' category in the annual ''UK Asian Music Awards'' which was held at the [[Hammersmith Palais]] in London on 6 December.<ref name="BIZ061124"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|title = UK AMAs 2006 nominations announced<br />
|publisher = bizasia.co.uk<br />
|date = 2006-11-18<br />
|url = http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2006/11/uk_amas_2006_no.php<br />
|access-date = 2008-02-08<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101218102420/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2006/11/uk_amas_2006_no.php<br />
|archive-date = 18 December 2010<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref> She won the Asian Achievers Media Award for 2006.<ref name="BBC-BIO" /><br />
<br />
On 24 November 2006, she conducted an exclusive interview for her show, which was later repeated on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s [[Today Programme]], with long term prisoner in [[Pakistan]], [[Mirza Tahir Hussain]], from [[Leeds]], who had been released from prison after his [[death sentence]] had been commuted to [[life imprisonment]] by Pakistan President [[Pervez Musharraf]] after many years in which Hussain had been found innocent twice and found guilty by different courts and sentenced to death by hanging numerous times. Deol spoke with him on his return to the UK.<ref name="BBC061124"><br />
{{cite press release<br />
| title = Mirza Tahir Hussain radio exclusive on BBC Asian Network<br />
| publisher = [[BBC]]<br />
| date = 2006-11-24<br />
| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/11_november/24/mirza.shtml<br />
| access-date = 2008-02-08<br />
}}</ref> Deol hosted a special ''Asian Network Report - Big Brother special'' debate, broadcast live from the [[University of East London]] following on from the [[Celebrity Big Brother racism controversy]].<ref name="BIZ070125"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|title = BBC Asian Network to air debate on 'Big Brother'<br />
|publisher = bizasia.co.uk<br />
|date = 2007-01-25<br />
|url = http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2007/01/bbc_asian_netwo_13.php<br />
|access-date = 2008-02-08<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101218062625/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2007/01/bbc_asian_netwo_13.php<br />
|archive-date = 18 December 2010<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref> As part of the 2007 [[Diwali]] celebrations on 9 November, Deol presented a Diwali special on her morning show, which included her talking with British [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] singer, [[Jay Sean]] in the studio about his Diwali plans. These included a visit to a KFC and taking a train from Clapham Junction to Victoria, and then back again to Clapham Junction, while talking for the entire time on a mobile telephone.<ref name="BIZ071105">{{cite news<br />
|title = Spotlight: Diwali special radio & TV shows<br />
|publisher = bizasia.co.uk<br />
|date = 2007-11-05<br />
|url = http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2007/11/spotlight_diwal.php<br />
|access-date = 2008-02-08<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101218025555/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2007/11/spotlight_diwal.php<br />
|archive-date = 18 December 2010<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref>{{Relevance inline|date=January 2017}}<br />
<br />
===Other work (February 2008{{snd}}April 2009)===<br />
She was a roving reporter on ''[[The Heaven and Earth Show]]'' on [[BBC One]] interviewing the likes of [[Olivia Newton-John]] former [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] [[Member of Parliament]], [[Clare Short]]. In September 2007 she began as working as a co-presenter on its successor ''[[The Big Questions]]'', a Sunday morning debate show, presented by [[Nicky Campbell]], also on [[BBC One]].<ref name="SE-DEOL" /> She then appeared as an occasional presenter on [[BBC Breakfast]] at the weekend. She has also presented the West Midlands regional opt-out for ''[[The Politics Show]]'' each Sunday on BBC One.<br />
<ref name="SE-DEOL" /><br />
<br />
===Return to Asian Network (June 2008{{snd}}March 2012)===<br />
Deol returned to the Asian Network January 2010 when she became the presenter of the 10{{nbsp}}am to 12:30{{nbsp}}pm 'morning' show.<br />
<br />
On Sunday 24 January 2010, Deol presented the BBC 1 documentary, ''1984: A Sikh Story'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykcvlKz8JoY|title = - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> where she embarked on a personal journey to unravel the events of 1984, an iconic year for the Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00pzc69|title = BBC One - 1984: A Sikh Story}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2012, Deol broadcast her final show on the BBC Asian Network <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01cmslf|title = BBC Asian Network - Sonia Deol, Tune in for Sonia's final show!}}</ref> to pursue a personal life in Canada.<br />
<br />
===Global BC (November 2015{{snd}}March 2022)===<br />
On 26 November 2015 it was announced that Deol had joined [[CHAN-DT|CHAN-DT (Global BC)]] as a co-presenter of the station's regional morning news program, alongside Steve Darling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalnews.ca/video/2363723/introducing-our-new-morning-news-host-sonia-deol |title=Introducing our new Morning News host Sonia Deol {{!}} Watch News Videos Online |website=globalnews.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208082808/http://globalnews.ca/video/2363723/introducing-our-new-morning-news-host-sonia-deol |archive-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> Previously, she worked occasionally for the CBC in Vancouver as a TV host. She now works at [[Global BC]] as weekend news anchor and reporter.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=1522924|name=Sonia Deol}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060107003800/http://www.radioxl.net/index.html Radio XL website]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deol, Sonia}}<br />
[[Category:1973 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:English radio presenters]]<br />
[[Category:English television presenters]]<br />
[[Category:English Sikhs]]<br />
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:BBC Asian Network presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Mass media people from Birmingham, West Midlands]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Hertfordshire]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=N._Rangaswamy&diff=481333N. Rangaswamy2026-04-06T02:21:09Z<p>RomaineAchen489: adjusted information for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|9th Chief Minister of Puducherry since 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Tamil name|Natesan Krishnasamy Gounder|Rangaswamy}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = N. Rangaswamy<br />
| image = N Rangaswamy.jpg<br />
| caption = Rangaswamy in 2015<br />
| office = Chief Minister of Puducherry<br />
| order = 9th<br />
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''<br />
| suboffice = [[Fourth Rangaswamy ministry|Rangaswamy IV]]<br />
| term_start = 7 May 2021<br />
| term_end =<br />
| lieutenant_governor = {{ubl |[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] (2021–24)|[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] (2024) |[[Kuniyil Kailashnathan]] (2024–)}}<br />
| predecessor = ''[[President's rule]]''<br />
| constituency = [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]]<br />
| term_start1 = 16 May 2011<br />
| term_end1 = 6 June 2016<br />
| lieutenant_governor1 = {{ubl |[[Iqbal Singh (politician, born 1945)|Iqbal Singh]] (2011–2013) |[[Virendra Kataria]] (2013–2014) |[[A. K. Singh]] (2014–2016)}}<br />
| constituency1 = [[Kadirkamam Assembly constituency|Kadirgamam]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[V. Vaithilingam]]<br />
| successor1 = [[V. Narayanasamy]]<br />
| predecessor2 = [[P. Shanmugam (Pondicherry politician)|P. Shanmugam]]<br />
| successor2 = V. Vaithilingam<br />
| lieutenant_governor2 = {{ubl|[[Mukut Mithi]] (2006–2008) |[[Bhupinder Singh Thakur|Bhopinder Singh]] (2008)|[[Govind Singh Gurjar]] |[[Rajani Rai]] |[[K. R. Malkani]] (2002–2003) |[[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]] (2003–2004) |[[Nagendra Nath Jha]] (2004) |[[Madan Mohan Lakhera]] (2004–2006) |[[Mukut Mithi]] (2006)}}<br />
| term_start2 = 27 October 2001<br />
| term_end2 = 4 September 2008<br />
| constituency2 = Thattanchavady<br />
| office3 = 12th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata3 = [[V. Narayanasamy]]<br />
| predecessor3 = V. Vaithilingam<br />
| successor3 = [[R. Siva]]<br />
| term_start3 = 22 August 2016<br />
| term_end3 = 22 February 2021<br />
| constituency3 = [[Indira Nagar Assembly constituency|Indira Nagar]]<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Other ministerial positions<br />
| titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder|embed=yes<br />
| office4 = Minister for Agriculture and Co-operation in the [[Government of Puducherry]]<br />
| term_start4 = 4 June 1991<br />
| term_end4 = 13 May 1996<br />
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata4 = V. Vaithilingam<br />
| office5 = Minister for Tourism, Education, Public Works, Civil Aviation and Art & Culture in the [[Government of Puducherry]]<br />
| term_start5 = 26 May 1996<br />
| term_end5 = 18 March 2000<br />
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata5 = [[R. V. Janakiraman]]<br />
| office6 = Minister for Public Works, Agriculture and Forests in the [[Government of Puducherry]]<br />
| term_start6 = 22 March 2000<br />
| term_end6 = 26 October 2001<br />
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata6 = P. Shanmugam<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}<br />
}}<br />
| office7 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[All India N.R. Congress]]<br />
| term_start7 = 7 February 2011<br />
| predecessor7 = ''Office established''<br />
| 1blankname7 = General Secretary<br />
| 1namedata7 = B. Bhalan (2011-2020) <br> N. S. Jayabal (2025-)<br />
| term_end7 = <br />
| term_start4 = 16 May 2016<br />
| term_end4 = 22 February 2021<br />
| party = [[All India NR Congress]] (since 2011)<br />
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1990–2011)<br />
| birth_name = Natesan Krishnasamy Gounder Rangasamy<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|08|04|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[French India]]<br />
| parents = <br />
}}<br />
'''Natesan Krishnasamy Gounder Rangaswamy''' (born 4 August 1950) is an Indian politician who is serving as the [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]] since May 2021. He has previously served as the chief minister from 2001 to 2008 and from 2011 to 2016. He is the founding president of the political party [[All India N.R. Congress]] (AINRC), which was formed after a breakaway from the [[Indian National Congress]] in 2011.<br />
<br />
Born in 1950, Rangaswamy completed his [[Bachelor of Commerce]] from [[Tagore Arts College]] and [[Bachelor of Laws]] from Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College in [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] in 1977. He contested his first election as the Congress candidate from [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency]] during the [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]. He was elected as a member of the [[Pondicherry Legislative Assembly]] for four consecutive times from the same constituency, having first won in [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]]. He served as a cabinet minister from 1991 to 2001, under three different chief ministers. He became the chief minister of Pondicherry for the first time in October 2001, and was re-appointed to the position after the Congress won the [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006 assembly elections]].<br />
<br />
Rangaswamy stepped down as the chief minister in August 2008 after internal issues within the party. Citing reconcilable differences, he formed his own party, AINRC, and contested in the [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly elections]]. He was elected as a member from the [[Kadirkamam Assembly constituency|Kadirkamam constituency]] and was sworn in the chief minister for the third time in May 2016. He served as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition]] in the assembly from August 2016 to February 2021. His party won the [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]] as a part of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] and he was sworn in as the chief minister for the fourth time on 7 May 2021.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Natesan Krishnasamy Gounder Rangaswamy was born on 4 August 1950 in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] to parents Natesan Krishnasamy and Panchali.<ref name="One">{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/n-rangaswamy-71787.html|title=N Rangaswamy|work=[[One India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://py.erss.in/|title=Emergency Response Support System|work=[[Government of Puducherry]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> He got his [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from [[Tagore Arts College]] and [[Bachelor of Laws]] from Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Puducherry in 1977.<ref name="One"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/Puducherry2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=317|title= N Rangasamy|work=My Neta|access-date=11 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Jagran">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/n-rangasamy-biography-1620384879-1|title=N Rangaswamy|work=[[Jagranjosh]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Rangaswamy contested his first election as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate from [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency]] during the [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="One"/><ref name="IT">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/puducherry/story/puducherry-profile-of-all-india-n-r-congress-chief-n-rangasamy-133706-2011-05-12|title=Rangasamy's clean image helped him humble Congress in Puducherry|date=12 May 2011|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> However, he lost the elections to V. Pethaperumal of the [[Janata Dal]] (JD) by 982 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130547/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> However, the fall of the JD-led government led to the elections to the [[Pondicherry Legislative Assembly]] in [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]]. Rangaswamy contested from the same constituency, and was elected as a member of the legislative assembly, after defeating Pethaperumal by 7,260 votes.<ref name="IT"/><ref>{{cite web|title=1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135604/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> He was appointed as the minister of agriculture and co-operation in the cabinet led by [[V. Vaithilingam]].<ref name="Jagran"/><ref name="IT"/> After he won the [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996 assembly elections]],<ref>{{cite web|title=1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135105/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> he was appointed as the minister for tourism, education, public works, civil aviation and art & culture in the [[R. V. Janakiraman]] cabinet.<ref name="Jagran"/> He won the [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]] assembly elections from Thattanchavady, defeating Pethaperumal for the third time.<ref>{{cite web|title=2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927050359/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref> He served as the minister for public works, agriculture and forests in the [[Government of Puducherry|Pondicherry government]] under the [[Chief Minister of Puducherry|chief ministership]] of [[P. Shanmugam (Pondicherry politician)|P. Shanmugam]] from March 2000 to October 2001.<ref name="Jagran"/><ref name="IT"/><br />
<br />
[[File:N. Rangaswamy, Pondicherry.jpg|thumb|left|Rangaswamy in 2014]]<br />
<br />
Rangaswamy was appointed as the chief minister of Puducherry on 27 October 2001.<ref name="One"/><ref name="Jagran"/> After he led the Congress to victory in the [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006 assembly elections]], in which he was elected for the fourth consecutive time from the same constituency, he was re-appointed as the chief minister for the second time in May 2006.<ref name="One"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2006/may/13ptn1.htm|title=N Rangasamy appointed Pondicherry CM|date=13 May 2006|work=[[Rediff]]|access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> However, following an internal strife within the Congress party, and faced with revolt from his fellow lawmakers, Rangaswamy offered his resignation as the chief minister on 28 August 2008, and was succeeded by Vaithiligam as the chief minister on 4 September 2008.<ref name="Jagran"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/rangasamy-resigns-as-pondy-cm-28981-2008-08-28|title=Rangasamy resigns as Pondy CM|work=[[India Today]]|date=28 August 2008|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Later, on 21 January 2011, he resigned his position as the member of the legislative assembly, and quit the Congress party.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Rangasamy-quits-Congress-resigns-as-MLA/article15526156.ece|title=Rangasamy quits Congress, resigns as MLA|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 January 2011|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2011/Jan/21/rangasamy-quits-congress-220806.html|title=Rangasamy quits Congress|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 January 2011|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:The Chief Minister of Puducherry, Shri N. Rangaswamy calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on March 16, 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Rangaswamy with prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] in March 2015]]<br />
<br />
Ahead of the [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly elections]], Rangaswamy announced the formation of a new party, [[All India N.R. Congress]] (AINRC), on 7 February 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Rangasamy-files-application-for-floating-new-party/article15131844.ece|title=Rangasamy files application for floating new party|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 February 2011|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> In the assembly elections held in April 2011, AINRC contested the elections in an alliance with the [[J. Jayalalithaa]]-led [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), and won 15 out of the 17 seats it contested.<ref name="Jagran"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/puducherry/story/ainrc-aiadmk-front-secures-majority-in-puducherry-133702-2011-05-12|title=AINRC-AIADMK front secures majority in Puducherry|work=[[India Today]]|date=12 May 2011|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> However, after the results, AINRC formed the government independently, with the support of an [[Independent politician|Independent]], which enabled it to get a majority in the 30-seat assembly.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[The Economic Times]]| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayalalithaa-accuses-puducherry-cm-of-betrayal/articleshow/8455005.cms?from=mdr|title=Jayalalithaa accuses Puducherry CM of betrayal|date=20 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2022 }}</ref> Rangaswamy won from the [[Kadirkamam Assembly constituency]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3438-puducherry-2011/|title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2011|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> and was sworn in the chief minister of Puducherry for the third time on 16 May 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/puducherry/story/rangasamy-sworn-in-as-puducherry-chief-minister-133849-2011-05-15|title=Rangasamy sworn in as Puducherry Chief Minister|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 May 2011|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly elections]], AINRC was not part of any coalition after the AIADMK refused an alliance, and contested alone in all the 30 seats.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tamil-nadu-polls-2016-no-alliance-with-ainrc-says-aiadmk-in-puducherry-2203235|title=Tamil Nadu polls 2016: No alliance with AINRC, says AIADMK in Puducherry|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]| date=18 April 2016|access-date=30 June 2022 }}</ref> Though Rangaswamy won from the [[Indira Nagar Assembly constituency]],<ref name="One"/> the party won only eight seats in the assembly. Hence, Rangaswamy resigned as the chief minister on 6 June 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/puducherry2016/Live-Puducherry-Assembly-election-results-2016/article60512135.ece|title=Puducherry CM Rangasamy resigns|date=6 June 2016|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He later served as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition]] in the Puducherry assembly from August 2016 to February 2021.<ref name="One"/><br />
<br />
After the Puducherry government led by [[V. Narayanasamy]] lost a [[trust vote]] in the assembly in February 2021,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/congress-loses-puducherry-narayanasamy-blames-bjp/article33901435.ece|work=[[Business Line]]|date=22 February 2021|title=Congress loses Puducherry|access-date=13 May 2023|archive-date=13 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513204654/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/congress-loses-puducherry-narayanasamy-blames-bjp/article33901435.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021 legislative assembly elections]] were held in April 2021. The AINRC became part of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] and allied with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and the AIADMK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/puducherry-election-2021-ut-registers-81-64-polling-as-congress-led-sda-locks-horns-with-nda-in-bid-to-regain-turf-9502581.html|title=Puducherry Election 2021: UT registers 81.64% polling as Congress-led SDA locks horns with NDA in bid to regain turf|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=6 April 2021|access-date=11 August 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811151409/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/puducherry-election-2021-ut-registers-81-64-polling-as-congress-led-sda-locks-horns-with-nda-in-bid-to-regain-turf-9502581.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The NDA won 16 seats with AINRC winning 10 of the 16 seats it contested in the elections.<ref name="Result">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/puducherry-assembly-polls-2021/story/puducherry-election-results-2021-full-list-of-winners-1798043-2021-05-02|title=Puducherry Election Results 2021: NDA wins in Pondy by bagging 16 seats, here's the list of winners|work=[[India Today]]|date=3 May 2021|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> While Rangaswamy won from Indira Nagar,<ref name="Result"/> he lost from the [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam constituency]] against independent candidate [[Gollapalli Srinivas Ashok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13417-puducherry-general-legislative-election-2021/|title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2021|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> He was sworn in as the chief minister of Puducherry for the fourth time on 7 May 2021 with the support of the BJP and independents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/ainrcs-rangasamy-sworn-in-as-puducherry-chief-minister-for-fourth-time/article34506931.ece|title=AINRC's Rangasamy sworn-in as Puducherry Chief Minister for fourth time|date=7 May 2021|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Policies and governance ==<br />
Rangaswamy is known as "junior [[Kamaraj]]" for his simple lifestyle, and soft-spoken nature.<ref name="IT"/> He earned the title "Makkal Mudhalvar" (people’s chief minister) for his reforms in education, poverty alleviation, and public welfare.<ref name="Jagran"/> During his tenure as chief minister, he had focused on regional development, local administrative reforms, and improved civic infrastructure.<ref name="One"/> He introduced several welfare and development schemes such as the "Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Housing Scheme" to make Puducherry a hut-free region by providing a {{INRconvert|0.1|m}} subsidy for concrete houses, the "Rajiv Gandhi Breakfast Scheme" offering breakfast and milk to government school students, the "Kamaraj Education Assistance Scheme" reimbursing tuition fees for under privileged students studying in professional colleges under the government quota, distribution of free text books and other equipments to school students, and pension scheme for the aged. He also implemented drinking water facilities through construction of overhead tanks.<ref name="One"/><ref name="Jagran"/><ref name="IT"/><br />
<br />
==Elections contested and results==<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Constituency<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
! Votes<br />
! %<br />
! colspan="3" | Opponent<br />
! Votes<br />
! %<br />
! Result<br />
! Margin<br />
! %<br />
|-<br />
! [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|rowspan=5|[[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br />
| 8,521<br />
| 46.00<br />
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}<br />
|rowspan=4|V. Pethaperumal<br />
| 9,503<br />
| 51.31<br />
|{{no2|Lost}}<br />
|{{no2|982}}<br />
|{{no2|5.30}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
| 12,545<br />
| 69.71<br />
| 5,285<br />
| 29.37<br />
|{{yes2|Won}}<br />
|{{yes2|7,260}}<br />
|{{yes2|40.34}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| 9,989<br />
| 42.95<br />
| 7,699<br />
| 33.11<br />
|{{yes2|Won}}<br />
|{{yes2|2,290}}<br />
|{{yes2|9.85}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
| 14,323<br />
| 58.90<br />
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| 8,769<br />
| 36.06<br />
|{{yes2|Won}}<br />
|{{yes2|5,554}}<br />
|{{yes2|22.84}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
| 27,024<br />
| 90.16<br />
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|T. Gunasekaran<br />
| 2,026<br />
| 6.76<br />
|{{yes2|Won}}<br />
|{{yes2|24,998}}<br />
|{{yes2|83.40}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|[[Kadirkamam Assembly constituency|Kadirgamam]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|All India N.R. Congress|rowspan=5}}<br />
| 16,323<br />
| 70.02<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|V. Pethaperumal<br />
| 6,566<br />
| 28.16<br />
|{{yes2|Won}}<br />
|{{yes2|9,757}}<br />
|{{yes2|41.86}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Indira Nagar Assembly constituency|Indira Nagar]]<br />
| 20,685<br />
| 83.77<br />
|rowspan=2|V. Aroumougam<br />
| 4,008<br />
| 16.23<br />
|{{yes2|Won}}<br />
|{{yes2|16,677}}<br />
|{{yes2|67.54}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| 15,463<br />
| 52.53<br />
| 12,059<br />
| 41.09<br />
|{{yes2|Won}}<br />
|{{yes2|3,404}}<br />
|{{yes2|11.44}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|[[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]]<br />
| 16,477<br />
| 47.20<br />
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}<br />
|[[Gollapalli Srinivas Ashok]]<br />
| 17,132<br />
| 49.07<br />
|{{no2|Lost}}<br />
|{{no2|655}}<br />
|{{no2|1.88}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|[[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]]<br />
| 12,978<br />
| 55.02<br />
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|K. Sethu<br />
| 7,522<br />
| 31.89<br />
|{{yes2|Won}}<br />
|{{yes2|5,456}}<br />
|{{yes2|23.13}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|N. Rangaswamy}}<br />
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{{s-ttl|title = [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]]|years =27 October 2001 – 4 September 2008}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[V. Vaithilingam|V Vaithilingam]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before = [[V. Vaithilingam|V Vaithilingam]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title = [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]]|years = 16 May 2011 – 6 June 2016}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[V. Narayanasamy|Narayanasamy]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before = ''[[President's rule]]''}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title = [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]]|years = 7 May 2021 - }}<br />
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{{Chief ministers of Puducherry}}<br />
{{Current Indian chief ministers}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangaswamy, N}}<br />
[[Category:1950 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Chief ministers of Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:All India NR Congress politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]<br />
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]<br />
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1991–1996]]<br />
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1996–2001]]<br />
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 2001–2006]]<br />
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2006–2011]]<br />
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2011–2016]]<br />
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2016–2021]]<br />
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2021–2026]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chalti_Rahe_Zindagi&diff=493213Chalti Rahe Zindagi2026-04-05T11:15:41Z<p>RomaineAchen489: added</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Chalti Rahe Zindagi<br />
| image = Chalti Rahe Zindagi.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Promotional release poster<br />
| director = Aarti S Bagdi<br />
| story = Varsha Kharidaha<br />Aarti S Bagdi<br />Shakir Khan<br />Arun Bhutra<br />
| producer = Ajay Kumar Singh<br />Shakir Khan<br />Rohandeep Singh <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| starring = <br />
| music = Sajjad Ali Chandwani<br />Amit N Dasani<br />Sarthak Karkare <br />
| cinematography = Dharmendra Singh Bhurji <br />
| editing = Sanjay Shri Ingle <br />
| studio = Lovely World Entertainment Production Jumping Tomato Studios <br />
| distributor = [[Zee5]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|07|26}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Chalti Rahe Zindagi''''' is a Hindi film starring [[Seema Biswas]], [[Barkha Sengupta]], [[Rohit Khandelwal]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Manjari Fadnis]], [[Siddhanth Kapoor]]. The film is directed by Aarti S Bagdi and produced by Ajay Kumar Singh, Shakir Khan and Rohandeep Singh.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
"Chalti Rahe Zindagi" is set in suburban [[Mumbai]] during the early days of the COVID19 pandemic. The story revolves around Krishna Bhagat, a local bread supplier to three families in a housing complex. The announcement of a lockdown triggers significant changes in the lives of these families. Arjun returns home to find his wife having an affair with their neighbor's husband. Forced to quarantine together, Arjun and the neighbor's wife, Aru, develop a unique companionship despite the awkward situation. Pressured by her son Akash, a TV journalist, Sushma demands Krishna return the money she had loaned him. This situation becomes a turning point for Akash, leading him to a personal revelation. Leela, an elderly woman with OCD, creates tension in her household. Her daughter-in-law, Naina, and granddaughter, Siya, struggle to cope with Leela's behaviour. In the end, Leela provides unexpected comfort to her family, helping them bond.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-chalti-rahe-zindagi-review-siddhant-kapoor-manjari-fadnavis-relatable-but-boring-lockdown-drama-can-be-skipped-3098598|title=Chalti Rahe Zindagi review: Siddhanth Kapoor's relatable but boring lockdown drama can be skipped|website=DNA India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Produced under the banner of Lovely World Entertainment, the film is produced by Ajay Kumar Singh, Shakir Khan and Rohandeep Singh and directed by Aarti S Bagdi. The story is penned by Varsha Kharidaha, Aarti S Bagdi, Shakir Khan and Arun Bhutra. Lyrics by Shakir Khan, Sarthak Karkare, Mayur Puri. Hariharan, Orunima Bhattacharya, Sarthak Karkare, Nutana Mohan have sung the songs, Music by Sajjad Ali Chandwani, Amit N Dasani, Sarthak Karkare and Background Score by Amit N Dasani, Sajjad Ali – Shafaat Ali. Editing by Sanjay Shri Ingle and Director of Photography by Dharmendra Singh Bhurji.{{cn|date=October 2024}}<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Seema Biswas]]<br />
* [[Barkha Sengupta]]<br />
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]]<br />
* [[Rohit Khandelwal]]<br />
* [[Manjari Fadnis]]<br />
* Siddhanth Kapoor<br />
* Trimala Adhikari<br />
* Smita Bharti<br />
* Vaibhav Anand<br />
* Flora Jacob<br />
* Priyal Pandorwala<br />
* Anaya Sivan<br />
* Meira Sengupta<br />
* Harsh Ghoghalia<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The film, shot during peak lockdown, was made with a desire to be authentic. It celebrates the human spirit to defy the odds with hope and courage. It was the Closing Film title at Diorama International Film Festival in New Delhi, won a Jury Special Mention Award in Washington DC for the 12th DCSAFF in December. <br />
International Premiere at 25th UK Asian Film Festival, London in May 2023. It did an American Premiere at the 14th Chicago South Asian Film Festival (CSAFF) in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manjari-fadnnis-i-have-been-replaced-unfairly-but-interestingly-those-films-didnt-perform-well-at-the-box-office-exclusive/articleshow/112175043.cms|title=Manjari Fadnnis: 'I have been replaced unfairly, but interestingly, those films didn't perform well at the box office' - Exclusive|newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Archika Khurana, of ''[[The Times of India]]'', fount the film was "a poignant reminder of the pandemic's challenges".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chalti Rahe Zindagi Review : A poignant reminder of the pandemic's challenges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/chalti-rahe-zindagi/ottmoviereview/112024369.cms |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In a review for [[DNA (magazine)|DNA]], Riya Sharma, however, found the film was "boring".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chalti Rahe Zindagi review: Siddhanth Kapoor's relatable but boring lockdown drama can be skipped |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-chalti-rahe-zindagi-review-siddhant-kapoor-manjari-fadnavis-relatable-but-boring-lockdown-drama-can-be-skipped-3098598 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> A review in ''[[Times Now]]'' praised the acting and plot but criticised the dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=Chalti Rahe Zindagi Movie Review: A Heartfelt Lockdown Drama That Delivers Relatable, Emotional Journeys |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/chalti-rahe-zindagi-a-heartfelt-lockdown-drama-that-delivers-relatable-emotional-journeys-review-111996759 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{imdb title|tt15378102}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._P._Kothari&diff=495159D. P. Kothari2026-03-25T22:18:22Z<p>RomaineAchen489: added</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian academic}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = D. P. Kothari<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = Kothariiitdelhi.jpg<br />
| signature = <br />
| office2 = Vice-Chancellor [[Vellore Institute of Technology|VIT University]]<br />
| office1 = Honorary Adjunct professor VNIT, Nagpur<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1944|10|07}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bikaner]], Rajasthan, British India<br />
| spouse = Shobha Kothari<br />
| alma_mater = [[BITS, Pilani]]<br />
| profession = Professor, author, consultant|<br />
| term_start2 = 2007<br />
| term_end2 = 2010<br />
| office3 = Director i/c [[IIT Delhi]]<br />
| term_start3 = 2006<br />
| term_end3 = 2006<br />
| predecessor3 = <br />
| successor3 = <br />
| office4 = Deputy Director [[IIT Delhi]]<br />
| term_start4 = 2003<br />
| term_end4 = 2006<br />
| predecessor4 = <br />
| successor4 = <br />
| office5 = Principal, [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology]]<br />
| term_start5 = 1997<br />
| term_end5 = 1998<br />
| office = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dwarkadas Prahladadas Kothari''' (born 7 October 1944)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaninspirer.com/dwarkadas-pralhaddas-kothari-visionary-educationist-author/|title=Dwarkadas Pralhaddas Kothari – The Visionary, Educationist and Author {{!}} BeAnInspirer|last=BeAnInspirer|first=Team|date=2017-10-06|website=Be An Inspirer|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> is an educationist and professor who has held leadership positions at engineering institutions in India including [[IIT Delhi]], [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology]], [[Nagpur]] and [[Vellore Institute of Technology|VIT University]], [[Vellore]]. Currently, He is with Electrical Engineering Department as Hon. Adjunct Professor. As a recognition of his contributions to engineering education, he was honoured as an [[IEEE Fellow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/27/stories/2010122753890300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101025243/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/27/stories/2010122753890300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 January 2011 |title=Tamil Nadu / Vellore News : D.P. Kothari named IEEE Fellow |date=27 December 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=28 October 2011}}</ref> Previously he was Vice-Chancellor at VIT University.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} On his 75th Birthday (07.10.2019), he was given the title of "Electrical Professor" by all his research scholars, faculty and well-wishers and a personal website of him was launched titled [https://electricalprofessor.com/ www.electricalprofessor.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006045429/https://electricalprofessor.com/ |date=6 October 2019 }}. The 75th birthday also marks his 50 years of professional experience.<br />
<br />
==Early life ==<br />
D. P. Kothari was born in [[Bikaner]], Rajasthan, India. He completed his schooling at G. B. M. M. Higher Secondary School in [[Hinganghat]], Maharashtra. <br />
He attended [[BITS, Pilani]], from where he earned his Bachelor in Engineering degree in Electrical Engineering (Class of 1967). He studied for his master's degree in Power Systems at BITS, Pilani (Class of 1969) where he continued to pursue his Ph.D. (Class of 1975).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.openpr.com/print/59752/VIT-Vice-Chancellor-Dr-DP-Kothari-visits-BITS-Pilani | title=VIT Vice Chancellor Dr DP Kothari visits BITS Pilani Rajasthan | date=17 November 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Academic career==<br />
<br />
D. P. Kothari has served as Advisor to the Chancellor at VIT University, Vellore, and prior to that he was Head, Centre for Energy Studies<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?144000 |title=Wind Energy in India: Shifting Paradigms and Challenges Ahead |publisher=Cedb.asce.org |date=13 January 2011 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(2004)130:3(67) |accessdate=28 October 2011|last1=Shikha |last2=Bhatti |first2=T. S. |last3=Kothari |first3=D. P. |journal=Journal of Energy Engineering |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=67–80 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> at IIT Delhi (1995–97) and Principal, Visvesvaraya Regional Engineering College, Nagpur (1997–98).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://5.ijrist.com/editorial-board-members/ |title=Editorial Board Members &#124; International Journal of Research in Science & Technology, ijrist |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143736/http://5.ijrist.com/editorial-board-members/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has also been Director i/c, IIT Delhi (2005) and Deputy Director (Administration), IIT Delhi (2003–06). D. P. Kothari is most popularly known for his contributions to the advancement of engineering education in India. He has published and presented over 842 papers in national and international journals and conferences{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}. He has authored and co-authored 60 books<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_at_ep_srch?_encoding=UTF8&sort=relevancerank&search-alias=books&field-author=D.%20P.%20Kothari |title=D. P. Kothari: Books |publisher=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=28 October 2011}}</ref> including Power System Optimization, Modern Power System Analysis, Electric Machines, Power System Transients, Theory and Problems of Electric Machines, Renewable Energy Sources and Emerging Technologies, and Power System Engineering. His research interests include: Optimal Hydro-thermal Scheduling, Unit Commitment, Maintenance Scheduling, Energy Conservation (loss minimisation and voltage control), and Power Quality and Energy Systems Planning and Modelling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bitsaa.org/news/57490/Jan-2011-Dr.-D-P-Kothari-NAMED-2011-IEEE-FELLOW.htm |title=Dr. D P Kothari, NAMED 2011 IEEE FELLOW – BITSAA International |publisher=Bitsaa.org |accessdate=28 October 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801025321/http://www.bitsaa.org/news/57490/Jan-2011-Dr.-D-P-Kothari-NAMED-2011-IEEE-FELLOW.htm |archive-date=1 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is currently an Honorary Adjunct Professor in VNIT, Nagpur.<br />
<br />
==Awards and honors==<br />
Source:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sites.google.com/site/drdpkothari/home/achievements-awards | title=Achievements/Awards - Dr.D.P.KOTHARI }}</ref><br />
<br />
The University Grants Commission presented him the UGC National [[Swami Pranavananda]] Saraswati Award for 2005 on Education for his scholarly contributions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/page/honours-and-awards.aspx |title=University Grants commission ::Honours & Awards |website=www.ugc.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717005712/http://www.ugc.ac.in/page/Honours-and-Awards.aspx |archive-date=2012-07-17}}</ref> He is the recipient of the National Khosla Lifetime Achievement Award 2005 from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]], National Award for Science and Technology from the [[Uttar Pradesh]] government in 2001 and the Eminent Engineering Personality award from the Institution of Engineers (India) for the year 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/19/stories/2009081952590300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822152404/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/19/stories/2009081952590300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 August 2009 |title=Tamil Nadu / Vellore News : Award for VIT University V–C |date=19 August 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=28 October 2011}}</ref> The World Management Congress, [[New Delhi]], gave D. P. Kothari the Lifetime Achievement Award for 'Educational Planning and Administration' in December 2009.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Electric Machines Information Center: About the Authors|url = http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0070699674/information_center_view0/about_the_authors.html|website = highered.mheducation.com|accessdate = 2015-08-06}}</ref> Dr. D. P. Kothari was selected to receive the Best Professor of the Year 2013 by Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}<br />
<br />
He received Excellent Academic Award at IIT Guwahati by NPSC-2014. In 2016, he has received 9 Life Time Achievement awards by various agencies on 19 February, 4 March, 11 March, 18 March, 20 March and 25 March 2016, 20 April, 14 May 2016, 20 June 2018 respectively.<br />
<br />
==Fellowships==<br />
<br />
* '''Fellow''' – IEEE<ref name=":0" /><br />
* '''Life Fellow''' – The Institution of Engineers (India)<ref name=":0" /><br />
* '''Life Membership and Honorary Fellow''' – Indian Society for Technical Education<br />
* '''Fellow''' – Indian [[National Academy of Sciences]], Allahabad<ref name=":0" /><br />
* '''Fellow''' – Indian National Academy of Engineering<ref name=":0" /><br />
* '''Senior Member''' – CSI<br />
* '''Fellow''' – IETE<br />
<br />
==Books and research papers==<br />
<br />
* D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, "Modern Power System Analysis," Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1980(7 reprints), Second Edition, 1989(25 reprints), Third Edition, 2003(16th reprint 2009); International Edition, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 2004, [[McGraw-Hill]], New York, 2006, Second Edition, 2007, Third Edition, 2008, Fourth Edition, 2011.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxQFM3RkkEC |title=Modern power system analysis – D. P. Kothari, I. J. Nagrath – Google Books |isbn=9780070494893 |access-date=28 October 2011|last1=Kothari |first1=D. P. |last2=Nagrath |first2=I. J. |year=2003 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company }}</ref><br />
* S.S. Murthy, B.P. Singh, D.P. Kothari and C.S. Jha (Eds)"Electro mechanics Laboratory Manual," Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, 1982.<br />
* D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, "Electric Machines," Approved by the UGC and published by Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi with NBT subsidy, First Edition, 1985, (16 Reprints): Second Edition, 1997, (16 Reprints); Third Edition, 2004 (13th reprint 2009). FOURTH EDITION 2010.<br />
* A.K. Mahalanabis, D.P. Kothari and S.I. Ashon, "Computer Aided Power System Analysis and Control," Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1988, (First Reprint, 1991).<br />
* J. Nanda and D.P. Kothari (Eds.),"Recent Trends in Electric Energy Systems," Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1988.<br />
* C.M. Bhatia and D.P. Kothari (Eds.), "Power Electronics Laboratory Manual," Galgotia Book source, New Delhi, 1988.<br />
* D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, "Theory and Problems of Electric Machines TMH Outline Series". Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1991. (Six Reprints) 2nd Edition, 2001(Fifth Reprint, 2003), International Edition, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 2001, Sigma Series, 2006(4th reprint 2009).<br />
* D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath and, "Power Systems Engineering," Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1994. (20 Reprints); 2nd edition, 2007 (5th Reprint 2009).<br />
* A. Chakrabarti, D.P. Kothari and A.K. Mukhopadhyay, "Performance, Operation and Control of EHV Transmission Systems," Wheeler Publishing, New Delhi, 1995<br />
* C.S. Indulkar and D.P. Kothari, K. Ramalingam "Power System Transients: A Statistical Approach," Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1996. SECOND EDITION 2010.<br />
* D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, "Theory and Problems of Basic Electrical Engineering," Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1998.(11th Reprint 2009)<br />
* D.P. Kothari and D.K. Sharma (Eds.), "Energy Engineering : Theory and Practice", S. Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000<br />
* D.P Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, "Basic Electrical Engineering", TMH, New Delhi, 2nd Edn, 2002 (Twentieth Reprint 2009), 3rd Edn,2010.<br />
* D.P. Kothari and J. S. Dhillon, "Power System Optimization", Prentice-Hall of India, 2004.(2nd Edition in Press).<br />
* D.P. Kothari and Anshu Saxena, "Understanding Hypermedia: From Multimedia to Virtual Reality", Prentice-Hall of India, 2004.<br />
* D.P. Kothari, Rakesh Ranjan and K.C. Singhal, "Renewable Energy Sources and Technology", Prentice-Hall of India, 2007. SECOND EDN 2011.<br />
* Akhtar Kalam & D.P. Kothari, "Power System Protection and Communication ", New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers, New Delhi 2010.<br />
* D.P. Kothari and P.M.V. Subba Rao, "Power Generation" in "Springer Handbook of Mechanical Engineering" ed. by Grote, Antonsson, 2009.<br />
* D.P. Kothari, Shailesh Upadhyay and Ujala Shanker, "Renewable Energy Technologies for Cooking: Transforming Rural Lives" IEEE Technology and Society. Fall 2013<br />
*'''For remaining books & papers his C.V. may be consulted in Google.'''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
13.Visit of Dr.D.P.Kothari, Technocrats Institute of Technology (Excellence) Bhopal on 16-11-2022<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{YouTube|gK18OypKye0|Interview}}<br />
* [https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/8160469/cv-dp-kotharipdf-icrepqcom Curriculum Vitae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110812/https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/8160469/cv-dp-kotharipdf-icrepqcom |date=4 March 2016 }}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kothari, D. P.}}<br />
[[Category:1944 births]]<br />
[[Category:Engineers from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Rajasthan]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smriti_Irani&diff=458406Smriti Irani2026-03-22T11:34:22Z<p>RomaineAchen489: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian politician and actress (born 1976)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}} <br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image = Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani in July 2022.jpg<br />
| image_size = 220px<br />
| caption = Official portrait, 2022<br />
| alt = Smriti<br />
| birth_name = Smriti Malhotra<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|03|23}}<ref name="rsprofile">{{cite web |title=Detailed Profile: Smt. Smriti tulsi Irani |url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2180 |website=India.gov.in |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610232534/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2180 |archive-date=10 June 2014}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Zubin Irani|2001}}<br />
| children = 3<br />
| residence = {{ubl|28, Tughlak Crescent, [[New Delhi]]}}<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|politician}}<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| office = [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet Minister]]<br />
| term_start = 26 May 2014<br />
| suboffice = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minority Affairs]]<br />
| subterm = 6 July 2022 – 9 June 2024<br />
| suboffice1 = [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Women and Child Development]]<br />
| subterm1 = 31 May 2019 – 9 June 2024<br />
| subterm2 = 5 July 2016 – 7 July 2021<br />
| suboffice2 = [[Ministry of Textiles|Textiles]]<br />
| suboffice3 = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting]]<br />
| subterm3 = 18 July 2017 – 24 May 2018<br />
| suboffice4 = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Human Resource Development]]<br />
| subterm4 = 26 May 2014 – 5 July 2016<br />
| office4 = <br />
| constituency4 = <br />
| predecessor4 = <br />
| successor4 = <br />
| term_start4 = <br />
| term_end = 9 June 2024<br />
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| predecessor5 = [[Rahul Gandhi]]<br />
| successor5 = [[Kishori Lal Sharma]]<br />
| term_start5 = 23 May 2019<br />
| term_end5 = 4 June 2024<br />
| constituency5 = [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| office8 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[BJP Mahila Morcha]]<br />
| term8 = 24 June 2010 – 24 April 2013<br />
| predecessor8 = Kiran Maheshwari<br />
| successor8 = [[Saroj Pandey]]<br />
| website = <br />
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| term_start6 = 19 August 2011<br />
| predecessor6 = [[Pravin Naik]]<br />
| constituency6 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]<br />
| successor6 = [[Jugalji Mathurji Thakor]]<br />
| term_end6 = 23 May 2019<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Smriti Zubin Irani'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Irani, Smt. Smriti Zubin |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5133?from=amembers |website=Digital Sansad |publisher=National Informatics Centre |language=en}}</ref> ({{nee}} '''Malhotra'''; {{IPA|hns|ˈsmɾɪt̪i ɪˈɾaːni|pron}}; born 23 March 1976) is an Indian politician, actress, fashion model, and television producer. She received widespread acclaim for her role of Tulsi Virani in the soap opera ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' by [[Ekta Kapoor]], which became the most watched show at its time and won her [[List of awards and nominations received by Smriti Irani|numerous accolades]]. A member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), Irani has held various roles within the [[Union Council of Ministers|Indian Union Cabinet]]. Before entering politics, Irani had a successful career in the entertainment industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/29smriti.htm|title=The Smriti Irani journey|date=29 August 2005|publisher=Rediff|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref> In 2025, after nearly 2 decades away from acting, Irani reprised her role of Tulsi Virani in [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Smriti Irani Returns As Tulsi With Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, Reboot Premieres At 10.30 PM July 29 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/smriti-irani-returns-as-tulsi-with-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-reboot-premieres-at-10-30-pm-july-29-8839723 |access-date=8 July 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2025 |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 Promo: Smriti Irani is back as Tulsi Virani; says 'Humara 25 saalon ka rishta hai, waqt aagaya hai aapse milne ka' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-promo-smriti-irani-is-back-as-tulsi-virani-says-humara-25-saalon-ka-rishta-hai-waqt-aagaya-hai-aapse-milne-ka/articleshow/122304331.cms |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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Her paternal family includes Punjabi and Marathi heritage, while her maternal family has a Bengali heritage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2014/nov/27/bengali-marathi-gujarati-english...-multilingual-smriti-charms-mps/dbc21a9ddff2a11125c203d58c8a2f5f|title=Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, English... multilingual Smriti charms MPs|date=27 November 2014|access-date=28 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717100910/https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2014/nov/27/bengali-marathi-gujarati-english...-multilingual-smriti-charms-mps/dbc21a9ddff2a11125c203d58c8a2f5f|archive-date=17 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-multilingualism-an-asset-says-smriti-irani/articleshow/46323921.cms|title=India's multilingualism an asset, says Smriti Irani|date=24 February 2015|work=The Economic Times|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref> Irani joined as a BJP karyakarta in 2003 and since then has completed more than 22 years in the BJP. With over three-generation family of party supporters, from her grandfather as a swayamsevak, and mother as a BJP booth activist, it highlights that her relationship with the party is familial.<br />
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A prominent leader of Bharatiya Janata Party, she had been a member of the Indian parliament from 2011 to 2024, serving in the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Gujarat]] from 2011 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2024 as a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She was also the National President of the BJP Mahila Morcha (the party's women's wing) from 2010 to 2013. Apart from this, Irani has been National Secretary (two terms), National-President Women's Wing and National Executive Member for five terms.<br />
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In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 elections]], she gained the Amethi constituency by defeating opposition leader [[Rahul Gandhi]], then-[[List of national presidents of the Indian National Congress|president of the Indian National Congress]], whose family members had represented the constituency for the previous four decades. She is the only non-Gandhi female politician to have completed five years in Amethi constituency. She subsequently lost the constituency to long time Indian National Congress worker [[Kishori Lal Sharma]] in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 elections]].<br />
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==Early and personal life==<br />
She was born as Smriti Malhotra, the daughter of a half-[[Punjabis|Punjabi]], half-[[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Hindu]] father, Ajay Kumar Malhotra, and a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Hindu]] mother, Shibani née Bagchi.<ref name="rsprofile"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/change-of-role-anyone/story-09RrquZGnSNd4OoNJHdf9L.html |title=Change of role, anyone? |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 April 2013 |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305230313/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/change-of-role-anyone/story-09RrquZGnSNd4OoNJHdf9L.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/smriti-irani.html |title=Smriti Irani Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history |website=elections.in |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016142950/http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/smriti-irani.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She is the eldest among three sisters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/all-the-pms-men-and-women-23-cabinet-ministers/ |title=All the PM's Men and Women: 23 Cabinet ministers |date=27 May 2014 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=ET>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-01/news/43592820_1_smriti-irani-narendra-modi-modi-led-bjp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102132722/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-01/news/43592820_1_smriti-irani-narendra-modi-modi-led-bjp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2013 |title=Rise of Smriti Irani: Journey from bahu of TV to BJP's Vice President |work=The Economic Times |date=1 November 2013}}</ref> Her mother was a member of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Jana Sangh]] and her grandfather was associated with [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref>{{cite news|date=18 April 2014|title=RSS is like a home to me, says Smriti Irani|newspaper=[[Jagran Post]]|url=http://post.jagran.com/rss-is-like-a-home-to-me-says-smriti-irani-1397818300|url-status=dead|access-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090303/http://post.jagran.com/rss-is-like-a-home-to-me-says-smriti-irani-1397818300|archive-date=27 March 2019}}</ref><br />
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She was educated at the [[Holy Child Auxilium School]], [[New Delhi]], which is run by Catholic [[nun]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Convent School in South Delhi Robbed; Alumnus Smriti Irani Visits |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/convent-school-in-south-delhi-vandalised-alumnus-smriti-irani-to-visit-739239 |work=NDTV.com |access-date=17 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807100512/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/convent-school-in-south-delhi-vandalised-alumnus-smriti-irani-to-visit-739239 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, she enrolled in [[School of Open Learning]] at [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Class 12 pass' and education minister? |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/class-12-pass-and-education-minister-no-madhu-kishwar-tells-smriti-irani-1545245.html |access-date=27 May 2014 |newspaper=First Post |archive-date=30 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530014615/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/class-12-pass-and-education-minister-no-madhu-kishwar-tells-smriti-irani-1545245.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Smriti goes back to School |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Smriti-goes-back-to-school/articleshow/7204688.cms |newspaper=TOI |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403180652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Smriti-goes-back-to-school/articleshow/7204688.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, she revealed that she had written her first year [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com.]] exams from that institution, but had not completed the three-year degree course.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Poll Affidavit, Union Minister Smriti Irani Says She's Not a Graduate |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/smriti-irani-in-her-poll-affidavit-admits-she-did-not-complete-her-graduation-2099323.html |access-date=13 April 2019 |work=[[News18]] |date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413095705/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/smriti-irani-in-her-poll-affidavit-admits-she-did-not-complete-her-graduation-2099323.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In 2001, she married a [[Parsi]] businessman, Zubin Irani. In October the same year, the couple had their first child, a son named Zohr.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020310/spectrum/main8.htm |title=Playing Tulsi and Sita with elan |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=10 March 2002 |access-date=19 September 2013 |archive-date=19 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519094904/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020310/spectrum/main8.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2003, the couple had their second child, a daughter named Zoish. Irani is also a stepmother to Shanelle who is Zubin Irani's daughter from his previous marriage to Mona Irani, a coordinator and former beauty contestant.<ref name=FP/><ref>{{cite news |title=Smriti Irani posts pic of family celebrating Amethi win. Don't miss Twinkle Khanna's comment on it |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/smriti-irani-posts-pic-of-family-celebrating-amethi-win-don-t-miss-twinkle-khanna-s-comment-on-it-1534525-2019-05-25?ref=taboola |access-date=21 June 2019 |work=India Today |date=25 May 2019 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616032852/https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/smriti-irani-posts-pic-of-family-celebrating-amethi-win-don-t-miss-twinkle-khanna-s-comment-on-it-1534525-2019-05-25?ref=taboola |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In 2018, responding to queries about her faith, she stated that she is a practising Hindu married to a practising [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]], and that wearing [[sindoor]] is her belief as a Hindu.<ref name="Yet to find a person">{{cite news |date=23 October 2018 |title=Yet to find a person |work=The Statesman |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/yet-to-find-a-person-who-takes-blood-soaked-napkin-to-offer-to-anyone-smriti-irani-1502699955.html |access-date=17 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717111402/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/yet-to-find-a-person-who-takes-blood-soaked-napkin-to-offer-to-anyone-smriti-irani-1502699955.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/smriti-irani-slams-twitter-user-on-asking-gotra-says-sindoor-is-my-belief-now-get-back-to-your-life-785364 |title=Smriti Irani slams Twitter user on asking Gotra, says 'Sindoor is my belief. Now get back to your life' |work=ABP News |date=28 November 2018 |access-date=17 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717111402/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/smriti-irani-slams-twitter-user-on-asking-gotra-says-sindoor-is-my-belief-now-get-back-to-your-life-785364 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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==Career==<br />
Often described as the journey of a middle-class woman from ‘bahu’ of Television world, her role as a television actress to becoming the Vice-President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Maharashtra|Bharatiya Janata Party's Maharashtra Youth Wing]], Irani's career spans multiple fields, including her early work as a McDonald's employee, Miss India contestant, model, and television personality, before transitioning into a prominent political leader.<br />
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Irani began her career with humble beginnings, working at India’s first McDonald’s outlet.<ref name="mcdonalds">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-close/story/20140526-smriti-irani-profile-mcdonalds-801217-2014-05-16 |title=Smriti Irani: From McDonald's to HRD Minister |work=India Today |date=16 May 2014 |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> She later participated in the [[Miss India Worldwide|Miss India]] pageant, where she was a top 10 finalist.<ref name="missindia">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/smriti-iranis-journey-from-miss-india-contestant-to-union-minister/articleshow/69595511.cms |title=Smriti Irani's journey from Miss India contestant to Union Minister |work=The Times of India |date=24 May 2019 |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> Irani subsequently entered the television industry, gaining widespread recognition for her role as ‘Tulsi’ in the popular daily soap opera [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi|Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Th]]<nowiki/>i, a character that became widely popular across Indian households and neighbouring countries.<ref name="kyunki">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/smriti-irani-at-45-a-look-at-her-journey-from-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-to-minister/article34533008.ece |title=Smriti Irani at 45: A look at her journey from Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi to Minister |work=The Hindu |date=23 March 2021 |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref><br />
