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University of Rajshahi

2026-05-22T17:17:21Z

Rolly: Made Some Stub Initial Version

{{Short description|Second oldest university in Bangladesh}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of Rajshahi
| native_name = রাজশাহী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = রাজশাহী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের লোগো.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = [[Emblem]] of the University of Rajshahi
| type = [[Public Research University]]
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|6 July 1953}}
| accreditation = {{ubl||[[University Grants Commission of Bangladesh|UGC]]|[[Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh|PCB]]}}
| budget = {{BDTConvert|551.14|c}}<ref>{{Cite web | title=রাজশাহী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে বাজেট কমল ১৩ কোটি, গবেষণা খাতে বাড়ল বরাদ্দ | url=https://thedailycampus.com/universities/207883/amp | access-date=2025-08-28 | website=thedailycampus.com}}</ref> (2025-26)
| chancellor = {{Current president of Bangladesh}}
| vice_chancellor = [[Faridul Islam]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Faridul Islam is the new Vice-Chancellor of RU |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/campus-online/2026/03/16/1228893|website=Bangladesh Pratidin|access-date=19 March 2026|date=16 March 2026}}</ref>
| head_label = Pro Vice-Chancellor
| head = {{ubl|Dr. Md. Abdul Alim (Administration)|Dr. Mamunur Rashid (Academic)}}<ref>{{Cite web | title=নতুন ২ উপ-উপাচার্য পেল রাবি | url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/c0bc7ed221dc | access-date=2026-05-22 | website=bdnews24.com}}</ref>
| academic_staff = 1,200+<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ru.ac.bd/|title=University of Rajshahi – Official website for Rajshahi University}}</ref>
| administrative_staff = 1,614<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/University_of_Rajshahi | title=University of Rajshahi - Banglapedia |website= [[Banglapedia]] }}</ref>
| students = 30000+<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ru.ac.bd| title=University of Rajshahi | date=31 March 2024 |website= [[Times Higher Education]] }}</ref>
| undergrad = 20000+<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.ru.ac.bd/oia/ | title=Office of the International Affairs (OIA) – Just another Rajshahi University Sites }}</ref>
| postgrad = 10000+<ref name="auto"/>
| doctoral = 500+<ref name="auto"/>
| postcode = 6205
| address = [[Motihar]]
| city = [[Rajshahi]]
| country = [[Bangladesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.370|88.637|type:edu_region:BD_dim:2000|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|753|acre}}
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Bangla language|Bangla]]
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|#AA0000|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue, White and Red
| website = {{official URL}}
| logo =
| logo_size = 240px
| footnotes =
}}
{{Infobox university rankings
| ARWU_W = |ARWU_W_year = | ARWU_W_ref =
| QS_W = 1201–1400 | QS_W_year = 2026|
QS_W_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?countries=bd |title=QS World University Rankings: University of Rajshahi |date=10 August 2024 |website=Top Universities |access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref>
| THE_W = 1001-1200 |THE_W_year = 2026|
THE_W_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-rajshahi |title=University of Rajshahi |date=10 August 2024 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref>
| USNWR_W = 638| USNWR_W_year = 2025-26 | USNWR_W_ref =<ref name="USNWR">{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-rajshahi-530218 |title=University of Rajshahi |author=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref>
| URAP_W = 1472 | URAP_W_year = 2024-25 | URAP_W_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2024-2025/World_Ranking_2024-2025|title=University of Rajshahi |website= University Ranking By Academic Performance|date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
| THE_Asia = 501-600 | THE_Asia_year = 2026 | THE_Asia_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2026/regional-ranking |title=University of Rajshahi |date=1 May 2026 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref>| QS_Asia = 312 | QS_Asia_year = 2026 | QS_Asia_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/asia-university-rankings?tab=indicators&countries=bd |title=QS World University Rankings by Region 2024: Asia |website=www.topuniversities.com |date=11 August 2024}}</ref>
|THE_W_CS=801-1000|THE_W_CS_ref=<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-rajshahi|title=University of Rajshahi|date=31 March 2024|website=Times Higher Education (THE)}}</ref>|THE_W_CS_year=2025|THE_W_Eng_year=2026|THE_W_Eng_ref=<ref name="auto1"/>|THE_W_Eng=601-800|THE_W_Life=801-1000|THE_W_Life_ref=<ref name="auto1"/>|THE_W_Life_year=2026|THE_W_Physical=801-1000|THE_W_Physical_ref=<ref name="auto1"/>|THE_W_Physical_year=2026|THE_W_Social=1001+|THE_W_Social_ref=<ref name="auto1"/>|THE_W_Social_year=2026}}

[[File:Administration Building, University of Rajshahi (cropped).jpg|350px|thumb|Administration Building of Rajshahi University]]

[[File:রাজশাহী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ম্যাপ.jpg|রাজশাহী_বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের_ম্যাপ]]

The '''University of Rajshahi''' ({{langx|bn|রাজশাহী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়}}), also known as '''Rajshahi University''' ('''RU'''), is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] located in [[Rajshahi]], [[Bangladesh]]. It is the second oldest and third largest university in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc-universities.gov.bd/university-detail/15 |title=University Details, University of Rajshahi - UGC |website=[[University Grants Commission of Bangladesh]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008004600/http://www.ugc-universities.gov.bd/university-detail/15 |access-date=12 January 2025 |archive-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> The university's 59 [[Academic department|departments]] are organized into 12 [[Faculty (division)|faculties]]. It is one of the five [[autonomous university]] by the act (1973) of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us – University of Rajshahi |url=https://www.ru.ac.bd/about-us/ |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==

[[File:Shaheed of Rajshahi University.JPG|thumb|The description on the memorial says, "University of Rajshahi: Those who were martyred during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation war]]".]]
The first proposal to establish a university came in 1917, when [[Calcutta University]] created the [[Sadler Commission]]{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} to assess the university system in [[Bengal]]. However, the recommendations of the report had no immediate consequences.

The [[University of Dhaka]] was established in 1921. Demand for a university in the northern part of [[East Bengal]] gained momentum when two universities were set up quickly in [[West Pakistan]], using funding diverted from East Bengal, without the establishment of any in the east. Students of [[Rajshahi College]] were at the forefront of the movement demanding a new university.<ref name="profile">{{cite book |editor=Hasan, A D |year=2006 |title=University of Rajshahi: A profile |publisher=University of Rajshahi}}</ref> Finally, [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]] was selected as the home for the second university in East Bengal, and the Rajshahi University Act of 1953 (East Bengal Act XV of 1953) was passed by the [[Provincial Assembly of East Pakistan|East Pakistan Provincial Assembly]] on 31 March 1953.<ref name="ugctaka">{{cite web |url=http://www.ru.ac.bd/administration/paper.htm |title=University of Rajshahi: Glorious 52 years |publisher=University of Rajshahi |access-date=14 July 2006 |archive-date=4 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104001219/http://www.ru.ac.bd/administration/paper.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Itrat Hossain Zuberi, the principal of Rajshahi College, was appointed its first vice-chancellor.

Initially, the university was housed in temporary locations, such as the local Circuit House and [[Boro Kuthi]], an 18th-century Dutch establishment. B B Hindu Academy, a local school, housed the library, teachers' lounge, and the medical centre. The university started out with 20 professors, 161 students (of whom 5 were females) and six departments — Bengali, English, history, law, philosophy and economics. In 1964, the offices moved to the permanent campus.

The 1960s were a turbulent period in [[East Pakistan]], when [[Six point movement|demands for East Pakistani autonomy]] became stronger. The students and staff of the university started playing an increasing role in politics. On 18 February 1969, [[Shamsuzzoha]], a professor, was killed by the police when he tried to prevent them from shooting at student demonstrators.<ref name="zohapedia">{{cite book |last=Murshed |first=Md Mahbub |year=2012 |chapter=Shamsuzzoha, Shaheed Mohammad |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shamsuzzoha,_Shaheed_Mohammad |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> This date is now commemorated as Zoha Day.<ref name=zohaday>{{cite news |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/02/18/d70218070395.htm |title=Rajshahi observes Zoha Day today |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=18 February 2007 |access-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971, the campus was used as a base by the [[Pakistan Army]]. A number of professors, students and officers of the university were killed by the Pakistan Army.

After [[Independence of Bangladesh|independence]], a new Act regarding the administration of the university came into being — the Rajshahi University Act, 1973.<ref name="rubpedia"/> The post-independence years saw the university grow steadily in student enrolment and the size of the academic staff. However, the 1980s were turbulent for the university, as the students agitated with other institutions of the country against the military rule of [[Hossain Muhammad Ershad]]. Since the early 1990s, the university has seen relative calm and a lowering of [[academic term|session]] backlogs, though active student politics remains a contentious issue.

== Emblem ==
The circle of the emblem represents the world. An open book is shown in red and gold: red represents one of the colors of the national flag and gold the value of education. The body of the book is blue, the colour of the sky, and at the centre is a ''shapla'' flower ([[Nymphaeaceae]]), the national flower of Bangladesh.

==Campus==
[[File: Main gate of university of rajshahi (cropped).jpg|thumb|270px|Main entrance of Rajshahi University]]
The university's main campus is in Motihar, on the eastern side of the city of [[Rajshahi]] and a mile from the Bangladeshi coast of the river [[Padma]].<ref name="ugctaka"/> The campus area is nearly {{convert|753|acre|ha|order=flip|abbr=on}}. Access to the walled-off campus is controlled through three security gates. It houses eleven large academic buildings — five for the arts, business studies and [[social science]]s, four for the natural and applied sciences, and two for agricultural studies. RU is considered to have one of the most beautiful campus in Bangladesh.

=== Rail line and University Station ===
[[File:Railline, inside of rajshahi university.jpg|thumb|Railline inside of Rajshahi University]]
The Dhaka-Rajshahi rail line passes through the campus, and it has a dedicated station named the University Station. It is near the Shaheed Shohrawardy Hall on the southern border of the campus. There is an internal bazaar nearby for the students only, called the station bazaar.

=== Gates ===
There are six gates of the university, three being upon the Dhaka - Rajshahi Highway. The westernmost gate is the Kazla gate, which provides access to the western part of the campus mainly playgrounds and residential areas. The easternmost gate is the Binodpur gate, which provides access to the eastern part of the campus, and the Main gate in between these two provides access to the main administrative and academic portion of the campus. The fourth gate is on the other side of the campus and provides access to the campus from the other side of the city. The main gate is used to create an architectural optical illusion while entering or exiting the campus through it, as it seemed to the visitor that the more he tries to go nearer the more the Administrative Building goes far away.

=== Forests ===
There is an artificial forest on the campus. Called "Matihar Udyan", it is situated on the easternmost side of the campus. The university fire station is situated near its southern side.

=== Parks, lakes and sanctuaries ===
[[File:Kazi Nazrul Islam Auditorium.jpg|thumb|A view of Kazi Nazrul Islam Auditorium through the University Park.]]
There is a central part of the university near the Shaheed Minar Complex. It is a small park providing a very good environment and a place for spending leisure for the students and residents of the campus. Rajshahi University Botanical Garden is also a park inside the campus, home to some very rare species of trees and plants. There used to be a mini park-like plantation near the main gate, but it was cut down during the mid-2020s. There are two big lakes inside the campus. One is behind the Shaheed Shamsuzzoha Hall, popularly known as the Shorobor and another is behind the female hostels known as a part of the Jungle Genome Project. Apart from these, there are nearly fifty ponds around the campus.

There is a large bird sanctuary inside the campus called the Jungle Genome Project. It is an ecological project of the Zoology Department, and it has natural plantations and lakes inside it.

=== Paris Road ===
Paris Road is a street on the campus that is often considered the signature of the Rajshahi University Campus. It starts from the adjoining point of Kazla Gate Road, Paschimpara Road and Paris Road near the Juberi Guest House and runs straight East from this. Then it keeps going past the mango plantations, Kazla Pond and VC's residence and reaches Shamsuzzoha Square. Then, from Shamsuzzoha Square, it goes East past the University Bank, Second Administrative Building, University Central Bus Station, Central Mosque, university park and Shahid Minar Complex and Shahid Smriti Sangrahashala Museum and ends at the gate of the Sher e Bangla Hall.

=== Murals, sculptures and monuments ===
[[File:Rajshahi university kendriya shaheed minar 02.jpg|thumb|Shaheed Minar, University of Rajshahi]]
There are a considerable number of murals on the campus. The Shaheed Minar Complex holds two murals, one on the background wall of the Open Theatre Stage and another on the background wall of the Shaheed Minar's platform. A mural near the [[Golden jubilee|Golden Jubilee]] Tower is a masterpiece artifact made of steel depicting the struggle of men and women. Besides these, the obelisk of martyred professor [[Mohammad Shamsuzzoha]] has a mural depicting him and his famous quote. The Bangabandhu Hall, [[Sher-e-Bangla]] Hall and Syed Ameer Ali Hall have murals of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], [[AK Fazlul Haque]] and [[Syed Ameer Ali]], respectively.

[[File:Shabash Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|right|Shabash Bangladesh commemorates the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]]]
Monuments around the campus are the Shaheed Minar, [[Mass grave|Mass-Graveyard]] monument and the [[Shabash Bangladesh]]. The sculptures are the martyred intellectual memorial monument near the central library, Sfulingo in the Shaheed Samsuzzoha Hall premises, and martyred professor [[Muhammad Habibar Rahman|Habibur Rahman's]] sculpture on Shaheed Habibur Rahman Hall's entrance. There are several memorial monuments and murals around the campus.

== Facilities ==

[[File:Rajshahi University Central Library.jpg|thumb|Central Library of RU]]

=== Museums ===
The university is the site of the two oldest museums in Bangladesh. They are - the [[Varendra Research Museum]], which is the oldest museum in Bangladesh, and the Shahid Smriti Sangrahasala, which is the oldest liberation war museum in Bangladesh.

A few miles from the main campus is the [[Varendra Research Museum]].<ref name="varendra">{{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Saifuddin |year=2012 |chapter=Varendra Research Museum |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Varendra_Research_Museum |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> It is one of the richest repertory of Bengal sculptures in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Mukhlesur |title=Sculpture in the Varendra Research Museum : A Descriptive Catalogue |location=Rajshahi |publication-date=1998 |access-date=24 April 2008 |url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no55806.htm |archive-date=21 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321232051/http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no55806.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Established in 1910 by [[Ramaprasad Chanda]], the museum became a part of the university in the 1960s when a financial crisis threatened its existence. Under the university, the museum has thrived, adding a [[folklore]] gallery to its impressive collection from ancient and medieval Bengal.<ref name="varendra" />

=== Zuberi Bhaban Guest House ===
Juberi Guest House is one of the earliest structures on the campus. It is actually a complex of guest houses, a lounge and a café. Zuberi House is the home of Rajshahi University Club, and it is the centre of the political activities of the teachers and fellows. There are four buildings providing caravansary facilities for the guests of the university. It provides gymnasium facilities for the teachers, and it has a well-maintained lone tennis court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=জুবেরী ভবন মরে গেছে |url=https://www.dhakaprokash24.com/campus/news/27387 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.dhakaprokash24.com |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Sport and other facilities for cultural activities ===
[[File:Rajshahi university stadium 1.JPG|thumb|Rajshahi University Stadium]]
[[Rajshahi University Stadium]] seats 30,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Physical Education |url=http://www.ru.ac.bd/?page_id=158 |website=University of Rajshahi}}</ref>

There is a swimming pool with stands for spectators and a gymnasium and indoor stadium situated near the stadium.

== Architecture ==

The University of Rajshahi is home to many architectural and artistic landmarks. To the east inside the main gate is the colonial era [[Motihar Kuthi]] building, now used by the university's unit of the [[Bangladesh National Cadet Corps]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Nazimuddin |editor-last=Sanday |editor-first=John |year=1986 |title=Buildings of the British Raj in Bangladesh |publisher=University Press Limited |page=132 |isbn=978-984-05-1091-7}}</ref> Most of the university's academic, cultural, residential and administrative buildings are of modern architectural style. The Shaheed Minar is an important example, complete with a [[mural]] designed by Murtaza Bashir. The Senate House is a modern mini-parliament house, has 206 rooms and is fully air-conditioned. It is usually used for meetings of the senate of the university, but it accommodates national and international conferences, seminars and symposia.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} In front of the Senate House is [[Shabash Bangladesh]], one of the largest [[Bangladesh Liberation War|war]] memorial sculptures, designed and constructed by [[Nitun Kundu]].<ref name="nitun">{{cite news |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/09/22/d60922110398.htm |title=Nitun Kundu |newspaper=The Daily Star |author=M. Shafiullah |access-date=14 July 2006 |date=22 September 2006}}</ref> The name comes from a poem by [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]] of the same name, the last four lines of which are engraved under the structure.

Golden Jubilee Tower, a 2003 addition to the university's array of sculptures, commemorates its 50th anniversary. It is right beside the main gate. It also has an open theatre and two beautiful murals. Other well-known buildings include the library and the university mosque.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} The Department of Fine Arts hosts a sizeable collection of contemporary art, while [[Varendra Research Museum|Varendra Museum]] has a large collection of ancient and medieval art.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51173679.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105044812/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51173679.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=US grant for Varendra Museum |newspaper=The Independent |location=Dhaka |author=M. Shafiullah |access-date=14 July 2006 |date=5 March 2002}}</ref>

==Organization and administration==
The university is run according to the Rajshahi University Act, 1973.<ref name="rubpedia">{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Mahbubar |year=2012 |chapter=University of Rajshahi |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=University_of_Rajshahi |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> This Act, passed on 25 September 1973,<ref>[http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-438.html?lang=bn The Rajshahi University Act, 1973], Ministry of Law.</ref> allows the university considerably more autonomy than most other peer institutions. The president of Bangladesh is the de facto [[chancellor (education)|chancellor]], but the role is mainly ceremonial. The highest official after the chancellor is the vice-chancellor, selected by the [[senate]] of the university every four years. The vice-chancellor, as of June 2017, is [[M. Abdus Sobhan]].

Other important officers include the [[pro vice-chancellor]], the [[Registrar (education)|registrar]], the controller of examinations, and the proctor.<ref name="rubpedia"/> The proctor is in direct charge of student activities and is the official with the most direct contact with the students. The most important statutory bodies of the university are the senate, the academic council and the syndicate.<ref name="rubpedia"/><ref>As to the senate, see further [https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/public/education/ru-senate-inactive-for-about-five-years-1616040729?amp=true RU Senate inactive for about five years], The Financial Express, 14 July 2022.</ref>

Most of Rajshahi University's funding comes from the government. The [[Bangladesh University Grants Commission]] is the body responsible for allocating funds to all [[public universities]].

The tuition fees are relatively low; nevertheless, a hike in admission fees, during the 2006–07 session, drew criticism from student bodies.<ref name="admit_3">{{cite news |newspaper=The Daily Star |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/03/12/d70312060376.htm|title=RU increases admission and certificate fees |access-date=10 March 2007 |date=12 March 2007}}</ref> In 2007, the university awarded a total of 340 scholarships, whose annual value is around 1.1 million taka. In addition, there are merit awards given by residential halls, departments and the university itself. Students are eligible for the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]]'s Gold Medal award.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khaleda urges teachers, students: Maintain campus peace |url=http://newsfrombangladesh.net/view.php?hidRecord=59032 |publisher=News from Bangladesh |agency=BSS |issn=1563-9304 |date=31 August 2005 |access-date=28 April 2008}}</ref>

All colleges of the northern and southern regions of the country used to be affiliated with the University of Rajshahi. However, the administration of colleges across the country was taken over by the National University when it was established in 1992.<ref name="NUpedia">{{cite book |last1=Hossain |first1=Md Anawar |last2=Khanam |first2=Mobashera |year=2012 |chapter=National University |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=National_University |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==List of Vice-Chancellors==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No.
! Vice-Chancellor
! Term Start
! Term End
|-
| 1
| [[Itrat Husain Zuberi]]
| 6 July 1953
| 30 September 1957
|-
| 2
| [[Momtazuddin Ahmed (philosopher)|Momtazuddin Ahmed]]
| 1 October 1957
| 30 August 1965
|-
| 3
| [[Muhammad Shamsul Huq]]
| 31 August 1965
| 4 August 1969
|-
| 4
| [[Syed Sajjad Hussain]]
| 5 August 1969
| 18 July 1971
|-
| 5
| [[Muhammad Abdul Bari (academic)|Muhammad Abdul Bari]]
| 19 July 1971
| 8 January 1972
|-
| 6
| [[Khan Sarwar Murshid]]
| 1 February 1972
| 3 August 1974
|-
| 7
| [[Mazharul Islam (poet)|Mazharul Islam]]
| 4 August 1974
| 18 September 1975
|-
| 8
| [[Syed Ali Ahsan]]
| 27 September 1975
| 22 June 1977
|-
| 9
| [[Muhammad Abdul Bari (academic)|Muhammad Abdul Bari]]
| 7 July 1977
| 17 February 1981
|-
| 10
| [[Maqbular Rahman Sarkar|Makbular Rahman Sarkar]]
| 26 February 1981
| 22 February 1982
|-
| 11
| Moslem Huda
| 22 February 1982
| 20 September 1982
|-
| 12
| Abdul Rakib
| 4 October 1982
| 19 March 1988
|-
| 13
| Amanullah Ahmed
| 20 March 1988
| 22 July 1992
|-
| 14
| M. Anisur Rahman
| 22 July 1992
| 22 August 1994
|-
| 15
| M. Yusuf Ali
| 22 August 1994
| 16 February 1997
|-
| 16
| Abdul Khaleque
| 17 February 1997
| 3 August 1999
|-
| 17
| [[M. Sayeedur Rahman Khan]]
| 4 August 1999
| 13 November 2001
|-
| 18
| [[Faisul Islam Farouqui]]
| 13 November 2001
| 5 June 2005
|-
| 19
| [[Md. Altaf Hossain]]
| 5 June 2005
| 15 May 2008
|-
| 20
| Mumnunul Keramat (acting)
| 16 May 2008
| 28 February 2009
|-
| 21
| [[M Abdus Sobhan]]
| 26 February 2009
| 25 February 2013
|-
| 22
| [[Muhammad Mizanuddin]]
| 19 March 2013
| 20 March 2017
|-
| 23
| [[M Abdus Sobhan]]
| 7 May 2017
| 6 May 2021
|-
| 24
| [[Golam Shabbir Sattar]]
| 29 August 2021
| 8 August 2024
|-
| 25
| [[Saleh Hasan Naqib]]
| September 2024
| March 2026
|-
| 26
| [[Faridul Islam]]
| 16 March 2026
| Present
|}

==Faculties and departments==

[[File:First Science Building, University of Rajshahi.JPG|thumb|left|The Faculty of Engineering: [[Royal Poinciana|Krishnachura]] blossoms in front of the First Science building that houses [[Physics]] and [[Applied Physics]] & [[Electronic Engineering]]]]

The university's 59 departments are organized into 12 [[Faculty (division)|faculties]]: Arts, Engineering, Fine Arts, Law, Science, Business Studies, Social Sciences, Life Sciences, Earth Sciences, Agriculture, Fisheries, Veterinary & Animal Sciences.<ref name="facultyref">{{cite web |url=http://www.ru.ac.bd/faculty.htm |title=Faculties of University of Rajshahi |website=University of Rajshahi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826003410/http://www.ru.ac.bd/faculty.htm |archive-date=26 August 2009 |access-date=14 July 2006}}</ref> The Arts and the Law faculties are the oldest, both established in 1953, closely followed by the Faculty of Science (1956) and the Faculty of Engineering (est. 2009). The university's departments represent the traditional studies in arts, commerce, sciences and engineering through programs such as [[English studies|English]], history, [[languages]] and [[linguistics]], economics, [[business studies]], mathematics, [[applied mathematics]], [[physics]], [[computer science & engineering]], [[chemistry]], statistics, geology & mining, [[geography]], [[psychology]], [[zoology]], [[botany]], etc. The university is increasingly emphasizing more specialized programs such as [[pharmacy]], [[biochemistry]], [[information engineering|Information]] and [[Communication engineering]] (ICE), [[genetics]] and [[Breeding in the wild|breeding]].<ref name="profile"/>

===Faculty of Life Sciences===
# [[Botany]]
# [[Zoology]]
# Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology
# Microbiology
# [[Clinical Psychology]]
# [[Psychology]]

===Faculty of Arts===
Prominent departments in the faculty of Arts are
# Department of Philosophy
# Department of History
# Department of English
# Department of Bengali
# Department of Islamic History and Culture
# Department of Arabic
# Department of Islamic Studies
# Department of Music
# Department of Theatre
# Department of Persian Language and Literature
# Department of Urdu
# Department of Sanskrit

===Faculty of Fine Arts===
[[File:Fine Arts RU.jpg|thumb|[[Zainul Abedin|Shilpacharya Zainul Abedin Academic Building]]]]
The Faculty of Fine Arts has 3 departments;

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!No.
! Name
!Established as Department
|-
|01
|[[Graphic Design]], [[Craft]]s & [[History of Art]]
|2015
|-
|02
|Painting, [[Printmaking]] & Oriental art
|2015
|-
|03
|[[Ceramic]]s & Sculpture
|2015
|}

===Faculty of Law===
The Faculty of Law has two departments:
# Department of Law
# Department of Law and Land Administration

The Department of Law is one of the pioneer institutes for graduate-level legal education in Bangladesh as well as in South Asia. It was the first institution in South Asia that offered B.Jur. Honours (Bachelor of Jurisprudence) from the year 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.daffodilvarsity.edu.bd/index.php?topic=26376.0|title=Rajshahi University Law Department: Pioneer of legal studies in Bangladesh|website=forum.daffodilvarsity.edu.bd}}</ref> Now it offers LLB (Honors), LLM, Evening LLM, MPhil and Ph.D. in the field of Law. It has a great number of alumni and former members of the faculty around the world including former [[Chief Justice of Bangladesh]], former [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]], current and former ministers and many former and current judges of the apex courts of Bangladesh and many more formidable legal and political minds of the country. [[Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman]] was a student of this department.

The Department of Law and Land Administration was established in the session of 2015–16. It is the pioneer department in Bangladesh in the field of education on Laws relating to land administration, land management and land survey. All core courses of Law are taught here. Graduates of this discipline can apply for all jobs which are for Law graduates, including the positions of Assistant Judge and Judicial Magistrate. They are able to practice as both civil and criminal lawyers and also as Income Tax lawyers. In addition, they are able to apply for jobs in the field of land administration/management. It is currently under consideration that a separate BCS Cadre (Land) may be created and graduates from this discipline will only be able to apply for those jobs. The programs offered by this Department include LLB (Honours), LLM, MPhil and Ph.D.

Initiatives are under process to establish a new department in the field of corporate law under this faculty which is going to be the first institution for graduate-level education in this field within Bangladesh.

===Faculty of Engineering===
[[File:Fourth science building.jpg| thumb|Fourth Science Building]]
The Faculty of Engineering includes the following departments:
# [[Information engineering|Information]] and [[Communication Engineering]] (abbreviation ICE) (est. 2000), a specialized program deals with telecommunication, [[network science|networking]] and [[data processing]].
# Computer Science & Engineering
# [[Applied Chemistry]] & [[Chemical Engineering]]
# [[Materials science|Materials Science and Engineering]]
# Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) (est. 2015)

In the late 1990 and 2000s, programs in computer science & engineering and Information & Communication Engineering were introduced. The newest addition to the Faculty of Engineering in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering in 2015. The university used to have a separate engineering program through the Bangladesh Institute of Technology Rajshahi, which became an independent university: [[Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology]] in 2002. University authorities have decided to merge the Applied physics and electronic engineering department with the Electrical and electronic engineering department on 5 December 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newagebd.net/article/58197/ru-to-merge-apee-eee-depts |title=RU to merge APEE, EEE depts |work=New Age |date=7 December 2018 |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://somoynews.tv/pages/details/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97 |script-title=bn:রাবিতে একীভূত হচ্ছে দুই বিভাগ |work=Somoy News |date=6 December 2018 |language=bn |access-date=22 June 2019 |title=Somoy Tv News}}</ref>

===Faculty of Social Science===

The Social Science Faculty has the following departments:

# Economics
# Political Science
# Social Work
# Sociology
# Mass Communication and Journalism
# Information Science & Library Management
# Public Administration
# Anthropology
# Folklore
# International Relations<ref name="deptinfo">{{cite web |url=http://www.ru.ac.bd/?page_id=722 |title=Departments of University of Rajshahi |publisher=University of Rajshahi |access-date=14 July 2006 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

=== Faculty of Business Studies ===
The Faculty of Business Studies has the following departments:

# Finance
# [[Accounting information system|Accounting & Information Systems]]
# [[Marketing]]
# [[Management Studies]]
# Banking & Insurance
# Tourism & Hospitality Management

All of these departments are in the Rabindra Building.

===Faculty of Science===
Faculty of Science has the following departments:

# Mathematics
# Physics
# Chemistry
# Statistics
# Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
# Pharmacy
# Population Science and Human Resource Development
# Applied Mathematics
# Physical Education and Sports Sciences

Most of these departments are in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th science buildings.

===Faculty of Agriculture===

The faculty of Agriculture has the following departments:

# Agronomy and Agricultural Extension
# Crop Science and Technology

Crop Science was established in 2005. It offers a 4-year [[Bachelor of Science in Agriculture|B.Sc.Ag.(Hons)]] degree and 18 months MS degree. [[MPhil]] and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degrees are also offered. About 250 students are studying in the department.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dept.ru.ac.bd/cst/?p=258 |title=Dept. of Crop Science and Technology |website=Crop Science & Technology |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022090408/http://dept.ru.ac.bd/cst/?p=258 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

All of these departments are in the Agricultural Faculty Building. Only 'practical work' is performed in Narikelbaria Campus. Founded in 2000, the Faculty of [[Agricultural Science|Agriculture]] was formed when a local agricultural college was absorbed into the university.

===Faculty of Earth Sciences===
# Geography & Environmental Studies
# Geology & Mining

===Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences===
# Veterinary & Animal Sciences

===Faculty of Fisheries===
# Fisheries

===Institutes===
There are six institutes at University of Rajshahi.

# Institute of Bangladesh Studies
# Institute of Biological Science
# Institute of Business Administration
# Institute of Education and Research
# Institute of English and Other Languages
# Institute of Environmental Science

==Student life==

===Housing===

The university has 18 residential halls for students, six for women and eleven for men and one International Dormitory. The halls are named after prominent Bangladeshi historical and cultural figures, some of them from Rajshahi. The largest men's hall is Shaheed Habibur Rahman Hall, named after a mathematics professor killed on campus during the 1971 war by the Pakistani Army. The largest women's hall is Monnujan Hall, followed by Begum Rokeya Hall, named after [[Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain]], a leading figure in women's rights activism in Bengal.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

The housing system can accommodate more than 10,000 students, which has created a deepening accommodation crisis as the student body has risen to 25,000.<ref name="BDToday">{{cite web |url=http://www.ru.ac.bd/administration/paper.htm |title=University of Rajshahi |access-date=29 April 2008 |date=5 August 2005 |work=Glorious 52 years |publisher=The Bangladesh Today |archive-date=4 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104001219/http://www.ru.ac.bd/administration/paper.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Apart from the seat limitations, the amenities of these halls do not always meet decent accommodation standards.<ref name="amen_1">{{cite news |author=S.M. Humayun Kabir |newspaper=New Age |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2005/jun/09/met.html |title=Students live with poor amenities at University of Rajshahi |access-date=10 October 2006 |date=5 June 2005 |archive-date=17 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917063621/http://www.newagebd.com/2005/jun/09/met.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> This has led to the establishment of many privately owned off-campus "[[mess]]es". The residential halls provide meals, which are subsidised by the university authorities.

====Names of halls====
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!No
! Name
|-
|01
|Sher-e-Bangla Fazlul Haque Hall
|-
|02
|Shah Makhdum Hall
|-
|03
|Nawab Abdul Latif Hall
|-
|04
|Syed Amir Ali Hall
|-
|05
|Shaheed Shamsuzzoha Hall
|-
|06
|Shaheed Habibur Rahman Hall
|-
|07
|Motihar Hall
|-
|08
|Madar Bux Hall
|-
|09
|Shaheed Sohrawardi Hall
|-
|10
|Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Hall
|-
|11
|Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Hall
|-
|12
|Monnujan Hall
|-
|13
|Begum Rokeya Hall
|-
|14
|Tapashi Rabeya Hall
|-
|15
|Begum Khaleda Zia Hall
|-
|16
|Rahamatunnesa Hall
|-
|17
|Bongomata Sheikh Fazilatun-nesa Hall
|-
|18
|Shaheed Mir Abdul Qauyum Int'l Dormitory
|}

===Activities===

The physical education department of the university has 27 instructors and is equipped with a 25,000-seat stadium, two gymnasiums, one swimming pool, four [[association football|football]] grounds, one hockey ground, four tennis courts, two basketball courts and a squash court.

The Teacher Students Center was designed to be the centre of cultural activities of the university. The reception of fresh students, the celebration of national holidays, and the annual cultural competition are key cultural events at the campus.<ref name="rubpedia" /> The university is home to recitation groups like ''Shwanan'', and drama groups like ''Anushilon'' and the Rajshahi University Drama Association.<ref name="drama_1">{{cite news |newspaper=New Age |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2006/jul/07/met.html |title=53rd founding anniversary of RU observed |access-date=17 March 2007 |date=7 July 2006 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> A vibrant fine arts scene thrives around the Department of Fine Arts, and the campus hosts exhibitions each year. The university has branches of all major national cultural groups, including Udichi and ''Gono Natto Shongstha''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

During the three major national days — [[Language Movement Day]] (21 February), [[Bangladeshi Independence Day|Independence Day]] (26 March) and [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory Day]] (16 December) — the university hosts public meetings, cultural programs and political activities. On these days, students and teachers, going barefoot, congregate around the Shaheed Minar and pay their respect. During the major Muslim religious occasions of [[Muslim holidays|Eid]], the university is usually deserted as students go home to be with their families. Other religiously important days like [[Mid-Sha'ban|Shabe-barat]] are observed through discussions and religious activities. The major Hindu festival celebrated in the university is [[Saraswati Puja]]—[[Saraswati]], the [[goddess]] of knowledge, is worshipped in a central location as well as individually in many residential halls.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} The Bengali new year, ''[[Pohela Baisakh]]'' is also observed with much pomp.<ref name="nobobarsho_1">{{cite news |newspaper=New Age |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2006/apr/16/met.html |title=Grand celebrations in Rajshahi |access-date=10 October 2006 |date=16 April 2006 |archive-date=7 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207175801/http://www.newagebd.com/2006/apr/16/met.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Notable alumni==

{{Main|List of people from University of Rajshahi}}

==Incidents and controversies==
During the 1980s, the four-year honors course took as long as eight years due to the session backlogs, resulting mainly from conflicts between factions of political groups. Since the early 1990s, [[student politics]] has been calmer, with student body elections not being held for more than a decade. The student groups have been demanding elections whereas others feel student politics should be banned.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}

In late 2004 and early 2005, two professors of Rajshahi University were assassinated within three months: Yunus from the Economics department in December 2004<ref>{{cite news |title=90 RU teachers want VC to quit over Taher killing |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2006/mar/04/nat.html |newspaper=New Age |date=4 March 2006 |access-date=28 April 2008 |archive-date=29 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229213416/http://www.newagebd.com/2006/mar/04/nat.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Taher from the Geology and Mining department in February 2005.<ref name="Taher">{{cite news |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=37686 |title=Verdict in RU Prof Taher murder case today |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 May 2008 |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> Both murders were suspected to be driven by political motivations. In 2006, the commander of [[Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh]] admitted to the [[Rapid Action Battalion]] interrogators that his operatives carried out the attack on Yunus, as well as the 2004 attack on writer [[Humayun Azad]], the murder of another writer, bomb blasts, and attacks on cinemas.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 June 2006 |title=JMB also killed writer of Tangail |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/06/05/d6060501128.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref>

Around the same time, a controversy over the hiring of over 500 new employees broke; detractors suggested that they were hired illegally, either in return for money or for political reasons.<ref name="corruption_1">{{cite news |title=Recruitment in RU postponed amid employees' agitation |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/10/08/d6100801127.htm |newspaper=Daily Star |date=8 October 2006 |access-date=10 October 2006}}</ref>

In 2005, [[Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib]], a professor of the Department of Arabic, was arrested on suspicion of militant activities but was acquitted of all charges in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2018 |title=What is the Ahl-e Hadith Movement? |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/03/11/ahl-e-hadith-movement/?fb_comment_id=1755374087852860_2316523325071264 |access-date=17 July 2021 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>

In August 2007, six detained professors of the university were temporarily suspended for their involvement in organizing protests that violated Emergency Power Rules,<ref>{{cite news |title=RU suspends its 6 detained teachers |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-2997 |newspaper=Daily Star |date=24 February 2005 |access-date=10 March 2007}}</ref> though they were discharged later from allegations and returned to the university.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}

In November 2017, a woman student was abducted from the university campus, sparking protests by students demanding her rescue and improved security on the campus.<ref name="protesting_2018_11_18_daily_sun_com">{{cite news |title=Rajshahi University students besiege VC's residence protesting student abduction |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/post/269497/Rajshahi-University-students-besiege-VC%E2%80%99s-residence-protesting-student-abduction |work=Daily Sun |date=18 November 2017}}</ref>

In July 2018, protests and counter-violence erupted at various universities over the "[[Bangladesh Quota Reform Protests 2018|quota reform movement]]," which sought to change the quota system that allocated 56% of Bangladesh government jobs to specific "entitled" classes. Vice-chancellor M. Abdus Sobhan dismissed the quota-reform movement as an "antigovernmental movement with a motive to carry out sabotage."<ref name="rajshahi_police_2018_07_09_thedailystar_net">[https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/rajshahi-police-saw-nothing-1602220 "Rajshahi police saw nothing!"], 9 July 2018 ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|Daily Star]]'', Bangladesh</ref>

The student and quota-reform movement leader Toriqul Islam, and 15 others, were attacked during their protest march, on 2 July 2018, by opposing students. The ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|Daily Star]],'' which filmed the incident, identified 10 of the attackers as leaders and activists of the [[Bangladesh Chhatra League]], a pro-[[Awami League]] (Bangladesh's ruling party) student organization. Video footage and photos published in Bangladeshi media showed BCL men with sticks, bamboo poles, a dagger and a hammer beating Toriqul, who suffered a broken leg and severe head injury. Several police officers standing nearby (unaware the incident was being filmed) did not intervene until the attack was finished, then took the victim to a hospital without arresting any of the attackers, publicly denying it was anything more than a "scuffle." University authorities declined to investigate, for lack of a filed complaint. Images of the attack, distributed on social media, sparked widespread criticism over police and university administration inaction.<ref name="rajshahi_police_2018_07_09_thedailystar_net" /><ref name="injured_quota_protester_2018_07_08_dhaka_tribune">[https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/07/08/injured-quota-reform-activist-tariqul-being-moved-to-dhaka-for-treatment "Injured quota protester Tariqul moved to Dhaka,"] 8 July 2018, ''[[Dhaka Tribune]]''</ref><ref name="quota_reform_activist_2018_07_06_prothomalo_com">[http://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/news/179205/Quota-reform-activist-Toriqul-denied-treatment-in "Quota reform activist Toriqul denied treatment in govt hospital,"] 6 July 2018, ''[[Prothom Alo]]''</ref><ref name="injured_ru_quota_reformist_2018_07_08_prothomalo_com">[http://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/news/179318/Injured-RU-quota-reformist-Tariqul-being-brought "Injured RU quota reformist Toriqul being brought to Dhaka,"] 8 July 2018, ''[[Prothom Alo]]''</ref>

Despite student Toriqul's unresolved major injuries, the university's [[Rajshahi Medical College]] Hospital discharged him 5 July 2018, forcing his doctor to arrange for immediate surgery elsewhere.<ref name="quota_reform_activist_2018_07_06_prothomalo_com" /><ref name="injured_ru_quota_reformist_2018_07_08_prothomalo_com" /><ref name="injured_toriqul_2018_07_09_thedailystar_net">[https://www.thedailystar.net/country/injured-quota-reform-leader-toriqul-islam-being-brought-to-dhaka-from-rajshahi-better-treatment-1601917 "Injured quota reform leader Toriqul Islam being brought to Dhaka,"] 8 July 2018 ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|Daily Star]]'', Bangladesh</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery heights="150">
File:Main gate of university of rajshahi.jpg|Main Gate
File:Paris road rajshahi.JPG|Paris Road
File:Medical Center, University of Rajshahi (1).jpg|Medical Center
File:Rajshahi University Stadium.jpg|Stadium
File:Website Mural RU.jpg|alt=Website Mural|Website Mural
File:Swiming phool, rajshahi university.jpg|Swimming Pool
File:TSCC, University of Rajshahi (1).jpg|TSCC
File:Railline, inside of rajshahi university.jpg|Rail Line
</gallery>

==Affiliated institutions==
===Affiliating national professional academies===
# [[Bangladesh Police Academy]].

===Affiliating non-government engineering tech colleges===
# Abul Hossain College of Engineering, Rangpur
# Advanced Engineering College, Rajshahi
# Ashrai Engineering College, Rajshahi
# BCMC College of Engineering and Technology, Jessore
# Epsilon Engineering College, Rajshahi
# Global Institute of Science and Technology, Rajshahi
# Imperial College of Engineering, Khulna
# KSFL Engineering College, Dinajpur
# Pabna Engineering College, Pabna
# Rajshahi Engineering Science & Technology college, Rajshahi
# Rangpur Engineering College
# South East Engineering College, Khulna
# TMSS Engineering College, Thengamara (Rangpur Road), Bogra
# United B.Sc. Engineering College

===Affiliating non-government agriculture colleges===
# Shaheed Shamsuzzoha Institute of Biosciences, Rajshahi
# International Institute of Applied Science & Technology, Rangpur
# Henry Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Sirajganj
# Anowara College of Bioscience, Dinajpur
# Rajshahi Institute of Biosciences, Rajshahi
# Varendra Institute of Biosciences
# Udayan College of Bioscience & Technology, Rajshahi (UCBT)
# Bhashasoinik Gaziul Haque Institute of Bioscience, Bogura
# Tamaltala Agriculture and Technical College, Natore

===Rajshahi University School===
'''Rajshahi University School and College''' ({{langx|bn|রাজশাহী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্কুল ও কলেজ}}) is a co-educational Bangladeshi school and college located within the southwestern part of the university.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glorious 70 years of Rajshahi University |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=426710 |work=The Daily Observer |date=6 July 2023}}</ref> It was established in 1966. The school has 2,200 students and employs 43 teaching staff.

The school was started in February 1966 on an experimental basis, operating out of Rajshahi University's Mannujan Hall. It began as a primary school up to class II. Each year it was extended by one or two classes until it became a high school. To accommodate the rising number of pupils, it was moved to the Juberi Building.<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=History – Rajshahi University School |url=https://www.ru.ac.bd/ruschool/about-us/ |website=Rajshahi University}}</ref> The university's psychology department took over the school for their research. It was shifted again, this time to the department's former location, the tin-shed. By the mid-1970s, it was called '''The Experimental School'''. The higher secondary section was added in 1983. The school was moved into a concrete building. In 2000, the university's Institute of Educational Research took over the school, which was renamed '''Rajshahi University School'''.<ref name="about" /> By 2024, it had become a school and college under its current name.<ref>{{cite web |title=School & College List |url=https://banbeis.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/banbeis.portal.gov.bd/files/29479d98_ae35_4471_9087_0924aacd88d3/scl_and_clg%20(1).xlsx |website=Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics}}</ref> It has 50 teachers and 2,200 students.<ref name="about" />

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Bangladesh|Education}}
* [[University of Dhaka]]
* [[Jahangirnagar University]]
* [[University of Chittagong]]
* [[List of universities in Bangladesh]]

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |author=University of Rajshahi |year=2006 |title=University of Rajshahi: A Profile |publisher=University of Rajshahi}}.
* {{Cite web |author=University Grant Commission |year=2004 |title=University of Rajshahi |url=http://www.ugc.org/rajsahai_uni.htm |access-date=9 October 2006 |archive-date=1 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901200608/http://www.ugc.org/rajsahai_uni.htm |url-status=dead }}.
* {{Cite web |author=University of Rajshahi |year=2004 |title=University of Rajshahi: Glorious 52 years |url=http://www.ru.ac.bd/administration/paper.htm |access-date=18 March 2007 |archive-date=4 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104001219/http://www.ru.ac.bd/administration/paper.htm |url-status=dead }}.
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* [http://www.ru.ac.bd Official website]

{{University of Rajshahi}}
{{Public Universities of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajshahi (University)}}
[[Category:University of Rajshahi| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1953]]
[[Category:Public universities in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in East Bengal]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Rajshahi]]

Sri Pratap Higher Secondary School

2026-05-04T08:45:48Z

Rolly: made first entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Public school in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sri Pratap Higher Secondary School
| motto = "Ad Athera Tendens"
| established = {{start date and age|1874}}
| type = Public
| affiliation = [[Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education]]
| founders = [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Ranbir Singh]] [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Sir Pratap Singh]]
| principal = Nusrat Bukhari
| dean =
| faculty =
| staff =
| athletics =
| campus = Urban
| nickname =
| location = MA Road, Kothi Bagh, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
| information =
| gender = Boys only
| houses =
| sports = Football, hockey, Cricket, Volleyball etc.
| language = English
}}
'''Sri Pratap Higher Secondary''' is an [[Boys school|all-boys school]] located at M.A. Road, [[Srinagar]]. It is one of the oldest school in Srinagar, locally known as S.P school. It was established in 1874 by the King of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] himself, [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Ranbir Singh]] and is named after his successor [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Sri Pratap Singh]]. The school has risen from ranks starting as a [[Middle school|middIe school]] then a [[Secondary school|high school]] after that becoming a [[higher secondary school]] and being elevated to the status of Model School by the state government. It is a selective school that offers admission on the basis of merit . The school has produced a line of distinguished alumni.<ref>[http://www.iamin.in/en/srinagar/news/kashmir-gets-its-maiden-model-school-srinagar-69814- ]{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/sept-7-commemoration-crdp-felicitates-competitors-awards-winners-86747/|title = Sept 7 Commemoration: CRDP Felicitates Competitors, Awards Winners|date = 7 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/mufti-lauds-teachers-says-their-role-greater-than-parents/|title=Kashmir News, News, Srinagar News, Jammu News, Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir, Risng Kashmir, Kashmir Newspaper|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-date=19 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919214644/http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/mufti-lauds-teachers-says-their-role-greater-than-parents/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/search?q=presentation+convent&rlz=1C1CHVO_en-GBIN553IN554&oq=presentation+convent&aqs=chrome.0.0l6.4400j1j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#|title = Presentation convent - Google Search}}</ref>

==History==
Sri Pratap Higher Secondary School has history of 147 years. The school was established in 1874. [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]] was the first [[Dogras|Dogra]] ruler who took interest in the advancement of education in the State of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. In 1874, two schools were opened in the twin cities of Jammu and Srinagar. The schools were named as Ranbir High School Jammu and Srinagar Middle School. The Srinagar Middle School taught primary subjects of Sanskrit and Persian, however not as a regular system. The subjects were taught in the same way as in [[Maktab (education)|Maktab]]s and Chat halls. There was a separate department of teaching Arabic to Muslim students. In 1883 there were 450 boys on its roll.

It was with the advent of the reign of Sri [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1885 AD that modern education in the State took shape. Dr. A.K. Mitra (Superintendent of Schools) known as the father of education in Kashmir, zealously worked for the upliftment of [[Kashmiris]] and raised the status of Srinagar Schools to a full-fledged Anglo Vernacular School, introducing English and imparting instructions according to [[Panjab University]] Curriculum. In 1891, the school was raised the status of Srinagar High School and was later on called Sri Pratap High School.
[[File:Commerce & Arts Block.JPG|thumb|The Commerce Block|alt=]]
In 1912 AD S.P. School was reorganized and a postgraduate was appointed as the Head Master along with two trained graduates as teaching assistants. In 1913-1914 provision of teaching [[science]] and drawing subjects was introduced in the school. Later in 1921 [[Physical Education]] was introduced with accompaniment of music. In 1949-50 AD Mr. M.M. Kazim, the then Director School Education called a conference on social education and discussed the reorganisation of schools in Jammu & Kashmir state. On the recommendation of the conference, S.P. High School was elevated to S.P. Higher Secondary School as was affiliated to J&K University. At the same time crafts like [[wood carving]], [[paper mache]], [[embroidery]], spinning and weaving were introduced in the school.

In 2015, the school was raised to the status of "Model School" by the State Government, Chief Minister, [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] inaugurated the school as Model School on 14 September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sp-school.in/?page_id=158|title = Welcome to Sri Pratap Higher Secondary School}}</ref>

== List Of Principal Of SP Higher Secondary School ==
{| class="sortable wikitable "
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
|
!Name Of The Principal
! colspan="2" class="sortable" |Period of office
!Length of term
|- align="center"
!1
|
|'''M M Kazim'''
|{{Dts|1969|January|1|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|1971|May|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1969|1|1|1971|5|6}}
|- align="center"
!2
|
|'''Peerzada Gh Rasool'''
|{{Dts|1971|May|6|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|1975|August|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1971|05|06|1975|08|3}}
|- align="center"
!3
|
|'''Gh Ali Salmani'''
|3 August 1975
|12 August 1978
|{{ayd|1975|8|3|1978|8|12}}
|- align="center"
!4
|
|'''Peerzada Gh Mohammad'''
|12 August 1978
|5 July 1982
|{{ayd|1978|8|12|1982|7|5}}
|- align="center"
!5
|
|'''Ali Mohammad Mir'''
|5 July 1982
|8 February 1988
|{{ayd|1982|7|5|1988|2|8}}
|- align="center"
!6
|
|'''Bansi Lal Labroo'''
|8 February 1988
|5 December 1989
|{{ayd|1988|2|8|1989|12|5}}
|- align="center"
!7
|
|'''Muzaffar Ahmad'''
|5 December 1989
|4 December 1991
|{{ayd|1989|12|5|1991|12|4}}
|- align="center"
!8
|
|'''Mohammad Siddiq Beigh'''
|4 December 1991
|2 February 1993
|{{ayd|1991|12|4|1993|2|2}}
|- align="center"
!9
|
|'''Mohammad Asim Qadri'''
|2 February 1993
|14 July 1994
|{{ayd|1993|2|2|1994|7|14}}
|- align="center"
!10
|
|'''Abdul Hamid Qadri'''
|14 July 1994
|8 September 1995
|{{ayd|1994|7|14|1995|8|8}}
|- align="center"
!11
|
|'''Gh Rasool Wani'''
|8 September 1995
|5 May 2000
|{{ayd|1995|9|8|2000|5|5}}
|- align="center"
!12
|
|'''Syed Qasim'''
|5 May 2000
|12 December 2002
|{{ayd|2000|5|5|2002|12|12}}
|- align="center"
!13
|
|'''Irshad Anwar'''
|12 December 2002
|2 November 2006
|{{ayd|2002|12|12|2006|11|2}}
|- align="center"
!14
|
|'''Gh Hussain Malik'''
|2 November 2006
|30 December 2007
|{{ayd|2006|11|2|2007|12|30}}
|- align="center"
!15
|
|'''Abdul Khaliq Dar'''
|1 January 2008
|1 January 2011
|{{ayd|2008|1|1|2011|1|1}}
|- align="center"
!16
|
|'''Bashir Ahmad Darzi'''
|1 January 2011
|5 May 2014
|{{ayd|2011|1|1|2014|5|5}}
|- align="center"
!17
|
|'''Javaid Ahmad Darzi'''
|5 May 2014
|8 June 2015
|{{ayd|2014|5|5|2015|6|8}}
|- align="center"
!18
|
|'''Riyaz Ahmad Darzi'''
|8 June 2015
|14 March 2016
|{{ayd|2015|6|8|2016|3|14}}
|- align="center"
!19
|
|'''Afifa Syed Qureshi'''
|14 March 2016
|8 March 2017
|{{ayd|2016|3|14|2017|3|8}}
|- align="center"
!20
|
|'''Riyaz Ahmad Siddiqi'''
|8 March 2017
|1 June 2021
|{{ayd|2017|3|8|2021|6|1}}
|- align="center"
!21
|
|'''Nisar Ahmad Ahanger'''
|1 June 2021
|[[Incumbent]]
|{{age in years and days|2021|6|1}}
|- align="center"
|}

==Location==
The school is situated at M.A Road, Kothi Bagh, central area of [[Srinagar]] city in the capital of Jammu and Kashmir.

==Departments==
The school has four departments. The activities of the departments are looked over by Heads Of Departments.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Departments
|-
| Humanities
|-
| Commerce
|-
| Science
|}

==Houses==
* [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal House]]
* [[Mahjoor|Mehjoor House]]
* [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Shah-I-Hamdan House]]
* [[Nund Rishi|Sheikh Ul Alam House]]

==Laboratory==
The school has laboratory facilities for [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]], [[Botany]], [[Zoology]], [[Biotechnology]] and [[Biochemistry]].

==Smart class==
The school has established two smart class rooms with internet connectivity where in students of all the classes and all streams get chance to learn once in a week according to a time schedule.

==Notable alumni==
*[[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]
*[[Javied Bhat]]{{cn|date=May 2026}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Schools in Srinagar]]

Sarai Kale Khan – Nizamuddin metro station

2026-04-27T08:31:54Z

Rolly:

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Sarai Kale Khan – Nizamuddin
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| image =
| style = Delhi Metro
| address =
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other = {{ric|RapidX}} {{stl|RapidX|Sarai Kale Khan}} {{ric|Indian Railways}} {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} {{rint|bus|1}} [[Sarai Kale Khan ISBT]]
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] {{font color|pink|Platform 1}} → "-" Circular Line {{font color|pink|Platform 2}} → "+" Circular Line
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| opened = {{start date and age|2018|12|31|df=yes}}
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
| zone =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Pink|left=Ashram|right=Mayur Vihar-I}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Sarai Kale Khan – Nizamuddin''' is a metro station under [[Delhi Metro]] serving the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nizamuddin-stn-ready-for-metro-link/articleshow/67201403.cms|title=Delhi: Nizamuddin station ready for metro link|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It became operational on 31 December 2018, as a part of [[Delhi Metro#Phase III|Phase III]] of Delhi Metro's expansion, under the name Hazrat Nizamuddin, before being renamed to Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2 Metro stations renamed to clear up riders confusion|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/2-metro-stations-renamed-to-clear-up-riders-confusion.html|access-date=2022-02-23|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref>

As a part of the [[Sarai Kale Khan#SKMMH|Sarai Kale Khan multi-model transport hub]] on the [[Inner Ring Road, Delhi|Inner Ring Road]], the '''Sarai Kale Khan – Nizamuddin metro station''' facilitates the transfer between the [[Sarai Kale Khan Inter-State Bus Terminus|Sarai Kale Khan ISBT]], [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]], [[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station]], and the [[High-speed rail in India|Sarai Kale Khan HSR interchange]] on the [[Delhi–Kolkata high-speed rail corridor]] and [[Delhi–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]], as well as the suburbs in its vicinity, the eponymous [[Sarai Kale Khan]] (Birsa Munda Chowk), [[Nizamuddin East]], and [[Nizamuddin West]].

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|'''C'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Concourse
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Anticlockwise'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|"-" Circular Line (Anticlockwise) Via: [[Mayur Vihar-I metro station|Mayur Vihar-I]], [[Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar metro station|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar]], [[Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake metro station|Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake]], [[IP Extension metro station|IP Extension]], [[Anand Vihar metro station|Anand Vihar]], [[Karkarduma metro station|Karkarduma]], [[Welcome metro station|Welcome]], [[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur - Babarpur]], [[Yamuna Vihar metro station|Yamuna Vihar]], [[Bhajanpura metro station|Bhajanpura]], [[Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar metro station|Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar]], [[Jagatpur - Wazirabad metro station|Jagatpur - Wazirabad]], [[Burari metro station|Burari]], [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]], [[Azadpur metro station|Azadpur]], [[Shalimar Bagh metro station|Shalimar Bagh]], [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]], [[Punjabi Bagh West metro station|Punjabi Bagh West]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Mayur Vihar-I}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Clockwise'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="500" |"+" Circular Line (Clockwise) Via: [[Ashram metro station|Ashram]], [[Vinobapuri metro station|Vinobapuri]], [[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]], [[South Extension metro station|South Extension]], [[Dilli Haat - INA metro station|Dilli Haat - INA]], [[Sarojini Nagar metro station|Sarojini Nagar]], [[Bhikaji Cama Place metro station|Bhikaji Cama Place]], [[Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh metro station|Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh]], [[Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus]], [[Delhi Cantonment metro station|Delhi Cantt.]], [[Naraina Vihar metro station|Naraina Vihar]], [[Mayapuri metro station|Mayapuri]], [[Rajouri Garden metro station|Rajouri Garden]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Ashram}}
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Inner Ring Road, Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[South Delhi]]
*[[Sarai Kale Khan]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Hazrat+Nizamuddin/@28.5893087,77.256274,315m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x390ce30f4b60df1b:0xd434e586f7b0ac81!2sHazrat+Nizamuddin!8m2!3d28.5880776!4d77.2532422!3m4!1s0x390ce30e85a200c3:0xdb2ac9385fa181c7!8m2!3d28.5893558!4d77.2571287|title= Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|pink line=yes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin metro station}}
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in South East Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}

P. K. Banerjee (diplomat)

2026-04-18T00:09:58Z

Rolly: put up new article w/ sources

{{short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{For|the footballer|P. K. Banerjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = P. K. Banerjee
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption = Ambassador Banerjee
| alt = P. K. Banerjee
| office = [[Chargé d'affaires]] to [[China]]
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1962
| prime_minister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor = [[Ratan Kumar Nehru]]
| successor = [[Jagat Singh Mehta]]
| office2 = Indian High Commissioner to [[Kenya]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1966
| predecessor2 = Prem Krishen
| successor2 = [[:es:Prem Narain Bhatia]]
| office3 = 1st Indian ambassador to [[Costa Rica]]
| term_start3 = 1968
| term_end3 = 1969
| prime_minister3 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = Vishnu Kalyandas Ahuja
| office4 = Indian ambassador to [[Thailand]]
| term_start4 = 1969
| term_end4 = 1971
| predecessor4 = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| successor4 = [[Romesh Bhandari]]
| office5 = 6th [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations|Indian permanent representative]] to the [[United Nations Office at Geneva]]
| term_start5 = August 1971
| term_end5 = August 1973
| prime_minister5 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| predecessor5 = Natarajan Krishnan
| successor5 = [[Brajesh Mishra]]
| birth_date = 7 December 1917
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| death_date = 2003
}}
'''Purnendu Kumar Banerjee'''<ref name=blcat /> (7 December 1917 – 2003) was Indian Chargé d'affaires in [[Beijing]] during the India-China border conflict, also called the [[Sino-Indian War]]. He wrote a short book on his encounters with [[Zhou En Lai]] (1898–1976). Banerjee was a recipient of the 1963 [[Padma Shri]] award, India's fourth highest civilian award. In 1969, he became India's first ambassador to [[Costa Rica]].<ref name="Banerjee2002">{{cite book|author=Purnendu Kumar Banerjee|title=Assignment Americas: perspective of a partnership in values|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjZuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=12 May 2013|year=2002|publisher=Bibhasa|isbn=978-81-87337-15-7|page=196}}</ref> He was the sixth Ambassador in the Permanent Mission of India to the UN Office in Geneva.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Ambassadors - Permanent Mission of India to the UN, Geneva|url=http://pmindiaun.org/pages.php?id=882|publisher=Permanent Mission of India to UN, Geneva|accessdate=12 May 2013|archive-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616062142/http://pmindiaun.org/pages.php?id=882|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
*{{cite book |last=Banerjee | first=Purnendu Kumar |title=My Peking memoirs of the Chinese invasion of India
| year= 1990 | place=New Delhi | publisher=Clarion Books}}<ref name=blcat>[http://catalogue.bl.uk/F/?func=full-set-set&set_number=150038&set_entry=000001&format=999 British Library Catalogue record for ''My Peking memoirs'']</ref>
*{{cite book | last=Banerjee | first=Purnendu Kumar | title= Assignment Americas: perspective of a partnership in values | year=2002 | place=Kolkata | publisher = Bibhasa}} <ref name=worldcat>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/052107032 Worldcat record for ''Assignment Americas'']</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/lccn-n89-144181 P. K. Banerjee publications information] from [[WorldCat]]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Civil Service}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, P K}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Thailand]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Kenya]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the United Nations in Geneva]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian War]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in civil service]]

{{India-diplomat-stub}}

Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-13T10:31:28Z

Rolly:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Machhlishahr {{Small|UP-74}}
|state=[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|latest_election_year=[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|mp=[[Priya Saroj]]
|incumbent_image = File:Priya Saroj MP.jpg
|party=[[Samajwadi Party]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Machhlishahr.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency
|assembly_cons=[[Machhlishahr Assembly constituency|Machhlishahr]] [[Mariyahu Assembly constituency|Mariyahu]] [[Zafrabad Assembly constituency|Zafrabad]] [[Kerakat Assembly constituency|Kerakat]] [[Pindra Assembly constituency|Pindra]]
|reservation=SC
|established=1962
}}
'''[[Machhlishahr]]''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Machhlishar Loksabha is combined of Jaunpur And Varanasi districts.

==Assembly constituency==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|369
|[[Machhlishahr Assembly constituency|Machhlishahr]] (SC)
| rowspan="4" |[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|[[Ragini Sonkar]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|370
|[[Mariyahu Assembly constituency|Mariyahu]]
|[[R.K. Patel]]
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|371
|[[Zafrabad Assembly constituency|Zafrabad]]
| [[Jagdish Narayan (politician)| Jagdish Narayan]]
|{{party name with color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|372
|[[Kerakat Assembly constituency|Kerakat]] (SC)
|[[Tufani Saroj]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|384
|[[Pindra Assembly constituency|Pindra]]
|[[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
|[[Avadhesh Singh|Avadhesh Kumar Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Machhlishahr (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Machhlishahr Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/machhlishahr.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Ganapat Ram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Nageshwar Dwivedi]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Raj Keshar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Sheo Sharan Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Sripati Mishra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Sheo Sharan Verma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Ram Vilas Vedanti]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Chinmayanand (politician)|Swami Chinmayanand]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|Chandra Nath Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Umakant Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Tufani Saroj]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Ram Charitra Nishad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[B. P. Saroj]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Priya Saroj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
<section begin="Lok Sabha Election Results 2024"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Machhlishahr<ref name="Machhlishahr Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Machhlishahr Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/machhlishahr |accessdate=17 June 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617141654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/machhlishahr |archivedate=17 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Machhlishahr">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Machhlishahr |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2474.htm |accessdate=17 June 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617141616/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2474.htm |archivedate=17 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Priya Saroj]]|votes=451292|percentage= 42.57|change={{increase}}39.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[B. P. Saroj]]|votes=415,442|percentage=39.19|change={{decrease}}8.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Kripa Shankar Saroj
|votes =157,291
|percentage =14.84
|change ={{decrease}}32.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=9,303|percentage=0.88|change={{increase}}0.17}}
{{Election box majority||votes=35,850|percentage=3.38|change={{increase}}3.36}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,60,063|percentage=54.63|change={{decrease}}1.36}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Samajwadi Party
|loser =BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}} <section end="Lok Sabha Election Results 2024"/>

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2474.htm

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Machhlishahr]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Machhlishahr Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/machhlishahr-lok-sabha |website=resultuniversity.com |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref><ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[B. P. Saroj]]
|votes = 488,397
|percentage = 47.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Tribhuvan Ram]]
|votes = 488,216
|percentage = 47.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Raj Nath
|votes = 11,223
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 10,830
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 181
|percentage = 0.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1034,925
|percentage = 55.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Machhlishahr]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ram Charitra Nishad]]
|votes = 4,38,210
|percentage = 43.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[B. P. Saroj]]
|votes = 2,66,055
|percentage = 26.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Tufani Saroj]]
|votes = 1,91,387
|percentage = 19.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tufani Nishad
|votes = 36,275
|percentage = 3.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Subas Chandra
|votes = 18,777
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 8,448
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,72,155
|percentage = 17.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,97,902
|percentage = 52.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Machhlishahr]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/machhlishahr/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Machhlishahr lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Varanasi division topics}}

{{Coord|25.69|82.41|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Jaunpur district]]

Rachel Sassoon Ezra

2026-04-10T19:22:37Z

Rolly: put up some data from scratch

{{short description|Indian philanthropist (1877–1952)}}
{{about|the Indian philanthropist|her great-aunt, the Indian-born British journalist|Rachel Beer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rachel Sassoon Ezra
| image = LADY RACHEL EZRA (NÉE SASSOON) (sq cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = photographer and date unknown
| other_names =
| birth_name = Rachel Sassoon
| birth_date = 18 May 1877
| birth_place = Bombay
| death_date = {{death date and age|1952|01|25|1877|05|18|df=y}}
| death_place = Calcutta
| occupation = Philanthropist, community leader
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) = [[David Elias Ezra]]
| parents = [[Solomon David Sassoon]], [[Flora Sassoon]]
| relatives = [[Sassoon family]]
}}

'''Rachel Sassoon Ezra''' (18 May 1877 – 25 January 1952), known as '''Lady Ezra''', was an Indian philanthropist and community leader, a member of the [[Sassoon family]], and wife of banker [[David Elias Ezra]].

== Early life ==
Rachel Sassoon was born in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], the daughter of Sir [[Solomon David Sassoon (1841–1894)|Solomon David Sassoon]] and [[Flora Sassoon|Flora Gubbay Sassoon]]. She was part of the [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi Jewish]] community, a member of the noted Sassoon family; her father was a prominent businessman and philanthropist; her grandfather was [[David Sassoon (treasurer)|David Sassoon]] and her great-grandfather was [[Albert Sassoon]]. Her younger brother was [[David Solomon Sassoon]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weil|first=Shalva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05mfDwAAQBAJ&q=Rachel+Sassoon+Ezra|title=The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity|date=2019-06-28|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-53387-7|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Lady Ezra.jpg|thumb|left|c. 1936]]
Rachel Sassoon lived in England as a young woman, and helped her widowed mother run her late father's business in India, from 1894 until 1902. As Lady Ezra, she was president of the Jewish Women's League of Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Las|first=Nelly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mmUqAAAAYAAJ&q=Rachel+Sassoon+Ezra|title=Jewish Women in a Changing World: A History of the International Council of Jewish Women (ICJW), 1899-1995|date=1996|publisher=Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry|isbn=978-965-90054-1-3|pages=188|language=en}}</ref> She was active with the [[Countess of Dufferin Fund]], the Lady Minto Nursing Association, the All-Bengal Women's Union, the Bombay Women's Work Guild, and the National Council of Women in India. She was commissioner of [[Girl Guides]] for Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kabadi Waman P.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523178|title=Indian Who's Who 1937-38|date=1937|pages=235|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In 1925, she wrote a travel brochure, ''From Damascus to Baghdad: A Trip Across the Syrian Desert''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goldstein-Sabbah|first=S. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Rachel+Ezra%22+Calcutta&pg=PA87|title=Baghdadi Jewish Networks in the Age of Nationalism|date=2021-05-25|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-46056-0|pages=87–88|language=en}}</ref> In 1938, she wrote a greeting to the members of the [[Parliament of the World's Religions]], when the group met in Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1951-08-24|title=Hobart Hebrew Congregation|page=87|work=Australian Jewish News|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article261754780|access-date=2021-11-28|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

During both [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], she opened her home to host Jewish servicemen and women while they were based in Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Roland|first1=Joan G.|last2=Gubbay|first2=Tamar Marge|title=Baghdadi Jewish Women in India|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/baghdadi-jewish-women-in-india|access-date=2021-11-28|website=Jewish Women's Archive|language=en}}</ref> The British government awarded her the gold [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ram|first=Sharmila Ganesan|date=1 November 2020|title=Indian artefacts in NYC Sotheby's Sassoon auction|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/indian-artefacts-in-nyc-sothebys-sassoon-auction/articleshow/78978429.cms|access-date=2021-11-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In 1951, she donated a Sephardic [[Sefer Torah]] to the [[Hobart Synagogue]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1951-08-17|title=Special Services In Hobart|work=Australian Jewish Herald|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article261422201|access-date=2021-11-28|via=[[Trove]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1951-08-24|title=Hobart Hebrew Congregation|work=Australian Jewish News|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article261754780|access-date=2021-11-28|via=[[Trove]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ehrlich|first=Mark Avrum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoPZu79hqaEC&dq=%22Rachel+Ezra%22+Calcutta&pg=PA527|title=Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture|date=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-873-6|pages=527|language=en}}</ref> "She was distinguished for her philanthropy and social service, and achieved communal and national recognition in these spheres," summed Percy Sassoon Gourgey in a 1953 memorial tribute.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gourgey|first=Percy Sassoon|date=1953|title=India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23604477|journal=The American Jewish Year Book|volume=54|pages=421|jstor=23604477|issn=0065-8987}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rachel Sassoon married banker and community leader Sir [[David Elias Ezra]] in 1912. "The marriage of Rachel and David Ezra represented the coming together of India's two most powerful Jewish families," commented historian Elizabeth E. Imber in a 2018 article.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Imber|first=Elizabeth E.|date=2018|title=A Late Imperial Elite Jewish Politics: Baghdadi Jews in British India and the Political Horizons of Empire and Nation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jewisocistud.23.2.03|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=23|issue=2|pages=48–85|doi=10.2979/jewisocistud.23.2.03|jstor=10.2979/jewisocistud.23.2.03|s2cid=158380996|issn=0021-6704|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Her husband died in 1947, and she died in 1952, aged 74 years, in Calcutta. The Rachel and David Ezra Archive is part of the Sassoon Family Archive at the [[National Library of Israel]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fonds 05: Rachel and David Ezra Archive|url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/archives/NNL_ARCHIVE_AL990050546650205171/NLI|access-date=2021-11-28|website=National Library of Israel|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rachel Sassoon Ezra}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Baghdadi Jews]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Sassoon family]]
[[Category:Ezra family (Calcutta)]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Jews]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jews]]

Barsi North Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:18:08Z

Rolly: New Data - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barsi North
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 55,197
| mla = Deshmukh Narsing Tatya
| party = {{Party index link|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Barsi North Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Deshmukh Narsing Tatya || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Barsi North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Narsing Tatya |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,462 |percentage = 43.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Supekar Mahadeo Shankar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,849 |percentage = 27.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Zadbuke Ganpat Ramling |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,020 |percentage = 22.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dambre Krishna Bandu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,937 |percentage = 5.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,613 |percentage = 15.92% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,268 |percentage = 63.89% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,268}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,197 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Mauryas of Puri

2026-04-07T20:06:25Z

Rolly: Adding The Post Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian dynasty}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
<mapframe text="Inscriptions attributed to Maurya kings or their feudatories" width="200" height="338" zoom="6" longitude="72.295532" latitude="18.130191">
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</mapframe>
The '''Maurya''' dynasty ruled the coastal [[Konkan]] region in present-day Goa and Maharashtra states of India, between the 4th and the 7th centuries.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1995|p=52}}{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=77}} Their capital was '''Puri''', which is variously identified as [[Gharapuri]] (Elephanta), [[Salsette Island|Salsette]], or [[Rajpuri, Raigad|Rajapuri]].{{sfn|Charles D. Collins|1998|p=12}} The dynasty is known only from a few records, and there is very little clarity on its genealogy, chronology, territory, administration and political status.{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|p=250}}

== Origin and chronology ==
Historian [[D.C. Sircar]] (1942) theorized that the Mauryas of Konkana and the [[Mori Kingdom|Mauryas of Rajasthan]] "apparently" claimed descent from the [[Maurya Empire|imperial Maurya]] prince-viceroys of [[Ujjayini]] and [[Kanakagiri|Suvarnagiri]].{{sfn|D.C. Sircar|1942|p=512}} Later writers have repeated this theory,{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|p=254}} although no concrete evidence of imperial Maurya rule has been discovered in the Goa region.{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|p=249}}

=== Northern Konkan ===
The 400 CE [[Vada, Palghar|Vada]] inscription from the reign of the Maurya king Suketu-varman, dated to the [[Shaka era|Shaka]] year 322, suggests that the Mauryas ruled the northern Konkan region in present-day Maharashtra at the end of the 4th century.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1995|p=52}} Historian [[Ajay Mitra Shastri]] theorizes that Suketavarman was probably a [[Traikutaka]] vassal,{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1995|p=52}} while historian V.T. Gune theorizes that the Mauryas were probably [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri]] vassals.{{sfn|V.T. Gune|1990|p=122}}

According to one theory, the Maurya capital Puri was located on the [[Elephanta Island]].{{sfn|Charles D. Collins|1998|p=12}} As early as 1322 CE, European visitors mention the name Porus or Pori, referring to a king or a city, and identifying it with the Elephanta Island or the nearby [[Thane]]. Gharapuri, another name for the island, is attested in a book by Edward Moor (1810).{{sfn|Charles D. Collins|1998|pp=11-12}} The names of Morbandar or Moreh-bandar ("Mor or Maurya [[bandar (port)|port]]") and Raj-bandar ("royal port"), two small villages on the Island, may be relics of the Maurya rule on the island.{{sfn|S.S. Rao et al.|2001|p=90}}{{sfn|Charles D. Collins|1998|p=12}} Historian S.J. Mangalam has attributed some lead coins discovered on the Elephanta Island to the Mauryas, although numismatist [[P. L. Gupta]] has disputed this.{{sfn|S.J. Mangalam|1993|p=237}} Some scholars dispute the identification of Puri with Elephanta, arguing that the island is too small and of uneven terrain to support a capital city, and that the archaeological remains found there are mainly religious in nature.{{sfn|Charles D. Collins|1998|p=12}}

=== Southern Konkan ===
During 6th-7th century, the Mauryas seem to have extended their rule to southern Konkan (the present-day northern Goa), where the [[Bhoja dynasty|Bhojas]] may have been their feudatories.{{sfn|V.T. Gune|1990|p=122}} Inscriptions of kings Anirjita-varman and Chandra-varman, who ruled from the Kumara-dwipa island (modern [[Cumbarjua]]), have been discovered in this area.{{sfn|V.T. Gune|1990|p=122}} Historians have dated these inscriptions to 5th-6th century on palaeographical grounds.{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|p=254}} The dynasty of these kings is not certain, with some historians identifying them as Mauryas,{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|p=254}} while others identifying them as Bhojas.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=3}} For example, Chandravarman's inscription is fragmentary and only few letters are visible in the first line. D.C. Sircar, who read these letters as "māryya", comments that they could have formed another word or a part of another word, including "...m āryya", "mauryya", or "praṇayinā".{{sfn|D.C. Sircar|1942|p=512}}

== Inscriptions ==

The [[Vada, Palghar|Vada]] stone inscription, issued during the reign of Suketu-varman, refers to the construction of Hindu temples such as Koteshvara (or Kotishvara), Vasishtheshvara, and Siddheshvara at Vataka (modern Vada).{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1995|p=60}} For example, it states that Simha-datta, the son of Kumara-datta, installed an image of the god Kotishvara.{{sfn|Charles D. Collins|1998|p=12}} No remains of these temples exist now, although the ''[[Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency]]'' records the existence of an old temple at Vada in the 19th century.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1995|p=60}}

The Bandora (Bandiwade) [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper-plate inscription]] of Anirjita-varman records the grant of tax-exempt land in Dvadasa-desha (modern [[Bardez]]) to Hastyarya, a learned [[Samaveda|Samavedi]] [[Brahmin]] of Hariti ''[[gotra]]''.{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|p=254}}{{sfn|V.T. Gune|1990|p=122}}
[[File:Anirjitavarman Bandora Plate Edict.jpg|thumb|Copper plate inscription of Anirjitavarman Maurya, Bandora, Goa]]
The grant included one ''hala'' (a unit) of ''khajjana'' coastal wetland. The donee was expected to convert this wetland into a cultivated field by constructing a [[bunding|bund]] to prevent the salty [[sea water]] from entering the land. In addition, the grant included some forest land, which the donee was expected to convert into a field by employing four batches of workers to clear the forest.{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|p=254}} The king also granted the donee some land previously belonging to an unnamed [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]], with a garden, an irrigation tank, and a site for building a house.{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|pp=254-255}} The grant addresses the residents of a ''desh'' (an administrative unit comprising 12 villages) and officials of the present and the future.{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|p=254}} This suggests that the donee held considerable power in the village administration.{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|p=255}}

The Shiroda copper-plate inscription of Chandra-varman records the grant of a land to a Buddhist ''maha-vihara'' at Shivapura (modern [[Shiroda, Goa|Shiroda]]).{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|p=254}}

== Economy ==

Chalukya records describe the Maurya capital Puri as the "Goddess of the fortune of western ocean", suggesting that they were a local [[maritime power]].{{sfn|V.T. Gune|1990|p=123}} The Maurya economy apparently featured both sea trade and inalnd trade. There is some evidence of customs posts set up at Tana (near [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]), [[Curdi]], and [[Cortalim]]. However, there is not enough historical data to quantify or analyze such trade in detail.{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|p=255}}

Agriculture was likely an important revenue base for the state, as the contemporary inscriptions refer to reclamation of coastal wetlands and forests for agriculture. The inscriptions attest to the existence of the ''khajjana'' system (later known as ''[[Khazan system|khazan]]''), which involved construction of embankments to prevent the sea water from entering the coastal paddy fields.{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|pp=254-255}} The kings made land grants to the [[Brahmins]], who legitimized their royal status in return.{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|p=257}}

== Decline ==

The Maurya rule likely ended as a result of [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Chalukya]] invasions from the south. The [[Aihole inscription]] of the Chalukya king [[Pulakeshin II]] describes his father [[Kirttivarman I]] (r. c. 566–592) as "the night of doom" for the Mauryas and other dynasties.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=39}} The Chalukya records suggest that Kirttivarman defeated the Mauryas and appointed a new governor for the former Maurya territory.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=42}} Bhojas, the former vassals of the Mauryas, may have accepted the Chalukya suzerainty.{{sfn|V.T. Gune|1990|p=123}}

The Mauryas probably continued to hold power as Chalukya vassals during the reign of Kirttivarman's brother and successor [[Mangalesha]], but declared independence during the Chalukya war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin II. After consolidating his power in southern Deccan, Pulakeshin II successfully besieged the Mauryan capital Puri, ending their rule.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=77}} His Aihole inscription states:{{sfn|Charles D. Collins|1998|p=11}}

{{quote box|In the Konkanas by the impetuous waves of the forces directed by him the rising wavelets of pools in the form of the Mauryas were violently swept away. When, radiant like the destroyer of cities he was subduing Puri, the glory of the western sea, with hundreds of ships in appearance like an array of rutting elephants, the sky, dark-blue like a new lotus and overspread with an army of thick clouds, resembled the sea, and the sea was like the sky.}}

The fact that the Mauryas survived Kirttivarman's invasion and Pulakeshin II required a large force to subdue Puri suggests that the Mauryas were a formidable power before the Chalukya conquest. The 710 CE inscription of the Chalukya vassal Bhogashakti attests to his family's rule over the "Puri-Konkana" country comprising 14,000 villages.{{sfn|Charles D. Collins|1998|p=12}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |editor=A.M. Shastri |editor-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Viśvambharā, Probings in Orientology: Prof. V.S. Pathak Festschrift |volume=1 |year=1995 |publisher=Harman |isbn=978-8185151762 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ0wAQAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Charles D. Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Śiva at Elephanta |year=1998 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791499535 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shgtik9gYnIC}}
* {{cite journal |author=D.C. Sircar |author-link=Dineshchandra Sircar |title=A Note on the Goa Copper-plate Inscription of King Candravarman |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=23 |year=1942 |issue=1/4 |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |pages=510–514 |jstor=44002592 }}
* {{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}
* {{cite journal |author1=N. Shyam Bhat |author2=Nagendra Rao |title=History of Goa with Special Reference to its Feudal Features |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=40 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=249–266 |doi=10.1177/0376983613499680 }}
* {{cite journal |author=S.J. Mangalam |title=Note on The Coins From Elephanta : Coins of The Konkan Mauryas? |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |volume=53 |year=1993 |pages=237–241 |jstor=42936444 }}
* {{cite book |author1=S.S. Rao |author2=A.S. Gaur |author3=Sila Tripathi |chapter=Exploration of an ancient port: Elephanta Island (Bombay) |editor1=A. V. Narasimha Murthy |editor2=C.T.M. Kotraiah |title=Hemakuta: Recent Researches in Archaeology and Museology |year=2001 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=9788186050668 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VWtcQAACAAJ |ref={{harvid|S.S. Rao et al.|2001}} }}
* {{cite book |author=V.T. Gune |chapter=Goa's Coastal and Overseas Trade from the Earliest Times till 1510 A.D. |editor=Teotonio R. De Souza |editor-link=Teotónio de Souza |title=Goa Through the Ages: An Economic History |volume=2 |year=1990 |publisher=Concept |isbn=9788170222590 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:History of Goa]]
[[Category:Konkan]]

Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading

2026-04-05T18:50:37Z

Rolly: put up a data from scratch

{{Short description|British politician (1860–1935)}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Most Honourable]]
| name = The Marquess of Reading
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|GCSI|GCIE|GCVO|PC}}
| image = Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading in 1917.jpg
| caption = Reading in 1917
| order = [[Leader of the House of Lords]]
| term_start = 25 August 1931
| term_end = 5 November 1931
| prime_minister = [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| predecessor = [[Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor|The Lord Parmoor]]
| successor = [[Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham|The Viscount Hailsham]]
| order1 = [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start1 = 25 August 1931
| term_end1 = 5 November 1931
| prime_minister1 = [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| predecessor1 = [[Arthur Henderson]]
| successor1 = [[Sir John Simon]]
| order2 = [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]
| term_start2 = 2 April 1921
| term_end2 = 3 April 1926
| monarch2 = [[George V]]
| prime_minister2 = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|[[David Lloyd George]] [[Bonar Law]] [[Stanley Baldwin]] [[Ramsay MacDonald]]}}
| predecessor2 = [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|The Lord Chelmsford]]
| successor2 = [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|The Lord Irwin]]
| office3 = [[Lord Chief Justice of England]]
| term_start3 = 21 October 1913
| term_end3 = 8 March 1921
| appointer3 = [[George V]]
| predecessor3 = [[Richard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone|The Viscount Alverstone]]
| successor3 = [[Alfred Lawrence, 1st Baron Trevethin|The Lord Trevethin]]
| order4 = [[Attorney General for England and Wales]]
| term_start4 = 7 October 1910
| term_end4 = 19 October 1913
| prime_minister4 = [[H. H. Asquith]]
| predecessor4 = [[William Robson, Baron Robson|Sir William Robson]]
| successor4 = [[Sir John Simon]]
| order5 = [[Solicitor General for England and Wales]]
| term_start5 = 6 March 1910
| term_end5 = 7 October 1910
| prime_minister5 = [[H. H. Asquith]]
| predecessor5 = [[Samuel Thomas Evans|Sir Samuel Evans]]
| successor5 = [[Sir John Simon]]
| office8 = Member of the [[House of Lords]] [[Lord Temporal]]
| term_start8 = 9 January 1914
| term_end8 = 30 December 1935 [[Hereditary Peerage]]
| predecessor8 = ''[[Marquess of Reading|Peerage created]]''
| successor8 = [[Gerald Isaacs, 2nd Marquess of Reading|The 2nd Marquess of Reading]]
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Reading (UK Parliament constituency)|Reading]]
| term_start9 = 6 August 1904
| term_end9 = 19 October 1913
| predecessor9 = [[George William Palmer (England)|George William Palmer]]
| successor9 = [[Leslie Orme Wilson]]
| birth_name = Rufus Daniel Isaacs
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1860|10|10}}
| birth_place = [[Tower Hamlets]], [[County of London|London]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1935|12|30|1860|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mayfair]], [[County of London|London]], England
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| education = [[University College School]]
| profession = Lawyer, jurist, politician
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Alice Edith Cohen]]|1887|1930|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|[[Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading|Stella Charnaud]] |1931}}
}}
| children = [[Gerald Isaacs, 2nd Marquess of Reading]]
}}
'''Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading''' (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935), known as '''the Earl of Reading''' from 1917 to 1926, was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as [[Lord Chief Justice of England]],<ref name=EB1922>{{Cite EB1922 |wstitle=Reading, Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Earl of |volume=32 |page=255}}</ref> [[Viceroy of India]], and [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Foreign Secretary]], the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the first being [[Herbert Samuel]],<ref>Although Samuel's religious views were generally considered to be atheist, he remained an observant Jew to please his wife: see {{cite ODNB|last=Wasserstein|first=Bernard|title=Samuel, Herbert Louis|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35928?docPos=1|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35928|access-date=22 March 2014}} Isaacs could be considered the first ''believing'' Jew to be a member of the Cabinet.</ref> who was also a member of [[H. H. Asquith]]'s government), Isaacs was the first Jewish [[Lord Chief Justice]], and the first [[British Jew]] to become a [[Marquesses in the United Kingdom|marquess]].