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Irani started as a BJP karyakarta in 2003, during her television days.<ref name="bjpkaryakarta">{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/57t127LqWJ2Y35zLd19i7J/Smriti-Irani-From-TV-star-to-key-BJP-leader.html |title=Smriti Irani: From TV star to key BJP leader |work=Livemint |date=24 May 2019 |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> Irani has held and served numerous prominent positions, from being elected as Vice-President of the Maharashtra Youth Wing of BJP, Executive Member of the BJP's Central Committee, National Secretary of BJP, All India President of [[BJP Mahila Morcha]], and elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] as a member from [[Gujarat]].<ref name="bjppositions">{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/smriti-irani-a-look-at-her-political-journey-from-tv-star-to-cabinet-minister-2160161.html |title=Smriti Irani: A Look at Her Political Journey From TV Star to Cabinet Minister |work=News18 |date=24 May 2019 |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> She has served as the [[Minister of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]], [[Ministry of Textiles|Minister of Textiles]] in the [[Government of India]], and [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Information and Broadcasting]].<ref name="ministers">{{cite news |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158300 |title=Cabinet Reshuffle: Smriti Irani gets Textiles, Javadekar HRD |work=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=5 July 2016 |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> She was also elected to the [[17th Lok Sabha]] and served as Union Cabinet Minister for both the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] and the [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]].<ref name="lokministers">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/smriti-irani-gets-women-and-child-development-minority-affairs-portfolios/article65529949.ece |title=Smriti Irani gets Women and Child Development, Minority Affairs portfolios |work=The Hindu |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref><br />
===Acting career===<br />
Irani was one of the participants of the beauty pageant [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] 1998 but couldn't reach the top 9, along with [[Gauri Pradhan Tejwani]].<ref name=FP>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/smriti-irani-from-miss-india-finalist-to-tulsi-to-cabinet-minister-1542563.html |title=Smriti Irani: From model to TV's favourite bahu to Cabinet minister |work=Firstpost |date=26 May 2014 |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-date=28 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528234912/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/smriti-irani-from-miss-india-finalist-to-tulsi-to-cabinet-minister-1542563.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/smriti-irani-picture-in-shorts-goes-viral-on-internet-194960-2014-05-29 |title=The Smriti of yesterday |work=India Today |date=29 May 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014 |archive-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115055228/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/smriti-irani-picture-in-shorts-goes-viral-on-internet/1/364270.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-a-little-too-fat-1253901 |title=A little too fat |work=Daily News & Analysis |date=7 May 2009 |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915124409/https://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-a-little-too-fat-1253901 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1998, Irani appeared in a song "''Boliyan''" of the album "''Saawan Mein Lag Gayi Aag''" with [[Mika Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|date=28 May 2014|title=Smriti Irani's transition from an aspiring model to a successful politician|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140527/entertainment-tvmusic/gallery/smriti-irani-model-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528093240/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140527/entertainment-tvmusic/gallery/smriti-irani-model-minister|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 May 2014|publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-music-video-goes-viral-bjp-amethi-candidate-smriti-irani-dancing-with-singer-mik-4572256-NOR.html |title=Viral music video: BJP's Amethi candidate Smriti Irani dancing with singer Mika Singh |work=Daily Bhaskar |date=7 April 2014 |access-date=1 June 2014 |archive-date=5 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605120351/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-music-video-goes-viral-bjp-amethi-candidate-smriti-irani-dancing-with-singer-mik-4572256-NOR.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2000, she made her acting début with TV series ''Aatish'' and ''Hum Hain Kal Aaj Aur Kal'', both of which aired on [[Star Plus]]. Apart from this, she acted in ''Kavita'' on DD metro. In 2000, Irani bagged the lead role of Tulsi Virani in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s production ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' on [[Star Plus]] for which she holds the record of winning five consecutive [[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular]] and four ''[[Indian Telly Awards]].'' Kyunki.. was the most successful serial at that time, largely attributed to Irani's performance and chemistry with lead actors [[Amar Upadhyay]] and [[Ronit Roy]].<ref>{{cite web | title = "25 Years of Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi " |publisher=Kovid Gupta Films| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSYew-BvtNM|date=2025| accessdate =29 April 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Irani had a fallout with the producer [[Ekta Kapoor]] and she left the show in June 2007 and was replaced by [[Gautami Kapoor]]. She made her comeback in May 2008 in a special episode, reconciling with Kapoor. In November 2008, Kyunki came to an end, leading to Irani's decline on TV. Irani's Tulsi avatar became a cultural phenomenon as she was seen as TV's highest paid actress at that time.<ref name=Kyunki>{{cite web|date=29 April 2005|title=Smriti Irani: I don't watch Kyunki|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/29smriti.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=13 February 2013|archive-date=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025024624/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/29smriti.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In 2002, she played the epic character [[Sita]] in [[Zee TV]]'s [[Ramayan (2002 TV series)|Ramayan]] along with [[Nitish Bharadwaj]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=5 June 2009|title=Smriti turns to comedy|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/6463/smriti-turns-comedy.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720080830/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/6463/smriti-turns-comedy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, Irani co-produced the show ''[[Thodi Si Zameen Thoda Sa Aasmaan]]'' under her banner Ugraya Entertainment and co-produced by [[Balaji Telefilms]]. She also played the lead role of Uma in it. In 2007, she produced the TV serial ''[[Virrudh]]'' for [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]] and also portrayed the lead character of Vasudha in it.<ref name=":3" /> She produced ''Mere Apne'' for [[9X (TV channel)|9X]] and portrayed the protagonist alongside [[Vinod Khanna]]. She acted in a supporting role in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]]''.<ref name=TT1>{{cite news |title=Playing Tulsi and Sita with elan |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020310/spectrum/main8.htm |access-date=12 April 2014 |newspaper=The Tribune |date=10 March 2002 |archive-date=19 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519094904/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020310/spectrum/main8.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In 2008, Irani along with [[Sakshi Tanwar]] hosted the show ''[[Yeh Hai Jalwa]]'', a dance based reality show featuring celebrities along with their troops on [[9X (TV channel)|9X]]. In the same year she produced another show on [[Zee TV]], ''[[Waaris (2008 Zee TV series)|Waaris]]'' which ended in 2009. In 2009, she appeared in a comedy show [[Maniben.com]], aired on [[SAB TV]]. She also co-produced the show in collaboration with [[Contiloe Entertainment]]. In 2012, she worked in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] movie ''Amrita''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dubey|first=Rachana|date=23 February 2010|title=Smriti Irani to debut in Bengali film industry|work=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/smriti-irani-to-enter-cinema/article1-511987.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313025026/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/smriti-irani-to-enter-cinema/article1-511987.aspx|archive-date=13 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chatterji|first=Shoma A.|date=19 April 2012|title=Soppy sentimental Bengali debut of Smriti Irani|work=The Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/soppy-sentimental-bengali-debut-of-smriti-irani/938299/|access-date=26 May 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083419/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/soppy-sentimental-bengali-debut-of-smriti-irani/938299/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In 2025, Irani returned to screen as her much loved character Tulsi Virani in ''Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2'' on [[StarPlus]].<br />
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=== The Cultural and Global Impact of [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]===<br />
From the character ‘Tulsi’, Irani’s name resonated almost with every household and people to could easily connect with the character and the storyline. It was the most popular character in the Television serial. The character ‘Tulsi’ was sensation as was the soap opera [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]. There have been many records created while this serial was telecasted. Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi was the first serial in the Television history of [[India]] to surpass 1000+ episodes to air.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-completes-20-years-ekta-recalls-how-she-was-given-rs-1-4-lakh-for-making-the-show/articleshow/76769271.cms |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi completes 20 years; Ekta recalls how she was given Rs. 1.4 lakh for making the show |author=TIMESOFINDIA.COM |website=TIMESOFINDIA.COM |date=20 June 2020 }}</ref> It maintained highest TRP ([[Target rating point]]) for consecutive 5 weeks in a row. The show was aired on Star Plus for 8 years and re-release had viewership of 77 million and is a world record in the entertainment industry. <br />
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Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi was an Indian drama aired on [[StarPlus]] and later in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2010. The show was dubbed into Dari and broadcast on TOLO (TV Channel). It became the most popular television show in Afghan history. It is credited with driving a significant increase in the sales of generator sets and causing absences from religious functions that coincided with its airtime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/saas-bahu-soap-enthralls-afghanistan/articleshow/1536446.cms |title=Saas-bahu soap enthralls Afghanistan |author=Agencies |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=18 May 2006 }}</ref> The show captured the public imagination in Afghanistan to such an extent that, in this deeply conservative Islamic society where family issues are often kept private, it became the dominant topic of discussion around family matters. There were even reports of wedding banquets being interrupted so that guests could gather around the television for a half-hour to watch the show. <br />
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The show had a profound and complex cultural impact in [[Afghanistan]]. The show significantly influenced attitudes towards women, family values, and entertainment practices. It had played a crucial role in bringing people together and promoting shared culture in Afghanistan. TV show influenced the perception of women's roles and rights in Afghanistan, especially among the younger generation. The [[family]] struggles, love, and relationships portrayed in the show have helped the audience remain connected to their [[culture]]. The show have promoted a sense of strong family bonds and cooperation. The strong and self-reliant female characters portrayed in these shows helped empower women and encouraged them to speak up for their rights. Afghans were able to relate to and connect with the traditional values portrayed in the serial.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tulsi-the-most-popular-bahu-of-afghanistan-284663.html |title=Tulsi, the most popular 'bahu' of Afghanistan |author=ANI |website=news18.com |date=7 March 2008 }}</ref><br />
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===Political career===<br />
{{Conservatism in India|Politicians}}<br />
[[File:PM Modi at the Conference of Chairmen of Boards of Governors, and Directors of IITs at Rashtrapati Bhawan.jpg|thumb|Irani, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and former President Pranab Mukherjee at the Conference of Chairmen of Boards of Governors, and Directors of IITs at Rashtrapati Bhawan on 22 August 2014.]]<br />
[[File:Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani taking charge as the Union Minister for Human Resource Development, in New Delhi on May 27, 2014.jpg|alt=|thumb|Irani taking charge as the Union Minister for Human Resource Development, in New Delhi on 27 May 2014]]<br />
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Irani joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2003.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-smriti-irani-is-a-front-runner-for-the-hrd-ministry-here-s-what-you-need-to-know-about-her-journey-from-reel-to-real-1973917 |title=Smriti Irani is a front runner for the HRD ministry: Here's what you need to know about her journey from reel to real |work=Daily News & Analysis |date=26 May 2014 |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215754/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-smriti-irani-is-a-front-runner-for-the-hrd-ministry-here-s-what-you-need-to-know-about-her-journey-from-reel-to-real-1973917 |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, she was appointed vice-president of the Maharashtra Youth Wing in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/08bjp.htm |title=Smriti Irani is now Vice-President of Yuva Morcha |work=Rediff News |date=8 January 2004 |access-date=13 February 2013 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919103145/https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/08bjp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[2004 Indian general election|general elections]] held that year for the 14th [[Lok Sabha]], she contested unsuccessfully against [[Kapil Sibal]] from the [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk constituency]] in [[Delhi]]. That election witnessed a shock defeat for the incumbent Vajpayee government. In December 2004, Irani, blaming then Gujarat Chief Minister, [[Narendra Modi]] for BJP's electoral losses, threatened to fast unto death until he resigned.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tulsi-to-go-on-fast-unto-death/articleshow/956389.cms |title=Tulsi to go on fast unto death |work=The Times of India |date=12 December 2004 |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130425/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tulsi-to-go-on-fast-unto-death/articleshow/956389.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She retracted this demand after the BJP's central leadership threatened to take action against her.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/dec/17kanch.htm |title=Kyunki BJP kabhi different thi |work=Rediff News |date=16 December 2004 |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207200149/https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/dec/17kanch.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-once-a-critic-smriti-irani-now-hardsells-narendra-modi-s-image-to-woo-voters-1979655 |title=Once a critic, Smriti Irani now hardsells Narendra Modi's image to woo voters |work=Daily News & Analysis |date=18 April 2014 |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207200225/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-once-a-critic-smriti-irani-now-hardsells-narendra-modi-s-image-to-woo-voters-1979655 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Irani was nominated as executive member of the central committee of the BJP.<ref name=IndiaToday4414>{{cite news |title=TV actor-turned-politician Smriti Irani to face Rahul Gandhi in Amethi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/highlights/story/smriti-irani-rahul-gandhi-amethi-bjp-congress-2014-lok-sabha-polls-187539-2014-04-04 |access-date=12 April 2014 |newspaper=India Today |date=4 April 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104500/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/smriti-irani-rahul-gandhi-amethi-bjp-congress-2014-lok-sabha-polls/1/352814.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8075:press-bjp-mahila-morcha-president-smt-smriti-irani&catid=68:press-releases&Itemid=494 |title=Press statement issued by BJP Mahila Morcha President, Smt. Smriti Irani |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091141/http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8075:press-bjp-mahila-morcha-president-smt-smriti-irani&catid=68:press-releases&Itemid=494 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the campaign for the 2009 parliamentary elections, while campaigning for [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]] in the [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi constituency]], Irani voiced her concern for women's safety in the city and advocated capital punishment for rapists as a deterrent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/smriti-irani-advocates-capital-punishment-for-rapists/453757/ |title=Smriti Irani advocates 'capital punishment' for rapists |work=The Indian Express |date=2 May 2009 |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083307/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/smriti-irani-advocates-capital-punishment-for-rapists/453757/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In early 2010, Irani was appointed National Secretary of BJP and on 24 June, she was appointed All India President of the BJP's women's wing, BJP Mahila Morcha.<ref name=DNA/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/smriti-irani-takes-over-as-bjp-mahila-morcha-prez/638033 |title=Smriti Irani takes over as BJP Mahila Morcha prez - Indian Express |website=The Indian Express |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915124433/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/smriti-irani-takes-over-as-bjp-mahila-morcha-prez/638033 |url-status=live }}</ref> As National President of BJP Women's Wing, she successfully pursued Permanent Commission for Women in the Indian Army by facilitating legal aid to women officers who held temporary commission and were agitating for permanent commission.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://wcd.nic.in/about-us/meet-cabinet-minister |title=Meet the Cabinet Minister {{!}} Ministry of Women & Child Development {{!}} GoI |website=wcd.nic.in |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405230932/https://wcd.nic.in/about-us/meet-cabinet-minister |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In August 2011, Irani finally entered parliament. She was sworn in as a member of parliament from [[Gujarat]] to the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7247:bjp-mahila-morcha-national-president-mp-smt-smriti-irani&catid=68:press-releases&Itemid=494 |title=Smriti Irani is Member of Parliament from BJP |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191635/http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7247:bjp-mahila-morcha-national-president-mp-smt-smriti-irani&catid=68:press-releases&Itemid=494 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2180 |title=Detailed Profile – Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205543/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2180 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Smriti-Irani-to-head-BJPs-women-wing-in-Himachal/articleshow/6052481.cms |title=Smriti Irani to head BJP's women wing in Himachal |work=The Times of India |date=16 June 2010 |access-date=21 February 2014 |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207151642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Smriti-Irani-to-head-BJPs-women-wing-in-Himachal/articleshow/6052481.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Irani contested the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]] against [[Rahul Gandhi]] in [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]] constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Lok-Sabha-polls-BJP-fields-Smriti-Irani-against-Rahul-Gandhi-in-Amethi/articleshow/33033881.cms |title=Lok Sabha polls: BJP fields Smriti Irani against Rahul Gandhi in Amethi |work=The Times of India |date=1 April 2014 |access-date=3 April 2014 |archive-date=3 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403074024/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Lok-Sabha-polls-BJP-fields-Smriti-Irani-against-Rahul-Gandhi-in-Amethi/articleshow/33033881.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Irani lost to Gandhi by 1,07,923 votes, a 12.32% margin.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2437.htm |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |publisher=ECI |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518233845/http://eciresults.nic.in/Constituencywises2437.htm? |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |page=153 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=30 April 2014 |archive-date=2 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On 26 May 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi appointed her as the Minister of [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Human Resource Development]] in his cabinet.<ref name=HRD>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/modis-complete-cabinet-jaitley-gets-finance-smriti-human-resources-1544129.html |title=Modi's complete cabinet: Jaitley gets Finance, Smriti Human Resources |work=Firstpost |date=27 May 2014 |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-date=30 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530014453/http://www.firstpost.com/india/modis-complete-cabinet-jaitley-gets-finance-smriti-human-resources-1544129.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Youngest-and-oldest-in-Modis-team-are-women--Smriti-Irani-and-Najma-Heptullah/articleshow/35622586.cms |title=Youngest and oldest in Modi's team are women – Smriti Irani and Najma Heptullah |work=The Times of India |date=26 May 2014 |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527192304/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Youngest-and-oldest-in-Modis-team-are-women--Smriti-Irani-and-Najma-Heptullah/articleshow/35622586.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Her appointment was criticised by many people owing to her lack of formal higher education.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Row-over-Smriti-Iranis-educational-qualifications-snowballs-its-Congress-vs-Congress-now/articleshow/35677801.cms |title=Row over Smriti Irani's educational qualifications snowballs, it's Congress vs Congress now |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=PTI |date=28 May 2014 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725161812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Row-over-Smriti-Iranis-educational-qualifications-snowballs-its-Congress-vs-Congress-now/articleshow/35677801.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/12th-pass-Smriti-Irani-not-fit-for-HRD-Madhu-Kishwar/articleshow/35650903.cms |title=12th pass Smriti Irani not fit for HRD: Madhu Kishwar |work=The Times of India |agency=PTI |date=28 May 2014 |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011085002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/12th-pass-Smriti-Irani-not-fit-for-HRD-Madhu-Kishwar/articleshow/35650903.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sengupta |first=Uttam |date=20 April 2015 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/i-wouldnt-trust-her-with-jam-and-pickle-ministry/293992 |title='I Wouldn't Trust Her With Jam And Pickle Ministry |magazine=Outlook |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217213128/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/i-wouldnt-trust-her-with-jam-and-pickle-ministry/293992 |archive-date=17 February 2016}}</ref><br />
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Irani has been accused of misrepresenting her educational qualifications.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DU-suspends-5-for-leaking-Smriti-Irani-documents/articleshow/35804058.cms |title=DU suspends 5 for leaking Smriti Irani documents |website=The Times of India |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013081800/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DU-suspends-5-for-leaking-Smriti-Irani-documents/articleshow/35804058.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Conflicting affidavits were allegedly submitted by her while filing for different elections.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/the-strange-case-of-smriti-irani-ba-pass-in-2004-undergrad-in-2014/20140528.htm |title=The strange case of Smriti Irani: BA pass in 2004, undergrad in 2014 |website=Rediff |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195951/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/the-strange-case-of-smriti-irani-ba-pass-in-2004-undergrad-in-2014/20140528.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2015, a lower court held that the allegations against Irani were maintainable and a delay in prosecution was not a valid reason for dismissal.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/now-smriti-in-trouble-over-her-educational-qualifications/article7351639.ece |title=Now, Smriti in trouble over her educational qualifications |date=25 June 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915124443/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/now-smriti-in-trouble-over-her-educational-qualifications/article7351639.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Irani asked people to file a [[public interest litigation|PIL]] about her educational qualification to know about the truth behind the affidavit controversy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-smriti-irani-has-degree-from-yale-university-asks-to-file-pil-to-unmask-poll-aff-4708804-NOR.html |title=Smriti Irani has a degree from Yale University? HRD minister asks to file PIL to unmask poll affidavit issue |work=dailybhaskar |date=10 August 2014 |access-date=8 November 2014 |archive-date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108210922/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-smriti-irani-has-degree-from-yale-university-asks-to-file-pil-to-unmask-poll-aff-4708804-NOR.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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Irani implemented various reforms in universities during her term as HRD minister.<ref name="caravanmagazine.in">{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Rohini |date=1 November 2016 |title=Smriti Irani's rise from soap star to union minister |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/role-of-a-lifetime-smriti-irani |access-date=25 July 2021 |website=The Caravan |language=en |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713074915/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/role-of-a-lifetime-smriti-irani |url-status=live }}</ref> Irani made a speech in Parliament in which she discussed the [[2016 JNU sedition controversy]] and the [[Suicide of Rohith Vemula]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Smriti-Irani-on-JNU-row-and-Rohith-Vemula-suicide-10-quotes/articleshow/51125748.cms? |title='My name is Smriti Irani. I challenge you to tell me my caste' – Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=24 February 2016 |access-date=1 March 2016 |archive-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229073339/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Smriti-Irani-on-JNU-row-and-Rohith-Vemula-suicide-10-quotes/articleshow/51125748.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[University of Hyderabad]] doctor Rajashree M contradicted some claims made by Irani regarding the circumstances of Rohith's death.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hyderabad-university-doctor-counters-Smriti-Irani-says-Rohith-was-dead-when-she-reached-hostel/articleshow/51142603.cms |title=Hyderabad university doctor counters Smriti Irani, says 'Rohith was dead when she reached hostel' – Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=26 February 2016 |access-date=1 March 2016 |archive-date=1 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301025309/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hyderabad-university-doctor-counters-smriti-irani-says-rohith-was-dead-when-she-reached-hostel/articleshow/51142603.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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She announced to start new yoga departments in six new universities in June 2016.<ref>{{citation |title=At least 6 universities to begin yoga departments next year: Smriti Irani |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/smriti-irani-human-resource-development-minister-at-least-6-universities-to-begin-international-yoga-day-departments-next-year-2861483 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 June 2016 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=19 June 2016 |archive-date=18 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618163356/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/smriti-irani-human-resource-development-minister-at-least-6-universities-to-begin-international-yoga-day-departments-next-year-2861483/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In July 2016, in a cabinet reshuffle Irani was shuffled to the [[Ministry of Textiles]] from MHRD.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/big-time-shuffle-in-narendra-modi-cabinet-here-are-the-changes-made-1311769/ |title=Big time shuffle in Narendra Modi Cabinet: Here are the changes made |last=Shaikh |first=Mohammed Uzair |date=5 July 2016 |website=Latest India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173332/https://www.india.com/news/india/big-time-shuffle-in-narendra-modi-cabinet-here-are-the-changes-made-1311769/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In July 2017, she was handed the additional charge of [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] when former Minister [[Venkaiah Naidu]] resigned from the ministry to take part in vice-presidential elections.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/smriti-irani-gets-ib-ministry-ds-tomar-gets-urban-development-ministry/articleshow/59644413.cms |title=Smriti Irani gets I&B ministry, NS Tomar given urban development ministry |website=The Times of India |date=18 July 2017 |access-date=11 August 2020 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033242/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/smriti-irani-gets-ib-ministry-ds-tomar-gets-urban-development-ministry/articleshow/59644413.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In 2019, Irani became a member of parliament for Amethi constituency after winning the [[Lok Sabha]] seat in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general elections]] from Rahul Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Results 2019: Smriti Irani Defeats Rahul Gandhi In Amethi, And Twitter Can't Even... |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-election-results-2019-smriti-irani-defeats-rahul-gandhi-in-amethi-and-twitter-cant-even-2042320 |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122233336/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-election-results-2019-smriti-irani-defeats-rahul-gandhi-in-amethi-and-twitter-cant-even-2042320 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Election results 2019: Rahul Gandhi concedes defeat as Smriti Irani springs surprise in Amethi |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-results-amethi-congress-bjp-rahul-gandhi-smriti-irani-narendra-modi-5735845/ |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122233336/https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-results-amethi-congress-bjp-rahul-gandhi-smriti-irani-narendra-modi-5735845/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2024 elections Irani lost to Congress Loyalist Kishore Lal Sharma in [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]] by a margin of 1,67,196 votes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prabhu |first1=Sunil |last2=Sanyal |first2=Anindita |date=5 June 2024 |title="How's The Josh? I Say...": Smriti Irani After Losing Amethi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-election-2024-results-live-union-minister-smriti-irani-trails-in-amethi-congress-candidate-leads-5813068 |work=NDTV |access-date=5 June 2024 |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604222856/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-election-2024-results-live-union-minister-smriti-irani-trails-in-amethi-congress-candidate-leads-5813068 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms |work=Economic Times |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=27 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms |archive-date=27 July 2024}}</ref><br />
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====Political Timeline====<br />
'''— 2024 :''' She lost parliamentary constituency [[Amethi]]. <br /><br />
'''— 2022 :''' Union Cabinet Minister, [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]. <br /><br />
'''— 2019 :''' Elected to the 17th [[Lok Sabha]]. Union Cabinet Minister, [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]. <br /><br />
'''— 2017 :''' Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Information and Broadcasting from 18 July 2017 to 14 May 2018. <br /><br />
'''— 2016 :''' Became [[Minister of Textiles]] in the Government of India. <br /><br />
'''— 2014 :''' Contested Loksabha Elections from Amethi against [[Rahul Gandhi]]. Became Minister of Human Resource Development. She also served as a Member of the Committee on Coal and Steel, Parliamentary Forum on Disaster Management, and Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Urban Development. <br /><br />
'''— 2012 :''' Appointed a member of the Indian Parliamentary delegation to the 126th General Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) in [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]]. <br /><br />
'''— 2011 :''' Elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] as a member from Gujarat.<br /> <br />
'''— 2010 :''' Appointed National Secretary of BJP. Became All India President of BJP's women's wing, [[BJP Mahila Morcha]]. <br /><br />
'''— 2004 :''' Became vice-president of the Maharashtra Youth Wing of BJP. Contested Delhi Assembly Elections from Chandni Chowk constituency. Inducted into the Central Committee of BJP as executive member despite losing the election. <br /><br />
'''— 2003 :''' She joined the Bharatiya Janata Party's Maharashtra wing. <br /><br />
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=== Comeback on Television ===<br />
In July 2025, Irani made her return to television after 17 years, reprising her iconic role as Tulsi Virani in the reboot of [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]. The new series premiered on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]] on 29 July 2025 at 10:30 pm and is also available on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |first=News Desk |date=7 July 2025 |title=Smriti Irani to reprise her role as Tulsi Virani from 'Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/smriti-irani-to-reprise-her-role-as-tulsi-virani-from-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi/cid/2111888 |work=Telegraph India}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
==Work undertaken as Union Minister==<br />
Irani was the youngest minister in the cabinet of Narendra Modi. She was also the first woman to hold office as the Union Minister for Human Resource Development and Union Minister of Textiles.<ref name="auto"/> She was also the youngest woman to be nominated to the Rajya Sabha.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mindminesummit.com/Smriti-Z-Irani.html |title=MindMine Summit |website=mindminesummit.com |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173712/http://www.mindminesummit.com/Smriti-Z-Irani.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of her key achievements in various portfolios held by her have been listed below:<br />
<br />
===As Union Minister for Human Resource Development (May 2014–July 2016)===<br />
<br />
In her term as the HRD minister, Irani undertook a number of decisions which helped in improving the quality, inclusivity and outcome of education in the country. Some of the key achievements have been listed as under:<br />
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# The Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gian.iitkgp.ac.in/cgenmenu/guidelines |title=Global Initiative of Academic Networks GIAN) |website=gian.iitkgp.ac.in |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128085503/https://gian.iitkgp.ac.in/cgenmenu/guidelines |url-status=live }}</ref> was launched by the Minister post the retreat of IITs in 2014. The network is an initiative within the Higher Education sector aimed at tapping the talent pool of scientists and entrepreneurs, internationally to encourage their engagement with the institutes of Higher Education in India so as to augment the country's existing academic resources, accelerate the pace of quality reform, and elevate India's scientific and technological capacity to global excellence.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/gian-launched-275175-2015-12-01 |title=Smriti Irani launches GIAN to boost higher education with international collaboration |newspaper=India Today |access-date=27 January 2020 |agency=Ist |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173617/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/gian-launched-275175-2015-12-01 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gian.iitkgp.ac.in/ |title=Global Initiative of Academic Networks GIAN) |website=gian.iitkgp.ac.in |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173338/https://gian.iitkgp.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
# Udaan Yojana and Pragati Scheme launched in 2014 by Irani aims to address the low enrolment of girls in engineering colleges. The scheme has been designed to provide a comprehensive platform to deserving girl students who aspire to pursue higher education in engineering and assist them in preparing for the IIT-JEE while studying in Classes XI and XII.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-kicks-off-bal-swachhta-mission-udaan-scheme-for-girls/articleshow/45152184.cms |title=Government kicks off Bal Swachhta Mission, Udaan scheme for girls |date=14 November 2014 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411145812/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/Government-kicks-off-Bal-Swachhta-Mission-Udaan-scheme-for-girls/articleshow/45152184.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2016, 143 of the 300 girls under the scheme had cleared JEE.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/education/143-of-300-girls-cleared-jee-under-udaan-scheme-smriti-irani_1880831.html |title=143 of 300 girls cleared JEE under Udaan scheme: Smriti Irani |date=29 April 2016 |website=Zee News |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173819/https://zeenews.india.com/news/education/143-of-300-girls-cleared-jee-under-udaan-scheme-smriti-irani_1880831.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year the Pragati Scheme was launched in order to provide financial support and encouragement to female students to pursue technical education.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/govt-has-launched-pragati-scholarship-for-girls-says-smriti-irani-114121100466_1.html |title=Govt. has launched "Pragati Scholarship" for girls, says Smriti Irani |date=11 December 2014 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127174121/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/govt-has-launched-pragati-scholarship-for-girls-says-smriti-irani-114121100466_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smriti Irani: New Education Policy Will Lead To Transformative Restructuring Of Education In India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/new-education-policy-will-lead-transformative-restructuring-of-education-in-india-smriti-irani |access-date=25 October 2020 |website=NDTV.com |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031225741/https://www.ndtv.com/education/new-education-policy-will-lead-transformative-restructuring-of-education-in-india-smriti-irani |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
# Know Your College Portal was launched in the year 2014 for helping a prospective student make a value judgement with regard to the selection of an appropriate college for pursuing higher education by providing the necessary information about the college.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/new-portal-to-help-students-make-decisions-regarding-colleges-114111101030_1.html |title=New portal to help students make decisions regarding colleges |date=11 November 2014 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173339/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/new-portal-to-help-students-make-decisions-regarding-colleges-114111101030_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
# The IMPacting Research INnovation and Technology (IMPRINT) India Scheme, brainchild of Irani was launched by the former President, Pranab Mukherjee and Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=130257 |title=Imprint India Launched by the President of India at the Visitor's Conference |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173331/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx%3Frelid%3D130257 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the first of its kind MHRD supported Pan-IIT + IISc joint initiative to address the major science and engineering challenges that India must address and champion to enable, empower and embolden the nation for inclusive growth and self-reliance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://imprint-india.org/ |title=IMPRINT India Initiative |website=imprint-india.org |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510230405/https://imprint-india.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Within a year of its launch 31 ministries and government departments have proposed to co-fund 229 research projects worth Rs 59,589 lakh at IITs and other premier Indian research institutes.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/single-window-funding-makes-its-imprint-on-campus-rd/articleshow/54554651.cms |title=Single-window funding makes its Imprint on campus R&D |last=Vishnoi |first=Anubhuti |date=28 September 2016 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415184451/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/single-window-funding-makes-its-imprint-on-campus-rd/articleshow/54554651.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
# National institute Ranking Framework is an indigenous ranking framework for higher educational institutions launched by Irani in 2015, It will now allow the students seeking admission into colleges to assess the performance and quality level of different colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/xL8lvEoguDrF60gT3FO9EK/Govt-unveils-framework-to-rank-engineering-management-insti.html |title=Govt unveils indigenous ranking framework for higher education |last=Nanda |first=Prashant K. |date=29 September 2015 |website=Livemint |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173333/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/xL8lvEoguDrF60gT3FO9EK/Govt-unveils-framework-to-rank-engineering-management-insti.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
# SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds), launched in the year 2016 by Irani is a Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCS) platform, which aims at providing online courses, study material and course registration. It has been designed to achieve the three cardinal principles of Education Policy viz., access, equity and quality. It further aims to bridge the digital divide for students who have hitherto remained untouched by the digital revolution and have not been able to join the mainstream of the knowledge economy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/hrd-minster-smriti-irani-announces-mooc-swayam-new-online-higher-education-platform-1461925633-1 |title=HRD Minster Smriti Irani Announces MOOC- SWAYAM: New Online Higher Education Platform |date=29 April 2016 |website=Jagranjosh.com |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173333/https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/hrd-minster-smriti-irani-announces-mooc-swayam-new-online-higher-education-platform-1461925633-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
# Veer Gatha series was launched by the HRD ministry under the leadership of Irani in the year 2016 as an initiative to take the stories of India's bravest of the brave soldiers to young school children and inspire them.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/veer-gatha-govt-launches-major-inspirational-book-series-305509-2016-01-25 |title=Veer Gatha: Govt launches major inspirational book series |newspaper=India Today |access-date=27 January 2020 |agency=Ist |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173337/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/veer-gatha-govt-launches-major-inspirational-book-series-305509-2016-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Union Minister for Textiles (July 2016–July 2021)===<br />
[[File:Smt. Smriti Irani addressing the media persons, on taking charge as the Union Textiles Minister, in New Delhi on July 06, 2016.jpg|thumb|Irani addressing media on taking charge as Union Textiles Minister in New Delhi on 6 July 2016]]<br />
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In July 2016, Irani was given charge of the Textiles Ministry, taking over from [[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiantextilejournal.com/News.aspx?nId=DwR9SaEfrg2m4cQS1pGTkw==&NewsType=Smriti-Irani-is-the-new-Textiles-Minister-India-Sector |title=Indian Textiles Journal - The Indian Textile Journal - Technology & Trade info for tomorrow's Textile Industry. |website=indiantextilejournal.com |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127195113/https://indiantextilejournal.com/News.aspx?nId=DwR9SaEfrg2m4cQS1pGTkw==&NewsType=Smriti-Irani-is-the-new-Textiles-Minister-India-Sector |url-status=dead }}</ref> She held that portfolio for a full five years, until July 2021, having been re-appointed to the position after the parliamentary elections of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Smriti-irani-retains-textiles-ministry-portfolio,1104724.html |title=Smriti Irani retains textiles ministry portfolio |website=FashionNetwork.com |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173335/https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Smriti-irani-retains-textiles-ministry-portfolio,1104724.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her contribution to the sector has been appreciated by various industry bodies like the textile council TEXPROCIL, the Clothing Manufacturers Association of India and the Indian Texpreneurs Federation (ITF).<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/texprocil-congratulates-ministry-of-textiles-for-significant-achievements-in-the-past-4-5-years-844675024.html |title=TEXPROCIL Congratulates Ministry of Textiles for Significant Achievements in the Past 4.5 Years |agency=PR Newswire |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173411/https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/texprocil-congratulates-ministry-of-textiles-for-significant-achievements-in-the-past-4-5-years-844675024.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her significant initiatives as Minister of Textiles include:<br />
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# Apparel Sector Special Package launched in the year 2018, is a Rs. 6,000 crore worth of package launched by Irani in 2016, aimed at strengthening the entire textile industry by providing financial support to small scale players in the industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.simamills.in/latest-news/govts-rs-6000-cr-package-to-boost-apparel-sector-smriti-irani/ |title=Govt's Rs 6,000 cr package to boost apparel sector: Smriti Irani |website=www.simamills.in |access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref> <br />
# Support for Technical Textile, in a bid to fulfil the long-standing demand of the industry, in January 2019, Irani declare technical textile items as a separate category and declared that the government had notified 207 HSN codes as technical textiles. The said move is expected to benefit 900 million farmers in the country and will help the industry to grow over Rs 2&nbsp;trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) in the tech textile sector and help the potential investors to enter into technical textiles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/textiles-minister-calls-for-innovation-in-tech-textiles-sector/article26120165.ece |title=Textiles minister Smriti Irani calls for innovation in tech textiles sector |website=businessline |date=29 January 2019 |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173431/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/textiles-minister-calls-for-innovation-in-tech-textiles-sector/article26120165.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
# Special focus on the North Eastern Regions, during the first term of her tenure as the Minister of Textiles, 21 readymade garment manufacturing units in the north eastern region had been made functional. Special initiatives were taken to further push sericulture in the region, for which Rs. 690 crore had been earmarked.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/smriti-irani-highlights-achievements-key-initiatives-of-textile-ministry/articleshow/62906023.cms |title=Smriti Irani highlights achievements & key initiatives of textile ministry |date=13 February 2018 |first=Rumu |last=Banerjee |website=The Times of India |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/smriti-irani-highlights-achievements-key-initiatives-of-textile-ministry/articleshow/62906023.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
# Silk Samagra Workshop was launched by Irani in 2018, which is an Integrated Scheme for Development of Silk Industry for 3 years from 2017 to 2020. The main objective of the scheme is to maintain Breeders stock, Breed improvement through R&D Projects, Development of mechanised practices, Technology translation through Sericulture Information Linkages and Knowledge System (SILKS) Portal, Mobile Application for Stakeholders and for seed quality monitoring.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192329 |title=Integrated Scheme for Development of Silk Industry |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173717/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D192329 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
# Samarth Scheme, is an aspirational initiative launched by Irani in her second term as the Union Minister for Textiles. The ministry has envisaged an expenditure of over Rs. 1,300 crore to upskill over 4 lakh workers in 16 states.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/textiles-ministry-partners-with-16-states-for-skilling-4-lakh-under-samarth-scheme/article29092868.ece |title=Textiles Ministry partners with 16 states for skilling 4 lakh under 'Samarth' scheme |website=@businessline |date=14 August 2019 |access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref><br />
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===Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting (July 2017–May 2018)===<br />
[[File:Smt. Smriti Irani takes charge as the Minister of Information & Broadcasting, in New Delhi on July 18, 2017.jpg|thumb|Irani takes charge as the Minister of Information & Broadcasting, in New Delhi on 18 July 2017.]]<br />
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# The 48th edition of the International Film Festival of India (IFFI) was held under her watch in November 2017. For the first time, under the Accessible India Campaign of the Government of India, cinematic works were presented in audio-described format for the visually impaired.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/209815-Inviting-film-makers-to-India-is-the-endeavour-of-IFFI-Smriti-Irani |title=Inviting film makers to India is the endeavour of IFFI : Smriti Irani |website=5 Dariya News |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173821/https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/209815-Inviting-film-makers-to-India-is-the-endeavour-of-IFFI-Smriti-Irani |url-status=live }}</ref> Film star [[Shah Rukh Khan]] expressed his admiration in these words: "Great endeavour by I&B Minister Smriti Irani to make IFFI the most inclusive, relevant forum for Indian cinema. My unwavering support to you".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/srk-extends-support-to-iffi-2017-smriti-irani-grateful-117081900412_1.html |title=SRK extends support to IFFI 2017, Smriti Irani grateful |date=19 August 2017 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173333/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/srk-extends-support-to-iffi-2017-smriti-irani-grateful-117081900412_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The event was a star studded one, with Sridevi, AR Rahman, Shahid Kapoor and Vishal Bhardwaj and many other stars registering their presence at the event.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iffi-2017-during-welcome-speech-smriti-irani-says-we-are-a-tolerant-government-4220125.html |title=IFFI 2017: During welcome speech, Smriti Irani says 'we are a tolerant government' |date=21 November 2017 |website=Firstpost |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173333/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iffi-2017-during-welcome-speech-smriti-irani-says-we-are-a-tolerant-government-4220125.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
# In [[Financial Year|FY]] 2017, during Mrs. Irani's term as I&B Minister, the revenue of State-run broadcaster Doordarshan rose to Rs 827.51 crore, surpassing its target of Rs 800 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/3C9fKqrCNh9zNTGXXqoj0L/Doordarshans-revenue-rises-to-Rs82751-crore-in-FY17.html |title=Doordarshan's revenue rises to Rs 827.51 crore in FY17 |last=Ahluwalia |first=Harveen |date=4 April 2017 |website=Livemint |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807055939/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/3C9fKqrCNh9zNTGXXqoj0L/Doordarshans-revenue-rises-to-Rs82751-crore-in-FY17.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Union Minister for Women and Child Developments (May 2019–June 2024)===<br />
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In the second term of the Modi Government, Irani was appointed given the key portfolio Union Minister for Women and Child Development.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/smriti-irani-assumes-charge-as-wcd-minister-119060300691_1.html |title=Smriti Irani assumes charge as WCD minister |date=3 June 2019 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173336/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/smriti-irani-assumes-charge-as-wcd-minister-119060300691_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, in the cabinet re-shuffle of July 2021, Irani was again given the charge of the Ministry of Women and Child Development.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/women-female-ministers-modi-central-bjp-nda-govt-1825236-2021-07-08 |title=Cabinet reshuffle Meet Modi government's women ministers |last=Saha |first=Poulomi |website=India Today |date=8 July 2021}}</ref><br />
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One of her first legislative initiatives as the Minister for WCD was the Amendment to the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2019, which aims to make punishment more stringent and even include death penalty for offenders involved in sexual crimes against minors.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/smriti-irani-introduces-bill-to-amend-pocso-act-in-rajya-sabha/articleshow/70282144.cms |title=Smriti Irani introduces bill to amend POCSO Act in Rajya Sabha |date=18 July 2019 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202085009/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/smriti-irani-introduces-bill-to-amend-pocso-act-in-rajya-sabha/articleshow/70282144.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She undertook the initiative to define "child pornography" and reiterated a "zero tolerance" stance against the crime.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-defines-child-pornography-brings-digital-or-computer-generated-content-under-it-wcd-ministry-119071101487_1.html |title=Govt defines child pornography, brings digital or computer generated content under it: WCD Ministry |agency=Press Trust of India |date=11 July 2019 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127174242/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-defines-child-pornography-brings-digital-or-computer-generated-content-under-it-wcd-ministry-119071101487_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-approves-changes-in-pocso-act-includes-death-penalty-for-sexual-offences-against-children/articleshow/70159690.cms |title=Government approves changes in POCSO Act, includes death penalty for sexual offences against children |date=10 July 2019 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711034531/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-approves-changes-in-pocso-act-includes-death-penalty-for-sexual-offences-against-children/articleshow/70159690.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh, As part of the Poshan Abhiyaan, Irani along with Bill Gates, through his foundation, announced the launch of India's first Poshan Atlas, Bhartiya Poshan Krishi Kosh(BPKK) in order to create a repository of diverse crops across 127 agro-climatic zones of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/government-unveils-bharatiya-poshan-krishi-kosh-to-help-fight-malnutrition-heres-all-you-need-to-know-39871/ |title=Government Unveils Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh To Help Fight Malnutrition, Here's All You Need To Know {{!}} News |date=18 November 2019 |website=NDTV |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127173336/https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/government-unveils-bharatiya-poshan-krishi-kosh-to-help-fight-malnutrition-heres-all-you-need-to-know-39871/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== Union Minister for Minority Affairs (July 2022 - June 2024) ===<br />
In August 2023, Irani introduced ‘Naya Savera’ scheme (‘Free Coaching and Allied’ scheme) to assist students belonging to the six minority communities namely Sikh, Jain, Muslim, Christian, Buddhist and Parsi by way of special coaching for qualifying examinations for admission in technical/professional courses and competitive examination for recruitment.<ref>{{Cite news |title=1.19 lakh students benefited under Naya Savera Scheme |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/business/119-lakh-students-benefited-under-naya-savera-scheme |work=DD News |date=4 August 2023 |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207232303/https://ddnews.gov.in/business/119-lakh-students-benefited-under-naya-savera-scheme |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saurabh |date=5 August 2023 |title=Ministry implemented 'Naya Savera' or 'Free Coaching and Allied' scheme |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/ministry-implemented-naya-savera-or-free-coaching-and-allied-scheme/ |work=Adda247 |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112072421/https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/ministry-implemented-naya-savera-or-free-coaching-and-allied-scheme/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In January 2024, Irani became the only non-muslim on her historical visit to the holy site of [[Medina]] led by the Saudi-Arabian delegates, where she signed the Hajj agreement 2024, and brought home increased quota for [[Hajj]] trip for Muslims in India.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sagar |first=Pradip P |date=10 January 2024 |title=When Smriti Irani led a rare non-Muslim delegation to Madinah |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/when-smriti-irani-led-a-rare-non-muslim-delegation-to-madinah-2487021-2024-01-10 |magazine=India Today |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma +first=Mukul |date=10 January 2024 |title=Minority affairs minister Smriti Irani brings home increased Haj quota for Indian Muslims |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indian-minister-smriti-irani-brings-home-increased-haj-quota-for-muslims-678583 |work=WION |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref><br />
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== MP from Amethi ==<br />
Irani, in [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general elections]], in [[Amethi]] constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]], won against [[Rahul Gandhi]], President of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 55,120 votes who previously seat held since 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amethi Constituency Election Result: Smriti Irani defeats Rahul Gandhi by 55,120 votes {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amethi-constituency-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-smriti-leads-rahul-trails/articleshow/69454917.cms |access-date=5 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=24 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131154055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amethi-constituency-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-smriti-leads-rahul-trails/articleshow/69454917.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-the-north-remembers-smriti-irani-after-dethroning-rahul-gandhi/story-NV1Nht3oOipyzRgZ2ZWpgJ.html |title=Lok Sabha elections 2019: 'The North Remembers', Smriti Irani after dethroning Rahul Gandhi |date=24 May 2019 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524071430/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-the-north-remembers-smriti-irani-after-dethroning-rahul-gandhi/story-NV1Nht3oOipyzRgZ2ZWpgJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/rahul-gandhi-lacks-experience-hasnt-even-run-a-panchayat-sm-krishna-on-congress-landslide-defeat/424420 |title=Rahul Gandhi lacks experience, hasn't even run a panchayat: SM Krishna on Congress' landslide defeat {{!}} India News |website=[[Times Now]] |date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524071431/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/rahul-gandhi-lacks-experience-hasnt-even-run-a-panchayat-sm-krishna-on-congress-landslide-defeat/424420 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/smriti-irani-bjps-giant-killer-who-defeated-rahul-gandhi-in-amethi-2205835.html |title=Smriti Irani, BJP's giant killer who defeated Rahul Gandhi in Amethi |date=24 May 2019 |website=Zee News |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-date=16 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916144858/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/smriti-irani-bjps-giant-killer-who-defeated-rahul-gandhi-in-amethi-2205835.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its leadership put in an all around effort over the past five years to ensure this win after her loss to Gandhi by 1,07,923 votes, a 12.32% margin in [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/> Irani made multiple visits to Amethi after her loss to launch central development schemes in the constituency, to underscore her message that she would provide better representation than the incumbent member. In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general elections]] however, Irani lost the Amethi seat to the Indian National Congress' candidate [[Kishori Lal Sharma]] by a margin of 167,196 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections results: Smriti Irani concedes defeat in Amethi by Congress' KL Sharma; BJP workers break down in tears |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lok-sabha-elections-results-smriti-irani-concedes-defeat-in-amethi-by-congress-kl-sharma-bjp-workers-break-down-in-tears/videoshow/110717754.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=5 June 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024 |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605041651/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lok-sabha-elections-results-smriti-irani-concedes-defeat-in-amethi-by-congress-kl-sharma-bjp-workers-break-down-in-tears/videoshow/110717754.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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==Controversies==<br />
=== Undergraduate degree ===<br />
Irani was accused of providing contradictory affidavits about her educational qualifications during different elections. In her affidavit for the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, she reportedly stated her educational qualification as B.A. from Delhi University. However, while filing affidavits in her nomination papers for Rajya Sabha from Gujarat in 2011 and Lok Sabha from Uttar Pradesh in 2014, she said her highest educational qualification was, B.com, Part 1 from [[School of Open Learning]] at [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://docs.myneta.info/affidavits/rajsab09aff/318/Smriti%20Irani.pdf |title=Smt. Smriti Irani (Scanned Rajya Sabha Affidavit, Gujarat 2011) |date=11 July 2011 |website=MyNeta |publisher=Association for Democratic Reforms |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729164708/http://docs.myneta.info/affidavits/rajsab09aff/318/Smriti%20Irani.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2017 |quote=Highest educational qualification: B.Com Part I School of Correspondence - University of Delhi - 1994}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
She later claimed that she has done B.com, Part 1 from Delhi University (not completing the full course till Part 3) in the affidavit she filed for Rajya Sabha elections from Gujarat in 2017 which stated "''Bachelor of Commerce, Part 1. Three year degree course not completed''".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/rajyasabha/PDF%20Files/8.pdf |title=Mrs. Smriti Irani (Scanned Rajya Sabha Affidavit, Gujarat 2017) |date=27 July 2017 |website=Gujarat Vidhan Sabha (Gujarat Legislative Assembly) |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6sMlKsxH1?url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/rajyasabha/PDF%20Files/8.pdf |archive-date=31 July 2017 |url-status=live |quote=Bachelor of Commerce, Part - 1 (Three year degree course not completed), School of Open Learning (Correspondence), University of Delhi, 1994}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8937644_Shah-s-assets-grew-three-times--Irani-still-not-graduate.html |title=Shah's assets grew three times, Irani still not graduate |date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731104032/http://www.ptinews.com/news/8937644_Shah-s-assets-grew-three-times--Irani-still-not-graduate.html |archive-date=31 July 2017 |url-status=live |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
A freelance writer Ahmer Khan filed a complaint in April 2015 that Irani had filed an affidavit in April 2004 for the Lok Sabha elections, stating that she had completed her Bachelor of Arts in 1996 from School of Correspondence (Delhi University) but in another affidavit of 16 April 2014, filed by her for the Lok Sabha polls, it was said that she was a Bachelor of Commerce Part-I from the School of Open Learning (Delhi University). The plea said that the facts and circumstances reveal commission of offences by Irani under section 125A (which deals with penalty of filing false affidavit and entails a jail term<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/smriti-iranis-degree-row-court-asks-ec-du-to-bring-records/ |title=Smriti Irani's degree row: Court asks EC, DU to bring records |date=17 March 2016 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014026/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/smriti-iranis-degree-row-court-asks-ec-du-to-bring-records/ |url-status=live }}</ref>) of the Representation of People Act, 1951.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsworldindia.in/india/smriti-irani-fake-degree-case-court-reserves-order-verdict-on-june-24/46159/ |title=Smriti Irani Fake Degree Case: Court Reserves Order, Verdict On June 24 - News World India |website=newsworldindia.in |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115221701/http://www.newsworldindia.in/india/smriti-irani-fake-degree-case-court-reserves-order-verdict-on-june-24/46159/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The court had on 20 November 2016 allowed the complainant's plea seeking direction to the officials of EC and DU to bring the records of Ms. Irani's qualifications after he said he was unable to place them before the court. During the hearings of the complaint, the court was told by a poll panel official that the documents filed by Ms. Irani regarding her educational qualification while filing nominations were not traceable. Also, in pursuance of the court's earlier direction, Delhi University had also submitted that the documents pertaining to Ms. Irani's BA course in 1996, as purportedly mentioned by her in an affidavit filed during 2004 Lok Sabha elections, were yet to be found.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/smriti-iranis-fake-degree-case-court-summons-documents-from-election-commission-1471093 |title=Smriti Irani's Degree Case: Court Summons Documents From Election Panel |website=ndtv.com |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107112850/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/smriti-iranis-fake-degree-case-court-summons-documents-from-election-commission-1471093 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 18 October 2016, a Delhi court said that Irani will not be summoned for the fake degree case because the petition filed against Irani questioning her college degrees was an attempt to harass her.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Tanima |last2=Panicker |first2=Raija Susan |title=Fake Degree Case Filed To Harass Smriti Irani, Says Delhi Court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/fake-degree-case-filed-to-harass-smriti-irani-says-delhi-court-1475833 |access-date=31 May 2023 |work=NDTV |date=18 October 2016 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419161117/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/fake-degree-case-filed-to-harass-smriti-irani-says-delhi-court-1475833 |url-status=live }}</ref> The court said that the complainant may not have filed it if she were not a central minister. Metropolitan Magistrate Harvinder Singh said that original evidence had already been lost due to the passage of years, secondary evidence wasn't enough for court. The Magistrate also said that the complainant made a "delay of 11 years" in filing the complaint against Irani.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/relief-smriti-irani-delhi-court-132041138.html |title=Relief for Smriti Irani as Delhi court dismisses fake degree case |publisher=Yahoo! |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030253/https://in.news.yahoo.com/relief-smriti-irani-delhi-court-132041138.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This verdict of the lower court was challenged in the Delhi High Court and the court asked all the records of the case to be handed over to it in order to examine case records before deciding to summon Irani or anyone else.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Sunetra |date=23 May 2017 |title=Smriti Irani Fake Degree Row Back? High Court Asks For Records |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/smriti-irani-fake-degree-row-back-delhi-high-court-asks-for-educational-records-1697218 |access-date=15 November 2022 |work=NDTV |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115225856/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/smriti-irani-fake-degree-row-back-delhi-high-court-asks-for-educational-records-1697218 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2017 |title='Fake degree' row back to haunt Smriti Irani as fresh petition filed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/fake-degree-row-back-to-haunt-smriti-irani-as-fresh-petition-filed-4670072/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |work=The Indian Express |agency=PTI |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115225857/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/fake-degree-row-back-to-haunt-smriti-irani-as-fresh-petition-filed-4670072/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Electoral history==<br />
===Lok Sabha Elections===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;background:#FBEBDD;text-align:center"<br />
!style="background-color:#F98C1F;color:white" rowspan=2|Elections<br />
!style="background-color:#F98C1F;color:white" rowspan=2|Lok Sabha<br />
!style="background-color:#F98C1F;color:white" rowspan=2|Constituency<br />
!style="background-color:#F98C1F;color:white" colspan=3 rowspan=2|Political party<br />
!style="background-color:#F98C1F;color:white" rowspan=2|Result<br />
!style="background-color:#F98C1F;color:white" rowspan=2|Vote percentage<br />
!style="background-color:#F98C1F;color:white" colspan=5|Opposition<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#F98C1F;color:white"|Candidate<br />
!style="background-color:#F98C1F;color:white" colspan=3|Political party<br />
!style="background-color:#F98C1F;color:white"|Vote percentage<br />
|-<br />
|2004|| 14th ||Chandni Chowk||BJP||[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Lost}}||26.80%||Kapil Sibal||INC||[[File:Hand INC.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}||71.17%<br />
|-<br />
|2014|| 16th ||Amethi||BJP||[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Lost}}||34.38%||Rahul Gandhi||INC||[[File:Hand INC.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}||46.71%<br />
|-<br />
|2019|| 17th ||Amethi||BJP||[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||49.71%||Rahul Gandhi||INC||[[File:Hand INC.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}||43.84%<br />
|-<br />
|2024|| 18th ||Amethi||BJP||[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Lost}}||37.94%||Kishori Lal Sharma||INC||[[File:Hand INC.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}||54.99%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year !! Show !! Character <br />
|-<br />
| 1999<br />
| ''Aatish''<br />
| Younger twin sister<br />
|-<br />
| 2000–2008<br />
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''<br />
| Tulsi Virani<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| ''Hum Hain Kal Aaj Aur Kal''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| ''[[Kavita (TV series)|Kavita]]''<br />
| Kavita<br />
|-<br />
| 2001–2003<br />
| ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]''<br />
| Smriti<br />
|-<br />
| 2001–2002<br />
| ''[[Ramayan (2001 TV series)|Ramayan]]''<br />
| [[Sita]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2003<br />
| ''[[Kuch... Diiil Se]]''<br />
| Host<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030706/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Kuch Dil Se|access-date=23 June 2022|publisher=[[Tribune India]] - Spectrum|date=6 July 2003|archive-date=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623094635/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030706/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2006–2007<br />
| ''[[Thodi Si Zameen Thoda Sa Aasmaan]]''<br />
| Uma<br />
|-<br />
| 2007–2008<br />
| ''[[Virrudh]]''<br />
| Vasudha Sharma<br />
|-<br />
| 2007–2008<br />
| Mere Apne<br />
| Sharda<br />
|-<br />
| 2007–2008<br />
| ''[[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]]''<br />
| Vrinda Desai<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| ''[[Yeh Hai Jalwa]]''<br />
| Host <br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| ''[[Waaris (2008 Zee TV series)|Waaris]]''<br />
| Producer<br />
|-<br />
| 2009–2010<br />
| ''[[Maniben.com]]''<br />
| Maniben Patel<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Smriti-Irani-is-getting-crime-time-on-Savadhan-India/Article1-955045.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106094424/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Smriti-Irani-is-getting-crime-time-on-Savadhan-India/Article1-955045.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Smriti Back on television with Savdhaan India}}</ref><br />
| Host<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
| ''[[Ek Thhi Naayka]]''<br />
| Swati<br />
|-<br />
| 2025–present<br />
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]''<br />
|Tulsi <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Theatre projects===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Projects!! Language!! Character<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein''<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| Sargam<br />
|-<br />
| ''Maniben.com''<br />
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
| Mani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Koi Taru Bau Saru Thayu''<br />
| Gujarati<br />
| Devika<br />
|-<br />
| ''Muktidhaam''<br />
| Gujarati<br />
| Mother<br />
|-<br />
| ''Garv Thi Kaho Ame Gujarati Chhiye''<br />
| Gujarati<br />
| Mridula<br />
|-<br />
| ''Jai Bolo Telangana''<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| Mother<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film !! Character !! Language<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| ''[[Malik Ek]]''<br />
| Dwarkamai<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| ''[[Jai Bolo Telangana]]''<br />
| Activist<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''Amrita''<br />
| Amrita<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Other work==<br />
Irani's debut novel is ''Lal Salaam'', published by [[Westland Books|Westland publishers]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2021|title=Smriti Irani at launch of her novel: 'I stepped out to live my life and then history happened'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/smriti-irani-book-launch-lal-salaam-7679563/|access-date=11 February 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211165503/https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/smriti-irani-book-launch-lal-salaam-7679563/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Irani|first=Smriti Zubin|date=29 November 2021|title='Lal Salaam': Smriti Irani's novel is based on the killing of 76 CRPF men by Maoists in Dantewada|url=https://scroll.in/article/1011600/lal-salaam-smriti-iranis-novel-is-based-on-the-killing-of-76-crpf-men-by-maoists-in-dantewada|access-date=11 February 2022|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211165503/https://scroll.in/article/1011600/lal-salaam-smriti-iranis-novel-is-based-on-the-killing-of-76-crpf-men-by-maoists-in-dantewada|url-status=live}}</ref> It is inspired by the [[April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada]] and the role of the central police forces in insurgencies.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 November 2021|title=Smriti Irani turns author with 'Lal Salaam', novel pays tribute to 76 CRPF personnel martyred in 2010 Dantewada attack|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/smriti-irani-makes-her-debut-as-an-author-with-novel-lal-salaam-a-tribute-to-76-crpf-personnel-martyred-in-2010-dantewada-attack/articleshow/87975165.cms|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211165806/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/smriti-irani-makes-her-debut-as-an-author-with-novel-lal-salaam-a-tribute-to-76-crpf-personnel-martyred-in-2010-dantewada-attack/articleshow/87975165.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
She is the founder of the Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality, a [[World Economic Forum]] initiative aligned with [[BIMSTEC]] and [[G20]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalgoodalliance.in/Newsletters2024/April/ |title=Equality for Prosperity |website=globalgoodalliance.in |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref> focused on addressing social and economic disparities through gender-focused programs.<ref>{{Cite news |author=NewsVoir |date=28 January 2025 |title=Smriti Irani Leads a Transformative Gender Equity Agenda at Davos 2025 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/smriti-irani-leads-a-transformative-gender-equity-agenda-at-davos-2025-125012800031_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref> As a Strategic Advisor to the Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT), she represents the interests of 80 million small traders in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://cait.in/2024/08/24/in-the-annual-general-meeting-of-cait-the-decision-to-empower-300000-women-entrepreneurs-by-providing-them-positions-from-the-national-to-the-taluka-level-was-unanimously-passed/ |title=In the annual general meeting of CAIT, the decision to empower 300,000 women entrepreneurs by providing them positions from the national to the taluka level was unanimously passed |website=cait.in |date=24 August 2024 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> She also serves as an Advisory Board Member for the Women’s Collective Forum, dedicated to promoting gender equality and advancing women’s health, education, and entrepreneurship.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/smriti-irani-calls-for-greater-global-cooperation-to-empower-women/articleshow/117523514.cms |title=Smriti Irani calls for greater global cooperation to empower women |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=24 January 2025 |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref> Additionally, she is the Vice-President of The Loomba Foundation, which supports widows and their children globally, regardless of race, gender, or religion.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/delhi-smriti-irani-addresses-launch-of-her-skill-her-future-initiative-to-empower-100000-widows20250111043622/ |title=Delhi: Smriti Irani addresses launch of 'Her Skill, Her Future' initiative to empower 100,000 widows |work=ANI News |date=11 January 2025 |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref> She has also represented the [[Asia-Pacific]] Region at the 126th [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] Assembly.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/showfile.php?lang=2&level=0&ls_id=13&lid=30 |title=Smriti Irani Bio |website=minorityaffairs.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Smriti Irani}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Smriti Irani|b=no|n=no|q=Smriti Irani|s=no|v=no|species=no|display=Smriti Irani}}<br />
* [https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5133?from=amembers Detailed Profile: Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani]<br />
<br />
* {{Twitter|smritiirani}}<br />
<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
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|list1= <br />
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{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament<br />for [[Rajya Sabha]] [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]] |years=19 August 2011 – 23 May 2019}}<br />
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{{s-bef|before=[[Santosh Gangwar]]<br/>''Minister of State with <br/>Independent charge''}}<br />
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Minister of Women and Child Development]]|years=30 May 2019 – present}}<br />
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{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}<br />
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{{17th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{Ministers of Information and Broadcasting}}<br />
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{{Navboxes<br />
| title = Awards for Smriti Irani<br />
| list =<br />
{{Indian Telly Award Best Lead Actress}}<br />
{{Indian Telly Award Best Television Personality}}<br />
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actress}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani, Smriti}}<br />
[[Category:1976 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television producers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi women]]<br />
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]<br />
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]<br />
[[Category:People who fabricated academic degrees]]<br />
[[Category:Women in Gujarat politics]]<br />
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers of education of India]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers for information and broadcasting of India]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers of minority affairs]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Cabinet of India]]<br />
[[Category:Women's ministers of India]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khwaja_Khalil_Ahmad_Shah&diff=509889Khwaja Khalil Ahmad Shah2026-03-14T20:54:45Z<p>RomaineAchen489: Started Some Bio V1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician and independence activist (1890–1965)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Khwaja Khalil Ahmad Shah<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 9 December 1890<br />
| birth_place = Qazipura, [[Bahraich]], [[North-Western Provinces]], British India<br />
| death_date = 1965<br />
| death_place = Bahraich, [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Politician, social worker, and educationist<br />
| known_for = Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Contributions to Education and Social Development in Bahraich<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| father = Ahmad Shah<br />
<!-- following parameter not available in Template:Infobox person<br />
| religion = Islam<br />
--><br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| notable_works = Fasādi Mullā yā Dushmanān-e-Islām kā Agent, Hindustan-e-Qadeem aur Islam (Hissa-e-Awwal)<br />
| awards = <br />
| office = Member of the Legislative Council of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] (1927)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Khwaja Khalil Ahmad Shah''' (9 December 1890 – 1965) was an Indian politician, social leader, freedom fighter, and writer. He served as a [[member of the Legislative Council]] of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] in 1927. Associated with the [[Indian National Congress]], he was involved in initiatives for social and educational improvement in [[Bahraich]] and worked for the development of the region.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education == <br />
Khwaja Khalil Ahmad Shah was born on 9 December 1890 in the Qazipura locality of [[Bahraich]]. His father, Ahmad Shah, was of Kashmiri origin, having migrated to Bahraich. Shah belonged to a respected family; one of his brothers, Khwaja Akbar Shah, was a barrister. Though not formally highly educated, Shah was known for his intellectual pursuits and maintained a personal library of rare and valuable books.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bahraichi |first=Ibrat |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/nufoos-e-raftagan-ibrat-bahraichi-ebooks |title=Nufoos-e-Raftagān |publisher=Ibrat Bahraichi |year=2007 |location=Bahraich, India |pages=25–26 |language=ur |trans-title=The Departed Souls |via=[[Rekhta (website)]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Noor |first=Junaid Ahmad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/bahraich-ek-tareekhi-shahar-junaid-ahmad-noor-ebooks |title=Bahraich Ek Tarīkhi Sheher |publisher=Junaid Ahmad Noor |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-5351-047-3 |edition=1st |volume=1 |location=Bahraich, India |pages=187–188 |language=ur |trans-title=Bahraich: A Historic City |via=Rekhta (website)}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career == <br />
Shah was an active member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and held close ties with leaders like [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><br />
<br />
Shah was a [[member of the Legislative Council]] of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] in 1927. His attendance and active participation in the 21 December 1927 session confirm his role. On 17 November 1927, he raised several questions in the council regarding audit objections, financial irregularities, and administrative affairs of the Bahraich District Board, reflecting his deep engagement with public issues.<ref name="biharvidhanmandal">{{Cite web |title=Bihar Vidhan Mandal: Browsing Archives |url=http://archives.biharvidhanmandal.in/jspui/browse?type=author&order=ASC&rpp=20&value=Shah,+Mr.Kwaja+Khalil+Ahmad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127102444/http://archives.biharvidhanmandal.in/jspui/browse?type=author&order=ASC&rpp=20&value=Shah%2C+Mr.Kwaja+Khalil+Ahmad |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=archives.biharvidhanmandal.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=The Legislative Council Of The United Provinces |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.240693/page/n218/mode/1up |title=Proceedings of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces: Official Report |date=10–29 January 1927 |publisher=Government Press, United Provinces |volume=42 |location=Allahabad |page=183 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement. In 1941, he was sentenced to one year of rigorous imprisonment and fined 100 rupees under the [[Defence of India Act 1915]] for his participation in the [[Satyagraha|Individual Satyagraha]] movement. During the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942, he was detained for nearly nine months under the same act.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/20241128_20241128_0547 |title=Svatantrata-Sangram Ke Sainik |publisher=Soochna Vibhag, Uttar Pradesh |year=1972 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Thakur Labh |location=[[Lucknow]] |page=6 |language=hi |trans-title=Freedom Struggle Soldiers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fikri |first=Syed Ibrahim |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/hindustani-musalmanon-ka-jang-e-azadi-mein-hissa-syed-ibrahim-fikri-ebooks |title=Hindustani Musalmanon ka Jang-e-Azadi mein Hissa |date=November 1996 |publisher=Syed Ibrahim Fikri |edition=1st |location=[[Jamia Nagar]], New Delhi |page=301 |language=ur |trans-title=The Contribution of Indian Muslims in the War of Independence}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was also a member of the committee managing the shrine of [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]] and contributed to the establishment of [[Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom]], an Islamic educational institution in Bahraich. Additionally, he served on the [[Nagar Palika]] (Municipal Board) of Bahraich.<ref name="Ameer">{{cite book|last=Qasmi|first=Ameer Ahmad|title=Noorul Uloom Ke Darakhshinda Sitare|trans-title=The shining stars of Noorul Uloom|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/noorul-uloom-ke-darakhshanda-sitare-ebooks|page=29|location=[[Bahraich]], India|publisher=Hafiz Zameer Ahmad|edition=1st |year=2011|language=ur}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite book |author=Uttar Pradesh (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxNFAQAAMAAJ&q=Khwaja+Khalil+Ahmad+Shah |title=Government Gazette |date=1959 |page=246 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bJ_rhfu6yUC&dq=Khwaja+Khalil+Ahmad+Shah&pg=PA62 |title=Fascinating Hindutva: Saffron Politics and Dalit Mobilisation |date=2009-01-06 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-7829-906-8 |page=62 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="biharvidhanmandal"/> It is also mentioned that he was the head, administrator, and guardian of the aforementioned shrine.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1980|p=345}}{{Sfn|Roohi|1969|p=11}}<br />
<br />
== Literary works ==<br />
Shah's works include:<br />
* ''Fasādi Mullā yā Dushmanān-e-Islām kā Agent'' ({{translation|Troublemaking Clerics or Agents of the Enemies of Islam}})<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizwi |first=Syed Mehboob |translator= Murtaza Hussain F Qureshi|url=https://archive.org/details/2VolumeBookOnTheHistoryOfDarAlUlumDeoband |title=History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |publisher=Idara-e Ihtemam, [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |year=1980 |volume=1 |location=UP, India |page=346 |language=en |oclc=20222197 |author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roohi |first=Firozuddīn |url=https://archive.org/details/Aina-Sadaqat-114101/Aina-Sadaqat-114101-HQ/page/n9/mode/1up |title=Ā'īna-ī Ṣidāqat |publisher=Mu'āwiyah Book Depot |year=1969 |edition=2nd |location=[[Liaquatabad Town|Liaquatabad]], Karachi |page=11 |language=ur |trans-title=The Mirror of Truth}}</ref><br />
* ''Hindustan-e-Qadeem aur Islam (Hissa-e-Awwal)'' ({{translation|Ancient India and Islam (Part One)}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urdu Books of Khwaja Khaleel Ahmad Shah |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/khwaja-khaleel-ahmad-shah-1/ebooks |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death and legacy == <br />
Shah died in 1965 and was buried in Chhadey Shah Takiya Cemetery near Azad Inter College, Bahraich. He is remembered for his contributions to communal harmony and education in Bahraich.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1890 births]]<br />
[[Category:1965 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from British India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._S._Bhaskar&diff=499473G. S. Bhaskar2026-03-12T16:47:18Z<p>RomaineAchen489: stub.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = G. S. Bhaskar<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|3|2}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br />
| image = G.S. Bhaskar in 2024.jpg<br />
| parents = <br />
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| awards = [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer]] <br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
'''Gauribidanur Suryanarayan Bhaskar''' (born 2 March 1955) familiarly known as G.S. Bhaskar is an Indian cinematographer. His work is predominantly seen in films belonging to the Indian languages, Kannada and Hindi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Was at the right place, at right time: Kannada classic Samskara's Australian cinematographer Tom Coven |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/feb/26/was-at-the-right-place-at-right-time-kannada-classic-samskaras-australian-cinematographer-tom-cov-1779298.html |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=27 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=G.S Bhasker holds Cinematography workshop at FTII |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/pune/g-s-bhasker-holds-cinematography-workshop-at-ftii/articleshow/68707071.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 April 2019}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Indian Society of Cinematographers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Members |url=https://www.theisc.in/members |website=The ISC Website |language=en}}</ref> Known for his prominent work as a second camera assistant in the magnum opus Gandhi (1980). [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer]] has been bestowed upon him thrice for [[Nagamandala]] (1997), [[Koormavatara]] (2011) and Mohandas (2019).<ref name='ind'>{{cite web |title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2010-11 winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2010-11-winners/articleshow/18966690.cms |website=The Times of India |date=14 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhaskar has also served as a member of the Jury on [[68th National Film Awards|Indian National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |title=68th National Film Awards: Ajay Devgn and Suriya share Best Actor award - Complete winners list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/68th-national-film-awards-ajay-devgn-and-suriya-share-best-actor-award-complete-winners-list/articleshow/93053893.cms |website=The Times of India |date=22 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
G.S Bhaskar was born in Bangalore on 2 March 1955 to G. Suryanarayana Rao and Lakshmidevi. He is the youngest of 4 children. He studied at [[National High School (Bangalore)|National High School]] and [[National College, Bangalore]] and obtained his bachelor's degree from [[Bangalore University]].<ref name='bt'>{{cite web |last1=Banerjee |first1=Ashish |title=G.S. Bhaskar: An inspiring journey of an Indian Cinematographer |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/gs-bhaskar-an-inspiring-journey-of-an-indian-cinematographer |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
G.S. Bhaskar began his career as second camera assistant in Sir Richard Attenborough's magnum opus, [[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi (1980)]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gandhi (1982)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HT4BM7cgJw| date=21 September 2012}}, Archived on 2 September 2025</ref> <br />
<br />
It was under the guidance of the well-known Indian film director, [[Girish Kasaravalli]] that G S Bhaskar took up film studies at the prestigious Indian film institute, the Pune-based [[Film and Television Institute of India]] familiarly known as FTII in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title=Girish Kasaravalli makes documentary on UR Ananthamurthy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/girish-kasaravalli-makes-documentary-on-ur-ananthamurthy/articleshow/27418431.cms |website=The Times of India |date=15 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
While studying at [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]] he was mentored by the legendary cinematographer, [[Subrata Mitra]] It was his classmate, Asvani Kaul who introduced G S Bhaskar to [[Apurba Kishore Bir]], an alumnus of [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]] (1971) whom he assisted on several promotional films before joining him as a member of the camera team on GANDHI. He continued to assist A K Bir on three more feature films namely, [[Pankuj Parashar|Pankaj Parashar]]’s [[Ab Ayega Mazaa]] (1982), [[Sagar Sarhadi]]’s [[Tere Sheher Mein]] (1983) and Prasad Productions’ [[Mera Ghar Mere Bachche]] (1984). After his apprenticeship with A K Bir in Mumbai G S Bhaskar came back to Bangalore and joined Girish Kasaravalli as associate director on the national award-winning film Tabarana Kathe (1987).<ref name='bt'/> The duo successfully collaborated again on the award-winning documentary, Bharavaseya Hongirana produced by [[Karnataka government]]. He filmed a film on conservation titled ‘Afforestation’ (1987) for B S Achar, the well-known photo-journalist and also served as cinematographer for a series of short films on Adult Literacy directed by the pioneer of the ‘New Wave’ in Kannada cinema. Having been one of the early entrants in the field of professional Videography and Digital Cinema he contributed enormously through his creative involvement in the making of innumerable promotional films, documentaries and TVCs.<ref name='tf'>{{cite web |last1=Khajane |first1=Muralidhara |title=Gandhiji through the lens of cinematographer GS Bhaskar |url=https://thefederal.com/category/entertainment/gandhi-through-the-lens-of-cinematographer-gs-bhaskar-97218 |website=thefederal.com |language=en |date=2 October 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
G S Bhaskar made his debut as cinematographer with [[Girish Kasaravalli]]’s maiden telefilm, Bannada Vesha (1988) produced by [[Doordarshan Kendra, Mumbai|Doordarshan Kendra]]. Since then he has continued to serve the cause of meaningful cinema in Kannada as well as Hindi.<ref name='bt'/> He has worked as the cinematographer with many renowned filmmakers including [[M. S. Sathyu]], [[Sai Paranjpye]] and [[Nagesh Kukunoor]].<ref name='tf'/><br />
<br />
He is one of the pioneers of the format of tele-serials in Kannada and worked as the Director of Photography on the much-acclaimed tele-serial, Dodmane (1988) telecast on [[Doordarshan]], [[Bangalore]]. His work as the Director of Photography was instrumental in making the tele-serial [[Guddada Bhootha]]. A household name and a rage in coastal Karnataka in the early 1990s. Guestline Days by [[Mohena Singh]] was another tele serial on which he served as [[Director of Photography]].<ref name='toi'>{{cite web |title=Prakash Raj is all set to scare you again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/prakash-raj-is-all-set-to-scare-you-again/articleshow/28136581.cms |website=The Times of India |date=30 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
*''Bannada Vesha'' (1988) (Hindi)<br />
*''[[Ab Ayega Mazaa]]'' (1984) (Hindi)<br />
*''[[Meraa Ghar Mere Bachche]]'' (1985) (Hindi)<br />
*''[[Disha (film)|Disha]]'' (1990) (Hindi)<br />
*''[[Kubi Matthu Iyala]]'' (1992)<br />
*''[[Galige]]'' (1994)<br />
*''[[Nagamandala]]'' (1997)<br />
*''[[Saaz (film)|Saaz]]'' (1998) (Hindi)<br />
*''[[Hyderabad Blues 2]]'' (2004) (English)<br />
*''[[Accident (2008 film)|Accident]]'' (2008)<br />
*''[[Ijjodu]]'' (2010)<br />
*''[[Koormavatara]]'' (2011)<br />
*''[[...Re (film)|...Re]]'' (2016)<br />
*''[[Allama (film)|Alama]]'' (2017)<br />
*''[[Mookajjiya Kanasugalu (film)|Mookajjiya Kanasugalu]]'' (2019)<br />
*''Abracadabra'' (Yet to be released)<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
*Best cinematographer [[1996–97 Karnataka State Film Awards]] for the film [[Nagamandala]]<br />
*Best cinematographer [[2011 Karnataka State Film Awards]] for the film [[Koormavatara]]<ref name='ind'/><br />
*Best cinematographer [[2019 Karnataka State Film Awards]] for the film [[Mohandas]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|1363079}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskar, G. S.}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada film cinematographers]]<br />
[[Category:1955 births]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]<br />
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Rann_of_Kutch&diff=462497Great Rann of Kutch2026-03-10T15:46:35Z<p>RomaineAchen489: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Salt marsh in the Thar Desert}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Rann of Kutch|Little Rann of Kutch}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Designation list<br />
| designation1 = Ramsar<br />
| designation1_offname = Kutch<br />
| designation1_date = 5 November 2002<br />
| designation1_number = 1285<ref>{{Cite web|title=Runn of Kutch|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1285|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
[[File:Gujarat Gulfs.jpg|thumb|300px|Rann of Kutch on the top left in [[Turquoise (color)|turquoise colour]]. The Gulf of Kutch is further down below the Kutch region. Image: [[NASA Earth Observatory]]]]<br />
[[File:Map GujDist Kuchchh.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of [[Gujarat]] showing the Greater Rann of Kutch and [[Little Rann of Kutch]]]]<br />
[[File:Rann of Kutch - Highest Point.jpg|thumb|Rann of Kutch – Highest Point]] [[File:Rann of Kutch - White Desert.jpg|thumb|Rann of Kutch – White Desert]]<br />
[[File:Rann of Kutch - White Desert 2.jpg|thumb|Rann of Kutch – White Desert 2]]<br />
[[File:Tropic of Cancer - a few miles from Rann of Kutch.jpg|thumb|[[Tropic of Cancer]] – a few miles from Rann of Kutch]]<br />
<br />
The '''Great Rann of Kutch''' ({{ipa|gu|ɾən...kət͡ːʃʰ|ipa}}) is a [[salt marsh]] in the [[Thar Desert]] in the [[Kutch District]] of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is about 7500&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (2900 sq miles) in area and is reputed to be one of the largest salt deserts in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarat Tourism Document|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/downloads/nov_2008.pdf|publisher=Gujarattourism.com|access-date=22 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212123416/http://gujarattourism.com/downloads/nov_2008.pdf|archive-date=12 December 2010}}</ref> This area has been inhabited by the [[Kutchi people]].<ref name=ILRV>{{cite book|title=INTERNATIONAL LAW REPORTS VOLUME 50|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=464|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9F1l4CKaYdMC&q=Great+Rann+of+Kutch&pg=PA464|isbn=9780406876522|year=1976}}</ref><br />
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The Gujarati word ''Rann'' and Sindhi word ''Rinn'' are derived from the [[Sanskrit]]/[[Vedas|Vedic]] word ''{{IAST|iriṇa}}'' (इरिण), meaning the [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flat]] or barren ground, attested in the [[Rigveda]] and [[Mahabharata]]. It is the southern extension of the [[Thar Desert]].<br />
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==Location and description==<br />
{{see also|Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary|Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary}}<br />
The Great Rann of Kutch, including the [[Banni grasslands]] on its southern edge, is situated in the district of Kutch and comprises some {{convert|30000|km2|sqmi|-4}} between the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and the mouth of the [[Indus River]] in southern [[Pakistan]]. The marsh can be accessed from the village of [[Khavda]] in [[Kutch District]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Negi|first=S.S.|title=Biosphere reserves in India : landuse, biodiversity and conservation|year=1996|publisher=Indus Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7387-043-9}}</ref> The Great Rann of Kutch together with the [[Little Rann of Kutch|Little Rann of Kutch]] is called [[Rann of Kutch]].<br />
<br />
In India's summer [[monsoon]], the flat semi-desert of salty clay and [[mudflat]]s, which average 15 meters above sea level, fills with standing water. In very wet years, the wetland extends from the [[Gulf of Kutch]] on the west through to the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] on the east.<ref>''At its greatest extent, the Gulf of Kutch on the west (visible in the image directly below the salt marshes) and the Gulf of Cambay on the east (the brown, sediment-tinged body of water on the lower right) are both united during the monsoon.'' {{cite web|title=Rann of Kutch, India|page=2|publisher=Earth Snapshot|date=6 November 2008|url=http://www.eosnap.com/image-of-the-day/rann-of-kutch-india-november-6th-2008/|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235439/http://www.eosnap.com/image-of-the-day/rann-of-kutch-india-november-6th-2008/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cutch, Runn of |volume=7 |page=670}}</ref><br />
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The area was a vast shallow of the [[Arabian Sea]] until continuing [[Tectonic uplift|geological uplift]] closed off the connection with the sea, creating a vast lake that was still navigable during the time of [[Alexander the Great]]. The [[Ghaggar River]], which presently empties into the semi-desert of northern [[Rajasthan]], formerly emptied into the [[Rann of Kutch]], but the lower reaches of the river dried up as its upstream tributaries were captured by the [[Indus River|Indus]] and [[Ganges]] thousands of years ago. Traces of the delta and its [[distributary]] channels on the northern boundary of the Rann of Kutch were documented by the [[Geological Survey of India]] in 2000.<br />
<br />
The [[Luni River]], which originates in [[Rajasthan]], drains into the semi-desert in the northeast corner of the Rann. Other rivers feeding into the marsh include the [[Rupen River|Rupen]] from the east and the [[West Banas River]] from the northeast.<ref name="WWF">{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0901|name=Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh}}</ref> [[Nara Canal]] or Puran river which is a [[Distributary channel|delta channel]] of the Indus River empties during floods into [[Kori Creek]] located in the Great Rann of Kutch.<br />
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There are sandy islets of thorny scrub, forming a wildlife sanctuary<ref name="WWF" /> and a breeding ground for some of the largest flocks of [[Greater flamingo|greater]] and [[lesser flamingo]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gandhi|first=Divya|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/how-mumbais-residents-fought-and-won-a-battle-on-behalf-of-flamingos/article25799289.ece|title=How Mumbai's residents fought, and won, a battle on behalf of flamingos|date=22 December 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 February 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|quote=Flamingos — lesser and greater — are found across the country, and migrate from as far as Iran. Many of those that flock to Mumbai come from sites closer home, such as Gujarat’s Rann of Kutch, where they breed and nest on mudflats}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kannadasan|first=Akila|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/flocktails-and-friendship/article30782808.ece|title=Flocktails and friendship|date=10 February 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 February 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|quote=The flamingoes come from the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat in December and leave towards the end of March.}}</ref> Wildlife, including the [[Indian wild ass]], shelter on islands of higher ground, called ''bets'', during the flooding.<br />
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==Climate==<br />
This is one of the hottest areas of India – with summer temperatures averaging and peaking at 49.5&nbsp;°C. Winter temperatures diminish dramatically and can drop to below {{convert|0|°C|°F}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Encyclopaedia of Earth|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Rann_of_Kutch_seasonal_salt_marsh|publisher=Eoearth.org|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Threats and preservation==<br />
Although most of the marsh is in protected areas, the habitats are vulnerable to cattle grazing, firewood collection, and salt extraction operations, all of which may involve transportation that disturbs wildlife. There are several wildlife sanctuaries and protected reserves on the Indian side in the Rann of Kutch region. From the city of [[Bhuj]], various [[ecology|ecologically]] rich and [[wildlife conservation]] areas of the Kutch/[[Kachchh district]] can be visited such as [[Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary]], [[Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary]], [[Kutch Bustard Sanctuary]], [[Banni Grasslands Reserve]] and [[Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve]].<br />
<br />
==Indo-Pakistan international border==<br />
[[File:Sir-Creek-map.svg|270px|thumb|Creeks in Great Rann of Kutch area]]<br />
<br />
In India the northern boundary of the Greater Rann of Kutch forms the [[India–Pakistan border|International Border]] between India and [[Pakistan]], it is heavily patrolled by India's [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) and the [[Indian Army]] conducts exercises here to acclimatise its troops to this harsh terrain.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1971|title=Cease Fire and After: Better Security in Western India|journal=Link|location=New Delhi|publisher=United India Periodicals|volume=14|issue=2|page=13}}</ref><br />
<br />
This inhospitable salty lowland, rich in [[natural gas]], was one scene of [[Rann of Kutch conflict|perennial border disputes]] between India and Pakistan that, in April 1965, contributed to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. Later the same year, [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Harold Wilson]] persuaded the combatants to end hostilities and establish a [[tribunal]] to resolve the dispute.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wetter |first=J. Gillis |date=1971 |title=The Rann of Kutch Arbitration |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/rann-of-kutch-arbitration/F7969E80C0F9E51D47FC7E4F94B2D32C |journal=American Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=346–357 |doi=10.2307/2199243 |issn=0002-9300|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A verdict was reached in 1968 which saw Pakistan getting almost (780sq km) 10% of its claim of {{convert|9100|km2|sqmi|-2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pendharkar |first=Rajesh |title=The Lahore Declaration and Beyond: Maritime Confidence-Building Measures in South Asia |url=https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/files/file-attachments/MaritimeCBMs.PDF |website=www.stimson.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan - Geography |url=https://countrystudies.us/pakistan/23.htm |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugnier |first=Clifford J. |title=Grids & Datums ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN |url=https://www.asprs.org/a/resources/grids/07-2009-pakistan.pdf |website=www.asprs.org}}</ref> and almost 90% was awarded to India. Tensions spurted again in 1999 during the [[Atlantique incident]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Verinder Grover|title=50 years of Indo-Pak relations – the initial phase : partition of India, Indo-Pak wars, the UNO.|year=1998|publisher=Deep & Deep Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7629-057-9}}</ref> Elements of dispute remain in [[Sir Creek#Dispute|Sir Creek]], since 1969, there have been twelve rounds of talks between the two nations, without a breakthrough. The twelfth round was completed in June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Talks on Sir Creek begin between India-Pak|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Talks-on-Sir-Creek-begin-between-India-Pak/Article1-874368.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620185706/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Talks-on-Sir-Creek-begin-between-India-Pak/Article1-874368.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Indus River floods==<br />
The Indus River had been flowing into [[Rann of Kutch]] area and Rann of Kutch used to be its catchment area forming part of its delta.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.akshardhool.com/2013/09/two-disasters-that-changed-indias-south.html|title=Two disasters that defined India's south-west border with Pakistan for ever|access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/Publications/MetamorphosisofIndus.pdf|title=Anthropocene Metamorphosis of the Indus Delta and Lower Floodplain|access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> Indus river delta branch/channel called [[Koree river]] shifted its course after an [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake|earthquake in 1819]] isolating Rann of Kutch from its delta.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/indus-river-re-enters-india-145091-2011-11-06|title=Indus re-enters India after two centuries, feeds Little Rann, Nal Sarovar|date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> Pakistan has constructed the [[Left Bank Outfall Drain]] (LBOD) project to bypass the saline and polluted water which is not fit for agriculture use to reach the sea via Rann of Kutch area without passing through the [[Indus delta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lubpak.com/archives/58775|title=Revisiting the LBOD issue|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209183256/https://lubpak.com/archives/58775|archive-date=9 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 500&nbsp;km long LBOD begins from northern [[Ghotki District|Ghotki district]] in [[Sindh|Sindh province]] of Pakistan and joins [[Rann of Kutch]] in the [[Badin District|Badin district]] of Sindh.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://tribune.com.pk/story/299802/sindh-floods-lbod-was-a-mistake-experts-finally-agree-with-residents/|title=Sindh floods: LBOD was a mistake, experts finally agree with residents|date=29 November 2011 |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> Rann of Kutch is the joint water body of India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://tribune.com.pk/story/263570/lbod-the-culprit-behind-recurring-floods-in-sindh/|title=LBOD the culprit behind recurring floods in Sindh|date=29 September 2011 |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> Water released by the LBOD is enhancing the flooding in India and contaminating the quality of water bodies which are the source of water to [[salt farm]]s spread over a vast area. The LBOD water is planned to join the sea via disputed [[Sir Creek]] but LBOD water is entering Indian territory due to many breaches in its left bank caused by floods.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINSPECTIONPANEL/Resources/PAKNDPProgressRepANNEXES.pdf|title=Evolution of the Delta, the LBOD outfall system and the Badin dhands – chapters 3 & 4|access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Chir Batti==<br />
At night, an unexplained strange dancing light phenomenon known locally as [[Chir Batti]] (ghost lights) occurs in the Rann,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=&id=313&Itemid=&sectionid=8&secid=48&completeview=1 |title=INDIA TODAY GROUP: India Today, Business Today, Aaj Tak, Care Today, Mail Today, Cosmopolitan, Reader's Digest, India Today Conclave |publisher=Intoday.in |access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=INDIA TODAY GROUP: India Today, Business Today, Aaj Tak, Care Today, Mail Today, Cosmopolitan, Reader's Digest, India Today Conclave |url=https://www.indiatodaygroup.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=313&Itemid=1&issueid=&sectionid=8&secid=48&limit=1&limitstart=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328232542/https://www.indiatodaygroup.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=313&Itemid=1&issueid=&sectionid=8&secid=48&limit=1&limitstart=1 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=www.indiatodaygroup.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=&id=313&Itemid=&sectionid=8&secid=48&completeview=1 |title=In Today – Blogs, Photos, Videos, sports and Business |publisher=Archive.is |date=3 August 2012 |access-date=22 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803102541/http://www.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=&id=313&Itemid=&sectionid=8&secid=48&completeview=1 |archive-date=3 August 2012 }}</ref> the adjoining [[Banni grasslands]], and the seasonal wetlands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maheshwari |first=D. V. |date= |title=Ghost lights that dance on Banni grasslands when it's very dark |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=253114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114034106/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=253114 |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=cities.expressindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Tourism==<br />
{{Advert|date=August 2022}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Kutch White Rann Tents (8335851293).jpg|thumb|City of tents during Rann Utsav.]]<br />
[[File:Sunset at Rann of Kutch, Dhordo, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Sunset at Rann of Kutch]]<br />
<br />
The [[Government of Gujarat]] hosts an annual 3-month long Rann Utsav festival from December to February every year<ref>{{cite news |last=Gautam |first=Shikha |title=Rann Utsav this year - all that you need to know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/rann-utsav-this-year-all-that-you-need-to-know/articleshow/66360584.cms |date=25 October 2018 |work=India Times |access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref> near [[Dhordo|Dhordo village]] in a 500&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> white salt desert. Rann Utsav has cultural programs such as the [[Border Security Force|BSF Camel show]] held at 5 pm, adventure activities like [[Hot air balloon|hot-air ballooning]], many stalls selling trinkets, handicrafts, food, etc. as well as [[Camel train|camel cart excursion]], [[paramotor]]ing, golf carts, [[All-terrain vehicle|ATV rides]], yoga and meditation. During the festival 3 to 4-day events are also held at many other exotic locations around the larger Kutch area to expose tourists to the native culture and food, for example, [[Banni Grasslands Reserve|semi-arid grasslands of the Banni reserve]] exhibits folk architecture, arts and crafts of the area, and folk dance and dance music events are held at several locations with a bonfire under the moon.<ref name=fem1>[https://www.femina.in/life/travel/all-the-excitement-of-gujarats-rann-utsav-141333.html All the excitement of Gujarat'ss Rann Utsav], Femina, 29 November 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
Rann Utsav gives visitors not only a chance to experience a full moon on salt deserts but also get a taste of the local culture, cuisine, and hospitality. Specially built local houses are also used to house tourists to give them a taste of local traditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=511 |title=Rann Utsav &#124; Fairs & Festivals &#124; Home |publisher=Gujarat Tourism |date=13 November 2013 |access-date=22 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118073306/http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=511 |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> Many adventure clubs and travel clubs organise expeditions.<br />
<br />
==Handicrafts==<br />
Some women and young girls make their living by selling different types of [[Kutch Embroidery|Kutch embroidered]] cloths. The embroidery is of various styles such as [[Rabari]], [[Ahir]], [[Culture of Sindh|Sindhi]], [[Banni Grasslands Reserve|Banni]], [[Mutwa]], [[Koli people|Ari]] and [[Kutch Embroidery|Soof]], some of which include mirror or bead inlays.<br />
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=1668&lang=English |title=Rann Utsav 2009 &#124; Fairs & Festivals &#124; Home |publisher=Gujarat Tourism |access-date=22 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109012437/http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=1668&lang=English |archive-date=9 January 2012 }}</ref> Rogan work also.<br />
<br />
==Popular culture==<br />
[[J. P. Dutta]]'s [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]'' was shot in the Great Rann of Kutch along with other locations in the [[Kachchh district]]. It is said to have been inspired by the story by [[Keki N. Daruwalla]] based around the Great Rann of Kutch titled ''Love Across the Salt Desert''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://learnhub.com/lesson/8204-love-across-the-salt-desert|title=LOVE ACROSS THE SALT DESERT – binaljavia|publisher=Learnhub.com|access-date=22 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222431/http://learnhub.com/lesson/8204-love-across-the-salt-desert|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cns.bu.edu/~sat/satblog/fotos/lasd.pdf |title=Love across The Salt Desert |publisher=Cns.bu.edu |access-date=23 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719155552/http://cns.bu.edu/~sat/satblog/fotos/lasd.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://learnhub.com/lesson/8205-love-across-the-salt-desert-know-more|title=LOVE ACROSS THE SALT DESERT know more – binaljavia|publisher=Learnhub.com|access-date=22 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231316/http://learnhub.com/lesson/8205-love-across-the-salt-desert-know-more|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://cicmanipur.nic.in/html/hr_c_syll_enggen.asp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129003324/http://cicmanipur.nic.in/html/hr_c_syll_enggen.asp|date=29 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:7ntDKDdv7C8J:www.cisce.org/data/Syllabus%2520for%2520ISC%25202011/ISC%2520Appendix%2520-%2520I%2520-%2520List%2520of%2520Prescribed%2520Text%2520Books.pdf+love+across+the+salt+desert+school+book&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgJ2u5Zn9VJb8UC3LXk1MDsfBERX-6E1YnXt26Zlk-U0eZUQUcI9sYBSYRsT0kWnjkODYtCiUrkQ5FFA0zNmU2iH6SusNqJp69XsZRKb9NGE5CbIDuH7jKqGHt-5Zq1ohU1Ese-&sig=AHIEtbTRkblCLszaeaAoijZrBVDt84XjRA |title=Google Drive Viewer |access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cisce.org/data/Syllabus%20for%20ISC%202011/ISC%20Appendix%20-%20I%20-%20List%20of%20Prescribed%20Text%20Books.pdf |title=Indian School Certificate (Year-12) : List of Prescribed Textbooks |access-date=23 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122052628/http://www.cisce.org/data/Syllabus%20for%20ISC%202011/ISC%20Appendix%20-%20I%20-%20List%20of%20Prescribed%20Text%20Books.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/q/6J/B3/6JB30202.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410164431/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/q/6J/B3/6JB30202.htm|date=10 April 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Amitabh Bachchan]] in his promotions for Gujarat Tourism titled ''Khushboo Gujarat Ki'' has also extensively shot in the Rann of kutch. Several scenes in [[Salman Rushdie]]'s [[Booker Prize]] winning novel ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' take place in the Rann of Kutch, including a scene where the protagonist faints from heatstroke in the Rann's brutal climate. Some scenes or song sequences in Indian films like ''[[Magadheera]]'', ''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]'', ''[[R... Rajkumar]]'', ''[[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein]]'', ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]'', ''[[Lagaan]]'', ''[[The Good Road]]'', ''[[Dookudu]]'', ''[[Sarvam]]'', ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' and ''[[Roberrt]]'' were shot in the area.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-Rann-of-Kutch-is-emerging-as-the-favourite-with-filmmakers/articleshow/23053826.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007214710/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-26/news-interviews/42425534_1_rann-official-entry-lucky-charm|url-status=live|archive-date=7 October 2013|title=The Rann of Kutch is emerging as the favourite with filmmakers|last=Mishra|first=Abhimanyu|date=26 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 February 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* General<br />
** [[Arid Forest Research Institute]] (AFRI)<br />
** [[Chir Batti]]<br />
** [[Kutch district]]<br />
** [[Atlantique incident]]<br />
<br />
* [[Salt marsh]]<br />
** [[Salt pan (geology)]]<br />
** [[Little Rann of Kutch]], smaller adjacent marshy salt desert<br />
** [[Kori Creek]]<br />
** [[Banni Grasslands Reserve]]<br />
** [[Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve]]<br />
<br />
* Deserts<br />
** [[Thar Desert]], sand desert of Western India<br />
** [[Teri (geology)]], red sand desert of South India<br />
** [[List of glaciers in India|Glacial desert of India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Rann of Kutch}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118073306/http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=511 Gujarat Tourism Official Website (Archived)]<br />
*[http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/pakistan/news/?uNewsID=5741 Desert (Rann of Kutch) wetlands; 6 February 2003; WWF Global website]<br />
*[http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/taxonomy/term/164 Archived news articles from the India Environmental Portal on: Rann of Kutch]<br />
*{{WWF ecoregion|name=World Wildlife Fund:|id=im0901}} Terrestrial [[Ecoregion]]s: Rann of Kutch<br />
*[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=11750 Satellite views comparing summer and winter conditions in the Rann of Kutch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906081902/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=11750 |date=6 September 2005 }}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162346/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,693641&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL KACHCHH PENINSULA AND THE GREAT RANN; The Geological Survey of India, Ministry of Mines, Government of India]<br />
*{{NatGeo ecoregion|id=im0901|name=Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh}}<br />
<br />
{{GeoSouthAsia}}<br />
{{coord|24|05|11|N|70|38|16|E|display=title|region:IN_type:waterbody_source:nlwiki}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Rann of Kutch}}<br />
[[Category:Flooded grasslands and savannas]]<br />
[[Category:Grasslands of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Grasslands of India]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Sindh]]<br />
[[Category:Marshes of India]]<br />
[[Category:Kutch district]]<br />
[[Category:Ramsar sites in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Kutch district]]<br />
[[Category:Former disputed land areas]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Untari_Road_block&diff=542710Untari Road block2026-03-09T01:07:24Z<p>RomaineAchen489: new the article from scratch.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Untari Road<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Block<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| image_map = Untari Road in Palamu (Jharkhand).svg<br />
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in jharkhand, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24.34|N|83.86|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Jharkhand|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palamu district|Palamu]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Cities and towns in Palamu district|Block]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Untari Road Block|Untari Road]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Ramchandra Chandravanshi]] <br /> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_total = 86139<br />
| population_as_of = 2001<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 822120<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = {{URL|http://palamu.nic.in/UntariRoad.html}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Untari Road Block''' is one of the administrative blocks of [[Palamu district]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks Palamu India |url=https://palamu.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
{{Bar box<br />
|title=Religion in Untari Road block (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{Bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|97.38}}<br />
{{Bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|2.43}}<br />
{{Bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.19}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Untari Road block had a population of 38,888. Untari Road block had a sex ratio of 906 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 61.50%: 74.47% for males and 47.10% for females. 6,591 (16.95%) were under 7 years of age. The entire population lived in rural areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were 13,187 (33.91%) and 538 (1.38%) of the population, respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |year=2011|title=District Census Handbook: Palamu|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/558/download/1880/DH_2011_2013_PART_A_DCHB_PALAMU.pdf|access-date=2011-09-30|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
| thumb = left<br />
| precision = 2<br />
| caption = Languages of Untari Road block (2011)<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
| label1 = [[Hindi]]<br />
| value1 = 94.06<br />
| color1 = orange<br />
| label2 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]]<br />
| value2 = 5.11<br />
| color2 = crimson<br />
| other-label = Others<br />
| other-color = grey<br />
| other = y<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Palamu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palamu Loksabha constituency]]<br />
* [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Jharkhand]]<br />
* [[Palamu district|Palamu]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070209190007/http://palamu.nic.in/block.htm Blocks of Palamu district]<br />
<br />
{{Palamu district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Community development blocks in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Community development blocks in Palamu district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanara&diff=449967Kanara2026-03-06T14:10:54Z<p>RomaineAchen489: Expanded content with additional details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Short description|Region in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{for|similarly named places|Canara (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kanara (Canara)<br />
| other_name = Karavali<br />
| image_skyline = Canara.jpg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| image_alt = Kanara, Karnataka, India<br />
| image_caption = Kanara (spotlighted in orange) occupies Karnataka's entire seaboard<br />
| nickname = <br />
|image_map1 = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}}[[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = <br />
| subdivision_type3 = Largest city<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mangaluru]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = '''Uttara Kannada:''' [[Karwar]]<br />
'''Udupi:''' [[Udupi]]<br />
'''Dakshina Kannada:''' [[Mangaluru]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Tehsil|Taluks]]<br />
| parts = '''Uttara Kannada:''' [[Karwar]], [[Ankola]], [[Kumta]], [[Honnavar]], [[Bhatkal]], [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], [[Siddapura, Uttara Kannada|Siddapur]], [[Yellapur]], [[Mundgod]], [[Haliyal]], [[Joida]], [[Dandeli]]<br />
<br />
'''Udupi:''' [[Udupi]], [[Karkala taluk|Karkala]], [[Kundapur Taluk|Kundapur]], [[Baindur]], [[Brahmavar]], [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kaup]], [[Hebri]]<br />
<br />