==Early life==
Rufus Isaacs was born at 3 Bury Street, in the parish of [[St Mary Axe]], London, the son of a Jewish fruit importer at [[Spitalfields]].<ref name = "IsaacsODNB">{{Cite ODNB|id=34119|title=Isaacs, Rufus Daniel, first marquess of Reading}}</ref> He was educated at [[University College School]]<ref name=EB1922/> and then entered the family business at the age of 15. In 1876–77 he served as a ship's boy and later worked as a [[Stockjobber|jobber]] on the [[London Stock Exchange|stock-exchange]] from 1880 to 1884.

== Legal career ==
[[File:Rufus Isaacs, Vanity Fair, 1904-02-18.jpg|thumb|Isaacs caricatured by [[Leslie Ward|Spy]] for [[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|''Vanity Fair'']], 1904]]
Isaacs was admitted as a student to the [[Middle Temple]] in 1885, and was [[called to the Bar]] in 1887.<ref>''[[The Concise Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, 1992.</ref> He set up his own chambers at 1 Garden Court, Temple, and was very successful; within five years he was able to repay his creditors, and after twenty years at the bar earned the enormous sum of £30,000 per year. He was appointed a [[Queen's Counsel]] in 1898, after only ten and half years at the junior bar.

Isaacs mainly practised in the [[Commercial Court (England and Wales)|Commercial Court]], with occasional appearance in the divorce court or at the Old Bailey. Among his famous cases were the defence of ''[[The Star (1888)|The Star]]'' against a charge of libel by Arthur Chamberlain (at the behest of his brother [[Joseph Chamberlain|Joseph]]), the [[Taff Vale case]] (where he appeared for the union), the 1903 [[Brown Dog affair#Bayliss v. Coleridge|''Bayliss v. Coleridge'' libel suit]], the prosecution of the fraudster [[Whitaker Wright]], the defence of [[Edward Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Liverpool|Sir Edward Russell]] on a charge of criminal libel, and that of [[Robert Sievier]] on a charge of blackmail.

As a barrister, Isaacs was a hard worker, rising early to prepare his cases, although he never worked after dinner. His advocacy was calm and forensic, and he was renowned for his style of cross-examination.

==Political career ==
Having earlier contested unsuccessfully North Kensington in 1900, Isaacs entered the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] as the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] member of Parliament (MP) for [[Reading (UK Parliament constituency)|Reading]] at the [[1904 Reading by-election|by-election on 6 August 1904]], a seat he held for nine years until 1913.<ref name=EB1922/>

In 1910, he was appointed [[Solicitor General for England and Wales|solicitor general]] in the government of [[H. H. Asquith]] and received the customary [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]]. After six months, he was appointed [[Attorney General for England and Wales|attorney general]]. On the resignation of [[Lord Loreburn]] as Lord Chancellor in 1912, Isaacs had expected to succeed him, but was passed over in favour of [[Lord Haldane]]. To appease him, Asquith invited Isaacs to join the Cabinet; he was the first attorney general to sit in the Cabinet.

As law officer, Isaacs handled many high-profile cases. As solicitor general, he appeared for the Admiralty in the [[George Archer-Shee]] case. As attorney general, he led the prosecutions of [[Edward Mylius]] for criminal libel against King [[George V]] (and was appointed [[Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order|KCVO]] shortly after), of poisoner [[Frederick Seddon]] (the only murder trial Isaacs ever took part in), and of suffragette [[Emmeline Pankhurst]]. He also represented the [[Board of Trade]] at the inquiry into the sinking of the RMS ''[[Titanic]]''.

In addition, he helped to pilot through the Commons several pieces of key legislation, including the [[Parliament Act 1911]], the [[Official Secrets Act 1911]], the [[National Insurance Act 1911]], the [[Trade Union Act 1913]], and the [[Government of Ireland Act 1914]]. He was appointed to the [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]] in the [[1911 Coronation Honours]].

=== Marconi scandal ===
Isaacs was one of several high-ranking members of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] government accused of involvement in the [[Marconi scandal]].<ref>Lady Frances Lonsdale Donaldson, "The Marconi scandal", Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962</ref> An article published in ''[[Le Matin (France)|Le Matin]]'' on 14 February 1913 alleged corruption in the award of a government contract to the [[Marconi Company]] and [[insider trading]] in Marconi's shares, implicating a number of sitting government ministers, including [[Lloyd George]], the [[chancellor of the Exchequer]]; Isaacs, then attorney general; [[Herbert Samuel]], [[Postmaster General of the United Kingdom|postmaster general]]; and the treasurer of the Liberal Party, [[Alexander Murray, 1st Baron Murray of Elibank|Lord Murray]].<ref name=baker/>

The allegations included the fact that Isaacs's brother, [[Godfrey Isaacs]], was managing director of the Marconi company at the time that the cabinet, in which Isaacs sat, awarded Marconi the contract.<ref>[[H. Montgomery Hyde]], "Lord Reading; the Life of Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading", Heinemann, 1968, pages 124,138–140</ref><ref>Stanley Jackson, "Rufus Isaacs, first marquess of Reading", Cassell, 1936, pages 167–172</ref> Isaacs and Samuels sued ''Le Matin'' for [[libel]], and as a result, the journal apologised and printed a complete retraction in its 18 February 1913 issue.<ref name=baker/><ref>Ian D. Colvin, "Carson the Statesman", Kessinger, 2005, {{ISBN|1-4179-8663-8}}, page 179</ref><ref>Michael Finch, ''G.K. Chesterton: A biography'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986, {{ISBN|0-297-78858-2}}, pages 204–205</ref>

The factual matters were at least partly resolved by a parliamentary [[Select committee (United Kingdom)|select committee]] investigation, which issued three reports: all found that Isaacs and others had purchased shares in the [[American Marconi]] company, but while the fellow-Liberal members of the committee cleared the ministers of all blame, the opposition members reported that Isaacs and others had acted with "grave impropriety".<ref name=baker>W. J. Baker, "The history of the Marconi company 1874–1965", Routledge, 1998 {{ISBN|0-415-14624-0}}, pages 144–146</ref> It was not made public during the trial that these shares had been made available through Isaacs's brother at a favourable price.<ref>^ a b Michael Finch, ''G. K. Chesterton: A biography'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986, {{ISBN|0-297-78858-2}}, pages 204–205</ref>

== Diplomatic career ==
[[File:NLS Haig - Mr Lloyd George, M. Albert Thomas and Lord Reading.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lloyd George]] (2nd left), Reading (2nd right) and [[Albert Thomas (minister)|Albert Thomas]] (far left) in France, 1916.]]
In October 1913 he was made [[Lord Chief Justice of England]], in succession to the [[Viscount Alverstone]]. At the time the Attorney General had the right of first refusal for the appointment, but his involvement in the Marconi scandal complicated matters. Although reluctant to abandon his political career Isaacs felt he had little choice: to refuse would be to suggest that the Marconi scandal had tainted him. Consequently, he accepted the post, and was elevated to the peerage as '''Baron Reading''', ''of [[Erleigh]] in the [[County of Berkshire]]'', on 9 January 1914.<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 28791
| date = 9 January 1914
| page = 258
}}</ref> His appointment caused some controversy, and led to [[Rudyard Kipling]] attacking him in the poem "Gehazi".

As Lord Chief Justice, Reading presided over the trial of [[Roger Casement]] for high treason. His attendance in court was, however, intermittent, as he was frequently called upon by the government to serve as an advisor. In August 1914 Reading was enlisted to deal with the financial crisis brought about by the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. In 1915 he led the [[Anglo-French Financial Commission]] to seek financial assistance for the Allies from the United States. During the December 1916 Cabinet crisis, he acted as intermediary between Asquith and [[David Lloyd George]].

In September 1917 Reading returned to the United States with the special appointment of high commissioner to the United States and Canada. In 1918 he was appointed [[British Ambassador to the United States]], all the while remaining Lord Chief Justice. Returning to England for six months in 1918, he frequently attended the [[War Cabinet]] and was sent to France as Lloyd George's confidential emissary. He returned to the United States as Ambassador in 1919, relinquishing the post the same year. After the excitement of wartime diplomacy, he returned unwillingly to the bench in 1919, while seeking new appointments.

For his wartime public service he was appointed [[Knight Grand Cross of The Order of the Bath|GCB]] in 1915, made '''Viscount Reading''', ''of Erleigh in the County of Berkshire'' in 1916, and '''Earl of Reading''' as well as '''Viscount Erleigh''', ''of Erleigh in the County of Berkshire'', in 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 29651
| date = 4 July 1916
| page = 6597
}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 30442
| date = 21 December 1917
| page = 13384
}}</ref>

=== Viceroy of India ===
[[File:Statue of Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, in the English borough of Reading (geograph 8114948).jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Isaacs as Viceroy of India, originally sited in [[New Delhi]] but now in [[Eldon Square, Reading|Eldon Square Gardens]] in [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]]]]
In 1921, he resigned the chief justiceship to become [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]. Reading preferred a conciliatory policy: he was determined to implement the provisions of the [[Government of India Act 1919]] and opposed racial discrimination. He personally received [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], and visited [[Amritsar]] as a gesture of reconciliation. However, he ended up using force on several occasions: in 1921 he ordered the suppression of the [[Malabar rebellion]], and in 1922 he put down Sikh unrest in the Punjab. The same year, he had Gandhi arrested for sedition. Reading cultivated good relations with the Indian princes, but forced two maharajas to abdicate.

On his return from India in 1926, he was made '''[[Marquess of Reading]]''', the first man to rise from commoner to a marquessate since the [[Duke of Wellington]].<ref name = "IsaacsODNB"/> The next year he was made [[Captain of Deal Castle]] in 1927, a position he held until 1934.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastkent.freeuk.com/deal/castle/captains.htm|title=Captains of Deal Castle|publisher=East Kent freeuk|access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref> As Viceroy Reading was appointed GCSI and GCIE ''ex officio'' in 1921, and in 1922 was promoted to GCVO.

As a former viceroy, Reading was critical of some of the policies of his successor [[Lord Irwin]]. On 5 November 1929 he attacked Irwin in the House of Lords for using the term "Dominion Status" with regard to India, prior to the report of the [[Simon Commission]].<ref>Jago 2015, pp.65–7, 70</ref>

== Later life and career ==
[[File:LordReading.jpg|thumb|Lord Reading and his wife at Haifa Power Station, 1930s|alt=]]On his return from India, Reading, who had no pension and was a heavy spender, sat on several corporate boards, and later became president of [[Imperial Chemical Industries]]. The [[Leader of the Liberal Party (UK)|Leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords]] from 1931 to 1935, he took part in the [[Round Table Conferences]] of 1930–32 on the future of British India as head of the Liberal delegates. He was also a member of the select committee charged with the drafting of the [[Government of India Act 1935]].

In MacDonald's [[National Government (1931)|National Government]] in August 1931, Reading briefly served as [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]] and [[Leader of the House of Lords]], but stood down after the first major reshuffle in November due to ill-health.

He was appointed [[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]] in 1934.

==Marriages==
In 1887, the young Isaacs married [[Alice Edith Cohen]], who suffered from a chronic physical disability. Their son [[Gerald Rufus Isaacs, 2nd Marquess of Reading|Gerald]] succeeded his father in his peerages. The first Lady Reading died of cancer in 1930, after over forty years of marriage, and the [[Lady Reading Hospital]] in [[Peshawar]] is named after her.<ref name=BP2003>''[[Burke's Peerage]]'', volume 3, 2003, page 3,299</ref>

Reading then married secondly [[Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading|Stella Charnaud]], his first wife's secretary. This marriage lasted until his own death in 1935.<ref name=BP2003/> After his death, his widow was made a [[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] in 1941,<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 35029
| date = 1 January 1941
| page = 12
| supp = y
}}</ref> promoted to [[Order of the British Empire|Dame Grand Cross]] in 1944,<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 36544
| date = 8 June 1944
| page = 2586
| supp = y
}}</ref> and then in 1958 was made a [[life peer]]ess as Baroness Swanborough, of Swanborough in the County of Sussex, becoming one of the first women to take a seat in the [[House of Lords]], which she held until her death in 1971.<ref name=BP2003/>

== Death ==
Reading died in London in December 1935, aged 75. After he was cremated at [[Golders Green Crematorium]], his ashes were buried at the nearby [[Golders Green Jewish Cemetery|Jewish Cemetery]].<ref name="compeerage">{{cite book|title=The Complete Peerage, Volume XIII, Peerage Creations 1901–1938|publisher=St Catherine's Press|year=1949|page=182}}</ref> The house where he died, No. 32 [[Curzon Street]] in [[Mayfair]], has had a [[blue plaque]] on it since 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/663|title=Rufus Isaacs blue plaque|publisher=openplaques.org|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref>

== Honours and commemoration==
In addition to five peerages and five knighthoods, Reading was appointed Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] in 1925.<ref>Royal Decree of 1925/-Mémorial du centenaire de l'Ordre de Léopold. 1832–1932. Bruxelles, J. Rozez, 1933.</ref> He was [[Captain of Deal Castle]] and [[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]], and was a [[Bencher]] and Treasurer of the Middle Temple.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The Lord Reading Law Society, founded in 1948 to promote the interests of Jewish members of the [[Quebec Bar]], was named for him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lordreading.org/about/about-us/|title=About us|publisher=The Lord Reading Law Society|access-date=26 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826123707/https://lordreading.org/about/about-us/|archive-date=26 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> He was a founding chairman of the Palestine Electric Corporation and the [[Reading Power Station]] in [[Tel Aviv]], Israel was named for him.<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/5/The%20Power%20Plant%20on%20Two%20 The Power Plant on Two Rivers]</ref>

== Political stands ==
Isaacs championed the taxation of land values and reforms in the legal standing of unions, education, licensing, and military organization.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LQ9LAQAAQBAJ&dq=denis+judd+the+platform+on+which+he+stood&pg=PT66 The Platform On Which He Stood]</ref> Isaacs also gave staunch official backing to David Lloyd George's initiative on land reform, together with his tax on land values<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LQ9LAQAAQBAJ&dq=Rufus+Isaacs+land+values&pg=PT93 Rufus Isaacs and land values]</ref> and national social insurance scheme.<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1911/may/25/national-insurance-bill-1#S5CV0026P0_19110525_HOC_292 Hansard 25 May 1911, National Insurance bill]</ref>

==Portrayals==
*[[Dominic Jephcott]] (2008) - ''The Unsinkable Titanic'' (TV Documentary)
*[[Paul McGann]] (2012) - ''Save Our Souls: The Titanic Inquiry'' (TV film)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Fowler, Wilton B. ''British-American Relations 1917–1918'' (Princeton University Press, 2015).
* Hyde, Harford Montgomery. ''Lord Reading; the Life of Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading'' (London: Heinemann, 1967).
* Judd, Denis. ''Lord Reading: Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading, Lord Chief Justice and Viceroy of India, 1860–1935'' (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1982).

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Rufus Isaacs}}
* Jago, Michael ''Rab Butler: The Best Prime Minister We Never Had?'', Biteback Publishing 2015 {{ISBN|978-1849549202}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading}}
*{{Hansard-contribs | mr-rufus-isaacs | the Marquess of Reading }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20091220042958/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Rcommons1.htm Reading]}}

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{{succession box | title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Reading (UK Parliament constituency)|Reading]] | before=[[George William Palmer (England)|George William Palmer]] | after=[[Leslie Wilson (politician)|Leslie Wilson]] | years=1904–1913}}
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{{succession box | title=[[Leader of the House of Lords]] | before=[[Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor|The Lord Parmoor]] | after=[[Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham|The Viscount Hailsham]] | years=1931}}
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| title = [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]]
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{{succession box | title=[[Lord Chief Justice]] | before=[[Richard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone|The Lord Alverstone]] | after=[[Alfred Lawrence, 1st Baron Trevethin|The Lord Trevethin]] | years=1913–1921}}
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{{succession box | title=[[Viceroy of India]] | before=[[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|The Lord Chelmsford]] | after= [[The Lord Irwin]] | years=1921–1925}}
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{{succession box | title=[[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]] | before=[[William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp|The Earl Beauchamp]] | after=[[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|The Marquess of Willingdon]] | years=1934–1935}}
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{{Foreign Secretary}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reading, Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess Of}}
[[Category:British secretaries of state for foreign affairs]]
[[Category:Viceroys of India]]
[[Category:1920s in British India]]
[[Category:Attorneys general for England and Wales|Isaacs, Rufus]]
[[Category:Solicitors general for England and Wales|Isaacs, Rufus]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies|Isaacs, Rufus]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1900–1906|Isaacs, Rufus]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1906–1910|Isaacs, Rufus]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910|Isaacs, Rufus]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910–1918|Isaacs, Rufus]]
[[Category:UK MPs who were granted peerages]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Reading|Isaacs, Rufus]]
[[Category:Lord chief justices of England and Wales]]
[[Category:20th-century English judges]]
[[Category:English King's Counsel]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports]]
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[[Category:Barons created by George V]]
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[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States]]
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[[Category:Isaacs family|Rufus]]

2019 Bandipur forest fires

2026-03-26T07:18:59Z

Rolly: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Series of fires in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox wildfire
| title = Bandipur forest fires
| image = Bandipur fires 2019.jpg
| caption = Bandipur wildfire spreading across forest area
| cost =
| injuries =
| fatalities = Many creatures
| reference =

| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|02|21}} – {{End date|df=yes|2019|02|25}}<ref name="DH27Feb19">{{cite news|title=CM's aerial survey of Bandipur today|newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=27 Feb 2019| url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/cm-s-aerial-survey-bandipur-720539.html}}</ref> 
| location = [[Chamarajanagar district]], [[Karnataka]] in, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|39|42|N|76|37|38|E|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{Convert|4419.54|ha}}<ref name="DH27Feb19"/>
| buildings =
| cause = act of sabotage
| landuse =
| perps =
| motive =

| is_season = 
| year =
| season_name =
| total_fires =
| total_area =
}}
[[File:2019 Bandipur forest fire feb 21 to 26.gif|thumb|Satellite image of the wildfires burning in Bandipur forest area; smoke can be seen trailing southwestward over [[Kerala]]]]
In February 2019, major [[Wildfire|forest fires]] broke out in numerous places across the [[Bandipur National Park]] in [[Karnataka]] state in [[India]]. The [[National Remote Sensing Centre]] of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)]] carried out an assessment of the total area affected by the fire. On 25 February 2019, it estimated the extent of burnt area to be about 10,920 acres in the last five days from 21 February 2019.<ref name="HT26Feb19">{{cite news|title=Core areas of Bandipur hit by forest fire, say experts|newspaper=Hindustan Times| date=26 Feb 2019| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/core-areas-of-bandipur-hit-by-forest-fire-say-experts/story-lTsxh2i3QvCl1UuzAfwl5J.html}}</ref><ref name="IE25Feb19">{{cite news|title=Wildfire destroys over 10,000 acres of Bandipur forest|newspaper=The Indian Express| date=25 Feb 2019| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/feb/25/wildfire-destroys-over-10k-acres-of-bandipur-forest-1943317.html}}</ref><ref name="TH25Feb19">{{cite news|title=Estimates of Bandipur fire damage vary|newspaper=The Hindu| date=25 Feb 2019| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/estimates-of-bandipur-fire-damage-vary/article26358924.ece}}</ref>

Though the major fire was brought under control by 24 February 2019, some areas continued to burn. The fire also spread to [[Mudumalai National Park]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], causing damage to around 40 acres. The Tamil Nadu forest department took action to ensure that it did not spread further.<ref name="IE25Feb19"/><ref name="HT25Feb19">{{cite news|title=Bandipur forest fire stoked by bureaucratic friction, inaction|newspaper=Hindustan Times| date=25 Feb 2019| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bandipur-forest-fire-stoked-by-bureaucratic-friction-inaction/story-A7KiICiQcIO7iEAsdjRVtO.html}}</ref>

== Background ==
On 21 February 2019, a wildfire broke out in the [[Bandipur Tiger Reserve]]. Unlike in previous years, this was the first time the wildfire in Bandipur flared up earlier due to the sudden climatic change and rapid growth of dry grass and [[Lantana]]. Officials reported that there appeared to have been no deaths of the larger mammals in the park, such as [[bison]], [[elephants]], [[leopard]] and [[tiger]].<ref name="NDTV25Feb19">{{cite news|title=Karnataka Continues To Battle Wildfire In Bandipur Forest Area|newspaper=NDTV| date=25 Feb 2019| url=https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/karnataka-continues-to-battle-wildfire-in-bandipur-forest-area-1998877}}</ref>

Over 10,000 acres of forest in Bandipur area was destroyed. With the fire spreading rapidly due to winds, the authorities closed the [[Gundlupet]]-[[Ooty]] National highway and [[safari]]s in Bandipur National Park were also cancelled. Strong winds were making the job of firefighters, forest staff and volunteers more difficult.<ref name="IE24Feb19">{{cite news|title=Fire turns 2,500 acres of Bandipur forest to ashes|newspaper=The Indian Express| date=24 Feb 2019| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/feb/24/fire-turns-2500-acres-of-bandipur-forest-to-ashes-1942992.html}}</ref>

The fire that destroyed Kundakere Range, spread to Barakatte and Guddakere, then to the Himavathi [[Gopalaswamy Hills]]. It also destroyed forests in Jarkal Kere and Gowri Kalu hills. Many smaller mammals and reptiles were killed, along with thousands of trees. There had been no forest-fire incidents noted in Bandipur National Park in the previous two years.<ref name="IE24Feb19"/>

==Firefighting==
[[File:Bandipur firefighting 2019.jpg|thumb|Forest department crew and local people helping to douse the Bandipur forest fire on 24 February 2019.]]
Two [[Mi-17]] [[Indian Air Force]] helicopters were deployed on 25 February 2019 afternoon to douse the fire, which had been raging for three days in the Bandipur Tiger Reserve. The operation on 25 February 2019 was primarily limited to the Gopalaswamy Hills Range in Karnataka's [[Chamarajanagar district]]. The other two ranges that were seriously affected were Kundakere and Bandipur.<ref name="AIR25Feb19">{{cite news|title=Bandipur fire: IAF helicopters pressed into service|newspaper=All India Radio|date=25 Feb 2019|url=http://www.newsonair.com/News?title=Bandipur-fire%3A-IAF-helicopters-pressed-into-service&id=360238|access-date=25 February 2019|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604022420/http://www.newsonair.com/News?title=Bandipur-fire:-IAF-helicopters-pressed-into-service&id=360238|url-status=dead}}</ref> The helicopters were deployed after Karnataka state Chief Minister [[HD Kumaraswamy]] called on the Indian Air Force for help.<ref name="TN25Feb19">{{cite news|title=Bandipur forest fire: IAF to help Karnataka govt douse fire in Bandipur Tiger Reserve|newspaper=Times Now| date=25 Feb 2019| url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bandipur-forest-fire-bandipur-national-park-fire-news-tiger-reserve-nandi-hills-forest-fire-in-karnataka-yercaud-fire-accident-wayanad-wildlife/372425}}</ref> One proceeded towards Karadikal hill ranges while the other fought fires in the general area of Chammana halla top.

Bolagudda and Kanive temple area were also subject to helicopter fire control.<ref name="CRL25Feb19">{{cite news|title=Bandipur fire: Air Force choppers join efforts to douse blaze at tiger reserve|newspaper=Scroll| date=25 Feb 2019| url=https://scroll.in/latest/914605/bandipur-fire-air-force-choppers-join-efforts-to-douse-blaze-at-tiger-reserve}}</ref> A total of 10 sorties were flown, dropping approximately 30,000 litres of water.<ref name="AIR25Feb19" />

==Damage assessment==
[[File:Bandipur Forest Fire 2019 Sentinel 2A Data.gif|thumb|[[Sentinel-2]] Satellite images of the wildfire affected area]]
Satellite images shown the extent of the damage caused by the wildfire. The [[National Remote Sensing Centre]] of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)]], [[Hyderabad]], released a report based on [[Sentinel-2]] satellite data, which reported that 15,443.27 acres of forest area damaged by the fire between 23 February 2019 and 25 February 2019 in Bandipur forest region alone. [[Nature Conservation Foundation]]'s Wildlife Scientist [[Mysore Doreswamy Madhusudan]] estimated that 17,000 acres would have been affected since the National Remote Sensing Centre excluded the damage in administratively part of Bandipur (Revenue land).<ref name="TH9Mar2019">{{cite news|title=When Bandipur burned|newspaper=The Hindu| date=9 Mar 2019| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/when-bandipur-burned/article26474683.ece}}</ref>

The number of casualties due to fire has not estimated yet. Wildlife officials say that small animals, reptiles, which are slow-moving, would have borne the brunt, while bigger mammals like leopards and tigers would have fled to the Bandipur Tiger Reserve and taken refuge in nearby areas.<ref name="TH9Mar2019"/>

== Investigation ==
Karnataka's top forest official confirmed that an "act of sabotage" had caused the blaze.<ref name="TOI25Feb19">{{cite news|title=karnataka: Bandipur fire doused, forest official confirm'act of sabotage'|newspaper=Times Of India| date=25 Feb 2019| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/karnataka-bandipur-fire-doused-forest-official-confirms-act-of-sabotage/articleshow/68145439.cms}}</ref> Forest officials have arrested two shepherds for allegedly setting fire to the forest. Fearing tiger attacks on their cattle in Bandipur, on 22 February 2019 they had sparked the fire to chase away a tiger which was spotted in the area for a month or so, leading to massive fire, which destroyed thousands of acres of Bandipur forest area. The accused were booked under Indian section 27, 29, 30, 31, 40, 50 and 51 of the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]].<ref name="BM03Mar2019">{{cite news|title=Bandipur blaze: Two shepherds arrested|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror| date=3 March 2019| url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bandipur-blaze-two-shepherds-arrested/articleshow/68237419.cms}}</ref><ref name="IT03Mar2019">{{cite news|title=The Massive Wildfire That Burnt Down Bandipur Tiger Reserve Was Ignited By Shepherds To Keep Tigers Away|newspaper=Indiatimes| date=3 March 2019| url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/the-massive-wildfire-that-burnt-down-bandipur-tiger-reserve-was-ignited-by-shepherds-to-keep-tigers-away-363085.html}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Bandipur Forest fire1 2019.jpg|Forest fire spreading across the forest region due to dry grass
File:Bandipur Forest fire2 2019.jpg|Smoke coming out of Bandipur Forest area in February 2019
File:Bandipur Forest fire3 2019.jpg|Burnt Region of Bandipur Forest in February 2019
File:Bandipur wildfire 2019.jpg|Massive Bandipur forest fires burning across GS hills region
File:2019 Bandipr Forest Fire VIIRS 375m.gif|Bandipr Forest Fire satellite image taken by NASA's VIIRS sensor
File:Bandipur Forest fire4 2019.jpg|Large smoke can be seen from distance due Bandipur forest fire
File:Road view to and from OOTY (97).JPG|The effect forest fire that spread to [[Mudumalai National Park|Mudumalai]] destroying over 40 acres
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of wildfires]]
* [[2016 Uttarakhand forest fires]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Disasters in India in 2019}}
{{2019 wildfires}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandipur forest fires}}
[[Category:2019 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2019 wildfires]]
[[Category:February 2019 in India]]
[[Category:Wildfires in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Chamarajanagar district]]
[[Category:2010s in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2019 fires in Asia]]

Forest Rights Act (India)

2026-03-25T19:17:14Z

Rolly:

{{Short description|2006 legislation in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
| imagesize = 150
| imagealt = The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 206
| long_title = An Act to recognise and vest the forest rights and occupation in forest land in forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers who have been residing in such forests for generations but whose rights could not be recorded; to provide for a framework for recording the forest rights so vested and the nature of evidence required for such recognition and vesting in respect of forest land.
| citation = [http://sikenvis.nic.in/docs/Forestry/The%20Scheduled%20Tribes%20and%20Other%20Traditional%20Forest%20Dwellers%20Recognition%20of%20Forest%20Rights%20Act%202006.pdf Act No. 2 of 2007]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 29 December 2006
| date_assented = 29 December 2006
| date_commenced = 31 December 2007
| status = in force
}}
The '''Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006''' is a key piece of forest legislation passed in [[India]] on 18 December 2006. It has also been called the '''Forest Rights Act''', the '''Tribal Rights Act''', the '''Tribal Bill''', and the '''Tribal Land Act'''. The law concerns the rights of forest-dwelling communities to land and other resources, denied to them over decades as a result of the continuance of colonial forest laws in India.

Before this Act, forest-dependent communities, especially Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs), did not have official recognition of their rights to access or manage forest land and resources. After independence, forest conservation policies largely overlooked their presence, often considering them as encroachers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IAS |first=Top IAS Coaching in Delhi-SHRI RAM |title=Forest Rights Act, 2006: A Detailed Explanation {{!}} Best IAS Coaching in Delhi, India - SHRI RAM IAS |url=https://web.shriramias.in/upsc-zone/forest-rights-act-2006-a-detailed-explanation/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=web.shriramias.in |language=en}}</ref>

Supporters of the Act claim that it will redress the "historical injustice" committed against forest dwellers, while including provisions for making conservation more effective and more transparent. The demand for the law has seen massive national demonstrations involving hundreds of thousands of people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forestrightsact.com/|title=The Forest Rights Act|website=The Forest Rights Act|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref>

However, the law has also been the subject of considerable controversy in India. Opponents of the law claim it will lead to massive forest destruction and should be repealed.

A little over one year after it was passed, the Act was notified into force on 31 December 2007. On 1 January 2008, this was followed by the notification of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425123829/http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1036.pdf Rules] framed by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs to supplement the procedural aspects of the Act.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081221050311/http://forestrights.nic.in/doc/rules.pdf Forest Rights Act- Official website]</ref>

== Background ==

India's forests are home to hundreds of millions of people, including many [[Scheduled Tribes]], who live in or near the forest areas of the country.
Nearly 250 million people live in and around forests in India, of which the estimated indigenous ''Adivasi'' or tribal population stands at about 100 million. To put these numbers in perspective, if considered a nation by themselves, they would form the 13th largest country in the world, even though they do not represent any singular, monolithic culture.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/lets-not-miss-the-wood/article7358626.ece|title=Let's not miss the wood|last=Khare|first=Arvind|date=2015-06-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Forests provide sustenance in the form of [[minor forest produce]], water, grazing grounds and habitat for shifting cultivation. Moreover, vast areas of land that may or may not be forests are classified as "forest" under India's forest laws, and those cultivating these lands are technically cultivating "forest land".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sarin |first=Madhu |date=5 May 2005 |title=Scheduled Tribes Bill: A Comment |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=40 |issue=21 |url=http://www.epw.org.in/uploads/articles/637.pdf |access-date=26 December 2007 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Forest Rights Act is also known as Community Forest Management (CFM) in Telangana.
[[File:Forest in india.jpg|thumb|A forest in India]]
Since time immemorial, the tribal communities of India have had an integral and close relationship with the forests and have been dependent on the forests for livelihoods and existence. The relationship was mutually beneficial. However, rights were rarely recognized by the authorities and in the absence of real ownership of the land, the already marginalized local dwellers suffered.<ref>http://greencleanguide.com/2012/12/16/forest-rights-act-part-1-2/<nowiki/> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204921/http://greencleanguide.com/2012/12/16/forest-rights-act-part-1-2/ |date=29 October 2013 }}</ref>

The reason for this latter phenomenon is India's forest laws. India's forests are governed by two main laws, the [[Indian Forest Act, 1927]] and the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972|Wild life (Protection) Act, 1972]]. The former empowers the government to declare any area to be a reserved forest, protected forest or village forest. The latter allows any area to be constituted as a "protected area", namely a national park, wildlife sanctuary, tiger reserve or community conservation area.<ref>[http://envfor.nic.in/legis/legis.html Legislations on Environment, Forests and Wildlife, from Ministry of Environment and Forests],</ref>

Under these laws, the rights of people living in or depending on the area to be declared as a forest or protected area are to be "settled" by a "forest settlement officer." This basically requires that officer to enquire into the claims of people to the land, minor forest produce, etc., and, in the case of claims found to be valid, to allow them to continue or to extinguish them by paying compensation.

Studies have shown that in many areas this process either did not take place at all or took place in a highly faulty manner. Thus, 82.9% of the forest blocks in undivided [[Madhya Pradesh]] had not been settled as of December 2003,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Prabhu |first=Pradip |date=August 2005 |title=The Right to Live With Dignity |journal=Seminar |issue=552 |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2005/552/552%20pradip%20prabhu.htm}}</ref> while all the hilly tracts of [[Odisha]] were declared government forests without any survey.<ref>[http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/ECA/ForestryAR/Doclib.nsf/1aa2fe4593e7920d852565a300685ee8/afaa4cc49f6d940a85256d6400467101/$FILE/Bad%20in%20Law-%20Down%20to%20Earth%20dtd%20July%2015,%202003%20article%20by%20Madhu%20Sarin.doc "Bad in Law", Madhu Sarin, World Bank website]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In Odisha, around 40% of the government forests are "deemed reserved forests" which have not been surveyed.<ref>[http://www.vasundharaorissa.org/download22/Orissa%20mining%20and%20industrialisation%20note.pdf "Dispossessed and displaced: A brief paper on tribal issues in Orissa", Kundan Kumar, Vasundhara]</ref>

Those whose rights are not recorded during the settlement process are susceptible to eviction at any time. This "legal twilight zone" leads to harassment, evictions, extortion of money and sexual molestation of forest dwellers by forest officials, who wield absolute authority over forest dwellers' livelihoods and daily lives.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Shankar |date=June–July 2005 |title=Missing the Woods for the Trees |journal=Combat Law |volume=4 |issue=4}}</ref>

The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Forest Rights Act describes it as a law intended to correct the "historical injustice" done to forest dwellers by the failure to recognise their rights.<ref>[http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925114214/http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf |date=25 September 2007 }}</ref>

"The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006" was enacted by the [[Parliament of India]] in December 2006.<ref>{{citation |title=Environmental legislation |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/features/environmental-legislation-1484784315.html |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=19 January 2017 }}</ref> On 28 June 2022, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) introduced an amendment that enabled state governments to de-reserve or divert forest lands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=maniyar |first=zahid |date=2022-10-25 |title=Forest Conservation Rules, 2022- An overview of changes that snatch rights of Gram Sabhas |url=https://cjp.org.in/forest-conservation-rules-2022-an-overview-of-changes-that-snatch-rights-of-gram-sabhas/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=CJP}}</ref>

== Provisions ==

The Act as passed in 2006 has the following basic points-

=== Types of rights ===

The rights which are included in section 3(1) of the Act are:

# Right to hold and live in the forest land under the individual or common occupation for habitation or for self-cultivation for livelihood by a member or members of a forest dwelling Scheduled Tribe or other traditional forest dwellers;
# Community rights such as ''nistar'', by whatever name called, including those used in erstwhile Princely states, Zamindari or such intermediary regimes;
# Right of ownership, access to collect, use, and dispose of minor forest produce( includes all non-timber forest produce of plant origin) which has been traditionally collected within or outside village boundaries;
# Other community rights of uses of entitlements such as fish and other products of water bodies, grazing (both settled or transhumant) and traditional seasonal resource access of nomadic or pastoralist communities;
# Rights including community tenures of habitat and habitation for primitive tribal groups and pre-agriculture communities;
# Rights in or over disputed lands under any nomenclature in any State where claims are disputed;
# Rights for conversion of Pattas or leases or grants issued by any local council or any State Govt. on forest lands to titles;
# Rights of settlement and conversion of all forest villages, old habitation, unsurveyed villages, and other villages in the forest, whether recorded, notified or not into revenue villages;
# Right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource which they have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use;
# Rights which are recognized under any State law or laws of any Autonomous Dist. Council or Autonomous Regional Council or which are accepted as rights of tribals under any traditional or customary law of the concerned tribes of any State;
# Right of access to biodiversity and community right to intellectual property and traditional knowledge related to biodiversity and cultural diversity;
# Any other traditional right customarily enjoyed by the forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes or other traditional forest dwellers, as the case may be, which are not mentioned in clauses-1 to 11, but excluding the traditional right of hunting or trapping extracting a part of the body of any species of wild animal.

These can be summarised as:

* ''Title rights'' – i.e. ownership – to land that is being farmed by tribals or forest dwellers as on 13 December 2005, subject to a maximum of 4 hectares; ownership is only for land that is actually being cultivated by the concerned family as on that date, meaning that no new lands are granted<ref>[http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf Section 3(1) of the Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925114214/http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf |date=25 September 2007 }}</ref>
* ''Use rights'' – to minor forest produce (also including ownership), to grazing areas, to pastoralist routes, etc.<ref>[http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf Section 3(1) of the Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925114214/http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf |date=25 September 2007 }}</ref>
* ''Relief and development rights'' – to rehabilitation in case of illegal eviction or forced displacement;<ref>[http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf Section 3(1) of the Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925114214/http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf |date=25 September 2007 }}</ref> and to basic amenities, subject to restrictions for [[forest protection]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200809064837/http://tribal.nic.in/actA06.pdf Section 3(2) of the Act]</ref>
* ''Forest management rights'' – to protect forests and wildlife<ref>[http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf Sections 3(1) and 5 of the Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925114214/http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf |date=25 September 2007 }}</ref>

=== Eligibility criteria ===

According to Section 2(c) of the Forest Rights Act (FRA), to qualify as Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribe (FDST) and be eligible for recognition of rights under FRA,
three conditions must be satisfied by the applicant/s, who could be "members or community":

1. Must be a Scheduled Tribe in the area where the right is claimed; and

2. Primarily resided in forest or forests land prior to 13-12-2005; and

3. Depend on the forest or forests land for bonafide livelihood needs.

According to Section 2(o) of Forest Rights Act (FRA), to qualify as Other Traditional Forest Dweller (OTFD) and be eligible for recognition of rights under FRA, two conditions need to be fulfilled:

1. Primarily resided in forest or forests land for three generations (75 years) prior to 13-12-2005, and

2. Depend on the forest or forest land for bonafide livelihood needs.

Section 2(o) refers to "any member or community" for this purpose, and hence if an OTFD
village establishes its eligibility under the Act, there is no need for every individual to do so separately.<ref>[https://tribal.nic.in/FRA/data/FAQ.pdf Sections 2(c) and 2(o) of the Act]</ref>

=== Process of recognition of rights ===

Section 6(1) of the Act provides that the gram sabha, or village assembly, will initially pass a resolution recommending whose rights to which resources should be recognized (i.e. which lands belong to whom, how much land was under the cultivation of each person as on 13 Dec 2005, etc.). This resolution is then screened and approved at the level of the sub-division (or taluka) and subsequently at the district level. The screening committees consist of three government officials (Forest, Revenue, and Tribal Welfare departments) and three elected members of the local body at that level. These committees also hear appeals.<ref>[http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf Sections 6(2)-6(6) of the Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925114214/http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf |date=25 September 2007 }}</ref>

=== Resettlement for wildlife conservation ===

Section 4(2) of the Act lays out a procedure by which people can be resettled from areas if it is found to be necessary for wildlife conservation. The first step is to show that relocation is scientifically necessary and no other alternative is available; this has to be done through a process of public consultation. The second step is that the local community must consent to the resettlement. Finally, the resettlement must provide not only compensation but a secure livelihood.<ref>[http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf Section 4(2) of the Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925114214/http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf |date=25 September 2007 }}</ref>

'''<big>New 2022 Forest Conservation Amendment</big>'''

In the new 2022 Forest Conservation Rules,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ministry of Environment |first=Forest and Climate Change |url=https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Rules/Forest%20(Conservation)%20Rules,%202022.pdf |title=MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE NOTIFICATION |date=June 2022 |publisher=Controller of Publications }}</ref> the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) introduced an amendment to the Forest Conservation Act of 1980<ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 1989 |title=Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 Amended |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019556119890344 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration|volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=707–709 |doi=10.1177/0019556119890344 |issn=0019-5561|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which violates the Forest Rights Act of 2006. This amendment transferred the rights of forests from tribal communities to large corporations such as private mining and pharmaceutical companies. The amendment allows district collectors to override the approval of Gram Sabhas and transfer the forest land to private entities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environment Ministry's New Forest Diversion Rules Are Bad News for Forest Rights |url=https://thewire.in/government/environment-ministrys-new-forest-diversion-rules-are-bad-news-for-forest-rights |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=The Wire}}</ref> In doing so, the amendment revokes the participatory rights of the forest dwellers by making them bystanders to actions that directly impact their livelihood. Instead, it provides corporations with unlimited rights to develop the land for exploitative uses such as underground mining.

The Union Government's rationale for enacting the new 2022 Rules was to simplify the forest clearance process by streamlining the process and eliminating elements that were thought to hinder the approval of land transfers under the Forest Act.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=Forest Conservation Rules 2022: The smokescreen of 'compensatory afforestation' |url=https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/blog/forest-conservation-rules-2022-the-smokescreen-of-compensatory-afforestation/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=[[Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy]]}}</ref>

The new 2022 Rules are seen as emblematic of the Modi administration's pro-business focus at the expense of environmental protection and the rights of indigenous communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sirur |first=Simrin |date=2023-03-30 |title=Will Modi govt's new bill dilute existing protections for forests? All about proposed law |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/will-modi-govts-new-bill-dilute-existing-protections-for-forests-all-about-proposed-law/1484430/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=ThePrint}}</ref> Such an approach has raised serious concerns about the potential exploitation of forest resources and the harm inflicted upon forest-dependent communities. Many have called for the government to repeal the amendment and ensure that the Forest Rights Act is implemented in a way that protects the rights of forest-dwelling communities and the environment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sirur |first=Simrin |date=2023-03-30 |title=Will Modi govt's new bill dilute existing protections for forests? All about proposed law |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/will-modi-govts-new-bill-dilute-existing-protections-for-forests-all-about-proposed-law/1484430/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=ThePrint}}</ref>

== Misunderstanding the Act as a land distribution scheme ==

A great deal of the debate is fuelled by misunderstandings of the purpose of the Act. The most common is that the purpose of the law is to distribute forest land to forest dwellers or tribals, often claimed to be at the rate of 4 hectares per family.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/12/08/stories/2007120850010800.htm |title=The Hindu Business Line : Too hot for the Planet |access-date=26 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508065610/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/12/08/stories/2007120850010800.htm |archive-date=8 May 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Act is intended to recognise lands that are already under cultivation as on 13 December 2005, not to grant title to any new lands.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

== Opposition ==

The Act has been met with much concern and opposition from environmentalists and wildlife conservationists. Some of this opposition has been motivated by those who see the law as a land distribution scheme that will lead to the handing over of forests to tribals and forest dwellers. But the strongest opposition to the Act has come from wildlife conservationists who fear that the law will make it impossible to create "inviolate spaces", or areas free of human presence, for the purposes of wildlife conservation.<ref>Thapar, Valmik (23 December 2007). [http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1140969 "Conflict will go up by 10000 per cent"], ''Daily News and Analysis''</ref> Tiger conservation in particular has been an object of concern.

Interpretation regarding Deadline cut-off-date:
M.Sai Sampath, Founder-President ECO FAWN Society had actively engaged in environment and wildlife conservation who also appeared before Hon'ble Parliamentary Committee suggested for incorporation of "Deadline cut-off-date" to complete whole process of identification, verification and recognition of Forest Rights to genuine tribals and other traditional forest dwellers in the country. Also importantly Sampath had correlated decline/encroachment of forest land with the implementation of FRA 2006 in the country where the Hon'ble Parliamentary Committee has agreed the submission made and pointed an extent of 16.21 Lakh Ha of forest land encroached after implementation of the Forest Rights Act 2006, subsequently various measures were suggested by the Parliamentary Committee. (9th and 18th Report of the Parliamentary Committee on Petitions, 16th Lok Sabha).{{Citation needed|date=September 2025|reason=Is there an online link to this report of the committee or another publication? Also the relevant page number of the 9th and 18th report should be added.}}

Supporters of the Act take the position that the Act is not a land distribution measure, and further that the Act is more transparent than existing law and so can help stop [[land grabbing]].<ref>[http://www.forestrightsact.com "The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act"]</ref> Regarding wildlife conservation, they have argued that the Act actually provides a clear and explicit procedure for resettling people where necessary for wildlife protection, but also provides safeguards to prevent this being done arbitrarily.<ref>[http://forestrightsact.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=28myths.htm#mozTocId696083 Truths and Falsehoods About the Forest Rights Act]</ref><ref>[http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf Section 4(2) of the Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925114214/http://tribal.nic.in/actTA06.pdf |date=25 September 2007 }}</ref>

Indeed, while concerned at some of the provisions, some environmentalists have also argued that "Conservationists who have stated that the Forest Bill will be the death-knell of India's forests are indulging in unsubstantiated exaggeration".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kothari |first=Ashish |date=30 December 2006 |title=For Lasting Rights |journal=Frontline |volume=23 |issue=26 |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2326/stories/20070112003501400.htm}}</ref>

Supporters of the Act and others also argue that the provisions in the Act for community conservation will in fact strengthen forest protection in the country. This is said to be because it will provide a legal right for communities themselves to protect the forest, as thousands of villages are already doing in the face of official opposition.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kothari |first=Ashish |date=30 December 2006 |title=For Lasting Rights |journal=Frontline |volume=23 |issue=26 |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2326/stories/20070112003501400.htm}}</ref><ref>[http://forestrightsact.awardspace.com/myths.htm#mozTocId600030 "Understanding the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act"]</ref>

===Television advertisements===
In October 2003, [http://www.vanashakti.in Vanashakti], a group based in [[Mumbai]], ran television advertisements against the Act. This is the first time any Indian legislation has been attacked through a television campaign.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121019021318/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-23/india/27962817_1_forest-rights-act-forest-lands-tv-channels Sethi, Nitin. "Activists Come Out With Ads to Slam Forest Act"], ''Times of India'', 23 October 2007.</ref>

Six advertisements were run by the organisation across major Indian news and television channels, ads which continue to be available on [http://www.vanashakti.in their website]. The group criticised the Forest Rights Act as having the potential to cause huge floods, droughts, and to increase global warming.<ref>[http://www.vanashakti.in Vanashakti.com]</ref> They also decried it as an effort to keep "tribals in the forest" instead of assisting their "development."

In response to questions from a newspaper, Vanashakti claimed to have been formed over "a dinner table conversation" as a result of deep concern about the Forest Rights Act and the lack of media attention to it.<ref>Sethi, Nitin. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Activists_come_out_with_ads_to_slam_forest_Act/articleshow/2481798.cms "Activists Come Out With Ads to Slam Forest Act"], ''Times of India'', 23 October 2007.</ref>

The television ad campaign was met with angry responses from forest rights organisations. The Campaign for Survival and Dignity, a federation of tribal and forest dwellers' organisations from several States of India, wrote an [http://forestrightsact.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=8&Itemid=32 Open Letter to Vanashakti], criticising them for "attacking the Forest Rights Act through distortions and untruths that do nothing to reinforce forest protection, and a great deal to undermine it." The Campaign also put up a website entitled [http://forestrightsact.awardspace.com/vanashakti.htm "Vanashakti's Distortions and Untruths"]. An exchange of correspondence followed, which can be found both at the [http://www.vanashakti.in Vanashakti website] and at the website on the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act" put up by the Campaign [http://www.forestrightsact.com].

== Criticism by forest rights supporters ==

While supporting the principles of the law, forest rights supporters are not entirely satisfied with the law as finally passed. The recommendations of a Joint Parliamentary Committee on the law were partly rejected, and supporters of forest rights have claimed that some of the rejected clauses were important. In particular, the final form of the law is said to make it easier to exclude some categories of both tribal and non-tribal forest dwellers, to have undermined the democratic nature of the processes in the Act and to have placed additional hindrances and bureaucratic restrictions on people's rights.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Prasad |first=Archana |date=30 December 2006 |title=Survival at Stake |journal=Frontline |volume=23 |issue=26 |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2326/stories/20070112003600400.htm}}</ref> The Campaign for Survival and Dignity described the final form of the law as "both a victory and a betrayal" in their official statement on the occasion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.minesandcommunities.org/Action/press1312.htm |title=Campaign press release (see bottom of the linked page) |access-date=26 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203102647/http://www.minesandcommunities.org/Action/press1312.htm |archive-date=3 December 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Notification ==

The one-year delay in the notification of the Act and the Rules was the subject of considerable Parliamentary and political uproar in the winter session of the Indian Parliament in 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071203044147/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/28/stories/2007112861931600.htm "Notify Rules of Forest Act, says Brinda Karat"], ''The Hindu'', 28 November 2007</ref> There was also mass protests across [[India]] demanding that the Act be notified in October 2007, and in November 2007 a week-long sit down protest took place in Delhi with the same demand.<ref>[http://www.forestrightsact.com Press releases on the Forest Rights Act by the Campaign for Survival and Dignity]</ref>

On 31 December, the Act was notified into force, and on 1 January the Rules for the Act – which provide the procedures for implementing its provisions – were also notified.<ref>Sethi, Nitin and Mukul, Askhaya, (2 January 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121019141918/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-02/india/27754840_1_forest-rights-act-gram-sabha-wildlife-lobby "Forest Act Notified, Tribals Unhappy"]. ''Times of India''.</ref> The Campaign for Survival and Dignity welcomed the notification but sharply criticised a number of provisions in the Rules, claiming that they undermined democracy and the spirit of the Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forestrightsact.com/|title=The Forest Rights Act|website=The Forest Rights Act|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref>

== Implementation ==

There have been numerous complaints regarding the manner in which the Act has been implemented after its notification. For instance, in September 2010, the Council for Social Development, a [[New Delhi]]-based [[think tank]], released a "Summary Report on Implementation of the Forest Rights Act" which stated that:
<blockquote>All of the key features of this legislation have been undermined by a combination of apathy and sabotage during the process of implementation. In the current situation the rights of the majority of tribals and other traditional forest dwellers are being denied and the purpose of the legislation is being defeated. Unless immediate remedial measures are taken, instead of undoing the historical injustice to tribal and other traditional forest dwellers, the Act will have the opposite outcome of making them even more vulnerable to eviction and denial of their customary access to forests... both the Central and the State governments have actively pursued policies that are in direct violation of the spirit and letter of the Act."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.forestrightsact.com/component/k2/item/15 |title=Summary Report on Implementation of the Forest Rights Act, Council for Social Development, as posted on Campaign for Survival and Dignity website |access-date=4 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109013111/http://www.forestrightsact.com/component/k2/item/15 |archive-date=9 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs releases monthly reports on the status of implementation of the Act. These can be obtained from the [http://tribal.nic.in Ministry's website].

== Judgements ==

Recently, Sc in Wildlife first vs Moefcc has ordered eviction of encroachers on forest land, in which majority of tribal and forest dwellers were also ordered to be evicted.{{When|date=May 2024}} This order invited challenges from various quarters as in many cases request was cancelled on non availability of documents by district level committee under the act. Therefore, court agreed to review its judgement and give time of 4 months to state governments to complete the process again.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/461312/order-of-the-supreme-court-of-india-regarding-claims-under-forest-rights-act-2006-13022019/|title=Order of the Supreme Court of India regarding claims under Forest Rights Act 2006, 13/02/2019 |publisher=India Environment Portal|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Property navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, The}}
[[Category:Nature conservation in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2006]]
[[Category:Property law in India]]
[[Category:2006 in the environment]]
[[Category:Indian forest law]]

Ministry of Command Area Development (Maharashtra)

2026-03-25T08:21:34Z

Rolly: Adding The Post W/ Infobox...

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Command Area Development}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय लाभक्षेत्र विकास / आदेश क्षेत्र विकास विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Command Area Development [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Command Area Development''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. It is responsible for preparing annual plans for the development of [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Objectives of Command Area Development Department, Government of Maharashtra|url=https://Command Area Development.maharashtra.gov.in/Sitemap/Command Area Development/pdf/OBJECTIVE.pdf|url-status=}}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Economics and Statistics|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do?lang=|website=Command Area Development Department, Government of Maharashtra, India}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' is Current [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] and Minister of Command Area Development [[Government of Maharashtra]]since 05 December 2024.

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Command Area Development (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Command Area Development}} '''मंत्री लाभक्षेत्र विकास / आदेश क्षेत्र विकास विभाग'''
|image=[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|200px]]
| incumbent = [[Devendra Fadnavis]] {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}}
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural =
*'''[[P. K. Sawant]]'''
(1960-1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Jayant Patil]]'''
(2019- 2022)
| deputy =
* '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 05 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Command Area Development
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede|Sheshrao Krishnarao Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Hari Govindrao Vartak]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Bassein-Vasai Constituency No. 180]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}"|
|
|'''Purushottam Dekate''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred Constituency No. 51]]- [[Nagpur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|18 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|18}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|80px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras Constituency No. 254]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|rowspan="1"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Bhagwantrao Gaikwad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori Constituency No. 122]]- [[Nashik District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Padamsinh Bajirao Patil (dr- Saheb) 2014-05-17 06-38.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad Constituency No. 242]]- [[Osmanabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Padamsinh Bajirao Patil (dr- Saheb) 2014-05-17 06-38.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad Constituency No. 242]]- [[Osmanabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|18 November}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Mahadeorao Sukaji Shivankar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon Constituency No. 66]]- [[Gondia district]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|10 June}} 1997
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1997|06|10}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Eknath Khadse]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar Constituency No. 20]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|10 June}} 1997
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1997|06|10|1999|02|01}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Gopinath Munde.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Gopinath Munde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur Constituency No. 236]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Malvan Constituency No. 269]]- [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Padamsinh Bajirao Patil (dr- Saheb) 2014-05-17 06-38.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad Constituency No. 242]]- [[Osmanabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|16}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Sunil Tatkare in 2014.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Sunil Tatkare]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 June}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|06|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Bhaskar Jadhav]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar Constituency No. 264]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 2014
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2014|06|26|2014|09|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 December}} 2014
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2014|12|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Girish Mahajan.JPG|75px]]
|'''[[Girish Mahajan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner Constituency No. 19]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 2014
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|12|05|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Jayant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur Constituency No. 283]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|05}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Command Area Development
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Prahar Janshakti Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Omprakash Babarao Kadu]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur Constituency No. 42]]- [[Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Prahar Janshakti Party]] Supported Party ([[Shiv Sena]])
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Jayant Patil]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Satejpatil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Satej Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Kolhapur Local Authorities Constituency No. 06 - [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2022 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Phyllocnistis stereograpta

2026-03-15T22:26:55Z

Rolly: put up initial entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Species of moth}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Phyllocnistis stereograpta
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1934)<ref name="GTD">[http://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/PHYLSTER Phyllocnistis stereograpta Meyrick, 1934] at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera).</ref>
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Phyllocnistis stereograpta''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]], known from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name="GTD"/>

The hostplant for the species is ''[[Stereospermum suaveolens]]''. They [[leaf miner|mine]] the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a wandering gallery in the leaf.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7188764}}

[[Category:Phyllocnistis]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1934]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Phyllocnistis-stub}}

Mike Mehta

2026-03-15T01:00:54Z

Rolly: Adding First Data First Draft

{{Short description|Indian criminal lawyer and actor (1947–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mike Mehta
| image = Tiatrist Mike Mehta at Save Dabolim Airport (Churchill) meet (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mehta in 2015
| birth_name = Miguel Transfiguraçaõ de Cristo Rodrigues
| birth_date = {{birth date|1947|8|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Borim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|11|1|1947|8|6|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Goa Medical College]], [[Bambolim]], Goa, India
| other_names = {{hlist|Michael Rodrigues|Transfiguração de Jesu Cristo Rodrigues<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ | isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 | title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre | publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa | pages=173 | access-date=2024-05-01 | archive-date=2023-11-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| alma_mater = {{ubl|
* [[Parvatibai Chowgule College]]
* [[Kirti M. Doongursee College]]
* [[University of Bombay]] ([[B.A.]], [[LL.B]])}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Advocate|criminal lawyer|actor|playwright|director}}
| years_active = 1979–2014
| spouse = Elsie Rodrigues
| children = 1
| notable_works = ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]''
| relatives = [[Jose Rod]] (first cousin once removed)
}}

'''Miguel Transfiguraçaõ de Cristo''' "'''Michael'''" '''Rodrigues''' (6 August 1947 – 1 November 2025), known professionally as '''Mike Mehta''', was an Indian [[senior advocate]], criminal lawyer, actor, playwright and theatre director known for his work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]], television, and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. He provided [[legal counsel]] to two [[Goan]] politicians, Francisco Monte Cruz and [[Churchill Alemao]], who served as ministers and represented the [[Benaulim Assembly constituency]] in the state of [[Goa]].

==Early life==
Miguel Transfiguraçaõ de Cristo Rodrigues was born on 6 August 1947, in [[Borim]], [[Goa]], which was a part of [[Portuguese India]] during the era of the [[Portuguese Empire]]. He was born into a [[Goan Catholic]] family, with his father being José Pascoal Rodrigues and his mother being Cristalina Dias, a [[homemaker]], also known as Cristalina Luis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rodrigues showcased his talents during his school years by actively participating in English-language [[concert]]s and [[theatrical production]]s.<ref name=":0" /> His proficiency in English and his strong, [[Bass (voice type)|powerful voice]] propelled him towards a career as a professional [[compere (host)|compere]], showcasing his talents in hosting events and engaging audiences. Rodrigues gained recognition for his role as a [[Master of ceremonies|host]] for various events including weddings, [[social gathering]]s, [[Citizens' assembly|public assemblies]], and musical performances. Despite his achievements in this field, Rodrigues experienced a sense of discontentment and yearned for greater fulfillment in his work. In his quest for artistic satisfaction, he immersed himself in the local ''[[tiatr]]'' scene, regularly attending performances and closely observing the skills and techniques employed by accomplished ''[[tiatrist]]s''.<ref name=":1" />

Rodrigues achieved recognition performing under the [[pseudonym]] Mike Mehta during his participation in English concert showcases. He received his formal education at notable institutions, including St. Michael's High School in [[Mahim]], [[Bombay]], followed by St. Aloysius High School in [[Bandra]] and Guardian Angel High School in [[Sanvordem]], Goa. Continuing his academic pursuits, Rodrigues pursued higher education at [[Parvatibai Chowgule College]] in Goa and [[Kirti M. Doongursee College]] in [[Dadar]]. His educational endeavors culminated in the attainment of a [[Bachelor of Arts degree]] in [[English Literature]] and a [[Bachelor of Laws]] from the [[University of Bombay]]. During his educational journey from school to college, Rodrigues actively engaged in a variety of English concerts, occasionally expanding his [[repertoire]] to include performances in [[Hindi]] as well. Despite his proficiency in the [[Konkani language]], he did not have the opportunity to showcase his talents in Konkani concerts, even during his tenure at Guardian Angel High School and Chowgule College in Goa.<ref name=":0" />

==Theatrical career==
Rodrigues was a playwright and performer whose [[socio-political]] plays, such as ''Grant Road'', ''Goenkaranchem Rogot'' ([[Goans]]' Blood), and ''Goem Viklem Ghanttar'', hold a significant place in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theatrical history. In his later years, Rodrigues's affection for the [[Konkani language]] inspired him to engage in the creation, direction, and acting in ''[[tiatr]]s'', which are traditional Konkani [[musical theatre|musical drama]]s. Throughout his career, Rodrigues pondered the question of why [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[literary]] figure [[Rabindranath Tagore]] was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] for his Bengali work ''[[Gitanjali]]'', while Konkani writers had not received similar recognition. This contemplation became a driving force behind Rodrigues's decision to explore complex and challenging subjects in his Konkani ''tiatrs'', believing that dedication and sincerity could lead to comparable achievements. However, despite his commitment, Rodrigues has yet to receive any awards for his work, resulting in his relative anonymity as a ''[[tiatrist]]'', as noted by writer Fausto V. Da Costa. Rodrigues has made a significant impact on the heritage of Konkani ''tiatr''. Over a period of 35 years, he engaged in more than 550 theater performances, demonstrating his proficiency and experience. Furthermore, Rodrigues holds educational achievements in theater and [[screenplay]] composition, enhancing his standing in the field. It was Rosario Dias who first introduced Rodrigues to the ''tiatr'' stage, casting him in the production ''Vivasghat'' (Betrayal).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Da Costa |first=Fausto V. |date=24 September 2023 |title=Has the Tiatr Fraternity disowned Mike Mehta? |url=https://fliphtml5.com/cmlao/yeqp/Mike_Mehta___Goan_Review___July_-_Dec_2023/ |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=The Goan Review |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501124550/https://fliphtml5.com/cmlao/yeqp/Mike_Mehta___Goan_Review___July_-_Dec_2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1980, Rodrigues gained acclaim for his role in the successful Konkani play titled ''Purtugez Kolvont'' (Portuguese Artist), written by Konkani playwright [[John Claro]]. This play achieved a significant milestone by staging over 200 performances in locations such as [[Goa]], [[Bombay]], and [[Poona]]. Subsequently, Rodrigues was cast in another play by Claro called ''Inglez Madam'' (English Madam). Throughout his career, Rodrigues collaborated with popular Konkani directors in the ''tiatr'' stage, including [[M. Boyer]], [[C. Alvares]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], [[Remmie Colaço]], Kamat de Assolna, [[Premanand Sangodkar]], [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]], Fr. Planton Faria, and others. Rodrigues, known for his adherence to the acting principles of "[[Konstantin Stanislavski]]'s" [[Stanislavski's system|school of acting]], showcased his versatility as a writer, director, and producer, contributing to the creation of eleven ''tiatrs''. His significant contributions to [[Goan]] theatre primarily revolve around socio-political themes. Examples of his theatrical works include ''Politik'' (which delves into the depiction of the [[Indian Emergency]]), ''O Papagaiyo, Canta E Beira'' (exploring the concept of Goan identity), ''Goenkaranchem Rogot'' (advocating for the official recognition of the [[Konkani language]] and its placement within the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].), ''Goem Viklem Ghanttar'' (highlighting the issue of political [[defection]]s), and ''Goem Tum Roddo Naka'' (emphasizing the importance of preserving [[Land tenure|tenanted lands]] and discouraging their [[Land development|conversion for building constructions]]).<ref name=":0" />

Rodrigues has created several successful ''[[tiatr]]s'', including ''Grant Road'', ''Pavl Mhojem Chuklem'', ''Sunita'', and ''Rostadak Ostad''. An acclaimed piece of his [[repertoire]] is ''Pavl Mhojem Chuklem'', crafted in 1980 and later transformed into a published work by Om Connie Publication in 2003. ''Grant Road'', staged in 1982, was a production that tackled an unconventional topic within the ''tiatr'' sphere. The performance featured the musical abilities of a band led by [[Konkani language|Konkani]] musician [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]] and included standout performances by [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]], [[Betty Ferns]], [[Fatima D'Souza]], Kamat de Assolna, Rodrigues in a leading role, and [[Jacinto Vaz]] in a comedic character. In addition to his contributions to ''tiatr'', Rodrigues has ventured into other creative endeavors. He has contributed to the production of two [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]], written four [[teleplay]]s, and has showcased his acting talent in both Konkani and [[Hindi cinema]]. He played a crucial part in the Konkani movie ''Girestkai'', directed by Konkani filmmaker M. S. Das. Rodrigues has also been featured in [[Bollywood]], such as in the film ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]'', alongside [[Akshaye Khanna]], under co-producer [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]. Rodrigues has consistently pushed the boundaries of the ''tiatr'' genre, always striving for innovation and progress. He firmly believed that a ''tiatr's'' popularity did not necessarily indicate its progressive nature, advocating for the [[Experimental theatre|pursuit of experimentation]] as the true path to advancement. In his role as a director, he undertook various innovative endeavors in [[script development]], direction, and presentation within the realm of ''tiatr'' performances. His contributions to the evolution of ''tiatr'' have left a lasting impact, introducing new trends and shaping the future of this theatrical form.<ref name=":0" />

Rodrigues held a strong affinity for the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], although he often [[juxtaposed]] it with theatrical productions in other [[Theatre of India|regional languages]] and [[Theatre of the United Kingdom|English theater]]. In his discerning evaluation, he ascertained that the Konkani stage significantly trailed behind its counterparts in terms of artistic prowess and overall theatrical caliber. Prior to finding his breakthrough, Rodrigues nurtured a strong determination to effect positive change within the realm of Konkani theater. However, he was faced with the predicament of lacking personal acquaintance with any professional ''[[tiatrist]]s'', which posed a formidable challenge to the realization of his ambitions. During his formative years, a propitious opportunity presented itself when Rodrigues crossed paths with [[John Claro]], a seasoned and educated playwright in the ''[[tiatr]]'' field. Claro, engrossed in the composition of his ''tiatr'' titled ''Purtugez Kolvont'', proffered sagacious counsel to Rodrigues, guiding him to prioritize building a strong stage presence and creating a lasting impression before venturing into initiatives aimed at advancing the ''tiatr'' art form. Fortuitously, Claro extended an invitation to Rodrigues to assume a minor role in ''Purtugez Kolvont'', a performance in which Rodrigues delivered a memorable portrayal, garnering acclaim from audiences who were captivated by his talent. To Rodrigues' good fortune, ''Purtugez Kolvont'' enjoyed success, amassing almost 200 sold-out performances across various venues. This unprecedented triumph not only amplified Rodrigues' visibility but also conferred upon him the stature of a rising star. Consequently, several directors sought Rodrigues' acting abilities, offering him enticing opportunities to collaborate. As Rodrigues' reputation burgeoned, he steadily ascended fame, carving a prominent niche for himself within the realm of Konkani theater.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=218–220 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-01 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Author [[Wilson Mazarello]] writes, "''[[tiatr]]'' performances featuring Rodrigues showcased his meticulous approach, characterized by thorough role study and a commitment to delivering memorable portrayals. As his stage presence grew stronger, Rodrigues undertook the task of composing original ''tiatrs'', each showcasing distinctive and inventive features. He employed [[Scenic design|stage setting]]s and [[Stage lighting|lighting arrangements]] to enhance his work. With comprehensive [[storytelling]] and engaging dialogue, combined with his adept direction, Rodrigues breathed new life into the Konkani stage", writes Mazarello. Popular among Rodrigues's [[repertoire]] were acclaimed ''tiatrs'' such as ''O Papagaiyo, Canta E Beira'', ''Hello Daddy'', ''Pavl Mhojem Chuklem'', ''Grant Road'', and ''Dolle Dampchea Adim'' (Before you close your eyes), all of which garnered audience appreciation. ''Grant Road'' enjoyed the distinction of playing to packed houses in [[Bombay]] and even attracted consideration for adaptation into a [[feature film]] during the mid-1990s. Rodrigues also explored the realm of [[Video production|video filmmaking]], producing adaptations of some of his scripts. During the 1990s, he harbored aspirations for the progression of the Konkani stage. In addition to his accomplishments as an actor and playwright, Rodrigues took on [[character role]]s for Konkani directors such as [[M. Boyer]], [[Remmie Colaço]], [[Aristides Dias]], and [[John Claro]]. His multifaceted contributions further enriched the theatrical landscape.<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
Rodrigues was a [[legal professional]] specializing in [[advocacy]] and [[criminal law]], practicing in [[Margao, Goa]]. Despite his legal background, he actively embraced the title of "''[[tiatrist]]''" and took pride in his association with the [[Konkani language]] and the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. In 1995, Rodrigues resided with his family in Maddel, Margao.<ref name=":1" /> Despite his significant contributions to the Konkani theatre scene, he did not receive any formal recognition or awards for his work, leading to speculation about his standing within the ''[[tiatr]]'' fraternity. This speculation was further explored in an article titled "Has the Tiatr Fraternity Disowned Mike Mehta?" written by fellow [[Goan]] writer Fausto V. Da Costa and published in ''The Goan Review'' in September 2023.<ref name=":0" />

Rodrigues distinguished himself as the only [[legal practitioner]] hailing from the village of [[Borim]], where he excelled in his senior role as a [[criminal lawyer]]. After suffering a minor [[heart attack]] in 2014, he made the decision to retire from both his legal profession and his engagement in ''tiatrs''. As of 2023, he resided in Pedda, Margao. Rodrigues shared a familial connection with [[Jose Rod]], a Konkani singer and actor, as they are [[first cousins once removed]] through Rodrigues' father's brother.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Non-stop Rod is entertainment unlimited |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Nonstop-Rod-is-entertainment-unlimited/162888 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202123004/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Nonstop-Rod-is-entertainment-unlimited/162888 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rodrigues was married to Elsie Rodrigues, and their only son, Stanley, has followed in his footsteps and currently practices law at the [[High Court of Bombay]] in [[Goa]].<ref name=":0" />

===2018 physical assault===
In June 2018, Rodrigues and his wife, Elsie, were assaulted by Gaspar Fernandes, who resided in the same housing complex in Margao. According to reports, Fernandes allegedly threatened Elsie and later entered the couple’s apartment without authorization. This led to the filing of a criminal case at the [[Fatorda]] Police Station.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-29 |title=Adv Mike Mehta, wife assaulted – 29 June 2018 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/adv-mike-mehta-wife-assaulted/428686/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Death==
Rodrigues died on 1 November 2025, at the age of 78 at [[Goa Medical College]] in [[Bambolim]], Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-01 |title=Goa bids farewell to legendary tiatrist and actor Mike Mehta - Herald Goa |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/goa-bids-farewell-to-legendary-tiatrist-and-actor-mike-mehta/451592/ |access-date=2025-11-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Two days later, he was buried at the Holy Spirit Church cemetery in [[Margao]] after a funeral service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran tiatrist, lawyer Mike Mehta no more |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/veteran-tiatrist-lawyer-mike-mehta-no-more/138386.html |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2025 |title=Goa Mourns the Loss of Mike Mehta |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1DPzy51dt6/?mibextid=wwXIfr |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[List of Konkani-language television channels|Prudent Media]] via Facebook}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Mike}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from Goa]]

Sundar Bou

2026-03-07T06:16:49Z

Rolly: updated page

{{short description|1999 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Sundar Bou
|image =
|caption =
|director = [[Sujit Guha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sundar-bou-1999-bengali-movie|title=Sundar Bou Bengali movie|work=filmiclub.com|accessdate=2015-09-06}}</ref>
|producer =
|studio = Jayasree Sahabadi
|starring = [[Ranjit Mallick]] [[Tapas Paul]] [[Debashree Roy]] [[Lily Chakraborty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmlinks4u.to/2012/02/sundar-bou-1999-bengali-movie-watch-online.html|title=Sundar Bou (1999)–Bengali Movie Watch Online|work=filmlinks4u.net|accessdate=2015-09-06}}</ref>
|music = [[Anupam Dutta]]
|released = {{Film date|1999|01|22|df=y}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|budget =
|gross =
}}

'''''Sundar Bou''''' ({{translation}} lovely wife) ({{langx|bn|সুন্দর বউ}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinewatchmovies.co/watch-bengali-movies/sundar-bou-1999-bengali-movie-watch-online.html|title=Sundar Bou 1999 Bengali Movie Watch Online|work=onlinewatchmovies.co|accessdate=2015-09-06}}</ref> is a 1999 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Sujit Guha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.induna.com/1000008018-productdetails/?oI6Sbg==|title=Sundar Bou (1999) Bengali movie|work=induna.com|accessdate=2015-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myindiashopping.com/movie.php?lang=B&mov=15548|title=Sundar Bou (1999) buy Bengali Movie|work=myindiashopping.com|accessdate=2015-09-06}}</ref>

==Plot==
Nanda's stepmother fixes his marriage with Sabitri. However, after marriage, Sabitri is exploited by the stepmother. When Sabitri's uncle learns about it, he decides to help her.

==Cast==
* [[Ranjit Mallick]]
* [[Tapas Paul]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seventymm.com/Content/Gomolo/Movie/Sundar_Bou/21158/Profile|title=Sundar Bou movie profile|work=seventymm.com|accessdate=2015-09-06}}</ref>
* [[Debashree Roy]]
* [[Lily Chakraborty]]
* [[Dilip Ray]]
* [[Mrinal Mukherjee]]
* [[Subhendu Chatterjee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/sundar-bou-movie-cast-crew/15065|title=Cast & Crew of Sundar Bou|work=gomolo|accessdate=2015-09-06}}</ref>
* [[Gracy Singh|Gracy singh]] (Item dance)

==Music==
The film's music was composed by [[Anupam Dutta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webmosti.com/site_sundar_bou_1999_bengali_movie_mp3_songs_download.xhtml|title=Sundar Bou (1999) Bengali Movie Mp3 Songs|work=webmosti.com|accessdate=2015-09-06}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gomolo.com/sundar-bou-movie/15065 Sundar Bou] at the Gomolo

{{Sujit Guha}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sujit Guha]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anupam Dutta]]

{{1990s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Rupe Tomay Bholabo Na

2026-03-04T00:25:48Z

Rolly: put up initial entry basic info.

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rupe Tomay Bholabo Na
| image = Rupe Tomay Bholabo Na poster.gif

| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Raj Mukherjee
| producer = Arjun Bhowmik
| writer =
| screenplay = Raj Mukherjee
| story = Raj Mukherjee
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Swastika Mukherjee]] [[Kaushik Sen]] [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
| music = Piloo Bhattacharya
| cinematography = Sandip Sen
| editing = Tapas Chakraborty
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|2|22|Kolkata}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rupe Tomae Bholabo Na''''' ({{langx|bn|রূপে তোমায় ভোলাব না}}) is [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] released on 22 February 2013. The film is directed by Raj Mukherjee and it revolves around a star actress and her daughter reflecting their psycho conflict. The film features an ensemble cast including Anannya Sarkar as Ritu, Swastika Mukheree as Kaberi and Shaan as Sunny. It also stars Kaushik Sen as Indrajeet, and Soumitra Chatterjee.

== Plot ==

The [[Narrative|story]] revolves around the psychological and mental conflicts faced by [[Woman|women]], the root of which lies in the [[Socioeconomics|socioeconomic conditions]] of modern-day society. It is a [[love triangle]] based film but not a normal one. A star actress Kaberi ([[Swastika Mukherjee]]), her Ritu (Ananya Sarkar) and daughter's [[boyfriend]] Sunny (Shaan Roy) – love triangle between these three [[Character (arts)|characters]] has been shown in this film. This film shows that how the [[Interpersonal relationship|relationship]] between the mother & daughter goes when both of them got attracted to one man (Sunny). It shows the [[human psychology]] & [[crisis]] of recent days where a girl feels that her mother is physically more attractive than her. Kaberi is a famous actress of recent times. Indrajeet ([[Kaushik Sen]]), husband of Kaberi is a [[Corporation|corporate]] man. Ritu is the daughter of Kaberi and Indrajeet. Ritu is doing her graduation in science. Ritu suffers from identity crisis due to her mother's stardom. In the meantime, Ritu falls in love with her classmate Sunny, who is a boy from a [[village]]. But later, Sunny becomes the boyfriend of Kaberi. When Kaberi gets to know about Ritu & Sunny's relationship, she accepted it gladly. One day Kaberi met Sunny in a restaurant. Sunny told Kaberi that he had a dream to become an actor. Kaberi was impressed with her would be son in law. Kaberi started helping Sunny so that he can become an actor in [[future]]. As time passed, Sunny & Kaberi both get to know each other more. Age difference between Ritu and Kaberi was not very high. Ritu started suspecting her mother as she thought that Kaberi was becoming involved with Sunny and then twists & turns started happening in their [[life|lives]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Chakraborty |first=Dhananjoy |url=http://newsonindiancelebrities.blogspot.in/2012/08/bengali-movie-rupe-tomay-bholabo-na-and.html |title=Latest News On Indian Celebrities – Hot News, Marriage, Divorce, Death, Filmy News, Biography: Bengali Movie Rupe Tomay Bholabo Na And Story, Cast & Crew Of The Movie |publisher=Newsonindiancelebrities.blogspot.in |date=2012-08-31 |accessdate=2013-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhalobasa.in/articles/160258/Rupe-Tomay-Bholabo-Na--Movie |title=Rupe Tomay Bholabo Na -Movie |publisher=Bhalobasa.in |accessdate=2013-03-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224041000/http://www.bhalobasa.in/articles/160258/Rupe-Tomay-Bholabo-Na--Movie |archivedate=24 February 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://icetrail.blogspot.in/2013/02/rupe-tomay-bholabo-na-online-songs.html |title=Rupe Tomay Bholabo Na | heaven's garden |publisher=Icetrail.blogspot.in |date=2013-01-27 |accessdate=2013-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kolkatatoday.com/?p=8291 |title=Music Launch Of The New Upcoming Bengali Film "Rupe Tomai Bholabo Na" | Kolkatatoday:Kolkata's only online portal |publisher=Kolkatatoday |date=2013-02-13 |accessdate=2013-03-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130411053314/http://www.kolkatatoday.com/?p=8291 |archivedate=11 April 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://browse.feedreader.com/c/Kolkata_Bengal_Information/321304345 |title=Rupe Tomay Bholabo Na Movie Story Casts – Watch Online Rupe Tomay Bholabo Na Bengali Film from kolkatabengalinfo.com |publisher=Browse.feedreader.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2013/02/rupe-tomay-bholabo-na-movie-story-casts.html |title=Rupe Tomay Bholabo Na Movie Story Casts – Watch Online Rupe Tomay Bholabo Na Bengali Film – Kolkata Bengal Information |publisher=Kolkatabengalinfo.com |date=2013-02-22 |accessdate=2013-03-05}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
* [[Anannya Sarkar]] as Ritu
* [[Kaushik Sen]] as Indrajeet
* [[Swastika Mukherjee]] as Kaberi
* Shaan Roy as Sunny
* Piloo Bhattacharya

== Crew ==
* Music director: Piloo Bhattacharya
* Lyrics: [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11040275/ Prabir Kundu], Piloo Bhattacharya

==Soundtrack==
*"Asbe Tumi Ei Kothati" - Sujoy Bhowmik
*"Boroloker Beti Lo" - Piloo Bhattacharya

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]

Sharafat Chhod Di Main Ne

2026-03-03T23:36:46Z

Rolly: made a data w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sharafat Chhod Di Main Ne
| image = Sharafat Chod Di Maine.jpg
| caption =
| director = Jagdev Bhambri
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] [[Hema Malini]] [[Neetu Singh]]
| music = [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1976|06|29|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sharafat Chhod Di Main Ne''''' is a 1976 [[Bollywood]] [[film]] directed by Jagdev Bhambri. The film stars [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Neetu Singh]] in pivotal roles. The music was composed by [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]].