'''Dakshina Kannada:''' [[Mangaluru taluk|Mangaluru]], [[Moodabidri]], [[Bantwal taluk|Bantwal]], [[Belthangady taluk|Belthangady]], [[Sullia]], [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]], [[Kadaba]]<br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title1 = [[Deputy Commissioner]]<br />
| leader_name1 = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 18,730<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| area_code = <br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = * [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] KA–31<br />
*[[Karwar]] KA–30<br />
* [[Honnavar]] KA–47<br />
* [[Dandeli]] KA–65<br />
* [[Udupi]] KA–20<br />
* [[Mangaluru]] KA–19<br />
* [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] KA–21<br />
* [[Surathkal]] KA–62<br />
* [[Bantwal]] KA–70<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1,040 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 87.03% (Highest in Karnataka)<br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kanara''', also known as '''Canara''' and '''Karāvali''', is the historically significant stretch of land situated by the southwestern coast of India, alongside the [[Arabian Sea]] in the present-day Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="CAN"><br />
{{cite book<br />
| editor-last = Arnold<br />
| editor-first = Alison<br />
| date = 2017<br />
| title = The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent<br />
| chapter = Coastal Karnataka<br />
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh03DwAAQBAJ&q=Canara+region+Karnataka&pg=PT1523<br />
| publisher = Routledge<br />
| isbn = 9781351544382<br />
| quote = Coastal Karnataka, formerly called the Canara Coast, is the part of Indias southwestern coastline north of Kerala and south of Goa. {{sic}}<br />
}}<br />
</ref> The subregion comprises three civil districts, namely: [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]], and [[Dakshina Kannada]].<ref name="KAR"><br />
{{cite book<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A1xHDwAAQBAJ<br />
| title = Know Our Karnataka: A book for Competitive Exams<br />
| chapter = Geography of Karnataka<br />
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A1xHDwAAQBAJ&q=Canara+region+Karavali<br />
| pages = 27–36<br />
| last = K.<br />
| first = Prakashnarayana<br />
| year = 2018<br />
| quote = Popularly known as Canara region or Karavali...<br />
}}<br />
</ref> [[Kasaragod]] was included prior to the [[States Reorganisation Act]].<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
According to historian Severino da Silva, the ancient name for this region is ''Parashurama Srushti'' (creation of [[Parashurama]]).<ref name="hc74">{{harvnb|Silva|1958|p=74|Ref=hc}}</ref> According to him and [[Stephen Fuchs]], the name ''Canara'' is the invention of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], and [[English people|English]] people who visited the area for trade from the early sixteenth century onwards. The [[Bednore]] Dynasty, under whose rule this tract was at that time, was known to them as the Kannada Dynasty, i.e., the dynasty speaking the [[Kannada language]]. "Karāvalli", the Kannada word for 'coast', is the term used by [[Kannadiga|Kannada-speakers]] to refer to this region.<ref name="21§2" /> The letter 'd' being always pronounced like 'r' by the [[Europeans]], the district was named by them as 'Canara' (a corruption of the word "Kannada"). This name was retained by the [[East India Company|British]] after their occupation of the district in 1799, and has remained ever since. However, they also say that this issue is controversial.<ref name="21§2">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|pp=1§2|Ref=2}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Since antiquity, much of the Canara coast occupied a culturally distinct area known as [[Tulu Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news<br />
| title = This city has six names in six languages, and the official one Mangaluru, is the least popular<br />
| date = 6 November 2014<br />
| work = [[The News Minute]]<br />
| url = https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnatakas/326<br />
| access-date = 15 September 2019<br />
| archive-date = 8 April 2019<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190408184930/https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnatakas/326<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
}}</ref> Historically, Tulu Nadu lay between the [[Gangavalli River]] in the north and the [[Payaswini|Chandragiri River]] in the south.<ref><br />
{{cite book<br />
| last = Bhatt<br />
| first = P. Gururaja<br />
| date = 1969<br />
| title = Antiquities of South Kanara<br />
| publisher = Prabhakara Press<br />
| page = 2<br />
}}<br />
</ref> Currently, Tulu Nadu consists of the Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka, and the [[Manjeshwaram taluk]] of [[Kerala]].<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
| url = https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/tulu-nadu.php<br />
| title = Tulu Nadu Region<br />
| website = keralatourism.org<br />
| publisher= [[Government of Kerala]]<br />
| access-date = 15 September 2018<br />
}}<br />
</ref> The Uttara Kannada district in general is considered to be the southernmost part of the [[Konkan]] coast.<ref><br />
{{cite book<br />
| last = Charlesworth<br />
| first = Neil<br />
| date = 2001<br />
| title = Peasants and Imperial Rule: Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency 1850–1935<br />
| volume = 32<br />
| series = Cambridge South Asian Studies<br />
| edition = revised<br />
| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press|CUP]]<br />
| page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=jIbRhV00p6AC&q=Karwar+North+Kanara+Konkani 60]<br />
| isbn = 9780521526401<br />
}}<br />
</ref> Specifically, the littoral region north of the Gangavalli River is traditionally included in the Konkan.<ref>''Memorandum on Maharashtra-Mysore border dispute to the Commission on Maharashtra-Mysore-Kerala boundary disputes''. 1967. [[Government of Maharashtra]]. p. 59.</ref><br />
<br />
The Portuguese occupied Kanara from 1498–1763. During this period, the geographical extent of Canara stretched from the southern banks of the [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali River]] in Karwar in the north to the northern banks of the Chandragiri River in [[Kasaragod]] in the south.<ref name="gkp"/><br />
<br />
In 1799, after the conclusion of the [[Fourth Mysore War]], the [[British Empire|British]] took over the region and established the Canara district of the [[Madras Presidency]]. The district was bifurcated into the North and South Canara districts in 1859.<ref name=":0" /> The North Canara district was transferred to the [[Bombay Presidency]] whereas the [[South Canara]] district remained under the jurisdiction of the [[Madras Presidency]]. South Canara encompassed the undivided territory of the contemporary [[Udupi district|Udupi]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] districts.<ref name=":0"><br />
{{cite web<br />
| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10057/8/08_chapter%203.pdf<br />
| publisher = Shodhganga<br />
| title = Chapter 3 – Profile of the Study Area: Coastal Karnataka<br />
| access-date = 15 September 2019<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
After India's independence in 1947, the [[Bombay Presidency]] was reconstituted as the [[Bombay State]]. Following the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], the southern portion of [[Bombay State]] was added to [[Mysore State]], which was renamed [[Karnataka]] in 1972. Kasaragod was included in Kerala.<ref name=":1" /> Subsequently, North and South Canara were renamed Uttara Kannada and Dakshina Kannada respectively. In 1997, Udupi district was carved out of the bigger Dakshina Kannada district.<ref name=":1"><br />
{{cite book<br />
| last = Bhat<br />
| first = N. Shyam<br />
| title = South Kanara, 1799–1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response<br />
| publisher = Mittal Publications<br />
| year = 1998<br />
| isbn = 9788170995869<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
The Kanara region forms the coast of [[Karnataka]] situated on the south-western portion of [[South India|Peninsular India]].<ref name="ICA">{{cite encyclopedia<br />
| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Deccan#ref487185<br />
| title = India: Coastal areas<br />
| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]<br />
| date = 16 October 2019<br />
| publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]<br />
| quote = From Goa south to Cape Comorin (the southernmost tip of India) is the Malabar coastal plain...<br />
| access-date = 19 October 2019<br />
}}<br />
</ref> Coastal Karnataka forms the northern segment of the [[Malabar coast]].<ref name="MC"><br />
{{cite encyclopedia<br />
| editor-last = Goldberg<br />
| editor-first = Maren<br />
| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]<br />
| title = Malabar Coast<br />
| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Malabar-Coast<br />
| access-date = 19 September 2019<br />
| quote = Malabar Coast...the southern part of India’s western coast, approximately from the state of Goa southward...<br />
| publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]<br />
}}<br />
</ref> Kanara constitutes an area of about 10,000 square kilometres (4,000 square miles).<ref name="KAN"><br />
{{cite encyclopedia<br />
| editor-last = Pletcher<br />
| editor-first = Kenneth<br />
| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]<br />
| title = Kanara<br />
| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Kanara<br />
| access-date = 19 September 2019<br />
| quote = Kanara, region along the Malabar Coast of the Arabian Sea, western Karnataka state, India.<br />
| publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]<br />
}}<br />
</ref> It is bounded by [[Konkan]] to the north, the [[Western Ghats]] to the east, the [[Kerala]] [[Plain]]s to the south, and the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west.<ref name="KC"><br />
{{cite encyclopedia<br />
| editor-last = Pletcher<br />
| editor-first = Kenneth<br />
| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]<br />
| title = Karnataka Coast<br />
| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Karnataka-Coast#accordion-article-history<br />
| access-date = 19 September 2019<br />
| quote = Karnataka Coast, coastal lowlands in western Karnataka state, southwestern India... it is bounded by Konkan to the north... The region forms a transitional zone between Maharashtra (north) and Kerala (south) states.<br />
| publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]<br />
}}<br />
</ref> It stretches from north to south for about 225 kilometres (140 miles) and has a maximum width of about 64 kilometres (40 miles) in the south.<ref name="KSI"><br />
{{cite encyclopedia<br />
| last = Ghori<br />
| first = G.K.<br />
| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Karnataka-state-India<br />
| title = Karnataka<br />
| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]<br />
| date = 18 September 2019<br />
| publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]<br />
| quote = The coastal plain represents a northward continuation of the Malabar Coast...<br />
| access-date = 19 October 2019<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Civil administration ==<br />
<br />
Contemporary Kanara extends from the village of [[Majali, Karnataka|Majali]] in the north to the village of [[Talapady, D.K.|Talapady]] in the south.<ref name="gkp"><br />
{{cite book<br />
| last = Shastry<br />
| first = Bhagamandala Seetharama<br />
| title = Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498–1763<br />
| issue = 8<br />
| series = [[Xavier Centre of Historical Research|XCHR]] studies series<br />
| volume = 8<br />
| editor-last = Borges<br />
| editor-first = Charles J.<br />
| publisher = Concept Publishing Company<br />
| year = 2000<br />
| isbn = 9788170228486<br />
}}<br />
</ref> The three districts in the region: [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]], and [[Dakshina Kannada]] have their capitals in [[Karwar]], [[Udupi]], and [[Mangalore]] respectively.<ref name="CK"><br />
{{cite book<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9U4e01FnRywC&q=Karwar+Uttara+Kannada+Udupi+Udupi+district+Mangalore+Dakshina+Kannada<br />
| title = Coastal Karnataka Calling!!! Tourism and the Coastal Investors Meet – December 2003<br />
| year = 2003<br />
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9U4e01FnRywC&q=Profile+of+Coastal+Karnataka | chapter = Profile of Coastal Karnataka<br />
| pages = 2–4<br />
| quote = Coastal Karnataka consists of three districts - ''Uttara Kannada, Udupi and Dakshina Kannada''. [''sic'']<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{Pie graph|thumb=Religion in Kanara regions|value1=76.49|value2=16.42|value3=5.9|color1=Orange|caption=Religion in Kanara regions|color2=Green|color3=Blue|value4=1.19|label1=Hinduism|label2=Islam|label3=Christianity|label4=Others|color4=red}}<br />
The Kanara region have 3 Districts: [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]], and [[Dakshina Kannada]]. The combined population of these districts, according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]] is about 47,04,179 . <br />
<br />
=== Languages ===<br />
{{Pie graph|thumb=Languages of Kanara|value1=31.69|value2=29.44|value3=13.01|color1=Yellow|caption=Languages of Kanara|color2=Red|color3=Blue|value4=7.64|label1=Kannada|label2=Tulu|label3=Konkani|label4=Beary|color4=Green|value5=4.96|label5=Malayalam|color5=Salmon|value6=3.62|label6=Marathi|color6=cornflowerblue|value7=9.64|label7=Others|color7=grey}}<br />
The main languages that are closely associated with the Kanara region are [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Tulu language|Tulu]].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Fort Anjediva]]<br />
*[[Konkan]] <br />
** [[Carwar]], [[North Canara]] <br />
* [[South Canara]] (erstwhile district)<br />
* [[Sunquerim, Karnataka]]<br />
* [[Tulunaad]]<br />
** [[Udupi]], [[Udupi district]]<br />
** [[Mangaluru]], [[Dakshina Kannada]] <br />
** [[Kasaragod]], [[Kassergode district]]<br />
*[[Hosdurg Fort]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{note|KKN|A}} Konkan is now held to include all the land which lies between the Western Ghats and the Indian Ocean, from the latitude of Daman on the north to that of Terekhol, on the Goa frontier, on the south.<ref name="KON"><br />
{{cite book<br />
| last = Nairne<br />
| first = Alexander Kyd<br />
| title = History of the Konkan<br />
| page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=nzPCcILP-XwC&q=Konkan+Daman+Terekhol&pg=PR5 ix]<br />
| publisher = Asian Educational Services<br />
| date = 1988<br />
| isbn = 9788120602755<br />
}}<br />
</ref> Although most sources generally assign Kanara (Karavali) to the Malabar Coast,<ref name="KAN"/> some other sources consider it to be a subterritory of the Konkan Coast.<ref><br />
{{cite book<br />
| last1 = Turley<br />
| first1 = Jeffrey Scott<br />
| last2 = Souza<br />
| first2 = George Bryan<br />
| title = The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shāh ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain<br />
| series = European Expansion and Indigenous Response<br />
| pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=wuEzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Karavali+Konkan&pg=PA163 163, 222]<br />
| date = 2017<br />
| publisher = BRILL<br />
| isbn = 9789004346321<br />
| quote = The coastline of the Karnataka region was called Konkan (present-day Karavali) and runs from Thane... to Mangalore. Kanara (Canara or Canera...) is a subregion of Karnataka that forms the southern part of the Konkan coast...<br />
}}<br />
</ref> Consequently, this segment is thought to overlap the Konkan and Malabar Coast continuum;<ref name="KC"/> and usually corresponds to the southernmost and northernmost stretches of these locales respectively.<ref><br />
{{cite book<br />
| last = Banerjee<br />
| first = Lalit Kumar<br />
| page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=_0oQAQAAMAAJ&q=dakshina+kannada+konkan 6]<br />
| title = Diversity of coastal plant communities in India<br />
| date = 2002<br />
| publisher = ENVIS & EMCBTAP-Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests<br />
| quote = The South of the river Narmada to Mangalore is known as Konkan coast...<br />
}}<br />
</ref><ref name="KSI"/><br />
<br />
== Citations ==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last1 = Silva<br />
|first1 = Severine<br />
|last2 = Fuchs<br />
|first2 = Stephen<br />
|publisher = Asian Folklore Studies, [[Nanzan University]], Japan<br />
|title = The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara<br />
|year = 1965<br />
|series = 2<br />
|ref = 2<br />
|volume = 24<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last=Silva<br />
|first=Severine<br />
|publisher=Star of Kanara Press<br />
|title=History of Christianity in Canara<br />
|year=1961<br />
|location=[[Kumta|Coompta]], North Canara<br />
|ref=hc<br />
|volume=I}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|editor-last= Michell<br />
|editor-first= George<br />
|date= 2012<br />
|title= Kanara, a Land Apart: The Artistic Heritage of Coastal Karnataka<br />
|edition= Illustrated<br />
|publisher= Marg Foundation<br />
|isbn= 9788192110639<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{wikivoyage|Kanara}}<br />
* [http://www.yakshagana.com/ Yakshagana]<br />
<br />
{{Karnataka topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Uttara Kannada district|People from Uttara Kannada]]<br />
[[Category:Udupi district|People from Udupi]]<br />
[[Category:Dakshina Kannada district|People from Dakshina Kannada]]<br />
[[Category:Regions of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Malabar Coast]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nay_Varanbhat_Loncha_Kon_Nay_Koncha&diff=521355Nay Varanbhat Loncha Kon Nay Koncha2026-03-04T09:37:38Z<p>RomaineAchen489: New Article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2022 Indian Marathi-language film}}<br />
{{Long plot|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Nay Varanbhat Loncha Kon Nay Koncha.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]<br />
| screenplay = Mahesh Manjrekar<br />
| story = Jayant Pawar<br />
| producer = Narendra Hirawat<br>Shreyans Hirawat<br>Vijay Shinde<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*Prem Dharmadhikari<br />
*Nupur Dudhwadkar<br />
*[[Chhaya Kadam]]<br />
*Ganesh Yadav<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Karan B. Rawat]]<br />
| editing = Mahesh Manjrekar<br />
| music = [[Hitesh Modak]]<br />
| studio = NH Studioz<br>Nintynine productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|2022|01|14|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 112 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Marathi<br />
}}<br />
'''''Nay Varanbhat Loncha Kon Nay Koncha''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[crime film]] written and directed by [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], produced by Shreyans Hirawat under the banner of NH Studioz. It was theatrically released on 14 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-08 |title='नाय वरनभात लोन्चा कोण नाय कोन्चा' शुक्रवारी चित्रपटगृहांत! पोस्टर आणि धमाकेदार ट्रेलरने वाढवली उत्सुकता... |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/nay-varan-bhat-loncha-kon-nay-koncha-marathi-movie-releasing-in-theater-on-14-january-611759.html |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The film starts at late night with two teenagers in their early teens, Digambar (alias Digya) and Illiyas, cornering a drunk man in his fifties, Gupta, and stabbing him. Digya threatens Gupta that he will pull his guts out unless he complies with him. They take him to his home at knifepoint and make him call Shirya and tell him that his rent receipt is ready and he should collect it immediately because he would be leaving the town early morning. Once the call is done, Digya kills him. <br />
<br />
Shirya and his wife Supriya are excited that they are finally receiving the rent receipt and immediately reach Gupta's place, where they are trapped by Digya and Illiyas, who brutally murder them. The film then shifts to four months before this event. Digya is a happy-go-lucky boy who likes to fool around with his friend Illiyas while bunking off school. He lives with his grandmother, whom he calls Baye (slang for "lady"), who is a little-educated but sharp-witted and outspoken. She deeply cares for him and also fears that Digya would become like his father, who was a feared gangster and had killed several people and was later killed through betrayal by someone close to him. They live in an impoverished tenement and their source of income is boiled eggs that Baye sells. Her neighbour Babi, who is in his late fifties, is compassionate towards her. However, he has to care for his wife who is mentally ill, and he has to do all her chores. His only daughter had earlier run away with her lover. However, her lover threw her out after he lost his job and, now she lives with her father. Shirya is a nephew of Baye who lives with her with his wife Supriya with the condition that he has to pay for the rent and household expenses. Baye, although fond of Shirya, hates Supriya. <br />
<br />
The owner of their tenement has decided to go for a redevelopment project where the existing tenants would get a small apartment of their ownership in the new project. On getting this news, Baye's elder son Mahadev comes to visit him after a long time. Mahadev, unlike his brother, is educated with a white-collar job and had earlier broken all links with his mother and brother and lives a comfortable life with his wife and son Akshu. He demands a share in the new apartment from Baye. However, she admonishes him and tells him that the only person who will inherit the new apartment is Digya. <br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Shirya has bribed local Corporator Gawade through a broker, Gupta, with Rs. 2 lakh to change the name on the rent receipt so that he will be eligible for compensation instead of Baye. Gawade treats Baye as his mother as she had raised him in his early days. Moreover, Digya's father Sanjay was his henchman, and it was through him that he achieved political clout and power. The deal with Shirya is that he has to pay 5 lakhs in total to him and relocate Baye to her village home, which Shirya has to renovate. Coincidently, Baye witnesses the deal and, in a scuffle with Gawade, she hits the ground and dies. Gawade covers up Baye's killing as a natural death through a doctor who issues a fake death certificate. After her death, Mahadev and Gawade strike a deal with Shirya in which he has to give some money to Mahadev in return for Mahadev taking care of Digya. At Mahadev's home, he is treated like a servant and faces mental and physical abuse. One day, Digya snaps under pressure and abducts Akshu with the help of his friend Illiyas. He then lures Mahadev to an isolated place and kills them both. No one suspects Digya as he is very young. A few days later, Digya and his aunt enter into a passionate sexual relationship and his aunt treats him like her lover. One day, Digya tells his aunt that he and Illiyas are going to a fair. However, they kill Gupta, Shirya, and Supriya as shown in the first scene. <br />
<br />
One day, Gawade trashes his current henchman Bhattya because he has siphoned off money from him. Bhattya gets drunk, confesses everything to Illiyas in a drunk state, and tells him that Gawade had betrayed Digya's father, that he accidentally killed Baye, and that he will cut Gawade into pieces the next day. This news is relayed to Gawade by Digya. Enraged, Gawade goes with him and kills Bhattya; later, Digya and Illiyas kill him. <br />
<br />
The next day, Digya leaves his aunt's place as he wants to take a break from the city and move with Babi to his native village along with Illiyas. As they settle at Babi's place, one day, while they are resting, Digya explains to Babi how he and Illiyas killed everyone, with great delight. Babi cannot come to terms with this and is deeply scared of Digya. His voice rings in his ears continuously and he suddenly wakes up in the middle of the night and finds that he is alone. He then witnesses Digya having sex with his daughter and he returns silently. The next day he poisons Digya, Illiyas and his daughter.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<br />
* Prem Dharmadhikari as Digya (Digamber Chalke)<br />
* Rohit Haldikar as Shirya<br />
* Nupur Dudhwadkar as Yakub <br />
* [[Shashank Shende]] as Babi<br />
* Savita Malpekar as Laxmi Babi's wife<br />
* [[Chhaya Kadam]] as Bay Bikaji Chalke <br />
* Ganesh Yadav as Bhaktya<br />
* Dhananjay Mandrekar as Inspector <br />
* Umesh Jagtap as Shantya Gawade <br />
* [[Atul Kale]] as Mahadev Bikaji Chalke <br />
* [[Kashmera Shah]] as Supriya <br />
* Ganesh Revdekar as Gupta <br />
* [[Ashwini Kulkarni]] as Kaki (Digya Lover & sexual relationship Partner) <br />
* [[Isha Divekar]] as Malu (Digya Child Love, Physical Friend & Babi Daughter)<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
Kalpeshraj Kubal of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' rate 3.5 out of five and wrote "Its scenes are very dark and inflammatory; It brings a kind of sadness. But the commentary from it is very important."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kubal |first=Kalpeshraj |date=16 January 2022 |title=नाय वरनभात लोन्चा कोन नाय कोन्चा |trans-title= |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/nay-varan-bhat-loncha-kon-nay-koncha/moviereview/88929010.cms |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 out of five and wrote, "The film takes a [[Quentin Tarantino]]-like approach, not just in terms of content and violence, but also with the non-linear treatment it gets. But it reveals more than its able to hide making story predictable.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nay Varan Bhat Loncha Kon Nay Koncha Movie Review : A revenge-drama overshadowed by violence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/nay-varan-bhat-loncha-kon-nay-koncha/movie-review/88901062.cms |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
<br />
The chairperson of [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW) has written to the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] (I&B) to censor the trailer of the film. In a statement, [[National Commission for Women|NCW]] said it had received a complaint from Bharatiya Stree Shakti that the film's trailer contained content that 'depicted women and minors in an offensive manner'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=NCW Writes to I&B Ministry to Censor 'Nay Varan Bhat Loncha...' Trailer |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/ncw-notice-writes-ministry-information-broadcasting-nay-varan-bhat-loncha-kon-nay-koncha-marathi-film-censor |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=17067156}} <br />
* ''[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/nay_varan_bhat_loncha_kon_nay_koncha Nay Varanbhat Loncha Kon Nay Koncha]'' at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]<br />
<br />
{{Mahesh Manjrekar}}<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Marathi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language crime films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Manjrekar]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rahul_(film)&diff=473682Rahul (film)2026-03-03T12:04:17Z<p>RomaineAchen489: update details to improve readability and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2001 film directed by Prakash Jha}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Rahul<br />
| image = Rahul 2001 film.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Prakash Jha]]<br />
| producer = [[Subhash Ghai]]<br />
| story = Farhan<ref name=Rediff2>{{cite interview |last=Jha |first=Prakash |subject-link=Prakash Jha |interviewer=[[Komal Nahta]] |title='Subhashji narrated the story idea' |work=Quote Martial |date=16 February 2001 |publisher=Rediff.com |location=Mumbai |url=https://rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/16ghai.htm |access-date=11 December 2023 |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527053415/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/16ghai.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| screenplay = [[Anuraadha Tewari]]<br />
| starring = [[Jatin Grewal]]<br/>[[Neha Bajpai]]<br/>[[Rajeshwari Sachdev]]<br>Master Yash<br />
| music = [[Anu Malik]]<br />
| cinematography = Arvind Kumar<br />
| editing = [[Onir]]<br />
| distributor = [[Mukta Arts]]<br />
| released = {{film date|2001|04|6|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Rahul''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Prakash Jha]] and produced by [[Subhash Ghai]]. The film stars [[Neha Bajpai]], [[Jatin Grewal]], [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]] and Yash Pathak.<ref name=rediff1>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Ronjita|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/06rahul.htm|title=Of man, woman and child|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=7 April 2001|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721001629/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/06rahul.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
Mira comes from a wealthy family consisting of her parents and a brother, Rohit. She is in love with Akash Sharma, who is less wealthy, and wants to marry him. Akash, a handsome young man who seems to have neither family nor friends, runs his own small business of travel and tourism. Against the wishes of Mira's family, the couple gets married and begins a life full of love. They soon become the parents of a boy, and the birth of Rahul brings about a partial and insincere reconciliation: Mira's family is barely civil to Akash, but they help Mira to deal with pregnancy and early infant care.<br />
<br />
To celebrate Rahul's first birthday, the couple hosts a party of their friends and invites Mira's family to join in the festivities. At the party, Mira's brother Rohit insults Akash to the core. This infuriates Akash, and he hits Rohit. Mira asks Akash to apologise to her brother for turning physical, but Akash refuses, saying that words can hurt more than fists. Mira's family forcibly takes her away from the party, and they compel her to leave behind her one-year-old son, Rahul. Akash and Mira get divorced in court. Mira's family convinces her that, if she insists on getting custody of Rahul, then Akash may kill her in vengeance. Mira believes them and yields custody to Akash. Their motive in doing all this is to ensure that Mira marries a person who is wealthy enough to suit them and starts a new family without carrying any visible or tangible burdens from the past.<br />
<br />
Some four years pass. Rahul lives with his father, who has instilled the idea in him that his mother is very bad. However, Rahul finds out from Uncle John, a neighbour, that Mira is actually a very good person and that she lives in [[Mahabaleshwar]] with her parents. The five-year-old Rahul secretly goes and meets his mother. He finds out that she is very loving and caring towards him. Rahul and Mira continue to meet each other secretly. After getting Mira divorced and ensuring that she is not saddled with a child, Mira's family is trying to get her married to the wealthy and handsome Naveen. That plan gets stalled or postponed while Mira reconnects with her son.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, little Rahul often falls ill. The family doctor tells Akash that children need the care of a mother and urges him to marry again. A lady named Sheila is suggested as a suitable match. Akash initially rejects the suggestion but eventually agrees to meet Sheila, who turns out to be a caring and gentle lady. Both father and clueless son warm up to her. Akash begins to think seriously about marrying her and mentions the matter to little Rahul. Rahul likes Sheila, but he cannot accept her as his mother. Mira learns that Akash is preparing for a second marriage.<br />
<br />
One day, Akash finds out that Mira and Rahul are in touch. He forces the kid to tell Mira that he hates her. This creates tremendous pressure on Rahul's mind, who gets drenched in rain and falls sick. This leads Akash and Mira to come to the hospital and confront each other. Mira then realizes that her family had been selfish all along and that Akash was not at fault. After Rahul is treated, the two get reunited for the sake of Rahul.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* Yash Pathak as Rahul Sharma<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Roshmila|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/mar/15yash.htm|title=New kid on the block: Yash Pathak|website=Rediff.com|date=15 March 2001|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=3 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303051653/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/mar/15yash.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
* [[Jatin Grewal]] as Akash Sharma, Rahul's father<ref>{{cite interview |last=Grewal |first=Jatin |subject-link=Jatin Grewal |interviewer=Priyanka Bhattacharya |title='Acting's not too tough' |work=Making Waves |date=6 April 2001 |publisher=Rediff.com |location=Mumbai |url=https://rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/06jatin.htm |access-date= |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617101439/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/06jatin.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
* [[Neha Bajpai]] as Mira Singh Sharma, Rahul's mother <br />
* [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]] as Sheila Singh, Rahul's teacher <br />
* [[Mahesh Thakur]] as Naveen Malhotra<br />
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Uncle John <br />
* [[Parikshat Sahni]] as Doctor Uncle <br />
* [[Manish Wadhwa]] as Rohit Singh, Mira’s brother <br />
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as Mrs. Singh <br />
* Tanvi Hegde as Isha<br />
* [[Rita Joshi]]<br />
* [[Sudhir Mishra]]<br />
* [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as Isha's father<br />
<br />
Additionally, [[Isha Koppikar]] appeared in an [[item number]].<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music is composed by [[Anu Malik]] while the lyrics are penned by [[Anand Bakshi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saha|first=Aparajita|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/feb/19rahul.htm|title=Kid Stuff|website=Rediff.com|date=19 February 2001|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721001821/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/feb/19rahul.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Track listing===<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = A Song To Sing<br />
| extra1 = [[Maria Goretti (actress)|Maria Goretti]]<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Anand Bakshi]]<br />
| length1 =<br />
| title2 = Chalti Hai Purvai<br />
| extra2 = [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Anand Bakshi]]<br />
| length2 =<br />
| title3 = Ched Na Mujhko<br />
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Anand Bakshi]]<br />
| length3 =<br />
| title4 = Eh Kaash Aisa Hota<br />
| extra4 = [[Ustad Sultan Khan]]<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Anand Bakshi]]<br />
| length4 =<br />
| title5 = Kaise Bhool Jaati Hai<br />
| extra5 = Sonali Bajpai<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Anand Bakshi]]<br />
| length5 =<br />
| title6 = Piya Ki Jogan<br />
| extra6 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]<br />
| lyrics6 = [[Anand Bakshi]]<br />
| length6 =<br />
| title7 = Tu Mujhe Kaise Bhool Jaata Hai<br />
| extra7 = [[Alka Yagnik]]<br />
| lyrics7 = [[Anand Bakshi]]<br />
| length7 =<br />
| title8 = Vah Re Vah<br />
| extra8 = [[Roop Kumar Rathod]], Deepali Somaiya<br />
| lyrics8 = [[Anand Bakshi]]<br />
| length8 =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Critical response==<br />
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 1.5 out of 5, writing, "On the whole, RAHUL is not as impactful as it should've been. Weak in merits and face-value, the film will have a bumpy ride at the box-office."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|author-link=Taran Adarsh|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rahul/critic-review/rahul-movie-review/|title=Rahul Review|website=[[IndiaFM]]|date=5 April 2001|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211164816/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rahul/critic-review/rahul-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ronjita Das of [[Rediff.com]] called the story "predictable" and further wrote that "the film has nothing to offer, with the oft-repeated storyline. ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'' and ''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]'' being two examples."<ref name=rediff1/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt0277981|Rahul}}<br />
<br />
{{Subhash Ghai}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahul (Film)}}<br />
[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2001 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Prakash Jha]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]<br />
[[Category:2001 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]<br />
[[Category:Films about divorce]]<br />
[[Category:Films about teacher–student relationships]]<br />
[[Category:Mukta Arts films]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tunak_Tunak_Tun&diff=474306Tunak Tunak Tun2026-03-02T21:12:13Z<p>RomaineAchen489: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|the Indian actress|Tun Tun}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Primary sources|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{User-generated|date=March 2026}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox song<br />
| name = Tunak Tunak Tun<br />
| cover = Tunak Tunak Tun Cover.jpg<br />
| alt = A man in a red turban, yellow vest, and sporting a distinct moustache and beard holds his arms outwards while smiling in front of a colorful-pattern background. The words "Daler Mehndi" appear above his head, and the words "Tunak Tunak Tun" are just below his extended arms.<br />
| type = single<br />
| artist = [[Daler Mehndi]]<br />
| album = Tunak Tunak Tun<br />
| released = February 28, 1998<br />
| genre = [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra music]], [[Indi-pop]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=16}}<br />
| label =<br />
* [[Magnasound Records|Magnasound]]<br />
* [[Sony Music]]<br />
| writer = [[Daler Mehndi]]<br />
| misc = {{External music video|type=song|{{YouTube|eZ2PtEx9-ls|"Tunak Tunak Tun"}}}}<br />
}}<br />
"'''Tunak Tunak Tun'''" or simply "'''Tunak Tunak'''", is a [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]/[[Indi-pop]] song by Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] artist [[Daler Mehndi]], released in 1998. It was the first Indian music video made using [[chroma key]] technology.<ref name="bio-insight"/><br />
<br />
The song and the video were a success in India, cementing Mehndi's status as India's biggest and most popular popstar at the time. It later gained international success and garnered a [[cult following]], especially after it became an [[internet meme]] in the 2000s.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The "Tunak Tunak Tun" lyrics are a reference to the sounds made by a [[tumbi]] (also called tumba), a traditional musical instrument from the [[Punjab region]] in the northern [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Coffee Run!!! ft. Daler Mehndi! (4 minutes) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrRkNSP6UVY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/qrRkNSP6UVY |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[deadmau5]] |date=14 March 2014 |accessdate=5 December 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The lyrics also refer to the [[ektara]] or ''tuntuna''.<br />
<br />
==Music video==<br />
Mehndi claims his music was often criticized for only being popular due to the abundance of beautiful, dancing women in his videos.<ref name="bio-insight">{{cite web |title=Tunak Tunak Tun | work=dalermehndi.com | url=http://dalermehndi.com/albums_details.php?al_id=12&m_id=1 | accessdate=2011-04-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814064240/http://dalermehndi.com/albums_details.php?al_id=12&m_id=1 | archive-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> The singer responded by creating a video that featured nobody but himself. The music video was the first made in India using [[Chroma key|bluescreen]] technology,<ref name="bio-insight"/> which allowed the singer to superimpose his image over various [[Computer-generated imagery|computer-generated]] backgrounds including desert and mountain landscapes as well as [[St. Basil's Cathedral]].<br />
<br />
The music video was produced on a budget of {{INR|2.5 [[crore]]|link=yes}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=Better luck next time: Daler Mehndi |journal=[[Rashtriya Sahara]] |date=1998 |volume=6 |issue=7–12 |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QJuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Sahara India Mass Communication |quote=With sum of [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 2.5{{nbsp}}[[Crores]] Daler was supposed to make Music Video.}}</ref> ({{US$|{{#expr:25000000/41.259 round -4}}|long=no|link=yes}}),<ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1998&locations=IN&start=1998 |website=[[World Bank]] |year=1997 |accessdate=5 December 2018}}</ref> equivalent to {{INR|{{Inflation|IN|2.5|1998}} crore}} ({{US$|{{To USD|{{Inflation|IN|25|1998}}|IND}} million|long=no}}) adjusted for inflation.<br />
<br />
The music video follows a simple plot about four men, all played by Mehndi, who represent the four [[classical element]]s and dress in lavish Indian clothing. The earth Mehndi wears red/maroon, the fire Mehndi wears orange, the wind Mehndi wears brown, and the water Mehndi wears green. The Mehndis start off as comets made of water, earth, air, and fire before transforming into clothed Mehndis. Each of the Mehndis take turns singing, dancing and pointing at each other as though they are discussing something. The Mehndis later fuse by first reverting to their comet states and then merging to form one big Mehndi, who is predominantly clad in garb of gold and emerald.<br />
<br />
As of 6 December 2024, the music video had received over {{nowrap|200 million}} views on the [[Sony Music India]] channel at [[YouTube]],<ref>{{YouTube|eZ2PtEx9-ls|Daler Mehndi - Tunak Tunak Tun Video}}</ref> and is Mehndi's most viewed music video, but has been removed from the [[Sony Music India]] channel due to copyright issues from Mehndi.<br />
<br />
==Reception and legacy==<br />
The song and the music video received a negative review from ''[[Rashtriya Sahara]]'' magazine in 1998.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Better luck next time: Daler Mehndi |journal=[[Rashtriya Sahara]] |date=1998 |volume=6 |issue=7–12 |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QJuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Sahara India Mass Communication}}</ref> Despite this, the song became a notable commercial success in 1998, becoming the biggest [[Indi-pop]] hit at the time.<ref name="billboard">{{cite magazine |title=Bhangra Beat Transforms Indipop Scene |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=25 September 1999 |volume=111 |issue=39 |page=101 |publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA101}}</ref><br />
<br />
By 1999, the song found an international cult following, particularly among the [[South Asian diaspora]] in countries such as the United Kingdom and United States, as well as in [[Far-Eastern]] markets such as Japan.<ref name="billboard"/> In China, it attained popularity for [[Soramimi|its lyrics]], which sound like nonsensical words, gaining the song the Chinese name, "我在东北玩泥巴" ("I'm playing with mud in [[Northeastern China]]").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dx8GemHcPPU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/Dx8GemHcPPU |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title = 我在東北玩泥巴|date=16 May 2017 |via = [[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 2000s, "Tunak Tunak Tun" found greater international popularity on the internet as a [[viral video]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rizwan|first1=Sahil|title=How Daler Mehndi's "Tunak Tunak Tun" Became A Global Viral Phenomenon|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/sahilrizwan/tunak-tunak-tun|accessdate=26 July 2017|agency=Buzzfeed|date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=AnjaliGera|first1=Roy|title=Bhangra Moves: From Ludhiana to London and Beyond|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|page=91|isbn=9781351574006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzArDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91}}</ref> In response, the video game company [[Blizzard Entertainment]] incorporated the "Tunak Tunak Tun" dance as a character animation in their multiplayer role-playing game ''[[World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade]]'' in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/35678/daler-mehndi-tunaks-his-way-into-world-of-warcraft/|title = Daler Mehndi Tunaks his way into World of Warcraft|publisher=asiancorrespondent.com|date=18 March 2008 |accessdate= 22 July 2014}}</ref> This dance is also included as an easter egg in the video game ''[[Medal of Honor: Allied Assault Spearhead]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Medal of Honor: Allied Assault: Spearhead Easter Egg - Make the Player Models Dance|url=http://www.eeggs.com/items/39029.html | publisher=The Easter Egg Archive | accessdate=27 January 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Chart performance==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+Chart performance for "Tunak Tunak Tun"<br />
!Chart (1998–2016)<br />
!Peak<br />position<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|Belgium ([[Ultratop 50]] Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/17d2f5/Daler-Mehndi-Tunak-Tunak-Tun|title=Ultratop.be - Daler Mehndi - Tunak Tunak Tun|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|accessdate=2016-07-03}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;"|28<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|India Hit Singles<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Ya Tabtab...Wa Dallaa]], song with a similar backstory.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1998 singles]]<br />
[[Category:1998 songs]]<br />
[[Category:Daler Mehndi songs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian songs]]<br />
[[Category:Internet memes introduced in 2006]]<br />
[[Category:2000s fads and trends]]<br />
[[Category:Sony Music singles]]<br />
[[Category:Songs in Punjabi]]<br />
[[Category:2000s viral videos]]<br />
[[Category:Internet memes introduced from India]]<br />
[[Category:Music videos shot in India]]<br />
[[Category:Viral music videos]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025_Delhi_car_explosion&diff=4766582025 Delhi car explosion2026-02-24T08:56:57Z<p>RomaineAchen489: Creating Some Info W/ Refs - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Explosion in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = 2025 Delhi car explosion<br />
| location = Near the [[Lal Qila metro station]] Gate No.1, [[Red Fort]], Delhi, India<br />
| date = 10 November 2025<br />
| image = 2025 Delhi car explosion.jpg<br />
| caption = A CCTV still of a white Hyundai i20 driving through a street in Delhi shortly before exploding.<br />
| map = {{OSM Location map<br />
|coord = {{Coord|28|39|22.0|N|77|14|09.4|E|}}<br />
|float = center<br />
|zoom = 15<br />
|width = 300<br />
|height = 220<br />
|scalemark = 40<br />
|mark-coord1 = {{Coord|28|39|22.0|N|77|14|09.4|E|}}<br />
|fullscreen-option = 1<br />
}}<br />
| time = {{Format time|6|52}} p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| timezone = [[UTC+5:30]]<br />
| type = [[Car bombing]]<br />
| weapons = Car loaded with [[Ammonium nitrate bomb|ammonium nitrate fuel oil]] and other explosives<br />
| fatalities = 15 (including the perpetrator[s])<br />
| injuries = 20+<br />
| perpetrator = <br />
| motive = Under investigation<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|39|22.0|N|77|14|09.4|E|}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}<br />
<br />
On 10 November 2025, a car exploded near the [[Red Fort]] in [[Delhi]], India, killing at least 15 people and injuring more than 20 others. According to the [[Delhi Police]], there were two to three people inside the car at the time of the explosion. The preliminary police findings indicated that the blast may have been a possible [[suicide attack]], and the police have been investigating whether the incident was a deliberate [[terrorist]] act. On 12 November, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] labeled the incident as a terrorist act. <br />
<br />
Further police reports indicated that the blast is suspected to have been caused by [[Ammonium nitrate bomb|ammonium nitrate fuel oil]] and other explosives in the car, which triggered a fire that damaged multiple nearby vehicles. Investigators later traced the car used in the explosion to Umar Mohammed, a [[Pulwama]]-based doctor, who worked at at [[Al-Falah University]] in Faridabad and had alleged links to individuals arrested during the earlier police raids conducted in the city which led to the capture of more than {{cvt|2900|kg}} of explosives. Subsequent [[DNA analysis]] of the human remains found in the vehicle identified Umar as one of occupants of the car. Based on evidence recovered during the investigation, he was allegedly part of a larger network consisting of several doctors from Faridabad and [[Kashmir]], with links to foreign handlers.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
On 9 November 2025, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]], along with the [[Haryana Police]], recovered around {{cvt|350|kg}} of explosives, [[assault rifles]], [[handguns]], [[timer|timing devices]], and [[ammunition]] from a house in [[Faridabad]], a city adjacent to Delhi.<ref name="ND">{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-500-kg-suspected-explosives-found-at-j-k-doctors-house-in-faridabad-9608141 |title=2,900 kg Explosives Found At 2 Houses Of J&K Doctor In Faridabad |work=[[NDTV]] |date=10 November 2025 |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref> <br />
<br />
On the next day, the police raided another house in the same city and recovered approximately {{cvt|2563|kg}} of explosives, and other materials such as chemicals, reagents, inflammable material, and [[electronic circuit]]s, used for making [[bomb]]s. As per the police, the houses were rented by Mujammil Shakeel, a doctor from Pulwama in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="ND"/> The police arrested Muzammil Ahmad Ganai from Pulwama and Adeel Majeed Rather from [[Qazigund]], both doctors, who are alleged to be part of a [[Clandestine cell system|clandestine cells]] linked to the [[Islamic militant]] groups, [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and [[Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bashaarat |first1=Masoo |last2=Hazarika |first2=Abhimanyu |date=11 November 2025 |title=350 kg explosives, AK-47: J&K cops recover arms cache from doctor's rented home in Faridabad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/350-kg-explosives-ak-47-jk-cops-recover-arms-cache-from-doctors-home-in-faridabad-10356500/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> <br />
<br />
As per media reports, the doctor who rented the accommodations and the suspect who perpetrated the blasts worked at the same hospital in Faridabad.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/delhi/pulwama-doctor-believed-to-be-behind-the-wheels-of-exploding-car-investigators-probe-faridabad-link-3794034|title=Delhi blast: Pulwama doctor believed to be behind the wheels of exploded car; investigators probing 'suicide bomb' angle |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=11 November 2025 |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="DNA">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dna-test-confirms-dr-umar-mohammad-drove-i20-car-that-caused-bombing-near-red-fort-in-delhi-say-sources-9625488|title=DNA Test Confirms Dr Umar Drove i20 That Exploded Near Red Fort|date=13 November 2025|access-date=13 November 2025|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> However, the police have not officially confirmed a link between the raids and the car explosion.<ref name="Al">{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=Indian police invoke 'terrorism' law after Delhi blast kills nine people |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/10/explosion-near-red-fort-in-indias-new-delhi |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Explosion ==<br />
At 6:52 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 10 November 2025, a car exploded near the [[Red Fort]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=Delhi explosion: Several reported killed after blast near metro station |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cly94zlpl8yt |access-date=10 November 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=India: At least eight people killed in car explosion in New Delhi, police say |url=https://news.sky.com/story/at-least-eight-people-killed-in-car-explosion-in-delhi-police-say-13467842 |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[Sky News]]}}</ref> The car, which was identified as a white [[Hyundai i20]],<ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=Red Fort blast: Explosion occurred in Hyundai i20 car, team reached within 10 minutes - what we know so far |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/blast-near-red-fort-7-fire-tenders-on-spot-many-feared-injured-what-we-know-so-far/articleshow/125226271.cms?hl=en-US |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title="Thorough Probe": Home Minister Amit Shah Heads To Delhi Red Fort Blast Site |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/delhi-blast-news-thorough-probe-home-minister-amit-shah-heads-to-delhi-red-fort-blast-site-1020317?hl=en-US |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> was parked near the Red Fort for more than three hours prior to the incident. [[CCTV]] footage showed the car entering a parking area adjacent to the [[Sunehri Masjid (Chandni Chowk)|Sunehri Masjid]] at 3:19 pm and remaining there until 6:48 pm.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Manral |first1=Mahendar Singh |last2=Chand |first2=Sakshi |date=11 November 2025 |title=Red Fort blast: i20 was at nearby parking lot for over 3 hours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/red-fort-blast-i20-was-at-nearby-parking-lot-for-over-3-hours-10357773/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kathju |first=Junaid |date=11 November 2025 |title=Deadly New Delhi car blast triggers terrorism probe in India's capital |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3332271/indian-police-begin-delhi-car-blast-probe-families-wait-anxiously-news |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref> As per [[Satish Golcha]], the [[Commissioner of Delhi Police|commissioner]] of the [[Delhi Police]], after leaving the parking, the car stopped at a traffic light near Gate 1 of the [[Red Fort metro station]] before moving and exploding in slow-moving traffic. He also said that there were two to three occupants inside the car at the time of the explosion,<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=Hyundai i20 In Delhi Blast Was Sold To A Man From Kashmir's Pulwama |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-red-fort-blast-live-updates-hyundai-i20-in-delhi-blast-was-sold-to-a-man-from-kashmirs-pulwama-9611456 |access-date=10 November 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=9 killed, many injured in car blast near Red Fort, Amit Shah says probing all angles |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/9-killed-many-injured-in-car-blast-near-red-fort-amit-shah-says-probing-all-angles-10358069/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> with CCTV footage indicating a masked man driving the car before the explosion.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=Masked man seen driving Hyundai i20 minutes before blast near Red Fort |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/red-fort-new-delhi-blast-explosion-hyundai-i20-seen-cctv-new-pic-probe-masked-driver-101762825584656.html |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Police and eyewitnesses reported that the high-intensity impact from the blast destroyed the primary car and set fire to nearly a dozen vehicles nearby. The sound of the explosion was heard several hundred meters away, and shattered the windowpanes of the nearby buildings.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=Red Fort blast highlights: Delhi Police file case under UAPA, Explosives Act sections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/red-fort-blast-news-live-updates-car-lal-quila-metro-station-casualties-injuries-explosion-faridabad-terror-101762782889463.html?hl=en-US |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
The [[Delhi Fire Service]] reported that it received multiple calls between 6:50 and 7:05 pm and dispatched seven fire tenders to the spot. A fire service official later confirmed that the fire was brought under control by 7:29 pm.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=Eight killed after explosion near major Delhi landmark, police say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cly94zlpl8yt |work=[[BBC]] |date=11 November 2025 |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="HT"/> The fire service stated that six cars, two e-rickshaws, and one auto rickshaw were incinerated in the explosion and the subsequent fire.<ref name="HT"/> The blast killed 15 people and injured more than 20 others.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2025 |title=Red Fort blast: Death toll rises to 15 as two more injured succumb in hospital |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/red-fort-blast-death-toll-rises-to-15-as-two-more-injured-succumb-in-hospital/articleshow/125386066.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Blast Live Updates: Death Count In Delhi Blast Near Red Fort Rises To 13, Say Police |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/red-fort-delhi-blast-live-updates-latest-news-dr-umar-mohammad-jaish-link-al-falah-university-faridabad-doctors-9625512 |date=13 November 2025 |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The injured were admitted to [[Lok Nayak Hospital]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/red-fort-explosion-i20-car-occupant-owner-investigation-updates-nov-11-2025/article70265745.ece |title=Delhi Red Fort blast: Pulwama doctor was occupant of car that exploded, forensic report awaited |date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the incident, security was tightened across the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] with increased checks, patrols, and surveillance at crowded locations.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=Checks, patrols intensified as Noida, Ghaziabad on high alert after car explosion near Red Fort |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/checks-patrols-intensified-as-noida-ghaziabad-on-high-alert-after-car-explosion-near-red-fort/articleshow/125234500.cms |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Security levels were raised in other major cities across the country,<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=Delhi placed on high alert after explosion near Red Fort metro station; multiple casualties feared |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/high-alert-in-delhi-after-explosion-near-red-fort-metro-station-multiple-casualties-reported/articleshow/125226493.cms?utm_ |access-date=10 November 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and major religious places were placed under high security.<ref>{{cite news |last=Parmar |first=Jinit |date=11 November 2025 |title=Vaishno Devi, Uttarakhand, Himachal On High Alert After Red Fort Blast; Delhi Police Invoke UAPA, Explosives Act |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/vaishno-devi-uttarakhand-himachal-on-high-alert-after-red-fort-blast-delhi-police-invoke-uapa-explosives-act |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Suresh Gopi condemns Delhi blasts, calls it 'wound to India's integrity' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/11/11/suresh-gopi-responds-delhi-blast.html |work=[[Manorama News]] |date=11 November 2025 |access-date=11 November 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi blast a wound to the integrity of the nation, says Suresh Gopi |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/delhi-blast-a-wound-to-the-integrity-of-the-nation-says-suresh-gopi/3086494 |work=[[Press Trust Of India]] |access-date=11 November 2025 |date=11 November 2025}}</ref> On 12 November, the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] was convened to review the incident and recommended further actions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Jignasa |last2=Singh |first2=Karn Pratap |last3=Dhankhar |first3=Leena |date=13 November 2025 |title=Centre calls Delhi blast 'terror incident' as probe net widens |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-calls-delhi-blast-terror-incident-as-probe-net-widens-101762974377856.html |access-date=12 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Misinformation and clarification ===<br />
The [[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB) fact-checked and debunked a widely shared image that showed a large fireball and a [[mushroom cloud]], clarifying that this image was not from the Delhi blast but actually came from [[September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon|an Israeli airstrike in Beirut]] on 27 September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Government debunks false image of Delhi blast circulated by propaganda accounts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/government-debunks-fake-delhi-blast-image-circulated-by-propaganda-accounts-9611645 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=11 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=PIB fact check debunks fake Delhi blast image circulated by propaganda accounts |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/pib-fact-check-debunks-fake-delhi-blast-image-circulated-by-propaganda-accounts-892259 |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> The PIB also rejected claims that the blast was caused by a [[CNG]] cylinder explosion, stating that no official from Delhi Police has made any such statement, and warned people not to share that fake narrative.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=Fact Check: No, Delhi Blast Wasn't A CNG Explosion, Old Lebanon Image Shared Falsely |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/fact-check-no-delhi-blast-wasnt-a-cng-explosion-old-lebanon-image-shared-falsely-article-153132331 |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Car Blast Caused By CNG Explosion? PIB Fact Check Debunks Fake News |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/delhi-car-blast-caused-by-cng-explosion-pib-fact-check-debunks-fake-news-appeals-to-citizens-not-to-share-unverified-information |work=[[Free Press Journal]] |date=11 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fact-Check: Did Special CP Ravindra Yadav Say Blast Was Due to CNG Cylinder? No! |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/special-cp-law-order-ravindra-yadav-delhi-red-fort-cng-cylinder-blast-viral-claim-fact-check |work=[[The Quint]] |date=11 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> Additionally, it refuted claims by certain social media posts that the blast was a false flag operation.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=PIB Dismisses Fake Claims Linking Delhi Blast To false flag |url=https://english.bharatexpress.com/india/pib-dismisses-fake-claims-linking-delhi-blast-to-false-flag-operation-238937 |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=[[Bharat Express]]}}</ref> After an undated video of the suspected bomber was released in the media, the government warned the media not to distribute such videos, and spread misinformation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Devesh K. |title=Delhi blast: Government cautions TV channels against airing videos of accused persons justifying violent acts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-red-fort-blast-government-advisory-tv-channel-videos-november-18-2025/article70295676.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 November 2025 |language=en-IN |date=18 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Investigation and actions ==<br />
After the explosion, the area around the Red Fort was cordoned off, and the [[National Security Guard]] and forensic experts collected evidence from the site.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Hindu"/> The [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) was tasked with the investigation of the case by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=NIA, NSG teams reach Red Fort blast site |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-blast-nia-team-rushes-red-fort-explosion-site-nsg-commandos-national-investigation-agency-high-alert-2816931-2025-11-10 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=MHA transfers Red Fort car blast investigation to NIA |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/ministry-of-home-affairs-hands-over-red-fort-car-blast-probe-nia-pk6ac159 |work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 November 2025 |title=Delhi Blast A 'Terror Incident': PM Modi Chairs Security Meet, NIA Takes Over Probe. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/delhi-blast-a-terror-incident-pm-modi-chairs-security-meet-nia-takes-over-probe-ytvd-2818420-2025-11-12 |access-date=12 November 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Preliminary police findings indicated that the blast may have been a possible suicide attack,<ref>{{cite news |title=Red Fort explosion: Initial probe points to possible 'fidayeen' attack |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/red-fort-explosion-probe-points-to-possible-fidayeen-attack-linked-to-faridabad-terror-module/articleshow/125241697.cms?from=mdr |date=11 November 2025 |access-date=11 November 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Sreya Chatterjee |author2=Arvind Ojha |date=11 November 2025 |title=Dr Umar panicked after Faridabad arrests, acted in haste: Sources on Delhi blast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/explosives-planted-in-car-near-red-fort-agencies-suspect-fidayeen-attack-sources-2817065-2025-11-11 |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=Red Fort blast: Delhi Police initial probe points to possible fidayeen attack |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/red-fort-blast-delhi-police-initial-probe-points-to-possible-fidayeen-attack20251111112211/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref> and the police investigated the possibility of a deliberate terrorist act.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Delhi car blast investigated as possible terrorism, Indian police say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/11/11/delhi-car-explosion-red-fort/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=11 November 2025 |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Mujib Mashal |title=Police Investigate Deadly New Delhi Blast as Possible Terrorist Attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/11/world/asia/india-delhi-explosion-terror.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref> The [[Government of India|Indian government]] later termed the explosion as a terrorist attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt finally spells it out, calls Delhi car blast a 'terrorist incident'; PM chairs high-level meet |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/red-fort-car-explosion-a-terrorist-incident-says-centre-pm-chairs-high-level-meeting/cid/2132580 |work=[[Telegraph (India)|Telegraph]] |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 November 2025 |title=Centre calls blast near Red Fort a 'terrorist incident', passes resolution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-red-fort-car-blast-nia-probe-jammu-kashmir-terror-module-police-live-updates-november-12/article70269640.ece |access-date=12 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As per police reports, the blast was suspected to have been caused by [[Ammonium nitrate bomb|ammonium nitrate fuel oil]], which triggered a fire that damaged the nearby vehicles.<ref name="Hindu"/> <br />