==Cast==
*[[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] as Raju / Rai Sahib
*[[Hema Malini]] as Preeta / Geeta (Double Role)
*[[Neetu Singh]] as Radha
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Dancer / Singer
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Dancer / Singer
*[[Padma Khanna]] as Dancer / Singer
*[[Faryal (actress)|Faryal]] as Dancer / Singer
*[[Jayshree T.]] as Dancer / Singer
*[[Laxmi Chhaya]] as Dancer / Singer

==Plot==
Raju and Preetha are in love. But he is disappointed when she marries another man due to pressure from her father. Raju can't take the betrayal and treats every woman as a play thing. Raju moves to the city and befriends Kalu who introduces him to Rai Sahab who runs illegal activities. Rai Sahab soon becomes fond of Raju. Preeta passes away after giving birth to her daughter Radha. Rai Sahab hands his empire to Raju and bestows on him the title Rai Sahab.

Years pass by. Preetha's daughter Radha is now a college student in love with her classmate. She lives with her aunt Geeta, who is Preetha's lookalike and runs an ashram for unwed pregnant girls. At a fund-raising show for Geeta's ashram, Radha performs a dance which her mother used to perform in the village. Raju, a generous donor of the ashram, is in the audience and is flooded by memories. And he gets attracted to the much younger Radha.

==Soundtrack==
Music composed by [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]], while all song lyrics are written by [[Verma Malik]].
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Shyam Salona" - 1
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Shyam Salona" - 2
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Ek Mutthi Mein Dil"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Meri Gali Mein Saiyan"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Aaj Ki Mehfil, Aaj Ki Sham"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Ek Sapna Maine Dekha Hai, Ek Sapna Maine Dekha Hai"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0381585|title=Sharafat Chhod Di Main Ne}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Madan Mohan]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Parasangada Gendethimma

2026-03-03T22:23:29Z

Rolly: expanded article to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parasangada Gendethimma
| image = Parasangada Gendethimma.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Maruthi Shivram
| producer = Honnappa N Subramani Annadanappa Shivaram T P Dorairaj M Nagarajan
| screenplay = Maruthi Shivram
| narrator =
| based_on = {{based on|''Parasangada Gendethimma''|[[Srikrishna Alanahalli]]}}
| starring = [[Lokesh]] Reeta Anchan [[Maanu (actor)|Maanu]] Honnaiah
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = [[S. Ramachandra]]
| editing = J. Stanly
| studio =
| distributor = Kalakshethra
| released = {{Film date|1978|||df=yes}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Parasangada Gendethimma''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಪರಸಂಗದ ಗೆಂಡೆತಿಮ್ಮ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Actor-singer Gendethimma}}) is a 1978 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Maruthi Shivram, based on a novel of the same by [[Srikrishna Alanahalli]].<ref>{{cite news |title= A writer ahead of his time |url= https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/A-writer-ahead-of-his-time/articleshow/23988116.cms |newspaper= Bangalore Mirror |date= 11 October 2013 |accessdate= 8 May 2014 |archive-date= 2 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180702181721/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/A-writer-ahead-of-his-time/articleshow/23988116.cms |url-status= live }}</ref> It stars [[Lokesh]] in the lead role and the supporting cast features Reeta Anchan, B. R. Jayaram, and [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]. The film features original songs composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]], while cinematography was done by [[S. Ramachandra]].

The film won three awards at the 1978–79 Karnataka State Film Awards – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Third Best Film]], [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Lokesh) and [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] ([[Rajan–Nagendra]]). The film was remade in Tamil in 1979 as ''[[Rosappoo Ravikkaikari]]'' and in Telugu in 1982 as ''Kotha Neeru''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/Top-ten-Kannada-films-to-have-been-remade/photostory/27975141.cms|title=Top ten Kannada films to have been remade|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 August 2018 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Thimanna ([[Lokesh]]) is an innocent tribal youth who is excited about his wedding. He is salesman in a village who help villagers by getting items they need from a distant city. His wedding is arranged with Marakani (Reeta Anchan), a city girl. Marakani wants to bring about a huge change in him and make him a decent city man. Meanwhile, due to differences with her mother-in-law, Marakani manages to separate herself and Thimanna from his mother, and they start living separately. When an innocent Thimanna invites a teacher (Manu) to his new shed where they live, Marakani gets attracted to him due to his sophisticated city man looks. The plot then revolves around Thimanna's point of view of the whole situation.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Lokesh]] as Gendethimma
* B. R. Jayaram
* Reeta Anchan (Voice dubbed by [[B. Jayashree]]) as Marakani<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-actress-rita-anchan-passes-away-at-68/articleshow/115335105.cms|title=Kannada actress Rita Anchan passes away at 68|work= The Times of India |date=15 November 2024 }}</ref>
* Lalithamma
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]
* Sundaramma
* [[R. Nagarathnamma]]
* [[Maanu (actor)|Maanu]]
* [[Prameela]]
* Radhakrishna
* Shyamala
*[[Dingri Nagaraj]]
*Honnappa
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as villager (uncredited)
}}

==Production==
[[Lokesh]] received a remuneration of ₹1000 for the film.<ref>{{cite web | title=ಪರಸಂಗದ ಗೆಂಡೆತಿಮ್ಮ ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಹಿರಿಯ ನಟ ಲೋಕೇಶ್ ಪಡೆದ ದುಬಾರಿ ಸಂಭಾವನೆ ಎಷ್ಟು ಗೊತ್ತೇ? |work= Kannada News Today | url=https://kannadanews.today/sandalwood-news/kannada-actor-lokesh-remuneration-for-the-film-parasangada-gendethimma-at-that-time/|language=kn |date=15 May 2023}}</ref> This film marked the acting debut of [[Dingri Nagaraj]] and [[Vinu Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dingri-nagaraj-comedy-was-clean-earlier-920756.html|title=Dingri Nagaraj: Comedy was clean earlier|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Vinu Chakravarthy |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/vinuchakravarthy.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505033952/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/vinuchakravarthy.asp |archive-date=5 May 2017 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]], with lyrics by [[Doddarange Gowda]]. The song "Thera Yeri Ambaradaage" was well received.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-srujan-lokesh-to-direct-mum-and-son-in-debut-project/articleshow/94435077.cms|title=Exclusive: Srujan Lokesh to direct mum and son in debut project|date=26 September 2022|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Track list ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Notadage Nageya Meeti"
| rowspan=3|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| 2
| "Thera Yeri Ambaradaage"
|-
| 3
| "Notadage Nageya Meeti" (Sad)
|-
| 4
|"Ninna Roopu Edeya Kalaki"
| [[S. Janaki]]
|}

== Reception ==
The film was released to mixed reviews from critics and audience. The critical reception of the songs caused many people not view the movie in theatres although the people that did watch the film in theatres felt that the film was good.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/most-critics-are-biased-lyricist-dr-doddarangegowda/|title=Most critics are biased: Lyricist Dr. Doddarangegowda|date=20 June 2018|work=Star of Mysore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14616840}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1978 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Daveed (film)

2026-03-03T09:35:55Z

Rolly: started some data and citations

{{Short description|2025 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Daveed
| image = Daveed_Malayalam_Movie_Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Govind Vishnu
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Deepu Rajeevan
* Govind Vishnu
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Century Max John & Mary Productions
* Panorama Studios
* Aby Alex Abhraham
* Tom Joseph
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Antony Varghese]]
* [[Lijomol Jose]]
* [[Vijayaraghavan]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Justin Varghese]]
| cinematography = Salu K. Thomas
| editing = Rakesh Cherumadam
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Century Max John & Mary Productions
* [[Panorama Studios]]
}}
| distributor = Century Films (India)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|02|14}}<ref>{{cite web |title=ബോക്സറായി ആന്റണി പെപ്പെ;'ദാവീദ്' |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/antony-varghese-pepes-next-film-is-titled-daveed-1345479 |website=[[Madhyamam]] |date=November 2024 |access-date=1 November 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130064221/https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/antony-varghese-pepes-next-film-is-titled-daveed-1345479 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = {{INR}}9 crore<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 20, 2025 |title=Malayalam cinema’s February fallout: Rs 53 crore loss, one film earns just Rs 10,000! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-cinemas-february-fallout-rs-53-crore-loss-one-film-earns-just-rs-10000/articleshow/119237255.cms#:~:text=Here%2520are%2520some%2520of%2520the%2520films%2520and,Rs%25201.5%2520crore%252C%2520Theater%2520Share:%2520Rs%252055%252C000 |access-date=2025-10-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2025 |title=Mollywood box office collection: 11 of 17 films released in February tank in theatres |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/19/february-malayalam-new-releases-producers-disclose-budget-revenue-loss.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''Daveed''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2025|2025]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[action film]] directed by Govind Vishnu and written by Deepu Rajeevan and Govind Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First look poster of Antony Varghese's actioner 'Daveed' is out! -See inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/first-look-poster-of-antony-vargheses-actioner-daveed-is-out-see-inside/articleshow/114155721.cms |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120014916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/first-look-poster-of-antony-vargheses-actioner-daveed-is-out-see-inside/articleshow/114155721.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> It is produced by Aby Alex Abraham, Tom Joseph, Century Max John & Mary Productions and [[Panorama Studios]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antony Varghese Pepe's 'Daveed' wrapped up |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Oct/25/antony-varghese-pepesdaveed-wrapped-up |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Antony Varghese's Movie Daveed Completes Its First Schedule |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/antony-vargheses-movie-daveed-completes-its-first-schedule-9021672.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821014123/https://www.news18.com/movies/antony-vargheses-movie-daveed-completes-its-first-schedule-9021672.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The films stars [[Antony Varghese]], [[Lijomol Jose]], [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Saiju Kurup]] and Kichu Tellus in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antony Varghese Pepe's Next Film Is Titled Daveed |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/antony-varghese-pepes-next-film-is-titled-daveed-article-111247586 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625045636/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/antony-varghese-pepes-next-film-is-titled-daveed-article-111247586 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was officially announced on 23 November,<ref>{{Cite news |title='ഡബിള്‍ പഞ്ചിന് ഇത്തിരി ഇടവേള'; ആന്റണി പെപ്പെയുടെ 'ദാവീദ്' ആദ്യ ഷെഡ്യൂള്‍ പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി. |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/antony-varghese-daveed-movie-first-schedule-wrapped-1.9825816 |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819175859/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/antony-varghese-daveed-movie-first-schedule-wrapped-1.9825816 |url-status=live}}</ref> 2023. Principal Photography commenced on 24 June 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shooting of Antony Varghese Pepe's film 'Daveed' begins |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1331300&u=shooting-of-antony-varghese-pepes-film-daveed-begins |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |language=en}}</ref> in [[Thrissur]], [[Ernakulam]], and [[Kottayam]]. The film's songs and original score were by [[Justin Varghese]]. The film received generally positive reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=August 2025}}
Ashiq Abu, a middle-aged [[bouncer]] who faces a life-changing rivalry with Turkish boxer Sainul Akhmedov.

==Cast==
* [[Antony Varghese]] as Aashiq Abu
* [[Lijomol Jose]] as Sherin
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Kochappa
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Raghavan Aashaan
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Sam Puthekkadan
* [[Kichu Tellus]] as Tytus
* Jess Kukku as Safa
* Ramesh
* Mohan
* Narayanan
* Bibin
* Sandra
* Deepu Rajeevan
* [[Michael Igwe]] as Cuban Boxer 1
* Dinil as Cuban Boxer 2
* [[Anna Rajan]] as Herself (cameo)

==Production==
===Development===
The film marks the directorial debut of Govind Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First Look Of Antony Varghese Pepe's Daveed Out! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/first-look-of-antony-varghese-pepes-daveed-out-article-114155028 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130062534/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/first-look-of-antony-varghese-pepes-daveed-out-article-114155028 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 June 2024, he announced his collaboration with [[Antony Varghese]] and [[Lijomol Jose]] for the project, revealing that the script would be co-written by Deepu Rajeevan. The film is set to be produced by John & Mary Productions, Panorama Studios, Aby Alex Abhraham, and Tom Joseph.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ബോക്സറായി ആന്റണി വര്‍ഗീസ്; 'ദാവീദ്' ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/film/antony-varghese-as-boxer-in-daveed-movie-rv-675658.html |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[News18 Malayalam]] |language=ml |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624145634/https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/film/antony-varghese-as-boxer-in-daveed-movie-rv-675658.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The cinematography will be handled by Salu K. Thomas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pepe 13 is now titled Daveed: Check out the motion poster of Antony Varghese's upcoming action flick |url=https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/pepe-13-is-now-titled-daveed-check-out-the-motion-poster-of-antony-vargheses-upcoming-action-flick/b157183806852/ |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Desimartini |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623213718/https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/pepe-13-is-now-titled-daveed-check-out-the-motion-poster-of-antony-vargheses-upcoming-action-flick/b157183806852/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film's visuals and pacing are supervised by editor Rakesh Cherumadam.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antony Varghese Pepe to star in Daveed, poster released |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/antony-varghese-pepe-to-star-in-daveed-poster-released-1.9664201 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625003246/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/antony-varghese-pepe-to-star-in-daveed-poster-released-1.9664201 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Antony Varghese]] signed on for Daveed with director Govind Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite news |title='ഞങ്ങൾ തുടങ്ങുകയാണ് എല്ലാവരുടേം പ്രാർത്ഥന വേണം': ആന്റണി വർഗീസിന്റെ 'ദാവീദ്' വരുന്നു |url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/daveed-movie-antony-varghese-news.html |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=[[Vanitha]] |language=ml |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130065759/https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/daveed-movie-antony-varghese-news.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The team has announced that [[Lijomol Jose]], [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Saiju Kurup]], and Kichu Tellus are in the cast. The film will also feature [[Aju Varghese]], Jess Kukku, Nileen Sandra,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filming Of Antony Varghese Pepe's Daveed Wrapped Up! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/filming-of-antony-varghese-pepes-daveed-wrapped-up-article-114475536 |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> Mo Ismail, Bibin Perumbally, Ajith Narayanan, Deepu Mohan, and Ramesh Kozhikode in key roles. Additionally, the director has revealed that the movie will introduce several new faces.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antony Varghese's Daveed launched |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/24/antony-vargheses-daveed-launched |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725183809/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/24/antony-vargheses-daveed-launched |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
Principal photography began on 24 June,<ref>{{Cite news |title=It's a wrap for Antony Varghese's Daveed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/23/its-a-wrap-for-antony-vargheses-daveed |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130070334/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/23/its-a-wrap-for-antony-vargheses-daveed |url-status=live}}</ref> 2024, with a puja ceremony. The first schedule lasted over 55 days,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antony Varghese Pepe to star in Daveed, poster released |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/antony-vargheses-movie-daveed-completes-its-first-schedule-9021672.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821014123/https://www.news18.com/movies/antony-vargheses-movie-daveed-completes-its-first-schedule-9021672.html |url-status=live}}</ref> concluding on 18 August 2024. Filming took place in and around [[Ernakulam]] and [[Kottayam]]. The second schedule was held from 7 to 22 October, with shooting in [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=ബോക്സറായി ആന്റണി വര്‍ഗീസ്; 'ദാവീദ്' ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/film/antony-varghese-as-boxer-in-daveed-movie-rv-675658.html |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[News18 Malayalam]] |language=ml}}</ref>

==Marketing==
The film was announced with a motion title poster that introduced the cast, accompanied by music from [[Justin Varghese]]. The first look poster,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antony Varghese Pepe flexes his muscles as boxer Ashiq Abu in Daveed, first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/11/antony-varghese-pepe-flexes-his-muscles-as-boxer-ashiq-abu-in-daveed-first-look-out |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> featuring [[Antony Varghese]] as Abu, a boxer, was released on 11 October 2024. The full cast was later revealed through social media posts. Promotional activities for the film began in early October, though the trailer is yet to be released. Director Govind Vishnu confirmed via his social media that Daveed will hit theaters in February.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Release window announced for Antony Varghese's Daveed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/31/release-window-announced-for-antony-vargheses-daveed |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}</ref>

==Music==
The music and original background score for this film<ref>{{Cite news |title=ആക്ഷനില്‍ കസറാൻ ആന്റണി വര്‍ഗീസ്, ചിത്രത്തിന് പേരിട്ടു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/antony-vargheses-next-action-film-title-daveed-hrk-sfkirl |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=en}}</ref> were composed by [[Justin Varghese]]. The music rights for the film have been sold to [[Think Music]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='വാലിബനു' ശേഷം 'ദാവീദു'മായി ജോൺ ആൻഡ് മേരി പ്രൊഡക്‌ഷൻ; നായകൻ പെപ്പെ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/06/24/antony-varghese-pepes-daveed-movie-starts-rolling.html |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130062039/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/06/24/antony-varghese-pepes-daveed-movie-starts-rolling.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was released theatrically on 14 February 2025.{{Cn|date=August 2025}}

===Home media===
The digital streaming rights of the film is acquired by [[ZEE5]] and started streaming from 18 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2025 |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/daveed-ott-release-date-platform-zee5-anthony-varghese-pepe-8953736 |title=Daveed OTT: പെപ്പെയുടെ ആക്ഷൻ ചിത്രം ദാവീദ് ഒടിടിയിൽ എപ്പോൾ കാണാം? |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=ml}}</ref>

==Reception==
Gopika Is of TimesofIndia gave the film a 3.5 out of 5 rating mentioning "Debutant director Govind Vishnu's Daveed is a well-made, entertaining sports drama. The film, given its genre, could have ended up being very predictable—and it is, to an extent—but the execution and the journey to these plot points are what make Daveed an engrossing experience".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Daveed Movie Review : Antony Varghese Shines in This Engaging Malayalam Sports Drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/daveed/movie-review/118258622.cms |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Swathi P Ajith of Onmanorama gave the film a positive review saying "The film may not have the scale of a Hollywood sports drama, but the effort put into it, the work behind the scenes, and Pepe's strong performance hold it together. While it keeps things grounded, the film delivers where it matters, making it a worthy watch in theaters".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Daveed': A boxing drama that lands its punches with heart and sweat {{!}} Movie Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/02/14/daveed-movie-review-antony-varghese-pepe-lijomol-boxing.html |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=‘Daveed’: A boxing drama that lands its punches with heart and sweat {{!}} Movie Review |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of boxing films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt29472286}}
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/daveed/0-0-1z5730839 Daveed]'' on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ernakulam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Panorama Studios films]]

Poicha State

2026-02-28T16:37:51Z

Rolly: put up first stub initial version.

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Poicha State
|common_name =Poicha
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Poicha
|stat_area1 =9.7125
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =1018
|footnotes =
}}

{{princely states topics}}
'''Poicha State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 264, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n295/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 102,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n111/mode/2up</ref> It was part of the 26 Princely States making up the [[Pandu Mehwas]], petty states placed under British protection between 1812 and 1825.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 270,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n301/mode/2up</ref> The state had a population of 1018 and an area of 3.75 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 24, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n33/mode/2up</ref>

==Rulers==

The state was held by several shareholders.

Between 1922 <ref>The Rewakantha directory, p. 116 https://archive.org/details/apz5770.0001.001.umich.edu/page/116/mode/2up</ref> and 1927 <ref>A Collection Of Treaties and Sanads Vol - Xiv (1929), p. 162, https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1302/page/161/mode/2up</ref> the 6 shareholders of Poicha were:

* Khumansing Himatsing (b. 1872) fl. 1922-fl. 1927
* Chandrasing Ranchod (b. 1888) fl. 1922-fl. 1927
* Himatsing Gagabhai (b. 1870) fl. 1922-fl. 1927
* Jenabhai Parbatsing (b. 1868) fl. 1922-fl. 1927
* Himatsing Waghji (b. 1887) fl. 1922-fl. 1927
* Thackerani Rupaliba, widow of Kanbhai Lakhbhai (b. 1894) fl. 1922
* Devabhai Lalbhai fl. 1927

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}
{{Vadodara-geo-stub}}

Ganapathi Sachchidananda

2026-02-27T11:54:36Z

Rolly: improved article

{{Short description|Indian Hindu avadhuta}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| image = Sri Ganapathi Sachchidananda Swamiji.jpg
| caption = Sri Datta Naada Swamiji (Sri Ganapathi Sachchidananda Swamiji.jpg)
| honorific_prefix = [[His Holiness]] [[Shri|Sri]]
| name = Sri Datta Naada Swamiji (Ganapathi Sachchidananda)
| honorific_suffix = [[Swami]]ji
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|05|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mekedatu]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
}}

'''Sri Datta Naada Swamiji (Sri Ganapathi Sachchidananda Swamiji)''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] ''[[avadhuta]]'' and guru. He is primarily active in the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], and has a following in the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Trinidad and Tobago]].

== Shuka Vana aviary ==
Ganapathi Sachchidananda founded Shuka Vana, a rehabilitation center for birds located at the Avadhoota Datta Peetham ashram in [[Mysore]]. The aviary has over 2,100 rare birds of more than 470 endangered and critically endangered exotic species.<ref name=aviary/><ref name="SOM_20150118">{{cite news|url=http://www.starofmysore.com/main.asp?type=specialnews|title=Shuka Vana: Rehabilitation centre for birds|date=18 January 2015|work=[[Star of Mysore]]|accessdate=22 January 2015|authorlink=Kenneth Shishir|archive-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206013203/http://starofmysore.com/main.asp?type=specialnews|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=AO>{{cite web |url= https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/india-aviary-shuka-vana-world-record |title= Inside India's Record-Breaking Aviary |publisher= [[Atlas Obscura]] |author= Deepa Padmanaban |date= 29 September 2017 |accessdate= 31 May 2021}}</ref>

A well-equipped hospital is attached to Shuka Vana. The hospital helps injured and ill birds and assists with their rehabilitation.<ref name=AO/>

== Associated organizations ==
Ganapathi Sachchidananda founded several organizations, including:

=== Avadhoota Datta Peetham ===
Avadhoota Datta Peetham is an umbrella organization supporting Sri Swamiji's vision and mission responsible for providing guidance for all other organizations.<ref name="JonesRyan">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |page=121 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=22 January 2021 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

=== Amma Vodi ===
Amma Vodi, meaning Mother's Lap is a 200 bed rehabilitation center and hospital for destitute women in Dundigal, near Hyderabad, India.<ref name="Timesofindia_20030410">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Aid-Datta-Ashram-projects/articleshow/42900721.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018190954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-04-10/hyderabad/27261950_1_chronic-diseases-projects-destitute-women|url-status=live|archive-date=18 October 2012|title=Aid Datta Ashram projects|date=10 April 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Recognitions ==
=== Guinness World Records ===
[[Guinness World Records]] set by Sri Swamiji.
* Most people chanting: a world record of 128,918 people in Tenali, India on 31 January 2015<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-people-chanting |title= Most people chanting |work= [[Guinness World Records]] |date= 31 January 2015 |accessdate= 31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/119105529|title=World Record gathering for Chanting of Hanuman Chalisa in Tenali, India - 31 Jan 2015|publisher=SGS Hanuman Chalisa|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>
* Largest [[smriti|Hindu smriti]]: (body of Hindu texts) {{convert|2.24|m|ftin}} x {{convert|1.56|m|ftin}} on 26 May 2017<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/440784-largest-hindu-smriti |title= Largest Hindu Smriti |work= [[Guinness World Records]] |date= 26 May 2017 |archiveurl= https://archive.today/20210531203700/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/440784-largest-hindu-smriti |archivedate= 31 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/HanumanTemple/posts/750413975120406|title=3 Guinness World Records🎖awarded on HH Swamiji's birthday|publisher=[[Facebook]] |author=Karya Siddhi Hanuman Temple|date=27 May 2017|accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref>
* Largest music therapy lesson: a world record of 1,841 people at the [[Sydney Opera House]] conducted by Sri Swamiji on 6 April 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/374393-largest-music-therapy-lesson|title=Largest music therapy lesson|date=6 April 2015|website=Guinness World Records|publisher=Guinness Book of World Records|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>
* Longest chanting marathon (team): 24 hours, 10 minutes, 8 seconds on 31 July 2015, at [[Karya Siddhi Hanuman Temple]] in Frisco, Texas.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/indian-news/2015/9/world-peace-day-top-10-peace-records-plus-upcoming-attempt-from-yoko-ono-397075 |title= World Peace Day: Ten harmonious records to mark the event |date= 21 September 2015 |archiveurl= https://archive.today/20210531210353/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/indian-news/2015/9/world-peace-day-top-10-peace-records-plus-upcoming-attempt-from-yoko-ono-397075 |archivedate= 31 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dattapeetham.org/events/event/2015/guru-purnima-guinness-world-record-at-hanuman-temple#.Vb4zNniJlFI|title=Guru Purnima & Guinness world record at Hanuman Temple|date=1 August 2015|website=dattapeetham.org|publisher=Avadhoota Datta Peetham|accessdate=4 August 2015}}</ref>
* Largest breathing lesson: July 2016, at India Community Center, [[Milpitas, California]], USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/guinness_world_records_recognizes_his_holiness_dr_sri_ganapathy_sachchidananda_swamiji_for_creating_world_history_at_india_community_center_milpitas_ca_usa/prweb13542761.htm|title=Guinness World Records Recognizes Sri Ganapathy Sachchidananda Swamiji for Creating World History at India Community Center, Milpitas, CA, USA|last=|first=|date=11 July 2016|website=|publisher=prweb|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dattapeetham.org/events/event/2016/pujya-swamiji-in-bay-area-9-11-july-2016-hanuman-chalisa-yoga-world-record|title=Pujya Swamiji in Bay Area 9-11 July 2016 Hanuman Chalisa & Yoga world record|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Avadootha Datta Peetham|access-date=17 July 2016|archive-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911030038/http://www.dattapeetham.org/events/event/2016/pujya-swamiji-in-bay-area-9-11-july-2016-hanuman-chalisa-yoga-world-record|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Largest online video album of people chanting: 40,976 videos announced at [[Carapichaima]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]] 31 July 2016<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/379492-largest-online-video-album-of-people-chanting |title= Largest online video album of people chanting |work= Guinness World Records |date= 31 July 2016 |accessdate= 31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dattapeetham.org/events/event/2016/hh-swamiji-in-trinidad-2016-kumbhabhisheka-chanting#.V6OqxIMS_IV|title=HH Swamiji in Trinidad 2016 Kumbhabhisheka & Chanting|last=|first=|date=1 August 2016|website=|publisher=Avadootha Datta Peetham|access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref>
* Largest display of bonsai trees: over 2,600 at the World Bonsai Convention in Mysore Ashrama December 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/115769-largest-display-of-bonsai-trees|title=Largest display of bonsai trees|date=21 December 2016|website=Guinness World Records|publisher=Guinness Book of World Records|accessdate=2 June 2017|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170528223554/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/115769-largest-display-of-bonsai-trees |archivedate= 28 May 2017 |url-status= dead}}</ref>
* Most bird species in an aviary: 486 species, 6 May 2017<ref name=aviary>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/442552-most-bird-species-in-an-aviary|title=Most bird species in an aviary|date=6 May 2017|website=Guinness World Records|publisher=Guinness Book of World Records|accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://starofmysore.com/vajrotsava/|title=Vajrotsava|date=20 May 2017|publisher=Star of Mysore|accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref>
* World's largest special stamp: measures {{convert|2.87|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}, on 26 May 2018 at Avadhoota Datta Peetham, Mysuru, India. The stamp was issued by the Indian Postal Department commemorating the Vishwam Museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/worlds-largest-postal-stamp-seer-gets-9th-guinness-world-record/|title=World's Largest Postal Stamp: Seer Gets 9th Guinness World Record|date=27 May 2018|publisher=Star of Mysore|accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* Swamijji appeared in the movie ''[[Swathi Kiranam]]'' (1992), in the song "Shivani Bhavani" shot in his ashram.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ganapathi Sachchidananda}}
* [http://www.dattapeetham.org Avadhoota Datta Peetham (Sri Ganapathy Sachchidananda Ashram)]
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sachchidananda, Ganapathi}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mysore]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]

Indian Remote Sensing Programme

2026-02-25T13:06:38Z

Rolly:

{{Short description|Series of Earth observation satellites}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}

'''India's remote sensing program''' was developed with the idea of applying space technologies for the benefit of humankind and the development of the country. The program involved the development of three principal capabilities. The first was to design, build and launch satellites to a [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]. The second was to establish and operate ground stations for spacecraft control, data transfer along with data processing and archival. The third was to use the data obtained for various applications on the ground.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Navalgund|first1=R. R.|last2=Kasturirangan|first2=K.|date=1983-12-01|title=The Indian remote sensing satellite: a programme overview|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences Section C: Engineering Sciences|language=en|volume=6|issue=4|pages=313–336|doi=10.1007/BF02881137|issn=0973-7677|bibcode=1983InES....6..313N|s2cid=140649818}}</ref>

India demonstrated the ability of [[remote sensing]] for societal application by detecting coconut root-wilt disease from a helicopter mounted [[Multispectral imaging|multispectral]] camera in 1970. This was followed by flying two experimental satellites, [[Bhaskara (satellite)|Bhaskara]]-1 in 1979 and Bhaskara-2 in 1981. These satellites carried optical and microwave payloads.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9skDwAAQBAJ&q=root-wilt+disease+coconut+isro&pg=PA280|title=Comprehensive Remote Sensing|date=2017-11-08|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-803221-3|language=en|access-date=2020-11-01|archive-date=2022-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518091751/https://books.google.com/books?id=x9skDwAAQBAJ&q=root-wilt+disease+coconut+isro&pg=PA280|url-status=live}}</ref>

India's remote sensing programme under [[ISRO]] started off in 1988 with the [[IRS-1A]], the first of the series of indigenous state-of-art operating remote sensing satellites, which was successfully launched into a polar Sun-synchronous orbit on March 17, 1988, from the Soviet Cosmodrome at Baikonur.

It has sensors like LISS-I which had a spatial resolution of {{Convert|72.5|m|ft}} with a swath of {{Convert|148|km|mi}} on ground. LISS-II had two separate imaging sensors, LISS-II A and LISS-II B, with spatial resolution of {{Convert|36.25|m|ft}} each and mounted on the spacecraft in such a way to provide a composite swath of {{Convert|146.98|km|mi}} on ground. These tools quickly enabled India to map, monitor and manage its natural resources at various spatial resolutions. The operational availability of data products to the user organisations further strengthened the relevance of remote sensing applications and management in the country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/saga-of-indian-remote-sensing-satellite-system|title=The Saga of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-date=2019-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627192046/https://www.isro.gov.in/saga-of-indian-remote-sensing-satellite-system|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==IRS System==

Following the successful demonstration flights of [[Bhaskara Satellite series|Bhaskara-1 and Bhaskara-2]] satellites launched in 1979 and 1981, respectively, India began to develop the indigenous Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite program to support the national economy in the areas of [[Agriculture in India|agriculture]], [[Water resources in India|water resources]], [[Forestry in India|forestry]] and ecology, geology, water sheds, marine [[Fishing in India|fisheries]] and [[coastal management]].

Towards this end, India had established the [[National Natural Resources Management System]] (NNRMS) for which the [[Department of Space]] (DOS) is the nodal agency, providing operational [[remote sensing]] data services.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/india/earth/irs.htm |title=FAS website on IRS |access-date=2007-05-04 |archive-date=2016-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820111046/http://fas.org/spp/guide/india/earth/irs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Data from the IRS satellites is received and disseminated by several countries all over the world. With the advent of high-resolution satellites, new applications in the areas of [[urban sprawl]], infrastructure planning and other large scale applications for mapping have been initiated.

The IRS system is the largest constellation of remote sensing satellites for civilian use in operation today in the world, with 11 operational satellites. All these are placed in polar Sun-synchronous orbit and provide data in a variety of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. Indian Remote Sensing Programme completed its 25 years of successful operations on March 17, 2013.<ref name=":0" />

== IRS data applications ==

Data from Indian Remote Sensing satellites are used for various applications of resources survey and management under the National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS). Following is the list of those applications:

* Space Based Inputs for Decentralized Planning (SIS-DP)
* National Urban Information System (NUIS)
* ISRO Disaster Management Support Programme (ISRO-DMSP)
* [[Biodiversity in India|Biodiversity]] characterizations at landscape level - http://bis.iirs.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111055739/http://bis.iirs.gov.in/ |date=2015-01-11 }}
* Preharvest crop area and production estimation of major crops.
* [[Drought in India|Drought]] monitoring and assessment based on vegetation condition.
* [[Floods in India|Flood]] risk zone mapping and flood damage assessment.
* [[Hydrogeomorphology|Hydro-geomorphological]] maps for locating underground water resources for drilling well.
* [[Irrigation in India|Irrigation]] command area status monitoring
* Snow-melt run-off estimates for planning water use in down stream projects
* Land use and land cover mapping
* Urban planning
* Forest survey
* [[Wetlands of India|Wetland]] mapping
* Environmental impact analysis
* [[Natural resources of India#Abiotic resources|Mineral]] prospecting
* Coastal studies
* Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (initiated in 1992) for generating locale-specific prescriptions for integrated land and water resources development in 174 districts.
* North Eastern District Resources Plan (NEDRP)

==IRS launch log==

The initial versions are composed of the 1 (A, B, C, D). The later versions are named based on their area of application, including OceanSat, CartoSat, ResourceSat. Some of the satellites have alternate designations based on the launch number and vehicle (P series for PSLV). From 2020, the name was changed to the generic EOS, which stands for Earth Observation Satellite.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Andrew|date=2020-11-07|title=India back in action with launch of Earth observation satellite, nine rideshare small sats|url=https://spacenews.com/india-back-in-action-with-launch-of-earth-observation-satellite-nine-rideshare-small-sats/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-06|website=SpaceNews|language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! width=7% | Serial No.
! width=28% | Satellite
! width=15% | Date of Launch
! width=15% | Launch Vehicle
! width=35% | Status
|-
|1
|[[IRS-1A]]
|17 March 1988
|[[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]], [[USSR]]
|Mission Completed
|-
|2
|[[IRS-1B]]
|29 August 1991
|[[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]], [[USSR]]
|Mission Completed
|-
|3
|[[IRS-P1]] (also IE)
|20 September 1993
|[[PSLV-D1]]
|Launch failure
|-
|4
|[[IRS-P2]]
|15 October 1994
|[[PSLV-D2]]
|Mission Completed
|-
|5
|[[IRS-1C]]
|28 December 1995
|[[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]], [[Russia]]
|Mission Completed
|-
|6
|[[IRS-P3]]
|21 March 1996
|[[PSLV-D3]]
|Mission Completed
|-
|7
|[[IRS-1D|IRS 1D]]
|29 September 1997
|[[PSLV-C1]]
|Mission Completed
|-
|8
|IRS-P4 ([[Oceansat-1]])
|27 May 1999
|[[PSLV-C2]]
|Mission Completed
|-
|9
|[[Technology Experiment Satellite]] (TES)
|22 October 2001
|[[PSLV-C3]]
|Mission Completed
|-
|10
|IRS P6 ([[Resourcesat-1]])
|17 October 2003
|[[PSLV-C5]]
|Mission Completed
|-
|11
|IRS P5 ([[CARTOSAT-1|Cartosat 1]])
|5 May 2005
|[[PSLV-C6]]
|Mission Completed
|-
|12
|IRS P7 ([[CARTOSAT-2|Cartosat 2]])
|10 January 2007
|[[PSLV|PSLV-C7]]
|Mission Completed
|-
|13
|[[Cartosat-2A|Cartosat 2A]]
|28 April 2008
|[[PSLV|PSLV-C9]]
|In Service
|-
|14
|[[IMS-1|IMS 1]]
|28 April 2008
|[[PSLV|PSLV-C9]]
|Mission Completed
|-
|15
|[[RISAT-2]]
|20 April 2009
|[[PSLV-CA|PSLV-C12]]
|In Service
|-
|16
|[[Oceansat-2]]
|23 September 2009
|[[PSLV|PSLV-C14]]
|In Service
|-
|17
|[[Cartosat-2B]]
|12 July 2010
|[[PSLV|PSLV-C15]]
|In Service
|-
|18
|[[Resourcesat-2]]
||20 April 2011
|[[PSLV|PSLV-C16]]
| In Service
|-
|19
|[[Megha-Tropiques]]
||12 October 2011
|[[PSLV|PSLV-C18]]
| Mission Completed
|-
|20
|[[RISAT-1]]
||26 April 2012
|[[PSLV|PSLV-C19]]
| Mission Completed
|-
|21
|[[SARAL]]
||25 February 2013
|[[PSLV|PSLV-C20]]
| In Service
|-
|22
|[[Cartosat-2C]]
|22 June 2016
|[[PSLV-C34]]
|In Service
|-
|23
|[[SCATSAT-1|ScatSat-1]]
|26 September 2016
|[[PSLV-C35]]
|In Service
|-
|24
|[[Resourcesat-2A]]
||7 December 2016
||[[PSLV-C36]]
|In Service
|-
|25
|[[Cartosat-2D]]
||15 February 2017
|[[PSLV-C37]]
| In Service
|-
|26
|[[Cartosat-2E]]
|23 June 2017
|[[PSLV-C38]]
|In Service
|-
|27
|[[Cartosat-2F]]
|12 January 2018
|[[PSLV-C40]]
|In Service
|-
|28
|[[RISAT|RISAT-2B]]
|22 May 2019
|[[PSLV-C46]]
|In Service
|-
|29
|[[Cartosat-3]]
|27 November 2019
|[[PSLV-C47]]
|In Service
|-
|30
|[[RISAT-2BR1]]
|11 December 2019
|[[PSLV-C48]]
|In Service
|-
|31
|[[RISAT-2BR2|EOS-1 (RISAT-2BR2)]]
|7 November 2020
|[[PSLV-C49]]
|In Service
|-
|32
|[[GEO Imaging Satellite|EOS-3 (GISAT-1)]]
|12 August 2021
|[[GSLV|GSLV-F10]]
|Launch failure
|-
|33
|[[EOS-04|EOS-4 (RISAT-1A)]]
|14 February 2022
|[[PSLV-C52]]
|In Service
|-
|34
|[[EOS 02|EOS–02 (Microsat-2A)]]
|7 August 2022
|[[SSLV-D1]]
|Launch failure
|-
|35
|[[Oceansat-3|EOS-6 (Oceansat-3)]]
|26 November 2022
|[[PSLV-C54]]
|In Service
|-
|36
|[[EOS–07|EOS–07 (Microsat-2B)]]
|10 February 2023
|[[SSLV-D2]]
|In Service
|-
|37
|[[EOS-08|EOS–08 (Microsat-2C)]]
|16 August 2024
|[[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV-D3]]
|In Service
|-
|38
|[[EOS-09|EOS-09 (RISAT-1B)]]
|18 May 2025
|[[PSLV-C61]]
|Launch failure
|-
|39
|[[EOS-N1]]
|12 January 2026
|[[PSLV-C62]]
|Launch failure
|-
|colspan=5|Upcoming Missions
|-
|40
|[[EOS-10]]
|January 2026
|[[PSLV-N1]]
|Planned
|-
|
|[[EOS–05]] ([[GEO Imaging Satellite|GISAT-1A]])
|Q1 2026
|[[GSLV Mk II]]-[[GSLV-F18|F18]]
|Planned
|-
|
|[[Oceansat-3A]]
|Q1 2026
|[[PSLV]]-[[PSLV-C63|C63]]
|Planned
|-
|
|[[RISAT-2A]]
|2026 (TBD)
|[[PSLV-XL]]
|Planned
|-
|
|[[Cartosat-3|Cartosat-3A]]
|2026 (TBD)
|[[PSLV-XL]]
|Planned
|-
|
|[[Cartosat-3|Cartosat-3B]]
|2026 (TBD)
|[[PSLV-XL]]
|Planned
|-
|
|[[Resourcesat-3]]
|2027 (TBD)
|[[PSLV-XL]]
|Planned
|-
|
|[[Resourcesat-3|Resourcesat-3A]]
|2027 (TBD)
|[[PSLV-XL]]
|Planned
|-
|
|[[Resourcesat-3|Resourcesat-3B]]
|2027 (TBD)
|[[PSLV-XL]]
|Planned
|-
|
|[[Resourcesat-3|Resourcesat-3S]]
|2027 (TBD)
|[[PSLV-XL]]
|Planned
|-
|
|[[Resourcesat-3|Resourcesat-3SA]]
|2027 (TBD)
|[[PSLV-XL]]
|Planned
|-
|
|[[GEO Imaging Satellite|GISAT-2]]
|2027 (TBD)
|
|Planned
|-
|
|[[Oceansat-4]]
|2029 (TBD)
|[[PSLV]]
|Planned
|-
|
|[[Resourcesat-4]]
|2030 (TBD)
|[[PSLV]]
|Planned
|-
|
|[[Cartosat-4]]
|2031 (TBD)
|[[PSLV]]
|Planned
|-
|}

== IRS Data Availability ==
Data from IRS is available to its users through [[National Remote Sensing Centre|NRSC]] Data Centre and also through [[Bhuvan]] Geoportal of ISRO. NRSC data center provides data through its purchase process, while Bhuvan Geoportal provides data in free and open domain.