<br />
The Delhi police invoked the provisions of the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]], and detained two men for questioning.<ref name="Hindu"/><ref name="Print">{{cite news |last=Taskin |first=Bismee |date=11 November 2025 |title=Car in Red Fort blast linked to Pulwama doctor, same terror module as Faridabad raid accused |url=https://theprint.in/india/car-in-red-fort-blast-linked-to-pulwama-doctor-same-terror-module-as-faridabad-raid-accused/2781280/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=Two men detained for link to car that exploded, killed 8 near Delhi's Red Fort |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-men-detained-for-link-to-car-that-exploded-killed-8-near-delhis-red-fort-101762795260228.html |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Investigators later traced the car used in the explosion to Umar Mohammed, a Pulwama-based doctor, who worked at at [[Al-Falah University]] and had alleged links to individuals arrested in Faridabad during the earlier police raids.<ref name="Print"/><ref>{{cite news |date=12 November 2025 |title=J&K doctor linked to "white-collar" Faridabad terror module behind Delhi blast: Sources |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/blast-near-red-fort-j-k-doctor-linked-to-white-collar-faridabad-terror-module-behind-delhi-blast-sources-9612091 |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> Subsequent [[DNA analysis]] of the human remains found in the vehicle identified Umar as one of occupants of the car.<ref name="DNA"/><ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=Red Fort blast: DNA test confirms identity of suspected bomber Umar Nabi Bhat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/red-fort-blast-umar-nabi-bhat-dna-test-10362345/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=Red Fort Blast: Pulwama house of Dr Umar Nabi involved in Delhi blast demolished |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/red-fort-blast-pulwama-house-of-dr-umar-nabi-involved-in-delhi-blast-demolished-news-474152 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> According to the investigators, Umar allegedly acted under panic after the earlier Faridabad raids and might have either detonated the bomb prematurely or mishandled it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi blast suspect acted in panic after crackdown, say investigators |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/suspect-acted-in-panic-after-crackdown-delhi-blast-probe-101762888777072.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 14 November, the [[Indian Army]] demolished Umar's house in Quil village in [[Pulwama district]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=14 November 2025 |title=Delhi blast: Security forces demolish accused Dr Umar Nabi's house in Pulwama |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Nov/14/delhi-blast-security-forces-demolish-accused-dr-umar-nabis-house-in-pulwama |access-date=14 November 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=House of accused Dr Umar Nabi demolished in Pulwama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/house-of-dr-umar-nabi-involved-in-delhi-blast-demolished-in-pulwama-101763087453102.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> As per media reports, based on evidence recovered during the investigation, Umar was allegedly part of a larger terror network consisting of several doctors from Faridabad and Kashmir, with links to foreign handlers.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Umar to Muzammil: Who are the six doctors behind the Delhi Red Fort blast? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-umar-to-muzammil-who-are-the-six-doctors-behind-delhi-red-fort-blast-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/125269244.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi blast probe: First image of Red Fort bomber Umar Un Nabi spotted near mosque |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-blast-probe-first-image-of-red-fort-bomber-umar-un-nabi-spotted-near-mosque/articleshow/125288762.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> As the initial case was transferred to the NIA, the Delhi Police filed a fresh [[first information report]] for further investigation of suspected activities in the region.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 November 2025 |title=Delhi Police file new FIR; uncovers 'deeper conspiracy' in Red Fort car blast; doctor module used 'spycraft' tactics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-car-blast-probe-intensifies-fir-uncovers-deeper-conspiracy-doctor-module-used-spycraft-tactics/articleshow/125340660.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> The [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] issued a show-cause notice to Al-Falah University, which had employed the doctor involved in the incident, as the accreditation had lapsed earlier and was not renewed.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 November 2025 |title=Al Falah University, under scanner for Delhi Red Fort blast, gets show-cause from NAAC over false accreditation claim |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/al-falah-university-under-scanner-for-delhi-red-fort-blast-gets-show-cause-from-naac-over-false-accreditation-claim/article70275034.ece |access-date=14 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 26 November, the NIA arrested Soyab from Faridabad for sheltering and aiding Umar, marking the seventh arrest in the case.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 November 2025 |title=Delhi terror attack: NIA nabs Faridabad man Soyab who aided Umar Un Nabi; 7th arrest so far |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-terror-attack-nia-nabs-faridabad-man-soyab-who-aided-umar-un-nabi-7th-arrest-so-far/articleshow/125580535.cms |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inside the university branded a ‘terror hub’ over links to deadly Delhi car blast |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/delhi-blast-car-bombing-red-fort-umar-un-nabi-al-falah-university-b2868835.html |website=The Independent |access-date=8 December 2025 |language=en |date=7 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reactions ==<br />
=== Domestic ===<br />
[[Droupadi Murmu]], the [[President of India]], who was on an official visit to [[Angola]], spoke to home minister [[Amit Shah]] to inquire about the details of the incident.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/president-droupadi-murmu-calls-minister-amit-shah-about-red-fort-blast/ |title=President Droupadi Murmu Calls Minister Amit Shah About Red Fort Blast |work=[[All India Radio]] |date=11 November 2025 |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref> [[Narendra Modi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]], who was on an official visit to [[Bhutan]],<ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=PM Modi arrives in Bhutan for two day visit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-embarks-on-two-day-visit-to-bhutan/article70265472.ece |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Blast: PM Modi issues strong warning for perpetrators, says no one involved will be spared |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-blast-pm-modi-issues-strong-warning-for-perpetrators-says-no-one-involved-will-be-spared/articleshow/125242293.cms?from=mdr |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=11 November 2025 |date=11 November 2025}}</ref> expressed his condolences,<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title='Condolences to those who have lost their loved ones': PM Modi on Delhi blast, briefed by Amit Shah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-blast-pm-modi-takes-stock-of-situation-briefed-by-amit-shah/articleshow/125227469.cms?hl=en-US |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Basu-2025">{{cite news |last=Basu |first=Sayak |title=Delhi Red Fort Blast Live Updates: Owner of car that exploded detained by Delhi Police; NSG team arrives at blast site |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=10 November 2025 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-blast-news-live-red-fort-explosion-dead-injured-lal-qila-rekha-gupta-bomb-blast-11762784503266.html?hl=en-US |access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref> and said that strict action would be initiated against the conspirators of the incident.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=In Bhutan, PM Modi vows action over Delhi blast: 'Those who plotted this...' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-bhutan-pm-modi-vows-action-over-delhi-red-fort-blast-those-who-plotted-this-101762843224219.html |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The [[Delhi government]] announced a compensation of {{INRconvert|1|m}} for the families of those killed in the blast and additional support for the injured.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=Delhi Red Fort blast: Capital on high alert; Chief Minister of Delhi Rekha Gupta announces Rs 10 lakh compensation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-red-fort-blast-capital-on-high-alert-cm-rekha-gupta-announces-rs-10-lakh-compensation-top-developments/articleshow/125254519.cms |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shah visited the blast site and the hospital where he met with the injured, before holding a review meeting with officials of the law enforcement agencies and the [[Director of the Intelligence Bureau|director]] of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]. He later stated that "all possibilities" are being examined and a "thorough investigation" will be conducted.<ref>{{cite news |title=Red Fort Blast Live: 8 Dead After Explosion In Car Near Red Fort In Delhi, Amit Shah At Blast Site |work=[[NDTV]] | date=10 November 2025 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-red-fort-blast-live-updates-car-explosion-many-feared-dead-after-explosion-in-car-near-red-fort-in-delhi-pm-modi-rekha-gupta-delhi-9609750?hl=en-US |access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title='Taking all possibilities into account': Amit Shah on Delhi blast that killed 8; investigation on |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/taking-all-possibilities-into-account-amit-shah-on-delhi-blast-to-reach-spot-shortly/articleshow/125228160.cms?hl=en-US |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shwenk |first1=Martin |last2=Murthy |first2=Narayana |last3=Poonawalla |first3=Adar |last4=Jain |first4=Manu |last5=Kamath |first5=Nitin |title=Delhi blast: Amit Shah confirms blast in Hyundai i20 car near Red Fort, Home Ministry to meet senior probing officials tomorrow |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=10 November 2025 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-blast-amit-shah-confirms-blast-in-hyundai-i20-car-blast-near-red-fort-orders-cctv-probe/articleshow/125228332.cms?hl=en-US&from=mdr |access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Rahul Gandhi]], [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Lok Sabha]], called the explosion "extremely heartbreaking and concerning".<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=Vaishno Devi, Uttarakhand, Himachal On High Alert After Red Fort Blast; Delhi Police Invoke UAPA, Explosives Act |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-blast-leaders-express-grief-over-loss-of-lives-demand-swift-investigation/articleshow/125227700.cms?hl=en-US |access-date=11 November 2025 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party]] chief [[Arvind Kejriwal]] commented that the incident was "extremely alarming".<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=Delhi Red Fort blast: Kejriwal calls for immediate investigation, Rahul Gandhi say, 'extremely heartbreaking' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/delhi-red-fort-blast-political-reactions-rahul-gandhi-arvind-kejriwal-10357657/?hl=en-US |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=Arvind Kejriwal calls explosion near Red Fort "extremely alarming," seeks thorough investigation |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/arvind-kejriwal-calls-explosion-near-red-fort-extremely-alarming-seeks-thorough-investigation20251110204840/?hl=en-US |access-date=11 November 2025 |agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== International ===<br />
Representatives of several countries and international organisations expressed their condolences and solidarity following the explosion. The ambassador of the [[European Union]] expressed grief on the incident and said that Europe stands by the people of India.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title="We stand by Indian people in this moment of shock and grief": EU Ambassador on Delhi Blast |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/we-stand-by-indian-people-in-this-moment-of-shock-and-grief-eu-ambassador-on-delhi-blast/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref> The [[Ambassador of the United States to India|US ambassador]] said that the [[United States]] is closely monitoring the situation and advised its citizens in Delhi to avoid the affected area.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=Delhi blast: US says 'closely monitoring' situation after deadly explosion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/delhi-blast-us-says-closely-monitoring-situation-after-deadly-explosion/articleshow/125230619.cms?hl=en-US |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> As per the [[Russia]]n news agency [[TASS]], the [[Russian Embassy]] was reported to be checking whether any of its nationals were impacted.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=Eight people killed, at least 24 injured in car explosion in New Delhi |url=https://tass.com/emergencies/2041515?utm_ |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[TASS]]}}</ref> [[Afghanistan]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban Condemn Delhi Blast But Remain Silent On Islamabad Attack |url=https://www.afintl.com/en/202511119553 |work=Afghanistan International |date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> [[Argentina]],<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=Argentine expresses condolences on blast near Red Fort in Delhi |url=https://miniapp.news/m/en/news/argentine-expresses-condolences-on-blast-near-red-fort-in-delhi-1762795741872 |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=Miniapp}}</ref> [[France]],<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=Delhi car blast: Iran expresses 'deep sorrow', prays for speedy recovery of those injured |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/delhi-bomb-blast-foreign-reaction-us-uk-france-russia-iran-donald-trump-vladimir-putin-1810923?hl=en-US |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=ABP Live}}</ref> [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhaumik |first=Anirban |date=11 November 2025 |title=Delhi car blast: Iran expresses 'deep sorrow', prays for speedy recovery of those injured |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/delhi/delhi-car-blast-iran-expresses-deep-sorrow-prays-for-speedy-recovery-of-those-injured-3793690 |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> [[Japan]],<ref name="ANI">{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=Japanese, British, Argentine envoys extend condolences on Delhi Blast |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/japanese-british-argentine-envoys-extend-condolences-on-delhi-blast20251111003843/?hl=en-US |access-date=11 November 2025 |agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref> [[Maldives]],<ref>{{cite press release |date=11 November 2025 |title=President expresses condolences following blast in Delhi, India |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/35634 |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The President's Office]]}}</ref> and the [[United Kingdom]] offered messages of sympathy to the victims and support to India.<ref name="ANI"/><br />
<br />
India has not officially named any external entity as responsible for the blast, and Pakistan made no official response to the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/11/12/asia/delhi-islamabad-blast-analysis-intl-hnk|title=Two blasts a day apart in India and Pakistan’s capitals fray regional nerves in an already tense year|author=Rhea Moghul|date=13 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> However, [[Chaudhry Anwarul Haq]], the former [[Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir|Prime Minister]] of [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]], in a widely circulated video, suggested the possibility of militant/insurgent groups based in Pakistan being behind the explosion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2025/11/19/from-red-fort-to-kashmir-s-forests-po-k-leader-admits-pakistan-backed-terror-groups-behind-attacks-across-india.html|title='From Red Fort to Kashmir's forests': PoK leader admits Pakistan-backed terror groups behind attacks across India|work=[[The Week (magazine)|The Week]]|date=19 November 2025|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/pok-politicians-red-fort-to-kashmir-claim-renews-focus-on-islamabads-terror-role/cid/2133761|title=PoK politician’s ‘Red Fort to Kashmir’ claim renews focus on Islamabad’s terror role|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|date=19 November 2025|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* {{anl|2025 Islamabad suicide bombing}}<br />
* {{anl|2025 Nowgam explosion}}<br />
* {{anl|2025 Pahalgam attack}}<br />
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Disasters in India in 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi car explosion, 2025}}<br />
[[Category:2025 disasters in India]]<br />
[[Category:2025 murders in India]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Delhi|Car explosion]]<br />
[[Category:November 2025 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Explosions in 2025]]<br />
[[Category:2025 mass murders]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2025]]<br />
[[Category:Disasters in Delhi|2025 car explosion]]<br />
[[Category:Explosions in India]] <br />
[[Category:Suicide car and truck bombings in India]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravi_Inder_Singh_(cricketer)&diff=529967Ravi Inder Singh (cricketer)2026-02-13T23:24:34Z<p>RomaineAchen489: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1987)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer<br />
| name = Ravi Inder Singh<br />
| image = <br />
| country = India<br />
| fullname = Ravi Inder Singh Mehra<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|11|4|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India]]<br />
| heightft = <br />
| heightinch = <br />
| heightm =<br />
| batting = Left-handed<br />
| bowling = Right-arm [[offbreak]]<br />
| role = [[Opening batsman]]<br />
| club1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]<br />
| year1 = 2007/08–present<br />
| columns = 3<br />
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]<br />
| matches1 = 44<br />
| runs1 = 2378<br />
| bat avg1 = 32.13<br />
| 100s/50s1 = 6/10<br />
| top score1 = 142<br />
| deliveries1 = 669<br />
| wickets1 = 3<br />
| bowl avg1 = 116.66<br />
| fivefor1 = 0<br />
| tenfor1 = 0<br />
| best bowling1 = 1/0<br />
| catches/stumpings1 = 37/&ndash;<br />
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]<br />
| matches2 = 36<br />
| runs2 = 1431<br />
| bat avg2 = 47.70<br />
| 100s/50s2 = 3/10<br />
| top score2 = 126*<br />
| deliveries2 = 137<br />
| wickets2 = 4<br />
| bowl avg2 = 20.75<br />
| fivefor2 = 0<br />
| tenfor2 = 0<br />
| best bowling2 = 3/38<br />
| catches/stumpings2 = 14/&ndash;<br />
| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]<br />
| matches3 = 20<br />
| runs3 = 540<br />
| bat avg3 = 28.42<br />
| 100s/50s3 = 0/5<br />
| top score3 = 69*<br />
| deliveries3 = &ndash;<br />
| wickets3 = &ndash;<br />
| bowl avg3 = &ndash;<br />
| fivefor3 = &ndash;<br />
| tenfor3 = –<br />
| best bowling3 = &ndash;<br />
| catches/stumpings3 = 3/&ndash;<br />
| date = 26 December<br />
| year = 2013<br />
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/317291.html Cricinfo<br />
}}<br />
'''Ravi Inder Singh Mehra''' (born 4 November 1987) is an Indian cricketer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/317291.html|title=Ravi Inder Singh|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He plays for [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] in the Indian domestic cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2012/content/squad/586983.html|title=Punjab Squad|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He is a left-hand batsman and part-time [[offbreak]] bowler.<br />
<br />
In 2018 he signed for Pokhara Premier League in Nepal, where he gained popularity.<br />
<br />
Currently he plays for [[Bhairahawa Gladiators]] in the [[Everest Premier League]]. He scored 124* in 53 balls in his EPL debut. He signed with the DC Hawks in [[Minor League Cricket]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cricinfo|id=317291}}<br />
<br />
{{Rajasthan Royals squad}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ravi Inder}}<br />
[[Category:1987 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Punjab, India cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:India Green cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:India Blue cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers from Patiala]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia&diff=451173Supreme Court of British Columbia2026-02-10T04:56:57Z<p>RomaineAchen489: General cleanup and content improvements</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British Columbia's superior trial court}}<br />
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2019}}{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}{{third-party|date=February 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox high court<br />
|court_name = Supreme Court of British Columbia<br />
|image = <!-- please see the talk page for examples where the -->Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (Tudor crown).svg<!-- is used by the Supreme Court of British Columbia --><br />
|imagesize = 150px<br />
|caption = The Royal Arms of the United Kingdom, used by the Supreme Court<br />
|established = <br />
|jurisdiction = [[Image:Flag of British Columbia.svg|border|20px]] [[British Columbia]]<br />
|location= Cariboo; Kootenay; Nanaimo; Prince Rupert; Vancouver; Victoria; New Westminster; and Yale<br />
|coordinates=<br />
|type =<br />
|authority = ''Supreme Court Act, 1996''<br />
|terms =<br />
|positions = 102<br />
|website = [http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/supreme_court/ Supreme Court]<br />
|chiefjudgetitle = Chief Justice <br />
|chiefjudgename = Ron Skolrood <br />
|termstart = October 2024<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Supreme Court of British Columbia''' is the [[superior court|superior trial court]] for the [[provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[British Columbia]], Canada. The Court hears [[civil law (common law)|civil]] and [[criminal law]] cases as well as appeals from the [[Provincial Court of British Columbia]]. There are 90 judicial positions on the Court in addition to supernumerary judges, making for a grand total of 108 judges.<ref>[http://www.fja.gc.ca/appointments-nominations/judges-juges-eng.aspx NUMBER OF FEDERALLY APPOINTED JUDGES AS OF JULY 1, 2018, www.fja.gc.ca]</ref> There are also 13 Supreme Court [[master (judiciary)|masters]], who hear and dispose of a wide variety of applications in chambers.<ref name="iafd">{{cite web | title = BC Supreme Court "About us" |url =http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/supreme_court/about_the_supreme_court/| access-date = 2011-07-19 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The court was established in 1859 as the "Supreme Court of the Mainland of British Columbia" to distinguish it from the "Supreme Court of Vancouver Island". The two courts merged in 1870 under the present name.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Laws of British Columbia: Consisting of the Acts, Ordinances |page= 112}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Jurisdiction==<br />
The British Columbia Supreme Court is a [[court of record]] and has original [[jurisdiction]] in all cases, civil and criminal, arising in British Columbia. The Court has [[inherent jurisdiction]] under the [[Constitution of Canada]], in addition to any jurisdiction granted to it by federal or provincial statute.<br />
<br />
The Court has jurisdiction in any civil dispute, including those matters where the dollar amount involved is within the jurisdiction of the [[Small claims court|Small Claims]] division of the Provincial Court. Under the [[Criminal Code (Canada)|''Criminal Code'']], the Court is included as a "superior court of criminal jurisdiction" meaning that it has exclusive jurisdiction for the trial of serious crimes within British Columbia.<br />
<br />
The Court also hears some appeals from the Provincial Court and some administrative tribunals. Appeals from its own judgments are heard by the [[British Columbia Court of Appeal]].<br />
<br />
The Supreme Court is also responsible for call ceremonies for admitting [[lawyers]] and [[Notary public#Canada|notaries public]] where the respective oath of office is administered by a justice.<ref>[http://www.lawsociety.bc.ca/page.cfm?cid=33 Call and Admission to the Bar]</ref><ref>[http://www.notaries.bc.ca/resources/Upload/28-06-2011-09-54-36_BecomingANotary-062711_ONLINE%20VERSION.pdf Information on Becoming aBC Notary Public]</ref><br />
<br />
==Judges and associate judges==<br />
All justices of the Supreme Court (including the position of [[Chief Justice]] and Associate Chief Justice) are appointed by the [[Government of Canada|federal]] [[Cabinet of Canada|cabinet]], on recommendation of the [[Minister of Justice (Canada)|Minister of Justice]]. All justices have full jurisdiction over any matter before the Court.<br />
<br />
Associate judges are appointed by the provincial [[Executive Council of British Columbia|cabinet]], on recommendation of the [[Attorney General]] in consultation with the Chief Justice. As provincial appointees, associate judges do not have inherent jurisdiction. Their jurisdiction is limited to those matters granted to them by [[statute]] and the Rules of Court. Associate judges preside in chambers, where they usually hear [[interlocutory]] applications and other pre-[[trial (law)|trial]] matters. Associate judges cannot hear civil trials and do not preside in criminal matters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2025 |title=Province appoints new associate judge for B.C. Supreme Court |url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2025AG0045-000828 |access-date=October 22, 2025 |publisher=[[Government of British Columbia]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Associate judges were originally known as masters. Pursuant to a British Columbia [[Order in Council]], the position was renamed from "master" to "associate judge".<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2025 |title=Associate Judges (formerly Masters) |url=https://www.courthouselibrary.ca/how-we-can-help/our-legal-knowledge-base/associate-judges-formerly-masters |access-date=October 22, 2025 |website=Courthouse Libraries BC}}</ref> In court, masters were addressed as "Master," but in a practice direction issued on September 6, 1991, then Chief Justice Esson advised the most appropriate form of address would be "your Honour". Masters also sit and hear matters as registrars, hearing such matters as assessments of solicitors fees and accounts.<br />
<br />
==Judicial districts==<br />
The Supreme Court sits in eight judicial districts called "[[counties of British Columbia|counties]]". That is the only usage of "county" in British Columbia, which is a reference only to such court districts and has no similarity to the meaning in other provinces of Canada, the United States or United Kingdom. Prior to 1990, there existed in British Columbia a [[county court|County Court]], an intermediate court between the Provincial Court and the Supreme Court. In 1990, the County Court was merged with the Supreme Court, and its judges became justices of the Supreme Court. The judicial districts of the Supreme Court have the same boundaries of the counties of the former County Court.<ref name="bcsc">{{cite web|title=Supreme Court - Court Locations and Contacts|url=http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/supreme_court/court_locations_and_contacts.aspx|website=The Courts of British Columbia|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> The judicial districts are: Cariboo; Kootenay; Nanaimo; Prince Rupert; Vancouver Westminster; Victoria; and Yale.<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =Supreme Court Act|abbr =RSBC|year =1996|chapter =443|section =8(1).|link =https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96443_01#section8}}</ref> Within each county, or judicial district, justices are resident in the following locations:<br />
* [[Abbotsford, British Columbia|Abbotsford]] <br />
* [[Chilliwack]]<br />
* [[Cranbrook, British Columbia|Cranbrook]]<br />
* [[Kamloops]]<br />
* [[Kelowna]]<br />
* [[Nanaimo]]<br />
* [[Nelson, British Columbia|Nelson]]<br />
* [[New Westminster]]<br />
* [[Prince George, British Columbia|Prince George]]<br />
* [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia|Prince Rupert]]<br />
* [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]<br />
* [[Vancouver]]<br />
<br />
The Supreme Court also holds sittings in the following court locations for which there is not a resident justice:<ref name="bcsc" /><br />
<br />
* [[Campbell River, British Columbia|Campbell River]]<br />
* [[Courtenay, British Columbia|Courtenay]]<br />
* [[Dawson Creek]]<br />
* [[Duncan, British Columbia|Duncan]]<br />
* [[Fort Nelson, British Columbia|Fort Nelson]]<br />
* [[Fort St. John, British Columbia|Fort St. John]]<br />
* [[Golden, British Columbia|Golden]]<br />
* [[Penticton]]<br />
* [[Port Alberni]]<br />
* [[Powell River, British Columbia|Powell River]]<br />
* [[Quesnel, British Columbia|Quesnel]]<br />
* [[Revelstoke, British Columbia|Revelstoke]]<br />
* [[Rossland, British Columbia|Rossland]]<br />
* [[Salmon Arm]]<br />
* [[Smithers, British Columbia|Smithers]]<br />
* [[Terrace, British Columbia|Terrace]]<br />
* [[Vernon, British Columbia|Vernon]]<br />
* [[Williams Lake, British Columbia|Williams Lake]]<br />
<br />
==Chief Justices of the Supreme Court==<br />
Prior to 1909, when the [[British Columbia Court of Appeal]] was established, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was considered the Chief Justice of British Columbia.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/supreme_court/about_the_supreme_court/Judges_and_Masters_of_the_Supreme_Court.aspx|title=Supreme Court - Members of the Supreme Court|website=www.courts.gov.bc.ca|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref><br />
! Duration<br />
|-<br />
| Ron Skolrood || 2024-Present<br />
|-<br />
|Christopher E. Hinkson || 2013–2024 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Robert J. Bauman|Robert James Bauman]]|| 2009–2013 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Donald Brenner|Donald Ian Brenner]] || 2000–2009<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bryan Williams (Canadian lawyer)|Bryan Williams]] || 1996–2000<br />
|-<br />
| William A. Esson ||1989–1996 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Beverley McLachlin]] (afterwards [[Chief Justice of Canada]], 2000–2017)|| 1988–1989 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Allan McEachern]] (afterwards Chief Justice of BC Court of Appeal, 1988) || 1979–1988 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nathaniel Nemetz]] (afterwards Chief Justice of BC Court of Appeal, 1979) || 1973–1979 <br />
|-<br />
| John Owen Wilson ||1963–1973 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sherwood Lett]] (afterwards Chief Justice of BC Court of Appeal, 1963) || 1955–1963 <br />
|-<br />
| Wendell Burpee Farris (died 1955) ||1942–1955 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aulay MacAulay Morrison]] || 1929–1942 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Gordon Hunter (judge)|Gordon Hunter]] || 1902–1929 <br />
|-<br />
| Angus John McColl ||1898–1902 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Theodore Davie]] ||1895–1898 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Matthew Baillie Begbie]] (incumbent Chief Justice of the [[Colony of British Columbia (1866–71)|Colony of British Columbia]] at the time B.C. joined Canada) || 1869–1894<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Associate Chief Justices of the Supreme Court ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Name<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Duration<br />
|-<br />
|Heather J. Holmes<br />
|2018–present<br />
|-<br />
|Austin F. Cullen<br />
|2011–2017<br />
|-<br />
|Anne W. MacKenzie <br />
|2010–2011<br />
|-<br />
|Patrick D. Dohm<br />
|1995–2010<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Verchere |first1=David R. |title=A progression of judges : a history of the Supreme Court of British Columbia |date=1988 |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |isbn=978-0-7748-0293-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/progressionofjud0000verc |url-access=registration}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/supreme_court/index.aspx Supreme Court of British Columbia website]<br />
* [http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/supreme_court/about_the_supreme_court/Judges_and_Masters_of_the_Supreme_Court.aspx List of Current and Previous Justices]<br />
* [http://www.supremecourtbc.ca/ Public Legal Education - Supreme Court of BC]<br />
* [http://www.supremecourtselfhelp.bc.ca Public Legal Education - Supreme Court Self-Help]<br />
* [https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/168_2009_00 Supreme Court Civil Rules]<br />
<br />
{{Courts of Canada}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:British Columbia courts]]<br />
[[Category:Superior courts in Canada|British_Columbia]]<br />
[[Category:1870 establishments in Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Courts and tribunals established in 1870]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipti_Sharma&diff=497355Dipti Sharma2026-02-07T18:51:03Z<p>RomaineAchen489: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian model}}<br />
{{about|the Indian model|the Indian cricketer|Deepti Sharma||}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox model<br />
|name=Dipti Sharma<br />
|image=Dipti Sharma Model.jpg<br />
|caption=<br />
|birth_name=<br />
|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|10|23}}<br />
|birth_place=[[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]], [[India]]<br />
|occupation=Model<br />
|years_active=2014–present<br />
|height=<br />
|haircolor=Black<br />
|eyecolor=Brown<br />
|agency=[[Elite Model Management]] (New York, Los Angeles) <br /> New Madison (Paris) <br /> [[Women Management]] (Milan) <br /> Premier Model Management (London)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://models.com/models/dipti-sharma|title=Dipti Sharma - Model|publisher=}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dipti Sharma''' is an Indian fashion model and beauty pageant finalist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/global-currents/an-inflection-point-for-indian-models|title=An Inflection Point for Indian Models|date=2017-11-28|work=The Business of Fashion|access-date=2018-02-08|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-models-on-international-ramps-supermodels-paris-fashion-week-1070632-2017-10-25|title=Make in India models on the international ramps lead the change of guard|date=2017-10-25|website=India Today|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref> Sharma debuted as an exclusive for [[Balenciaga]]'s S/S 2018 show, which she closed, and is the first Indian model to appear in their campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/dipti-sharma-model-interview|title=Dipti Sharma On Breaking The Rules For Balenciaga|work=British Vogue}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Sharma was born in [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
She was studying English at [[Panjab University]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://blog.fdci.org/2016/07/fashioning-a-tailor-made-future/|title=Fashioning a tailor-made future - FDCI|date=2016-07-20|work=FDCI|access-date=2018-02-08|language=en-US|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209003124/http://blog.fdci.org/2016/07/fashioning-a-tailor-made-future/|url-status=dead}}</ref> when she entered the [[Femina Miss India|Campus Princess 2015]] beauty pageant.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/campus-princess/2015/2015-season-2/deepti-sharma/contestantprofile/48832248.cms|title=Deepti Sharma-Campus Princess-Campus Princess-Beauty Pageant|work=Femina Miss India|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref> Although she did not win Campus Princess she was a finalist and won the title of 'Miss Rampwalk'.<ref name=":1" /> Sharma then entered the [[Elite Model Look India]] contest in 2015, which she won.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.santabanta.com/gallery/events/elite-model-look-india-2015-grand-finale/dipti-sharma-and-pranav-patidar/318340/|title=Elite Model Look India 2015 Grand Finale -- Dipti Sharma and Pranav Patidar Picture # 318340|website=www.santabanta.com|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elitemodellook.com/in/en/success-stories/index.htm|title=Success Stories - Elite Model Look|last=Look|first=Elite Model|website=Elite Model Look|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref> Sharma then went on to compete in [[Milan]] for the international [[Elite Model Look]] title. She was unplaced in the international contest which was won by [[Anouk Thijssen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elitemodellook.com/int/en/home/winning-big-with-anouk-thijssen/index.htm|title=Winning Big With Anouk Thijssen - Elite Model Look|last=Look|first=Elite Model|website=Elite Model Look|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sharma's hair was cut into her signature bowl cut by hairstylist Holli Smith for the Balenciaga S/S 2018 show.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/a13990304/now-casting-dipti-sharma/|title=Now Casting Dipti Sharma|date=2017-12-15|work=CR Fashion Book|access-date=2018-02-08|language=en-US|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063231/http://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/a13990304/now-casting-dipti-sharma/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/balenciaga-spring-2018-beauty-hair-short-cropped-cuts-jane-moseley-lotta-volkova|title=Bobs! Bangs! Bowl Cuts! The 10 Best Short Cuts from the Balenciaga Runway|work=Vogue|access-date=2018-02-08|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sharma has been featured in magazines such as ''Crash'', ''[[Vogue India]]'' and ''Harper's Bazaar Russia''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://models.com/models/dipti-sharma|title=Dipti Sharma - Model|work=MODELS.com|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Dipti}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Female models from Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:1994 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Udham Singh Nagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puri%E2%80%93Ahmedabad_Express&diff=527356Puri–Ahmedabad Express2026-02-06T20:57:48Z<p>RomaineAchen489: Made.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Puri–Ahmedabad Express<br />
| image = <br />
| caption =<br />
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]<br />
| locale = [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]] & [[Gujarat]]<br />
| first = <br />
| last =<br />
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]<br />
| ridership =<br />
| start = {{stnlnk|Puri}} (PURI)<br />
| stops = 44<br />
| end = {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad}} (ADI)<br />
| distance = {{convert|2135|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 37 hours 05 minutes <br />
| frequency = 4 days a week. <br />
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack =<br />
| catering = Available<br />
| observation = Large windows <br />
| entertainment =<br />
| baggage = Available <br />
| otherfacilities = Below the seats<br />
| stock = [[LHB coach]]<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}<br />
| el =<br />
| trainnumber = 12843 / 12844<br />
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, <br/>{{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts<br />
| map = [[File:(Puri - Ahmedabad) Express Route map.png|300px]]<br />
| map_state =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The 12843 / 12844 '''Puri–Ahmedabad Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of [[Indian Railways]] – [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railways]] zone that runs between {{stnlnk|Puri}} and {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} in India.<br />
<br />
It operates as train number 12843 from Puri to Ahmedabad Junction and as train number 12844 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]] & [[Gujarat]].<br />
<br />
==Coaches==<br />
<br />
The 12843/44 Puri–Ahmedabad Express presently has 1 AC 2 tier, 5 AC 3 tier, 8 Sleeper class, 5 Second Class seating coaches.<br />
<br />
As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.<br />
<br />
==Service==<br />
<br />
The 12843/44 Puri–Ahmedabad Express covers the distance of 2137 kilometres in 37 hours 55&nbsp;mins as 12843 Puri–Ahmedabad Express (56.18&nbsp;km/h) and in 38&nbsp;hrs 55&nbsp;mins as 12844 Ahmedabad–Puri Express (54.73&nbsp;km/h).<br />
<br />
As the average speed of the train is above 55&nbsp;km/h, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.<br />
<br />
==Route and halts==<br />
<br />
The 12843/44 Puri–Ahmedabad Express runs via {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Raipur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Durg}}, {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Wardha Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Nandura}}, {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Nandurbar}}, {{stnlnk|Surat}}, {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}} to Ahmedabad Junction.<br />
<br />
==Direction reversal==<br />
<br />
The train reverses its direction twice at; <br />
* {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}} and <br />
* {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}.<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
<br />
This route is fully electrified and it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.<br />
<br />
==Timings==<br />
<br />
* 12843 Puri–Ahmedabad Express leaves Puri every Tuesday, Thursday, Friday & Saturday at 17:30&nbsp;hrs IST and reaches Ahmedabad Junction at 07:25&nbsp;hrs IST on the 3rd day.<br />
* 12844 Ahmedabad–Puri Express leaves Ahmedabad Junction every Monday, Thursday, Saturday & Sunday at 18:40&nbsp;hrs IST and reaches Puri at 08:55&nbsp;hrs IST on the 3rd day.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in|title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org|title=&#91;IRFCA&#93; Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-05-30}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-puri-ahmedabad-express-chugs-in-with-another-abandoned-baby-1757488|title=Puri-Ahmedabad express chugs in with another abandoned baby|work=Daily News & Analysis|accessdate=2014-05-30}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=30132|title=Puri-Ahmedabad Superfast Express bogie detaches in Odisha, Odisha Current News, Odisha Latest Headlines|publisher=orissadiary.com|accessdate=2014-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083114/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=30132|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ecor-to-introduce-more-coaches-to-clear-passenger-rush/article1330029.ece|title=ECoR to introduce more coaches to clear passenger rush|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2014-05-30}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/28/puri-ahmedabad-express-to-run-four-days-in-a-week-1191038479.html|title=Puri-Ahmedabad Express to run four days in a week|work=News OneIndia|access-date=2014-05-30}}<br />
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[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_and_architecture_of_the_Taj_Mahal&diff=523125Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal2026-02-02T11:47:20Z<p>RomaineAchen489: Made</p>
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[[File:Taj Mahal 2, Agra, India.jpg|thumb|right|Mausoleum of the Taj Mahal complex at Agra, India]]<br />
<br />
The [[Taj Mahal]] represents the finest and most sophisticated example of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]. Its origin lies in the moving circumstances of its commission and the culture and history of an Islamic [[Mughal Empire]]'s rule of large parts of India. The distraught [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[list of Mughal emperors|Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]] commissioned the project upon the death of one of his favorite wives [[Mumtaz Mahal]].<br />
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A masterpiece of the Mughal chief architect [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori|Ahmad ma'mar]], it is one of the most famous and recognizable buildings in the world today. While the large, [[dome]]d [[marble]] [[mausoleum]] is the most familiar part of the monument, the Taj Mahal is an extensive complex of buildings and gardens that extends over {{convert|22.44|ha|acres}}<ref group=note>The UNESCO evaluation omits the Bazaar, Caravenserai (Taj Ganji) and Moonlight garden (Mahtab Bagh) from its area calculations&nbsp;– the total area with the historic Taj Ganji is 26.95&nbsp;ha</ref><ref name="unesco">{{cite web| url = https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/252.pdf | title = ICOMOS advisory body evaluation| year=1983|access-date = 2007-03-21| publisher = [[ICOMOS]] }}</ref> and includes subsidiary tombs, waterworks infrastructure, the small town of Taj Ganji to the south and a 'moonlight garden' to the north of the river. Construction of Taj Mahal began in 1632 AD, (1041 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]), on the south bank of the River [[Yamuna]] in [[Agra]], and was substantially complete by 1648 AD (1058 AH). The design was conceived as an earthly replica of the house of Mumtaz Mahal in paradise.<br />
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==Mumtaz and Shah Jahan==<br />
[[File:Taj Mahal - Mausoleum der Liebe (CC BY-SA 4.0).webm|thumb|Animation showing the Taj Mahal (English subtitles)]]<br />
In 1607 ([[Anno Hegirae|AH]] 1025) the Mughal Prince Khurrum (later to become [[Shah Jahan]]) was betrothed to [[Arjumand Banu Begum]], the grand daughter of a [[Persian people|Persian]] noble. She would become the unquestioned love of his life. They were married five years later in 1612. After their wedding celebrations, Khurram "finding her in appearance and character elect among all the women of the time," gave her the title [[Mumtaz Mahal]] (Jewel of the Palace).<ref name="K18">Koch, p. 18</ref><br />
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The intervening years had seen Khurrum take two other wives known as Akbarabadi Mahal and Kandahari Mahal, but according to the official court chronicler Qazwini, the relationship with his other wives "had little more than the status of marriage. The intimacy, deep affection, attention and favour which His Majesty had for the Cradle of Excellence [Mumtaz] lacked by a thousand times what he felt for any other."<ref name="K18"/><ref name=":0">Qazwini. fol. 233a translated by Begley and Desai (1984), p. 14</ref><ref name="islamic arch">{{Cite web |url=http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html |title=Bloom, J. and Blair, S. (1994). "The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250–1800". New Haven and London: Yale University Press |access-date=18 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011024711/http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Story of Mejnun - in wilderness.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The epitome of chaste Muslim love – [[Layla and Majnun|Majnun]], going mad in the wilderness]]<br />
Mumtaz died in [[Burhanpur]] on 17 June 1631, after complications with the birth of their fourteenth child, a daughter named [[Gauhara Begum]].<ref name="A210">Asher, p. 210</ref> She had been accompanying her husband whilst he was fighting a campaign in the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref name="daljeet">{{cite web| url = http://www.exoticindiaart.com/paintings/MB77 | author=Dr. Daljeet|title = Mumtaz Mahal|access-date = 2009-08-07| publisher =Exotic Indian Art }}</ref> Her body was temporarily buried in a garden called Zainabad on the banks of the [[Tapti River]] in [[Burhanpur]].<ref name="A210"/> The contemporary court chroniclers paid an unusual amount of attention to this event and Shah Jahan's grief at her demise. Immediately after hearing the news, the emperor was reportedly inconsolable. He was not seen for a week at court and considered abdicating and living his life as a religious recluse. The court historian Muhammad Amin Qazwini, wrote that before his wife's death the emperor's beard had "not more than ten or twelve grey hairs, which he used to pluck out', turned grey and eventually white"<ref name="begley">Begley and Desai, 1989 – translating Qazwini, fol. 232b (refol. 233b)</ref> and that he soon needed spectacles because his eyes deteriorated from constant weeping. Since Mumtaz had died on Wednesday, all entertainments were banned on that day. Jahan gave up listening to music, wearing jewelry, sumptuous clothes or perfumes for two years. So concerned were the imperial family that an honorary uncle wrote to say that "if he continued to abandon himself to his mourning, Mumtaz might think of giving up the joys of Paradise to come back to earth, this place of misery&nbsp;– and he should also consider the children she had left to his care." The Austrian scholar [[Ebba Koch]] compares Shah Jahan to "[[Layla and Majnun|Majnun]], the ultimate lover of Muslim lore, who flees into the desert to pine for his unattainable Layla."<ref name="k20"/><br />
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Jahan's eldest daughter, the devoted [[Jahanara Begum Sahib]], gradually brought him out of grief and fulfilled the functions of Mumtaz at court. Immediately after the burial in Burhanpur, Jahan and the imperial court turned their attentions to the planning and design of the mausoleum and funerary garden in Agra.<ref name="k20"/><br />
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==Site==<br />
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===16th–17th century Agra===<br />
The first [[Mughal garden]] was created in 1526 in Agra by [[Babur]], the founder of the dynasty. Thereafter, gardens became important Mughal symbols of power, supplanting the emphasis of pre-Mughal power symbols such as forts. The shift represented the introduction of a new ordered aesthetic&nbsp;– an artistic expression with religious and funerary aspects and as a metaphor for Babur's ability to control the arid Indian plains and hence the country at large.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523242 Koch (1997), p. 143]</ref> Babur rejected much of the indigenous and [[Lodhi dynasty|Lodhi]] architecture on the opposite bank and attempted to create new works inspired by [[Persian gardens]] and royal encampments. The first of these gardens, [[Aram Bagh, Agra|Aram Bagh]], was followed by an extensive, regular and integrated complex of gardens and palaces stretching for more than a kilometre along the river. A high continuous stone plinth bounded the transition between gardens and river and established the framework for future development in the city.<ref>Petruccioli (2006), pp. 358–359</ref><br />
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In the following century, a thriving riverfront garden city developed on both banks of the Yamuna. This included the rebuilding of [[Agra Fort]] by [[Akbar]], which was completed in 1573. By the time Jahan ascended to the throne, Agra's population had grown to approximately 700,000 and was, as Abdul Aziz wrote, "a wonder of the age&nbsp;– as much a centre of the arteries of trade both by land and water as a meeting-place of saints, sages and scholars from all Asia.....a veritable lodestar for artistic workmanship, literary talent and spiritual worth".<ref name="azia129">Aziz, p. 129</ref><ref name="K23">Koch, p,23</ref><br />
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[[Agra]] became a city centered on its waterfront and developed partly eastwards but mostly westwards from the rich estates that lined the banks. The prime sites remained those that had access to the river and the Taj Mahal was built in this context, but uniquely; as a related complex on both banks of the river.<br />
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===Interactive plan===<br />
'''Click image to navigate'''<br />
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Image:Taj site plan.png|800px|<br />
rect 61 307 712 935 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Moonlight garden (Mahtab Bagh)|Moonlight garden (Mehtab Bagh)]]<br />
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poly 1154 923 1121 923 1113 914 1104 914 1104 622 1117 622 1119 720 1307 721 1308 638 1316 638 1314 623 1334 623 1333 922 1327 915 1316 916 1306 925 1273 925 1271 882 1155 883 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Riverfront terrace (Chameli Farsh)|Riverfront terrace (Chameli Farsh)]]<br />
poly 1105 604 1104 330 1111 330 1120 320 1155 321 1156 361 1271 361 1270 321 1307 321 1316 329 1328 329 1336 320 1335 621 1315 621 1314 598 1308 598 1308 523 1118 524 1118 622 1106 620 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Riverfront terrace (Chameli Farsh)|Riverfront terrace (Chameli Farsh)]]<br />
poly 1338 311 1583 311 1583 342 1663 341 1663 312 1914 310 1914 318 1925 325 1935 325 1944 325 1945 578 1925 578 1925 666 1945 666 1945 925 1937 915 1923 915 1915 924 1915 934 1664 932 1664 902 1585 901 1584 932 1335 932 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Garden (Charbagh)|Garden (Charbagh)]]<br />
rect 1155 881 1272 935 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Jawab and Mosque|Mosque]]<br />
rect 1155 309 1272 360 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Jawab and Mosque|Guest House]]<br />
rect 1118 524 1307 719 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Mausoleum (Rauza-i munauwara)|Mausoleum (Rauza-i munawwara)]]<br />
rect 1924 579 1994 664 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Great gate (Darwaza-i rauza)|Great gate (Darwaza-i rauza)]]<br />
rect 1945 310 1960 576 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Great gate (Darwaza-i rauza)|Southern galleries (Iwan Dar Iwan)]]<br />
rect 1944 666 1962 931 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Great gate (Darwaza-i rauza)|Southern galleries (Iwan Dar Iwan)]]<br />
poly 1975 577 1974 545 1965 544 1965 444 2232 445 2232 799 1965 797 1965 695 1976 696 1976 667 1995 667 1996 579 1975 577 1973 545 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Forecourt (Jilaukhana)|Forecourt (jilaukhana)]]<br />
rect 2133 310 2232 441 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Forecourt (Jilaukhana)|Inner subsidiary tomb (Saheli Burj)]]<br />
rect 2133 802 2232 931 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Forecourt (Jilaukhana)|Inner subsidiary tomb (Saheli Burj)]]<br />
rect 1965 312 2074 440 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Forecourt (Jilaukhana)|Northern courtyard (Khawasspuras)]]<br />
rect 1965 803 2077 931 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Forecourt (Jilaukhana)|Northern courtyard (Khawasspuras)]]<br />
rect 2071 310 2131 452 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Forecourt (Jilaukhana)|Bazaar street]]<br />
rect 2076 790 2130 932 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Forecourt (Jilaukhana)|Bazaar street]]<br />
rect 2232 310 2936 938 [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Bazaar and caravanserai (Taj Ganji)|Bazaar and caravanserai (Taj Ganji)]]<br />
poly 1102 1159 1107 945 1120 935 1584 937 1585 1054 1428 1055 1428 1065 1250 1071 1247 1157 [[Origins and architecture of the Hindu temple #Waterworks|Waterworks]]<br />
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desc bottom-left<br />
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<!---*Brief explanation of how the components relate to each other.---><br />
The Taj Mahal complex can be conveniently divided into five sections:<br />
# The 'moonlight garden' (Mehtab Bagh) to the north of the river Yamuna.<br />
# The riverfront terrace, containing the Mausoleum, Mosque and Guest House.<br />
# The Charbagh Garden containing pavilions.<br />
# The Naubat Khana (Drum House) at the western and eastern sides of the Garden. The western Naubat Khana is converted into a museum.<br />
# The jilaukhana (forecourt) containing accommodation for the tomb attendants and two subsidiary tombs.<br />
# The Taj Ganji, originally a bazaar and caravanserai only traces of which are still preserved. The great gate lies between the jilaukhana and the garden.<br />
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Levels gradually descend in steps from the Taj Ganji towards the river. Contemporary descriptions of the complex list the elements in order from the river terrace towards the Taj Ganji.<ref name="K112">Koch, p. 112</ref><br />
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==Precedents==<br />
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===Mughal tombs===<br />
[[File:Kabul Babur tomb.jpg|thumb|upright|The simple [[Bagh-e Babur|Tomb of Babur]] in Kabul, Afghanistan, open to the sky.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic Gardens and Landscapes |first=D. Fairchild |last=Ruggles |author-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles |date=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812207286 |oclc=934666204}}</ref>]]<br />
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The erection of Mughal tombs to honour the dead was the subject of a theological debate conducted in part, through built architecture over several centuries. For the majority of Muslims, the spiritual power ([[Barakah|barakat]]) of visiting the resting places ([[ziyarat]]) of those venerated in Islam, was a force by which greater personal sanctity could be achieved. However, orthodox Islam found tombs problematic because a number of [[Hadith]] forbade their construction. As a culture also attempting to accommodate, assimilate and subjugate the majority Hindu populace, opposition also came from local traditions which believed dead bodies and the structures over them were impure. For many Muslims at the time of the Taj's construction, tombs could be considered legitimate providing they did not strive for pomp and were seen as a means to provide a reflection of paradise ([[Jannah]]) here on earth.<ref name="k85-88">Koch, pp. 85–88</ref><br />
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The ebb and flow of this debate can be seen in the Mughul's dynastic mausoleums stretching back to that of their ancestor [[Timur]]. Built in 1403 AD (810 AH) Timur is buried in the [[Gur-e Amir]] in Samarkand, under a fluted dome. The tomb employs a traditional Persian [[iwan]] as an entrance. The 1528 AD (935 AH) [[Bagh-e Babur|Tomb of Babur]] in Kabul is much more modest in comparison, with a simple cenotaph exposed to the sky, laid out in the centre of a walled garden.<ref name="k85-88" /><br />
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[[File:Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg|thumb|left|[[Humayun's tomb]] surmounted by a dome]]<br />
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[[Humayun's tomb]] commissioned in 1562 AD, was one of the most direct influences on the Taj Mahal's design and was a response to the Gur-e Amir, borrowing a central dome, geometric symmetrical planning and [[iwan]] entrances, but incorporating the more specifically Indian Mughal devices of [[chhatri]]s, red sandstone face work, and a '[[Paradise garden]]' ([[Charbagh]]). [[Tomb of Akbar the Great|Akbar's tomb]] c.1600 at [[Sikandra, Agra]], retains many of the elements of Humayan's tomb but possesses no dome and reverts to a cenotaph open to the sky. A theme which was carried forward in the [[Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb]] also at Agra, built between 1622 and 1628, commissioned by his daughter [[Nur Jahan]]. The [[Tomb of Jahangir]] at Shahdara ([[Lahore]]), begun in 1628 AD (1037 AH), only 4 years before the construction of the Taj and again without a dome, takes the form of a simple plinth with a minaret at each corner.<ref name="k85-88" /><br />
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===Paradise gardens===<br />
[[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|The large charbagh (a form of Persian garden divided into four parts) provides the foreground for the classic view of the Taj Mahal, UNESCO World Heritage Site]]<br />
The concept of the [[paradise garden]] ([[charbagh]]) was brought from Persia by the Mughals as a form of [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid garden]]. They were the first architectural expression the new empire made in the Indian sub-continent, and fulfilled diverse functions with strong symbolic meanings. The symbolism of these gardens is derived from [[Persian mysticism|mystic]] Islamic texts describing paradise as a garden filled with abundant trees, flowers and plants, with water playing a key role: In Paradise four [[river]]s source at a central spring or mountain. In their ideal form they were laid out as a square subdivided into four equal parts. These rivers are often represented in the charbagh as shallow canals which separate the garden by flowing towards the [[Cardinal direction|cardinal points]]. The canals represent the promise of water, milk, wine and honey.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.abouttajmahal.com/about-taj-mahal/charbagh-gardens-taj-mahal.html | title =Char Bagh Gardens Taj Mahal | access-date =2007-07-23 | publisher = About Taj Mahal|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607191815/http://www.abouttajmahal.com/about-taj-mahal/charbagh-gardens-taj-mahal.html |archive-date=7 June 2007 }}</ref> The centre of the garden, at the intersection of the divisions is highly symbolically charged and is where, in the ideal form, a pavilion, pool or tomb would be situated. The tombs of [[tomb of Humayun|Humayun]], [[Agra#Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra|Akbar]] and [[Tomb of Jahangir|Jahangir]], the previous Mughal emperors, follow this pattern. The cross axial garden also finds independent precedents within South Asia dating from the 5th century where the royal gardens of [[Sigiriya]] in Sri Lanka were laid out in a similar way.<ref name="k24">Koch, p. 24</ref><br />
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For the tomb of Jahan's late wife though, where the mausoleum is sited at the edge of the garden, there is a debate amongst scholars regarding why the traditional charbagh form has not been used. Ebba Koch suggests a variant of the charbagh was employed; that of the more secular waterfront garden found in Agra, adapted for a religious purpose. Such gardens were developed by the Mughuls for the specific conditions of the Indian plains where slow flowing rivers provide the water source, the water is raised from the river by animal-driven devices known as purs and stored in cisterns. A linear terrace is set close to the riverbank with low-level rooms set below the main building opening on to the river. Both ends of the terrace were emphasised with towers. This form was brought to Agra by [[Babur]] and by the time of Shah Jahan, gardens of this type, as well as the more traditional charbagh, lined both sides of the Jumna river. The riverside terrace was designed to enhance the views of Agra for the imperial elite who would travel in and around the city by river. Other scholars suggest another explanation for the eccentric siting of the mausoleum. If the Midnight Garden to the north of the river Jumna is considered an integral part of the complex, then the mausoleum can be interpreted as being in the centre of a garden divided by a real river and thus can be considered more in the tradition of the pure charbagh.<ref name="persimmon">{{cite web | url = http://www.persimmon-mag.com/winter2002/bookre1.htm | title = Book Review: The Moonlight Garden: New Discoveries at the Taj Mahal | access-date = 2007-02-13 | last = Leoshko | first = Janice | year = 2002 | publisher = Persimmon&nbsp;– Asian literature, Arts and Culture }}</ref><ref name="Harkness">Harkness, p. 63</ref><br />
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===Mausolea===<br />
[[File:Tomb of Jahangir and gardens 3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tomb of Jahangir]] with minarets in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]]]<br />