== Capacity Building for IRS and Other Remote Sensing Data ==
The capacity building programme of ISRO for IRS and other remote sensing applications is through [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]] (IIRS) Dehradun and UN affiliated Center of Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTEAP) Center located at Dehradun of Uttrakhand State in India.

==See also==
* [[List of Indian satellites]]
* [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System]] (IRNSS)
* [[Indian National Satellite System]] (INSAT)
* [[GSAT]]

==References==
<references />

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
 

[[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]
[[Category:Remote sensing programs]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in India]]

Rafat Saeed Qureshi

2026-02-24T07:52:07Z

Rolly: put up first pg added tags

{{Short description|Indian writer (1946–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

'''Rafat Saeed Qureshi''' (10 October 1946 – 12 July 2024) was an Indian [[Urdu]] writer hailing from [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]]. He wrote more than a 100 articles, features, reviews and translated stories from English to Urdu. His work is mostly on culture, tourism, history and monuments. An activist in the field of history and monuments, Qureshi promoted Aurangabad at the national level through his Radio talks on Akashwani ([[All India Radio]]). He was also a regular talker on Akashwani. He also conducted series of talks on various monuments of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aurangabadtimes.net | title=Aurangabad through times}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Rafat Qureshi was born on 10 October 1946.<ref name="obit">{{cite news |title=Historian Rafat Qureshi Passes Away In Canada |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/historian-rafat-qureshi-passes-away-in-canada/articleshow/111702177.cms |access-date=13 July 2024 |publisher=The Times of India |date=13 July 2024}}</ref> He came from a traditional Handicraft family of [[Himroo]]. His father Abdul Hameed Qureshi owned a Himroo showroom and factory which was the only tourist shopping attraction from 1900 to late 1990s. Abdul Hameed Qureshi brought a revolution in the textile industry by implementing more innovative methods of producing the Himroo fabric.<ref>Azad Sangeeta, Weavers of the Deccan, Lokmat Times, 1988</ref>

Qureshi died in Canada on 12 July 2024, at the age of 77.<ref name="obit"/><ref name="निधन"/>

==Work==
Qureshi wrote articles, reviews of books in various magazines and newspapers. His first book ''Mulk-E-Khuda Tangneest'' published from Delhi, is a [[travel literature|travelogue]]. The book also contains the world heritage places in Aurangabad, [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], [[Ellora]], as well as local historical sites like Quile-e-Arc built by Aurangzeb and narrates interesting events in the palace.

Qureshi’s later book titled ''Tazkire Ujaalo Ke'' is a book that incorporates different chapters on personalities, translations, reviews, history, and humour, as well as reviews on his work by some of the most celebrated names in Urdu literature.<ref name="निधन">{{cite news |title=छत्रपती संभाजीनगरचा आत्मा जाणणारे इतिहास अभ्यासक रफत कुरेशी यांचे निधन |url=https://www.lokmat.com/chhatrapati-sambhajinagar/history-expert-rafat-qureshi-passes-away-the-soul-knowing-personality-of-chhatrapati-sambhajinagar-was-lost-a-a320/ |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=12 July 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>

== Sources ==
*[http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=8775 Eastern Book Corporation]
*[http://www.bagchee.com/en/books/view/22502/mulk_e_khuda_tang_neest_historic_cities_of_india Historic cities of India@ Bagchee.com]{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qureshi, Rafat Saeed}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]

Kendriya Vidayalaya Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Nagar

2026-02-22T19:27:44Z

Rolly: added new entry

{{Orphan|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Kendriya Vidyalaya Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Nagar
| logo =
| logo_size = 100px
| image =
| motto = Tattvaṁ pūṣaṇa apāvr̥ṇu
| motto_translation = "The face of Truth is covered by a golden vessel, Remove Thou, O Sun, that covering, for the law of Truth to behold."
| town = [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Nagar|Pt.Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Nagar]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| established = {{Start date|1976|}}
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| authority = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]]
| principal = Mr. K.K.Bharty<ref>{{cite web|title=Principal of School|url=https://mughalsarai.kvs.ac.in/sh-k-k-bharty|website=KV Mughalsarai|access-date=15 November 2019}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| staff = 76
| enrollment = 2,587<ref>{{cite web |title=Enrollment Statistics |url=https://mughalsarai.kvs.ac.in/enrolment-statistics/class-wise-enrolment-position |website=KV Mughalsarai |access-date=15 November 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> (15 Nov 2019)
| classes = I – XII
| language = English
| schooltype = [[co-educational]]
| website = {{URL|mughalsarai.kvs.ac.in}}
| lastupdate = 15 Nov 2019
}}

''' Kendriya Vidyalaya Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Nagar '''is a [[co-educational]] school located in the town of [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Nagar|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Nagar]]. The school is affiliated to CBSE and has classes running from 1 to 12.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Kvs|url=https://mughalsarai.kvs.ac.in/about-us/about-kvs|website=KV Mughalsarai|access-date=15 November 2019|archive-date=13 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613094757/https://mughalsarai.kvs.ac.in/about-us/about-kvs|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Academic Activities==
The school conducts various activities in the following :

=== Scout & Guide ===
Objectives : 
To contribute to the education of young people through a value system based on the
Scout/Guide promise and law to {{sic|bui|lt|expecting=build}} a better world where people are self-fulfilled as
individuals and play a constructive role in society. 
Activity in Vidyalaya :
# Pravesh investiture held in the month of July/August.
# Pratham sopan testing is completed/performed in the month of August / September.
# Dwitiya sopan testing is performed/ held in the month of September/October.
These testing camps are organized as per KVS R/O and H/Q orders/letters.
# Tritiya sopan
# Rajya Puraskar
# President Puraskar/Award
During the session, different activities are conducted in Vidyalaya as social work,
tracking, two-night camp, cleanliness drivers, knotting, camping, hike, tent-making
for 3–4 persons. Test for different Badges ( proficiency ) is conducted at Vidyalaya level. 
Overall attention is given to make a truthful and honest citizen in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scout & Guide|url=https://mughalsarai.kvs.ac.in/sites/default/files/Scout_1.pdf|website=KV Mughalsarai|access-date=15 November 2019}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

=== Co-Curricular Activities (CCA) ===
Every year, students participate in many activities like –
* English Calligraphy Competition
* English Poem Recitation
* Drawing Competition
* Solo/Group Song & Dance Competition
* Debate
* GK & GS Quiz<ref>{{cite web|title=CCA|url=https://mughalsarai.kvs.ac.in/sites/default/files/CCA_31.pdf|website=KV Mughalsarai|access-date=20 November 2019}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

=== Sports ===
Students grow their physical & mental fitness by playing sports and doing yoga respectively. 
Following games are provided for students during sports period –
* Football
* Volleyball
* Basketball
* Handball
Students participate in Sports Competitions at Regional level, get selected for National level and SGFI.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sports|url=https://mughalsarai.kvs.ac.in/sites/default/files/SPORTS_9.pdf |website= KV Mughalsarai |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Nagar]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalayas in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Pradhan (film)

2026-02-13T09:25:50Z

Rolly: put up new post nd citations

{{Short description|2023 Indian Bengali film by Avijit Sen}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pradhan
| image = Pradhan Movie image.jpg
| caption = Pradhan Movie Poster
| alt =
| director = [[Avijit Sen]]
| producer = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] Atanu Raychaudhuri Pranab Kumar Guha
| writer = Subhadeep Das
| screenplay = Shubhadeep Das
| story = Atanu Ray Chaudhuri Avijit Sen
| starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] [[Soham Chakraborty]] [[Paran Bandyopadhyay]] [[Soumitrisha Kundu]] [[Anirban Chakrabarti]] [[Mamata Shankar]] [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
| music = [[Shantanu Moitra]] [[Anupam Roy]] Rathijit Bhattacharjee
| cinematography = [[Gopi Bhagat]]
| editing = Sujoy Dutta Roy
| studio = Bengal Talkies Dev Entertainment Ventures
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|22}}
| runtime = 162:36 minutes <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwODEwMTIyMDIzMDAwMTU=|title=CBFC | Search Film }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| gross = {{INR}}7 crore <ref>{{cite news |title=Pradhan Box Office |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kabuliwala-and-pradhan-box-office-collection-devs-film-collects-4-19-crore-in-three-weeks-and-mithuns-film-2-37-crore-31705223672128.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114110426/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kabuliwala-and-pradhan-box-office-collection-devs-film-collects-4-19-crore-in-three-weeks-and-mithuns-film-2-37-crore-31705223672128.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>
| budget = 
}}

'''''Pradhan''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] [[Political satire|political satire film]] co-written and directed by [[Avijit Sen]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev: 'সব কিছু ঠিক থাকলে...' নতুন জার্নি শুরু দেবের. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/dev-with-soham-and-soumitrisha-starts-shooting-of-avijit-sen-directorial-pradhan-484865}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dev Film: দেবের 'প্রধান' ছবিতে রয়েছে কী কী চমক? হদিশ দিলেন পরিচালক |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dev-film-actor-dev-shares-his-next-film-pradhan-poster-on-social-media-know-in-details-1022933}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=গোয়েন্দা দেব এবার পুলিশ অফিসারের ভূমিকায় |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/tollywood/dev-next-film-pradhan-going-to-release-on-this-christmas-888605.html}}</ref> Produced by [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], Atanu Raychaudhuri and Pranab Kumar Guha under the banners of Dev Entertainment Ventures and Bengal Talkies respectively, the film stars [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Anirban Chakrabarti]], [[Paran Bandyopadhyay]], [[Soham Chakraborty]] and [[Soumitrisha Kundu]] in the lead roles. The action sequences in this film are designed by Aejaz Gulab.<ref>{{cite news |title=দেবের সঙ্গে শুটিংয়ের মাঝেই সেট থেকে ভাইরাল সোহমের 'প্রধান' ছবির লুক |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/dev-soham-spotted-during-pradhan-shoot/wb20230909145937986986745}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=আজ থেকে নতুন শুরু দেবের! 'প্রধান' পুলিশে নাম লেখালেন অভিনেতা |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-new-movie-pradhan-starts-as-police-man-664209/}}</ref> This film marks the third collaboration between Sen and Dev after the blockbusters ''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]'' and ''[[Projapoti (2022 film)|Projapoti]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Soumitrisha Kundoo starts shooting for Dev starrer 'Pradhan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/soumitrisha-kundoo-starts-shooting-for-dev-starrer-pradhan/articleshow/103122592.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ফিরছে দেব-পরাণ জুটি, অভিজিতের হাত ধরে শীতে আসছে পরিবার 'প্রধান' ছবি |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-and-paran-bandopadhyay-will-reunite-again-in-avijit-sen-movie-pradhan-which-will-release-on-winter-31681544352871.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422081918/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-and-paran-bandopadhyay-will-reunite-again-in-avijit-sen-movie-pradhan-which-will-release-on-winter-31681544352871.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>

The film marked the big - screen debut of [[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]] fame [[Soumitrisha Kundu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=চলতি সপ্তাহে উত্তরবঙ্গে টিম 'প্রধান', ছবির নির্মাতারা কী ভাবে প্রস্তুতি নিচ্ছেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-film-pradhan-team-is-heading-for-north-bengal-for-shooting-dgtl/cid/1455602}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dev-Soumitrisha to romance in the hills of North Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/pradhan-update-dev-soumitrisha-to-romance-in-the-hills-of-north-bengal/articleshow/100866253.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> It was released on 22 December 2023, on the occasion of [[Christmas]] weekend.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pradhan: Dev and company start shooting in Chalsa |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pradhan-dev-and-company-start-shooting-in-chalsa/916b96bb5c484}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=পুলিশকে নিয়ে চিরাচরিত ধারণা বদলে দেবেন দেব! অভিনেতার 'প্রধান' লক্ষ্য কী? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/pradhan-trailer-dev-paran-banerjee-soumitrisha-new-film-pradhan-trailer-released-know-in-details-1028947}}</ref> It became a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] at the box office running for 125 days in the cinema halls, thus making it the third consecutive [[box-office]] success for Dev and Avijit Sen duo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Suksham |title=Pradhan OTT release date Hoichoi: When to watch Paran B's Bengali film |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/pradhan-ott-release-date-hoichoi-when-to-watch-paran-bs-bengali-film-639189.html |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[Indiatimes]] |date=1 August 2024}}</ref> The film got its digital premiere on 9 August 2024 on Hoichoi. The film got its World TV Premier on 22 September 2024 on [[Zee Bangla]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev: With 'Pradhan' we want to break the pattern |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-with-pradhan-we-want-to-break-the-pattern-keeping-the-essence-intact/articleshow/99550746.cms?from=mdr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pradhan Movie- Dev: শেষ হল 'প্রধান'-র শ্যুট! টনিক'-র স্ট্র্যাটেজি কাজে লাগাচ্ছেন দেব- নির্মাতারা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/dev-soumitrisha-kundoo-movie-pradhan-shooting-wraps-in-kolkata-after-dooars-shoot-movie-may-release-on-christmas-2023-upcoming-new-bengali-film-soc-708918-2023-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The blockbuster trio of Dev, Avijit Sen and Atanu Raychaudhuri have come together with the new film Pradhan |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-blockbuster-trio-of-dev-avijit-sen-and-atanu-raychaudhuri-have-come-together-with-the-new-film-pradhan/386456}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Newly married police officer Deepak Pradhan is transferred to Dharmapur, a remote village in North Bengal, on election duty. Upon reaching the place, he learns that the village panchayat is being headed by local strongman Jatileshwar Mukherjee for the last fifteen years. He forcefully prevents any opponent to file nomination against him, and as such, he gets elected unopposed every time. Deepak is tasked with conducting free and fair elections this time.

Upon inspecting, Deepak finds that every aspect of the village from the local school to the local police station is filled with corruption, all ultimately leading to Jatileshwar. Even his junior officers are on his payroll. The commoners of the village have been impoverished under Jatileshwar's dictatorship.

Deepak learns that his landlord Jiban Krishna Sarkar was the former headmaster of the village school. He was wrongly framed of theft by Jatileshwar when he raised his voice against his misdeeds. Deepak, along with his fellow villagers, inspire Jiban to file his nomination against Jatileshwar in the upcoming panchayat elections.

Jatileshwar and his goons try to rig the election by every possible means. On the other hand, Deepak and his juniors, now transformed under his leadership, try their level best to conduct a peaceful election. In their effort, Deepak's loyal assistant Bibek loses his life in riots. On the day of counting, Jiban wins the election by a margin of one vote, much to the happiness of the villagers. In the end, Jatileshwar gets arrested for his crimes.

== Cast ==
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as Deepak Pradhan, [[Station House Officer|Inspector-in-charge]] at Dharmapur Police Station<ref>{{cite news |title=অধিকারি নয়, দীপক প্রধান, পদবি বদলে নতুন চমক দেবের! ব্যাপারটা কী |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-shares-first-look-of-new-movie-pradhan/}}</ref>
* [[Paran Bandyopadhyay]] as Jiban Krishna Sarkar, a retired teacher, later Panchayat Pradhan of Dharmapur
* [[Mamata Shankar]] as Shanti Sarkar, Jiban Krishna's wife
* [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] as Deepak's grandmother
* [[Soumitrisha Kundu]] as Rumi Pradhan, Deepak's wife
* [[Soham Chakraborty]] as Bibek Ray, sub-inspector at Dharmapur Police Station
* [[Anirban Chakrabarti]] as Jatileshwar Mukherjee, a politician and head of Dharmapur village council
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as opposition leader and local cow milk seller of Dharmapur
* [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]] as Pradip, a tenant of Jiban Krishna
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Ratan, a primary school teacher
* [[Koneenica Banerjee]] as Shikha, Pradip's wife
* [[Sohini Sengupta]] as Joba Mukherjee, Jatileshwar's wife
* [[Biswanath Basu]] as Jatileshwar's Bahubali Party worker
* Ananya Banerjee as Anuradha Sen, [[superintendent of police]] of Jalpaiguri and Deepak's superior
* Sneha Basu as Jiban's son's girlfriend
* Arindol Bagchi as vote counting officer
* [[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Mukherjee]] as Sub-Inspector Nilmoni Dutta
* Debasish Mondal as Jatileshwar's Bahubali Party worker
* Rupsha Chakraborty as Bibek's wife
* Biswajit Ghosh Majumdar as Jatileshwar's nephew
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Deepak's father
* Tulika Basu as Deepak's mother
* [[John Bhattacharya]] as Jiban's son
* Debnath Chatterjee as Returning officer

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Dev took to his social media handles to announce the film on 15 April 2023. The shooting was started from 25 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=First Look: Dev in Bengali film 'Pradhan' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/first-look-dev-in-bengali-film-pradhan-530526}}</ref> Both Dev and Soham went through huge physical transformation with [[cupping therapy]] and gym to lose weight for their roles in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title='Pradhan' |url=https://www.jiyobangla.com/news/in-between-shooting-for-the-upcoming-film-pradhan-dev-posted-pictures-with-her-mother?q}}</ref> On 10 November Dev announced wrap for the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pradhan Release Date |url=https://technosports.co.in/pradhan-poster-dev-unveils-the-poster-and-relea/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dev's Pradhan wrap |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/devs-pradhan-wrap-mimis-vacay-look-ritabharis-looking-like-a-wow-reel-tollywood-update/cid/1979050}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The principal photography took place in [[Chalsa, India|Chalsa]], [[Dooars]], Samsing, Rocky Island, Mondol Gaon, Ranichera in [[North Bengal]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Atanu Raychaudhuri about his memorable shooting experience of Pradhan |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/-it-was-a-dark-night-but-still-all-of-us-could-see-two-elephants-moving-fast-through-the-jungle-writes-producer-atanu-raychaudhuri-about-his-memorable-shooting-experience-of-pradhan/662893}}</ref> During the shooting Dev fell ill and succumbed to high fever, but he recovered soon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pradhan shooting location |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-makes-quick-recovery-from-fever-pradhans-north-bengal-shoot-in-full-swing/articleshow/103423068.cms?from=mdr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pradhan: Dev is fine and the shoot is on, says the team from North Bengal |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pradhan-dev-is-fine-and-the-shoot-is-on-says-the-team-from-north-bengal/13d290f3d6512}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=প্রধান শুটিংয়ের মাঝে শরীর খারাপ, রক্ত পরীক্ষা করানো হয়েছে দেবের |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-actors-health-condition-pradhan-shooting-in-north-bengal-668142/}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
An announcement poster was released on 25 August 2023 to mark the beginning of filming.<ref>{{cite news |title=পুজোর উপহার তৈরি, ক্রিসমাসের তোড়জোড় শুরু করে দিলেন দেব, শুটিং শুরু হল 'প্রধান' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/tollywood-actor-starts-shoot-for-his-christmas-movie-pradhan-dgtl/cid/1454757}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pradhan': শুরু হল 'প্রধান' ছবির শ্যুটিং, প্রকাশ্যে নতুন পোস্টার |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dev-and-soumitrisha-kundu-starrer-new-movie-pradhan-shooting-starts-today-new-poster-out-1003777}}</ref> On 10 November 2023, the first poster was released at a press conference at [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pradhan: Dev, Soumitrisha Kundu, Anirban Chakrabarti, Paran Bandyopadhyay, and others gather at the poster launch |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pradhan-dev-soumitrisha-kundu-anirban-chakrabarti-paran-bandyopadhyay-and-others-gather-at-the-poster-launch/b69ca058b7463}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='সবকিছু ঠিক থাকলে...' চমক দেবের |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/first-poster-launch-of-devs-next-film-pradhan-494972}}</ref> The trailer was released on 4 December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=ট্রেলারে দেব-সৌমিতৃষার মিষ্টি রোম্যান্স, বড়দিনেই মুক্তি পাবে 'প্রধান' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/dev-soumitrisha-starrer-pradhan-trailer-release-on-social-media-pradhan-movie-trailer-out-today-tollywood-entertainment-news-sum-721032-2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='এই হাত ঘুষ খায় না', অঞ্চল প্রধানকে হুঁশিয়ারি ইন্সপেক্টর দেবের! মিঠাইরানি এবার বড়পর্দায় |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-soumitrisha-starrer-pradhan-trailer-out-now-watch-31701693763309.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204141722/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-soumitrisha-starrer-pradhan-trailer-out-now-watch-31701693763309.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2023}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released in the theatres on 22 December 2023 on the occasion of [[Christmas]] weekend.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev Pradhan: টনিক টিমের ফের চমক! এবার ক্রিসমাসে আসছে দেবের 'প্রধান |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-upcoming-film-pradhan-will-be-release-this-christmas/articleshow/99579244.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ফিরছে দেব-পরাণ জুটি, অভিজিতের হাত ধরে শীতে আসছে পরিবার 'প্রধান' ছবি |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-and-paran-bandopadhyay-will-reunite-again-in-avijit-sen-movie-pradhan-which-will-release-on-winter-31681544352871.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422081918/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-and-paran-bandopadhyay-will-reunite-again-in-avijit-sen-movie-pradhan-which-will-release-on-winter-31681544352871.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film was released on the OTT platform Hoichoi on 9 August 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Suksham |title=Pradhan OTT release date Hoichoi: When to watch Paran B's Bengali film |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/pradhan-ott-release-date-hoichoi-when-to-watch-paran-bs-bengali-film-639189.html |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[Indiatimes]] |date=1 August 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Box office===
Pradhan grossed approximately ₹1.50 Crore within first five days of release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=কাবুলিওয়ালা পেরলো ১ কোটির ঘর, অনেকটা এগিয়ে প্রধান! দেবের ছবির ৫ দিনের আয় কত? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pradhan-vs-kabuliwala-box-office-collection-devs-film-collects-1-5cr-mithuns-film-is-around-1-cr-31703672751450.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228033142/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pradhan-vs-kabuliwala-box-office-collection-devs-film-collects-1-5cr-mithuns-film-is-around-1-cr-31703672751450.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> According to the film trade magazine Film Information, the film collected over ₹60 Lakhs from national multiplex chains only in West Bengal in its first week of theatrical run. At the end of 3rd week, the total Box Office of the film amounts to ₹4.19 Crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-14 |title=তিন সপ্তাহ পর ৫ কোটি থেকে সামান্যই দূরে প্রধান, কী অবস্থা মিঠুনের কাবুলিওয়ালার? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kabuliwala-and-pradhan-box-office-collection-devs-film-collects-4-19-crore-in-three-weeks-and-mithuns-film-2-37-crore-31705223672128.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114110426/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kabuliwala-and-pradhan-box-office-collection-devs-film-collects-4-19-crore-in-three-weeks-and-mithuns-film-2-37-crore-31705223672128.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
The film received positive reviews from critics. [[The Telegraph India]] reviewed the film and wrote "Although the three-hour runtime makes it too long, the breathtaking cinematography, brilliant acting and well-placed songs elevates the film."<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev and Avijit Sen's third collaboration is a compelling social drama |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/pradhan-dev-and-avijit-sens-third-collaboration-is-a-compelling-social-drama/cid/1989474}}</ref> Santanu Das of [[Hindustan Times]] wrote "The movie depicts the bitter reality of today's political and social scenario with a directorial infusion of surprise and intrigue. Although the film gets depictable, the cast has presented a commendable performance."<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev shines in Avijit Sen's earnest and sincere cop drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/pradhan-movie-review-dev-cop-drama-avijit-sen-101703314119730.html}}</ref> Shamayita Chakraborty of OTTPlay reviewed the film and wrote "Pradhan is a perfect example of a Bengali commercial film that are not made today. It has Bengali sensibilities juxtaposed with high-octane drama."<ref>{{cite news |title=Anirban Chakrabarti is a showstopper in Dev-Paran Bandyopadhyay's drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pradhan-review-anirban-chakrabarti-is-a-showstopper-in-dev-paran-bandyopadhyays-drama/050c554675118}}</ref> [[Sangbad Pratidin]] reviewed the film and praised the "acting of the cast and the directorial mettle."<ref>{{cite news |title=দুষ্টের দমন, শিষ্টের পালন! কেমন হল দেবের 'প্রধান'? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/dev-soham-soumitrisha-starrer-pradhan-film-review/}}</ref>

Souvik Saha of CineKolkata rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "It provides a Bengali film with strong performances, effective direction and a gripping narrative. Despite some drawbacks like the length and weak comedy, overall it puts a positive impact."<ref>{{cite news |title=Pradhan Movie Review : A Riveting Bengali Thriller with Twists and Turns |url=https://cinekolkata.com/review/pradhan-movie-review-a-riveting-bengali-thriller-with-twists-and-turns/}}</ref> Virat Verma of Flickonclick rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film delivers a thought provoking message while keeping the audience engaged with its well-paced plot and strong performances."<ref>{{cite news |title=Pradhan Bengali Movie Review: Compelling Moral Dilemma of a Police Officer |url=https://www.flickonclick.com/pradhan-bengali-movie-review-compelling-moral-dilemma-of-a-police-officer/}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Most Popular Film - [[7th WBFJA Award]], 2024
* Most Popular Actor - Dev - [[7th WBFJA Award]], 2024

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt29923681}}
{{Dev Entertainment Ventures}}

[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:2023 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Dev Entertainment Ventures films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Avijit Sen]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language political drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Shirish Saraf

2026-02-11T07:25:22Z

Rolly: made first details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shirish Saraf
| image = Shirish Saraf,Co-Founder of Samena Capital.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Saraf in 2011
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 12 October 1967
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Private Equity Investor and Entrepreneur
| known_for =Investing, Finance, Banking, Private Equity & Philanthropy
}}

[[File:Shirish Saraf, Vice Chairman, Samena Capital.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Shirish Saraf in 2016]]
'''Shirish Saraf''' is the founder, vice chairman and member of the compensation committee of Samena Capital.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=Shirish Saraf's Official Profile on The Marque |url=https://www.themarque.com/profile/shirish-saraf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/playing-long-game-shirish-saraf-595066.html|title=Playing the long game: Shirish Saraf|work=ArabianBusiness.com|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en | date=5 June 2015 |first=Sarah | last=Townsend}}</ref> He is also the investment manager and director of the Samena Special Situations Funds and Samena Limestone Holdings.

Prior to founding Samena Capital, Saraf was a co-founder and managing director of [[The Abraaj Group|Abraaj Capital]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2010/0118/investing-cheetah-investment-management-v-as-in-value.html#2645ed8a72d2|title=Hong Kong's V-Nee Yeh Makes Smart Bets|last=Chen|first=Shu-Ching Jean|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}</ref> which grew to become one of the largest global [[private equity]] firms managing in excess of US$6 billion. During his tenure at Abraaj Capital he was involved in several landmark private equity and block purchase transactions such as the buyout of [[Aramex]], [[EFG Hermes]], Egyptian Fertilizer Company, [[Arabtec Holding PJSC|Arabtec]], ONIC, SAOG Oman, Amwal Capital ([[Qatar]]) and also, he pioneered and managed the special situations funds.

In June 2014, Saraf led the acquisition of a significant stake in RAK Ceramics PSC, a company listed on the [[Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange]] and one of the world's largest [[ceramics]] manufacturers with annual revenues of approximately US$1 billion.

Saraf holds numerous directorship and leadership positions across Samena's portfolio companies. He is currently the vice chairman of the board of directors and chairman of the executive committee of [[RAK Ceramics]], where previously he was the chairman of the audit committee and member of the remuneration and nominations committee. Saraf is also a board member of RAK Logistics (previously Alliance Global Logistics). In July 2016, Saraf became a member of the board of directors for [[Mahindra Two Wheelers|Mahindra Two Wheelers Limited]], India and in August 2016, he was appointed to the board of directors of Tejas Networks, India. In November 2016, Saraf was appointed to the board of directors of Dynamatic Technologies Limited, India.

Saraf has previously held numerous directorships, including Aramex Holdings, Abraaj Capital, Commercial Bank of Oman SAOG, [[EFG Hermes]] and Amwal Capital (Qatar).

In 1998, Saraf founded Oriel Investment Company, which emerged as one of the leading regional [[corporate finance]] firms in a short period of time. While at Oriel Investment, he became one of the largest founding shareholders of US-based [[E Ink Corporation]], the world's leading developer and provider of [[electronic paper]] and displays.

In September 2013, Asian Investor listed Saraf as one of Asia's 25 most influential people in private equity.

== Education ==

Saraf was educated at [[Charterhouse School]] (England)<ref name="profile"/> and the [[London School of Economics]].

== Philanthropy ==

Saraf and his wife are actively involved with the Little Dreams Foundation, a Geneva-based charity that supports underprivileged children with outstanding talent in areas such as music and sports.

He is also on the world advisory board of WorldView, a [[Commonwealth Broadcasting Association]] Project that aims to improve UK public understanding and awareness of the developing world via the mainstream broadcast and [[digital media]]. WorldView supports upcoming filmmakers that produce films with a social message in developing countries, with an aim to unite the world. WorldView is partnering with [[Games for Change|Games For Change]], a project that produces digital video games and [[mobile phone]] applications to raise the awareness about developmental issues across borders and fatal diseases such as [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]] and [[malaria]].

During his time at Abraaj, Saraf played a key role in the development of the London School of Economics Middle East Centre, instituting scholarships for 50 promising students from the region.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

In 2015, Saraf founded the Shirish Saraf Scholarship at Charterhouse House School, providing an education for underprivileged children with all around excellence.<ref name="profile" />

In 2016, Saraf established the Samena Foundation an initiative set up to facilitate global charitable and benevolent causes.<ref name="profile" />

==Samena Capital==
* Samena Capital

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraf, Shirish}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at Charterhouse School]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Mayo College alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]

India men's national under-21 volleyball team

2026-02-04T20:01:10Z

Rolly: put up

{{Infobox national volleyball team
|name=India
|gender=men | type = U21
|image=Flag of India.svg
|image_border=yes
|federation=[[Volleyball Federation of India|Indian Volleyball Association]]
|website=
|confederation=AVC
|manager=
|coach= Lakshhminarayana Kirumani Ramaiah
|Olympic apps =
|Olympic first =
|Olympic best =
|World Champs apps = 8
|World Champs first= 1981
|World Champs best = 4th ([[2009 FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship|2009]])
| Regional name = [[Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship|Asian U20 Championship]]
| Regional cup apps = 19
| Regional cup first = 1980
| Regional cup best = {{Asia2}} '''Runners-up''' (1994, [[2022 Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship|2022]])
}}

The '''India men's national under-21 volleyball team''' represents India in men's under-21 volleyball events, it is controlled and managed by the [[Volleyball Federation of India|India Volleyball Association]] that is a member of Asian [[volleyball]] body [[Asian Volleyball Confederation]] '''(AVC)''' and the international volleyball body government the [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]] '''(FIVB)'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/india-qualifies-for-fivb-volleyball-mens-u21-world-championships-dushyant-singh-karthikeyan-award/article65829548.ece|title=India qualifies for FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championships|access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/volleyball/junior-mens-volleyball-championship-india-u21-lose-to-hosts-turkey|title=Junior Men's Volleyball Championship: India U21 lose to hosts Turkey|access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.volleyballindia.com/teams.html|title=TEAMS|access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>

==Results==
===FIVB U21 World Championship===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan=9;"|[[FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship|FIVB U21 World Championship]]
|-
!Year
!Position
|-
||{{flagicon|USA}} 1981||11th
|-
||{{flagicon|MAS}} 1995|| 9th
|-
||{{flagicon|IRN}} [[2003 FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship|2003]]|| 9th
|-
||{{flagicon|IND}} 2005|| 9th
|-bgcolor=beige
||{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[2009 FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship|2009]]'''|| '''4th'''
|-
||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[2011 FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship|2011]]|| 8th
|-
||{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[2013 FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship|2013]] || 8th
|-
||{{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[2023 FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship|2023]] || 12th
|}

===Asian U20 Championship===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan=9;"|[[Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship|Asian U20 Championship]]
|-
!Year
!Position
|-bgcolor=#cc9966
||{{flagicon|KOR}} '''1980'''||{{bronze3}}
|-
||{{flagicon|KSA}} 1984|| 5th
|-
||{{flagicon|THA}} 1986|| 9th
|-
||{{flagicon|IDN}} 1988|| 7th
|-
||{{flagicon|THA}} 1990|| 11th
|-
||{{flagicon|IRN}} 1992|| 7th
|-bgcolor=silver
||{{flagicon|QAT}} '''1994''' || {{silver2}}
|-bgcolor=beige
||{{flagicon|VIE}} '''1996''' || '''4th'''
|-
||{{flagicon|IRN}} [[1998 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship|1998]]|| 5th
|-
||{{flagicon|IRN}} [[1998 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship|2000]]|| 9th
|-bgcolor=silver
||{{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[2002 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship|2002]]'''|| {{silver2}}
|-
||{{flagicon|QAT}} [[2004 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship|2004]]|| 5th
|-bgcolor=#cc9966
||{{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[2006 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship|2006]]'''|| {{bronze3}}
|-bgcolor=beige
||{{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[2008 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship|2008]]'''||'''4th'''
|-bgcolor=#cc9966
||{{flagicon|THA}} '''[[2010 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship|2010]]'''|| {{bronze3}}
|-bgcolor=beige
||{{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[2012 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship|2012]]'''|| '''4th'''
|-
||{{flagicon|BHR}} [[2014 Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship|2014]]||9th
|-
||{{flagicon|BHR}} [[2018 Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship|2018]]||15th
|-bgcolor=silver
||{{flagicon|BHR}} '''[[2022 Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship|2022]]'''||{{silver2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[2024 Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship|2024]]||6th
|}

== See also ==
* [[India men's national volleyball team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Volleyball in India}}
{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:National men's under-21 volleyball teams]]
[[Category:Volleyball in India]]
[[Category:National youth sports teams of India|Volleyball]]
[[Category:Men's national sports teams of India|Volleyball]]

Ismail al-Salabi

2026-01-24T05:43:07Z

Rolly: updated page

{{Short description|Islamist militant leader in Libya}}
'''Ismail Mohammed al-Salabi''' ({{langx|ar|سماعيل محمد الصلابي}}) is a Libyan citizen and Islamist militant leader who has deep rooted ties to the Libyan [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. He was the commander of the rebel forces in [[Benghazi]] under the 17 February Brigade.

== Biography ==
Al-Salabi is 39 years old from the Barga suburb of Benghazi. He was arrested in 1997 by the Gaddafi administration for his participation in a Benghazi-based clandestine network that offered shelter for Islamist rebels, including ones that were linked to the [[al-Qaeda]] linked [[Libyan Islamic Fighting Group|Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG)]]. He was sentenced to 6 years in the [[Abu Salim prison]], where he became an [[Islamism|Islamist]] activist, and befriended the Belhadj brothers, one of whom was a [[Jihadism|jihadist]] that fought in [[Afghanistan]] and an LIFG commander before the 2011 civil war in [[Libya]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/brief/may-2016-briefs-free/#.V588FbgrLIU|title=May 2016 Briefs (Free) - Jamestown|newspaper=Jamestown|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref> Prior to his political involvement, Salabi was a businessman, but after the outbreak of the [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|Libyan Civil War]], he became characterized for his role as a military commander of the Islamist rebel groups.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE78308520110904?sp=true|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201014227/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE78308520110904?sp=true|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-12-01|title=Libyan Islamist says interim council should quit|last=Farge|first=Emma|date=|website=af.reuters.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/brief/may-2016-briefs-free/#.V588FbgrLIU|title=May 2016 Briefs (Free) - Jamestown|newspaper=Jamestown|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref>

Al-Salabi has strong familial links to the Muslim Brotherhood in Libya. His father, Mohammed al-Salabi was a founding member of the Muslim Brotherhood in Libya during the 1960s.<ref name=":0" /> Salabi's brother, [[Ali al-Sallabi|Ali al-Salabi]], is regarded as one of the most prominent leaders and thinkers in the Libyan Muslim Brotherhood, as well as the overall Islamist movement in Libya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/MCE/power-brokers/2016/10/20/brothers-threatened-by-split,108186293-ART|title="Brothers" threatened by split - LIBYA - Maghreb Confidential 20/10/2016|website=www.africaintelligence.com|date=20 October 2016 |access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/brief/may-2016-briefs-free/#.V588FbgrLIU|title=May 2016 Briefs (Free) - Jamestown|newspaper=Jamestown|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.skynewsarabia.com/web/article/684205/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%89|title=ليبيا.. "الجيش" في مواجهة "الفوضى"|newspaper=Sky News Arabia|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref>

== Beliefs ==
In the early on sought of the Libyan Civil War, Salabi took a stand against emerging secular groups, whom he said were giving Islamists a bad reputation that was creating political divisions that were benefiting [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/world/middleeast/attack-by-fringe-group-highlights-the-problem-of-libya-militias.html|title=Attack by Fringe Group Highlights the Problem of Libya Militias|last1=Zway|first1=David D. Kirkpatrick, Suliman Ali|date=2012-09-15|last2=Fahim|first2=Kareem|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref> However, both he and his brother have expressed their belief that Islamic [[Sharia|sharia law]] requires a democratic, constitutional government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/libye/article/2011/08/30/ismail-al-salabi-petit-commercant-activiste-islamiste-et-chef-de-guerre_1565320_1496980.html|title=Ismaïl Al-Salabi, petit commerçant, activiste islamiste et chef de guerre|date=2011-08-30|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref> Additionally, In the aftermath of the revolution and war, Salabi advocated for the unfreezing of Gaddafi's assets to be given to Libya and used for the Libyan people for things such as education, medical aid, and security.<ref name=":0" />

== Leadership of Libyan rebels ==
Ismail al-Salabi is most known for his role as the military commander of the Libyan Islamist fighters, known as the February 17 brigade.[[# edn12|[xii]]] Under his leadership, they defended Benghazi against Muammar Gaddafi's forces, and are often credited with leading a successful final defense attempt of Benghazi, where the uprising began. He originally commanded over 3,000 Islamist fighters, and reports up to the Interior Ministry of the [[National Transitional Council|National Transitional Council (NTC)]] in Tripoli.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=SUPER STORM WAVE|title=حميد صافي وبرنامج حوار ليبيا وضيفه القائد الميداني سماعيل الصلابي|date=2013-06-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MzfGVNfvWE|accessdate=2016-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/libya-militia-leader-heat-seeking-missiles-other-weapons-stolen-during-firefight/2012/09/24/8ab6f992-0675-11e2-afff-d6c7f20a83bf_story.html|title=Libya militia leader: Heat-seeking missiles, other weapons stolen during firefight|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref>

He also went on to form an independent command brigade, called the [[Rafallah al-Sahati Brigade|Martyr Rafallah Sahati Brigade]] during the anti-Qaddafi revolution. This brigade was responsible for the death of [[Abdul Fatah Younis|Abdel Fatah Yunis]], a former general under Gaddafi who led the rebels’ army.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Qatar and the Arab Spring | url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2012C07_sbg.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229164722/http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2012C07_sbg.pdf | archive-date=2012-02-29}}</ref> His rebel group was known to be receiving significant Qatari aid, giving them an increase of power during the conflict. The NTC complained that Qatari support favored the Islamists, which may account for the rift between Salabi and the NTC.[[# edn18|[xviii]]] His brother was the main distributor of [[Qatar|Qatar's]] aid and military to the Libyan rebels, notably including his brother.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576627000922764650|title=Tiny Kingdom's Huge Role in Libya Draws Concern|last1=Dagher|first1=Sam|date=2011-10-17|last2=Tripoli|first2=Charles Levinson in|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|last3=Doha|first3=Margaret Coker in|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref>

Currently, Ismail al-Salabi is associated with the Benghazi Defense Companies (BDC), a group established to track down criminal followers of the former regime. These groups have been fighting against the polarizing figure, [[Khalifa Haftar|Khalifa Hifter]], who controls much of eastern Libya. The group's only source of reference for funding and fighting comes from a religious authority that's headed by [[Sadiq Al-Ghariani|Sheikh Saidq al-Ghariani]], who frequently expresses support for Islamist and jihadist factions in Libya. There is also increasing evidence of affiliations between BDC and al-Qaeda affiliates and coalitions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://moderntokyotimes.com/?p=5411|title=Modern Tokyo Times {{!}} A New Threat to Libya's Stability Emerges|website=moderntokyotimes.com|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref> In his role as one of the most prominent Libyan Islamist militia leaders, he has grown to lead the [[Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries|Benghazi Revolutionaries’ Shura Council coalition]], which is made up of the most prominent militant Salafist organizations in Libya including [[Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)|Ansar al-Sharia]], the Libyan al-Qaeda affiliate, the February 17 Brigade, and the Rafallah al-Sahati Brigade, exposing close ties with terrorism.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

He is accused by the Egyptian government of working with Qatar and [[Turkey]] to facilitate the movement of Libyan jihadists to join al-Qaeda and Muslim Brotherhood-aligned rebel groups in [[Syria]], as well as organizing an armed opposition army called the Free Egyptian Army to overthrow the [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi|al-Sisi]] government in [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/19368|title=Egypt: Free Egyptian Army being formed in Libya|newspaper=Al Akhbar English|access-date=2016-11-30|archive-date=2016-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126102216/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/19368/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Sada Elbalad - صدى البلد|title=مكالمة اسماعيل الصلابى قائد الجيش الحر المصرى ومسئول مخابرات الاخوان بليبيا|date=2014-04-16|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VadHaVd_NGU|accessdate=2016-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elsaba7.com/NewsDtl.aspx?Id=131097|title=بوابة الصباح : أخطر إرهابى ليبى يعمل لحساب قطر: إسماعيل الصلابى.. جيمس بوند الإرهاب|website=www.elsaba7.com|access-date=2016-11-30|archive-date=2016-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201075906/http://www.elsaba7.com/NewsDtl.aspx?Id=131097|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dostor.org/415049|title=انفراد بالصور..'الصلابي' يتفق مع إخوان ليبيا على عمليات إرهابية بمصر|newspaper=جريدة الدستور|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salabi, Ismail}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Libyan Islamists]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood members]]
[[Category:People of the Libyan civil war (2011)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sukanta Bhattacharya

2026-01-19T04:46:57Z

Rolly: fixed issues

{{Short description|Bengali poet (1926–1947)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Sukanta Bhattacharya
| image = Suakanta Bhattacharya.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Bhattacharya in the 1940s
| pseudonym = Kishore Kabi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|8|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1947|5|13|1926|8|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India (now West Bengal, India)
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[writer]]
| genre = Poet, [[Short story|short-story writer]], [[playwright]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| parents = Nibaran Chandra Bhattacharya (father) Suniti Devi (mother)
| relations = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] (nephew)
| nationality = British India
| movement = [[Bengali Renaissance]]
| notableworks = ''Chharpatra'' ''Purbabhash'' ''Ghum Nei'' ''Hortal'' ''Abhizan''
| subject = [[Literature]]
| signature =
}}
'''Sukanta Bhattacharya''' ({{audio|Bn-সুকান্ত ভট্টাচার্য.oga|''Sukāntô Bhôṭṭācārjô''}}; 15 August 1926 – 13 May 1947) was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet.<ref name="George1992">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA506|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|page=506|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=9 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809065235/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA506#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> He was called "Young Nazrul" and ''Kishore Bidrohi Kobi'' ({{lit|Teenaged Rebel Poet}}), a reference to [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], for his similar rebellious stance against the [[British Raj]] and the [[Bourgeoisie|social elites]] through the work of poetry.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Sukanta Bhattacharya|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4715300.Sukanta_Bhattacharya|access-date=2020-11-21|website=www.goodreads.com|archive-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625234028/http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4715300.Sukanta_Bhattacharya|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Poetic style and influence==
As a [[Marxism|Marxist]] poet, he wielded his pen against fascist aggression, the [[Second World War]], the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal riots]] etc. His poems, which describe the sufferings of the common people and their [[Class struggle|struggle for existence]], look forward to an exploitation-free society.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bhattacharya, Sukanta |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bhattacharya,_Sukanta |access-date=2020-11-21 |website=Banglapedia |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314175403/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bhattacharya,_Sukanta |url-status=live}}</ref> His works are deeply marked and influenced by his [[communist]] experience.<ref name=":1" /> His poetry books include:

* ''Chharpatra'' (1948)
* ''Ghum Nei'' (1950)
* ''Purbabhas'' (1950)
* ''Abhijan'' (1953)
* ''Mithe-Kadha'' (1951)
* ''Hartal'' (1962)
* ''Giti Guccha'' (1965)

An excerpt from his poem ''Durmor'' signifies his love and passion towards his country:

<poem>সাবাস বাংলাদেশ!
এ পৃথিবী অবাক তাকিয়ে রয়
জ্বলে পুড়ে মরে ছারখার
তবু মাথা নোয়াবার নয়।
</poem>
Meaning in English: "Bravo Bangladesh!{{efn|Present-day Bangladesh did not exist then, here the term ''Bangladesh'' refers to the pre-[[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition]] undivided [[Bengal]] ''(See also: [[Names of Bengal]])''.}} The world is amazed! fired, burned, died and destroyed, but never gave up!"<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sukanta Bhattacharya - Sukanta Bhattacharya Biography - Poem Hunter|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/sukanta-bhattacharya/biography/|access-date=2020-11-21|website=www.poemhunter.com|language=en|archive-date=26 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226122723/http://www.poemhunter.com/sukanta-bhattacharya/biography/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Sukanta plaque.jpg|thumb|200px|Plaque dedicated to Sukanta Bhattacharya at Kadurkhil High School, Chittagong, Bangladesh.]]
He died from [[tuberculosis]], three months before the [[Partition of India]]. He was a paternal uncle of [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]], former [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]].