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The favoured form of both Mughal garden pavilions and mausolea (seen as a funerary form of pavilion) was the [[Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)|hasht bihisht]] which translates from Persian as 'eight paradises'. These were a square or rectangular planned buildings with a central domed chamber surrounded by eight elements. Later developments of the hasht bihisht divided the square at 45-degree angles to create a more radial plan which often also includes chamfered corners; examples of which can be found in Todar Mal's Baradari at [[Fatehpur Sikri]] and [[Humayun's Tomb]]. Each element of the plan is reflected in the elevations with [[iwan]]s and with the corner rooms expressed through smaller arched niches. Often such structures are topped with [[chhatri]]s (small pillared pavilions) at each corner. The eight divisions and frequent octagonal forms of such structures represent the eight levels of paradise for Muslims. The paradigm however was not confined solely to Islamic antecedents. The Chinese [[magic square]] was employed for numerous purposes including [[crop rotation]] and also finds a Muslim expression in the [[wafq]] of their mathematicians. Ninefold schemes find particular resonance in the Indian [[mandalas]], the cosmic maps of Hinduism and Buddhism.<ref name="k26">Koch, p. 26</ref><br />
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In addition to Humayun's tomb, the more closely contemporary [[Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb|Tomb of Itmad-Ud-Daulah]] marked a new era of [[Mughal architecture]]. It was built by the empress [[Nur Jehan]] for her father from 1622 to 1625 AD (1031–1034 AH) and is small in comparison to many other Mughal-era tombs. So exquisite is the execution of its surface treatments, it is often described as a jewel box.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.tajmahalindia.org/agra/places/itmad-ud-daulah.html |title = Itmad-ud-Daulah Agra|access-date = 2009-08-07| publisher =Taj Mahal India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108172938/http://www.tajmahalindia.org/agra/places/itmad-ud-daulah.html |archive-date=8 November 2009 }}</ref> The garden layout, hierarchical use of white marble and sandstone, [[Parchin kari]] inlay designs and [[latticework]] presage many elements of the Taj Mahal. The cenotaph of Nur Jehan's father is laid, off centre, to the west of her mother. This break in symmetry was repeated in the Taj where Mumtaz was interred in the geometric centre of the complex and Jahan is laid to her side. These close similarities with the tomb of Mumtaz have earned it the sobriquet – ''The Baby Taj''.<ref>Asher pp. 130–133</ref><br />
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===Minarets===<br />
Minarets did not become a common feature of Mughal architecture until the 17th century, particularly under the patronage of Shah Jahan. A few precedents exist in the 20 years before the construction of the Taj in the [[Tomb of Akbar the Great|Tomb of Akbar]] and the [[Tomb of Jahangir]]. Their increasing use was influenced by developments elsewhere in the Islamic world, particularly in [[Ottoman architecture|Ottoman]] and [[Timurid architecture]] and is seen as suggestive of an increasing religious orthodoxy of the Mughal dynasty.<ref name="k180">Koch, p. 180</ref><br />
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==Concepts, symbolism and interpretations==<br />
[[File:Taj Mahal Sunset Edit1.jpg|thumb|left|The mausoleum at sunset. Light is a Mughal metaphor for God.]]<br />
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Under the reign of Shah Jahan, the symbolic content of Mughal architecture reached a peak.<ref name="A250">Asher, p. 250</ref> The Taj Mahal complex was conceived as a replica on earth of the house of the departed in paradise (inspired by a verse by the imperial goldsmith and poet, Bibadal Khan).<ref group=note>"May the abode of Mumtaz Mahal be paradise".</ref><ref name="k20">Koch, p. 20</ref> This theme, common in most Mughal funerary architecture, permeates the entire complex and informs the detailed design of all the elements.<ref name="Koch 216">Koch, pp. 216–217</ref> A number of secondary principles also inform the design, of which hierarchy is the most dominant. A deliberate interplay is established between the [[Elements of architecture|building's elements]], its surface decoration, materials, geometric planning and its acoustics. This interplay extends from what can be experienced directly with the senses, into religious, intellectual, mathematical and poetic ideas.<ref name="Koch 216"/> The constantly changing sunlight reflected from the Taj's translucent marble is not a happy accident, it had a deliberate metaphoric role associated with the presence of god as light.<ref name="A214">Asher, p. 214</ref><br />
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==={{anchor|Symmetry and hierarchy}}Symmetry and hierarchy===<br />
Symmetry and geometric planning played an important role in ordering the complex and reflected a trend towards formal systematisation that was apparent in all of the arts emanating from Jahan's imperial patronage. [[Reflection symmetry|Bilateral symmetry]] expressed simultaneous ideas of pairing, counterparts and integration, reflecting intellectual and spiritual notions of universal harmony. A complex set of implied grids based on the Mughul [[Gaz (measure)|Gaz]] unit of measurement provided a flexible means of bringing proportional order to all the elements of the Taj Mahal.<ref name="k104">Koch, p. 104</ref><br />
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Hierarchical ordering of architecture is commonly used to emphasise particular elements of a design and to create drama. In the Taj Mahal, the hierarchical use of red sandstone and white marble contributes manifold ''symbolic'' significance. The Mughals were elaborating on a concept which traced its roots to earlier Hindu practices, set out in the [[Vishnudharmottara Purana]], which recommended white stone for buildings for the [[Brahmin]]s (priestly [[caste]]) and red stone for members of the [[Kshatriya]]s (warrior caste). By building structures that employed such colour-coding, the Mughals identified themselves with the two leading classes of Indian social structure and thus defined themselves as rulers in Indian terms. Red sandstone also had significance in the Persian origins of the Mughal empire where red was the exclusive colour of imperial tents. In the Taj Mahal the relative importance of each building in the complex is denoted by the amount of white marble (or sometimes white polished plaster) that is used.<ref name="Koch 216"/><ref name="ijar"/><br />
<br />
The use of naturalist ornament demonstrates a similar hierarchy. Wholly absent from the more lowly jilaukhana and caravanserai areas, it can be found with increasing frequency as the processional route approaches the climactic Mausoleum. Its symbolism is multifaceted, on the one hand evoking a more perfect, stylised and permanent garden of paradise than could be found growing in the earthly garden; on the other, an instrument of propaganda for Jahan's chroniclers who portrayed him as an 'erect cypress of the garden of the [[caliphate]]' and frequently used plant metaphors to praise his good governance, person, family and court. Plant metaphors also find common cause with Hindu traditions where such symbols as the 'vase of plenty' ([[Kalasha]]) can be found.<ref name="k218-224">Koch, pp. 218–224</ref><br />
<br />
Sound was also used to express ideas of paradise. The interior of the mausoleum has a [[reverberation time]] (the time taken from when a noise is made until all of its echoes have died away) of 28 seconds. This provided an atmosphere where the words of those employed to continually recite the Qu'ran (the [[Hafiz (Qur'an)|Hafiz]]), in tribute and prayer for the soul of Mumtaz, would linger in the air.<ref name="k228">Koch, p. 228</ref><br />
<br />
===Throne of God===<br />
[[File:Ibn-al-Arabi-Plain-of-Assembly.jpg|thumb|upright|Diagram of "Plain of Assembly" (''Ard al-Hashr)'' on the [[Islamic view of the Last Judgment|Day of Judgment]], from autograph manuscript of ''Futuhat al-Makkiyya'' by [[Sufism|Sufi]] mystic and philosopher [[Ibn Arabi]], ca. 1238.]]<br />
<br />
Wayne E. Begley put forward an interpretation in 1979 that exploits the Islamic idea that the 'Garden of paradise' is also the location of the [[Throne of God]] on the [[Day of Judgement]]. In his reading the Taj Mahal is seen as a monument where Shah Jahan has appropriated the authority of the 'throne of god' symbolism for the glorification of his own reign.<ref>Begley (1979) pp. 7–37</ref> Koch disagrees, finding this an [[Occam's razor|overly elaborate]] explanation and pointing out that the 'Throne' verse from the Qu'ran (sura 2, verse 255) is missing from the calligraphic inscriptions.<ref name="K225">Koch, p. 225</ref><br />
<br />
In 1996 Begley stated that it is likely that the diagram of "Plain of Assembly" (''Ard al-Hashr)'' on the Day of Judgment by [[Sufism|Sufi]] mystic and philosopher [[Ibn Arabi]] (ca. 1238) was a source of inspiration for the layout of the Taj Mahal garden. Ibn Arabi was held in high regard at the time and many copies of the ''Futuhat al-Makkiyya'', that contains the diagram, were available in India. The diagram shows the 'Arsh (Throne of God; the circle with the eight pointed star), pulpits for the righteous (al-Aminun), seven rows of [[angel]]s, [[Gabriel]] (al-Ruh), A'raf (the Barrier), the [[Hauzu'l-Kausar]] (Fountain of Abundance; the semi-circle in the center), al-Maqam al-Mahmud (the Praiseworthy Station; where Muhammad will stand to intercede for the faithful), Mizan (the Scale), [[As-Sirāt]] (the Bridge), [[Jahannam]] (Hell) and Marj al-[[Jannah]] (Meadow of Paradise). The general proportions and the placement of the Throne, the pulpits and the Kausar Fountain show striking similarities with the Taj Mahal and its garden.<ref>Begley, Wayne E. The Garden of the Taj Mahal: A Case Study of Mughal Architectural Planning and Symbolism, in: Wescoat, James L.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (1996). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects]'' Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C., {{ISBN|0-88402-235-8}}. pp. 229–231.</ref><br />
<br />
===Symbol of love===<br />
The popular view of the Taj Mahal as one of the world's monuments to a great "love story" is borne out by the contemporary accounts and most scholars accept this has a strong basis in fact.<ref>Lahauri, pp. 384–89</ref><ref>Kambo, p. 275</ref> The building was also used to assert Jahani propaganda concerning the 'perfection' of the Mughal leadership. The extent to which the Taj uses propaganda is the subject of some debate amongst contemporary scholars. This period of Mughal architecture best exemplifies the maturity of a style that had synthesised Islamic architecture with its indigenous counterparts. By the time the Mughals built the Taj, though proud of their Persian and Timurid roots, they had come to see themselves as Indian. Copplestone writes "Although it is certainly a native Indian production, its architectural success rests on its fundamentally Persian sense of intelligible and undisturbed proportions, applied to clean uncomplicated surfaces."<ref name="cop166">Copplestone, p. 166</ref><br />
<br />
==Construction and interment==<br />
{{Location map+|India|float=right|width=250|caption=Location of the Taj Mahal at [[Agra]], [[Burhanpur]] where [[Mumtaz Mahal|Mumtaz]] died and the locations where some of the building materials were sourced|places=<br />
{{Location map~|India|marksize=10|label=[[Agra]]|lat=27.18|long=78.02}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Burhanpur]]|lat=21.17|long=76.17}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|position=left|label=[[Makrana]]|lat=27.05|long=74.72}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Sri Lanka]]|lat=8|long=81}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|position=left|label=[[Tibet]]|lat=29.6|long=91.1}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Afghanistan]]|lat=34.533|long=69.166}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]|lat=31|long=75.4}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A site was chosen on the banks of the Yamuna River on the southern edge of Agra and purchased from Raja Jai Singh<ref group=note>The grandson of [[Man Singh I of Amber|Raja Man Singh]] of Amber and a relative of Shah Jahan through his Great Uncle [[Raja Bhagwant Das]].</ref><ref name="A212">Asher, p. 212</ref> in exchange for four mansions in the city. The site, ''"from the point of view of loftiness and pleasantness appeared to be worthy of the burial of that one who dwells in paradise".''<ref name="k97">Koch, p. 97 quoting Qazwini</ref> In January 1632 AD (1041 AH), Mumtaz's body was moved with great ceremony from Burhanpur to Agra while food, drink and coins were distributed amongst the poor and deserving along the way. Work had already begun on the foundations of the river terrace when the body arrived.<ref name="A212"/><ref name="k97a">Koch, p. 97</ref> A small domed building was erected over her body, thought to have been sited, and now marked, by an enclosure in the western garden near the riverfront terrace.<br />
<br />
===Foundations===<br />
The foundations represented the biggest technical challenge to be overcome by the Mughal builders. In order to support the considerable load resulting from the mausoleum, the sands of the riverbank needed to be stabilised. To this end, wells were sunk and then cased in timber and finally filled with rubble, iron and mortar&nbsp;– essentially acting as [[Deep foundation#Drilled piles|augured pile]]s.<ref name="k96">Koch, p. 96</ref> After construction of the terrace was completed, work began simultaneously on the rest of the complex. Trees were planted almost immediately to allow them to mature as work progressed.<br />
<br />
===Dating===<br />
The initial stages of the build were noted by Shah Jahan's chroniclers in their description of the first two anniversary celebrations in honour of Mumtaz&nbsp;– known as the '[[Urs]]. The first, held on 5 June 1632 AD (1041 AH), was a tented affair open to all ranks of society and held in the location of what is now the entrance courtyard (jilaukhana). [[Alms]] were distributed and prayers recited. By the second Urs, held on 25 May 1633 AD (1042 AH),<ref group=note>The [[Islamic Calendar]] is lunar and so the anniversary dates vary when expressed in the [[Gregorian Calendar]].</ref> Mumtaz Mahal had been interred in her final resting place, the riverside terrace was finished; as was the plinth of the mausoleum and the tahkhana, a galleried suite of rooms opening to the river and under the terrace.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/T_0025.htm | title =Tahkhana Complex | access-date =2009-07-29 | year =2006 | publisher = Banglapedia&nbsp;– National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20050118064045/http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/T_0025.htm| url-status =dead | archive-date =2005-01-18}}</ref> It was used by the imperial retinue for the celebrations. [[Peter Mundy]], an employee of the British East India company and a western eye witness, noted the ongoing construction of the [[caravanserai]]s and [[bazaar]]s and that "There is alreadye[sic] about Her Tombe a raile[sic] of gold". To deter theft it was replaced in 1643 AD (1053 AH) with an inlaid marble [[jali]].<ref name="k98">Koch, p. 98</ref><br />
<br />
After the second Urs further dating of the progress can be made from several signatures left by the calligrapher Amanat Khan. The signed frame of the south arch of the domed hall of the mausoleum indicates it was reaching completion in 1638/39 AD (1048/1049 AH). In 1643 AD (1053 AH) the official sources documenting the twelfth Urs give a detailed description of a substantially completed complex. Decorative work apparently continued until 1648 AD (1058 AH) when Amanat Khan dated the north arch of the great gate with the inscription "Finished with His help, the Most High".<ref name="k100"/><br />
<br />
===Materials===<br />
The Taj Mahal was constructed using materials from all over India and [[Asia]]. The buildings are constructed with [[Core-and-veneer|walls of brick and rubble inner cores]] faced with either marble or sandstone locked together with iron [[dowel]]s and clamps. Some of the walls of the mausoleum are several metres thick.<ref name="k97a" /> Over 1,000 [[elephant]]s were used to transport the building materials during the construction.<ref name="advent">{{cite web| url = http://taj-mahal.highpointdesigns.com/tajmahal-history.html| title = Taj Mahal&nbsp;– A symbol of love| access-date = 2007-03-08| publisher = Advent InfoSoft Pvt. Ltd.| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318120346/http://taj-mahal.highpointdesigns.com/tajmahal-history.html| archive-date = 18 March 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref> The bricks were fired locally and the sandstone was quarried {{convert|28|mi|km}} away near [[Fatehpur Sikri]]. The white [[marble]] was brought {{convert|250|mi|km}} from quarries belonging to Raja Jai Singh in [[Makrana]], [[Rajasthan]]. The [[Jasper]] was sourced from the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and the [[Jade]] and crystal from China. The [[turquoise]] was from [[Tibet]] and the [[Lapis lazuli]] from [[Afghanistan]], while the [[sapphire]] came from [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[carnelian]] from [[Arabia]]. In all, 28 types of precious and semi-precious stones were inlaid into the white marble.<ref name="K91-92">Koch, pp. 91–92</ref> [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] records that the scaffolding and [[centering]] for the arches was constructed entirely in brick. Legend says that the emperor offered these scaffolding bricks to anyone who would remove them and that at the end of the construction they were removed within a week. Modern scholars dispute this and consider it much more likely that the scaffolding was made of bamboo and materials were elevated by means of timber ramps.<ref name="k97a"/><br />
<br />
===Cost===<br />
Initial estimates for the cost of the works of 4,000,000 [[rupee]]s had risen to 5,000,000 by completion.<ref group=note>In 1637–39 AD (1047–1049 AH), an Indian servant of the Dutch East India company could expect to receive 36 Rupees annually, a [[mansabdar]] would receive 9000 Rupees a year.</ref> A [[waqf]] (trust) was established for the perpetual upkeep of the mausoleum with an income of 300,000 Rupees. One third of this income came from 30 villages in the district of Agra while the remainder came from taxes generated as a result of trade from the bazaars and caravanserais which had been built at an early stage to the south of the complex. Any surplus would be distributed by the emperor as he saw fit. As well as paying for routine maintenance, the waqf financed the expenses for the tomb attendants and the [[Hafiz (Quran)|Hafiz]], the [[Quran]] reciters who would sit day and night in the mausoleum and perform funerary services praying for the eternal soul of Mumtaz Mahal.<ref name="k100">Koch, p. 100</ref><br />
<br />
==Architects and craftsmen==<br />
We do not know precisely who designed the Taj Mahal. In the Islamic world at the time, the credit for a building's design was usually given to its patron rather than its architects. From the evidence of contemporary sources, it is clear that a team of architects were responsible for the design and supervision of the works, but they are mentioned infrequently. Shah Jahan's court histories emphasise his personal involvement in the construction and it is true that, more than any other Mughal emperor, he showed the greatest interest in building, holding daily meetings with his architects and supervisors. The court chronicler Lahouri, writes that Jahan would make "appropriate alterations to whatever the skillful architects designed after many thoughts, and asked competent questions."<ref name="K89">Koch, p. 89</ref> Two architects ''are'' mentioned by name, [[Ustad Ahmad Lahauri]]<ref name="unesco"/><ref name="B65">Begley and Desai (1989), p. 65</ref> and [[Mir Abd-ul Karim]] in writings by Lahauri's son Lutfullah Muhandis.<ref name="A212"/> Ustad Ahmad Lahauri had laid the foundations of the [[Delhi Fort|Red Fort]] at Delhi. Mir Abd-ul Karim had been the favourite architect of the previous emperor Jahangir and is mentioned as a supervisor,<ref group=note>There is some disagreement as to whether the translation of ''darogha imarat'' is 'Superintendent of Buildings' as Begley and Koch contend or 'Chief architect' as Qaisar contends.</ref><ref name=CHS/> together with [[Makramat Khan]],<ref name="A212"/> of the construction of the Taj Mahal.<ref name="CHS">{{cite web| url =http://constructionhistory.bosenet.com/uploadfiles/chs_newsletter_63.pdf_1.pdf | title =Construction history society newsletter | access-date =2007-07-23 | editor-last =Dunkeld | editor-first =Malcolm |date= June 2007 | publisher = Chartered Institute of Building| url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223856/http://constructionhistory.bosenet.com/uploadfiles/chs_newsletter_63.pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Bebadal Khan]], the poet and goldsmith<ref name="A214"/><br />
<br />
===Calligraphy and decoration===<br />
<br />
In the complex, passages from the [[Qur'an]] are used as decorative elements. Recent scholarship suggests that the passages were chosen by a Persian calligrapher Abd ul-Haq, who came to India from [[Shiraz]], Iran, in 1609. As a reward for his "dazzling virtuosity", Shah Jahan gave him the title of "Amanat Khan".<ref name = "k100"/><ref name="IAAO">{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/taj_mahal.html|title=The Taj mahal|last=Anon|work=Islamic architecture|publisher=Islamic Arts and Architecture Organisation|access-date=22 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417083242/http://islamicart.com/library/empires/india/taj_mahal.html|archive-date=17 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.tajmahal.org.uk/calligraphy.html |title = Taj Mahal Calligraphy|access-date = 2009-08-07| publisher =Tajmahal.org.uk}}</ref> This is supported by an inscription near the lines from the Qur'an at the base of the interior dome that reads "Written by the insignificant being, Amanat Khan Shirazi."<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/taj_mahal/tlevel_2/t4visit_3calligraphy.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010218233935/http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/taj_mahal/tlevel_2/t4visit_3calligraphy.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 18 February 2001 |title = Taj Mahal Calligraphy|access-date = 2009-08-07| publisher =pbs.org}}</ref><br />
{| cellpadding=5 style="margin:1em auto; border: 1px solid #22AA55;"<br />
|+'''''[[Sura|Passages]] from the [[Qur'an]] referring to themes of judgment:'''''<br />
|-<br />
|Surah 36&nbsp;– [[Ya Sin]] || Surah 39&nbsp;– [[Az-Zumar]] ''The Crowds'' || Surah 48&nbsp;– [[Al-Fath]] ''Victory''<br />
|-<br />
|Surah 67&nbsp;– [[Al-Mulk]] ''Dominion'' || Surah 77&nbsp;– [[Al-Mursalat]] ''Those Sent Forth'' || Surah 81&nbsp;– [[At-Takwir]] ''The Folding Up''<br />
|-<br />
|Surah 82&nbsp;– [[Al-Infitar]] ''The Cleaving Asunder'' || Surah 84&nbsp;– [[Al-Inshiqaq]] ''The Rending Asunder'' || Surah 89&nbsp;– [[Al-Fajr (sura)|Al-Fajr]] ''Daybreak''<br />
|-<br />
|Surah 91&nbsp;– [[Ash-Shams]] ''The Sun'' || Surah 93&nbsp;– [[Ad-Dhuha]] ''Morning Light'' ||Surah 94&nbsp;– [[Al-Inshirah]] ''The Solace''<br />
|-<br />
|Surah 95&nbsp;– [[At-Tin|At-Teen]] ''The Fig'' || Surah 98&nbsp;– [[Al-Bayyina]]h ''The Evidence'' || Surah 112&nbsp;– [[Al-Ikhlas]] ''The Purity of Faith''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The calligraphy on the Great Gate reads ''"O Soul, thou art at rest. Return to the Lord at peace with Him, and He at peace with you."''<ref name = "k100"/><br />
<br />
Much of the calligraphy is composed of florid [[thuluth]] script, made of [[jasper]] or black marble,<ref name="IAAO"/> inlaid in white marble panels. Higher panels are written in slightly larger script to reduce the skewing effect when viewed from below. The calligraphy found on the marble [[cenotaph]]s in the tomb is particularly detailed and delicate.<br />
<br />
Abstract forms are used throughout, especially in the plinth, minarets, gateway, mosque, jawab and to a lesser extent, on the surfaces of the tomb. The domes and vaults of the sandstone buildings are worked with [[tracery]] of [[incised painting]] to create elaborate geometric forms. [[opus spicatum|Herringbone]] inlays define the space between many of the adjoining elements. White inlays are used in sandstone buildings, and dark or black inlays on the white marbles. Mortared areas of the marble buildings have been stained or painted in a contrasting colour, creating geometric patterns of considerable complexity. Floors and walkways use contrasting [[tile]]s or blocks in [[tessellation]] patterns.<br />
<br />
On the lower walls of the tomb there are white marble [[dado (architecture)|dado]]s that have been sculpted with realistic [[bas relief]] depictions of flowers and vines. The marble has been polished to emphasise the exquisite detailing of the carvings and the dado frames and archway [[spandrel]]s have been decorated with [[pietra dura]] inlays of highly stylised, almost geometric vines, flowers and fruits. The inlay stones are of yellow marble, jasper and jade, polished and leveled to the surface of the walls.<br />
<br />
==Dimensional organisation==<br />
The Taj complex is ordered by grids. The complex was originally surveyed by J.A. Hodgson in 1825,<ref>Balasubramaniam, p. 43</ref> however the first detailed scholastic examination of how the various elements of the Taj might fit into a coordinating grid was not carried out until 1989 by Begley and Desai. Numerous 17th-century accounts detail the precise measurements of the complex in terms of the [[Gaz (measure)|gaz]] or ''zira'', the Mughal linear yard, equivalent to approximately 80–92&nbsp;cm. Begley and Desai concluded a 400-gaz grid was used and then subdivided and that the various discrepancies they discovered were due to errors in the contemporary descriptions.<ref name="k108-109">Koch, pp. 108–109</ref><ref name="b64-76">Begley (1989), pp. 64–76</ref><br />
<br />
Research and measurement by Koch and Richard André Barraud in 2006 suggested a more complex method of ordering that relates better to the 17th century records. Whereas Begley and Desai had used a simple fixed grid on which the buildings are superimposed, Koch and Barraud found the layout's proportions were better explained by the use of a ''generated'' grid system in which specific lengths may be divided in a number of ways such as halving, dividing by three or using decimal systems. They suggest the 374-gaz width of the complex given by the contemporary historians was correct and the Taj is planned as a tripartite rectangle of three 374-gaz squares. Different modular divisions are then used to proportion the rest of the complex. A 17-gaz module is used in the jilaukhana, bazaar and caravanserais areas whereas a more detailed 23-gaz module is used in the garden and terrace areas (since their width is 368 gaz, a multiple of 23). The buildings were in turn proportioned using yet smaller grids superimposed on the larger organisational ones. The smaller grids were also used to establish elevational proportion throughout the complex.<ref name="k108-109"/><br />
<br />
Koch and Barraud explain such apparently peculiar numbers as making more sense when seen as part of Mughal geometric understanding. Octagons and triangles, which feature extensively in the Taj, have particular properties in terms of the relationships of their sides. A right-angled triangle with two sides of 12 will have a hypotenuse of approximately 17 (16.97+); similarly if it has two sides of 17 its hypotenuse will be approximately 24 (24.04+). An octagon with a width of 17 will have sides of approximately 7 (7.04+), which is the basic grid upon which the mausoleum, mosque and Mihman Khana are planned.<ref name="k108-109"/><br />
<br />
Discrepancies remain in Koch and Barraud's work which they attribute to numbers being rounded fractions, inaccuracies of reporting from third persons and errors in workmanship (most notable in the caravanserais areas further from the tomb itself).<ref name="k108-109" /><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2|Element<br />
|colspan=3|'''Metres'''<br />
|colspan=3|'''Gaz'''<br />
|-<br />
! length / width / diameter<br />
! breadth / depth / side<br />
! height<br />
! length / width / diameter<br />
! breadth / depth / side<br />
! height<br />
|-<br />
|Overall complex<br />
|896.1<br />
|300.84<br />
|<br />
|1112.5<br />
|374<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Overall preserved complex<br />
|561.2<br />
|300.84<br />
|<br />
|696<br />
|374<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Taj Ganji<br />
|334.9<br />
|300.84<br />
|<br />
|416.5<br />
|374<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Jilaukhana<br />
|165.1–165.23<br />
|123.51<br />
|<br />
|204<br />
|153<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Great gate<br />
|41.2<br />
|34<br />
|23.07<br />
|51<br />
|42<br />
|28.5<br />
|-<br />
|Charbagh<br />
|296.31<br />
|296.31<br />
|<br />
|368<br />
|368<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Riverfront terrace<br />
|300<br />
|111.89<br />
|8.7<br />
|373<br />
|138<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Mausoleum<br />
|56.9<br />
|56.9<br />
|67.97<br />
|70<br />
|70<br />
|84<br />
|-<br />
|Minaret<br />
|5.65<br />
|<br />
|43.02<br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|53.5<br />
|-<br />
|Mosque<br />
|56.6<br />
|23.38<br />
|20.3<br />
|70<br />
|29<br />
|25–29<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=7 align="left"|<small>All dimensions from Koch, pp.&nbsp;258–259 credited to Richard André Barraud</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
A 2009 paper by Prof R. Balasubramaniam of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|Indian Institute of Technology]] found Barraud's explanation of the dimensional errors and the transition between the 23 and 17 gaz grid at the great gate unconvincing. Balasubramaniam conducted dimensional analysis of the complex based on Barraud's surveys. He concluded that the Taj was constructed using the ancient [[Aṅgula]] as the basic unit rather than the Mughal 'gaz', noted in the contemporary accounts. The Aṅgula, which equates to 1.763&nbsp;cm and the Vistasti (12 Angulams) were first mentioned in the [[Arthashastra]] in c. 300&nbsp;BC and may have been derived from the earlier [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley Civilisation]]. In this analysis the forecourt and caravanserai areas were set out with a 60 Vistasti grid, and the riverfront and garden sections with a 90-vistari grid. The transition between the grids is more easily accommodated, 90 being easily divisible by 60. The research suggests that older, pre-Mughal methods of proportion were employed as ordering principles in the Taj.<ref name="autogenerated1">Balasubramaniam, pp. 42–49</ref><br />
<br />
==Components of the complex==<br />
{{more citations needed|section|date=June 2017}}<br />
<br />
===Mausoleum (Rauza-i munauwara)===<br />
[[File:TajAndMinaret.jpg|thumb|Base, dome, and minaret]]<br />
The focus and climax of the Taj Mahal complex is the symmetrical white marble tomb; a cubic building with chamfered corners, with arched recesses known as {{transliteration|fa|[[iwan|pishtaq]]s}}. It is topped by a large dome and several pillared, roofed chhatris. In plan, it has a near perfect symmetry about 4 axes. It comprises 4 floors; the lower basement storey containing the tombs of Jahan and Mumtaz, the entrance storey containing identical cenotaphs of the tombs below in a much more elaborate chamber, an ambulatory storey and a roof terrace.<br />
<br />
;Elevations<br />
The mausoleum is cubic with [[chamfer]]ed edges. On the long sides, a massive {{transliteration|fa|pishtaq}}, or vaulted archway frames an arch-shaped doorway, with a similar arch-shaped balcony above. These main arches extend above the roof the building by use of an integrated facade. To either side of the main arch, additional {{transliteration|fa|pishtaqs}} are stacked above and below. This motif of stacked {{transliteration|fa|pishtaqs}} is replicated on the chamfered corner areas. The design is completely uniform and consistent on all sides of the building.<br />
<br />
;Dome<br />
The marble dome that surmounts the tomb is its most spectacular feature. Its height is about the same size as the base building, about 35 m. Its height is accentuated because it sits on a cylindrical "drum" about 7&nbsp;metres high. Because of its shape, the dome is often called an [[onion dome]] (also called an ''amrud'' or apple dome). The dome is topped by a gilded [[finial]]. The dome shape is emphasised by four smaller domed chhatris placed at its corners. The chhatri domes replicate the onion shape of main dome. Their columned bases open through the roof of the tomb, and provide light to the interior. The chhatris also are topped by gilded finials. Tall decorative spires (''guldastas'') extend from the edges of the base walls, and provide visual emphasis of the dome height.<br />
<br />
;Lower chamber<br />
[[File:Tombs-in-crypt.jpg|thumb|right|The tombs of Shah Jahan (left) and Mumtaz Mahal (right) in the lower chamber]]<br />
Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decoration of graves, so the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan are laid in a relatively plain, marble faced chamber, beneath the main chamber of the Taj. They are buried in graves on a north-south axis, with faces turned right (west) toward Mecca.<br />
Two cenotaphs above mark the graves. Mumtaz's cenotaph is placed at the precise center of the inner chamber. On a rectangular marble base about 1.5 by 2.5&nbsp;metres is a smaller marble casket. Both base and casket are elaborately inlaid with precious and semiprecious gems. Calligraphic inscriptions on top of the casket recite verses from the Koran and on the sides express the [[Ninety-Nine beautiful names of Allah]].<ref>Koch, pp. 174–175</ref><br />
;Main chamber<br />
The inner chamber of the Taj Mahal contains the cenotaphs of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan. It is a masterpiece of artistic craftsmanship, virtually without precedent or equal. The inner chamber is an octagon. While the design allows for entry from each face, only the south (garden facing) door is used. The interior walls are about 25&nbsp;metres high, topped by a [[false dome|"false" interior dome]] decorated with a sun motif. Eight {{transliteration|fa|pishtaq}} arches define the space at ground level. As is typical with the exterior, each lower {{transliteration|fa|pishtaq}} is crowned by a second {{transliteration|fa|pishtaq}} about midway up the wall. The four central upper arches form balconies or viewing areas; each balcony's exterior window has an intricate screen or ''jali'' cut from marble. In addition to the light from the balcony screens, light enters through roof openings covered by the chhatris at the corners of the exterior dome. Each of the chamber walls has been highly decorated with dado bas relief, intricate lapidary inlay, and refined calligraphy panels.<br />
<br />
The hierarchical ordering of the entire complex reaches its crescendo in the chamber. Mumtaz's cenotaph sits at the geometric centre of the building; Jahan was buried at a later date by her side to the west&nbsp;– an arrangement seen in other Mughal tombs of the period such as [[Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb|Itmad-Ud-Daulah]].<ref name="K152-179">Koch, pp. 152–179</ref> Marble is used exclusively as the base material for increasingly dense, expensive and complex parchin kari floral decoration as one approaches the screen and cenotaphs which are inlaid with semi-precious stones. The use of such inlay work is often reserved in Shah Jahani architecture for spaces associated with the emperor or his immediate family. The ordering of this decoration simultaneously emphasises the [[cardinal point]]s and the centre of the chamber with dissipating concentric octagons. Such hierarchies appear in both Muslim and Indian culture as important spiritual and astrological themes. The chamber is an abundant evocation of the garden of paradise with representations of flowers, plants and arabesques and the calligraphic inscriptions in both the [[thuluth]] and the less formal [[naskh (script)|naskh]] script,<ref name="ijar">Kennedy, pp. 105–120</ref><br />
<br />
Shah Jahan's cenotaph is beside Mumtaz's to the western side. It is the only asymmetric element in the entire complex. His cenotaph is bigger than his wife's, but reflects the same elements: A larger casket on slightly taller base, again decorated with astonishing precision with lapidary and calligraphy which identifies Shah Jahan. On the lid of this casket is a sculpture of a small pen box.<br />
<br />
An octagonal marble screen or ''jali'' borders the cenotaphs and is made from eight marble panels. Each panel has been carved through with intricate piercework. The remaining surfaces have been inlaid with semiprecious stones in extremely delicate detail, forming twining vines, fruits and flowers.<br />
<br />
===Riverfront terrace (Chameli Farsh)===<br />
[[File:Banke bihari (374).JPG|thumb|right|Riverfront terrace]]<br />
;Plinth and terrace<br />
*Tahkhana<br />
*Towers<br />
<br />
;Minarets<br />
At the corners of the plinth stand [[minaret]]s: four large towers each more than 40&nbsp;metres tall. The towers are designed as working minarets, a traditional element of mosques, a place for a [[muezzin]] to call the Islamic faithful to prayer. Each minaret is effectively divided into three equal parts by two balconies that ring the tower. At the top of the tower is a final balcony surmounted by a chhatri that echoes the design of those on the tomb. The minaret chhatris share the same finishing touches: a lotus design topped by a gilded finial. <br />
<br />
;Guest House and Mosque<br />
<br />
[[File:Agra 03-2016 08 Taj Mahal complex.jpg|thumb|left|Mosque]]<br />
The mausoleum is flanked by two almost identical buildings on either side of the platform. To the west is the Mosque, to the east is the Guest House. The Guest House (Jawab), meaning 'answer' balances the bilateral symmetry of the composition and was originally used as a place for entertaining and accommodation for important visitors. It differs from the mosque in that it lacks a ''[[mihrab]]'', a niche in a mosque's wall facing [[Mecca]], and the floors have a geometric design, while the mosque floor was laid out with the outlines of 569 prayer rugs in black marble.<br />
<br />
The mosque's basic tripartite design is similar to others built by Shah Jahan, particularly the [[Masjid-i-Jahan Numa]] in Delhi&nbsp;– a long hall surmounted by three domes. Mughal mosques of this period divide the [[sanctuary]] hall into three areas: a main sanctuary with slightly smaller sanctuaries to either side. At the Taj Mahal, each sanctuary opens onto an enormous vaulting dome.<br />
<br />
===Garden (Charbagh)===<br />
[[File:TajGardenWide.jpg|thumb|right|Walkways beside reflecting pool]]<br />
The large {{Transliteration|fa|[[charbagh]]}} (a form of [[Persian garden]] divided into four parts) provides the foreground for the classic view of the Taj Mahal. The [[garden]]'s strict and formal planning employs raised pathways which divide each quarter of the garden into 16 sunken [[parterre]]s or flowerbeds. A raised marble water tank at the center of the garden, halfway between the tomb and the gateway, and a linear [[reflecting pool]] on the North-South axis reflect the Taj Mahal. Elsewhere the garden is laid out with avenues of trees and [[fountain]]s. The {{Transliteration|fa|charbagh}} garden is meant to symbolise the four flowing [[Rivers of Paradise]]. The raised marble water tank (hauz) is called {{Transliteration|ar|al Hawd al-Kawthar}}, literally meaning and named after the "[[Hawd al-Kawthar|Tank of Abundance]]" promised to [[Muhammad]] in paradise where the faithful may quench their thirst upon arrival.<ref name = Begley>{{cite journal<br />
| last = Begley<br />
| first = Wayne E.<br />
| title = The Myth of the Taj Mahal and a New Theory of Its Symbolic Meaning<br />
| journal = The Art Bulletin<br />
| volume = 61<br />
| issue = 1<br />
| pages = 7–37<br />
|date=March 1979<br />
| doi = 10.2307/3049862<br />
| jstor = 3049862| url = https://zenodo.org/record/6191161<br />
}}<br />
</ref><ref name="k137">Koch, p. 137</ref><br />
[[File:The Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.jpg|thumb|1910 postcard showing the trees before the British re-scaping.|alt=The typical view of the Taj Mahal from the pool axis, but trees on both sides of the pool and its walkways. The photograph is handcoloured.]]<br />
The original planting of the garden is one of the Taj Mahal's remaining mysteries. The contemporary accounts mostly deal just with the architecture and only mention 'various kinds of fruit-bearing trees and rare aromatic herbs' in relation to the garden. [[Cypress]] trees are almost certainly to have been planted being popular similes in Persian poetry for the slender elegant stature of the beloved. By the end of the 18th century, [[Thomas Twining (scholar)|Thomas Twining]] noted orange trees and a large plan of the complex suggests beds of various other fruits such as pineapples, pomegranates, bananas, limes and apples. The British gardener [[A. E. P. Griessen]], under the viceroy [[Lord Curzon]], at the end of the 19th century thinned out a lot of the increasingly forested trees, replanted the cypresses and laid the gardens to lawns in their own taste.<ref name="k139">Koch, p. 139</ref><ref name="DAG">{{cite web |last1=Sindhuri Aparna |first1=P. |title=The Afterlife of the Taj Gardens: Changes in the Landscape |url=https://dagworld.com/the-afterlife-of-the-taj-gardens-changes-in-the-landscape.html |website=dagworld.com |access-date=7 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The layout of the garden, and its architectural features such as its fountains, [[brick]] and marble walkways, and geometric brick-lined flowerbeds are similar to Shalimar's, and suggest that the garden may have been designed by the same engineer, Ali Mardan.<ref>{{cite book| last = Allan| first = John | title = The Cambridge Shorter History of India| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12749| publisher = S. Chand| location =Cambridge | pages = [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12749/page/n314 288] pages|edition = First | year = 1958 }}, p. 318</ref><br />
<br />
Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation, including [[rose]]s, [[daffodil]]s, and [[fruit tree]]s in abundance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://travel.howstuffworks.com/taj-mahal-landmark.htm |title=The Taj by Jerry Camarillo Dunn Jr |access-date=4 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616160025/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/taj-mahal-landmark.htm |archive-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As the Mughal Empire declined, the tending of the garden declined as well.<ref name="k139" /><br />
<br />
=== Naubat Khana (Drum House) ===<br />
[[File:Eastern Naubat Khana - Western Facade - Taj Mahal Complex - Agra 2014-05-14 3785.JPG|thumb|The eastern Naubat-Khana in the Taj Mahal complex]]<br />
Two Drum Houses (Naubat-Khāna) occupy the east and west ends of the cross axis, one the mirror of the other. In the classic charbargh design, gates would have been located in this location. In the Taj they provide punctuation and access to the long enclosing wall with its decorative [[crenellation]]s. Built of sandstone, they are given a tripartite form and over two storeys and are capped with a white marble chhatris supported from 8 columns.<ref name="k138">Koch, p. 138</ref> The western Naubat Khana has been converted into a museum.<br />
<br />
===Great gate (Darwaza-i rauza)===<br />
[[File:Agra 03-2016 05 Taj Mahal complex.jpg|thumb|The Great Gate (Darwaza-i-rauza)]]<br />
The great gate stands to the north of the entrance forecourt (jilaukhana) and provides a symbolic transition between the worldly realm of bazaars and caravanserai and the spiritual realm of the paradise garden, mosque and the mausoleum. Its rectangular plan is a variation of the 9-part hasht bihisht plan found in the mausoleum. The corners are articulated with octagonal towers giving the structure a defensive appearance. External domes were reserved for tombs and mosques and so the large central space does not receive any outward expression of its internal dome. From within the great gate, the Mausoleum is framed by the pointed arch of the portal. Inscriptions from the Qu'ran are inlaid around the two northern and southern pishtaqs, the southern one 'Daybreak' invites believers to enter the garden of paradise.<ref name="K126-134">Koch, pp. 126–134</ref><br />
<br />
===Southern galleries (Iwan Dar Iwan)===<br />
Running the length of the northern side of the southern garden wall to the east and west of the great gate are galleried arcades. The galleries were used during the rainy season to admit the poor and distribute alms. A raised platform with geometric paving provides a seating for the column bases and between them are cusped arches typical of the Mughul architecture of the period. The galleries terminate at each end with a transversely placed room with tripartite divisions.<ref name="K126-134"/><br />
<br />
===Forecourt (Jilaukhana)===<br />
The jilaukhana (literally meaning 'in front of house') was a courtyard feature introduced to mughal architecture by Shah Jahan. It provided an area where visitors would dismount from their horses or elephants and assemble in style before entering the main tomb complex. The rectangular area divides north-south and east-west with an entry to the tomb complex through the main gate to the north and entrance gates leading to the outside provided in the eastern, western and southern walls. The southern gate leads to the Taj Ganji quarter.<ref name="k114-120">Koch, pp. 114–120.</ref><br />
;Bazaar streets<br />
Two identical streets lead from the east and west gates to the centre of the courtyard. They are lined by [[verandah]]ed [[colonnade]]s articulated with cusped arches behind which cellular rooms were used to sell goods from when the Taj was built until 1996. The tax revenue from this trade was used for the upkeep of the Taj complex. The eastern bazaar streets were essentially ruined by the end of the 19th century and were restored by [[Lord Curzon]] restored 1900 and 1908.<ref name="k116">Koch, p. 116</ref><br />
;Inner subsidiary tombs (Saheli Burj)<br />
Two mirror image tombs are located at the southern corners of the jilaukhana. They are conceived as miniature replicas of the main complex and stand on raised platforms accessed by steps. Each octagonal tomb is constructed on a rectangular platform flanked by smaller rectangular buildings in front of which is laid a charbargh garden. Some uncertainty exists as to whom the tombs might memorialise. Their descriptions are absent from the contemporary accounts<ref group=note>1643 (1053 AH) by Lahouri.</ref><ref name="k120"/> either because they were unbuilt or because they were ignored, being the tombs of women. On the first written document to mention them, the plan drawn up by Thomas and William Daniel in 1789, the eastern tomb is marked as that belonging to Akbarabadi Mahal and the western as Fatehpuri Mahal (two of Jahan's other wives).<ref name="k120">Koch, p. 120</ref><br />
;Northern courtyards (Khawasspuras)<br />
A pair of courtyards is found in the northern corners of the jilaukhana which provided quarters (Khawasspuras) for the tombs attendants and the [[Hafiz (Quran)|Hafiz]]. This residential element provided a transition between the outside world and the other-worldly delights of the tomb complex. The Khawasspurs had fallen into a state of disrepair by the late 18th century but the institution of the Khadim continued into the 20th century. The Khawasspuras were restored by Lord Curzon as part of his repairs between 1900 and 1908, after which the western courtyard was used as a [[Nursery (horticulture)|nursery]] for the garden and the western courtyard was used as a cattle stable until 2003.<ref name="k114-120"/><br />
<br />
===Bazaar and caravanserai (Taj Ganji)===<br />
The [[Bazaar]] and [[caravanserai]] were constructed as an integral part of the complex, initially to provide the construction workers with accommodation and facilities for their wellbeing, and later as a place for trade, the revenue of which supplemented the expenses of the complex. The area became a small town in its own right during and after the building of the Taj. Originally known as 'Mumtazabad', today it is called Taj Ganji or 'Taj Market'. Its plan took the characteristic form of a square divided by two cross axial streets with gates to the four [[Cardinal direction|cardinal points]]. Bazaars lined each street and the resultant squares to each corner housed the caravanserais in open courtyards accessed from internal gates from where the streets intersected (Chauk). Contemporary sources pay more attention to the north eastern and western parts of the Taj Ganji (Taj Market) and it is likely that only this half received imperial funding. Thus, the quality of the architecture was finer than the southern half.<ref name="K201-208">Koch, pp. 201–208</ref><br />
<br />
The distinction between how the sacred part of the complex and the secular was regarded is most acute in this part of the complex.<ref name="K201-208"/> Whilst the rest of the complex only received maintenance after its construction, the Taj Ganji became a bustling town and the centre of Agra's economic activity where "different kinds of merchandise from every land, varieties of goods from every country, all sorts of luxuries of the time, and various kinds of necessities of civilisation and comfortable living brought from all parts of the world" were sold.<ref>Koch, p. 201 quoting Lahauri and Kambo</ref> An idea of what sort of goods might have been traded is found in the names for the caravanserais; the north western one was known as Katra Omar Khan (Market of Omar Khan), the north eastern as Katra Fulel (Perfume Market), the south western as Katra Resham (Silk Market) and the south-eastern as Katra Jogidas. It has been constantly redeveloped ever since its construction, to the extent that by the 19th century it had become unrecognisable as part of the Taj Mahal and no longer featured on contemporary plans and its architecture was largely obliterated. Today, the contrast is stark between the Taj Mahal's elegant, formal geometric layout and the narrow streets with organic, random and un-unified constructions found in the Taj Ganji. Only fragments of the original constructions remain, most notably the gates.<ref name="K201-208"/><br />
<br />
===Perimeter walls and ancillary buildings===<br />
The Taj Mahal complex is bounded on three sides by [[Crenellation|crenellated]] red sandstone walls, with the river-facing side left open.<br />
The garden-facing inner sides of the wall are fronted by columned [[arcade (architecture)|arcade]]s, a feature typical of Hindu temples which was later incorporated into Mughal mosques. The wall is interspersed with domed chhatris, and small buildings that may have been viewing areas or watch towers.<ref name="Koch, pp. 209–213">Koch, pp. 209–213</ref><br />
<br />
Outside the walls are several additional mausolea. These structures, composed primarily of red sandstone, are typical of the smaller Mughal tombs of the era. The outer eastern tomb has an associated mosque called the Black Mosque (Kali Masjid) or the Sandalwood Mosque (Sandli Masjid). The design is closely related to the inner subsidiary tombs found in the Jilhaukhana&nbsp;– small, landlocked versions of the riverfront terrace with a garden separating the mosque from the tomb. The person interred here is unknown, but was likely a female member of Jahan's household.<ref name="Koch, pp. 209–213"/><br />
<br />
===Waterworks===<br />
Water for the Taj complex was provided through a complex infrastructure. It was first drawn from the river by a series of ''purs'' – an animal-powered rope and bucket mechanism.<ref name="advent"/> The water then flowed along an arched [[aqueduct (bridge)|aqueduct]] into a large storage tank, where, by thirteen additional purs, it was raised to large distribution [[cistern]] above the Taj ground level located to the west of the complex's wall. From here water passed into three subsidiary tanks and was then piped to the complex. The [[pressure#Hydrostatic pressure (head pressure)|head of pressure]] generated by the height of the tanks (9.5m) was sufficient to supply the fountains and irrigate the gardens. A 0.25&nbsp;metre diameter earthenware [[pipe (material)|pipe]] lies 1.8&nbsp;metres below the surface,<ref name="k137"/> in line with the main walkway which fills the main pools of the complex. Some of the earthenware pipes were replaced in 1903 with cast iron. The fountain pipes were not connected directly to the fountain heads, instead a copper pot was provided under each fountain head: water filled the pots ensuring an equal pressure to each fountain. The purs no longer remain, but the other parts of the infrastructure have survived with the arches of the aqueduct now used to accommodate offices for the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]'s Horticultural Department.<ref name="K208">Koch, p. 208</ref><br />
<br />
===Moonlight garden (Mahtab Bagh)===<br />
[[File:Bird's Eye View of the Taj Mahal at Agra.jpg|thumb|right|18th-century view of the Taj Mahal complex with the Moonlight garden shown at the top of the page.]]<br />
To the north of the Taj Mahal complex, across the river is another Charbagh garden, [[Mehtab Bagh]]. It was designed as an integral part of the complex in the riverfront terrace pattern seen elsewhere in Agra. Its width is identical to that of the rest of the Taj. The garden historian Elizabeth Moynihan suggests the large octagonal pool in the centre of the terrace would reflect the image of the Mausoleum and thus the garden would provide a setting to view the Taj Mahal. The garden has been beset by flooding from the river since Mughal times. As a result, the condition of the remaining structures is quite ruinous, but the garden is under renovation by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. Four sandstone towers marked the corners of the garden, only the south-eastward one remains. The foundations of two structures remain immediately north and south of the large pool which were probably garden pavilions. From the northern structure a stepped waterfall would have fed the pool. The garden to the north has the typical square, cross-axial plan with a square pool in its centre. To the west an aqueduct fed the garden.<ref name="k56">Koch, p. 56</ref><ref name="Moyn">{{cite web| url = http://www.persimmon-mag.com/winter2002/bookre1.htm| title = Book review&nbsp;– The Moonlight Garden: New Discoveries at the Taj Mahal| access-date = 2007-03-02| author =Leoshko, Janice| year = 2002| publisher = Persimmon&nbsp;– Asian Literature, Arts and Culture| pages = 1}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Footnotes===<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{reflist|30em|refs=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}<br />
*{{cite book |last = Asher |first = Catherine Ella Blanshard |title = The New Cambridge History of India, Vol I:4 – Architecture of Mughal India |type = Hardback |orig-year = first published 1992 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Cambridge |isbn = 0-521-26728-5 |pages = 368 |year = 2003 }}<br />
*{{cite journal |last = Aziz |first = Abdul |year = 1928 |title = History of the Reign of Shah Jahan |journal = Journal of Indian History |volume = 6 |pages = 127–47 }}<br />
*{{cite journal |url = http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jul102009/42.pdf |last = Balasubramaniam |first = R |date = 10 July 2009 |title = New insights on the modular planning of the Taj Mahal |journal = Current Science |volume = 97 |issue = 1 |pages = 42–49 }}<br />
*{{cite journal |date = March 1979 |title = The myth of the Taj-Mahal and a new theory of its symbolic meaning |journal = Art Bulletin |volume = 61 |issue = 1 |pages = 7–37 |doi = 10.2307/3049862 |jstor = 3049862 |last1 = Begley |first1 = Wayne E. |url = https://zenodo.org/record/6191161 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last = Begley |first = Wayne E. |author2 = Desai, Z.A. |title = Taj Mahal&nbsp;– The Illumined Tomb |type = Hardback |publisher = University of Washington Press |isbn = 978-0-295-96944-2 |pages = 392 |year = 1989 }}<br />
*{{cite web |url = http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.tcl?document_id=3688 |title = Four Mughal Caravanserais Built during the Reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan |access-date = 2007-07-24 |last = Begley |first = Wayne E. |author2 = Grabar, Oleg (Ed.) |year = 1983 |work = Muqarnas Volume I: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher = Yale University Press (Newhaven) |pages = 167–180 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060612235144/http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.tcl?document_id=3688 |archive-date = 12 June 2006 |url-status = dead }}<br />
*{{cite book|author-link= François Bernier |last = Bernier |first = François |title = Travels in the Moghul Empire A.D. 1657–1668 |publisher = Archibald Constable & Co |location = Westminster |year = 1891 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last = Chaghtai |first = Muhammad Abdullah |title = Le Tadj Mahal d'Agra (Inde). Histoire et description |publisher = Editions de la Connaissance |location = Brussels |language = fr |id = [http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/book1816_11179.html] |year = 1938 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last = Copplestone |first = Trewin. (ed). |title = World architecture&nbsp;– An illustrated history |type = Hardback |publisher = Hamlyn |location = London |id = [[ASIN|ASIN B0000CNOL6]] |year = 1963 }}<br />
*{{cite web |author = Encyclopædia Britannica, 1964 Ed., Vol. 21, Badshahnama, Vol. I, line 35 – sale ayandeh, The Illustrated Weekly of India dated Dec. 30, 1951 and Travels in India, ibid. |title = Taj Mahal Vedic Features |work = HariBhakt &#124; History, Facts, Awareness of Hindu Dharma - |date = 24 August 2013 |publisher = HariBhakt Blog |url = http://haribhakt.com/taj-mahal-is-shiva-temple/ }}<br />
*{{cite journal |url = http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2159&context=ced/places |title = Taj Heritage Corridor: Intersections between History and Culture on the Yamuna Riverfront |access-date = 2007-02-13 |last1 = Harkness |first1 = Terence |last2= Sinha |first2=Amita |date = 1 July 2004 |journal = Places |volume = 16 |issue = 2 |pages = 62–69 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last = Kambo |first = Muhammad Salih |author-link=Muhammad Saleh Kamboh |editor = Yazdani, Ghulam |title = Amal-i-Salih or Shah Jahan Namah |publisher = Baptist Mission Press |location = Calcutta |orig-year=1923 |year=1927 |volume=I and II }}<br />
*{{cite journal |last = Kennedy |first = Thalia |date = March 2007 |title = The Notion of Hierarchy: The 'Parchin Kari' Programme at the Taj Mahal |journal = Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research |volume = 1 |issue = 1 |pages = 105–121 |url = http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=10070 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090614223202/http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=10070 |archive-date = 14 June 2009 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last = Koch |first = Ebba |title = The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra |url = https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch/page/288 |url-access = registration |type = Hardback |edition = First |publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd |isbn = 0-500-34209-1 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch/page/288 288 pages] |date = August 2006 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last = Lahauri |first = Abd al-Hamid |author-link=Abdul Hamid Lahori |editor = Maulawis Kabir al-Din Ahmad and 'Abd al-Rahim under the superintendence of [[William Nassau Lees]] |title = Badshah Namah |publisher = College Press |location = Calcutta |year = 1867–1868 |volume=I and II }}<br />
*{{cite book |last = Latif |first = Syad Muhammad |author-link=Syad Muhammad Latif |title = Agra: Historical and Descriptive&nbsp;— With an Account of Akbar and His Court and of the Modern City of Agra |orig-year = 1896 |date = April 2003 |publisher = Asian Educational Services |isbn = 81-206-1709-6 }}<br />
*{{cite web |url = https://www.academia.edu/7437823 |title = The Mughal Waterfront Garden. Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires: Theory and Design |access-date = 13 February 2007 |editor = Petruccioli, Attilio |author = Koch, Ebba |year = 1997 |publisher = E. J. Brill }}<br />
*{{cite web |url = http://environment.yale.edu/publication-series/documents/downloads/0-9/103petruccioli.pdf |title = Rethinking the Islamic Garden |access-date = 2007-07-23 |last = Petruccioli |first = Attilio |date = June 2006 |work = Bulletin 103 |publisher = Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies }}<br />
*{{cite book |last = Qaisar |first = Ahsan Jan |title = Building Construction in Mughal India |type = Hardback |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Delhi |isbn = 0-19-562260-X |pages = 83 pages |date = April 1989 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}<br />
*{{cite book |last = Carroll |first = David |title = Taj Mahal |date = August 1975 |url = https://archive.org/details/tajmahal00carr/page/172 |type = Hardback |publisher = Newsweek, US |isbn = 0-88225-024-8 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/tajmahal00carr/page/172 172 pages] |series = Wonders of Man }}<br />
*{{cite book |last = Gascoigne |first = Bamber |author2 = Gascoigne, Christina |title = The Great Moghuls |date = November 1971 |url = https://archive.org/details/greatmoghuls00gasc/page/264 |publisher = Harper Collins |isbn = 0-06-011467-3 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/greatmoghuls00gasc/page/264 264 pages] }}<br />
* Havel, E.B. [1913]. ''Indian Architecture: Its Psychology, Structure and History'', John Murray [https://archive.org/details/indianarchitectu00haveuoft pdf version]<br />
*{{cite book |last = Lall |first = John |title = Taj Mahal |date = December 1994 |url = https://archive.org/details/tajmahalsagaofgr0000lall |publisher = Tiger Books |isbn = 1-85501-590-0 |url-access = registration }}<br />
* Rothfarb, Ed [1998]. ''In the Land of the Taj Mahal'', Henry Holt {{ISBN|0-8050-5299-2}}<br />
* Saksena, Banarsi Prasad ''History of Shahjahan of Dihli'' (Allahabad: The Indian Press Ltd.) 1932<br />
*{{cite book |last = Stielin |first = Henri |title = Islamic India (Architecture of the World) |date = December 1994 |type = Paperback |publisher = Compagnie du Livre d' Art |location = S.A. |id = ASIN B000ASTXA0 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last = Tillotson |first = G. H. R. |title = Mughal India (Architectural Guides for Travelers) |type = Paperback |publisher = Chronicle books |isbn = 0-87701-686-0 |pages = 150 pages |date = April 1990 }}<br />
*Wescoat, James L.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (1996). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects]'' Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C., {{ISBN|0-88402-235-8}}.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons|Taj Mahal}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150215034204/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_agratajmahal.asp Archaeological Survey of India description]<br />
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Taj Mahal}}<br />
* [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Origins_and_architecture_of_the_Taj_Mahal Citizendium article]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Taj Mahal}}<br />
[[Category:Taj Mahal|Origins And Architecture]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic architectural elements]]<br />
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shravasti_Airport&diff=465715Shravasti Airport2026-01-31T17:23:46Z<p>RomaineAchen489: basic reworked structure and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Domestic airport in Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{more citations needed|date=April 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox airport<br />
| name = Shravasti Airport<br />
| native name = <br />
| image = <br />
| IATA = VSV<br />
| ICAO = VISV<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport<br />
| pushpin_label = '''VSV'''<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| type = Public<br />
| owner = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP govt signs MoU with AAI to operate 5 airports |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/up-govt-signs-mou-with-aai-to-operate-5-airports20220701221519/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><br />
| city-served = [[Shravasti]], [[Balrampur]], [[Bahraich]]<br />
| location = [[Shravasti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| opened = 10 March 2024<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|author1=Chauhan, Arvind|title=UP: Shravasti airport's first phase ends, to open soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/shravasti-airports-first-phase-ends-to-open-soon/articleshow/96951464.cms|work=The Times of India|date=13 January 2023|access-date=31 January 2023|language=en}}</ref><br />
| elevation-f = 366<br />
| elevation-m = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27|30|11|N|082|01|37|E|type:airport|display=inline}}<br />
| website = <br />
| r1-number = 12/30<br />
| r1-length-f = 5019<br />
| r1-length-m = 1530<br />
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shravasti Airport''' {{airport codes|VSV|VISV}} is a [[domestic airport]], which serves the city of [[Shravasti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Development of Airports in Uttar Pradesh |url=http://cadup.gov.in/devofairport.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925115838/http://cadup.gov.in/devofairport.htm |archive-date=Sep 25, 2020 |website=Directorate of Civil Aviation}}</ref> It is near an important Buddhist pilgrimage site, where [[The Buddha]] is believed to have spent 24 monsoons in this city. Numerous [[stupas]], [[monasteries]] and several temples near the [[Shravasti #Sahet Mahet|archaeological site of Sahet-Mahet]] establish Buddha's association with [[Shravasti]]. The airport is being developed by upgrading the existing airfield, which was used only by the Government and VIPs, in three phases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रȣजनल कनेिÈटͪ वटȣ èकȧम के अÛतग[ त चयǓनत 07 एयरपोɪ[स के एयरोĜोम लाइसेÛस कȧ फȧस का भुगतान हेतु ͪ वƣीय èवीकृǓत। |url=http://shasanadesh.up.nic.in/GO/ViewGOPDF_list_user.aspx?id1=MTE1IzYjMSMyMDE4 |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308003126/http://shasanadesh.up.nic.in/GO/ViewGOPDF_list_user.aspx?id1=MTE1IzYjMSMyMDE4 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto"/> It covers an area of 57 acres, and has a terminal building, an [[Air Traffic Control]] (ATC) tower, an apron for parking of two 19-seater [[Dornier 228]] aircraft, a fire station and a runway. <br />
<br />
The first phase is complete and was inaugurated by [[Narendra Modi]] on 10th March 2024.<br />
In the second and third phases, the airport will expand to an area of 750 acres. Under the [[UDAN]] scheme, flights to and from Shravasti and [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Lucknow]] is now operational, and in near future more flights to and from [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|New Delhi]] [[Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport|Varanasi]], [[Allahabad Airport|Prayagraj]] and [[Kanpur Airport|Kanpur]] will be started.<br />