==Collections==
* His complete writings were anthologised in ''Sukanta Samagra'' (Complete Works of Sukanta) (1967), published by the ''Saraswat Library'', Kolkata was edited by [[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet)|Subhash Mukhopadhyay]]. This includes all the printed texts, some lesser known writings, his plays and stories, which include ''Khudha'' (Hunger), ''Durboddho'' (Incomprehensible), ''Bhadralok'' (Gentleman) and ''Daradi Kishorer Svapna'' (Dream of a Compassionate Adolescent), an article, ''Chhanda O Abritti'' and also a selection of letters. It was published posthumously from both the [[West Bengal|West]] and the [[Bangladesh|East Bengal]].{{cn|date=May 2025}}
* ''Patra Guchha'' (Letters).{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==Citations==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===References===
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sukanta Bhattacharya}}
* {{Banglapedia|Bhattacharya,_Sukanta}}
* {{OL author|7338A}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [http://www.isabart.org/person/63600 Sukanta Bhattacharya] at The Archive of Fine Arts
* [http://www.voicesnet.com/displayonedoc.aspx?docid=218538 Sukanta Bhattacharya's PRARTHI translated by Osman Gani]
* [http://www.kolkata-online.com/bangla/sukanta/ Works of Sukanta Bhattacharya]
* [https://banglashikha.com/poet/sukanta-bhattacharya-kobita/ Sukanta Bhattacharya Poem List]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Sukanta}}
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Bengali-language poets]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in India]]

Sidhi Kumari

2026-01-04T22:09:43Z

Rolly: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sidhi Kumari
| image = File:Sidhi Kumari.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|10|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bikaner]], [[India]]
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bikaner East Assembly constituency|Bikaner East]]
| term_start = 2008
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| nationality =
}}

'''Sidhi Kumari''' (born 6 October 1973) is an Indian politician from Rajasthan. She is a four time MLA and currently serving as a member of the [[16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Bikaner East Assembly constituency|Bikaner East constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bikaner East, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Bikaner East में BJP ने INC कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/bikaner-east-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830389-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> She has been serving as an MLA since the creation of this constituency seat after delimitation in 2008. She won from Bikaner East constituency in 2008, 2013, 2018, and 2023 as a candidate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bikaner East Election Result 2018 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections-2018/bikaner-east-election-results-10_494.html |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=business standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Siddhi Kumari Wins from Bikaner East: पूर्व विधानसभा से सिद्धि कुमारी की हैट्रिक |url=https://www.patrika.com/bikaner-news/rajasthan-election-2018-result-in-bikaner-live-updates-3827438/ |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=Rajasthan Patrika |date=11 Dec 2018 |language=hindi}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born in 1973 into the former Royal family of [[Bikaner]]. She is the daughter of Narendra Singh Bahadur and the granddaughter of [[Karni Singh]] Bahadur of [[Bikaner]]. She pursued studies up to M.A. and currently serves as the director of the Museum at [[Lalgarh Palace]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-23 |title=Rajasthan election: A tapestry of royalty, caste and communism |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-election-a-tapestry-of-royalty-caste-and-communism-101700763747368.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

She is fondly called ''Bai Sa'' (beloved daughter) in Bikaner.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BJP की यह MLA ना विधानसभा में दिखती हैं, ना पार्टी कार्यक्रमों में, फिर भी टिकट कटना मुश्‍किल|url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/rajasthan/jaipur/siddhi-kumari-may-be-bjps-candidate-from-bikaner-east-this-year/816133/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Jansatta|language=hi}}</ref>

== Political career ==
She won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], from the [[Bikaner East Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party. She defeated Yashpal Gehlot of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 19,303 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2014.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212140710/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2014.htm |archive-date=2023-12-12 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://rajassembly.nic.in/MembersPage.asp?DivNo=179 Sidhi Kumari]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, Sidhi}}
[[Category:People from Bikaner]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kundan Lal Gujral

2025-12-17T11:23:44Z

Rolly: added info

{{Short description|Indian chef and restaurateur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox chef
| name = Kundan Lal Gujral
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{circa|1902}}
| birth_place = [[Chakwal District|Chakwal]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]])}}
| death_date = {{circa|1997}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Chef]], [[Restaurateur]]
| spouse = Ram Prakash Devi
| style = [[Indian cuisine]]
| education = [[Matriculation#India|Matriculation]]
| restaurants = [[Moti Mahal Delux]]
| awards = IATO (Indian Association of Tour Operators) - 1990 for Inventing [[Tandoori Chicken]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to IATO :- Indian Association of Tour Operators |url=https://iato.in/pages/view/7 |website=iato.in |publisher=IATO}}</ref>
|}}

'''Kundan Lal Gujral''' (c.1902 - 1997)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kundan Lal Gujral: Father of butter chicken|date=21 August 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/independence-day-special/story/20210830-kundan-lal-gujral-father-of-butter-chicken-1843143-2021-08-21}}</ref> was an Indian [[chef]] and [[restaurateur]] based in [[New Delhi]]. He invented several [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]] which have since become popular worldwide, including [[butter chicken]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=father of butter chicken|date=21 August 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/independence-day-special/story/20210830-kundan-lal-gujral-father-of-butter-chicken-1843143-2021-08-21}}</ref> [[paneer makhani]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Recipe: Chef Monish Gujral shares the knowhow of their famed Signature Butter Chicken |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/life-style/recipe1/2020/jan/10/recipe-chef-monish-gujral-shares-the-knwohow-of-their-famed-signature-butter-chicken-21344.html |website=www.indulgexpress.com|date=9 January 2020 }}</ref> [[tandoori chicken]] and [[dal makhani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TBI Food Secrets: The Humble Origins of the Hugely Popular Butter Chicken |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/75100/butter-chicken-history-kundan-lal-gujral/ |website=The Better India |date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=5 facts about Kundan lal Gujral, the man who gave the world butter chicken&tandoori dishes |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/archive/5-facts-about-kundan-lal-gujral-the-man-who-gave-the-world-butter-chickentandoori-dishes/ |website=TNT-The NorthEast Today }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chauhan |first1=Divya |title=This Man Gave The World Butter Chicken, The Iconic Curry We Love |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/man-who-gave-the-world-butter-chicken-and-dal-makhni/ |website=ScoopWhoop |language=English |date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sahni |first1=Diksha |title=Moti Mahal: Delhi's Gastronomic Pearl |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/12/22/moti-mahal-delhis-gastronomic-pearl/ |website=WSJ |date=22 December 2011}}</ref> He was the founder of the restaurant chain [[Moti Mahal Delux]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nakra |first1=Rachana |title=Utterly, butterly unbelievable |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/5RZDV7YXJKdmEhjSUdDvjL/Utterly-butterly-unbelievable.html |website=www.livemint.com |language=en |date=25 September 2009}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kundan Lal Gujral was born around 1902 to Diwan Chand Gujral and Maya Devi in [[Chakwal District]], in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]) into a [[Punjabi Hindu]] [[Khatri]] family.<ref>{{cite book |title=Moti Mahal's tandoori trail |date=5 January 2004 |publisher=Roli Books |isbn=9351940233}}</ref> His only brother Chunni Lal died at the age of 18 due to [[pneumonia]]. His father was a cloth merchant. Kundan Lal Gujral completed his [[Matriculation#India|matriculation]] in [[Chakwal]]. In {{circa|1920}} he started working at a small eatery called Moti Mahal, owned by Mokha Singh Lamba in [[Peshawar]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], [[British India]]. He married Ram Prakash Devi with whom he had a child, Nand Lal Gujral on 26 November 1935.

In 1947, during the [[partition of India]] he migrated with his family to [[India]] and settled in [[Delhi]]. He then went on to start an eatery by the name of Moti Mahal in [[Daryaganj]], [[Old Delhi]].

==Known for==
Kundan Lal Gujral is known for the famous [[culinary]] inventions such as tandoori chicken, murgh makhani and dal makhani.<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Butter Chicken, Indian Cuisine's Most Loved Curry |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/the-history-of-butter-chicken-indian-cuisines-most-loved-curry-1686611 |website=NDTV Food}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The modern dal makhani was invented by Moti Mahal |url=http://www.virsanghvi.com/Article-Details.aspx?key=451}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Rupa |last2=Trivedi-Grenier |first2=Leena |title=Your Favorite Indian Takeout was Invented by a Refugee Fleeing Pakistan |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/your-favorite-indian-takeout-was-invented-by-a-pakistani-refugee/ |website=Vice |date=2 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to IATO :- Indian Association of Tour Operators |url=https://iato.in/pages/view/13 |website=iato.in}}</ref>

===The invention of tandoori chicken===
Gujral started as a chef in a small restaurant owned by Mokha Singh Lamba in Gora Bazaar, [[Peshawar]], [[British India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Tandoori Chicken |date=19 January 2019 |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/the-history-of-tandoori-chicken}}</ref> He experimented by skewering yogurt marinated pieces of chicken and sticking them into the [[tandoor]] (which was previously used only for Breads). This experiment led to the famous dish tandoori chicken.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vellampalli |first1=AuthorJaya |title=The tale of Tandoori chicken |url=https://telanganatoday.com/tale-tandoori-chicken |website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Behura |first1=Monica |title=High on bar Be Cues |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/high-on-bar-be-cues/articleshow/3256806.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |date=21 July 2008}}</ref> Tandoori chicken is another popular dish in [[Indian restaurants]] around the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Partition Changed India's Food Cultures Forever |url=https://thewire.in/food/partition-food-punjab-mughlai-bengal |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tandoori chicken: inventor's grandson shares first-ever recipe |url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/restaurants/tandoori-chicken-inventors-grandson-shares-first-ever-recipe-1.1026244 |website=gulfnews.com |date=24 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

===The invention of murgh makhani===

To avoid wastage of the leftover or unsold tandoori tikkas (marinated pieces of chicken cooked in a tandoor) due to the lack of [[refrigeration]] facilities at that time, Gujral added [[tomato gravy]] with butter to the tandoori tikkas to soften the chicken so that he could sell them the next day. This culinary accident led to the famous dish.<ref>{{cite web |title= |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/mail-today/20190317/281724090881977 |via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Balasubramaniam |first1=Chitra |title=A palatial offering |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/a-palatial-offering/article19463307.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=10 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pitman |first1=Isabelle |title=Don't Miss Moti Mahal Restaurant |url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/dont-miss-moti-mahal-restaurant/ |website=Culture Trip|date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Helstosky |first1=Carol |title=The Routledge History of Food |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317621126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S16vBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Kundan+lal+gujral%22&pg=PT606 |language=en}}</ref> Today, murgh makhani, or butter chicken, is the most popular [[curry]] in [[Indian restaurants]] around the world.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haksar |first1=Nandita |author-link=Nandita Haksar |date=21 July 2018 |title=How intolerance has left India's culinary culture poorer |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/883258/how-intolerance-has-left-indias-culinary-culture-poorer |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sep 15 |first1=Mumbai Mirror |title=Want your Naan dipped in alcohol? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articles/features/want-your-naan-dipped-in-alcohol/articleshow/53582593.cms |newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The unsaid story of Butter Chicken |url=http://www.blog.distantfrontiers.in/unsaid-story-butter-chicken |website=DFT Blog |date=1 May 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dilli Diaries: The Butter Chicken Connect |url=https://www.hungryforever.com/dilli-diaries-butter-chicken-connect/ |website=HungryForever Food Blog |date=10 May 2017}}</ref>

===The invention of dal makhani===
Gujral is also known for inventing dal makhani which is a mildly spiced [[pulses]] curry made with the combination of tangy tomatoes, butter, and rich cream. This combination of mixed spices and dairy products is known as famous dal makhani.<ref>{{cite web |last1=February 21 |first1=Sourish Bhattacharyya |title=Punjabi platter minus butter chicken |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/food-drink/food/story/punjabi-platter-minus-butter-chicken-mokha-singh-lamba-peshawar-309792-2016-02-21 |website=India Today |date=21 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who Invented the Dal Makhani |url=https://littleindia.com/who-invented-the-dal-makhani/ |website=Little India: Overseas Indian, NRI, Asian Indian, Indian American |date=30 January 2014}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
After having fled [[Pakistan]], Kundan Lal Gujral settled in Delhi and opened a small [[dhaba]] (roadside eatery) to introduce Delhiites to the tandoori chicken.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tandoori chicken {{!}} dish |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tandoori-chicken |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=16 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He bought a small space in [[Daryaganj]] and set up Moti Mahal.<ref>{{cite web |title=EatTreat |url=https://eattreat.in/delhi/restaurants/moti-mahal-delux |website=eattreat.in }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The place quickly proved popular and within a year Kundan Lal Jaggi & Gujral bought the adjoining area, turning his eatery into a 400-seat restaurant. Dignitaries like former [[List of Prime Ministers of India|Indian Prime Ministers]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Indira Gandhi]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mathur |first1=Ajeet N. |title=IIMA-Strategies for Future: Understanding International Business |date=2016 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=9788184003673 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UAgszMG3ZUC&q=%22Kundan+lal+gujral%22&pg=PT75 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indra Gandhi with Mr Kundan Lal Gujral - Picture of Moti Mahal, New Delhi - TripAdvisor |url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g304551-d5786486-i149120552-Moti_Mahal-New_Delhi_National_Capital_Territory_of_Delhi.html |website=www.tripadvisor.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In Search of Lost Butter Chicken |url=http://www.natgeotraveller.in/in-search-of-lost-butter-chicken/ |website=National Geographic Traveller India}}</ref> former [[Indian President]] [[Dr. Zakir Hussain]], actors [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Nargis Dutt]], and Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] are among the famous patrons.

He served his iconic dishes here. Later in 1970's Kundan Lal son, Nand Lal Gujral expanded Moti Mahal in [[South Delhi]] to establish [[Moti Mahal Delux]] chain of restaurants. Currently, Kundan Lal Gujral's grandson, [[Monish Gujral]] has instituted Moti Mahal Delux Management Services in 2003 by expanding the business into [[Franchising|franchises]] across India. Today, it has grown from a small restaurant in [[Old Delhi]] to a modern eating chain with more than 150 franchises in India and worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moti Mahal, Daryaganj: The world-famous restaurant continues to live its legacy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/moti-mahal-daryaganj-the-world-famous-restaurant-continues-to-live-its-legacy/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Forbes India Magazine - Print |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/printcontent/52613 |website=www.forbesindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Moti Mahal enters kitchens with convenience food |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/83039/historic-moti-mahal-enters-kitchens.html |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |date=22 July 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujral, Kundan Lal}}
[[Category:1900s births]]
[[Category:Chefs of Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian chefs]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Chakwal District]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]

Bhuj Assembly constituency

2025-12-14T08:15:01Z

Rolly: added info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{expand list|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhuj
| mla = [[Shivdas Patel|Keshubhai Shivdas Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Kachchh district|Kachchh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:290952}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Over 4.90 crore voters in Gujarat; ECI releases final roll and electors details 2022 |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/10/10/over-4-90-crore-voters-in-gujarat-eci-releases-final-roll-and-electors-details-2022/ |website=www.deshgujarat.com |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 3
}}

'''Bhuj''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Kachchh district|Kachchh]] district. It is numbered as 3-Bhuj.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Bhuj Taluka (Part) Villages – Luna, Bhitara Mota, Udhmo, Gorewali, Khavda, Ratadiya, Dinara, Dhrobana, Kuran, Kunariya (Jam), Juna Juriya, Sadhara, Andhau, Dhoravar, Ludiya, Godpar (Khavda), Khari, Soyla, Mithdi, Bhagadio, Shervo, Hodka, Bhirandiyara, Dedhiya Nana-Mota, Daddhar Nani, Daddhar Moti, Misariyado, Bhojardo, Berdo, Raiyada, Kharod, Dhori, Sumarasar -Shekhvali, Loria, Juriya, Kamaguna, Mod Bhakhari, Motiyar Bhakhari, Nokhaniya, Kunaria Nana-Mota, Kotay, Fulay, Makanpar, Dhonsa, Baukho (Odhejavalo), Baukho (Samavalo), Tankanasar, Vatachhad, Vehro, Natharkui, Vinchhiya, Sumarasar (Jatvali), Virai, Khilna, Ratiya, Kodki, Makhna, Pirvadi, Payarka, Kuvathada, Sadau Rakhal, Fulra Timbo, Anandsar, Kanpar, Fotdi, Kalyanpar, Godsar (Rakhal), Mirjapar, Sukhpar, Mankuva, Nagiyari, Deshalpar, Kurbai, Nabhoi, Vandhay, Samatra, Bharasar, Vandh Sim, Sedata, Naranpar Ravli, Vadasar, Zizu Timbo, Sarli, Dahinsara, Godpar (Sarli), Meghpar, Naranpar Pasayati, Chunadi, Gajod, Medisar Rakhal, Traya Bhakhari, Bhuj (M), Madhapar.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Kumudini Pancholi Ahir
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Pushpdan Shambhudan Gadhavi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan=2|Mukesh Zhaveri
|-
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Shivjibhai Ahir
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Vasanbhai Ahir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2|[[Dr. Nimaben Acharya]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Keshubhai Shivdas Patel]]

|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Keshubhai Shivdas Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 96582
|percentage = 53.39
|change = {{increase}}2.66%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arjan Bhudia|party=Indian National Congress|votes=36768|percentage=20.4|change=-22.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sakil Mahamad Sama|party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen|votes=31295|percentage=17.36|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajesh Pindoria|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=8060|percentage=4.47|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Node Kasam Mohamad|party=Right to Recall Party|votes=448|percentage=0.25|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=59,814|percentage=33.19%|change={{increase}}24.97%}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,80,225|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]Bhuj<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nimaben Acharya]]
|party = BJP
|votes = 86,532
|percentage = 50.73
|change = {{increase}}6.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Adambhai Chaki
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 72,510
|percentage = 42.51
|change = +3.41
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,022
|percentage = 8.22
|change = +2.39
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,70,589
|percentage = 66.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nimaben Acharya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 69,174
|percentage = 44.93
|change = -7.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amirali Lodhiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 60,201
|percentage = 39.10
|change = +2.46
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Ramji Shivji Hirani
|party = Independent
|votes = 16,254
|percentage = 10.56
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arun Vachhrajani
|party = Gujarat Parivartan Party
|votes = 2,991
|percentage = 1.94
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,973
|percentage = 5.83%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,53,950
|percentage = 68.73%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vasanbhai Ahir]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 70,398
|percentage = 52.84
|change = {{increase}}7.52
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shivjibhai Ahir
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 48,803
|percentage = 36.64
|change = -11.07
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Mohmad Hanif Sameja
|party = Independent
|votes = 6,249
|percentage = 4.69
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,582
|percentage = 16.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,33,232
|percentage = 62
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shivjibhai Ahir
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 51480
|percentage = 47.71
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mukesh Zaveri
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 48900
|percentage = 45.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Arjan Jiva Varchand
|party = Independent
|votes = 4311
|percentage = 4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2580
|percentage = 2.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 107896
|percentage = 64.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1998]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mukesh Zaveri
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 47431
|percentage = 52.32
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rupabhai Chad
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 25312
|percentage = 27.92
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22119
|percentage = 24.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 95030
|percentage = 60.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1995===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1995]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mukesh Zaveri
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 46441
|percentage = 49.83
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hakumatsinh Jadeja
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 40474
|percentage = 43.43
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5967
|percentage = 6.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 96954
|percentage = 64.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1990===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1990]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Pushpdan Shambhudan Gadhavi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 38764
|percentage = 54.08
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hakumatsinh Jadeja
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 30574
|percentage = 42.66
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8190
|percentage = 11.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 73258
|percentage = 54.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1985]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kumudini Pancholi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 21113
|percentage = 51.99
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mukesh Zaveri
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 17756
|percentage = 43.73
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3357
|percentage = 8.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 41445
|percentage = 41.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1980]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohanlal Shah
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 21243
|percentage = 59.13
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mangal Maheshwari
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 9157
|percentage = 25.49
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12086
|percentage = 33.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 36951
|percentage = 41.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1975===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1975]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kundanlal Dholakia
|party = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
|votes = 20759
|percentage = 53.10
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abdulkarim Turk
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 17058
|percentage = 43.63
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3701
|percentage = 9.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 40805
|percentage = 56.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1972]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramji Thacker
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 21203
|percentage = 69.52
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kundanlal Dholakia
|party = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
|votes = 8179
|percentage = 26.82
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13024
|percentage = 42.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 31987
|percentage = 49.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1967]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = M.M. Mehta
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 14352
|percentage = 50.33
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C.H. Jadeja
|party = Swatantra Party
|votes = 9935
|percentage = 34.84
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4417
|percentage = 15.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 30305
|percentage = 53.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1962]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gulabshanker Amritlal
|party = Swatantra Party
|votes = 24209
|percentage = 67.02
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kundanlal Jashvantray
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 10306
|percentage = 28.53
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13903
|percentage = 38.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 36358
|percentage = 54.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Swatantra Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kachchh district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|23.25|69.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bhuj]]
[[Category:Politics of Kutch district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Shehra Assembly constituency

2025-12-01T15:00:29Z

Rolly: made first post needs work

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shehra
| mla = [[Jethabhai Ahir|Ahir(Bharvad) Jethabhai Ghelabhai]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:261060}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 124
}}

'''Shehra''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Shehra Taluka
# Lunawada Taluka (Part) Villages – Kel, Dezar, Vaghoi, Chuladiya, Jetharibor, Gugaliya, Simlet
# Godhra Taluka (Part) Villages – Nadisar, Khajuri, Odidra, Jaliya, Dhanitra, Rinchhrota, Motal, Karsana, Velvad, Ichhapaginu Muvadu, Ratanpur (Kantdi), Kabirpur, Kabariya, Juni Dhari, Timba, Gotavipura, Pipaliya (Dhari), Moryo, Kankanpur, Moti Kantdi, Gothada

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan=6 |[[Jethabhai Ahir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Shehra Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jethabhai Ahir|Ahir (Bharvad) Jethabhai Ghelabhai]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 107775
|percentage = 59.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Khatubhai Gulabbhai Pagi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 60494
|percentage = 33.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Takhatsinh Ravsinh Solanki
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 6461
|percentage = 3.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4708
|percentage = 2.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 26.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:257669}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Shehra<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jethabhai Ahir]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,00,383
|percentage = 59.55
|change = +10.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dushyantsinh Chauhan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 59,314
|percentage = 35.19
|change = +4.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalabhai Gadhvi
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 2,268
|percentage = 1.35
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41,069
|percentage = 24.36
|change = +5.77
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,68,559
|percentage = 72.22
|change = -2.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jethabhai Ahir]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 76,468
|percentage = 49.54
|change = -6.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Takhatsinh Solanki
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 47,743
|percentage = 30.93
|change = -8.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rangitbhai Pagi
|party = Gujarat Parivartan Party
|votes = 12,562
|percentage = 8.14
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhupatsinh Solanki
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 9,345
|percentage = 6.05
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 18.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,54,365
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jethabhai Ahir]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 64,055
|percentage = 55.98
|change = -14.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Takhatsinh Solanki
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 45,602
|percentage = 39.85
|change = +16.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sunil Brahmabhatt
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 4773
|percentage = 4.17
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 16.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,14,430
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jethabhai Ahir]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 85,668
|percentage = 70.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chhatrasinh Chauhan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 28,604
|percentage = 23.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 57,064
|percentage = 47.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,21,024
|percentage = 67.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Panchmahal district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.95|73.63|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Panchmahal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]

Cheemalapadu

2025-11-01T23:25:02Z

Rolly: started first data from scratch...

{{short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.8917|80.6498}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| map_caption = Interactive map
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[A. Konduru mandal|A. Konduru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook, Krishna - Page 284 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/124/download/146/DH_2011_2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 44.76
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11322
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Morla Lakshmi<ref>{{Cite web |title=PANCHAYAT DEVELOPMENT PLAN CAMPAIGN |url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Cheemalapadu''' is a village located in the [[A. Konduru mandal]], [[NTR district]] of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tiruvuru revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandal wise Villages {{!}} NTR District {{!}} India |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/mandal-wise-villages/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 census of India]], there are 2,875 households with a total population of 11,322 people. The population includes 5,953 males and 5,369 females. In terms of Scheduled Tribes, the village has a significant population of 3,360 and Scheduled Castes, however, have a smaller population of 1,717. A total of 5,723 people are literate, with 3,538 males and 2,185 females, while 5,599 people are illiterate. There are 5,885 workers in the village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh, Krishna District, A.Konduru Sub-District, Rural Area, Cheemalapadu Village |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]

Howrah–Puri Shatabdi Express

2025-10-09T11:52:17Z

Rolly:

{{Short description|Shatabdi Express train in India}}
{{No footnotes|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = ADD8E6
| name = Puri - Howrah Junction ''Shatabdi Express''
| image = Howrah-Puri Shatabdi Express at Balasore.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Shatabdi Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|2010|12|07}} as Puri - Howrah [[Duronto Express]], changed to Shatabdi Express on {{start date and age|2013|02|08}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Puri}}
| stops = 5
| end = {{rws|Howrah}}
| distance = {{convert|498.891|km|0|abbr=on}} (as per Khurda Road Division map and East Coast Railway map on official website of East Coast Railway. For earlier part of journey: Kharagpur Division map and South Eastern Railway map on official website of South Eastern Railway) to about {{convert|502|km|0|abbr=on}} in Howrah Puri direction and about 502 Kms in opposite direction because, according to Kharagpur Division map and South Eastern Railway map on official website of South Eastern Railway, two lines are longer and one is shorter between Kharagpur and Hijli. Chargeable distance may be different.
| journeytime = 07 hours 45 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 12277 / 12278
| class = Executive Class, AC Chair Car
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = No
| catering = Yes
| observation = Large windows, reading lights
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Overhead racks
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| speed = {{convert|65|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts (average of both directions)
| map = [[File:(Howrah - Puri) Shatabdi Express route map.png|300px|(Howrah - Puri) Shatabdi Express route map]]
{{Howrah-Puri Shatabdi Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Puri-Howrah Shatabdi Express''' is a [[Shatabdi Express]] category type of service belonging to [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between [[Puri railway station|Puri]] and [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] in [[India]]. It was introduced as Puri - Howrah - Puri Duronto Express but its service pattern was changed to Shatabdi Express to provide commercial halts on 8th February 2013 [https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=917&did=1358768149725D158120020A30A27CB63957398C57FFB.web91] [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/shatabdi-to-replace-howrah-puri-duronto/articleshow/18158612.cms] because, [[Duronto Express]] should have had no commercial halt then but they had operational or technical halt/s if it was required or if they were required.

It operated as train number 12278 from [[Puri railway station|Puri]] to [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] and as train number 12277 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. It was pulled by [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4]],but now it is pulled by a [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP P-5 locomotive]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah]] [[WAP-7]].

==Coaches==

The 12278 / 77 [[Puri railway station|Puri]] [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] '''[[Shatabdi Express]]''' presently has 1 AC Executive Chair Car, 7-8 AC Chair Car (7 and sometimes 1 extra) and 2 End on Generator coaches. It does not carry a [[Dining car|Pantry car coach]] but being a [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi]] category train, catering is arranged on board the train.

As is customary with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
!
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
|-
|'''12277'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]]
|SLR
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#B200FA;" |E1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |CE1
|EOG
|-
|'''12278'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]]
|EOG
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |CE1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#B200FA;" |E1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C7
|SLR
|}

==Service==
The 12278 / 12277 [[Puri railway station|Puri]] [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] '''[[Shatabdi Express]]''' takes 08 hours and 07 hours 30 mins during return. Real distance between Howrah and Puri is 498.891 kms (as per Khurda Road Division map and East Coast Railway map on official website of East Coast Railway. For earlier part of journey: Kharagpur Division map and South Eastern Railway map on official website of South Eastern Railway) to about 502 kms in Howrah Puri direction and about 502 Kms in opposite direction because, according to Kharagpur Division map and South Eastern Railway map on official website of South Eastern Railway, two lines are longer and one is shorter between Kharagpur and Hijli. Chargeable distance may be different.

The average speed of the train is 65 km/h including halts (average of both directions).

== Schedule ==
The schedule of this 12277/12278 Puri - Howrah Shatabdi Express is given below:-
{| class="wikitable" width="45%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |''PURI - HWH - PURI Shatabdi Express''
|-
! colspan="2" |12277
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |12278
|-
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|-
| '''----'''
|05:45
|'''[[Puri railway station|Puri]]'''
|21:50
| '''----'''
|-
|06:47
|06:49
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]]
|20:25
|20:27
|-
|07:15
|07:17
|[[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack Junction]]
|19:50
|19:52
|-
|08:05
|08:07
|[[Jajpur Keonjhar Road railway station|Jajpur Keonjhar Road]]
|18:55
|18:57
|-
|09:08
|09:10
|[[Bhadrak railway station|Bhadrak]]
|18:23
|18:25
|-
|09:50
|09:55
|[[Balasore railway station|Balasore]]
|17:25
|17:30
|-
|11:32
|11:40
|[[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur Junction]]
|15:55
|16:03
|-
|13:45
| '''----'''
|'''[[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]]'''
| '''----'''
|14:15
|}

==Routeing==

The 12278 / 77 [[Puri railway station|Puri]] [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] '''[[Shatabdi Express]]''' runs from [[Puri railway station|Puri]] via [[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack railway station|Cuttack]], [[Balasore railway station|Balasore]], [[Kharagpur railway station|Kharagpur]] to [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]].

== Operation ==

As per information on 4 Aug 2022, wef 2 Oct, 2022,12278 - will leave [[Puri railway station|Puri]] at 5:45 AM IST and reach [[Howrah Junction]] same Day at 13:45 PM
12277 - leave [[Howrah Junction]] at 14:15 PM IST and reach [[Puri railway station|Puri]] on same Day at 21:50 PM IST

Being a [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi]] class train, it returns to its originating station [[Puri railway station|Puri]] at the end of the day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/shatabdi_trn_list.html |title=SHATABDI TRAIN LIST |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-05-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723014914/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/shatabdi_trn_list.html |archivedate=23 July 2013 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Shatabdi-to-replace-Howrah-Puri-Duronto/articleshow/18158612.cms|title=Shatabdi to replace Howrah-Puri Duronto - The Times of India|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2014-05-29}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=423&id=0,4,423|title=South Eastern Railway|publisher=ser.indianrailways.gov.in|accessdate=2014-05-29}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Puri-Howrah-trains-to-resume-Sunday-evening/2013/10/13/article1834529.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530021053/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Puri-Howrah-trains-to-resume-Sunday-evening/2013/10/13/article1834529.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2014|title=Puri-Howrah trains to resume Sunday evening - The New Indian Express|publisher=newindianexpress.com|accessdate=2014-05-29}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/vizag-bears-the-brunt-of-ecor-bias/article4371591.ece|title=Vizag bears the brunt of ECoR bias - The Hindu|publisher=thehindu.com|accessdate=2014-05-29}}

==External links==
{{Shatabdi Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah - Puri Shatabdi Express}}
[[Category:Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Trains from Howrah railway station]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]

Nandi Bagan

2025-09-23T09:23:12Z

Rolly: quick update

#REDIRECT [[Haltu]]

Chandni Chowk, Kolkata

2025-09-21T06:04:16Z

Rolly:

{{Other use|Chandni Chowk (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Chandni Chowk
|image_skyline=Kolkata Dharmatala1.jpg
|caption= Chandni Chowk market
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta)
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|coordinates = {{coord|22|33|56|N|88|21|24|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[India]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Chandni Chowk metro station, Kolkata|Chandni Chowk]]
|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code =
|area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chowrangee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chowrangee]]
}}

'''Chandni Chowk''' is a neighbourhood of [[Kolkata|Central Kolkata]] in [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is famous for its old and cheap market of computer software products and hardwares,<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/streetwise-kolkata-chandni-chowk-name-could-have-come-from-the-canopies-of-its-shops-7519191/lite/ | title=Streetwise Kolkata: Chandni Chowk's name could have come from the canopies of its shops | date=19 September 2021 }}</ref> and had been listed as a [[notorious market]] in 2009 and 2010 by the [[USTR]] for selling counterfeit software, media and goods.<ref>{{cite wikisource|chapter=Section 3|wslink=Special 301 Report/2009|plaintitle=Special 301 Report|last=|first=|year=|publisher=|page=|wspage=|scan=}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource|chapter=Section 3|wslink=Special 301 Report/2010|plaintitle=Special 301 Report|last=|first=|year=|publisher=|page=|wspage=|scan=}}</ref>

==History==
Chandni Chowk which is an economical hub and marketplace in North Kolkata, existed as early as 1784. A. Upjohn's map of 1784 of Calcutta describes it as "Chandney Choke Bazar", "Chandney Bazaar ka rastah", "Chandnee Choke" or "Goreeamar Lane". [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] records show that before 1937, that one of the lanes were called Guriama Lane in local. In February 1937, the name was officially changed to Chandney Approach. In 1938, again it was renamed aas Chandni Chowk Street.<ref name="auto"/> It was speculated the name was given after [[Chandni Chowk, Delhi|Delhi’s Chandni Chowk]] as a symbol of acknowledgement for the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s whose capital was at [[Delhi]] at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://two-together.com/etymology/kolkata-neighbourhoods-names/|title=Etymologies of Names of Neighbourhoods of Kolkata (Calcutta)|website=Two Together|date=29 November 2017 }}</ref>

[[William Carey (missionary)|W.H. Carey]] speculates that the name came from the canopies or the semi-permanent roofs (chadna, in Bengali) above shops that had sprung up over the years. The market existed in 19th century. R.J. Minney's "Round about Calcutta" (1922) says that Chandni Chowk contained garment markets, cycle shops, camera shops, pigeon stalls for cigarettes and sherbet. Hawkers and shopkeepers with semi-permanent structures continue to occupy every square inch of the space. In 1907, KMC bought land to widen Chandney Chowk Streets, but that did not help passersby.<ref name="auto"/>

In October 1994, Chandni Chowk came under metro corridor as the stretch from Esplanade to Chandni Chowk was authorised for construction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.tummoc.com/a-brief-history-of-the-kolkata-metro/|title=A Brief History of The Kolkata Metro - blog.tummoc.com|date=27 July 2021}}</ref>

==Market==
Chandni Chowk is known for it being the oldest and biggest software and hardware market in West Bengal. Multiple technology companies had their main offices and service centres in Chandni Chowk due to its cheap and nearest facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebeaconkolkata.co.in/chor-bazar-in-kolkata/|title=Jail-Broken iPhones, LCDs On The Pavement & Ancient Mobile Phones - Chor Bazar In Kolkata, Chandni is the ultimate Thug Life! - The Beacon Kolkata|date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121072249/https://www.thebeaconkolkata.co.in/chor-bazar-in-kolkata/ |archive-date=21 January 2018 }}</ref>

==Transport==
Central Ave, which is one the main road connectors between South and North Calcutta, passes through Chandni Chowk. Also Lenin Sarani of Kolkata road passes through Chandni Chowk which connects it directly to Sealdah. [[Chandni Chowk metro station, Kolkata|Chandni Chowk metro station]] and [[Esplanade metro station]] are nearest metro stations of the North South metro corridor. Esplanade serves also as metro station of the East West metro corridor of Kolkata.