<br />
==Statistics==<br />
{{Bar chart<br />
| title = Monthly Passengers <br />
| label_type = Month<br />
| data_type = Passengers<br />
| bar_width = 20<br />
| width_units = em<br />
| data_max = 200<br />
| label1 = July 2024<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Jul2k24Annex3.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109091228/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Jul2k24Annex3.pdf | archive-date=2024-11-09}}</ref><br />
| data1 = 86<br />
| label2 = August 2024<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Aug2k24Annex3.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128130323/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Aug2k24Annex3.pdf | archive-date=2025-01-28}}</ref><br />
| data2 = 114<br />
| label3 = September 2024<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Sep2k24Annex3.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128130319/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Sep2k24Annex3.pdf | archive-date=2025-01-28}}</ref><br />
| data3 = 105<br />
| label4 = October 2024<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Oct2k24Annex3.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128130319/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Oct2k24Annex3.pdf | archive-date=2025-01-28}}</ref><br />
| data4 = 109<br />
| label5 = November 2024<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Nov2k24Annex3.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128130319/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Nov2k24Annex3.pdf | archive-date=2025-01-28}}</ref><br />
| data5 = 14<br />
| label6 = December 2024<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Dec2k24Annex3.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128131821/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Dec2k24Annex3.pdf | archive-date=2025-01-28}}</ref><br />
| data6 = 14<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Airports in India}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Airports in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Shravasti district]]<br />
[[Category:Shravasti]]<br />
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-airport-stub}}</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Austria&diff=477183Hinduism in Austria2026-01-25T23:24:38Z<p>RomaineAchen489: Creating Basic Details First Draft - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --><br />
[[File:Om symbol.svg|thumb|The "Om" symbol in [[Devanagari]]]]{{Hinduism by country}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox religious group<br />
| group = Hindus in Austria <br />
| population = 11,000 (2017){{increase}}; '''0.15%''' of total population<br />
| religions = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| related-c = [[Indian people|Indians]] and [[Hindus]]<br />
| regions = All Over [[Austria]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''[[Hinduism]]''' is a [[minority religion]] constituting about 0.15% of the population of Austria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/304874/umfrage/mitglieder-in-religionsgemeinschaften-in-oesterreich/|title = Österreich - Religionszugehörigkeit 2020}}</ref> Hinduism is not one of the 16 recognised religions in Austria. The Austrian law allows religious groups not recognized as societies to seek official status <br />
as confessional communities with the Office for Religious Affairs. Hinduism is one of the eight confessional <br />
communities in Austria. However, the [[Sahaja Yoga]] and the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] are categorised as associations, not as confessional communities.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170815171113/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/269032.pdf United States Department of State]</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Krishna people vienna.jpg|thumb|Hare krishnas in Austria]]<br />
In 1980 the Bengali Bimal Kundu founded the first Hindu religious society in Austria, for Hindus immigrating from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He now runs a small temple, located at a room in the Afro-Asian Institute. Since 1998, the "Hindu Religious Society in Austria" is (hroe) as "state-registered confessional community" official representative for all Hindus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindumandirvienna.com/about-us.php|title=Home &#124; Hindu Mandir Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/january-february-march-2014/2014-01-temples-everywhere-we-go/|title = Temples Everywhere We Go|date = January 2014}}</ref> It is one of eleven religious groups that constitute confessional communities according to the Austrian Law on the Status of Religious Confessional Communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2014/eur/238354.htm |title=Austria |publisher=State.gov |date=14 October 2015 |access-date=2016-03-22}}</ref> It is not yet a legally recognised religion, and therefore is not eligible for support from the state, however they may be eligible for this after 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture-history/religion/churches.html |title=Churches and religious communities |publisher=Wien.gv.at |access-date=2016-03-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{Historical populations<br />
|title = Historical Population<br />
|type = <br />
|footnote = <br />
|align = left<br />
|width = <br />
|state = <br />
|shading = <br />
|pop_name =<br />
|percentages = <br />
|source =<br />
|2001|3629<br />
|2015|4339<br />
|2017|11000<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! '''Year'''<br />
! '''Percent'''<br />
! '''Increase'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''2001'''<br />
| '''0.04%'''<br />
| style="background:" | '''-''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''2015'''<br />
| '''0.05%'''<br />
| style="background: green" | '''+0.01''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''2017'''<br />
| '''0.15%'''<br />
| style="background: green" | '''+0.10%''' <br />
|}<br />
As of 2017, Hinduism constitute 0.15% of the population of Austria. There are about 11,000 Hindus in Austria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/304874/umfrage/mitglieder-in-religionsgemeinschaften-in-oesterreich/|title = Österreich - Religionszugehörigkeit 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Hindu groups in Austria==<br />
*Hindu Mandir Association is one of the oldest organisation in Vienna. Established in 1991 has a yearly Krishna Janmaashtami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali Mela festival & Bhagwati Jagran. In 2006, it applied for the status of religious confessional community but soon withdrew their applications and reapplied under the name Hindu Religious Community and was granted the new status.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71367.htm United States Department of State]</ref><br />
*[[ISKCON]], more commonly known as the Hare Krishna movement has three centres in Austria, all located in Vienna: <br />
**East of Eden, <br />
**Govinda, <br />
** ISKCON Center for Vedic Studies. <br />
*The Sri Krishna Chaitanya Mission has established a [[mandir]] in [[Vienna]], which has a yearly [[Krishna Janmaashtami]] festival. <br />
*[[Brahma Kumaris|Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University]] (BKWSU), a new age neo-Hindu spiritual organisation has three centres in Austria, located in Vienna, [[Graz]] and [[Rankweil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brahmakumaris.org/austria/whoweare/faq |title=Brahma Kumaris Official Website - FAQ |publisher=Brahmakumaris.org |date=2000-01-01 |access-date=2016-03-22}}</ref><br />
*The [[Rajneesh movement|Osho movement]], Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, [[Sri Chinmoy]] also have a small presence. Along with Hare Krishna they are categorised as "sects". The term "sects" is used by the Government to denote small organizations with fewer than 100 members. Only the Hindu Religious Community has more than 100 members, and is the only Hindu organisation that constitutes one of the "confessional communities " in Austria.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71367.htm United States Department of State]</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Hinduism in Lithuania]]<br />
* [[Hinduism in the West]]<br />
* [[Religion in Austria]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links==<br />
*[http://www.hindumandirvienna.com/ Hindu Mandir Association]<br />
*[http://www.hroe.at/english Hindu community in Austria (HRÖ)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910221629/http://www.hroe.at/english |date=2013-09-10 }}<br />
*[http://www.radha-govinda.at Sri Sri Radha Govinda Mandir]<br />
*[http://www.krishna-culture.de/home.htm ISKCON Austria & Germany] (In German)<br />
*[http://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture-history/religion/churches.html Churches and Religious communities in Vienna]<br />
<br />
{{commons category-inline}}<br />
{{Wikiquote|Hinduism in Austria}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Austria|Hinduism}}<br />
<br />
{{Religion in Austria}}<br />
{{Hinduism in Europe}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Austria}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Religion in Austria]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism in Europe|Austria]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism by country|Austria]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Putimari&diff=542951Uttar Putimari2026-01-24T04:37:25Z<p>RomaineAchen489: new the details needs work.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Uttar Putimari<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India <br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.51|N|88.79|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 1806<br />
| population_as_of = [[2011 census of India|2011]]<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 735305<ref>{{Cite web|title= Putimari Pin Code|work = abplive.com |url= https://www.abplive.com/pincode/west-bengal/jalpaiguri/putimari-pincode-735305.html|access-date= 30 August 2025}}</ref><br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code<br />
| area_code = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Maynaguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maynaguri]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Uttar Putimari''' is a village located in [[Maynaguri (community development block)|Maynaguri]] CD block in the [[Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK JALPAIGURI|work= [[2011 census of India]], DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS WEST BENGAL|url= https://westbengal.census.gov.in/DCHB_2011_WB_Part_A/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf|access-date= 30 August 2025}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Jalpaiguri District}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Jalpaiguri district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Jalpaiguri-geo-stub}}</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shuchi_Upadhyay&diff=535501Shuchi Upadhyay2026-01-05T22:15:39Z<p>RomaineAchen489: new basic data w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 2004)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer<br />
| name = Shuchi Upadhyay<br />
| female = true<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| fullname = Shuchi Sudhir Upadhyay<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|12|31|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Madhya Pradesh]], India<br />
| batting = Right-handed<br />
| bowling = [[Slow left-arm orthodox]]<br />
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]<br />
<br />
| international = true<br />
| country = India<br />
| internationalspan = <br />
| oneodi = true<br />
| odidebutdate = 7 May<br />
| odidebutyear = 2025<br />
| odidebutagainst = South Africa<br />
| odicap = 155<br />
| lastodidate = <br />
| lastodiyear = <br />
| lastodiagainst = <br />
| odishirt = 91<br />
<br />
| club1 = [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| year1 = 2024–present<br />
<br />
| columns = 3<br />
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]<br />
| matches1 = 2<br />
| runs1 = –<br />
| bat avg1 = –<br />
| 100s/50s1 = –<br />
| top score1 = –<br />
| deliveries1 = 383<br />
| wickets1 = 6<br />
| bowl avg1 = 36.00<br />
| fivefor1 = 0<br />
| tenfor1 = 0<br />
| best bowling1 = 4/94<br />
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–<br />
<br />
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]<br />
| matches2 = 14<br />
| runs2 = 19<br />
| bat avg2 = –<br />
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0<br />
| top score2 = 8[[not out|*]]<br />
| deliveries2 = 756<br />
| wickets2 = 22<br />
| bowl avg2 = 21.09<br />
| fivefor2 = 1<br />
| tenfor2 = 0<br />
| best bowling2 = 5/48<br />
| catches/stumpings2 = 1/–<br />
<br />
| column3 = [[Women's Twenty20|T20]]<br />
| matches3 = 7<br />
| runs3 = –<br />
| bat avg3 = –<br />
| 100s/50s3 = –<br />
| top score3 = –<br />
| deliveries3 = 150<br />
| wickets3 = 7<br />
| bowl avg3 = 19.14<br />
| fivefor3 = 0<br />
| tenfor3 = 0<br />
| best bowling3 = 2/11<br />
| catches/stumpings3 = 0/–<br />
<br />
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1483211.html ESPNcricinfo<br />
| date = 17 May<br />
| year = 2025<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shuchi Upadhyay''' (born 25 August 2004) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for the [[India women's national cricket team|national team]]. She represents [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] in domestic cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1483211.html |title=Shuchi Upadhyay |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Domestic career==<br />
Upadhyay plays domestic cricket for [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/madhya-pradesh-news/spinner-baller-of-mandla-shuchi-upadhyay-in-challenger-trophy-womens-series-team-in-chennai-7461375 |title=Challenger Cricket Trophy: एमपी की फिरकी गेंदबाज ने किया कमाल, अब चैलेंजर ट्रॉफी में दिखा रही अपना जौहर |trans-title=Challenger Cricket Trophy: MP's spin bowler did wonders, now showing her skills in Challenger Trophy |work=NDTV MP Chhattisgarh |access-date=17 May 2025 |language=hindi}}</ref> She made her [[First-class cricket|first-class]] debut for India C against India A, on 31 March 2025, in the Senior Women's Three Day Challenger Trophy 2024/25.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2755/2755318/Womens_First-Class_Matches.html |title=Women's First-Class Matches played by Shuchi Upadhyay |work=CricketArchive |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> She made her [[List A cricket|List A]] debut against Manipur, on 4 December 2024, in the Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2024/25.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2755/2755318/Womens_List_A_Matches.html |title=Women's List A Matches played by Shuchi Upadhyay |work=CricketArchive |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> She made her [[Women's Twenty20|T20]] debut against Delhi, on 17 October 2024, in the Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2024/25.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2755/2755318/Womens_Twenty20_Matches.html |title=Women's Twenty20 Matches played by Shuchi Upadhyay |work=CricketArchive |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==International career==<br />
In April 2025, she earned maiden call-up for national team for the [[2025 Sri Lanka Women's Tri-Nation Series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/mps-shuchi-in-india-womens-squad-for-tri-nation-odi-series-in-sri-lanka/articleshow/120137878.cms |title=MP’s Shuchi in India women’s squad for Tri-Nation ODI series in Sri Lanka |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/sports/cricket/suchi-upadhyay-selected-for-team-india-from-madhya-pradesh-womens-tri-nation-odi-series-against-sri-lanka-and-south-africa-2922373 |title=टीम इंडिया में मध्य प्रदेश की शुचि उपाध्याय को मिली जगह, श्रीलंका-दक्षिण अफ्रीका के खिलाफ खेलेंगी त्रिकोणीय सीरीज |trans-title=Madhya Pradesh's Shuchi Upadhyay gets a place in Team India, will play triangular series against Sri Lanka and South Africa |work=ABP News |access-date=17 April 2025 |language=hindi}}</ref> She made her [[Women's One Day International|ODI]] debut in the same tournament, on 7 May 2025 against South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1476984.html |title=IND Women vs SA Women at Colombo (RPS)- May 07, 2025 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> In May 2025, she was named in ODI and T20I squad for the [[India women's cricket team in England in 2025|series against England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/mps-kranti-shuchi-earn-india-call-up-for-eng-tour/articleshow/121219562.cms |title=MP’s Kranti, Shuchi earn India call-up for Eng tour |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/5Sm84xWz |title=Team India (Senior Women) squads for the England tour announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-unveil-power-packed-squads-for-england-tour |title=India unveil power-packed squads for England tour |work=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]] |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref> Later in June 2025, she was ruled out of the series due to a left shin injury and [[Radha Yadav]] named as her replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/mhyZg208 |title=Radha Yadav named as replacement for injured Shuchi Upadhyay |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/england-women-vs-india-women-radha-yadav-replaces-injured-shuchi-upadhyay-for-england-tour-1489813 |title=Radha Yadav replaces injured Shuchi Upadhyay for England tour |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cricinfo|id=1483211}}<br />
* {{cricketarchive|id=2755318}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadhyay, Shuchi}}<br />
[[Category:2004 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh women cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:India women One Day International cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarla_Ek_Koti&diff=533252Sarla Ek Koti2026-01-05T06:01:50Z<p>RomaineAchen489: new the post first draft.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Sarla Ek Koti.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Nitin Sindh Vijay Supekar<br />
| writer = Nitin Sindh Jay Supekar<br />
| producer = Arti Chavan<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Onkar Bhojane]]<br />
*[[Isha Keskar]]<br />
*[[Chhaya Kadam]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Nagraj Divakar<br />
| editing = Nitesh Rathod<br />
| music = [[Vijay Narayan Gavande]]<br />
| studio = Sanvi Production House<br />
| distributor = [[AA Films]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2023|01|20|df=yes}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Marathi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sarla Ek Koti''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Nitin Supekar and produced by Sanvi Production House.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title='Sarla Ek Koti', the new film of 'Atpadi Nights' fame director Nitin Supekar |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/entertainment/sarla-ek-koti-new-marathi-film-of-director-nitin-supekar-nrak-279051/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What will Omkar Bhoney do after Foo Bai Foo? Here is the answer to the question of the entire Maharashtra |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-and-and-fu-bai-fu-fame-actor-onkar-bhojane-upcoming-movie-sarla-ek-koti/articleshow/96168893.cms |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> It stars [[Onkar Bhojane]], [[Isha Keskar]], [[Chhaya Kadam]]. The film was theatrically released on 20 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |date=2022-12-12 |title=Sarla Ek Koti : 'King of one crore cards is coming to cinema |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/onkar-bhojane-the-marathi-film-sarla-ek-koti-will-soon-hit-the-screens-1129741 |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='I liked her, but Omkar…" Esha's boyfriend spoke candidly about the romantic scene in 'Sarla Ek Koti'. |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/actress-isha-keskar-boyfriend-rishi-saxena-talk-about-onkar-bhojane-isha-keskar-romantic-scean-in-sarla-ek-koti-movie-nrp-97-3420169/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Sarla Ek Koti: Who is the 'Sarla' of Omkar Bhojana of Maharashtra's laughter fair fame? The secret is revealed |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sarla-ek-koti-movie-onkar-bhojane-costar-isha-keskar-141671173806861.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Bhikaji, a poor daily wage laborer, lives with his beautiful wife Sarla in a small village. When Bhikaji suffers a financial crisis, he recklessly wagers Sarla in a card game and loses to the village landlord. The landlord agrees to return Sarla only if Bhikaji can arrange ₹1 lakh within ten days.<br />
<br />
Desperate, Bhikaji seeks help from fellow villagers, but they exploit his situation and demand Sarla in return for financial support. Surrounded by greed and objectification, Sarla refuses to submit and instead devises a plan to outwit both the landlord and the villagers. Using her intelligence and resilience, she turns the tables on those who sought to take advantage of her. In the end, Sarla and Bhikaji emerge with both dignity and prosperity restored.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
=== Main ===<br />
* [[Onkar Bhojane]] as Bhikaji Vakhre<ref>{{Cite web |title=What will Omkar Bhojne do after Fu Bai Fu? Here is the answer to the question of the entire Maharashtra |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-and-and-fu-bai-fu-fame-actor-onkar-bhojane-upcoming-movie-sarla-ek-koti/articleshow/96168893.cms |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><br />
* [[Isha Keskar]] as Sarla<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title='I held his hand and...';Isha reveals the romantic scene with Omkar Bhoja |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/actress-isha-keskar-revealed-secrets-of-romantic-scene-with-onkar-bhojane-in-sarala-ek-koti-film-mhgm-819641.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><br />
* [[Chhaya Kadam]] as Mathura Vakhre, Bhikaji's mother<br />
* Kamlakar Satpute<br />
* Ramesh Pardeshi<br />
* Vanita Kharat<br />
* [[Suresh Vishwakarma]]<br />
<br />
=== Supporting ===<br />
<br />
* Vijay Nikam<br />
* [[Abhijeet Chavan]]<br />
* Yashpal Sarnath<br />
* Jatin Inamdar<br />
* Mahendra Khilare<br />
* Ramakant Bhalerao<br />
* Kapil Kamble<br />
* Shyam Mate<br />
* Shubham Khare<br />
* Yogesh Iratkar<br />
* Abhilasha Paul<ref>{{Cite news |title='Sarla Ek Koti': Makers unveil a new poster from the film - Times of India |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://www.arcattoscana.org/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sarla-ek-koti-makers-unveil-a-new-poster-from-the-film/articleshow/96448137.cms |access-date=2023-01-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Sarla Ek Koti'' was theatrically released on 20 January 2023 in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Sarla Ek Koti: Put your Sarala on the stake; The teaser of 'Sarla Ek Koti' is in discussion |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/onkar-bhojane-and-isha-keskar-sarla-ek-koti-movie-teaser-is-out-141671445265306.html |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
Anub George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 and praised storytelling and interesting situations clearly written in the film and wrote <nowiki>''The peak moment for this film is the way the narrative turns a 180 at the end.''</nowiki><ref>{{Citation |title=Sarla Ek Koti Movie Review: Worth a watch for the twist it takes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/sarla-ek-koti/movie-review/97177829.cms |access-date=2023-01-30}}</ref> Kalpeshraj Kubal of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' rated 2.5 out of 5, and wrote "the first half is completely boring, the second half picks up the pace."<ref>{{Cite web |title=सरला एक कोटी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sarla-ek-koti/moviereview/97621892.cms |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Sarla Ek Koti<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Vijay Narayan Gavande]]<br />
| released = 23 January 2023<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 11:26<br />
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| label = Ultra Music<br />
| prev_title = Khapakhap<br />
| prev_year = 2022<br />
| next_title = Global Aadgaon<br />
| next_year = 2023<br />
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio<br />
|{{YouTube|w-UpShK6KiE|Sarla Ek Koti - Full Album}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Music and background score is by [[Vijay Narayan Gavande]] and the lyrics is by [[Guru Thakur]]. Songs are recorded by [[Ajay Gogavale|Ajay Gogawale]], [[Aarya Ambekar]], [[Vaishali Mhade]] and Sayli Khare. <br />
{{Track listing<br />
| title1 = [[Kevadyacha Paan Tu]]<br />
| length1 = 5:05<br />
| title2 = Tharyavar Jeev Raahina<br />
| length2 = 3:34<br />
| title3 = Saimaya Sajani Le<br />
| length3 = 1:33<br />
| total_length = 11:26<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=24580986|title=Sarla Ek Koti}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2023 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about gambling]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_football_team&diff=476109Tamil Nadu football team2025-12-16T18:14:25Z<p>RomaineAchen489: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox football club<br />
| clubname = Tamil Nadu<br />
| current = <br />
| image = Tamil Nadu Football Association.jpg<br />
| fullname = Tamil Nadu football team<br />
| nickname = <br />
| motto = <br />
| founded = {{start date and age|1941}}<br />{{small|(as ''Madras football team'')}}<br />
| ground = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)]]<br />
| capacity = 40,000<br />
| owner = [[Tamil Nadu Football Association]]<br />
| chrtitle = <br />
| chairman = <br />
| mgrtitle = Head coach<br />
| manager = [[Dharmaraj Ravanan]]<br />
| league = [[Santosh Trophy]]<br />
| season = [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|2024–25]]<br />
| position = Final round<br />
| pattern_la1 = <br />
| pattern_b1 = _yellowbow<br />
| pattern_ra1 = <br />
| pattern_sh1 = _goldsides<br />
| pattern_so1 = _3_stripes_white<br />
| leftarm1 = 355E3B<br />
| body1 = 355E3B<br />
| rightarm1 = 355E3B<br />
| shorts1 = 355E3B<br />
| socks1 = 355E3B<br />
| pattern_la2 = <br />
| pattern_b2 = _goldsides<br />
| pattern_ra2 = <br />
| pattern_sh2 = <br />
| pattern_so2 = <br />
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF<br />
| body2 = FFFFFF<br />
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF<br />
| shorts2 = FFFFFF<br />
| socks2 = FFFFFF<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Tamil Nadu football team''', also earlier the '''Madras football team''', is an Indian [[association football|football]] team representing [[Tamil Nadu]] in Indian state football competitions including the [[Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/518|title=Tamil Nadu Football Association}}</ref> They have appeared in the Santosh Trophy finals twice, in 1972–73 and 2012, and have never won. Tamil Nadu team reached semi-finals of the Santosh Trophy in 2009,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Football |first1=DC |title=The pain of 2009 in Santosh Trophy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140121/sports-football/article/pain-2009-santosh-trophy |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Anshuman |title=Goa oust TN, fans lose temper |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/goa-oust-tn-fans-lose-temper/cid/622257 |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref> where they lost to Goa. Prior to 1972, the team competed as ''Madras''.<br />
<br />
==Squad==<br />
The team selected for 2024<br />
Santosh Trophy;<br />
<br />
{{fs start}}<br />
{{fs player |no=24|nat=IND |pos=GK|name=Mohanraj K }}<br />
{{fs player |no=1|nat=IND |pos=GK |name=Murugan V}}<br />
{{fs player |no=3|nat=IND |pos= DF |name=Henry Joseph }}<br />
{{fs player |no=14|nat=IND |pos=DF |name=Henry Stalin}} <br />
{{fs player |no=5|nat=IND |pos=DF|name= Hari Krishnan}}<br />
{{fs player |no=46|nat=IND |pos=DF |name=Karthick Thirumalai}}<br />
{{fs player |no=4|nat=IND |pos=DF|name=Boobalan}}<br />
{{fs player |no=3|nat=IND |pos=DF|name=Karthik }}<br />
{{fs player |no=21|nat=IND |pos=MF |name=Ganesan}}<br />
{{fs player |no=16|nat=IND |pos=MF |name=[[Sinivasan Pandiyan]]}}<br />
{{fs player |no=13|nat=IND |pos=MF |name= [[Mayakkannan]] }}<br />
{{fs player |no=38|nat=IND |pos= MF|name=Mohammed Musharaf}}<br />
{{fs player |no=25|nat=IND |pos=MF|name=[[Jockson dhas]]}}<br />
{{fs player |no=10|nat=IND |pos=MF|name=Suraj Kumar}}<br />
{{fs player |no=|nat=IND |pos=MF|name=Dinesh }}<br />
{{fs player |no=14 |nat=IND |pos=FW |name=[[Alexander Romario Jesuraj]] }}<br />
{{fs player |no=16|nat=IND |pos=FW |name=Vineeth Kumar}}<br />
{{fs player |no=9|nat=IND |pos=FW |name=Nandha Kumar}}<br />
{{fs player |no=47|nat=IND |pos= FW |name=Devdath S}}<br />
{{fs player |no=7|nat=IND |pos=FW |name=Prakadeswaran S}}<br />
{{fs end}}<br />
<br />
===Coaching staff===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Position<br />
! Name<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| Head coach<br />
|{{Flagicon|India}}[[Dharmaraj Ravanan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Assistant coach<br />
|{{Flagicon|India}} Agastin<br />
|-<br />
| Physio<br />
| {{Flagicon|India}} Kamesh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Player history===<br />
Some of the former Tamil Nadu state football players are S. Grand Durai Pandian (Chennai Customs)(Striker), [[Samson Gunapandian]], [[Simon Sundararaj]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frederick |first1=Prince |title=Memories of Madras – Football's field day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/memories-of-madras-footballs-field-day/article1769696.ece |work=The Hindu |date=April 2011}}</ref> [[J. Krishnaswamy]], [[Raman Vijayan]], [[Syed Sabir Pasha]], [[Kalia Kulothungan]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rayan |first1=Stan |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Raw diamonds from the seashore |date=2005-11-19 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/11/19/stories/2005111903110400.htm}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Robin Charles Raja]], [[V. Soundararajan]], P.M. Radhakrishnan, P. Nageshwara Rao,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chronicle |first1=Deccan |title=Players from yesteryear return to football's heyday |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141028/nation-current-affairs/article/players-yesteryear-return-football%E2%80%99s-heyday}}</ref> M. Thangaraj,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thiagarajan |first1=Shantha |title=When Ooty had a 'dribbler par excellence' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/when-ooty-had-a-dribbler-par-excellence/articleshow/64819976.cms |issue=July 2018 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref> Gandhi (RBI), Edwin Ross (Winger), D'Cruz (ICF), Orlando Rayen, A.U. Celestine (Goal Keeper), P.V. Sriramulu, A. Satyanarayanan, Guna Singh, Koshy, Kumar, Thomas, Arumaiyanayagam, Thanikachalam, Chandran Jeypal, Dhanapathy, Gurunathan, Viswanathan, and Rajamanickam (Goal Keeper).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Metro Plus Chennai|first1=The Hindu|title=Memories of a different era|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600150400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030914020823/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600150400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 September 2002}}</ref><br />
<br />
Simon Sundararaj from Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu scored the last Indian goal at the Olympics, in Rome in 1960.<ref>{{cite news |last1=RS |first1=Prasad |title=Meet the footballer who scored India's last Olympic goal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/india-in-olympics-2016/miscellaneous/Meet-the-footballer-who-scored-Indias-last-Olympic-goal/articleshow/53392275.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Most of these former players were employees of State or Central government institutions. [[All India Football Federation]] and [[Tamil Nadu Football Association]] were coordinating these players participation at the National level. In the past, to attend preparatory camps to get selected for the [[India national football team]], it was difficult for these players to obtain leave from the institutions in which they were employed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Week |first1=Sports |title=Who cares for the players? |date=September 1, 1974 |publisher=Khalid Ansari |location=Bombay |page=236 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98099/page/n235}}</ref> Some Tamil Nadu football players use their football talent and achievements to get jobs in Government institutions like Southern Railways, Indian Bank, and Chennai Customs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hore |first1=Abhishek |title=Leading scorer Riju mulls EB option |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/leading-scorer-riju-mulls-eb-option/story-ENzWscaC2o8Vlz1Nl3e98H.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following is a complete list of '''Tamil Nadu footballers'''.<br />
<br />
* [[Dhanpal Ganesh]]<br />
* [[Dharmaraj Ravanan]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishnaswamy |first1=Karthik |title=A happy homecoming for stars |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/A-happy-homecoming-for-stars/article15927518.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
* [[Nallappan Mohanraj]]<br />
* [[Kali Alaudeen]]<br />
* [[C. S. Sabeeth]]<br />
* [[Pradeep Mohanraj]]<br />
* [[Michael Soosairaj]]<br />
* [[Edwin Sydney Vanspaul]]<br />
* [[Nanda Kumar]]<br />
* [[Raegan Albarnas]]<br />
* P. Sudhakar<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghu |first1=T.N. |title=Sudhakar will be TN's key man |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140118/sports-football/article/sudhakar-will-be-tns-key-man |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><br />
* [[Michael Regin]]<br />
* [[Sinivasan Pandiyan]]<br />
* [[Alexander Romario Jesuraj]]<br />
* [[C.Swaminathan]]<br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
===State (senior)===<br />
* '''[[Santosh Trophy]]'''<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiasantoshhist.html List of Santosh Trophy Finals]</ref><br />
** Runners-up (2): 1972–73, [[2011–12 Santosh Trophy|2011–12]]<br />
<br />
*'''[[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]]'''<br />
** Silver medal (1): [[2007 National Games of India|2007]]<br />
** Bronze medal (1): 2002<br />
<br />
===State (youth)===<br />
* '''[[Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy]]'''<br />
** Winners (1): 1985–86<br />
** Runners-up (1): 1999–2000<br />
<br />
* '''[[M. Dutta Ray Trophy]]'''<br />
** Runners-up (2): 2004, 2007<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Santosh Trophy}}<br />
{{Indian state football teams}}<br />
{{Football in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Football in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Santosh Trophy teams]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-footyclub-stub}}</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gobindpur,_Khunti&diff=500681Gobindpur, Khunti2025-12-02T12:13:00Z<p>RomaineAchen489: new.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Other uses|Gobindpur (disambiguation){{!}}Gobindpur}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Gobindpur<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand # India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0765|84.9944|display=title,inline}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khunti district]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 2,499<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages*<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate =JH <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gobindpur''' is a village located in southern part of [[Karra block]], [[Khunti district]]. It is 50 kilometres from [[Ranchi]], the capital of [[Jharkhand]] state.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map <br />
| width=450| height=350| zoom=10 <br />
| coord={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|16|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Khunti district in South Chotanagpur Division'''<br/>M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|0|27|N|85|31|56|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Arki | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Arki, Khunti]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 <br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|4|35|N|84|59|39|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Gobindpur| numbered2=R| mark-title2= Gobindpur, Khunti (R)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> <br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|46|45|N|85|6|16|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Rania| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Rania, Khunti]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|7|49|N|85|7|46|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Karra| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Karra, Khunti]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|0|24|N|85|24|52|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Kitahatu| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Kitahatu]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|57|57|N|85|16|39|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Murhu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Murhu]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|58|58|N|85|29|28|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Ulihatu| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Ulihatu]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|53|27|N|85|30|58|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Birbanki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Birbanki]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|4|55|N|85|24|8|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Maranghada| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Maranghada]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|4|51|N|85|16|38|E}} | label-pos10=top|label10=Khunti| numbered10=M| mark-title10= [[Khunti]] (M) |label-color10=#800000 <br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|55|56|N|85|5|36|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11= Torpa | numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Torpa, India]] (CT) |shape-color11= #A40000 <br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|56|44|N|85|15|24|E}} | label-pos12= bottom|label12=Panchghagh Falls | numbered12=T| mark-title12= [[Panchghagh Falls]] (T) |shape-color12= #74C365 <br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|50|8|N|85|9|49|E}} | label-pos13= top|label13=Perwaghagh Falls | numbered13=T| mark-title13= [[Perwaghagh Falls]] (T) |shape-color13= #74C365 <br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|2|0|N|85|20|30|E}} |label14= Karkari |labela14= River |label-color14 = #77A1CB| label-angle14= -110| label-pos14=top| label-size14=10| mark-size14=0| mark-title14 =none <br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|46|0|N|85|1|0|E}} |label15= South Koel |labela15= River |label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15= 40| label-pos15=top| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15 =none <br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|0|0|N|85|7|0|E}} |label16= North Karo |labela16= River |label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16= -60| label-pos16=top| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|7|N|85|24|36|E}}| label17= Dombari|labela17= Buru| label-color17 = #C42222 | label-angle17=0| label-pos17=bottom| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none}}<br />
<br />
===Location=== <br />
Gobindpur is located at {{coord|23.0765|84.9944|display=inline}}.<br />
<br />
Geographically, Govindpur Road is located on southern part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] which forms the eastern edge of the [[Deccan Plateau]] system. The [[North Karo River]] and its tributaries constitute the local river system. The local tributaries includes [[Chhata]] River, Kurid [[Drain (waterway)|nala]] and Fulco<br />
<br />
===Area overview=== <br />
In the adjacent map the area shown is “undulating and covered with hills, hillocks and jungles (jungles/ forests are shown as shaded area in the map). The soil of the area is rocky, sandy and red loam upland. There are paddy fields only in the depressions. It has a gentle slope adjacent to the streams.” <ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2020_PART_A_DCHB_KHUNTI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Khunti, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 9-10: Topographical and geographical features |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 2 November 2021}}</ref> A major part of the district is in the altitude range of {{convert|500-700|m}}, with up to ± 200 m for some parts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Slope/Khunti_Slope_Report.pdf | title = Report on Slope, Aspect and Altitude of Khunti District, Jharkhand State | work = Page 9: Physiography, Page 17: Altitude | publisher = Jharkhand Space Applications Centre, Department of Information Technology, Government of Jharkhand | accessdate = 13 October 2021 | archive-date = 7 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220307214801/https://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Slope/Khunti_Slope_Report.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2011, it had a density of population of 210 persons per sq km. Khunti is an overwhelmingly rural district with 91.5% of the population living in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2020_PART_A_DCHB_KHUNTI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Khunti, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 32: Census findings, population and its distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 2 November 2021}}</ref> Famous places in this area are [[Ulihatu]], the birth place of [[Birsa Munda|Bhagwan Birsa Munda]], and Dombari Buru, the central point of his activity.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://khunti.nic.in/khunti.nic.in/place-of-interest/ | title = Places of Interest | work = Ulihatu and Dombari Buru | publisher = Khunti district administration|access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
==Geology==<br />
Geologically, it belongs to the [[Archean]] age of [[granite]] [[gneiss]] formation. Other include [[amphibolite]], [[khondalite]] and [[mica schist]].<br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
Govindpur Road has a [[subtropical climate]]. Temperatures range from maximum 42 to 25&nbsp;°C during summer, and a minimum 18 to 4&nbsp;°C during winter. The annual rainfall is about 1240 millimeters.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Gobindpur had a total population of 2,499, of which 1,294 (52%) were males and 1,209 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 342. The total number of literate persons in Gobindpur was 1,742 (80.76% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2020_PART_B_DCHB_KHUNTI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Khunti, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 374739, pages 54-55|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
(*For language details see [[Karra block#Language and religion]])<br />
<br />
==Transport== <br />
There is a station at Govindpur Road on the [[Hatia–Rourkela line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/rourkela-hatia-passenger-special-08150/6450/170/385#st | title = 08150 Rourkela-Hatia Passenger Special| work = Time Table| publisher = IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 30 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
*[[Primary school]] - Govt. Primary school Jamhar, Govt. Primary School Jalanga.<br />
*[[Middle school]] - Govt. Middle School Dehkela, [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System|D.A.V. school]] Govindpur Road.<br />
*[[High School]]. - Govt. Kisan High School Dehkela.<br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] in Gobindpur.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://khunti.nic.in/accommodation/ | title = Hospital List | publisher = Khunti district administration | access-date = 30 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Trade==<br />
The trade of local goods such as Mahua, [[Tamarind]], [[Madua]] (ragi), [[Dhan]] (paddy) and [[sakar kand]]. These commodities are supplied wholesale markets in Ranchi as well as to other places.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/<br />
* https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999<br />
* http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Ranchi.html<br />
* http://www.ranchi.nic.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005102342/http://ranchi.nic.in/ |date=5 October 2015 }}<br />
*http://www.keshawkrpathak.blogspot.com/<br />
<br />
{{South Chotanagpur Division}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Khunti district]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prakash_Jarwal&diff=470286Prakash Jarwal2025-11-25T07:07:04Z<p>RomaineAchen489: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Prakash Jarwal<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| residence = [[Delhi]]<br />
| constituency = [[Deoli, Delhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deoli]]<br />
| office = Member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term = <br />
| predecessor = [[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]<br />
| successor = [[Prem Chauhan]]<br />
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<br />
| children = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| source = <br />
| term_start = 2013<br />
| education = [[Master of Commerce|M.Com.]] ([[University of Delhi]])<br />
| term_end = 2025<br />
}}<br />
'''Prakash Jarwal''' is an Indian politician from the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], formerly represented [[Deoli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Deoli]] constituency in the Delhi State Legislature.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://delhi.aamaadmiparty.org/Delhi-Elections-2013/Prakash|title= Deoli -Prakash, Candidates Delhi 2013|publisher= Aam Aadmi Party official website}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0547.htm?ac=47 | title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results | publisher=Election Commission of India | accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Deoli's Hopes Ride on Youngest MLA|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3150298421.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204226/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3150298421.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|publisher=Hindustan Times|date = 10 December 2013 |accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Average age of MLAs 42, a quarter postgrads">{{cite news |date=12 February 2015 |title=Average age of MLAs 42, a quarter postgrads |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/average-age-of-mlas-42-a-quarter-postgrads/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312073156/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/average-age-of-mlas-42-a-quarter-postgrads/ |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Aam Aadmi Party's 'giant killers'">{{cite news |date=9 December 2013 |title=Aam Aadmi Party's 'giant killers' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/aam-aadmi-partys-giant-killers-16572 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320085917/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/aam-aadmi-partys-giant-killers-16572 |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work= |publisher=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==About==<br />
Jarwal is the youngest candidate of [[Aam Aadmi Party]], 25 years old. Jarwal has left his job of assistant manager in a multinational company, to join the anti-Corruption movement and later [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/22571-youth-is-the-mantra-for-aap.html|title= Youth is the mantra for AAP|publisher= The Statesman website|date=30 October 2013}}</ref> Jarwal has been jailed for an alleged assault on a Delhi Jal Board junior engineer.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aap-mla-held-for-assault-delhi-jal-board-engineer-194157-2014-05-23|title= AAP MLA Prakash Jrawal held for assault on Delhi Jal Board engineer|publisher= India Today website|date=26 May 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 21 July 2017, Jarwal was booked for molesting and harassing a woman who was allegedly a member of the [[Rashtravadi Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/aap-mla-prakash-jarwal-booked-for-moelstation-for-the-second-time-4760920/|title = AAP MLA Prakash Jarwal booked for molestation for the second time|date = 21 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 20 February 2018, an assault case was filed by Delhi Chief Secretary [[Anshu Prakash]] against Jarwal and fellow legislator [[Amanatullah Khan]] for allegedly slapping and abusing him at the residence of Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/delhi-chief-secretary-assault-aap-mla-prakash-jarwal-granted-bail-by-delhi-high-court-5091730/|title=Delhi Chief Secretary 'assault': AAP MLA Prakash Jarwal granted bail by Delhi High Court|date=9 March 2018|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> He was granted bail on 9 March.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/delhi-chief-secretary-assault-aap-mla-prakash-jarwal-granted-bail-by-delhi-high-court-5091730/|title = Delhi Chief Secretary 'assault': AAP MLA Prakash Jarwal granted bail by Delhi High Court|date = 9 March 2018}}</ref> In 2021, a Delhi court dismissed the assault case filed by the Delhi bureaucrat against Kejriwal and ten AAP MLAs and discharged them of all charges. The court noted that "no [[prima facie]] case" was made against them.<ref name="assault case">{{cite news |last1=Ohri |first1=Raghav |title=Court throws out assault case against Arvind Kejriwal and 10 Others |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/court-throws-out-assault-case-against-ak-and-10-others/articleshow/85254526.cms |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=12 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 18 April 2020, a 52-year-old doctor, Rajendra Singh, had allegedly committed suicide, holding Jarwal responsible in his suicide note following which police had registered a case against the legislator on charges of extortion and abetment to suicide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Doctor suicide: Non-Bailable warrant against AAP MLA Prakash Jarwal|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/doctor-suicide-non-bailable-warrant-against-aap-mla-prakash-jarwal-6400458/|date=2020-05-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Electoral performance == <br />
{{transcluded section|source=Deoli, Delhi Assembly constituency}} <br />
{{#section:Deoli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2013}}<br />
{{#section:Deoli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2015}}<br />
{{#section:Deoli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2020}}<br />
{{#section:Deoli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2025}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-par|in-la}}<br />
{{IN Assembly succession box<br />
| state= Delhi<br />
| constituency= Deoli, Delhi<br />
| before= ?<br />
| after= [[Prem Chauhan]]<br />
| years= [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]– 2025}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jarwal, Prakash}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2013–2015]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2015–2020]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2020–2025]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party MLAs from Delhi]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halimzai&diff=451156Halimzai2025-11-18T07:24:06Z<p>RomaineAchen489: Content updated and refined</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Subtribe of Mohmand Pashtun}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=January 2012}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
The '''Halimzai''' are the largest sub-tribe or clan of the [[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmand]] [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribe.<br />
<br />
They live primarily in the [[Mohmand Agency]] of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]]. Part of their territory includes the historic Gandab valley that runs north west from Pir Killa (charsadda), a village on the Michni Shabqadar road, and some of them moved to Afghanistan living in Rodat district, Shabqadaris 32&nbsp;km north of Peshawar.<ref name=gso-mohmand>[http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/mohmand.php FATA: Historical and Administrative Profile of the Mohmand Agency] retrieved 27 April 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310144210/http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/mohmand.php |date=10 March 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political Importance==<br />
This tribe is one of the strongest among other sub-tribe due its central location as Ghalanai is the capital of [[Mohmand Agency]] and Gandhab is the biggest Bazzar of Mohmand agency. Government mainly depends upon Halimzai tribe. Gandhab is divided into Upper and Lower Gandhab. {{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}<br />
<br />
==Halimzai subsections==<br />
Halimzai is sub divided into the following three sub tribes: <br />
* ''Hamza Khel'' <br />
* ''Wali Baig'' <br />
* ''Kadi Khel''<br />
<br />
== Governance ==<br />
On 2 February 2009, a fifty-member [[Jirga]] of the Mohmand assured the government of its support against militancy and pledged to fulfil their consequent territorial responsibilities.<ref>[http://thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=160459 The News International Pakistan]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 3 February 2009, Halimzai tribe assures govt of support against militancy</ref> In the past they have: handed over heavy weapons originating in Afghanistan, agreed not to afford sanctuary to foreigners<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\08\28\story_28-8-2007_pg7_9 Daily Times], 28 August 2007, Tribes ink peace deal in Mohmand</ref> and agreed to co-operate with the government in acting against those who damage public property.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\06\27\story_27-6-2006_pg7_14 Daily Times] 27 June 2006, Govt’s enemies are our enemies: Halimzai jirga</ref> These agreements are enforced within their territory by taking internal action, with punishments that include fines, demolition of property and expulsions from the Agency. In the past they have: handed over heavy weapons originating in Afghanistan, agreed not to afford sanctuary to foreigners and agreed to co-operate with the government in acting against those who damage public property.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Times - Latest Pakistan News, World, Business, Sports, Lifestyle |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tribal elders from both the Halimzai and the [[Safi Clan|Safi]] have co-operated to avoid tensions between their respective communities and to control activities seen as objectionable to Pashtun society.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Pashtun tribes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pashtun tribes]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Pakistan-ethno-stub}}</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brijnath_Singh&diff=492389Brijnath Singh2025-11-15T11:18:19Z<p>RomaineAchen489: stub.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Raja of Maihar from 1911 to 1968 }}<br />
{{infobox royalty<br />
| title = [[Raja]]<br />
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]]<br />
| reign = 15 December 1911 – 13 October 1968<br />
| coronation = 16 December 1911<br />
| predecessor = [[Randhir Singh (ruler)|Randhir Singh]]<br />
| successor = Govind Singh Ju Deo<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1886|02|22|df=yes}}<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1968|10|13|1886|02|22|df=yes}}<br />
| issue = {{unbulleted list|Govind Singh Ju Deo|Ram Chandra Singh|Mahendra Kumari Devi|Narayan Singh Ju Deo|Rajendra Kumari|Narendra Kumari|Devendra Kumari|Pushpendra Kumari|Chandraprabha Kumari}}<br />
| father = [[Randhir Singh (ruler)|Randhir Singh]]<br />
| investiture = 2 January 1917<br />
| spouse 2 = Surendra Kumari Devi<br />
| spouse 1 = Kausalya Devi<br />
| spouse 3 = Tej Kumari<br />
}}<br />
[[Sir]] '''Brijnath Singh''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] was the [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]] from 1911 until his death in 1968.<br />
<br />
==Early life, family, and education==<br />
He was born on 22 February 1886 to [[Randhir Singh (ruler)|Randhir Singh]], the [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8479/ |title=A Collection of Treaties Engagements and Sanads: Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries (Vol-V) |date=1930 |publisher=Government of India central publication branch,Calcutta |pages=238}}</ref> He received his education at [[Daly College]] in [[Indore]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Manager Of Publicatuons. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51641/ |title=Rulers Leading Families And Officials In The States Of Central India (1935) |date=1935 |pages=110}}</ref> He first married, in February 1915, Kausalya Devi, daughter of Daulatsinhji, the [[Thakore]] of [[Dhrol State|Dhrol]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=MAIHAR |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/maihar.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825055638/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/maihar.html |archive-date=2017-08-25 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> His second marriage took place in 1920, to Surendra Kumari Devi, daughter of Maharaj Chhatar Singh of Semlia, a dependency of Sailana.<ref name=":2" /> His third wife was Tej Kumari.<ref name=":2" /> His children were: Govind Singh Ju Deo, Ram Chandra Singh, Mahendra Kumari Devi, Narayan Singh Ju Deo, Rajendra Kumari, Narendra Kumari, Devendra Kumari, Pushpendra Kumari, and Chandraprabha Kumari.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Singh's son, Govind Singh, married Yadhuvansh Kumari, the daughter of Maharaja [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]] of [[Patiala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Tejinder |date=2018-05-27 |title=Jyoti Singh Opens Her Heart as Yadvi Opens on US Screens |url=https://www.america-times.com/jyoti-singh-opens-heart-yadvi-opens-us-screens/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303121624/https://www.america-times.com/jyoti-singh-opens-heart-yadvi-opens-us-screens/ |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The America Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/National_Register_of_Private_Records/5oBWAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=National Register of Private Records |date=1972 |publisher=National Archives of India |series=part 2 |location=New Delhi |page=96 |language=en |issue=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Patronage of Ustad Alauddin Khan and the Rise of the Maihar Gharana ==<br />
<br />
In the early 20th century, Ustad Alauddin Khan arrived in Maihar in a penniless state after years of musical pursuit and hardship. He was given shelter by Suraj Sahai Saxena, a local music enthusiast, who supported him for nearly two years while Khan practiced outside the Sharada Devi temple. Eventually, Suraj's cousin, Chimmanlal Saxena, who was the Dewan (Prime Minister) of Maihar State, introduced him to Maharaja Brijnath Singh.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Anil |title=Allauddin Khan and the Maihar Gharana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/allauddin-khan-and-the-maihar-gharana/article7896278.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 November 2015 |access-date=3 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="ebnw">{{cite web |title=Princess Jailakshmi of Maihar shares a story on her teens in Maihar |url=https://ebnw.net/lifestyle/princess-jailakshmi-maihar-shares-a-story-on-my-teens-in-maihar-read-it-here-to-know-more-on-maihara-gharana-of-music/ |website=EBNW Story |access-date=3 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Recognizing his brilliance, Brijnath Singh appointed Alauddin Khan as the court musician of Maihar in 1907. With the Maharaja’s support, Khan established the foundation of the Maihar Gharana—a new lineage in Hindustani classical music that combined elements of dhrupad, khayal, and instrumental innovation. During this period, he trained several disciples who went on to become some of India’s most respected musicians.<br />
<br />
Under Brijnath Singh’s patronage, Khan also founded the '''Maihar Band''', a unique orchestra composed mainly of orphaned children. The Maharaja provided essential support, including instruments, salaries, and rehearsal facilities. The band blended Indian and Western instruments and served as a rare example of socially conscious court patronage in music.<ref name="swaraalap">{{cite web |title=Maihar Band |url=https://www.swaraalap.com/book-shelf/maihar-band/ |website=Swaraalap |access-date=3 August 2025}}</ref><br />
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Brijnath Singh is also credited with naming Khan’s daughter '''Annapurna Devi''', who later became a legendary surbahar player and a key figure in the transmission of Indian classical music in the 20th century.<ref name="hindu" /><br />
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Alauddin Khan’s disciples trained in Maihar included '''Ravi Shankar''', '''Ali Akbar Khan''', '''Nikhil Banerjee''', '''Annapurna Devi''', and '''Pannalal Ghosh''', among others. Their global success helped elevate the Maihar Gharana into one of the most influential schools of Indian classical music.<br />
<br />
Maharaja Brijnath Singh is also believed to have had a personal interest in music and reportedly studied vocal music under Alauddin Khan himself.<ref name="ebnw" /><br />
<br />
== Reign ==<br />
Upon his father's murder on 15 December 1911, he succeeded him as the [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]] and was installed on the throne the next day, 16 December 1911.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35692 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1921 |date=1922 |pages=17–18}}</ref> As he was a minor at the time, the administration of the state was carried out by the [[Dewan]] on his behalf under the supervision of the Political Agent in [[Bagelkhand|Baghelkhand]].<ref name=":0" /> He was invested with full ruling powers on 2 January 1917.<ref name=":1" /> On 14 August 1947, he signed the [[Instrument of Accession|instrument of accession]], through which he acceded his state to the [[Dominion of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reed |first=Sir Stanley |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_and_Pakistan_Year_Book_and_Who_s/EvsTAAAAIAAJ |title=Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who |date=1949 |publisher=Times of India Press |pages=446, 445 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Death ==<br />
He died on 13 October 1968.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Honours ==<br />
He was made [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] on 3 June 1935.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/ |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1939 |date=1939 |pages=78}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Country<br />
!Year<br />
!Honour<br />
!Class/Grade<br />
!'''Ribbon'''<br />
!Post-nominal letters<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagu|United Kingdom|name=United Kingdom}}<br />
|1911<br />
|[[Order of the Indian Empire]]<br />
|Knight Commander<br />
|[[File:Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg|70x70px]]<br />
|KCIE<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/maihar-state-instrument-accession-and-standstill-agreement-signed-between-hh-maharaja-sir Maihar State - Instrument of Accession and Standstill Agreement]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Brijnath}}<br />
[[Category:1886 births]]<br />
[[Category:1968 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Indian knights]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._F._Strickland&diff=492634C. F. Strickland2025-10-24T07:43:13Z<p>RomaineAchen489: done.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|British colonial administrator (1881–1962)}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = C. F. Strickland<br />
| honorific_suffix = {{Postnom|country=GBR|CIE|size=100%}}<br />
| birth_name = Claude Francis Strickland<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1881|12|19|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Hampstead]], [[Middlesex]], England<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1962|01|30|1881|12|19|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Surrey]], England<br />
| education = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Winchester College]]<br />
* [[New College, Oxford]]<br />
}}<br />
| spouse = {{Marriage|Dorothy Lisa Branson|1915-09-01}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1915-09-11 |title=Strickland–Branson |work=[[The Australasian]] |location=Melbourne |pages=45}}</ref><br />