==See also==
*[[Bidhan Sarani]]
*[[Boubazar]]
*[[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]]
*[[Dharmatala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Notorious markets]]
[[Category:High-technology business districts in India]]
[[Category:Information technology places]]
[[Category:Information technology in India]]
[[Category:Electronics districts]]
[[Category:Electronics industry in India]]

Dudhkundi Airfield

2025-08-07T19:40:02Z

Rolly: minor edit

{{short description|Airfield in India}}
{{No footnotes|date=September 2010}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name=Dudhkundi Airfield
| ensign=[[File:Twentieth Air Force - Emblem (World War II).png|60px]] [[File:Tenth Air Force - Emblem (World War II).png|60px]]
| partof = Twentieth Air Force Tenth Air Force
| location= West Bengal, India
| image=
| caption=
| pushpin_map= India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_mark= Airplane_silhouette.svg
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_label=Dudhkundi Airfield
| pushpin_mapsize=300
| coordinates= {{Coord|22|19|21.16|N|087|06|33.62|E|display=inline,title}}
| type=Military airfield
| code=
| height=
| ownership=
| controlledby=
| condition= Abandoned
| built=1942
| builder=
| used= 1942-1945
| materials=
| demolished=
| battles= World War II
| events=
| past_commanders=
| garrison=
| occupants=
}}

[[File:444bg-678bs-44-70108-sweet-thing.jpg|thumb|678th Bomb Squadron 44-70108 "Sweet Thing". Notice the black paint applied to the under surface of the aircraft. This was applied to reduce reflection of Japanese searchlights when flying low-level night incendiary missions.]]
[[File:444th bombardment gp-emblem.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Emblem of the 444th Bombardment Squadron]]
'''Dudhkundi Airfield''' is an abandoned airfield in [[India]], located 12 miles (19.2 km) SE of [[Jhargram]], in the [[Jhargram district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
During [[World War II]], the airfield hosted the [[United States Army Air Force]] [[444th Bombardment Group]] prior to its deployment to the [[Mariana Islands]].

Dudhkundi was originally designed for [[B-24 Liberator]] use. In 1943 it was designated as a [[B-29 Superfortress]] Base for the planned deployment of the [[United States Army Air Forces]] [[XX Bomber Command]] to India. Advance Army Air Forces echelons arrived in India in December 1943 to organize the upgrading of the airfield and thousands of Indians labored to upgrade the facility for Superfortress operations. It was one of four B-29 bases established by the Americans in India.

Finally ready for use in July 1944, the [[444th Bombardment Group]] moved to Dudhkundi from [[Charra Airfield]]. The 444th was part of the [[Operation Matterhorn]] project of XX Bomber Command, the bombing of the [[Japan|Japanese Home Islands]]. In order to reach Japan, the B-29s of the group needed to stage operations from [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Kwanghan Airfield]] (A-3), a forward base just to the southwest of [[Chendu]] in south-central [[China]].

However, all the supplies of fuel, bombs, and spares needed to support operations from Kwanghan had to be flown 1,200 miles from India over "[[The Hump]]" (the name given by Allied pilots to the eastern end of the [[Himalayan Mountains]]), since Japanese control of the seas around the Chinese coast made seaborne supply of China impossible. Many of the supplies had to be delivered to China by the B-29s themselves. For this role, they were stripped of nearly all combat equipment and used as flying tankers and each carried seven tons of fuel for the six-hour (one-way) flight, which itself was almost at the limit of the B-29's range. The Hump route was so dangerous and difficult that each time a B-29 flew from India to China it was counted as a combat mission. It took six round-trip flights by each Superfortress to Kwanghan in order to mount one combat mission from the forward base.

Missions of the 444th flown from Dudhkundi included attacking transportation centers, naval installations, aircraft plants, and other targets in [[Burma]], [[China]], [[Thailand]], [[Japan]], and [[Formosa]].

On the night August 10–11, 56 B-29s staged through British air bases in [[Ceylon]] (now known is Sri Lanka) attacked the Plajdoe oil storage facilities at [[Palembang]] on [[Sumatra]] in present-day Indonesia. This involved a 4030-mile, 19-hour mission from Ceylon to Sumatra, the longest American air raid of the war. The 444th conducted a daylight raid against iron and steel works at [[Yawata]], Japan, in August 1944, being awarded a [[Distinguished Unit Citation]] for the mission.

In September 1944, the 679th Bomb Squadron was inactivated in order to streamline the group's organization. This left the 444th with three squadrons of ten B-29s each.

The 444th evacuated staging fields in China in January 1945 due to the Japanese offensive in South China which threatened the forward staging bases, but continued operations from India, bombing targets in [[Thailand]] and mining waters around [[Singapore]]. However, by late 1944 it was becoming apparent that B-29 operations against Japan staged out of the bases in Chengtu were far too expensive in men and materials and would have to be stopped. In December 1944, the Joint Chiefs of Staff made the decision that Operation Matterhorn would be phased out, and the B-29s would be moved to newly captured bases in the Marianas in the central Pacific.

On 1 March 1945, the 444th Bombardment Group flew south to Ceylon, then southeast across the [[Indian Ocean]] to [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] in [[Western Australia]]. Flying north through [[New Guinea]], it reached its new home at [[Tinian International Airport|West Field]], [[Tinian]], in the [[Mariana Islands]] on 7 April where it and its parent [[58th Bombardment Wing]] came under the command of the new [[XXI Bomber Command]].

With the departure of the B-29s to the Marianas, Dudhkundi Airfield was turned over to the [[Tenth Air Force]]. The 87th Air Depot Group took over command of the airfield, and the mission of the base was to be a maintenance and disposition center for surplus Allied aircraft.

The [[80th Fighter Group]] moved in on 24 May from its primitive base at [[Myitkyina]], [[Burma]], with a mixture of [[P-38 Lightning]]s, [[A-36 Apache]]s and dive-bomber modified [[P-40 Warhawk]] (B-40) being withdrawn from combat. The 80th returned to the United States in October 1945, leaving its aircraft and equipment at the airfield.

With its departure, the [[B-24 Liberator]] equipped [[7th Bombardment Group]] moved to Dudhkundi. It remained at the airfield, also leaving its aircraft and equipment in India and sending its personnel back to the United States. It was inactivated as a paper unit in January 1946.

With the last Americans leaving in early 1946, the airfield was turned over to the British colonial government.

Prior to [[World War II]], '''Dudhkundi''' was a forest belonging to the king of [[Jhargram]] who rendered it to the [[United States Army Air Force]] to build an Airfield. The postwar history of the airfield is unclear, however today it is long abandoned. No structures remain, however traces of runways and taxiways can be viewed from the air. Airfield has been converted into an air-to-ground firing range to [[Kalaikunda Air Force Station]]. Some small villages appear to have taken over the former billeting areas.

==See also==

* [[Operation Matterhorn]]

==References==
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
* Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. {{ISBN|0-89201-092-4}}.
* [http://www.444thbg.org/unithistoryinfo.htm 444th Bomb Group Website]

{{USAAF 10th Air Force World War II}}
{{USAAF 20th Air Force World War II}}
{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in British India]]
[[Category:Airports in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Defunct airports in India]]
[[Category:Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Military airbases established in 1944]]
[[Category:1944 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Military airbases closed in 1946]]

13 Mussoorie

2025-07-15T19:05:41Z

Rolly: New Entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = 13 Mussoorie.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| based_on =
| writer = Karmanya Ahuja
| director = Abhijit Das
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]]
* [[Viraf Patel]]
* Naveed Aslam
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| music =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 13 
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| location =
| cinematography = Jesil Patel
| editor = Kathikuloth Praveen
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 19-22 minutes
| company = Bodhi Tree Multimedia
| budget =
| network = [[Viu (streaming service)|Viu]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2018|10|12}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2018|12|14}}
| related =
}}
'''''13 Mussoorie''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series directed by Abhijit Das and written by Karmanya Ahuja. Produced under Bodhi Tree Multimedia, it stars [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]], [[Viraf Patel]] and Naveed Aslam.<ref>{{cite web | last=Farzeen | first=Sana | title=Viraf Patel replaces Harman Singha in Viu's next series | website=The Indian Express | date=19 June 2018 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/viraf-patel-harman-singha-5224339/ | access-date=14 September 2024 | archive-date=14 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914053307/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/viraf-patel-harman-singha-5224339/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Farzeen | first=Sana | title=Shriya Pilgaonkar: I got to play my own version of Nancy Drew in 13 Mussoorie | website=The Indian Express | date=12 October 2018 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/shriya-pilgaonkar-13-mussoorie-viu-5399158/ | access-date=14 September 2024 | archive-date=16 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916065829/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/shriya-pilgaonkar-13-mussoorie-viu-5399158/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The series premiered on [[Viu (streaming service)|Viu]] on 12 October 2018.<ref name="Release" />

== Cast ==
* [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] as Aditi Bisht
* [[Viraf Patel]] as Rishi Pant
* Naveed Aslam as Ajay Bisht
* Kashyap Shangari as Mahesh Anand
* Shray Rai Tiwari as Ali
* Teena Singh as Nisha Gosain
* [[Mrinal Dutt]] as Ishaan Saini
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as Girish Rawat
* Varun Tiwari as Varun Rawat
* Ashwini Koul as Naman Joshi
* Jay Bodas as Freddy Fernandez

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[Viu (streaming service)|Viu]].<ref name="Release" >{{cite web | title=VIU'S LATEST CRIME DRAMA ORIGINAL "13 MUSSOORIE" ALL SET TO KEEP ITS AUDIENCE ENGAGED | website=1 Indian Television Dot Com | date=11 October 2018 | url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/viu-s-latest-crime-drama-original-13-mussoorie-all-set-to-keep-its-audience-engaged-181011 | access-date=14 September 2024 | archive-date=20 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720212409/http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/viu-s-latest-crime-drama-original-13-mussoorie-all-set-to-keep-its-audience-engaged-181011 | url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer of the series teaser was released on 5 October 2018.<ref>{{cite web | title='13 Mussoorie' trailer: A serial killer returns to paint the town red in upcoming Viu series | website=Scroll.in | date=5 October 2018 | url=https://scroll.in/reel/897155/13-mussoorie-trailer-a-serial-killer-returns-to-paint-the-town-red-in-upcoming-viu-series | access-date=14 September 2024 | archive-date=27 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227023823/https://scroll.in/reel/897155/13-mussoorie-trailer-a-serial-killer-returns-to-paint-the-town-red-in-upcoming-viu-series | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 2.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Khurana | first=Archika | title=13 Mussoorie Season 1 Review: A bland crime-thriller with decent performances by the cast | website=The Times of India | date=11 May 2021 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/13-mussoorie/season-1/seasonreview/82522909.cms | access-date=14 September 2024 | archive-date=14 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914053519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/13-mussoorie/season-1/seasonreview/82522909.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Aditi Singh of ''[[9X Media|SpotboyE]]'' gave the series three-and-a-half out of five stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Aditi | title=13 Mussoorie Review: Shriya Pilgaonkar And Viraf Patel Bring A Gripping Thriller After Long | website=SpotboyE | date=14 May 2021 | url=https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-reviews/13-mussoorie-review-shriya-pilgaonkar-and-viraf-patel-bring-a-gripping-thriller-after-long/609e9eac25cb7a2565f9d325 | access-date=14 September 2024 | archive-date=14 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914054052/https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-reviews/13-mussoorie-review-shriya-pilgaonkar-and-viraf-patel-bring-a-gripping-thriller-after-long/609e9eac25cb7a2565f9d325 | url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[News18 India]]'' reviewed the series.<ref>{{cite web | title=13 Mussoorie Review: 13 मसूरी, मर्डर मिस्ट्री के नाम पर उलझा हुआ मांझा | website=News18 हिंदी | date=22 May 2021 | url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/film-review-13-mussorie-is-an-implausible-murder-mystery-3596302.html | language=hi | access-date=14 September 2024 | archive-date=14 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914053615/https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/film-review-13-mussorie-is-an-implausible-murder-mystery-3596302.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt9081856}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Tamil Supplement

2025-07-08T20:14:19Z

Rolly: made new details first draft

{{also|Tamil (Unicode block)}}
{{Infobox Unicode block
|blockname = Tamil Supplement
|rangestart = 11FC0
|rangeend = 11FFF
|script1 = [[Tamil script|Tamil]]
|12_0 = 51
|note = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/ucd/|title=Unicode character database|work=The Unicode Standard|accessdate=2023-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/enumeratedversions.html|title=Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard|work=The Unicode Standard|accessdate=2023-07-26}}</ref>
}}

'''Tamil Supplement''' is a [[Unicode block]] containing [[Tamil script|Tamil]] historic fractions and symbols.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4822-tamil-frac.pdf|title=L2/17-069: Finalized proposal to encode Tamil fractions and symbols (with cover letter)|date=2017-03-15}}</ref>

==Block==
{{Unicode chart Tamil Supplement}}

==History==
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Tamil Supplement block:

{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible sticky-header"
|-
! [[Unicode#Versions|Version]] !! {{nobr|Final code points<ref group=lower-alpha name=final/>}} !! Count !! [[International Committee for Information Technology Standards|L2]] ID !! [[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2|WG2]] ID !! Document
|-
| rowspan="74" | 12.0 || rowspan="74" | U+11FC0..11FF1, 11FFF || rowspan="74" | 51 || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09317-tamil-sup-alloc-req.pdf L2/09-317]}} || || {{Citation|title=Request to allocate a Tamil Supplementary block in the Unicode SMP Roadmap|date=2009-09-22|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09376-tamil-major-fractions.pdf L2/09-376]}} || || {{Citation|title=Request for encoding Tamil Major Fractions|date=2009-10-25|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09398-tamil_fractions.txt L2/09-398]}} || || {{Citation|title=Tamil fractions - Comment on L2/09-376|date=2009-10-30|first=Naga|last=Ganesan|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09416-tamil-frac.txt L2/09-416]}} || || {{Citation|title=Comment on L2/09-376 Tamil Fractions|date=2009-11-02|first=Gihan|last=Dias|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10408-infitt-tamil-frac.pdf L2/10-408]}} || || {{Citation|title=Encoding of Tamil Fractions in Unicode|date=2010-10-19|first=Naga|last=Ganesan|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10428-tamil-fractions.pdf L2/10-428]}} || || {{Citation|title=Revised Tamil fractions proposal (supplement to L2/10-334R)|date=2010-10-22|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10440-south-asia.pdf L2/10-440]}} || || {{Citation|title=Review of Indic-related L2 documents and Recommendations to the UTC|date=2010-10-27|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|first2=Rick|last2=McGowan|first3=Ken|last3=Whistler|ref=none|section=2. Tamil Fractions}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10334r-tamil-fractions.pdf L2/10-334]}} || || {{Citation|title=Request to encode Tamil fractions|date=2010-11-09|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10416.htm L2/10-416R]}} || || {{Citation|title=UTC #125 / L2 #222 Minutes|date=2010-11-09|first=Lisa|last=Moore|ref=none|section=D.5.1}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12384-tamil-frac.html L2/12-384]}} || || {{Citation|title=Comments on Tamil fractions and Tamil credit sign|date=2012-06-11|first=Naga|last=Ganesan|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12231-tamil-fractions-symbols-proposal.pdf L2/12-231]}} || || {{Citation|title=Proposal to encode Tamil fractions and symbols|date=2012-07-17|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12232-tamil-fractions-symbols-proposal-aux-doc.pdf L2/12-232]}} || || {{Citation|title=Regarding my Tamil fractions/symbols proposal|date=2012-07-17|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12267-indic-review.pdf L2/12-267]}} || || {{Citation|title=Review of Indic-related documents and Recommendations to the UTC|date=2012-07-21|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|first2=Rick|last2=McGowan|first3=Ken|last3=Whistler|ref=none|section=II. TAMIL}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12243-tamil-sym-cmt.pdf L2/12-243]}} || || {{Citation|title=Comment on L2/12-231: Tamil symbols and fractions|date=2012-07-23|first=Naga|last=Ganesan|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13007-tamil-frac.pdf L2/13-007]}} || || {{Citation|title=Upcoming discussion in Unicode about Tamil fractions|date=2013-01-21|first=P. R.|last=Nakkeeran|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13028-script-rept.pdf L2/13-028]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recommendations to UTC on Script Proposals|date=2013-01-28|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|first2=Rick|last2=McGowan|first3=Ken|last3=Whistler|first4=Roozbeh|last4=Pournader|ref=none|section=17}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13047-tamil-frac-rev.pdf L2/13-047]}} || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4430.pdf N4430] || {{Citation|title=Revised proposal to encode Tamil fractions and symbols|date=2013-03-05|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13077-cmt-tamil-fractions.pdf L2/13-077]}} || || {{Citation|title=Comment on L2/13-047: Revised Proposal to encode Tamil fractions and Symbols|date=2013-04-26|first=Naga|last=Ganesan|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13086-script-recmnd.pdf L2/13-086]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recommendations to UTC on Script Proposals|date=2013-04-26|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|first2=Rick|last2=McGowan|first3=Ken|last3=Whistler|first4=Roozbeh|last4=Pournader|ref=none|section=14}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13058.htm L2/13-058]}} || || {{Citation|title=UTC #135 Minutes|date=2013-06-12|first=Lisa|last=Moore|ref=none|section=D.3}}
|-
| || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4462.pdf N4462] || {{Citation|title=Attestations for Tamil fractions and Symbols|date=2013-06-12|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13161-tamil-frac-names.pdf L2/13-161]}} || || {{Citation|title=Request to Use Tamil names in Tamil fractions and symbols|date=2013-07-24|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13174-tamil-font-chg.pdf L2/13-174]}} || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4476.pdf N4476] || {{Citation|title=Request to change the Unicode chart font for Tamil|date=2013-08-09|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13175-tamil-frac-name.pdf L2/13-175]}} || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4477.pdf N4477] || {{Citation|title=Response to L2/13-161 on naming Tamil fractions and symbols|date=2013-08-09|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13176-tamil-chg-req.pdf L2/13-176]}} || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4478.pdf N4478] || {{Citation|title=Request to change one character name from N4430 L2/13-047|date=2013-08-24|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13193-tamil-names.pdf L2/13-193]}} || || {{Citation|title=Comment on Tamil Nadu Government Request L2/13-161, Use of Tamil Names for Tamil Fractions and Symbols|date=2013-10-25|first=Naga|last=Ganesan|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13210-script-rec.pdf L2/13-210]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recommendations to UTC #137 November 2013 on Script Proposals|date=2013-10-31|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|first2=Ken|last2=Whistler|first3=Rick|last3=McGowan|first4=Roozbeh|last4=Pournader|ref=none|section=6, 7, 8}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13217-tamil-fractions-symbols-naming.pdf L2/13-217]}} || || {{Citation|title=Naming the Tamil fractions and symbols based on the Tamil Lexicon|date=2013-11-03|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13216-tamil-names.pdf L2/13-216]}} || || {{Citation|title=Feedback from Tamil Experts on Tamil Character Names and Annotations of Symbols and Fractions|date=2013-11-04|first=Naga|last=Ganesan|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14018-tamil-fractions-spelling.pdf L2/14-018]}} || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4526.pdf N4526] || {{Citation|title=Spelling changes for Tamil fractions and symbols|date=2013-12-20|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14053-script-rec.pdf L2/14-053]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recommendations to UTC #138 February 2014 on Script Proposals|date=2014-01-26|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|first2=Ken|last2=Whistler|first3=Rick|last3=McGowan|first4=Roozbeh|last4=Pournader|first5=Laurențiu|last5=Iancu|ref=none|section=14}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14037-tamil-frac-spell.pdf L2/14-037]}} || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4528.pdf N4528] || {{Citation|title=Spelling changes for Tamil fractions and symbols|date=2014-01-28|first1=Mani|last1=Manivannan|display-authors=etal|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14038-tvu-letter.pdf L2/14-038]}} || || {{Citation|title=Feedback on Tamil symbols naming scheme|date=2014-01-28|first=P. R.|last=Nakkeeran|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4403.pdf N4403 (pdf],}} [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4403.doc doc]) || {{Citation|title=Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 61, Holiday Inn, Vilnius, Lithuania; 2013-06-10/14|date=2014-01-28|first=V. S.|last=Umamaheswaran|ref=none|section=10.2.7 Tamil supplement block}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14048-srilanka-comments.pdf L2/14-048]}} || || {{Citation|title=Comments on the Proposals to Encode Tamil Symbols and Fractions|date=2014-01-31|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14160-tamil-fractions-reply-to-icta.pdf L2/14-160]}} || || {{Citation|title=Reply to L2/14-048 on Tamil fractions|date=2014-07-18|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14170-script-rec.pdf L2/14-170]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recommendations to UTC #140 August 2014 on Script Proposals|date=2014-07-28|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|first2=Ken|last2=Whistler|first3=Rick|last3=McGowan|first4=Roozbeh|last4=Pournader|first5=Laurențiu|last5=Iancu|ref=none|section=Tamil}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14210-tamil-vu-letter.pdf L2/14-210]}} || || {{Citation|title=Letter on Tamil Fraction Naming|date=2014-08-06|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14212-tamil-names.pdf L2/14-212]}} || || {{Citation|title=Tamil names and annotations|date=2014-09-03|first=Vasu|last=Renganathan|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14217-n4623-tamil-frac.pdf L2/14-217]}} || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4623.pdf N4623] || {{Citation|title=Response to the ICTA's doc L2/14-048 on Tamil fractions and symbols|date=2014-09-10|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4553.pdf N4553 (pdf],}} [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4553..doc doc]) || {{Citation|title=Minutes of WG 2 meeting 62 Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA|date=2014-09-16|first=V. S.|last=Umamaheswaran|ref=none|section=M62.06b, M62.06g}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14268r-script-rec.pdf L2/14-268R]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recommendations to UTC #141 October 2014 on Script Proposals|date=2014-10-27|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|first2=Ken|last2=Whistler|first3=Rick|last3=McGowan|first4=Roozbeh|last4=Pournader|first5=Laurențiu|last5=Iancu|first6=Andrew|last6=Glass|first7=Peter|last7=Constable|first8=Michel|last8=Suignard|ref=none|section=3. Tamil}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14216-n4622-spelling-stat.pdf L2/14-216]}} || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4622.pdf N4622] || {{Citation|title=Current status of Tamil symbols naming issue|date=2014-11-10|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14250.htm L2/14-250]}} || || {{Citation|title=UTC #141 Minutes|date=2014-11-10|first=Lisa|last=Moore|ref=none|section=Consensus 141-C13|quote=Approve the move of six Tamil archaic characters from U+0BDF, U+0BFB..U+0BFF in the Tamil block to U+11FF0..U+11FF5 in the Tamil Supplement block.}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15003-tamil-smp-names.pdf L2/15-003]}} || || {{Citation|title=Naming Tamil Symbols in SMP - Vallinam Characters|date=2015-01-19|first=Naga|last=Ganesan|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15045-script-rec.pdf L2/15-045]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recommendations to UTC #142 February 2015 on Script Proposals|date=2015-01-30|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|first2=Ken|last2=Whistler|first3=Rick|last3=McGowan|first4=Roozbeh|last4=Pournader|first5=Andrew|last5=Glass|ref=none|section=1. Tamil}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15060r-tva-minutes.pdf L2/15-060]}} || || {{Citation|title=Minutes of the 2nd meeting of the TVA High Level Committee on Unicode related issues held on 23rd January 2015|date=2015-02-02|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15078-tamil.pdf L2/15-078]}} || || {{Citation|title=Proposed Tamil Charts (for Unicode 8.0)|date=2015-02-04|first=Michel|last=Suignard|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15079-tamil-name-chg.pdf L2/15-079]}} || || {{Citation|title=Proposed name changes to Tamil Supplement block characters|date=2015-02-05|first1=Roozbeh|last1=Pournader|first2=Deborah|last2=Anderson|first3=Alolita|last3=Sharma|first4=Patrick|last4=Chew|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15017.htm L2/15-017]}} || || {{Citation|title=UTC #142 Minutes|date=2015-02-12|first=Lisa|last=Moore|ref=none|section=D.2.3}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15115-tamil-symbols.pdf L2/15-115]}} || || {{Citation|title=Tamil Symbols Names and Annotations – Comments|date=2015-04-23|first=Naga|last=Ganesan|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15149-script-rec.pdf L2/15-149]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recommendations to UTC #143 May 2015 on Script Proposals|date=2015-05-03|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|first2=Ken|last2=Whistler|first3=Rick|last3=McGowan|first4=Roozbeh|last4=Pournader|first5=Anshuman|last5=Pandey|first6=Andrew|last6=Glass|ref=none|section=5. Tamil}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15176-goi-tamil-frac.pdf L2/15-176]}} || || {{Citation|title=Encoding of Tamil fractions and special symbols in Tamil block and a new Tamil Supplement block|date=2015-07-20|first=Manoj|last=Jain|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15185-tamil-letter.html L2/15-185]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recommendations on Tamil Fractions and special symbols in Unicode - Postponement of decision|date=2015-07-21|first=Thiru T. K.|last=Ramachandran|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15204-script-recs.pdf L2/15-204]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recommendations to UTC #144 July 2015 on Script Proposals|date=2015-07-25|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|display-authors=etal|ref=none|section=6.Tamil}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15187.htm L2/15-187]}} || || {{Citation|title=UTC #144 Minutes|date=2015-08-11|first=Lisa|last=Moore|ref=none|section=D.2.1}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16052-n4603.pdf L2/16-052]}} || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4603.pdf N4603 (pdf],}} [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4603.doc doc]) || {{Citation|title=Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 63|date=2015-09-01|first=V. S.|last=Umamaheswaran|ref=none|section=M63.03d, 9.1.6, 9.1.7}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16007-tamil-letter.pdf L2/16-007]}} || || {{Citation|title=Letter No. 1766/e. Gov.I/2015-15 dated 19.1.2016|date=2016-01-19|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16039-tamil-frac-sym-amd.pdf L2/16-039]}} || || {{Citation|title=Tamil Fraction and symbols encoding proposal, extended feedbacks|date=2016-01-25|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16054-tamil-nadu-letter-1766.pdf L2/16-054]}} || || {{Citation|title=Letter No. 1766/e.Gov.I/2015-18 dated 27.1.2016|date=2016-01-27|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16004.htm L2/16-004]}} || || {{Citation|title=UTC #146 Minutes|date=2016-02-01|first=Lisa|last=Moore|ref=none|section=D.8.1 Tamil symbols and fractions}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16061-tamil-cover-letter.pdf L2/16-061]}} || || {{Citation|title=Letter No.1766/e.Gov.I/2015-21 dated 25.02.2016|date=2016-02-25|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16062-tamil-frac-sym-fdbk.pdf L2/16-062]}} || || {{Citation|title=Tamil Fraction and symbols encoding proposal -- Extended feedbacks|date=2016-02-25|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16083-tamil-sym-cmt.pdf L2/16-083]}} || || {{Citation|title=Tamil Symbols: Comment on L2/16-062|date=2016-04-20|first=Naga|last=Ganesan|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16114-tamil-fractions-syms-fdbk.pdf L2/16-114]}} || || {{Citation|title=Feedback on the GoTN's document L2/16-062 on Tamil fractions and symbols|date=2016-05-02|first=Shriramana|last=Sharma|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16155-tamil-recs.pdf L2/16-155 (pdf],}} [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16155-b-tamil-recs.xlsx xlsx]) || || {{Citation|title=Script Ad Hoc Recommendations on Tamil Fractions and Symbols|date=2016-05-06|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|display-authors=etal|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16121.htm L2/16-121]}} || || {{Citation|title=UTC #147 Minutes|date=2016-05-20|first=Lisa|last=Moore|ref=none|section=D.8.1.4}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17069-tamil-frac.pdf L2/17-069]}} || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4822-tamil-frac.pdf N4822] || {{Citation|title=Finalized proposal to encode Tamil fractions and symbols (with cover letter)|date=2017-03-15|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17114-tamil-frac-cmt.txt L2/17-114]}} || || {{Citation|title=Comment on L2/17-069: Tamil Fractions and Symbols|date=2017-04-27|first=Naga|last=Ganesan|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17153-script-ad-hoc-rec.pdf L2/17-153]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recommendations to UTC #151 May 2017 on Script Proposals|date=2017-05-17|first=Deborah|last=Anderson|ref=none|section=7. Tamil}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17103.htm L2/17-103]}} || || {{Citation|title=UTC #151 Minutes|date=2017-05-18|first=Lisa|last=Moore|ref=none|section=D.8 Tamil}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18336-tamil-cmt.pdf L2/18-336]}} || || {{Citation|title=Comment on spelling of 11FD8 character name|date=2018-12-02|first=Marc|last=Lodewijck|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19047-script-adhoc-recs.pdf L2/19-047]}} || || {{Citation|title=Recommendations to UTC #158 January 2019 on Script Proposals|date=2019-01-13|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|display-authors=etal|ref=none|section=14}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19008.htm L2/19-008]}} || || {{Citation|title=UTC #158 Minutes|date=2019-02-08|first=Lisa|last=Moore|ref=none|section=B.11.10.1.2 Comment on spelling of 11FD8 character name|quote=Consensus: Change the name of U+11FD8 from TAMIL SIGN UZHAAKKU to TAMIL SIGN UZHAKKU.}}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" | {{reflist|group=lower-alpha|refs=<ref name=final>Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names</ref>}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Unicode blocks]]

Kalam Institute of Health Technology

2025-04-25T22:43:00Z

Rolly: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Kalam Institute of Health Technology
| native_name =
| image = Logo of khit.jpg
| mottoeng = '''Vigyanena Jaataani Jeevanti'''
| established = 2017
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]]
| affiliation = [[Department of Biotechnology]]
| director = Prof. K. VijayRaghavan
| founder = Dr. Jitendra Sharma<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtca.org/users/690-dr-jitendra-sharma#:~:text=Trade%20Center%20AMTZ-,Dr.,largest%20medical%20device%20manufacturing%20clusters|title=Dr. Jitendra Sharma, World Trade Center AMTZ|work=www.wtca.org|author=[[World Trade Centers Association]]}}</ref>
| academic_staff =
| city = [[Visakhapatnam]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
|coor = {{coord|17.629777|N|83.162910|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|https://kiht.in/}}
}}

'''Kalam Institute of Health Technology''' or '''KIHT''' is a [[Government of India]] project supported by the [[Department of Biotechnology]]. The institution established in July 2017 is named in honour of [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] and is located at Visakhapatnam within the campus of [[Andhra Pradesh Medtech Zone Limited|Andhra Pradesh Medtech Zone]]. The institute was established under the [[Make in India]] Government programme.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/education-expo-in-alappuzha/article25657067.ece|title=government program|date=2018-12-03|work=the hindu|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref>

==Institution==
Kalam Institute of Health Technology is focused on [[research and development]] of medical devices and medical technology exports. The Institute is supported by the [[Ministry of Science and Technology]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-11-16/GeM-signed-with-KIHT-at-EduTech/442725|title=introduction|work=the hans india |date=2018-11-16 |access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref>

==Programme and research==
The institute will provide research and development of medical devices information for [[Andhra Pradesh Medtech Zone Limited]] and ties up with research for [[The Joanna Briggs Institute]] and [[University of Adelaide]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kiht-ties-up-with-australian-institute-for-research/article24188179.ece|title=ties up with|work=the hindu|date=2018-06-18|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Andhra Pradesh Medtech Zone Limited]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-university-stub}}

Lawspet

2025-01-04T17:15:40Z

Rolly:

{{coord|11.955853315|79.81712365|display=title}}

{{more citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
'''Lawspet''' is a locality in the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in [[India]]. It was named after [[Jean Law de Lauriston]], a French military commander and cousin of [[John Law (economist)|John Law]] who was known to Mughal historians as ''Musa Lass''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=John Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOxDAAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher= Quercus|author=James Buchan|isbn=978-1-84866-607-8}}</ref> There is an [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Assembly Constituency]] in its name.

==Demographics==
Lawspet is one of the most densely populated areas of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and is popular for the educational institutions. Previously, it was sparingly populated until 1990, when further many government residences and privately owned buildings started coming up.

==Educational institutions==
===Colleges===
* Community College
* Kanchimamunivar Centre for Post Graduate Studies
* Tagore Arts College

===Schools===
*SABARIVIDHYASHRAM HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL
* Fatima Higher Secondary School
* Sri Sithanandha Higher Secondary School
* Motilal Nehru Government Polytechnic
* Women's Polytechnic
* Teacher Training Institute
* Government Technical Higher Secondary School
* Saint Joseph of Cluny Higher Secondary School
* Sri Sankara Vidyalaya Higher Secondary School
* Don Bosco Mat. Hr.sec. school
* Maruti school
* Vivekanandha Higher Secondary School
* Navalar Nedunchezian Government Higher Secondary School
* Vallalar Government Higher Secondary School.

==Hospitals==
* Primary Health Centre, Lawspet
* L.K. Nursing Home, Mahaveer Nagar
* MVR Medical Centre, ECR, Lawspet
* Be-well Hospital, ECR, Puducherry

== Main areas ==
[[File:Rainy days at Lawspet.jpg|thumb|Drainage on a muddy road during the rainy season]]
* Lawspet
* Karuvadikuppam
* [[Pethuchettypet]]
* Sellaperumalpet
* Shanthi Nagar
* Mahaveer Nagar
* Nehru Ville Nagar
* College Road
* Airport Road
* Ashok Nagar
* Kumaran Nagar
* Kumaran Nagar Extension
* Beasant Nagar
* Kurinji Nagar
* Kurunji Nagar Extension
* Avvai Nagar
* Rajaji Nagar
* Pudupet
* Kottupalayam
* Nesavalar Nagar

==Religious buildings==
* A mosque in Airport Road
* Karuvadikuppam (Sithananda Swamy Temple)
* Kurinji Nagar(Selva Vinayagar Temple, Ponniamman Temple, etc...)
* Murugan Temple, Mariamman Temple, Ponni Amman Temple at [[Pethuchettypet]]
* Perumal Temple at Mahaveer Nagar
* Moogambigai Temple at Santhi Nagar
* Saibaba Temple near Airport
* A big church in Don Bosco Campus.
* Subramaniar Swamy Temple

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Puducherry district]]

{{Puducherry-geo-stub}}

Muniandi

2024-09-02T15:35:00Z

Rolly:

{{Short description|Tamil rural deity}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2012}}
{{notability|date=January 2012}}
{{more footnotes|date=January 2012}}
}}
[[File:Muniśwaran 603.JPG|thumb|Idol of Muniandi]]
'''Muniandi''', also referred to as '''Munisvaran''', is a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] rural guardian deity of plantations and estates, who has since been assimilated with [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moffatt |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4t9BgAAQBAJ&dq=muniswaran+god&pg=PA224 |title=An Untouchable Community in South India: Structure and Consensus |date=2015-03-08 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7036-3 |pages=224 |language=en}}</ref> He is regarded as a malevolent being who causes diseases, blights, and crop failures, who whose ill-will can be prevented by human veneration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boban |first=K. Jose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uBRkv35dCAC&dq=muniswaran+god&pg=PA100 |title=Tribal Ethnomedicine: Continuity and Change |date=1998 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-027-7 |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref> He is also recognised as a divine attendant to a major South Indian rural deity, [[Mariamman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mearns |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0EMqAAAAYAAJ&q=muniswaran+god |title=Shiva's Other Children: Religion and Social Identity Amongst Overseas Indians |date=1995-12-18 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-8039-9249-8 |pages=176 |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word Muniandi is a combination of two words, Muni and Andi. The word Andi could be defined in two ways. One referring to ''slave of God'' and the other ''ruling (as in ruler). ''The second explanation could be derived from the word Andavar, which literally means ''he who rules''. The reason for this explanation is the word Andi being used for other deities in the [[Tamil mythology|Tamil pantheon]].

==Literature==

Muniandi is believed to be a [[Gana|member of Shiva's retinue.]] He is believed to be one of 7 emanations created from Shiva's face, and promised to guard [[Mariamman]] and other Dravidian goddesses.

==Worship==

=== Tree Worship (Maram Vazhipadu) ===
*The trees as such as [[Banyan]] (Ala Maram), [[Ficus religiosa|Sacred Fig]] (Arasa Maram) and [[Borassus|Palmyra]] (Pana Maram) are believed to be the gateways used by the Munis to travel between different dimensions. The Munis are also believed to reside in such trees. Tree Worship is the oldest form of Muni worship.

=== Stone Worship (Nadukkal Vazhipadu) ===
*The Stone Worship was mentioned even during Tamil Sangam ages more than 2,500 years ago. Nadukkal or Veerarkal (for warriors) were planted to commemorate the death of someone important. In the Muni worship, it can be divided to either a single stone or three stones (or bricks), decorated with [[Shaivism|Saivite]] sacred ash (vibuthi) marks, sandal paste (santhanam) and [[saffron]] paste (kungkumam). A [[trident]] (soolam) is planted as a mark of Sivan and Shakti.

=== Statue worship (Uruvam Vazhipadu) ===
*This is the most contemporary form of worship. Statues are erected and decorated to help the devotee visualise on the Muni. Other insignias such as [[sickle]] (aruval), sword and mace will be used depending on the type of Muni.

==Worship outside India==
The deity is also popular amongst the [[Tamil diaspora]] outside Tamil Nadu. In Malaysia, Muniandi worship was started by Tamil migrants who had the Munis as their Kula Deivam. The family temples which were built in the estates and villages later turned into public temples. Eventually, more people started worshipping these Munis and it became popularised.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book |last=Vineeta Sinha |title=A new God in the diaspora?: Muneeswaran worship in contemporary Singapore |publisher=NUS Press. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZqjaxHV6o4C&dq=periyachi&pg=PA303 |isbn=9789971693213 |year=2005}}
*Muneeswaran Poojai - Pon.Moorthy
*Muniswaran Vallipaadu - Murugan Poosari

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Tamil deities]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]

Pratappur, Raebareli

2023-09-11T07:41:41Z

Rolly: put up basic data basic info.

{{Other uses|Pratappur (disambiguation){{!}}Pratappur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pratappur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Partābpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Lalganj block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Pratappur (#805) in Lalganj CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.16318|N|80.92775|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |title=GeoNames Search |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=geonames.nga.mil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.535
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 417
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pratappur''' is a village in [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=288–306 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, it has a population of 417 people, in 74 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has no schools and no healthcare facilities, and it does not host a permanent market or a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Behta Kalan]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Pratappur (as "Partabpur") as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 124 people (70 male and 54 female), in 28 households and 27 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=116–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 139 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 8 residents were literate, all male.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]] and the [[thana]] of Sareni.<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Pratappur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 158 people (111 male and 47 female), in 48 households and 47 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxxvi-lxxvii of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 139 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Pratappur as having a population of 268 people, in 40 households, and having an area of 55.04 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=152–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Pratappur as having a total population of 335 people (183 male and 152 female), in 55 households and 55 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 186–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 57 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 60, or 18% of the total; this group was 57% male (34) and 43% female (26).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 18% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 44% (111 men and 36 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 89 people were classified as main workers (all men), while 40 people were classified as marginal workers (1 man and 39 women); the remaining 206 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 70 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 6 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 0 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 1 [[construction worker]]; 1 employed in trade and commerce; 0 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 11 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

Kadlabalu

2023-05-27T10:19:25Z

Rolly: Article updated with latest changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kadlabalu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kadalabalu
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.04|N|76.20|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vijayanagara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Hagaribommanahalli
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7007
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =KA
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}

''' Kadlabalu/Kadalabalu ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 893200 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211182048/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-02-11 }}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoomaps India : |access-date=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archive-date=2008-12-18 }} Kadlabalu, Vijayanagara, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Hagaribommanahalli]] [[taluk]] of [[Vijayanagara district]] in Karnataka.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Kadlabalu/Kadalabalu had a population of 7007 with 3625 males and 3382 females.<ref name="censusindia" />

==See also==
* [[Bellary]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Bellary.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Bellary district}}

[[Category:Villages in Vijayanagara district]]

{{Vijayanagara-geo-stub}}

Goiliang

2023-01-28T19:31:22Z

Rolly: started basic entry w/ sources

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Goiliang
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village

| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.1448867|96.6389179|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anjaw district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1000
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|AR]]
| website =
| iso_code =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Goiliang''' is a village and the headquarters of an eponymous [[tehsil|circle]] in the [[Anjaw district]] in the [[Northeast India|north-eastern state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]].

Goiliang is situated on the bank of the Dau River (or Dav River), a tributary of the [[Lohit River]].<ref name="Anjaw map">[https://anjaw.nic.in/about-district/map-of-anjaw/ Map of Anjaw], Anjaw District website, retrieved 5 July 2021.</ref> The nearest town is [[Hayuliang]] which is also the headquarters of the [[subdivision (India)|subdivision]].

The Goiliang Circle had a population of 1,681 people in the 2011 census.<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1216_PART_A_DCHB_ANJAW.pdf Anjaw District Census Handbook, Part A], Census of India, 2012, p. 20.
</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Arunachal Pradesh
|North = {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], China
|Northeast =
|East = {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Kachin State]], Burma
|Southeast = {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Sagaing Region]], Burma
|South = [[Nagaland]]
|Southwest = [[Assam]]
|West = {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Dzongdey#Zone Statistics|Eastern Zone]], Bhutan
|Northwest =
}}

[[Category:Villages in Anjaw district]]

Gangster (2006 film)

2022-10-16T11:49:54Z

Rolly: fix content after review

#REDIRECT [[Gangster: A Love Story]]

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Didarganj (Assembly constituency)

2022-05-26T10:31:28Z

Rolly: formatting fix

#REDIRECT [[Didarganj Assembly constituency]]

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Jagirdar

2022-05-09T23:49:01Z

Rolly:

#redirect [[Jagir]]

[[Category:Indian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles in Bangladesh]]

Charminar express

2022-05-02T19:03:04Z

Rolly: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Charminar Express]] {{R from other capitalisation}}