| children = 2<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Claude Francis Strickland''' {{Postnom|country=GBR|CIE}} (19 December 1881 – 30 January 1962) was a British [[colonial administrator]] in the [[Indian Civil Service]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=1962-01-31 |title=Mr C. F. Strickland |work=[[The Times]] |pages=15 |issue=55303}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kamenov |first=Nikolay |date=July 2019 |title=Imperial cooperative experiments and global market capitalism, c.1900–c.1960 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1740022819000044/type/journal_article |journal=[[Journal of Global History]] |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=219–237 |doi=10.1017/S1740022819000044 |s2cid=199282505 |issn=1740-0228|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Strickland was a leading theorist and advocate for the use of [[Cooperative|co-operatives]] across the British Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Windel |first=Aaron |title=Cooperative Rule: Community Development in Britain's Late Empire |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-520-38187-2 |series=Berkeley series in British studies |location=Oakland |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Windel |first=Aaron |url=https://archive.org/details/modernizationass0000unse |title=Modernization as Spectacle in Africa |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-253-01229-6 |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Peter J. |location=Bloomington |pages=99 |chapter=Mass Education, Cooperation, and the "African Mind" |editor-last2=Miescher |editor-first2=Stephan F. |editor-last3=Manuh |editor-first3=Takyiwaa |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Strickland was educated at [[Winchester College]] and [[New College, Oxford]].<ref name=":0" /> He served as registrar of co-operatives in [[Punjab]] from 1915 to 1920, and again from 1922 to 1927.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In 1931 he was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1931-01-01 |title=The New Year Honours |work=[[The Times]] |pages=6 |issue=45709}}</ref> From 1937 to 1941 he lectured at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name=":0" /> He authored a series of books on co-operatives.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Strickland, Claude Francis}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1881 births]]<br />
[[Category:1962 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hampstead]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]<br />
[[Category:Academics of the University of Oxford]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]<br />
[[Category:Cooperative advocates]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br />
[[Category:British co-operative organisers]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=N._Dharmalingam&diff=519485N. Dharmalingam2025-10-03T05:30:10Z<p>RomaineAchen489: New Bio</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder <br />
| name = N. Dharmalingam<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| term_start = 1971<br />
| term_end = 1976<br />
| successor = [[M. Sundaram]]<br />
| predecessor = [[M. Anandan]]<br />
| constituency = [[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiyam]]<br />
| children = [[D. Udaya Kumar]]<br />
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
}}<br />
'''N. Dharmalingam''' is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected as the Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency]] in [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. He has a son [[D. Udaya Kumar]], who is the designer of the [[Indian rupee sign]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-13 |title=Rupee symbol dropped by Tamil Nadu was designed by son of ex-DMK MLA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-rupee-symbol-state-budget-designed-son-former-dmk-mla-2693154-2025-03-13 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-03-13 |title=Rupee symbol creator and former DMK MLA's son distances himself from Tamil Nadu budget logo row |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/13/creator-of-rupee-symbol-refuses-to-be-drawn-into-controversy-over-new-logo-in-tamil-nadu |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmalingam, N.}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
{{improve categories|date=March 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nenju_Porukkuthillaiye&diff=466460Nenju Porukkuthillaiye2025-08-28T14:05:14Z<p>RomaineAchen489: enhance content additionally and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description |Tamil talk show program}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| alt_name = {{langx|ta| நெஞ்சு பொறுக்குதில்லயே...}}<br />
| genre = [[Talk show]]<br />
| director = <br />
| creative_director = <br />
| presenter = [[John Dhanraj]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| runtime = approx. 1 hrs.<br />
| network = [[Kalaignar TV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2013|8|04}}<br />
| num_episodes = 183 <br />
}}<br />
'''''Nenju Porukkuthillaiye''''' (English: ''My Heart Is Bleeding'') ({{langx|ta|நெஞ்சு பொருக்குதில்லயே}}) is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[talk show]] aired on Tamil television channel [[Kalaignar TV]] network,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kalaignartv.co.in/programmes.html | title= All programmes on kalaignar TV | publisher=www.kalaignartv.co.in | accessdate=22 August 2014}}</ref> hosted by [[John Dhanraj]]. The programme was started to bring a change in Indian society by discussing several issues faced by common peoples, their causes and possibilities of social justice.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.whatsonindia.com/#!/program/Nenju-Porukkudhillaye | title=Nenju Porukkudhillaye | publisher=www.whatsonindia.com | accessdate=22 August 2014 | archive-date=9 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009000425/http://www.whatsonindia.com/#!/program/Nenju-Porukkudhillaye | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
''Nenju Porukkuthillaiye'' was widely appreciated by several politicians and social activists for its social research and analysis, gathering positive feedbacks from the common people as well.<br />
<br />
== List of episodes ==<br />
*Crime against women<br />
*School children's safety<br />
*Farmers suicide<br />
*Electricity problem in Tamil Nadu<br />
*Safety in ATM centres<br />
*Medical - service or business<br />
*Bank loan for education<br />
*Corporate development(Tamil Culture)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian television series]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-tv-prog-stub}}</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=71st_Indian_Infantry_Brigade&diff=46300871st Indian Infantry Brigade2025-08-27T22:18:39Z<p>RomaineAchen489: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Military Unit<br />
|unit_name=71st Indian Infantry Brigade<br />
|abbreviation=<br />
|image=<br />
|caption=<br />
|dates= 1942&ndash;1945<br />
|country= {{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
|allegiance={{flag|British Empire}}<br />
|branch= [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|23px]] [[British Indian Army]]<br />
|type= [[Infantry]]<br />
|role= <br />
|size= [[Brigade]]<br />
|command_structure= <br />
|equipment= <br />
<!-- Commanders --><br />
|Past Commanders=<br />
|notable_commanders=[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] [[Robert Cottrell-Hill|R C Cotterell-Hill]]<br>Brigadier [[Henry Chambers (Indian Army officer)|H M Chambers]]<br>Brigadier H P L Hutchinson<br />
<!-- Insignia --><br />
|identification_symbol=<br />
|identification_symbol_2=<br />
<!-- Culture and history --><br />
|nickname= <br />
|patron=<br />
|motto= <br />
|colors=<br />
|march=<br />
|mascot=<br />
|battles=[[Burma Campaign]]<br />
|anniversaries=<br />
|decorations=<br />
|battle_honours=<br />
}}<br />
The '''71st Indian Infantry Brigade''' was an [[infantry]] [[brigade]] formation of the [[Indian Army during World War II]]. The brigade was formed in March 1942, at [[Nowshera District|Nowshera]] in [[British Raj|India]]. The brigade was assigned to the [[26th Indian Infantry Division]] on formation. Then from February to March 1943, during the [[Arakan Campaign 1942–1943]], it was with the [[14th Indian Infantry Division]] and was part of ''Mayforce'' which was created to control operations in the Mayu River valley, separated from the main body of the division by a rugged hill range. The brigade returned to the 26th Indian Division in May 1943, until the end of the war.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2009-10-19|publisher=Order of Battle|title=71 Brigade|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6196&Tab=Sup|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120531150155/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6196&Tab=Sup|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-05-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Formation==<br />
*1st Battalion, [[Royal Lincolnshire Regiment|Lincolnshire Regiment]] to August 1945<br />
*7th Battalion, [[15th Punjab Regiment]] March 1942 to July 1943<br />
*9th Battalion, [[15th Punjab Regiment]] March 1942 to August 1943<br />
*1st Battalion, [[17th Dogra Regiment]] March to May 1943<br />
*10th Battalion, [[Lancashire Fusiliers]] April to May 1943<br />
*2nd Battalion, [[8th Punjab Regiment]] May 1943 <br />
*8th Battalion, [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] May 1943 <br />
*1st Battalion, [[18th Royal Garhwal Rifles]] August 1943 to August 1945 <br />
*5th Battalion, [[1st Punjab Regiment]] August 1943 to August 1945 <br />
*6th Battalion, [[South Wales Borderers]] July to August 1945 <ref>{{cite web|access-date=2009-10-19|publisher=Order of Battle|title=71 Infantry Brigade Subordanates|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6196&Tab=Sub|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120531150203/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6196&Tab=Sub|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-05-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[List of Indian Army Brigades in World War II]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:British Indian Army brigades]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1942]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-mil-unit-stub}}<br />
{{WWII-stub}}</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Indian_cricket_team_in_Pakistan_in_2017%E2%80%9318&diff=478507West Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 2017–182025-08-18T17:20:03Z<p>RomaineAchen489: Creating Some Post First Draft - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|International cricket tour}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket tour<br />
| series_name = West Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 2017–18<br />
| team1_image = Flag of Pakistan.svg<br />
| team1_name = Pakistan<br />
| team2_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg<br />
| team2_name = West Indies<br />
| from_date = 1<br />
| to_date = 3 April 2018<br />
| team1_captain = [[Sarfaraz Ahmed]]<br />
| team2_captain = [[Jason Mohammed]]<br />
| no_of_twenty20s = 3<br />
| team1_twenty20s_won = 3<br />
| team2_twenty20s_won = 0<br />
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Babar Azam]] (165)<br />
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Denesh Ramdin]] (63)<br />
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Mohammad Amir]] (5)<br>[[Shadab Khan]] (5)<br />
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Rayad Emrit]] (3)<br />
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Babar Azam]] (Pak)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies cricket team]] toured Pakistan in April 2018 to play three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref name="March18">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/1125854.html |title=West Indies to tour Pakistan in March for T20 series |access-date=11 November 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Pakistan won the series 3–0.<ref name="result">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18597/report/1140071/pakistan-vs-west-indies-3rd-t20i-wi-pakistan-2018 |title=Shadab, Babar lead Pakistan to 3–0 sweep |access-date=3 April 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Following the conclusion of the series, Pakistan's captain [[Sarfaraz Ahmed]] said that "no team will be using security concerns as an excuse in the future. This year or the next year, (international) cricket will come back to Pakistan".<ref name="return">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23022877/no-excuse-teams-not-tour-pakistan-now-sarfraz |title=No excuse for teams not to tour Pakistan now - Sarfraz |access-date=4 April 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] (PCB) were hoping to play a full international series against a [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|Full Member]] side in Pakistan by 2020.<ref name="Hope2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/660974 |title=Pakistan hope to have full series at home by 2020 |access-date=9 April 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
It was the first tour in Pakistan of more than one match against another [[Test cricket|Test nation]] since [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] toured in [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Pakistan in 2015|May 2015]].<ref name="Zimbabwe">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/1116509.html |title=Sri Lanka 'keen' to visit Pakistan for T20s in September |access-date=13 August 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> In October 2017, Sri Lanka played a T20I match [[Sri Lankan cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2017–18#3rd T20I|against Pakistan]] in [[Lahore]].<ref name="Geo">{{cite web |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/154602-world-xi-coming-to-pakistan-in-second-week-of-september-sethi |title=International cricket returns to Pakistan: West Indies to tour in November |access-date=21 July 2017 |work=Geo}}</ref><ref name="SLPak">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18037/report/1120293/ |title=Pakistan cruise to win on Lahore's big night |access-date=29 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
Originally, the fixtures were scheduled to be played in November 2017.<ref name="PCB">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/cricket-west-indies-and-the-pakistan-cricket-board-are-advancing-discussions.html |title=Cricket West Indies and the Pakistan Cricket Board |access-date=21 July 2017 |work=Pakistan Cricket Board}}</ref><ref name="CWI">{{cite web |url=http://cricketwestindies.org/index.php/2017/08/21/windies-pakistan-for-t20i-series-in-late-november/ |title=Windies, Pakistan for T20I series in late November |access-date=21 July 2017 |work=Cricket West Indies |archive-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821170536/http://cricketwestindies.org/index.php/2017/08/21/windies-pakistan-for-t20i-series-in-late-november/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, early in November 2017, reports announced that the West Indies team would not be travelling to Pakistan over security concerns.<ref name="News18">{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/west-indies-not-to-play-t20i-series-in-lahore-in-2017-1571999.html |title=West Indies Not to Play T20I Series in Lahore in 2017 |access-date=10 November 2017 |work=News18}}</ref><ref name="TN">{{cite web |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/sports/article/blow-for-pakistan-cricket-as-west-indies-refuse-to-travel-for-t20i-series-citing-security-concerns/121941 |title=Blow for Pakistan cricket as West Indies refuse to travel for T20I series citing security concerns |access-date=10 November 2017 |work=Times Now News}}</ref> The PCB chairman [[Najam Sethi]] stated that the original schedule was changed due to unforeseen weather, logistic issues and challenges with security.<ref name="ICC">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/511944 |title=Pakistan to host Windies for three T20Is in March |access-date=11 November 2017 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> In March 2018, the PCB confirmed that the fixtures would take place in April at the [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]] in [[Karachi]].<ref name="Karachi">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22723127/karachi-set-host-pakistan-west-indies-t20is |title=Karachi set to host Pakistan-West Indies T20Is |access-date=11 March 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref name="NatStadium">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/west-indies-tour-of-pakistan.html |title=West Indies tour of Pakistan |access-date=12 March 2018 |work=Pakistan Cricket Board |archive-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031533/http://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/west-indies-tour-of-pakistan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="dates">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/press-release-dates-of-pakistan-west-indies-3-t20i-matches-series.html |title=Press Release: Dates of Pakistan-West Indies 3 T20I matches series |access-date=14 March 2018 |work=Pakistan Cricket Board}}</ref> The last time an international cricket match was played at the venue in Karachi was in February 2009, when [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Pakistan in 2008–09#1st Test|Sri Lanka toured Pakistan]].<ref name="last">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/652445 |title=Pakistan buoyed as international cricket returns to Karachi |access-date=31 March 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> That series was cut short, following an [[2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team|attack on the Sri Lanka cricket team in Lahore]].<ref name="last"/><br />
<br />
[[Cricket West Indies]] (CWI) offered an extra pay incentive to players to tour Pakistan.<ref name="pay">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1140941.html |title=CWI offering players '$25,000 to tour Pakistan' |access-date=19 March 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> With only three days left before the tour started, the West Indies named a weakened squad to tour Pakistan.<ref name="weakened">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22958317/west-indies-name-weakened-squad-pakistan-t20-tour |title=West Indies name weakened squad for Pakistan T20 tour |access-date=30 March 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> [[Jason Mohammed]] was named as captain of the West Indies, as the regular T20I captain, [[Carlos Brathwaite]] did not travel because of security concerns.<ref name="Carlos">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/652199 |title=Jason Mohammed to lead depleted Windies in Pakistan |access-date=30 March 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> Along with Brathwaite, [[Jason Holder]], [[Chris Gayle]] and [[Devendra Bishoo]] did not make themselves available, also because of security concerns.<ref name="Carlos"/><br />
<br />
==Squads==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"<br />
|-<br />
! {{cr|PAK}}<ref name="PakSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22918336/asif-ali-hussain-talat-shaheen-afridi-picked-wi-t20is |title=Asif Ali, Talat and Shaheen Afridi picked for WI T20Is |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref><br />
! {{cr|WIN}}<ref name="WISquad">{{cite web |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/188594-west-indies-squad-for-t20-series-against-pakistan-announced |title=West Indies squad for T20 series against Pakistan announced |publisher=Geo TV |access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref><br />
|- style="vertical-align:top"<br />
|<br />
* [[Sarfaraz Ahmed]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]], [[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Shaheen Afridi]]<br />
* [[Asif Ali (cricketer, born 1991)|Asif Ali]]<br />
* [[Hasan Ali (cricketer)|Hasan Ali]]<br />
* [[Rahat Ali (cricketer)|Rahat Ali]]<br />
* [[Babar Azam]]<br />
* [[Mohammad Amir]]<br />
* [[Faheem Ashraf]]<br />
* [[Shadab Khan]]<br />
* [[Usman Khan Shinwari|Usman Khan]]<br />
* [[Shoaib Malik]]<br />
* [[Mohammad Nawaz (cricketer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]<br />
* [[Ahmed Shehzad]]<br />
* [[Hussain Talat]]<br />
* [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Jason Mohammed]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Samuel Badree]]<br />
* [[Rayad Emrit]]<br />
* [[Andre Fletcher]]<br />
* [[Andre McCarthy]]<br />
* [[Keemo Paul]]<br />
* [[Veerasammy Permaul]]<br />
* [[Rovman Powell]]<br />
* [[Denesh Ramdin]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Marlon Samuels]]<br />
* [[Odean Smith]]<br />
* [[Chadwick Walton]]<br />
* [[Kesrick Williams]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Veerasammy Permaul]] injured himself during the first match and was ruled out of the West Indies squad for the remaining two fixtures. No replacement was named to replace him.<ref name="Permaul">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23000878/west-indies-reduced-12-men-veerasammy-permaul-injures-ankle |title=West Indies reduced to 12 men as Permaul injures ankle |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==T20I series==<br />
===1st T20I===<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 1 April 2018<br />
| time = 20:00<br />
| night = Yes<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}<br />
| score1 = 203/5 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Hussain Talat]] 41 (37)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Keemo Paul]] 1/26 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 60 (13.4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Marlon Samuels]] 18 (19)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Amir]] 2/3 (2 overs)<br />
| result = Pakistan won by 143 runs<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1140069.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], [[Karachi]]<br />
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Shozab Raza]] (Pak)<br />
| motm = [[Hussain Talat]] (Pak)<br />
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = [[Asif Ali (cricketer, born 1991)|Asif Ali]], [[Hussain Talat]] (Pak), [[Keemo Paul]] and [[Veerasammy Permaul]] (WI) all made their T20I debuts.<br />
*[[Jason Mohammed]] captained the West Indies for the [[List of West Indies cricket captains#Men's Twenty20 International captains|first time in T20Is]].<ref name="JMCapt">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18597/preview/1140069/pakistan-vs-west-indies-1st-t20i-wi-pakistan-2018 |title=In-form Pakistan heavy favourites against inexperienced West Indies |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><br />
*This was the West Indies [[List of West Indies Twenty20 International cricket records#Lowest team totals|lowest total in T20Is]].<ref name="1stT20I">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/655527 |title=Windies dismissed for lowest ever total in crushing defeat |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><br />
*This was Pakistan's biggest win, in terms of runs, in T20Is.<ref name="1stT20I"/><br />
*The West Indies loss was the largest margin of defeat between two [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|Full Member sides]] in T20Is.<ref name="143loss">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18597/report/1140069/pakistan-vs-west-indies-1st-t20i-wi-pakistan-2018 |title=Jet-lagged West Indies slump to massive defeat |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
===2nd T20I===<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 2 April 2018<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = Yes<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}<br />
| score1 = 205/3 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Babar Azam]] 97[[not out|*]] (58)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Odean Smith]] 1/40 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 123 (19.2 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Chadwick Walton]] 40 (29)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Amir]] 3/22 (4 overs)<br />
| result = Pakistan won by 82 runs<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1140070.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], [[Karachi]]<br />
| umpires = [[Shozab Raza]] (Pak) and [[Ahmed Shahab]] (Pak)<br />
| motm = [[Babar Azam]] (Pak)<br />
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = [[Odean Smith]] (WI) made his T20I debut.<br />
*This was Pakistan's [[List of Pakistan Twenty20 International cricket records#Highest team totals|highest score in T20Is]].<ref name="2ndT20I">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18597/report/1140070/pakistan-vs-west-indies-2nd-t20i-wi-pakistan-2018 |title=Azam, Talat help Pakistan thrash West Indies and seal series |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
===3rd T20I===<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 3 April 2018<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = Yes<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}<br />
| score1 = 153/6 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Andre Fletcher]] 52 (43)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Shadab Khan]] 2/27 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 154/2 (16.5 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Babar Azam]] 51 (40)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Rayad Emrit]] 1/24 (4 overs)<br />
| result = Pakistan won by 8 wickets<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1140071.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], [[Karachi]]<br />
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)<br />
| motm = [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]] (Pak)<br />
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = [[Shaheen Afridi]] (Pak) and [[Andre McCarthy]] (WI) both made their T20I debuts.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/1140068.html Series home at ESPN Cricinfo]<br />
<br />
{{International cricket in 2017–18}}<br />
{{International cricket tours of Pakistan}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:West Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 2017-18}}<br />
[[Category:2018 in Pakistani cricket]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in West Indian cricket]]<br />
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2017–18]]<br />
[[Category:West Indian cricket tours of Pakistan]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhal_%E2%80%93_Sheh_Aur_Maat&diff=493942Chhal – Sheh Aur Maat2025-08-11T16:52:07Z<p>RomaineAchen489: new.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2012 Indian television series}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}<br />
{{infobox television<br />
| image = Chal Sheh aur Maat.jpg<br />
| genre = [[Drama]] <br> [[Thriller film|Thriller]] <br> [[Suspense]] <br> [[Mystery film|Mystery]]<br />
| creator = [[Bhairavi Raichura]] <br> [[Nandita Mehra]]<br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 141<br />
| company = [[24 Frames Media]]<br />
| producer = [[Bhairavi Raichura]] <br> [[Nandita Mehra]]<br />
| writer = [[Mrinal Jha]] <br> [[Johana Mahrat]]<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 20 minutes<br />
| channel = [[Colors TV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2012|3|19}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2012|11|7}}<br />
}}<br />
'''''Chhal — Sheh Aur Maat''''' ({{Translation|''Deceit — Checkmate''}}) is an Indian television series that premiered on 19 March 2012 on [[Colors TV]].<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Two lovebirds Rishi and Neha go on their honeymoon. Rishi is kidnapped and Kabir claims that he is her husband. Kabir threatens her by saying that he will kill Rishi if she will not follow his instructions. Kabir asks Neha to pretend as Aditi, his late wife, in front of his family. Kabir explains that she is a look alike of Aditi, so he can pose her as Aditi. Aditi had died in a car accident.<br />
<br />
Aditi is the owner of {{formatnum:10000000000}} (one thousand crores) of which {{formatnum:1000000000}} (one hundred crore) is given to charity. Kabir can have rest of {{formatnum:9000000000}} (nine hundred crores) if Neha a.k.a. Aditi gives it to him. Kabir takes her to his family. While everyone believes that Aditi has survived the accident, Kabir's youngest brother Ranveer and Kabir's uncle have a doubt. Kabir's nephew Gattu is kidnapped by CID officer Dushyant upon the orders of a mysterious character, "Sarkar", who keeps contact with him only through a phone. Dushyant is actually a contract killer who tried to kill Neha twice. He also injures Kabir in one such try. Neha rescues Gattu. Before she manages to find out the truth from Dushyant on Sarkar's real identity, he is killed by an unknown shooter upon the hasty orders of Sarkar.<br />
<br />
Ija, Kabir's mother, organises a second wedding for Neha and Kabir on the saying of their family astrologer, while Ranveer locates Rishi and asks him to blow the cover of Neha. Rishi does not carry the job on the wedding day. Neha and Kabir are married successfully. It is revealed that Neha is actually Aditi, who had survived from the accident and had come to seek revenge from Kabir, with the help of Rishi. Aditi later reveals her whole plan to Rishi. They had posed as an ordinary couple which made Kabir believe the facade and do what Aditi had expected. Their plan however faces a glitch when Kabir and Karan kidnap Rishi. Aditi did not expect it. Her focus goes on to rescuing Rishi rather than moving forward with her plan. After successful attempts in outwitting Karan, Kabir and finally Ranveer, Rishi bids her farewell by promising his help whenever she requires.<br />
<br />
Aditi then starts planning how she would destroy Kabir, as she suspects he had married her only for her wealth. She plans to force him into admitting that he is the one who killed Aditi. But she realizes that Kabir needed the money for Aditi's sister, Ananya, because it was her right to get {{formatnum:9000000000}} (nine hundred crore) after Aditi's death. She tries to convince Kabir that she is Aditi, but he refuses to believe her. She resolves into completing the seven vows of the Hindu Marriage, failing which she promises to leave Kabir forever. She succeeds in completing all the seven vows. Kabir and Aditi reunite.<br />
<br />
Aditi's mission now is to find who the real "Sarkar" is. She overhears Ija talking secretly on the phone to the shooter, ordering to stealthily kill Kabir. This is when she realises that the Sarkar is none other than Ija. Aditi gives Ija an open challenge that she will reveal the so-called Sarkar's real face to every one. To investigate further, she goes to the City Hospital where Kabir was born to get the information of Kabir's mother. A living evidence proves that Vasundhara Jaiswal is not Kabir's real mother. His real mother was Aparna Jaiswal, who had died due to unknown circumstances, years after Kabir was born. This made Kabir's widowed father marry Vasundhara. She had accepted Kabir whole heartedly as her son.<br />
<br />
Aditi discovers that Ija wants to kill Kabir because he has solely inherited his father's property, and Ija wanted the property to herself. Ija attempted to kill Aditi too, as she wanted Kabir to inherit Aditi's property, which would eventually be taken over by Ija herself after killing him.<br />
<br />
Kabir and Aditi adopt Gitanjali (Ginni), after saving her from her drunkard father, Puru. Ginni is a mysterious girl with premonition skills, who predicted various mishaps and deaths of few people including her mother's death and Ija's first son (excluding Kabir), Abhinav's death too. All the predictions come true. This makes Ija really angry and catalyses the bloody game of betrayal.<br />
<br />
Maai, Ija's mother, who is an expert black magician, who also learns of Ginni's premonition skills. She teams up with Ija to kill Kabir. Maai formulates a magic charm which Ija is supposed to make him wear, as the charm is specialised in making Ginni not to predict the person's future who wears it. Ija then plans with Ranveer to kill Kabir in a house birthday party of the couple's "adopted daughter", (to avenge death of her son Abhinav). Ranveer hires Puru to carry the job, ordering him to kill Kabir while he is in his clown costume. Ginni, fearing Kabir's death, she begs Kabir not to wear the costume. Aditi wears the costume and attends the party. Puru fails in doing the job because of his alcohol addiction. Ija, by chance, repeatedly stabs Aditi, thinking that Kabir is dressed as the clown. She is oblivious that Aditi is in the clown's costume. It is revealed that Aditi had accidentally worn the magic charm, which made Ginni unaware of fatal danger that had lurked behind Aditi. When Aditi removes her clown mask, a shellshocked Ija drags Aditi to her room, where she rejoices that she has triumphed one of her hurdles in her goal of killing Kabir.<br />
<br />
Now, the story takes a supernatural twist. Aditi dies continuously scolding Ija, not knowing she has died while Ija walks out of the room not listening to a single word of her. Aditi has turned into a ghost. Kabir is shell-shocked on seeing Aditi's dead body. While Aditi's final rites are being performed, the heavens open and pull up Aditi. She pleads tearfully to Mata Rani (Goddess Durga) that she had vowed to reveal Ija's true identity for the well-being of Kabir and Ginni. The Goddess obliges her and Aditi has got another advantage. The advantage is that Ginni can now hear Aditi's soul, but only after the sun sets every day. Aditi decides to tell everything what Ija had planned. With help of Ginni, she will reveal her killer. Unfortunately, Maai senses Aditi's presence, and tries to eliminate her soul. She even tries to get rid of Ginni, by sending her to a mental asylum, branding the child as psychologically ill. Puru is again hired by Ranveer and Ija to whisk Ginni away forever with him. The kidnap is planned by the asylum's head doctor along with the trio. Kabir saves Ginni in the nick of time. Aditi succeeds in defeating Maai. After many attempts to convince Kabir that Ginni can hear Aditi's soul, the mother-daughter duo succeed, as Ginni tells Kabir whole story of Neha And Rishi, which the little girl didn't know at all in the first place.<br />
<br />
Ranveer also teams up with Ija to kill Kabir. Hiring Puru (Ginni's real father) to kill Kabir had already failed at the house birthday party of Ginni. Puru had also failed in kidnapping her in the mental asylum. This makes Ranveer hide Puru in a desolated place, where neither the police nor Kabir would find him. But Kabir and Ginni catch Ranveer red-handed. Kabir finds out the real truth of Ija through Aditi's soul. Upon requests to Mata Rani, Kabir can now also hear Aditi. He promises her that Ija also would be caught soon.<br />
<br />
Kabir's uncle is transformed, as he finds out that Aditi had signed half of her property in his daughters' names, in case Aditi dies. He tells the truth to Kabir that his intention was to always harm Aditi, but she had taken it to her stride, also giving half of her property to his daughters. He joins Kabir in making his own sister, Ija tell the truth.<br />
<br />
Kabir deftly and smartly makes Ija reveal her crimes one by one. Meanwhile, Maai formulates another charm, which Ija has to wear herself, as the charm would make her immune to Aditi's soul. The charm also would gradually destroy Aditi's soul and make Ginni weak. But the charm backfires, as Aditi and Ginni stealthily steal the charm and hands it over to Mata Rani, who backfires the charm on Ija. Now, Ija can hear Aditi. She emotionally and mentally blackmails Ija every day.<br />
<br />
Ija is now made to turn against Maai by Aditi's spirit. Maai is incapacitated, as Ija disrupts Maai's performing black magic ritual, which in turn backfires against Maai. Finally, Ija becomes madly frightened and she shouts out the truth that she had only killed Aditi. Kabir video-tapes it and gives it to the police as evidence. The police arrests Ija.<br />
<br />
Aditi's sole aim is now fulfilled. Ginni pleads Mata Rani that she wants to see and hug Aditi before she goes to Heaven. The Goddess fulfills her wish not only to Ginni, but also Kabir. Aditi tells Kabir to take care of Ginni and always be happy. Her soul ascends to Heaven.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Hunar Hali]] as Aditi Jaiswal or Neha<br />
* [[Avinesh Rekhi]] as Kabir Jaiswal (Aditi's husband)<br />
* [[Abhishek Malik]] as Rishi (Aditi's old friend)<br />
* [[Abeer Singh Godhwani|Karan Godhwani]] as Ranveer Jaiswal <br />
* [[Dev Keswani]] as Karan (Kabir's friend)<br />
* [[Aamir Dalvi]] as Abhinav Jaiswal <br />
* [[Aishwarya Narkar]] as Vasundhara Jaiswal ("Ija", or "Sarkar")<br />
* Muskaan Uppal / [[Arishfa Khan]] as Gitanjali (Ginni)<br />
* [[Maansi Jain]] as Rani (Abhinav's wife)<br />
* Madhumalti Kapoor as Maai<br />
* [[Sooraj Thapar]] as [[Crime Investigation Department (India)|CID]] officer Dushyant Singh<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sooraj-Thapar-to-play-CID-officer-in-Chhal-Sheh-aur-Maat/articleshow/12516168.cms|title = Sooraj Thapar to play CID officer in Chhal-Sheh aur Maat - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=3 April 2012 }}</ref><br />
* Raymon Singh as Lata (Kabir's aunt)<br />
* [[Rajesh Balwani]] as Bhanu Pratap (Kabir's uncle)<br />
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] the Family's astrologer<br />
* [[Neha Khan]] as Gitanjali<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.colorstv.in/shows/show-details/chhal-sheh-aur-maat-87/ Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{Colors Programmes}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhal - Sheh Aur Maat}}<br />
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]<br />
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khanta&diff=465140Khanta2025-06-07T12:15:21Z<p>RomaineAchen489: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Khanta<br />
| native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per Wikipedia:INDISCRIPT policy --><br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = Barduari<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India3 <br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.426484|N|87.85753|E|display=inline,title}} <br />
| subdivision_type = Country <br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 4,360<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|accessdate=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=16 January 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 732125<br />
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]]/ Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 03513<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Harishchandrapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harishchandrapur]]<br />
| website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Khanta''' is a village in the [[Harishchandrapur II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Chanchal subdivision]] of [[Malda district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=370| height=320| zoom=9<br />
| coord={{coord|25|8|0|N|88|8|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the northern portion of Malda district (including Chanchal subdivision and Old Malda, Habibpur, Bamangola and Gazole CD blocks)'''<br/> M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility, H: historical centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|23|34|N|87|59|44|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Chanchal | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Chanchal]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|57|46|N|88|13|55|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Aiho| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Aiho]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|56|40|N|88|14|52|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Baksinagar| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Baksinagar]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|12|58|N|88|12|4|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Bandhail| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Bandhail]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|25|0|2|N|88|9|15|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Chhatinamor| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Chhatinamor]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|25|2|46|N|88|9|50|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Jhangra| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Jhangra, Malda]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|25|0|10|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Kachu Pukur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Kachu Pukur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|58|59|N|88|14|51|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Kendua| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Kendua, West Bengal]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|25|12|36|N|88|10|35|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Rangabhita| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Rangabhita]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|58|55|N|88|8|25|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Sahapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Sahapur, Malda]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|25|1|15|N|88|8|35|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Malda| numbered11=M| mark-title11=[[Malda, West Bengal]] (M) | shape-color11= #800000<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|25|4|5|N|88|8|31|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Old Malda| numbered12=M| mark-title12=[[Old Malda]] (M) | shape-color12= #800000<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|57|55|N|88|15|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bulbulchandi| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bulbulchandi]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|25|1|36|N|88|17|9|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Habibpur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Habibpur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color14=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|10|50|N|88|9|15|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Hatimari| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Hatimari]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|12|33|N|88|23|37|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Maheshpur| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Maheshpur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|25|7|31|N|88|22|3|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pakuahat| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Pakuahat]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|54|45|N|88|17|23|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Singhabad| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Singhabad]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|25|7|2|N|87|59|17|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Araidanga| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Araidanga]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|25|19|6|N|87|50|35|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Daulatnagar| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Daulatnagar]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|25|24|30|N|87|51|59|E}} | label-pos21=bottom|label21= Harishchandrapur| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Harishchandrapur]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|25|26|20|N|87|51|27|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Khanta| numbered22=R| mark-title22= Khanta (R) |shape-color22=black| label-size22=13|label-color22=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|25|25|12|N|88|4|12|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Kharba| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Kharba]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|25|20|36|N|88|0|54|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Malatipur| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Malatipur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|25|19|0|N|87|55|22|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Mashaldaha| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Mashaldaha]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|25|27|45|N|87|52|37|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Pipla Kasimpur| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Pipla Kasimpur]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|25|8|47|N|88|1|2|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Pukhuria| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Pukhuria]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|25|11|30|N|87|55|38|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Ratua| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Ratua]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|16|33|N|88|0|18|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Samsi| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Samsi, Malda]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|25|13|48|N|88|11|21|E}} | label-pos30=top|label30= Gazole| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Gazole Town]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord31={{coord|25|9|24|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Pandua | mark-title31= [[Pandua, Malda]] (H)| numbered31=H |shape-color31=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord32={{coord|25|2|52|N|88|25|13|E}} | label-pos32=top|label32= Jagjivanpur | mark-title32= [[Jagjivanpur]] (H)| numbered32=H |shape-color32=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord33={{coord|25|17|30|N|88|4|20|E}}|label33=Mahananda|labela33= River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33=100| label-pos33=top| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none<br />
|mark-coord34={{coord|25|11|30|N|87|46|30|E}}|label34= Ganges River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34=90| label-pos34=top| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none<br />
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|4|0|N|88|14|0|E}}|label35= Tangon River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35=-60| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none<br />
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|18|0|N|88|29|0|E}}|label36= Punarbhaba |labela36= River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36=-75| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none<br />
|arc-coordA={{coord|25|6|0|N|88|29|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35<br />
|arc-coordB={{coord|25|21|0|N|87|43|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-100| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.35 <br />
|arc-coordC={{coord|24|54|0|N|87|46|0|E}}|arc-textC= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=-130| arc-gapC=5.5| arc-radiusC=0.25}}<br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
Khanta is located at {{coord|25.426484|N|87.85753|E|}}.<br />
<br />
The map of Harishchandrapur II CD block on page 153 of District Census Handbook 2011 specifies Khanta (Barduari).<ref name=censusmap>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 153: Map of Harishchndrapur II CD Block|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 24 October 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
The area shown in the adjacent map covers two physiographic regions – the ''[[Barind Tract|Barind]]'' in the east and the ''tal'' in the west. The eastern part is comparatively high (up to 40 metres above mean sea level at places) and uneven. The soils of the eastern region are “hard salty clays of a reddish hue and the ground is baked hard as iron.” It lies to the east of the [[Mahananda River]]. The area lying to the west of the Mahananda River, the ''tal'', is a flat low land and “is strewn with innumerable marshes, [[Beel|bils]] and [[oxbow lake]]s.” The ''tal'' area is prone to flooding by local rivers.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> The total area is overwhelmingly [[Rural area#India|rural]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 9 November 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> There are two important historical/ archaeological sites in the area – [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] and [[Jagjivanpur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 98: Brief Description of Places of Religious, Historical or Archaeological Importance and Places of Tourist Interest of the District |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
==Civic administration==<br />
===CD block HQ===<br />
The headquarters of HarishchandrapurII CD block is at Khanta.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Maldah, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Maldah with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 9 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2102 | title = BDO Offices under Malda District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | accessdate = 8 November 2018 | archive-date = 12 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181012074655/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2102 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Khanta (Barduari) had a total population of 5,360, of which 2,724 (51%) were males and 2,636 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,010. The total number of literate persons in Khanta (Barduari) was 2,121 (48.76% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 11 November 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Khanta is on [[National Highway 31 (India)|National Highway 31]].<ref>Google maps</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Malda District}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Malda district]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aadi_Shankaracharya_(TV_series)&diff=483937Aadi Shankaracharya (TV series)2025-04-20T15:33:57Z<p>RomaineAchen489: creating some post initial version!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language web-series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Poster_of_web_series_Aadi_Shankaracharya.jpg<br />
| caption = Official poster<br />
| genre = <br />
| creator = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| writer = Onkar Nath Mishra<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| director = Onkar Nath Mishra<br />
| starring = Arnav Kahnijo<br>Sandeep Mohan<br>[[Gagan Malik]]<br>Yogesh Mahajan<br>Arun Shekhar<br />
| music = Suryakamal<br> Bapi Bhattacharya<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| num_episodes = 10<br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = Nakul Dhawan<br />Onkar Nath Mishra<br />
| cinematography = S. Sameer<br />
| editor = Umma Mishrra<br />
| company = The Art of Living<br />Sri Sri Publications Trust<br />ONM Multimedia<br />
| network = <br />
| released = {{Start date|2024|11|01|df=y}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Aadi Shankaracharya'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/aadi-shankaracharya-web-series-poster-released-directed-by-onkar-nath-mishra-know-about-its-cast-2024-09-17|title=Aadi Shankaracharya: आदि शंकराचार्य पर जल्द आएगी वेब सीरीज, गदर 2 के इस अभिनेता ने भी किया है काम|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref> is an Indian socio-historical web series that marks the first depiction of the life and legacy of [[Adi Shankara|Aadi Shankaracharya]], one of [[India]]'s spiritual and cultural icons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/poster-of-adi-shankaracharya-web-series-released-2035283|title=इतिहास के महानायक आदि शंकराचार्य की वेब सीरीज का पोस्टर जारी, जल्द आएगी ओटीटी पर|date=17 September 2024|website=punjabkesari}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The series focuses on the early life of [[Adi Shankara|Aadi Shankaracharya]], his spiritual journey, and how he helped to unite [[India]], which was split into over 300 states and 72 religious groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/bollywood/web-series-on-adi-shankaracharya-poster-out-set-to-release-soon|title=Web Series on Adi Shankaracharya, poster out, set to release soon|website=firstindia.co.in}}</ref> His teachings of oneness played a key role in bringing harmony and reshaping India's spiritual and political landscape.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/a-grand-tribute-to-national-hero-aadi-shankaracharya-with-web-series-based-on-him-1718305|title=A Grand Tribute To National Hero 'Aadi Shankaracharya' With Web-Series Based On Him|first=|last=|date=17 September 2024|website=[[ABP News]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* Arnav Khanijo as Shri Shankar (Young [[Adi Shankara|Aadi Shankaracharya]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Farhan |date=2022-09-23 |title=Exclusive! Arnav Khanija roped in for Hotstar show Adi Shankaracharya |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-arnav-khanija-roped-hotstar-show-adi-shankaracharya-220923 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Gagan Malik]] as [[Ashoka|Samrat Ashoka]]<br />
* Amardeep Garg as Mahamuni<br />
* Sandeep Mohan as Acharya Shivguru<br />
* Suman Gupta as Devi Aryamba <br />
* Yogesh Mahajan as Acharya Dharmdhwaj<br />
* Ashish Jha as Acharya Rishabh <br />
* Pratyaksh Bhatnagar Saxena as Shri Shankar (3 years)<br />
* Vinay Pandey as Bhagwan Parashuram<br />
* Rajiv Ranjan as Acharya Vibhuti<br />
* Arun Shekhar as Devdatt<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Aadi Shankaracharya'' is produced under the banner of the Sri Sri Publications Trust and ONM Multimedia, presented by the Art of Living.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-art-of-living-released-poster-of-adi-shankaracharya-23800297.html|title=आर्ट ऑफ लिविंग ने जारी कियाआदि शंकराचार्य का पोस्टर - Art of Living released poster of "Adi Shankaracharya"|website=Jagran}}</ref> The web series is directed and written by Onkar Nath Mishra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Deep |date=2024-09-30 |title=Aahwaan director Onkar Nath Mishra: Aadi Shankaracharya's next season to be shot in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/aahwaan-director-onkar-nath-mishra-aadi-shankaracharya-s-next-season-to-be-shot-in-uttar-pradesh-101727699269612.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The series has been shot at various locations across [[India]], including [[Mumbai]] and [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2024/9/21/Poster-of-web-series-Adi-Shankaracharya-launched.php|title=वेब सीरीज 'आदि शंकराचार्य' का पोस्टर हुआ लॉन्च|website=www.hindusthansamachar.in}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|33369089}}<br />
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[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patra_Chawl_scam&diff=524847Patra Chawl scam2024-12-27T12:23:15Z<p>RomaineAchen489: New.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Financial fraud case in Mumbai}}<br />
The '''Patra Chawl scam''' was an alleged financial [[fraud]] case in [[Mumbai]], India, involving the redevelopment of Patra Chawl (Siddharth Nagar) in [[Goregaon]]. The case centers around irregularities in a redevelopment project initiated in 2008, leading to investigations by the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) for [[money laundering]].<ref name="ie2024">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/patra-chawl-redevelopment-scam-ed-properties-rs-73-crore-sanjay-raut-close-aide-9288333/ |title=Patra Chawl redevelopment scam: ED attaches properties worth Rs 73.62 crore of Sanjay Raut's close aide |date=2024-01-05 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref><br />
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== Background == <br />
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Patra Chawl, spread over 47 acres, housed 672 tenant families. In 2008, the [[Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority]] (MHADA) awarded a redevelopment contract to Guru Ashish Construction Pvt Ltd (GACPL), a subsidiary of Housing Development and Infrastructure Limited (HDIL).<ref name="et2022">{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/patra-chawl-land-scam-explained-heres-what-led-to-shiv-sena-leader-sanjay-rauts-arrest/articleshow/93267148.cms |title=Patra Chawl Land Scam explained; Here's what led to Shiv Sena leader Sanjay Raut's arrest |date=2022-08-01 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Scam ==<br />
<br />
The Patra Chawl scam involves allegations against Guru Ashish Construction Pvt Ltd (GACPL), a subsidiary of Housing Development and Infrastructure Limited (HDIL). The redevelopment project, initiated by the [[Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority|Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA)]] in 2008, aimed to rehabilitate 672 tenant families and construct additional flats for MHADA. GACPL is accused of misleading MHADA, selling [[Floor Space Index|Floor Space Index (FSI)]] to nine developers for Rs 901.79 crore, and failing to construct the promised flats.<ref name="et2022" /><ref name="india2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/maharashtra/what-is-patra-chawl-scam-and-why-sanjay-rauts-name-has-surfaced-in-it-5545660/ |title=What Is Patra Chawl Scam And Why Sanjay Raut's Name Has Surfaced In It |date=2022-07-31 |website=India.com |access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref><br />
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The [[Enforcement Directorate]] launched a money laundering probe based on an FIR filed by Mumbai Police's Economic Offences Wing (EOW). Investigations revealed that Pravin Raut, a former director of GACPL, diverted Rs 95 crore for personal use, including acquiring land parcels and gifting properties.<ref name="regtech2024">{{cite web |url=https://regtechtimes.com/gacpl-in-the-spotlight/ |title=GACPL in the Spotlight: Unraveling the Patra Chawl Redevelopment Scam |date=2024-01-05 |website=RegTech Times |access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref><ref name="fpj2024">{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/patra-chawl-scam-committee-suggests-mhada-buy-back-resale-component-ed-cbi-investigate-wadhawan-brothers-finances |title=Patra Chawl Scam: Committee Suggests MHADA Buy Back Resale Component |date=2024-01-05 |website=The Free Press Journal |access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref> The ED estimates the total proceeds of crime at Rs 1,039.79 crore.<ref name="et2022" /><br />
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== Key figures involved ==<br />
<br />
Key figures involved include Pravin Raut, former director of GACPL, and [[Sanjay Raut]], a Shiv Sena (UBT) leader. The ED initiated a money laundering probe based on an FIR filed by Mumbai Police's Economic Offences Wing. Developments include asset attachments worth Rs 116.27 crore by ED and ongoing court proceedings.<ref name="ie2024" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/patra-chawl-land-scam-mumbai-court-grants-bail-to-shiv-sena-mp-sanjay-raut/articleshow/95397758.cms |title=Patra Chawl land scam: Mumbai court grants bail to Shiv Sena MP Sanjay Raut |date=2022-11-09 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref><br />
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== Impact == <br />
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The scam has left 672 families without homes promised in the redevelopment project and has led to political controversies about corruption in Mumbai's real estate development.<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Real estate in India]]<br />
[[Category:Corruption in India]]<br />
[[Category:Scandals in India]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aamir_Khan_Productions&diff=473698Aamir Khan Productions2024-12-05T02:01:50Z<p>RomaineAchen489: cleanup</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Vishwakarma community]]</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Younghusband&diff=476168Arthur Younghusband2024-09-25T16:49:38Z<p>RomaineAchen489: small update formatting for clarity and improved wording</p>
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<div>{{short description|British civil servant of the Raj}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=June 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Arthur Delaval Younghusband<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 30 November 1854<br />
| death_date = 30 August 1931<br />
| nationality = British<br />
| occupation = [[Indian Civil Service|civil servant of the Raj]]<br />
| awards = CSI (1907), CBE (1920)<br />
| spouse = Maud Helen, daughter of Lewis Gordon<br />
| education = Sherborne, Rugby, Clifton and Balliol College, Oxford<br />
| known_for = Commissioner in Sind from 1905 to 1912<br />
| office = Commissioner in Sind<br />
| term_start = 1905<br />
| term_end = 1912<br />
}}<br />
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'''Arthur Delaval Younghusband''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CBE}} (30 November 1854 – 30 August 1931) was a British [[Indian Civil Service|civil servant of the Raj]].<ref>Behram Sohrab H.J. Rustomji, Karachi 1839-1947 A Short History of the Foundation and Growth of Karachi, in Karachi During the British Era Two Histories of a Modern City, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2007. Pg 104</ref><br />
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==Early life==<br />
The second (but eldest surviving) son of Lieutenant-General Robert Romer Younghusband, [[Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath|CB]], who served at Sind (sometime as [[Adjutant-General (India)|Adjutant-General]]), as well as at [[Baluchistan]] and [[Hyderabad]], by his wife Ellen Blayds, daughter of W. S. Benthall, of [[Totnes]], Younghusband was educated at [[Sherborne School|Sherborne]], [[Rugby School|Rugby]], [[Clifton College|Clifton]] and [[Balliol College, Oxford]], before entering the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1875. He attained the rank of [[Deputy Commissioner (India)|deputy commissioner]] in 1892 and [[Commissioner#British and Commonwealth overseas possessions|commissioner]] in 1897, being awarded the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] (1st Class) in 1901, and serving as an additional member of the [[Government of Bombay]]'s Council in 1903.<ref>Burke's Landed Gentry 1952, pg 2826, Younghusband pedigree</ref><br />
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==Sind==<br />
He was the Commissioner in Sind from 1905 to 1912.<ref>[http://rulers.org/indprov.html Rulers<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
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==Later life==<br />
Having been awarded [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India|CSI]] (1907) and [[Order of the British Empire#Current classes|CBE]] (1920) in recognition of his career, Younghusband died on 30 August 1931 at Priory House, [[Long Bennington]], near [[Grantham]], [[Lincolnshire]], England, aged 76, without issue, but survived by his wife, Maud Helen, daughter of Lewis Gordon, whom he had married in 1892. He was succeeded as head of the family by his nephew, Ralph George Napier Younghusband, son of George William Younghusband.<ref>Burke's Landed Gentry 1952, pg 2826, Younghusband pedigree</ref><br />
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Two of his brothers also had careers in India: George William Younghusband (1856-1897) served with the 34th Regiment, [[2nd Punjab Cavalry]], and Romer Edward Younghusband (1858-1933), [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India|CSI]], a [[barrister]], worked with the Indian Civil Service from 1879, as a Deputy Commissioner (1894), General Secretary to the [[Government of Punjab (Pakistan)|Government of Punjab]] (1899-1900), Commissioner at [[Lahore]], and Member of Council of the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab (1905–09).<ref>Burke's Landed Gentry 1952, pg 2826, Younghusband pedigree</ref><br />
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Younghusband's first cousins, sons of his father's younger brother Maj.-Gen. John William Younghusband, CSI, were the brothers Maj.-Gen. [[George Younghusband]], Indian Army officer, author, and [[Master of the Jewel Office|Keeper of the Jewel House]] at the [[Tower of London]] and Lt-Col Sir [[Francis Younghusband]], Indian Army officer, administrator and explorer.<ref>Burke's Landed Gentry 1952, pg 2826, Younghusband pedigree</ref><br />
Their uncle was Lt-Gen. [[Charles Younghusband]], an Army officer and meteorologist.<ref>Burke's Landed Gentry 1952, pg 2826, Younghusband pedigree</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
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{{s-start}}<br />
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{{succession box<br />
| title = [[List of Governors of Sindh|Commissioner in Sind]]<br />
| before = [[John William Pitt Muir-Mackenzie]]<br />
| after = [[William Henry Lucas]]<br />
| years = 1905–1912<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Younghusband, Arthur}}<br />
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]<br />
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Sherborne School]]<br />
[[Category:Younghusband family|Arthur]]<br />
[[Category:1854 births]]<br />
[[Category:1931 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Governors of Sindh]]<br />
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{{India-hist-stub}}<br />
{{Pakistan-hist-stub}}</div>RomaineAchen489https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigo_Line_(Delhi_Metro)&diff=504317Indigo Line (Delhi Metro)2024-09-10T13:07:09Z<p>RomaineAchen489: redirect created</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
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{{Infobox settlement<br />
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|official_name = Badalpur<br />
|other_name =<br />
|native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --><br />
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|pushpin_label_position =bottom<br />
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|pushpin_map_caption =Location in India<br />
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
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|subdivision_name2 = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]<br />
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<!-- Population -----------------------><br />
|population_as_of =2001<br />
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|population_total =2000<br />
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|population_blank1_title =Ethnicities<br />
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|population_blank2_title =Religions<br />
|population_blank2 =<br />
|population_density_blank1_km2 = <br />
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =<br />
<!-- General information ---------------><br />
|timezone = [[India]]<br />
|utc_offset = +5:30<br />
|timezone_DST = <br />
|utc_offset_DST = <br />
|coordinates = <br />
|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--><br />
|elevation_m = <br />
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|postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --><br />
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}}<br />
'''Badalpur''' is a village in [[Jaunpur district]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], in Northern [[India]]. At the time of the [[Demographics_of_India#Census of India: sample registration system|2001 census]] it had a population of 2,000 and included 250 houses. Badlapur is like a '''Tahasil'''. There are many villages included such as Ghanshyampur, '''Khalispur''', Leduka etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/nepalcensus/form.php?selection=1 |title=India Census 2001 |work=India's Village |publisher=[[Digital Himalaya]] |access-date=2008-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012163506/http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/nepalcensus/form.php?selection=1 |archive-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
<references /><br />
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{{Jaunpur district}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Jaunpur district]]<br />
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{{Jaunpur-geo-stub}}</div>RomaineAchen489